Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential part of clinical imaging due to its ability to render high soft tissue contrast. Instead of ionizing radiation, MRI use strong magnetic field, radio frequency waves and field gradients to create diagnostic useful images. It can be used to image the anatomy and also functional and physiological activities within the human body. Knowledge of the basic physical principles underlying MRI acquisition is vitally important to successful image production and proper image interpretation. This lecture will give an overview of the spin physics, imaging principle of MRI, the hardware of the MRI scanner, and various pulse sequences and their applications. It aims to provide a conceptual foundation to understand the image formation process of a clinical MRI scanner.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
2. Understand the origin of the MR signal and contrast from the spin physics level. 3. Understand the main hardware components of a MRI scanner and their purposes 4. Understand steps for MR image formation including spatial encoding and image reconstruction 5. Understand the main kinds of MR pulse sequences and their characteristics.


This Essay uses the current controversy over the racial self-identification decisions of former Harvard Law Professor Elizabeth Warren as an occasion to explore incipient cultural and legal anxieties about employers' ability to define race under affirmative action programs. The Essay characterizes Warren's racial self-identification decisions as proof of what I call "elective race," a contemporary cultural trend encouraging individuals to place great emphasis on their "right" to racial self-identification and a related desire for public recognition of their complex racial identity claims. I argue that our failure to attend to the importance placed on racial self-identification by Americans today places persons with complex racial identity claims at special risk for racial commodification. The Essay further suggests that the Warren controversy gives us an opportunity to rethink the way we conceptualize racial diversity. I argue that we must shift away the current model, which conflates race and cultural difference, toward a model that assumes racial diversity initiatives are sampling for employees that can teach us about the diverse ways that race is actualized and experienced. The Essay suggests that diversity initiatives that stress race's use value as a source of insight into the social process of racialization avoid the cultural commodification risks posed by current affirmative action programs, reorient employers away from thin concepts of diversity, and give employers a basis for making principled distinctions between employees' racial identification claims. The Essay concludes by identifying and defending a three-part inquiry that can be used to identify proper beneficiaries of diversity-based affirmative action programs.


Using a confidential data set of foreign bank affiliates (FBAs) in Hong Kong, this study finds evidence of an international transmission of prudential policies through banks' balance sheets from a host-country perspective. Specifically, in response to tighter capital requirements in the home country, parent banks with a higher tier 1 capital ratio tend to sustain higher loan growth by their FBAs in Hong Kong than their peers. When tighter liquidity requirements are considered, differences in parent banks' core deposit shares and reliance on net intragroup funding are found to significantly affect the loan responses of FBAs in Hong Kong. One implication is that from a host supervisor's perspective, understanding the balance sheet structure of an FBA's parent bank is important in assessing the international transmission of prudential policies. Regarding the impact on the loan supply of the Hong Kong banking sector, our findings show that the size of the spillover effects for the overall capital requirements and reserve requirements are larger than those for sector-specific prudential measures. The relatively smaller spillover effects for sector-specific prudential measures can be partly explained by a significant portfolio rebalancing effect both across and within affiliates of international banks, making the net impact on the host country less clear.


Book 1 Heritages Bedrock Ancient Greece the making of the Roman world Imperial Rome and world history. Part 2 Christendom: re-definition the reshaping of the West Medieval societies frontiers and neighbours the civilization of the Middle Ages new prospects in the East. Book 3 The launching of modern history 1500-1800: a new age society and belief the political organizations of Western Europe the Ancient regime the world's new shape. Book 4 The European age: new politics the world's new rich a new sort of civilization a new European order world hegemony international order and disorder. Book 5 Europe's 20th century - the era of the European civil war: pressures and strains the breakdowns of international order European revolution crumbling foundations the last years of the European illusion. Book 6 Europe in the Cold War and after: Europe in the aftermath of war Europe and global Cold War the end of the European post-war order the end of the European post-war order a new order in the making?


This paper compares two designs of a gasification chamber for combustion of biomass from the view of combustion quality and the resulting gaseous emissions. To explain the difference in the emission values of the two different designs computational modeling is used to visualize basic processes important for combustion taking place in the combustion chamber, notably velocity field, temperature field and mass fractions of combustion air in assumed gasification products. Due to high computational demand, the model is heavily simplified, notably by the absence of chemical reactions between air and gasification products but is accurate enough for this study.


A novel fiber optic Fabry-Perot (F-P) current sensor is developed based on magnetic fluid as the medium in F-P interference cavity. A signal demodulation method based on slanted fiber Bragg grating (FBG) wavelength measurement system is proposed. Theory and principle of electromagnetic-controlled refractive index of the magnetic fluid is described, as well as the structure of the sensor system. Preliminary experiments are carried out, and the results indicate that there is a fairly good linearity of the measurement characteristic. The thickness of magnetic fluid film and initial concentration will affect the measurement results.


Processes affecting the estimation of the size at onset of maturity (SOM) using ovigerous setae were investigated in southern rock lobsters Jasus edwardsii. Comparison of estimates of SOM based on ovigerous setae in samples collected during summer months (December-March) with those based on the presence of external eggs from winter months (June-August) indicated that ovigerous setae provide an accurate classification of maturity. Females with partially developed setation on pleopods are frequently observed in research catch-sampling projects and their maturity status was unclear. Our results show that these females with partially developed setae are most appropriately classed as immature, based on comparison between estimates of SOM determined by presence of external eggs or setae. The seasonal timing of field sampling affected estimates of SOM based on ovigerous setae, though tag-recapture data indicated that this was not associated with a loss of setae during a second annual moult. Estimates of SOM for populations of Jasus edwardsii around Tasmania can be based on maturity classification using ovigerous setae but care should be taken to ensure that seasonal timing of sampling is consistent.


Carefree, revelatory and intimate, this selection of unpublished letters between the six legendary Mitford sisters, compiled by Diana Mitford's daughter-in-law, is alive with wit, passion and heartbreak. The letters chronicle the social quirks and political upheavals of the twentieth century but also chart the stormy, enduring relationships between the uniquely gifted - and collectively notorious - Mitford sisters. There's Nancy, the scalding wit and bestselling novelist; Pamela, who craved a quiet country life; Diana, the fascist wife of Sir Oswald Mosley; Unity, whose obsession with Adolf Hitler led to personal tragedy; Jessica, the runaway communist; and Deborah, the socialite who became Duchess of Devonshire. Writing to one another to confide, tease, rage and gossip, the Mitford sisters set out, above all, to amuse. A correspondence of this scope is rare; a collection penned by six born storytellers is irreplaceable.


After nearly 50 years of development, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become an indispensable component of research, forecasting, design, prototyping and testing for a very broad spectrum of fields including geophysics, and most engineering fields (mechanical, aerospace, biomedical, chemical and civil engineering). The fastest and most affordable CFD approach, called Reynolds-Average-Navier-Stokes (RANS) can predict the drag around a car in just a few minutes of simulation. This feat is possible thanks to simplifying assumptions, semi-empirical models and empirical models that render the flow governing equations solvable at low computational costs. The fidelity of RANS model is good to excellent for the prediction of flow rate in pipes or ducts, drag, and lift of solid objects in Newtonian flows (e.g. air, water). RANS solutions for the prediction of scalar (e.g. temperature, pollutants, combustable chemical species) transport do not generally achieve the same level of fidelity. The main culprit is an assumption, called Reynolds analogy, which assumes analogy between the transport of momentum and scalar. This assumption is found to be somewhat valid in simple flows but fails for flows in complex geometries and/or in complex fluids. This research explores optimization methods to improve upon existing RANS models for scalar transport. Using high fidelity direct numerical simulations (numerical solutions in time and space of the exact transport equations), the most common RANS model is a-priori tested and investigated for the transport of temperature (as a passive scalar) in a turbulent channel flow. This one constant model is then modified to improve the prediction of the temperature distribution profile and the wall heat flux. The resulting modifications provide insights in the model's missing physics and opens new areas of investigation for the improvement of the modeling of turbulent scalar transport.


Table of Contents I. Introduction. II. Overview of the First Amendment and Commercial Speech III. History and Health Effects of Tobacco and Alcohol in the U.S. A. Tobacco in the U.S B. Alcohol in the U.S. IV. Regulation of Commercial Speech of Harmful Products A. Deference to Congress and Broadcast Regulation B. Tobacco Advertisement Regulation Under Central Hudson C. Distinguishing Alcohol Advertising Under Central Hudson V. Conclusion. I. INTRODUCTION In 1970, Congress passed the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act which prohibited advertising of cigarettes on "any medium of electronic communication subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission." (1) The Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") "regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories." (2) The prohibition was later amended to include a ban on advertising little cigars. (3) Unlike tobacco, alcohol advertisements are not prohibited. (4) Instead, broadcast alcohol advertising is only subject to self-regulation by private organizations. (5) When the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act was passed, the Supreme Court was less than sympathetic to commercial speech First Amendment claims. (6) Since the passage of this Act, the Court has changed its Commercial Speech Doctrine and has become friendlier to parties challenging a regulation based on the First Amendment. (7) Currently, the Court's commercial speech test comes from Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York. (8) The Court set out a four-prong test, henceforth referred to as the Central Hudson test, for First Amendment claims in the commercial speech setting: If the communication is neither misleading nor related to unlawful activity, the government's power is more circumscribed. The State must assert a substantial interest to be achieved by restrictions on commercial speech. Moreover, the regulatory technique must be in proportion to that interest. The limitation on expression must be designed carefully to achieve the State's goal. Compliance with this requirement may be measured by two criteria. First, the restriction must directly advance the state interest involved; the regulation may not be sustained if it provides only ineffective or remote support for the government's purpose. Second, if the governmental interest could be served as well by a more limited restriction on commercial speech, the excessive restrictions cannot survive. (9) Because tobacco advertising regulations were enacted by Congress (10) and deal with the broadcast medium, (11) the Court will be more deferential in its First Amendment analysis. After taking a closer look at the Court's First Amendment Doctrine, it becomes clear why the Supreme Court would uphold the ban on tobacco advertising in the broadcast medium but would overturn a similar ban on alcohol advertising. The regulation of these two vices can be distinguished based on the substantial governmental interest prong of the Central Hudson test. (12) Due to the destructive nature of tobacco, (13) the government has a much stronger interest in banning its advertisement compared to alcohol. Part I is a summary of this note. Part II provides an overview of current First Amendment Commercial Speech Doctrine and how the Court evolved to this point. In Part III of this note, the social and legal history of tobacco and alcohol, as well as the health effects of each, are discussed. In Part IV, the Commercial Speech Doctrine is applied to tobacco and alcohol, showing how the ban on alcohol and tobacco advertising would be treated under the Court's current First Amendment Doctrine. Part V concludes that a complete ban on tobacco advertising in broadcasting would be held constitutional while a similar ban on alcohol would be found unconstitutional due to the severe health effects from any amount of smoking. …


In recent decades, several lake models of varying complexity have been developed and incorporated in numerical weather prediction systems and climate models. To foster enhanced forecasting ability and verification, improvement of these lake models remains essential. This especially applies to the limited simulation capabilities of biogeochemical processes in lakes and greenhouse gas exchanges with the atmosphere. Here we present multi-model simulations of physical variables and dis5 solved gas dynamics in a temperate lake (Harp Lake, Canada). The five models (ALBM, FLake, LAKE, LAKEoneD, MTCR-1) considered within this most recent round of the Lake Model Intercomparison Project (LakeMIP) all captured the seasonal temperature variability well. In contrast, none of the models is able to reproduce the exact dates of ice-cover and ice-off, leading to considerable errors in the simulation of eddy diffusivity around those dates. We then conducted an additional modeling experiment with a diffusing passive tracer to isolate the effect of the eddy diffusivity on gas concentration. Remarkably, sophisticated 10 k− ε models do not demonstrate a significant difference in the vertical diffusion of a passive tracer compared to models with much simpler turbulence closures. All models simulate less intensive spring overturn compared to autumn. Reduced mixing in the models consequently leads to the accumulation of the passive tracer distribution in the water column. The lake models with a comprehensive biogeochemical module, such as ALBM and LAKE, predict dissolved oxygen dynamics adequate to the observed data. However, for the surface carbon dioxide concentration the correlation between modeled (ALBM, LAKE) and 15 observed data is weak (∼0.3). Overall our results indicate the need to improve the representation of physical and biogeochemical processes in lake models, thereby contributing to enhanced weather prediction and climate projection capabilities. *Previous affiliation of S.Guseva: Department of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.


A generalization of the original Diffie-Hellman key exchange in
$(\mathbb Z$∕$p\mathbb Z)$ * found a new depth when Miller [27] and Koblitz [16] suggested that such a protocol could be used with the group over an elliptic curve. In this paper, we propose a further vast generalization where abelian semigroups act on finite sets. We define a Diffie-Hellman key exchange in this setting and we illustrate how to build interesting semigroup actions using finite (simple)
semirings. The practicality of the proposed extensions rely on the orbit sizes of the semigroup actions and at this point it is an open question how to compute the sizes of these orbits in general and also if there exists a square root attack in general. In Section 5 a concrete practical semigroup action built from simple semirings is presented. It will require further research to analyse this system.


We present a simple but powerful procedure to extract Gene Ontology (GO) terms that are significantly over- or under-represented in sets of genes within the context of a genome-scale experiment (DNA microarray, proteomics, etc.). Said procedure has been implemented as a web application, FatiGO, allowing for easy and interactive querying. FatiGO, which takes the multiple-testing nature of statistical contrast into account, currently includes GO associations for diverse organisms (human, mouse, fly, worm and yeast) and the TrEMBL/Swissprot GOAnnotations@EBI correspondences from the European Bioinformatics Institute.


In the sensory thalamus and periventricular gray/periaqueductal gray (PVAG) nucleus, the synchronization level of multiple frequency band oscillations of local field potentials (LFPs) have been shown to be associated with chronic pain perception and modulation. In this study, a state identification approach was generated to dynamically identify the synchronization state of neural oscillation. In this approach, a pattern extraction model was created to characterize the patterning of the neural oscillations based on wavelet packet transform. The value of wavelet packet coefficients represents the synchronization level of pattern. And then a state discrimination model was designed to distinguish the synchronization state and de-synchronization state of pattern based on calculating a suitable threshold and discrimination strategies. By using the sensory thalamus and PVAG LFPs of neuropathic pain and simulation signals, the parameters of the approach were optimized for theta pattern (6–9Hz) and alpha pattern (9–12hz) identification respectively. Finally, the mean best performance of identifying the theta pattern states from 300s simulation signals achieved 91% sensitivity and 86% specificity, and achieved 80% sensitivity and 88% specificity for alpha pattern state identification. Then this approach was applied to the sensory thalamus and PVAG LFPs, and was able to identify the synchronization state of theta and alpha pattern. This study provides a reliable approach to dynamically identify the synchronization level of pattern of neuropathic pain disease through optimizing the parameters. Based on this approach, a real-time monitoring of the pain state and an adaptive treatment regimen can be achieved.


The recent Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act, which conferred jurisdiction upon the Constitutional Court in non-constitutional matters, has resulted in a worrying trend to temper the fundamental internationally recognised principles of "freedom of contract" and "contracts must be honoured" with fairness and public policy. It has introduced uncertainty into our law of contract. "Freedom of contract" broadly means that one is free to decide whether, with whom and on what terms to contract, while "contracts must be honoured" requires exact enforcement by the courts of valid contractual obligations.


Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common human pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including simple gastritis, gastric ulcer, and malignant gastritis. In some cases, such as immunodeficiency and underlying diseases, it can be problematic as opportunistic infections. Diabetes mellitus (type 2) (T2DM) is one of the H. pylori underlying diseases. Since GI problems are observed in diabetic patients, it is necessary to treat H. pylori infection. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between H. pylori and T2DM according to epidemiological surveys of 70 studies retrieved from databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar about the relationship between H. pylori and T2DM, and discuss the reported background mechanisms of this correlation. According to the results of our study, the different studies have shown that H. pylori is more prevalent in Type 2 diabetic patients than healthy individuals or nondiabetic patients. The reason is development of H. pylori infection-induced inflammation and production of inflammatory cytokines as well as different hormonal imbalance by this bacterium, which are associated with diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, by tracing anti-H. pylori antibodies in patients with diabetes mellitus and occurrence of symptoms such as digestive problems in >75% of these patients, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between this bacterium and T2DM. Considering the evidence, it is crucially important that the probability of infection with H. pylori is evaluated in patients with T2DM so that medical process of the patient is followed with higher cautious.


'The Spun' and 'Gift of Masks'are two spoof newspapers shown in the exhibition 'Not for Profit - Designing Across the Social Divide'. The research field is graphic design/creative writing as political activism.

'The Spun' is a spoof newspaper which was part of the activities of an artists' collective called 'Reclaim the Streets'. A spoof on the Sun, and employing the 'phwar!' journalese associated with it, 'The Spun' critiques a number of newsworthy subjects such as the Iraq War and the anti-terror laws.

'Gift of Masks' was a street based project and was a reaction to the decision by the Saint-Foy and Quebec City councils to ban the wearing of masks in public. The research consisted of devising a bandana to be distributed free at the time of the Free Trade Agreement Summit in April 2001. One side of the bandana had a smiling face, the other a face strangled and gagged. A flyer was produced to help the public understand the protest.


OBJECTIVE: To obtain a representative national picture of the type of people with asthma attending accident and emergency (A&E) departments in the UK, the reasons why they attend, and to determine the proportion admitted to hospital. DESIGN: A national census involving questionnaires. SETTING: 100 A&E departments throughout the UK. SUBJECTS: All those with asthma attending because of asthma during a one week period in September 1994. RESULTS: Details were obtained about 1292 attendances. About half of all attendances were by adults and half by children, and 87.8% were previously diagnosed asthmatics; 18.8% of adult attenders were unemployed. Perceived severity of asthma was the reason for attendance in 65.5%, but 11.5% reported non-availability, or perceived non-availability, of the general practitioner (GP) as the reason for attending. One fifth of adults had been kept awake by their asthma for over three nights before attendance. 425 of the 1292 attenders (32.9%) had been admitted to hospital in the previous 12 months and 316 (24.5%) had attended the A&E department in the previous three months. Only 24.6% of attenders had had contact with their general practitioner in the previous 24 h. 61.6% of under-5 attenders (n = 341) were admitted to hospital; the figures for those aged 5-15 and 15+ years and above were 265 (41.4%) and 665 (38.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Many people with asthma attend A&E departments without first having seen their GP. In many adult cases the asthma, while severe, is not acute, but a high proportion of both adults and children are admitted to hospital. Many of these attendances and admissions are repeat attendances. To enhance the quality of care provided to those with asthma may require easier access to primary care, enhanced patient education, or enhanced health professional education. Further study is needed of a variety of potential interventions.


SUMMARY Currently, corn fractionation technologies are being developed by some ethanol plants in an attempt to improve ethanol yield. Front-end fractionation technology involves separating the endosperm, germ, and bran fractions before fermentation. The endosperm fraction is fermented to produce ethanol and a feed coproduct, which is often called high-protein corn distillers dried grains (HP-cDDG). In general, HP-cDDG from the front-end fractionation process is higher in protein and amino acids but lower in fat and phosphorus than traditional corn distillers dried grains with solubles. In experiment 1, a total of 8 samples were analyzed for TMEn, and a total of 7 samples were analyzed for total and digestible amino acids by the precision-fed conventional rooster assay and cecectomized rooster assay, respectively. The average (and range) TMEn, protein, fat, and fiber values for 8 HP-cDDG samples were 2,851 kcal/kg (2,667 to 3,282 kcal/kg), 44.0 (42.2 to 45.9), 3.03 (1.89 to 5.40), and 7.42% (6.98 to 9.20%; as-fed basis), respectively. The average (and range) total lysine concentration and digestibility coefficient of HP-cDDG were 1.23 (1.13 to 1.38) and 76.1% (67.5 to 85.6%). Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of HP-cDDG from a plant using front-end fractionation on the performance of laying hens. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12% HP-cDDG. The mash diets were fed to 15 replications of 6 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens per replication from 21 to 41 wk of age. The addition of 3% HP-cDDG significantly improved egg mass as compared with eggs from hens fed the control diet. Overall, at 41 wk no difference in FE, egg yolk color, or specific gravity was attributable to the addition of up to 12% HP-cDDG to the diets as compared with hens fed the control diet. It is important that confirmatory analysis be conducted before using a new fermentation by-product from a new plant or supplier. Highprotein corn distillers dried grains is an acceptable feed ingredient when up to 12% is used in a standard laying hen diet during peak production.


Up to 30 m of phosphatic sediments of early and middle Miocene Pungo River Formation were deposited in the north-south-trending Aurora Embayment of North Carolina. These sediments thin to approximately 10 to 15 m over the Cape Lookout High a pre-Miocene feature which forms the southern boundary of the Aurora Embayment. The western and updip limit of the formation parallels a regional north-south structural hingeline or White Oak Lineament. The formation thins to a feather-edge at this lineament and thickens rapidly to the east and southeast. Deposition of the Pungo River Formation extended some unknown distance to the west of the White Oak Lineament the present updip erosional limit. The Pungo River Formation consists of the four major sediment sequences in the Aurora Area (units A B C and D as described by Riggs and others 1982b) and three lateral facies (units BB CC and DD). Phosphate sedimentation was concentrated in units A B and C which are laterally correlative throughout most of the study area. However the muddy phosphorite quartz sands of unit B and possibly the phosphorite quartz sands and carbonate sediments of unit C grade downdip to the southeast into an 11-m-thick diatomaceous facies (unit BB). Units A B and C grade into a slightly phosphatic calcareous quartz sand facies (unit CC) to the south in the area of the Cape Lookout High which probably represents a shoaling environment. Dolomitic unit D of the northern and eastern portions of the Aurora Embayment grades laterally into calcareous unit DD in the central portion of the embayment. Allochemical phosphate grains of the intraclastic variety dominate all sediment units in the formation. However unit A contains abundant pelletal phosphate in the fine to very fine sand-size fraction. The highest phosphate concentrations occur along the upper shelflike basin margin in the west-central portion of the Aurora Embayment. Updip to the west the phosphate concentration decreases within each unit which also thins due to subsequent erosion. Major facies changes within the sediment units have resulted in decreased phosphate contents downdip to the east and south within the Aurora Embayment. Within the Aurora Area units A through C of the Pungo River Formation are generally characterized by the cyclic deposition consisting of decreasing terrigenous and increasing phosphate sedimentation upward through the units; the deposition of each unit culminated with the formation of a carbonate cap-rock. The depositional pattern of these regionally persistent and cyclical lithologies suggests that units A through C were deposited during a major transgression. The overlying unit D was deposited during the early stages of a subsequent regressive phase. Truncation of the units by erosion took place prior to the deposition of the Pliocene Yorktown Formation. Thus this extensive erosion has produced an apparent offlap configuration of the Pungo River units that actually represents a major transgressive or onlap sediment sequence and an early stage regressive sequence.


Most recent self-supervised learning methods learn visual representation by contrasting different augmented views of images. Compared with supervised learning, more aggressive augmentations have been introduced to further improve the diversity of training pairs. However, aggressive augmentations may distort images' structures leading to a severe semantic shift problem that augmented views of the same image may not share the same semantics, thus degrading the transfer performance. To address this problem, we propose a new SSL paradigm, which counteracts the impact of semantic shift by balancing the role of weak and aggressively augmented pairs. Specifically, semantically inconsistent pairs are of minority and we treat them as noisy pairs. Note that deep neural networks (DNNs) have a crucial memorization effect that DNNs tend to first memorize clean (majority) examples before overfitting to noisy (minority) examples. Therefore, we set a relatively large weight for aggressively augmented data pairs at the early learning stage. With the training going on, the model begins to overfit noisy pairs. Accordingly, we gradually reduce the weights of aggressively augmented pairs. In doing so, our method can better embrace the aggressive augmentations and neutralize the semantic shift problem. Experiments show that our model achieves 73.1% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K with ResNet-50 for 200 epochs, which is a 2.5% improvement over BYOL. Moreover, experiments also demonstrate that the learned representations can transfer well for various downstream tasks.


Abstract In each food processing plant, soil deposition and removal constitute unique processes influenced by the food, water supply, processing equipment, and cleaning regimen. Since there are so many complex as well as unique processes, the scientific literature represents many varied approaches to problems related to deposition and removal of soil. This paper considers the role of various constituents in soil residue. Likewise, the various factors contributing to the cleaning process are reviewed. Cleaning processes have changed considerably during recent years because of technological advances in food processing equipment as well as development of specialized cleaning equipment. Generally speaking, better sanitation has been attained. Yet, the exact attainment is commonly ill defined because there is a lack of precise definitions and methodology acceptable among professional sanitarians. Considerable scientific emphasis has been directed to methods of evaluating cleaning processes. The suggested methods involve microbiology, chemical analysis, and amplification of visual inspection. Yet, one of the greatest current needs is a simple, precise method for evaluating the cleaning process. This review of literature is intended to collate thought on soil deposition and removal processes. Together, these thoughts represent available knowledge and suggest possible directions for further research.


This study examines the potential role of some types of mineral dust and mineral dust with sulfuric acid coatings as heterogeneous ice nuclei at cirrus temperatures. Commercially-available nanoscale powder samples of aluminum oxide, alumina-silicate and iron oxide were used as surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust particles, with and without multilayer coverage of sulfuric acid. A sample of Asian dust aerosol particles was also studied. Measurements of ice nucleation were made using a continuous-flow ice-thermal diffusion chamber (CFDC) operated to expose size-selected aerosol particles to temperatures between -45 and -60°C and a range of relative humidity above ice-saturated conditions. Pure metal oxide particles supported heterogeneous ice nucleation at lower relative humidities than those required to homogeneously freeze sulfuric acid solution particles at sizes larger than about 50 nm. The ice nucleation behavior of the same metal oxides coated with sulfuric acid indicate heterogeneous freezing at lower relative humidities than those calculated for homogeneous freezing of the diluted particle coatings. The effect of soluble coatings on the ice activation relative humidity varied with the respective uncoated core particle types, but for all types the heterogeneous freezing rates increased with particle size for the same thermodynamic conditions. For a selected size of 200 nm, the natural mineral dust particles were the most effective ice nuclei tested, supporting heterogeneous ice formation at an ice relative humidity of approximately 135%, irrespective of temperature. Modified homogeneous freezing parameterizations and theoretical formulations are shown to have application to the description of heterogeneous freezing of mineral dust-like particles with soluble coatings.


Inspired by the recent upsurge of interest in Bayesian methods we consider adaptive regularization. A generalization based scheme for adaptation of regularization parameters is introduced and compared to Bayesian regularization. We show that pruning arises naturally within both adaptive regularization schemes. As model example we have chosen the simplest possible: estimating the mean of a random variable with known variance. Marked similarities are found between the two methods in that they both involve a noise limit, below which they regularize with infinite weight decay, i.e., they prune. However, pruning is not always beneficial. We show explicitly that both methods in some cases may increase the generalization error. This corresponds to situations where the underlying assumptions of the regularizer are poorly matched to the environment.


This article is based upon a full‐time study of masculinity and singing funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Empirical work was conducted with boy performers and 'peer audiences' for those performers in schools. The article focuses on girls' attitudes to boy singers and reveals a significant difference between primary and secondary schooling. In primary schools, girls are the more responsible for discouraging boys but in secondary schools the male peer group becomes more critical whilst girls increasingly perceive boy singers as 'cute'. It is possible to construct a strong case for single‐sex groupings but the empirical work suggests this may turn out to be misguided. The article concludes that there is an urgent need for girls and boys to learn mutual respect in the context of the music class. The evidence suggests that teachers require a significantly enhanced level of gender‐related subject knowledge, gender awareness and interpersonal skill.


Excerpt] This CRS report presents data collected by the Census Bureau in the Current Population Survey from 1969 through 2009 about the employment status and the sources and amounts of income received by people aged 65 and older. The report focuses on the sources and amounts of income received by individuals aged 65 and older and by households in which either the household head or the household head's spouse (if present) was 65 or older in the year of the survey. Since the 1960s, birth rates have fallen and average life expectancy has increased. Consequently, the number of workers relative to the number of retirees is projected to decline, and retirees will have to stretch their savings and other assets over longer periods of retirement than their parents and grandparents experienced. The aging of the American population and the retirement of the baby boom generation will place financial strains on Social Security, public and private pensions, and on retirees' personal savings. The increasing number of Americans living to age 80 and older is of particular significance because it is the very old who are most likely to need medical, social, and long-term care services, and who are at the greatest risk of depleting their financial resources and falling into poverty. Rates of employment among older persons have been rising in recent years. Employment rates fell among men 55 and older from the late 1960s until about 1990. Since then, employment rates have risen for older men, but they remain below the employment rates of the 1960s and 1970s. Among older women, employment rates have steadily increased since the 1960s, but older women's employment rates today remain lower than those of men the same age. Earnings, Social Security, pensions, and income from assets – mainly interest and dividends – comprise the majority of income among people 65 and older. Information on pension income has been reported separately on the CPS only since the 1970s. In 1975, Social Security comprised 42% of all income received by people aged 65 and older. Earnings and income from assets each accounted for 20% of the income of the elderly, while pensions made up 14% of their income. Public assistance and other sources each contributed just 2% to the total income of Americans aged 65 and older in 1975. By 2008, Social Security comprised 39% of the income received by people aged 65 and older. Earnings had increased to 26% of the income of the elderly, while income from assets had fallen to 13% of the total. Pensions, including withdrawals from retirement accounts, comprised 20% of the income of the elderly in 2008. Public assistance provided less than 1% of the income of the elderly, and other sources accounted for just 2%. Although 97% of persons 65 and older had income from at least one source in 2008, in most cases household income is a better measure of available resources than individual income. Median household income rose faster among elderly households than among nonelderly households from 1968 through 2008, but in 2008 the median annual income of households in which the householder or spouse was 65 or older ($30,774) was just 54% of the median income of younger households ($56,604). In 2008, households in which either the household head or the household head's spouse (if present) was 65 or older had an average of 1.7 residents, compared to an average of 2.7 residents in households in which neither the head nor spouse was 65 or older. The poverty rate among people aged 65 and older fell from 25.0% in 1968 to 9.7% in 2008. Growth in real wages—and in the Social Security and pensions based on wages—contributed to the decline in the percentage of older Americans living in poverty; however, because the poverty threshold is indexed to rising prices, the poverty line has fallen relative to median income. This article is available at DigitalCommons@ILR: https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/675


— Homogeneous graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto cellulose was carried out in N, N – dimethyl acetamide/LiCl (DMAc/LiCl) and dimethyl sulfoxide/ paraformaldehyde (DMSO/PF) solvent system taking ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and tin (II)-2-ethyl hexanoate [Sn(Oct) 2 ] as initiators. Different grafting parameters like graft yield (GY), grafting efficiency (GE) and total conversion of monomer to polymer (TC) were evaluated at different reaction conditions of temperature, time, and variation of the amount of monomer and initiator. The viscosity average molecular weight of grafted PMMA and number of grafts per cellulose chain were also calculated. The products were characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR analyses and possible reaction mechanisms were deduced. Thermal degradation of the grafted products was also studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermo-gravimetry (DTG).


textabstractIn the last decade, lawyers have come to rely on digital information sources in almost every aspect of their work. Traditional information sources such as books and journals have to a large extend been replaced by their digital counterparts. Many law firms have already responded to this development and have abandoned their paper libraries in whole or in part. It is essential both to improve education with respect to the use of advanced disclosure systems for digital legal content, and to continue efforts to make these systems – not only the basic functions, but also the most powerful options – easier and more straightforward to use. Examples of both are given in this contribution.


The causes of the seasonal cycles of the subtropical anticyclones, and the associated zonal asymmetries of sea surface temperature (SST) across the subtropical oceans, are examined. In all basins the cool waters in the east and warm waters in the west are sustained by a mix of atmosphere and ocean processes. When the anticyclones are best developed, during local summer, subsidence and equatorward advection on the eastern flanks of the anticyclones cool SSTs, while poleward flow on the western flanks warms SSTs. During local winter the SST asymmetry across the subtropical North Atlantic and North Pacific is maintained by warm water advection in the western boundary currents that offsets the large extraction of heat by advection of cold, dry air of the continents and by transient eddies. In the Southern Hemisphere ocean processes are equally important in cooling the eastern oceans by upwelling and advection during local winter. Ocean dynamics are important in amplifying the SST asymmetry, as experiments with general circulation models show. This amplification has little impact on the seasonal cycle of the anticyclones in the Northern Hemisphere, strengthens the anticyclones in the Southern Hemisphere, and helps position the anticyclones over the eastern basins in both hemispheres. Experiments with an idealized model are used to suggest that the subtropical anticyclones arise fundamentally as a response to monsoonal heating over land but need further amplification to bring them up to observed strength. The amplification is provided by local air–sea interaction. The SST asymmetry, generated through local air–sea interaction by the weak anticyclones forced by heating over land, stabilizes the atmosphere to deep convection in the east and destabilizes it in the west. Convection spreads from the land regions to the adjacent regions of the western subtropical oceans, and the enhanced zonal asymmetry of atmospheric heating strengthens the subtropical anticyclones.


Abstract International law, though formally neutral among regime types, has mainly been a product of liberal democracies since World War II. In light of recent challenges to the liberal international order, this Article asks, what would international law look like in an increasingly authoritarian world? As compared with democratic countries, authoritarians emphasize looser cooperation, negotiated settlements, and rules that reinforce regime survival. This raises the possibility of authoritarian international law, designed to extend authoritarian rule across time and space.


Educational research is an ever-expanding field of study where new methods, systems and new concepts are always being discovered. Education has evolved from face-to-face (F2F) learning, computer-based learning to distance learning and then elearning. With the emergence of the Internet that has dramatically changed the way of our lives in general and learning specifically, elearning has increasingly become the promising solution that continues to grow day after day. It is considered to have descended from all such computer-based learning technologies merging with the new Internet technology. For almost a decade, dozens of elearning systems have been produced to provide students with materials anytime at anyplace.
The rapid development in the elearning industry inevitably leads to a large amount of proprietary systems that offer different services to their users. These systems nearly lack the openness in their capabilities to work with other system software. Reusability of elearning system functions is one of the most pressing needs today. Therefore, this research proposes a novel functional model that supports personalized learning with different philosophies of teaching in order to empower learning in various contexts and organizations. The model supports organizations and educational institutions to have the freedom of choice, change, or extend system functionalities from various vendors. In addition, vendors would be more oriented to a specific type of system or function and developers can develop effective and efficient applications faster by focusing their efforts on specific tasks. Furthermore, it focuses competitions between vendors on quality rather than on ranges of functionalities.
This model brings different dimensions together to define a proper foundation for standard-driven elearning system components. It combines methods from intelligent tutoring systems, course management system, adaptive hypermedia learning, collaborative learning and traditional learning to provide a better elearning system personalized learning. Students differ in their needs and communication styles. Therefore, the model provides students with personalized presentation and learning based on their needs and performance. Personalized presentations are used to give students a greater sense of familiarity and comfort with the system. Furthermore, personalized learning allows students of varying degree of experience, knowledge and capability to achieve advanced learning opportunities.
Additionally, the model allows students to work in a favorable collaborative environment that facilitates and promotes motivation and competition. Moreover, the role of the teacher is fundamental in the model, even though students and teachers are not necessarily interacting at the same time. To successfully gain acceptance and support from the elearning community, and marketplace adoption, teachers are incorporated into the model in a way consistent with traditional face-to-face modes of teaching. They perform a variety of tasks such as: enforcing teaching strategy to be followed in the learning session; managing students' grades; and monitoring students' actions.
Additionally, in this research, I designed and implemented part of the model in a new system prototype called ULRN. The system is applicable for a wide range of domains supporting teacher-led approaches.


The coupling between excited electron-hole pairs in semiconductor active layers and surface plasmon polaritons in metallo-dielectric stacks is investigated. These structures can be used to engineer the surface-plasmon dispersion properties so as to introduce tunable singularities in the photonic density of modes, and hence in the recombination rate of nearby active media. A detailed theoretical study of this effect is presented together with the experimental demonstration of geometrically tunable increased recombination in GaN/AlGaN quantum wells via near-UV photoluminescence measurements. If combined with a suitable geometry to efficiently scatter the emitted surface waves into radiation, this approach can be used for light-emission efficiency enhancement at tunable wavelengths.


This study was designed to determine if embedded remediation is significant in accelerating the pathway to completion of a college-level math course for students needing remediation. The project studied the impact on student success in a quantitative literacy course at a Massachusetts four-year state university with remedial material embedded. The course satisfies the university's general education math requirement for students with liberal arts majors who are not required to complete college algebra or calculus-based courses. The paper begins with a presentation of the issues with remedial mathematics and its impact on students' graduation and persistence. Next, the paper covers the design and implementation of the pilot program. In addition, the placement criteria and the pilot nature of the program are discussed, including attempts at the random assignment of students to regular or embedded-remediation course groups. A discussion of the findings follows including that students succeeded in the course with embedded remediation at 87% compared to 72% for those in the traditional version of the course though the differences are not statistically significant at the sample size. The paper concludes with lessons learned and next steps at this university for further study.


The spread of diffuse energy generation systems such as photovoltaics and combined heat and power generators will convert buildings from sole energy consumers into energy prosumers, i.e. energy producers and consumers. This will involve a much more dynamical interaction between buildings and the energy grid. As a consequence, electric distribution networks will be required to coordinate the energy draw/supply in order to optimize the use of renewable energy sources and preserve the reliability of the energy dispatch system, thus becoming smart grids. Smart grids will be able to act as coordinators of energy flows between diffuse energy producers and consumers, but buildings will be mainly managed in order to minimize their interaction with energy grids, thus minimizing the volatility of energy supply/draw, thus they will integrate energy management systems aimed at taking advantage of locally generated energy. In fact, buildings will be required to locally generate as much energy as possible, towards a Zero Energy Building perspective. For this purpose they will exploit technologies able to modulate energy demand and production by a suitable design of the building. So how will buildings, and consequently the related architecture, evolve in order to achieve these goals? In this paper the present status of the art as well as building configurations, procedures and energy management strategies able to ensure the best integration of typical residential and office buildings into smart grids are analysed.


The perioperative care of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients is currently receiving much attention due to an increased risk for complications. It is established that postoperative changes in sleep architecture occur and this may have pathophysiological implications for OSA patients. Upper airway muscle activity decreases during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Severe OSA patients exhibit exaggerated chemoreceptor-driven ventilation during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), which leads to central and obstructive apnea. This article critically reviewed the literature relevant to preoperative screening for OSA, prevalence of OSA in surgical populations and changes in postoperative sleep architecture relevant to OSA patients. In particular, we addressed three questions in regard to the effects of sedative-hypnotics, anesthetics and analgesics on sleep architecture, the underlying mechanisms and the relevance to OSA. Indeed, these classes of drugs alter sleep architecture, which likely significantly contributes to abnormal postoperative sleep architecture, exacerbation of OSA and postoperative complications.


This article uses computational modeling and large-scale pattern detection to develop a theory of global textual transmission as a process of turbulent flow. Specifically, it models stream-of-consciousness narration as a discrete set of linguistic features and rhetorical elements and uses this model to track the movement of this modernist technique across generic boundaries (from anglophone modernism to more popular genres) and linguistic ones (from English to Japanese). Oscillating between statistical models and moments of close reading, the article shows how a quantitatively scaled-up approach, rather than reinforcing an image of global textual flows as singular and monolithic, illuminates world literature as a system constituted by patterns of divergence in structure and of difference in sameness.


The Cretaceous formations of the Mons Basin, of the Mehaigne-Petite Gette Basin area and of the Liege-Limburg Basin area are described and discussed following recent literature. Of the 22 Cretaceous formations of the Mons Basin 8 are of Early Cretaceous age and 14 of Late Cretaceous age. In the Mehaigne-Petit Gette Basin area no formations have been named, but the different levels found have been considered as members; their age varies from? Coniacian to Late Maastrichtian. In the Liege-Limburg Basin area four Cretaceous formations have been recognised, divided in very detailed members based on lithostratigraphical characteristics (flints) by Felder; these formations vary in age from? Coniacian to uppermost Maastrichtian.


The Monte Santa Maria Tiberina ridge consists of a stack of Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene siliciclastic turbidite successions belonging to the Tuscan and Umbria domains. In this work a new geological map of the area (covering 50 km 2 ) is presented, based on a review and an elaboration of the CARG F 289-Citta di Castello survey. Particular attention is given to developing the lithostratigraphy and the biostratigraphic study of the successions. As regards the Tuscan units, the outstanding results are the division of the Macigno Fm into three members, the recognition of the Marne di Vicchio Fm (in which two key-horizons have been described) and the interpretation of the Arenarie di Celle Fm as a thrust-sheet-top basin deposit. The M. S. Maria Tiberina Fm, whose attribution gave rise in the past to conflicting interpretations, has been formalised as a transitional unit which was deposited, in the west, unconformably upon the Marne di Vicchio Fm of the Falterona Nappe and, in the east, conformably, upon the Marnoso Arenacea Fm. Within the MSMT Fm, three hybrid megaturbidites (Key beds) has been logged, mapped and precisely defined from a biostratigraphical point of view. Furthermore the survey has lead to the description of several contractional and extensional structures and to strict constraints on the timing of the tectonic history which affected, from the Late Aquitanian to present, this part of the Umbria Preapennines.


Vitamin E supplementation may cause decreased bone mass. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that is predominantly biologically available as α-tocopherol. Vitamin E supplements are frequently consumed because of their reported beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system (see Roodman); however, different studies have shown beneficial or deleterious effects on bone homeostasis. Ttpa−/− mice are a genetic model for vitamin E deficiency because they lack α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), a liver protein that helps to recycle α-tocopherol from plasma. Fujita et al. found that, compared with wild-type mice, Ttpa−/− mice had greater bone mass because of lower bone resorption, rather than increased bone formation. Treatment of bone marrow cells from wild-type mice with α-tocopherol increased their differentiation into osteoclasts (cells that mediate bone resorption) without affecting their differentiation into osteoblasts (cells that mediate bone formation). α-tocopherol promoted osteoclast fusion (which occurs late in osteoclast maturation), an effect that was mediated by increased expression of the gene encoding dendritic-cell–specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), a receptor that is required for osteoclast fusion, rather than the antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol. Treatment of bone marrow cells with α-tocopherol activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38α and its upstream kinases mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 3 and 6 (MKK3/6). p38α phosphorylated and activated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which is required for osteoclast development and bound to the promoter of the gene encoding DC-STAMP. Wild-type mice that received α-tocopherol at concentrations comparable to those in human dietary supplements showed decreased bone mass, which correlated with increased bone resorption and osteoclast size. Thus, individuals who consume vitamin E supplements could be at increased risk for bone loss. K. Fujita, M. Iwasaki, H. Ochi, T. Fukuda, C. Ma, T. Miyamoto, K. Takitani, T. Negishi-Koga, S. Sunamura, T. Kodama, H. Takayanagi, H. Tamai, S. Kato, H. Arai, K. Shinomiya, H. Itoh, A. Okawa, S. Takeda, Vitamin E decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclast fusion. Nat. Med. 18, 589–594 (2012). [Online Journal] G. D. Roodman, Vitamin E: Good for the heart, bad for the bones? Nat. Med. 18, 491–492 (2012). [Online Journal]


Neuroscientific research has not only proved to be vital in our increasing understanding of human nature, but has also led to much normative discourse revolving around morality and law. There has been much work done regarding how neuroscience should inform us on issues regarding moral responsibility. In this paper, I propose to employ a Kantian moral framework to consider these issues more carefully. I argue that generally, neuroscience cannot undermine the concept that rational beings are morally responsible for their actions. However, within the same Kantian moral philosophical framework, I will consider how it is that certain individuals can be excused for their actions or have their responsibility mitigated. This will be done by focusing on the interaction between neuroscientific evidence and the capacity of certain individuals to engage with categorical and hypothetical imperatives. I will consider how it is that neuroscientific evidence can serve as an a priori excusing condition for moral responsibility, and equally importantly, when it cannot. I then go on to explore how our understanding of the workings of the brain can improve legal doctrine. I suggest that neuroscience can help to demonstrate that certain psychological criteria underlying particular legal doctrine might be inaccurate, and to improve our sentencing policies in order to better fulfil both retributive and rehabilitative aims and the criminal law.


FINDING A MOMENT in the history of U.S.-Venezuelan relations when tensions between the two countries have been worse than at the present time is difficult. Some in the U.S. Government perceive President Hugo Chavez Frias as uncooperative regarding U.S. regional policies on counternarcotics, free trade, and support for democracy. Venezuela's alliance with Fidel Castro's Cuba, its opposition to Plan Colombia, and its perceived sympathy for the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and other radical organizations are further irritants to the relationship. On the other side. Venezuelan leaders in the Chavez administration believe the United States is fundamentally opposed to the success of the Bolivarian revolution and that U.S. hegemony in the current world order must be checked. Although officials in both countries occasionally express hope that relations will improve, this is unlikely to happen given the perceptions each country's foreign policymakers hold of each other. (1) Since he was elected president in 1998, Chavez has transformed Venezuelan Government and society in what he has termed a Bolivarian revolution. Based on Chavez's interpretation of the thinking of Venezuelan founding fathers Simon Bolivar and Simon Rodriguez, this revolution brings together a set of ideas that justifies a populist and sometimes authoritarian approach to government, the integration of the military into domestic politics, and a focus on using the state's resources to serve the poor--the president's main constituency. The Bolivarian revolution has produced a new constitution, a new legislature, a new supreme court and electoral authorities, and purges of Venezuela's armed forces and state-owned oil industries. These policies consolidated Chavez's domestic authority but generated a great deal of opposition in Venezuela, including a failed coup attempt in 2002. Even so, after his victory in a presidential recall referendum during the summer of 2004, Chavez seems likely to consolidate his grip on power and even win reelection in 2006. Although the Bolivarian revolution is mostly oriented toward domestic politics, it also has an important foreign policy component. Bolivarian foreign policy seeks to defend the revolution in Venezuela; promote a sovereign, autonomous leadership role for Venezuela in Latin America; oppose globalization and neoliberal economic policies; and work toward the emergence of a multipolar world in which U.S. hegemony is checked. (2) The revolution also opposes the war in Iraq and is skeptical of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The United States has worked fruitfully in the past with Venezuela when the country pursued an independent foreign policy, but the last three policies run directly contrary to U.S. foreign policy preferences and inevitably have generated friction between the two countries. (3) Still, the geopolitics of oil make it difficult for the United States and Venezuela to escape their traditional economic and political partnership. The United States is Venezuela's most important consumer of its main export--oil. As a market, the United States possesses key advantages for Venezuela, such as geographic proximity, low transportation costs, and an ever increasing demand for energy. Access to large Venezuelan oil deposits across short, secure sea lines of communication is undoubtedly a strategic asset for the United States. Also, the United States and Venezuela have often found common political ground after Venezuela democratized in 1958, particularly as the rest of Latin America moved away from authoritarianism during the 1980s and 1990s. Nevertheless, friction between the United States and Venezuela on trade policies, human rights, and regional politics is not new. What is different today about Venezuela's Bolivarian foreign policy is that it seems to be increasingly at odds with the United States precisely in the areas that once brought the two countries together--oil and democracy. …


Abstract This study examines the genetic variation in Basque Y chromosome lineages using data on 12 Y-short tandem repeat (STR) loci in a sample of 158 males from four Basque provinces of Spain (Alava, Vizcaya, Guipuzcoa, and Navarre). As reported in previous studies, the Basques are characterized by high frequencies of haplogroup R1b (83%). AMOVA analysis demonstrates genetic homogeneity, with a small but significant amount of genetic structure between provinces (Y-short tandem repeat loci STRs: 1.71%, p = 0.0369). Gene and haplotype diversity levels in the Basque population are on the low end of the European distribution (gene diversity: 0.4268; haplotype diversity: 0.9421). Post-Neolithic contribution to the paternal Basque gene pool was estimated by measuring the proportion of those haplogroups with a Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) previously dated either prior (R1b, I2a2) or subsequent to (E1b1b, G2a, J2a) the Neolithic. Based on these estimates, the Basque provinces show varying degrees of post-Neolithic contribution in the paternal lineages (10.9% in the combined sample).


Love, death, jealousy, detailed psychological analysis of innerself, intimacy study, music, the sea, the exacerbated pride of the protagonist, superiority or inferiority complex, the lucidity with which he examines the experiences are central themes of Anton Holban's works. Some of them are uniquely developed in an obsessive manner in each novel. Undoubtedly, the underlying obsession with death stands at the basis of Holban's creations. Most of the characters have different views regarding death, depending on temperament or cultural level. This does not wonder anybody taking into consideration the concern about the death accounted along the years, which has become a topic of interest to most people not because of the mystery that it generates, but rather because what happens after the great crossing. The semantic field of death is present in most of Holban's works. Words like cemetery, grave, icons, funeral, sick, sickness, pain, suicide, body, and death are used obsessively. Keywords: obsession, death, mystery, psychological analysis, love


In this paper, various interactional features of turn-constructional unit (TCU) continuation as realized in Korean conversation through post-predicate elements are analyzed from a conversation-analytic perspective. Formulated as increments, post-predicate elements serve as re-completers by expanding the host TCU after it has reached a possible point of completion, which is explicitly marked by the utterance-final verb predicate. In many contexts of TCU continuation, the host TCU tends to be allusively constructed (e.g., in the form of a verb predicate with unexpressed arguments) and saliently indexical of the speaker's affective stance, and post-predicate elements, mostly taking the form of 'insertables', elaborate the host TCU. TCU continuation is often realized when the action of the allusive host TCU is 'disjunctively' executed, with the interactional import of being potentially interruptive of the current talk-in-progress. Such an intrusive deployment of the host TCU, which is implicated in the practice of foregrounding the speaker's collusively motivated responsive stance (e.g., in a confirmation request), is demonstrably oriented to by the speaker, who produces a post-predicate element as a methodic way of mitigating the disjunctive initiation of the prior action. The recipient also orients himself/herself to the potentially topic-derailing import associated with such a disjunctive initiation of action by way of initiating repair and/or promptly resuming his/her talk. As such, the production of a post-predicate element itself, mostly as an insertable that is grammatically and semantically related to the host, may not be directly attributed to interactional contingencies per se; it is often sequentially occasioned by practices geared towards enlivening the sequence being wrapped up, initiating or continuing an assessment sequence by way of highlighting the speaker's evaluative stance turn-initially, or building the current turn on the prior turn through turn-tying operations. The interactional feature of post-predicate elements 're-doing the completion point as a transition-relevance place' is partially manifested in the way the prosodic contour of the final or whole component of the host TCU is repeated and matched by that of the post-predicate elements.


Spatial variability in snow accumulation and melt due to topographic effects on solar radiation, drifting, air temperature, and precipitation is important in determining the timing of snowmelt releases. Precipitation and temperature effects related to topography tend to affect snowpack variability at large scales and are generally included in models of hydrology in mountainous terrain. The effects of spatial variability in drifting and solar input are generally only included in distributed models at small scales. Previous research has demonstrated that snowpack patterns are not well reproduced when topography and drifting are ignored. These observations imply that larger scale representations that ignore drifting could be greatly in error. Detailed measurements of the spatial distribution of snow water equivalence within a small, intensively studied, 26-ha watershed were used to validate a spatially distributed snowmelt model. This model was then compared to basin-averaged snowmelt rates for a fully distributed model, a single point representation of the basin, a two point representation that captures some of the variability in drifting and aspect, and a model with distributed terrain and uniform drift. The model comparisons demonstrate that the lumped, single point representation and distributed terrain with uniform drift both yielded very poor simulations of the basin-averaged surface water input rate. The two-point representation was an improvement but the late season melt required for the observed streamflow was still not simulated because the deepest drifts were not represented. These results imply that representing the effects of subgrid variability of snow drifting is equally or more important than representing subgrid variability in solar radiation.


This article describes two spreadsheet-based tools designed to help farmers evaluate the viability of building and operating commercial kitchens, on-farm and off-farm, to meet the demand for locally processed foods. Both tools let users define the processing activities and kitchen capacity, including the appropriate equipment, personnel needs, days of operation, and processed products. The on-farm kitchen model provides annual return estimates, allowing users to change recipes each year to match changes in annual farm production. The off-farm kitchen model assumes a stand-alone facility with depreciation schedules, loan amortization schedules, 10-year profit/loss projections, and various measures of return on investment.


We study the in-plane/out-of-plane anisotropies in refractive indices (n) and in thermo-optic coefficients (dn/dT) of benzocyclobutene (BCB) thin film on a substrate. Both nonoxidized and oxidized films are investigated. Aside from the stress-induced effects, oxidation has significant influence on the refractive index anisotropy. The dependence of the anisotropy on each of the thermal stress and the oxidation is determined quantitatively. The anisotropies in the dn/dT values are mainly caused by the thermal stress and are independent of oxidation. However, the original (stress-free) thermo-optic coefficients are obtained as isotropic and significantly different than the measured dn/dT values. Our findings have the potential to optimize the design of polarization insensitive and/or athermal BCB optical waveguide devices.


Conventional rehabilitation for people with physical difficulties is based on mostly a biomedical approach to health focusing on isolated parts of the body without recognizing the patients' other needs. While more holistic and bio-psycho-social rehabilitation models have been developed, these are generally not recognized and as a result multiple needs are unlikely to be addressed. This qualitative investigation of a rehabilitation in group setting explored the experience and impact of Conductive Education and draws on a complex, person centered, bio-psycho-social rehabilitation method. The research explores physically disabled adult patients', family members' and CE professionals' constructs on group setting in CE with the aim of finding out more about the approach itself and its delivery. Results suggest that CE does not decrease the exceptional result of physical rehabilitation of adult patients but conducts new motivational and developmental factors and broadens elements of rehabilitation in a complex way - holistically providing a life-changing concept. The study concludes with the recommendation for health care providers, rehabilitation institutions, accountable and responsible bodies to introduce and use group setting method in the rehabilitation of adult physical disabled. Furthermore, it is stated that considerably more and adequate investigation need to be done on CE to better understand its complex offer.


VSC-HVDC has two distinct advantages over its earlier generation thyristor based High
Voltage DC transmission. Synchronous voltage source is not required to commutate
against, for its operation and it does not suffer from commutation failures under adverse
conditions in interfacing ac system. These two properties make it amenable to wider
application areas. To make it adapt to operational conditions imposed on it in various
applications, its controller parameters need to be assessed and tuned through extensive
simulation studies. To facilitate this, two alternative controllers viz. a fully decoupled
controller model and also an instantaneous theory based fully decoupled hybrid controller
model are developed in the thesis. The decoupling is achieved by exploiting similarity
transformation in both the controllers. In the first controller model, the Park's currents
and voltages are directly obtained from the measured network variables and the reference
park's currents for the inner current loop are obtained from the instantaneous measured
power. In the second one, both the feedback as well as reference Park's currents for the
inner current loop are obtained from the Clarke's variables. An AC system interfacing
electronics based power transmission or distribution network experiences non-sinusoidal
voltage and current waveforms. Instantaneous power theory being suitable for steady as
well as transient states, is used for handling measured inputs. The performance of the
models is assessed through SIMULINK Power system Blockset aided simulations on a
VSC-HVDC link interfacing an ac system, having normal fault level, low fault level and
also witnessing a single line to ground fault on its rectifier transformer primary side


Rich media technologies like streaming video, gigapixel panoramas, and terapixel maps are becoming broadly available on the Internet. Although rich media offer wonderful opportunities for creating experiences that have strong interactive and narrative elements, the ways in which users experience these media are widely disparate, involving a plethora of similar-yet-different web sites and mobile applications, each with its own proprietary rendering logic, data formats, and back-end services. In this paper we introduce RIN —a declarative specification for orchestrating interactive, cinematic narratives that thread through an extensible set of rich media experiences. RIN's XML (and JSON equivalent) markup makes it straightforward to represent complex, cinematic fly-throughs that fluidly compose diverse media technologies, including gigapixel panoramas, terapixel online maps, traditional paginated documents, and data visualizations, choreographed together with audio, text, and video. RIN introduces a concise representation of the logical state of an experience, called Small State, and the specification of the evolution of this state over time, called an Experience Stream. These abstractions along with others introduced in this paper enable a concise, declarative specification for a wide range of rich media experiences. We believe RIN can serve as the foundation for the next generation of standards-based rich media on the Internet, enabling a variety of new and compelling scenarios.


In this paper, we compare and analyze three common techniques for prioritizing software requirements: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Cumulative Voting (CV) and Likert Scale Technique (LST). These techniques are based on a ratio scale and are applied within this research as part of a hierarchical approach to requirements analysis on different levels of abstraction. For the systematic evaluation of these techniques in distributed settings, a controlled experimental setting was developed and carried out via the Internet. Therefore, a particular Web application was developed and data from 199 subjects was collected. The overall results indicate that LST is a simple, fast, and well-scaling prioritization technique, whereas slightly less precise than the other two techniques. However if accuracy is an important criterion, and a more complicated and slower technique is accepted, CV has proven to be most adequate. For the AHP, particularly when used with many requirements, a recommendation cannot be given because of poor scalability.


Functional coatings produced using scalable and cost-effective processes such as electrodeposition and etching lead to the creation of random roughness at multiple length scales on the surface. The first part of thesis work aims at developing a fundamental mathematical understanding of multiscale coatings by presenting a fractal model to describe wettability on such surfaces. These surfaces are described with a fractal asperity model based on the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function. Using this description, a model is presented to evaluate the apparent contact angle in different wetting regimes. Experimental validation of the model predictions is presented on various hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces generated on several materials under different processing conditions. Superhydrophobic surfaces have myriad industrial applications, yet their practical utilization has been severely limited by their poor mechanical durability and longevity. Toward addressing this gap, the second and third parts of this thesis work present low cost, facile processes to fabricate superhydrophobic copper and zinc-based coatings via electrodeposition. Additionally, systematic studies are presented on coatings fabricated under different processing conditions to demonstrate excellent durability, mechanical and underwater stability, and corrosion resistance. The presented processes can be scaled to larger, durable coatings with controllable wettability for diverse applications. Apart from their use as superhydrophobic surfaces, the application of multiscale coatings in photo-thermal conversion systems as solar selective coatings is explored in the final part of this thesis. The effects of scale-independent fractal parameters of the coating surfaces and heat treatment are systematically explored with respect to their optical properties of absorptance, emittance, and figure of merit (FOM). Investigations on Multiscale Fractal-textured Superhydrophobic and Solar Selective


A major goal of psychology is to predict human behaviour. It is also the goal of any education system to produce an all round. person after a successful completion of a given educational cycle. One prerequisite for proper leaning to take place is discipline to be maintained inside and outside the classroom. It is therefore a goal for any school administration and the teachers to maintain discipline in their schools. This formed the foundation of 'this research where the relationship between student's misbehaviour and the punishment given by teachers was under study. A sample of three schools was obtained in Wajir District which involved a hundred and twenty students, thirty teachers and three head teachers. Questionnaires and interview schedules were the main tools for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used in the analysis and presentation of data. The study realized that there was a relationship between indiscipline and punishment since punishment was seen to be effective in controlling student's misbehaviour to an extent. However, majority of those involved in the study were of the view that guidance and counselling more than punishment was effective in controlling student misbehaviour in schools.


Higher specialist training offers an opportunity to focus on non-clinical skills as well as clinical issues. The authors wished to determine whether doctors who complete neonatal higher specialist training in the UK feel prepared for the consultant role with respect to management, research and teaching, as well as clinical activities. A questionnaire related to the preparedness of the consultant to carry out a range of activities was sent to all doctors who were appointed to the UK higher specialist training programme in neonatology from 2002 to 2008 who were currently working as consultants. Seventy-one of the 83 eligible participants completed the questionnaire. Roles that consultants felt extremely well prepared for related to clinical care, communication, team-working, prioritising tasks, teaching and audit. Trainees reported that roles that they had been not at all well prepared for were related to roles in management and service delivery, medicolegal issues and complaints, job planning and personal development, supporting doctors in difficulty and chairing meetings. Four key themes emerged from the analysis of free-text responses regarding specialty training: the influence of shift patterns/service provision, the lack of non-clinical preparation, learning on the job as a consultant later on and problems with grid training itself. This study showed that for neonatal paediatrics in the UK, new consultants feel confident about managing ill babies but are unprepared for other aspects of the consultant's role. Neonatal higher specialist training needs to allow opportunities for non-clinical training.


Science centres have emerged over the past forty years as a specialised medium for communicating science in an increasingly scientific and technological world. Science centres pride themselves on their ability to bridge the intellectual and affective gap between the scientist and non-scientist, in the process building awareness and appreciation of the role of science in our everyday lives. Universities and industry make powerful partners in the development of new content, for it is in these realms that the new science is developed. In addition, collaborations between science centres and universities provide a means for educating a new generation of science communicators. Science centres around the world are using collaborations to create outstanding science experiences for their audiences.


INTRODUCTION: the association of thyroid abnormalities with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not well established. OBJECTIVE: to study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in hundred lupus patients and evaluate a possible association between thyroid dysfunction and SLE disease activity. METHODS: a total of one hundred patients with SLE underwent assessment for clinical and laboratorial thyroid abnormalities. Clinical activity was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). RESULTS: seventeen patients (17%) had abnormal thyroid function by laboratory testing, which included ten patients (10%) with subclinical hypothyroidism, two patients (2%) with subclinical hyperthyroidism, four patients (4%) with primary hypothyroidism and one patient with serum thyroxine below the normal range. Regarding antithyroid antibodies, six patients were positive, as follows: four (4%) for antiperoxidase, one (1%) for antithyroglobulin and one (1%) for both antibodies. SLE disease activity was not significantly different between groups, regardless of the presence of thyroid dysfunction. CONCLUSION: these results show that thyroid abnormalities are frequently found in SLE patients. However, it does not appear to be an association between thyroid abnormalities and SLE clinical disease activity.


BACKGROUND
Strong relations between physical fitness and health in adolescents have been established in the last decades. The main objectives of the present investigation were to assess major physical fitness components in a sample of Italian school adolescents, comparing them with international data, and providing a Fitness Index model derived from percentile cut-off values of five considered physical fitness components.

METHODS
A total of 644 school pupils (15.9±1.1 years; M: N.=399; F: N.=245) were tested using the ASSO-Fitness Test Battery (FTB), a tool developed within the Adolescents and Surveillance System for the Obesity prevention project, which included the handgrip, standing broad-jump, sit-up to exhaustion, 4×10-m shuttle run and 20-m shuttle run tests. Stratified percentile values and related smoothed curves were obtained. The method of principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to the considered five fitness components to derive a continuous fitness level score (the Fit-Score). A Likert-type scale on the Fit-Score values was applied to obtain an intuitive classification of the individual level of fitness: very poor (X<P20), poor (P20≤X<P40), medium (P40≤X<P60), good (P60≤X<P80) and very good (X≥P80).

RESULTS
Boys had higher fitness levels compared to girls. They also showed an incremental trend amongst fitness levels with age in all physical components. These results could be overlapped with those related to European adolescents. Data revealed high correlations (r>0.5) between the Fit-Score and all the fitness components. The median Fit-Score was equal to 33 for females and 53 for males (in a scale from 0 to 100).

CONCLUSIONS
The ASSO-FTB allowed the assessment of health-related fitness components in a convenient sample of Italian adolescents and provided a Fitness Index model incorporating all these components for an intuitive classification of fitness levels. If this model is confirmed, the monitoring of these variables will allow early detection of health-related issues in a mass population, thus giving the opportunity to plan appropriate interventions.


Lives are lost daily nationwide from incidents involving heart attack, drowning, choking or electric shock. The steps taken to aid the victim seconds following such an incident can mean the difference between life and death. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the best training to have to try to help someone in an extreme situation when that person has stopped breathing. Learning this basic first-aid technique can help you give a friend, a loved one or a stranger a second chance for life.


Abstract. Light leaf spot, caused by Pyrenopeziza brassicae, is the most damaging disease problem in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in the United Kingdom. According to recent survey data, the severity of epidemics has increased progressively across the UK, with yield losses of up to £160M per annum in England and more severe epidemics in Scotland. Light leaf spot is a polycyclic disease, with primary inoculum consisting of airborne ascospores produced on diseased debris from the previous cropping season. Splash-dispersed conidia produced on diseased leaves are the main component of the secondary inoculum. Pyrenopeziza brassicae is also able to infect and cause considerable yield losses on vegetable brassicas, especially Brussels sprouts. There may be spread of light leaf spot among different Brassica species. Since they have a wide host range and frequent occurrence of sexual reproduction, P. brassicae populations are likely to have considerable genetic diversity, and evidence suggests population variations between different geographic regions, which need further study. Available disease-management tools are not sufficient to provide adequate control of the disease. There is a need to identify new sources of resistance, which can be integrated with fungicide applications to achieve sustainable management of light leaf spot. Several major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci have been identified in previous studies, but rapid improvements in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning B. napus–P. brassicae interactions can be expected through exploitation of novel genetic and genomic information for brassicas and extracellular fungal pathogens.


Although feminist perspectives have contributed substantially to the development of both theory and practice in many areas of law, feminism has to date contributed relatively little to discussions regarding intellectual property. This paper examines the relationship between hypermedia and feminist discourse, critiquing the role of copyright in controlling or suppressing such discourses. Hypertext and related media may lend themselves to relational webs of meaning rather than linear progressions of meaning. Given the importance of non-hierarchical, associative webs to feminist discourse, digital media may lend themselves to feminist modes of thinking, or at minimum challenge dominant textual constructions. However, current copyright doctrine assumes that works remain linear, hierarchical, and controlled. The exclusive rights conferred by copyright, and most especially the right of adaptation, lend themselves to authorial control over not only the text, but to a reader's use of the text. This deterrent characteristic of copyright has appeared in several recent legal disputes involving hypertext linking and annotation. Thus, copyright remains hostile to non-traditional collaborative or relational user engagement. This hostility may ultimately frustrate copyright's purpose of promoting the "progress" of knowledge.


In a multi-agent environment, each agent must take into account not only the actions it must perform to achieve its goals, but also the behavior of other agents in the system, which usually requires some sort of coordination between the agents. One way to avoid the complexity of centralized planning and online negotiation between agents is to design an artificial social system. This system enacts a social law that restricts the behavior of the agents. A robust social law enables the agents to reach their goals while keeping them from interfering with each other. However, the problem of efficient synthesis of such laws is computationally hard, and previously proposed search techniques do not scale well. In this paper, we propose the use of graph neural networks to predict social laws from a graph-based representation of multi-agent systems. However, as this prediction can be wrong, we use heuristic search to correct possible mistakes in the network's prediction ensuring that the produced social law is indeed robust. Our empirical evaluation shows that this approach beat the previous state-of-the-art in social law synthesis, and that is can learn from an imperfect expert, even in the presence of noise.


As the European Union tries to increase both its visibility and its impact on the world stage, it cannot overlook the fact that until now enlargement has formed its most successful foreign policy. But is the EU's enlargement strategy still relevant today? Have the economic crisis and the speculative attack on the euro made the enlargement policy more uncertain? In The Frontiers of Europe , an international cast of leading experts and policymakers examine the EU's prospective borders from new perspectives. Indeed, the frontiers of Europe are as much a matter of values and the EU's international credibility as they are a matter of geographic definition. The contributors highlight the considerable yet different interests of the United States and Russia in the EU's enlargement strategy, paying special attention to the likely effects on the future of U.S.-EU relations. This comprehensive volume focuses not only on the European Union's outward expansion, but also on the internal dynamics within EU states and those states' abilities to deal with pressing issues such as terrorism, immigration, internal crime, and energy security. The EU must prioritize stability in both its enlargement strategy and its relations with the broader international neighborhood. The book raises a note of caution, however: as governance challenges increase, the EU's attention increasingly draws inward, thus diminishing its soft power. The Frontiers of Europe is important reading for anyone trying to understand the current geopolitical landscape of Europe and what it means for the rest of the world.


This Article reviews the evolution of public nuisance law since the 1972 article by Bryson and Macbeth and focuses on two issues: 1) the evolution of the traditional special injury rule into a two-pronged doctrine of standing (injury-in-fact) and proximate cause, and 2) the viability of public nuisance actions in light of existing environmental statutes. The first section of Part I analyzes the reasons why the traditional policies supporting the special injury rule are no longer valid. The second section reviews a number of cases involving actions for damages where the courts, at least implicitly, have not applied the special injury rule to limit standing, then it analyzes how courts have dealt with the rule in equitable and class actions. Part II discusses the relationship between the public nuisance doctrine and state and federal environmental statutes.The Article concludes that, in litigation concerning serious environmental or toxic issues, some courts have accepted public nuisance claims, even though they have not explicitly rejected the special injury rule. It advocates that courts take the final step and reject the special injury rule outright, because private plaintiffs must not be barred at the courthouse door by an outdated special injury rule if public nuisance claims are to fill statutory gaps and help establish standards of reasonable conduct.


For centuries, the Mogok Stone Tract of Burma has provided the world with i ts finest rubies. The mining district is situated about 700 k m north of the capital city of Rangoon, with the rubies found principally in alluvial deposits weathering out of a crystalline limestone or marble. This article reviews the history of this famous locality, the geology-of the area, and the mining methods that have predominated. Also covered is the gemology of these stones, including those inclusions that are characteristic of Burmese origin, and a discussion of famous rubies from Mogok.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES
To characterize knee cartilage change in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who have completed a therapeutic exercise program.

BACKGROUND
While therapeutic exercise is frequently used successfully to improve pain and function in individuals with KOA, no studies have reported the volume of cartilage change or individual factors that may impact volume of cartilage change in those completing an exercise program for KOA.

METHODS
Thirteen individuals with KOA underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify cartilage volume change in the weight-bearing regions of the medial and lateral femoral condyles and the entire surface of the tibial plateaus from baseline to 1-year follow-up. Body structure and function measures were taken for body mass index, knee axis alignment, knee motion, and knee strength. Activity limitations and activity levels were also measured prior to the therapeutic exercise program, using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. At 6 months from baseline, follow-up clinical measurements of knee strength and motion were performed. At 1 year from baseline, imaging of the knee cartilage and knee alignment were performed, and participants completed the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.

RESULTS
The central region of the medial femoral condyle (cMF) had a median volume of cartilage loss of 3.8%. The other 3 knee tibiofemoral articular surfaces had minimal median cartilage volume change. Individuals were dichotomized into progressors (n = 6) and nonprogressors (n = 7), based on the standard error of measurement of cartilage volume change for the cMF. Progressors were younger, had a larger body mass index, had a higher Kellgren-Lawrence grade in the medial compartment of the knee, and had a greater increase in knee varus alignment from baseline to 1-year follow-up. The progressors also had frontal plane hip and knee kinetics during baseline gait analysis that potentially increased medial knee joint loading.

CONCLUSION
The loss of cMF cartilage volume was highly variable and the median loss of cartilage was within the range previously reported. Seven of the 13 individuals did not have cMF cartilage volume loss greater than the standard error of measurement. Change in cartilage volume of the cMF may be influenced to a greater extent by personal factors than by completion of a therapeutic exercise program. Additional research is needed to decipher the interactions among therapeutic exercise and personal characteristics that impact knee cartilage loss.


This paper shows that linguistic theory presently fails to offer a non-stipulative account of what appears to be a universal gap in simple Control complementation with a substantial class of verbs. The author attributes this to the denotational type of the complement clause selected by such verbs interacting with the manner in which an index of evaluation is set up in tenseless contexts. Specifically, the author proposes that (a) this class of verbs selects Possible Fact-denoting complements – complements whose truth is indeterminate and (b) simple Control clauses (like ECM and small clause complements) are tenseless; therefore, their index of evaluation must be lexically determined by the matrix verb (which precludes Possible Facts). Given this, Possible Facts must independently set up an index of evaluation via inflection of I for tense – fully inflected Is are well known to be associated with Nominative Case, precluding Control.