The Pragmatics of Bilingual Education For non-English-speaking students, negotiating language barriers in the classroom can be an exasperating process. Without adequate resources, these language-minority students easily fall behind their peers and are often classified as having learning disabilities. To address this issue, schools have adopted a variety of language-assistance programs. How these programs are implemented has a profound effect on the scholastic achievement, language-acquisition, and identity of immigrant students. Unfortunately, schools that service communities with high immigrant populations are often faced with a severe lack of resources (Johnson 2008b). In the United States, the enrollment of all students in bilingual education programs rose from 2.1 million in the 1990-1991 academic year to more than 5 million in 2003 (Flannery 2006). A 2000 congressionally mandated study found that students in bilingual programs receive lower grades, are judged by their teachers to have lower academic abilities, and score below their classmates on standardized tests of reading and math. Furthermore, with respect to the immigrant students to whom a majority of these language-minority programs are targeted, the dropout rate for foreign-born Latino students between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four is an astonishing 36.5 percent, as compared to 4.7 percent of non-Latino immigrants (U.S. Department of Education 2007). In response to these types of educational trends, many people (e.g., English for the Children, see Johnson 2008a) have pointed the finger at bilingual education programs as the cause of such widespread failure. The debate surrounding bilingual education has many facets. From a pedagogical perspective, researchers and educators work vigorously to determine the most efficient methodologies. In addition to multiple other challenges educators experience in the public school system, teachers are faced with a lack of resources and the support necessary for educating language-minority students. With more than 425 first languages spoken by immigrant students in the United States, teachers and administrators can only rarely provide native-language instruction (Flannery 2006). Even when language services are provided, many people still blame bilingual education programs for low achievement and high dropout rates. Furthermore, from a mainstream social standpoint, using foreign languages in the classroom commonly is seen as a threat to the vitality of English. Before pigeonholing bilingual education programs as the determinant of underachievement, social views toward immigrants and broader educational practices must be addressed. First, public schools emphasize English as an indispensable skill for achievement. While it is understandable that public schools prioritize English for the sake of academic achievement, such prioritizing is frequently done in such a way that immigrant languages are discredited or devalued. Advocates of English-only programs equate conformity to success and promote linguistic diversity as social degradation and deviation. In programs where English is used as the sole medium of instruction, native speakers are automatically accorded higher levels of power and influence (Tollefson and Tsui 2004). This automatically relegates minority languages to an inferior position. Often, bilingual education programs are defamed as inhibiting the acquisition of English and denying access to the American Dream (Johnson 2006). Hidden behind this negative facade, however, is the true goal of bilingual education: to cultivate multilingualism and multiliteracy. Accountability in Arizona Drawing from the surge of anti-bilingual education sentiments at the turn of the millennium, Ron Unz and the program he initiated, English for the Children, promoted Proposition 203 to dismantle bilingual and English as a second language (ESL) programs in Arizona's public schools (Johnson 2008a). …


This article reviews optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating as used on Quaternary sediments and for archaeological dating. The underlying physics is summarized and the laboratory method itself is described. Examples of OSL dating illustrate its use in palaeoenvironmental and archaeological contexts, although problems associated with the technique are also addressed. Finally, we discuss long-range variants of OSL that may help date deposits currently considered too old for OSL to be applied.


This study uses oral evidence in conjunction with other sources to attempt
an empirical reconstruction of local social milieux but also considers the
subjective dimensions of narratives and considers the extent to which respondents draw on a communal store of reminiscences. It considers that
particular genres of narratives and other oral formats may have originated
as social actors discussed contemporary events, may have been shaped by
subsequent discussion, and may have functioned as integrative ideologies
for local groups and communities.
Oral evidence is used to gain access to the informal and undocumented aspects of local life but also investigates the potential of oral evidence
as a means of gaining access to the social and oral culture of the
communities under study. The study posits that if the mores of communities
are socially constructed - are constructed as a by-product of routine
social interaction - that this process should leave a discernable legacy in
the oral culture of these communities.
The study considers two mining villages in what was formerly East
Deabighshire: Rhosllanerchrugog, an open village first settled by squatters
in the late eighteenth century; and Llay, a village which began as a model
housing estate constructed by a paternalist colliery company in the 1920s.
The study considers three areas of local social life: the community, the workplace and local religious organisations. After attempting a general
description of the social milieu to be found in each, the study presents a
series of case studies.
The chapter on the community considers the ways in which the different
origins of the two communities have impacted on their respective social
organisations, The chapter considers social and oral culture, and describes
the decline of the Welsh speaking community as indices of changing patterns
of social organisation. It also considers the ways in which local people
have contributed to the construction of the self images of their respective
communities.
The chapter on religious life examines relations between the
Nonconformist churches, which are widely imputed to have had a defining
effect on Welsh society, and the local population. It describes a general
reluctance to embrace the full implications of Nonconformist creeds and
describes instances of resistance to Nonconformist asceticism.
The first chapter on the workplace considers the impact of new
extractive technology which shifted the frontier of control in favour of
the colliery management. It describes attempts to reassert control made by
the workmen and considers the development of a culture of informal pay
bargaining in the conditions presented by cost push inflation and
institutional sclerosis in the early years of the nationalized industry.
The second chapter on the workplace considers workplace narratives and
describes the lore about occupational beliefs as a consolatory folklore
which helped workmen accommodate themselves to a harsh physical environment. The chapter also considers how the circulation of narratives
about the conventions of oral culture were used to describe and articulate
relations within the work group and enabled workmen to resist the demands
of supervisors.


Author(s): Tefera, Adai; Siegel-Hawley, Genevieve; Frankenberg, Erica | Abstract: Three years ago this week, the U.S. Supreme Court released its 5-4 decision overturning Louisville and Seattle's voluntarily implemented integration plans and threatening many voluntary plans across the country, the type of plans courts had encouraged for many years. The Parents Involved decision, issued on June 28, 2007, reflected a divided Supreme Court with four justices strongly supporting these voluntary plans and four justices strongly opposed. Justice Kennedy's opinion decided the issues and explicitly accepted some kinds of desegregation efforts. The divided decision confused many educators and it was somewhat unclear what did remain legal. In 2008, the Bush Administration sent a letter to school districts misguidedly interpreting the Parents Involved decision in a way that suggested only race-neutral means of pursuing integration would be legal. This was an inaccurate description of Kennedy's controlling opinion and suggested that school authorities should abandon all efforts to intentionally pursue integration. As President Barack Obama took office, civil rights groups and other stakeholders anticipated that his administration would be more supportive of integration efforts, including issuing new guidance to replace that from 2008. Yet, well into the second year of the Obama Administration (which announced earlier this year that it would reinvigorate the Office of Civil Rights) no such guidance about voluntary integration has been issued. From our contacts with school districts across the country, we believe that this guidance is much needed. In addition to these legal and policy constraints and the opportunities and challenges presented by rapidly shifting demographics in the nation's public schools, school districts, like other governmental bodies, face significant financial pressure in the wake of declining revenues stemming from the economic crisis. This economic pressure is forcing school districts to make deep cuts in services, which is another potential constraint for integration efforts.Also available at http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu


Oil and gas well drilling planning is the main task of any drilling engineer. In order to overcome this task, it is required to maintain the wellbore pressure between the maximum value that does not fracture the formation and the pressure of the fluids within the formations, because, as the wellbore pressure exceeds the fractures' pressure, formation damage occurs, which will consequently result in lost circulation problems. Meanwhile, if the well pressure is less than the formation fluids pressure it leads to other drilling problems such as the kick problem and possibly blowout. The maximum well pressure that does not fracture the formations is called the fracture pressure and the formation fluids pressure is called the pore pressure. Therefore, pore pressure and fracture pressure are considered as the most crucial parameters for drilling engineering planning and for launching new wells. Another significant parameter for well planning is the detection and estimation of an abnormal pressure depth. This is when the formation pressure is higher than the normal pressure at a specific depth. There are many methods for determining pore pressure, fracture pressure and abnormal pressure depth and their values. These methods can be divided into two categories: predictive methods and verification methods. In this paper, the predictive method involves determining or estimating the above-mentioned parameters prior to drilling operation using seismic data, especially equivalent to matrix stress. This is applied to two case studies: an African sandstone reservoir in Libya and the South Texas Frio Trend, based on seismic data recorded for interval transit times vs. depth. The results showed that; first, for the African sandstone reservoir, Libya, the oil filed the abnormal pore pressure located deeper than 6000ft, which is the main indicator for specifying that the maximum depth has an abnormal pressure. Second, for the South Texas FrioTrend, the abnormal pore pressure was located at deeper than 8000ft. In the last section, based on the pore and fractured gradient, the casing sets are selected.


According to a 2001 study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development about 3 in 10 children are affected as bully, victim, or both. However, the knowledge base pertaining to the relationship between bullying and students with disabilities is relatively new and somewhat sparse. This paper defines the terms bully and bullying and discusses the bully/disability dyad. Commercial programs and school interventions designed to decrease bullying in the schools are also addressed. Inference to an interagency collaboration of various stakeholders is suggested as a means of addressing the concerns presented by this pervasive threat to the safety and well-being of all children. ********** In recent years the general public has become increasingly aware of school violence, in large part because of intense media coverage of high profile, sensationalized tragedies that have occurred in public schools across the nation. One result of this focus on school violence has been increased attention on bullies and their victims. Recent statistics reveal that 160,000 children skip school in the United States each day because of intimidation by their peers (Coy, 2001; Lumsden, 2002). According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2003) approximately 25% of elementary and high school students and 40% of middle school students report being bullied at least once per week. Research pertaining to school bullies in general is not a recent phenomenon (Olweus, 1978). It is understandably viewed as a growing public health concern (Feller, 2004). According to a 2001 study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development about 3 in 10 children are affected as bully, victim, or both. However, the knowledge base pertaining to the relationship between bullying and students with disabilities is relatively new and somewhat sparse. According to Whitney, Smith, and Thompson (1994) students with disabilities have a greater likelihood of being bullied than non-disabled students. At the same time, Olweus (1993) notes that bullies may have bad tempers and come from distressed family situations where parents are distant, exhibit inconsistent discipline and use physical violence as punishment. Characteristics such as these are indicative of children with conduct-disordered patterns of behavior. In cases of this nature, the student with a disability is more likely to be a bully, or both bully and victim. Definition(s) Before looking more closely at the bully/disability dyad a working definition of the terms bully and bullying should be established. Areview of the related literature reveals several descriptions of a bully or bullying behavior. Craig, Henderson, & Murphy (2000), point out that different cultures have varying terms to describe bullying, and at the individual level there is much subjectivity in characterizing this behavior. One definition of the term bully is "a blustering browbeating person; especially, one habitually cruel to others who are weaker" (Merriam-Webster On-Line, 2004). According to Olweus, a noted expert on the topic of bullying, "bullying exists when students are 'exposed repeatedly or over time to a negative action on the part of one or more students'" (as cited in Berthold & Hoover, 2000, p.65). Smith (2000, p. 295) defines a bully as a person who demonstrates repetitive aggressive behavior that purposefully hurts another person and ultimately results in a "systematic abuse of power." Regardless of the source, most definitions of the term "bully" incorporate three distinct attributes (Coy, 2001; Hoover & Oliver, 1996; Simanton, Burthwick, & Hoover, 2000). First, the harassment of the victim occurs over an extended period of time. Second, the intent behind the harassment is meant to cause harm either mentally or physically to the victim. And finally, an imbalance of power is apparent. Profile Numerous studies have recognized characteristic behaviors associated with bullies, enabling a generalized profile to be developed. …


The main topic of this thesis has been the development of a new method for load modelling of buildings in mixed energy distribution systems. The method estimates design load profiles, yearly load profiles, load duration profiles and annual expected energy demand for a specified planning area, all divided into heat and electricity purposes. The heat load demand includes end-uses such as space heating, ventilation heating and hot tap water, while electricity load demand includes end-uses such as lighting, pumps, fans, and electrical appliances.The model has been based on statistical analyses of simultaneous hourly district heat and electricity consumption data for a number of buildings. Consumption data have been collected from TEV Fjernvarme and BKK Varme, two district heating companies in Trondheim and Bergen respectively.The heat load model has been based on piece-wise linear regression analyses to estimate the change-point temperature for temperaturedependent heat consumption. Linear regression analyses have been performed on the temperature-dependent consumption for all hours of the day for two different day types, weekdays and weekends/holidays. The normal distribution has been used on the temperature-independent consumption, which is mainly hot tap water. Expected values and standard deviations for all buildings analysed have been calculated for both temperature-dependent and temperature-independent consumption.The electricity load model has been based on continuous probability distributions, such as normal distribution, lognormal distribution and Student's t distribution. The last distribution has shown the best fit for all hours and day types in most cases. Expected values and standard deviations for all buildings analysed have been calculated for winter, spring/fall and summer seasons.Generalised relative load profiles have been developed for various building categories based on the heat and electricity load model. Single family houses and apartment blocks, office buildings, educational buildings, hospital buildings, and hotels and restaurants are the building categories that have been analysed. Specific heat and electricity load and energy indicators, given in [W/m2] and [ kWh/m2], have also been developed for all building categories. The specific load indicators have been used to restore the design load profiles from relative to real values in order to find the maximum heat and electricity demand for a specified planning area. The specific energy indicators have been used to convert the normalised yearly load profiles, and consequently, the normalised load duration profiles into real values.A method for load aggregation for a specified planning area has also been developed based on the sum of independent variables from the same distribution. 95% quantile analysis based on the Student's t distribution has been applied to incorporate the uncertainty in the load profiles developed. The installed capacity, and thereby the investment costs for the energy production unit(s) and distribution system(s), are decided by the design load profiles and load duration profiles. The system's operation costs are given by the yearly load profiles and annual expected energy demand.A theoretical case study has been performed to illustrate how to apply the generalised relative load profiles, along with the specific load and energy indicators, for the purpose of planning for mixed energy distribution systems.


Macroautophagy is a catabolic recycling pathway, which can be induced by various stress stimuli. Viruses are able to manipulate autophagy in the cells that they infect. The impact of autophagy on the innate immune response to viruses and its stimulatory role in antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells are well documented. Herein, we present the impact of autophagy on the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)‐mediated antiviral immune responses, which are required for the eradication or control of multiple viruses. We first discuss the general mechanisms by which viruses can either induce or block autophagy in cells. We then explore the cross‐talk between autophagy and innate immune processes, which are both first line defenses against viruses; and constitute crucial steps for the initiation of potent adaptive immune responses. We describe the impact of autophagy on the presentation of viral peptide antigens on class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC I), a prerequisite for the priming of CTL responses. In sum, our review highlights the interplay between viruses and three integrated host response pathways – autophagy, innate and adaptive immunity – providing a framework for future mechanistic and pathogenesis‐based research.


Illicit financial flows constitute a global phenomenon of massive but uncertain scale, which erodes government revenues and drives corruption in countries rich and poor. In 2015, the countries of the world committed to a target to reduce illicit flows, as part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. But five years later, there is still no agreement on how that target should be monitored—to say nothing of how it will be achieved. The term 'illicit financial flows' covers a range of corrupt practices, aimed at obtaining immunity or impunity from criminal law, from market regulation and from taxation. Illicit flows occur through many different channels, whether they involve laundering the proceeds of crime, for example, or shifting the profits of multinational companies. There are two consistent features. First, illicit flows are deliberately hidden. These cross-border movements of assets and income streams depend on a set of common tools including opaque company accounts, legal vehicles for anonymous ownership, and the secrecy jurisdictions that provide these services. Second, the overall effect of illicit flows is to reduce the revenue available to states, and to weaken the quality of governance—so there is less money to support human development, and it is less likely to be spent well. In this book, two of the economists most closely involved in the process to develop UN indicators of illicit financial flows offer a critical survey of the existing data and methodologies, identifying the most promising avenues for future improvement and setting out their own proposals.


Evidence continues to accumulate for the presence and function of receptors for steroid hormones on the cell surface. The latest study, from Benten et al., demonstrates that testosterone causes increases in the intracellular concentration of calcium in a mouse macrophage cell line that appears to lack intracellular androgen receptors that produce the conventional transcriptional effects of the hormone. The effects of testosterone in these cells seems to be mediated by a receptor at the cell surface because testosterone coupled to bovine serum albumin also enhanced calcium mobilization. Inhibition of the action of testosterone by pertussis toxin and an inhibitor of phospholipase C indicates that a G protein-coupled receptor might be the membrane-localized target of testosterone in these cells. Whether testosterone's effects are physiologically relevant in macrophages remains unclear. Benton, W.P. M., Lieberherr, M., Stamm, O., Wrehike, C., Guo, Z., and Wunderlich, F. (1999) Testosterone signaling through internalizable surface receptors in androgen receptor-free macrophages. Mol. Biol. Cell 10: 3113-3123. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Input-output economics is an internationally accepted method of
economic planning and decision making but the construction of input-output
models within Australia has not been extensive even though a
national transactions table was constructed early in the era of
input-output. Over the last decade the situation has been changing
with national tables, now constructed on a regular basis and
regional studies proliferating. The major obstacle to the
preparation of sub-national input-output tables is the paucity of
commodity and trade data so that for most regional studies the
emphasis has been on surveys. For two States, Western Australia and
Tasmania, both commodity and trade data are tabulated by the
Australian Bureau of Statistics thus providing the basis for the
construction of input-output models principally from secondary data.
An interindustry study for W.A. appeared in 1967. The aim of this
study is to produce a Tasmanian transactions table together with the
associated tables of coefficients and to quantify the structural
economic inter-relationships by determining the output, income and
employment multipliers of Tasmanian industries.
In Chapter 2 the input-output system and the assumptions are
presented together with the mathematical relationships. The closed
model and the dynamic input-output system incorporating capital
coefficients, both extensions to the basic open static model, are
also described. The forms of input-output analysis are outlined in
Chapter 3 including structural and multiplier analysis and simulation.


Soil zoological investigations at soil monitoring sites are carried out with the objective to track changes in the soil's habitat function. At 60 soil-monitoring sites in north-western Germany, earthworms and microannelids (enchytraeids, tubificids and polychaetes) are currently being used as system indicators for the soil biota. Investigations started 1992, followed by re-investigat ions every 5 to 10 years. Variations in abundance, biomass and species number of annelids are assessed with respect to nondirectional fluctuations or directional changes, caused by natural variations of environmental factors or due to management practices. The sites are grouped according to land-use type and site condition into six different categories for which typical ranges of variation of the zoological parameters can be distinguished (reference ranges). Especially at sites that passed three investigations already, major changes become discernible. If the temporal variation goes in the same direction throughout the time series, it is considered a trend. When a value shifts substantially out of its reference range, a change of the system state is probable, especially if this applies for two or more parameters simultaneously. Three examples are given for considerable changes of the annelid community due to land-use change or natural succession. The detection of substantial changes of the community is based mainly on the species composition, but is supported by quantitative parameters using the reference ranges.


High fluence PAR (photosynthetically active radiation, 400-700 nm), UV-A (320-400 nm), and UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation were tested for their ability to stimulate the production of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in 6 diverse species of marine phytoplankton. Dunaliella tertiolecta, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Pyramimonas parkeae. Pavlova gyrans and Isochrysis sp. were grown under (1) low fluence PAR (LL, 23 to 75 pm01 photons m-2 S-'), (2) high fluence PAR (HL, 255 to 290 11mol photons m-2 S-'), (3) PAR+UV-A (240 to 268 pm01 photons m-' S-' and 4910 mW m-', respectively) and (4) PAR+UV-A+UV-B (103, 216, or 304 mW m-2 weighted UV-B). Amphidinium carterae was grown under similar conditions in LL but reduced levels of PAR and UV radiation were used in the other treatments UV-B supplementation caused a significant depression (23-57 %) in the chl a-specific growth rate of all species except P gyrans, which received the second lowest UV-B dose. The quantum yield of fluorescence for photosystem I1 declined by 4-17 % with exposure to UV-A and/or UV-A+UVB. The 2 prymnesiophytes exhibited the highest and the dinoflagellate the lowest resistance to UV-B radiation. In vivo absorption spectra indicated that only P. gyrans has a pronounced UV maximum. Of the 3 MAA compounds detected in P. gyrans, only 1 with peak absorption in the UV-A range was photoinducible. The other species examined exhibited relatively small in vlvo UV absorption peaks. In these species, only 1 MAA was detected, a compound with peak absorption in the UV-B range and limited inducibility. UV-B radiation more effectively induced MAAs than UV-A or HL in 4 of the 6 species. In P. gyrans large increases in the concentration of the inducible MAA were obtained with HL and with UV-A+UV-B radiation. Relative to LL cells, UV-B-exposed P. gyrans exhibited a 145-fold MAA increase accompanied by an l l-fold increase in the in vivo UV absorption. In all other species HL had minimal or no effect on MAA production. UV-A radiation effectively increased the chl a-specific MAA content in Isochrysis sp. (77%). T weissflogii (73%), and P. parkeae (43%), and UV-B supplementation increased it by a further 141 % in Isochrysis sp. and 95% in P. parkeae. On a cell volume basis, UV-B also approximately doubled the MAA concentration in the latter 2 species. We conclude that, although MAAs may be commonly present in phytoplankton cells, an ability to produce significant amounts of these compounds through photoinduction is limited to certain species or taxa, particularly some prymnesiophytes and dinoflagellates


In order to encourage gender equality in delivery of varietal knowledge to male and female farmers in Ada"a and Ensaro districts of Ethiopia, chickpea breeders set a policy that each male farmer would bring along his wife to participatory varietal selection sessions. Women farmers did not attend planned trainings as expected. Using small-n approach, the "reasons" women in these communities did not take up the training opportunities were explored. Vignettes designed to depict the lives of a typical Ethiopian couple were used for exploring negotiations between husband and wife on "participation" decisions. Short radius of movement, labour burden, sex of extension agents, intimacy and harmony in the home emerge as key factors considered by women. We propose dialogue between men, women, the old and the young to initiate transformation of gender relations to cede "space for women", to build capacities to support chickpea production, and agriculture in Ethiopia.


We introduce the Historical Gradient Boosting Machine with the objective of improving the convergence speed of gradient boosting. Our approach is analyzed from the perspective of numerical optimization in function space and considers gradients in previous steps, which have rarely been appreciated by traditional methods. To better exploit the guiding effect of historical gradient information, we incorporate both the accumulated previous gradients and the current gradient into the computation of descent direction in the function space. By fitting to the descent direction given by our algorithm, the weak learner could enjoy the advantages of historical gradients that mitigate the greediness of the steepest descent direction. Experimental results show that our approach improves the convergence speed of gradient boosting without significant decrease in accuracy.


Oruro, located in the Bolivian Altiplano, has been subjected to intense mining and smelting activities since Colonial times (17th Century), yet the current geochemical composition of sediments and trace element behavior is practically unknown. A collection of 91 sediment samples retrieved from five sedimentary cores from Lake Uru Uru (Altiplano) and Cala Cala Lagoon (Eastern Cordillera) subjected to a total digestion technique, with a compilation of a pre-existing database of trace element concentrations in soils and lacustrine sediments obtained from the Oruro Pilot Project (PPO), facilitated the proposal of geochemical backgrounds and a present-time baseline for As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn in sediments from this area. Results obtained by statistics and geographical information system (GIS) analyses showed that the natural geochemical backgrounds of As and Sb are significantly enhanced in comparison to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC) concentrations, world background levels, and those of industrial sites and historical mining sites. The use of a local enrichment factor (EF) normalized by the mean concentration within the Cala Cala lagoon (CCLAC) demonstrated that using UCC concentrations to calculate EFs (EFUCC) is inadequate for this highly mineralized environment and therefore is not supported. Regarding metals and metalloids, the strong multiplicity of sources in this environment makes it difficult to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic inputs into this endorheic drainage basin, although it is suggested that surficial soils are probably impacted by airborne particulates dispersed from the Vinto (Sb-Sn) smelter, while Lake Uru Uru is influenced by mining activities, particularly drainage waste of the San José and Huanuni mines. As a final contribution, a geochemical background and a present-time baseline for Bolivian highlands sediments are provided, which will be helpful for the improvement of environmental legislation and for the future interpretation of geochemistry data in contamination and/or pollution studies in the altiplanic area.


This research for the design of a typeface for popular visual communication across greater distance was undertaken for the International Typeface Design Competition in Tokyo, Japan, operated by The Morisawa Corporation. The typeface was awarded one of the typographic world's most prestigious design prizes, The Akashi Award, following judging by significant practitioners including Matthew Carter (MacArthur Fellow, Professor at Yale) and Kenya Hara (Design Director at Muji). This achievement follows similar successes in 1996, 1999 and 2002., The work augments investigations into Kazimir Malevich's use of black squares within Suprematism and adopts the square as a unit of orthographic meaning; the typeface design seeks to eliminate the counterspace within each lettershape. The research is, in principle, a contemporary paraphrasing of Blackletter (the model for Gutenberg's first typeface c. 1450). In further reference to Gutenberg's innovative practice, the development included the creation of approximately 200 ligatures., As ever in type design, the technical and testing investment in the research is significant, but intends its invisibility to the end user. Thus, the functionality of these lettershapes, interpreted in a Barthesian paradigm of connotative signification, allows further research into issues of legibility and cognition counterpointed by the emotional resonance of orthographic communication. The Morisawa Corporation will develop a family of designs for public release which are based on the conceptual underpinnings of this typeface.


In"Ruth Hall," one of the bestselling novels of the 1850s, Fanny Fern drew heavily on her own experiences: the death of her first child and her beloved husband, a bitter estrangement from her family, and her struggle to make a living as a writer. Written as a series of short vignettes and snatches of overheard conversations, it is as unconventional in style as in substance and strikingly modern in its impact."


Increases in legislative professionalization along with the implementation of term limits in about one-third of the American states raise significant questions about the path of state house and senate turnover. We first update turnover figures for all states, by chamber, from the mid-1980s through 2002. We then compare turnover rates in states with and without term limits. We find that turnover rates, overall, continued to decline through the 1980s but that the long downward trend abated in the 1990s as a result of term limits. The effects of term limits vary depending on the length of the term limit and the opportunity structure in the state. There is also a strong relationship between the presence of term limits and interchamber movement. In addition to term limits, professionalization levels, redistricting, the presence of multi-member districts, and partisan swings explain differences in turnover rates between states.


PURPOSE
Congenital mirror movement disorder (CMMD) is characterized by unintended, nonsuppressible, homologous mirroring activity contralateral to the movement on the intended side of the body. In healthy controls, unilateral movements are accompanied with predominantly contralateral cortical activity, whereas in CMMD, in line with the abnormal behavior, bilateral cortical activity is observed for unilateral motor tasks. However, task-related activities in subcortical structures, which are known to play critical roles in motor actions, have not been investigated in CMMD previously.

METHODS
We investigated the functional activation patterns of the motor components in CMMD patients. By using linkage analysis and exome sequencing, common mutations were revealed in seven affected individuals from the same family. Next, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated cortical and subcortical activity during manual motor actions in two right-handed affected brothers and sex, age, education, and socioeconomically matched healthy individuals.

RESULTS
Genetic analyses revealed heterozygous RAD51 c.401C>T mutation which cosegregated with the phenotype in two affected members of the family. Consistent with previous literature, our fMRI results on these two affected individuals showed that mirror movements were closely related to abnormal cortical activity in M1 and SMA during unimanual movements. Furthermore, we have found previously unknown abnormal task-related activity in subcortical structures. Specifically, we have found increased and bilateral activity during unimanual movements in thalamus, striatum, and globus pallidus in CMMD patients.

CONCLUSION
These findings reveal further neural correlates of CMMD, and may guide our understanding of the critical roles of subcortical structures for unimanual movements in healthy individuals.


ZnO nanoparticle (NP) layers were formed using a simple drop casting process. Applying thermal pressing clearly improved the surface morphology and electrical properties of the as-deposited ZnO NP layers as well as significantly enhanced the transistor characteristics of the NP layers. The effects of thermal pressing on the film surface properties were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Kelvin probe microscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Results suggest that thermal pressing improved the transistor characteristics by decreasing NP surface defects such as oxygen vacancies. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2016.175]


Incorporating safety performance measures into asset management can assist transportation agencies in managing their aging assets efficiently and improve system-wide safety. Past research has revealed the relationship between individual asset performance and safety, but the relationship between combined measures of operational asset condition and safety performance has not been explored. This project investigates the effect of pavement marking retroreflectivity and pavement condition on safety in a multi-objective manner. Data on one-mile segments for all Iowa primary roads from 2004 through 2009 were collected from the Iowa Department of Transportation and integrated using linear referencing. An asset condition index (ACI) was estimated for the road segments by scoring and weighting individual components. Statistical models were then developed to estimate the relationship between ACI and expected number of crashes, while accounting for exposure (average daily traffic). Finally, the researchers evaluated alternative treatment strategies for pavements and pavement markings using benefit-cost ratio analysis, taking into account corresponding treatment costs and safety benefits in terms of crash reduction (number of crashes proportionate to crash severity).


In the past five years, astronomical adaptive optics systems have begun operation on the world's largest ground-based telescopes. This talk discusses the considerable scientific benefits of astronomical adaptive optics, and highlights some of the exciting new scientific results from adaptive optics systems on 8 - 10 meter telescopes.


Abstract. Inundations and landslides are widespread phenomena in Italy, where they cause severe damage and pose a threat to the population. Little is known about the public perception of landslide and flood risk. This is surprising, as an accurate perception is important for the successful implementation of many risk reduction or adaptation strategies. In an attempt to address this gap, we have conducted two national surveys to measure the perception of landslide and flood risk amongst the population of Italy. The surveys were conducted in 2012 and 2013, and consisted of approximately 3100 computer-assisted telephone interviews for each survey. The samples of the interviewees were statistically representative for a national-scale quantitative assessment. The interviewees were asked questions designed to obtain information on (i) their perception of natural, environmental, and technological risks, (ii) direct experience or general knowledge of the occurrence of landslides and floods in their municipality, (iii) perception of the possible threat posed by landslides and floods to their safety, (iv) general knowledge on the number of victims affected by landslides or floods, and on (v) the factors that the interviewees considered important for controlling landslide and flood risks in Italy. The surveys revealed that the population of Italy fears technological risks more than natural risks. Of the natural risks, earthquakes were considered more dangerous than floods, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. Examination of the temporal and geographical distributions of the responses revealed that the occurrence of recent damaging events influenced risk perception locally, and that the perception persisted longer for earthquakes and decreased more rapidly for landslides and floods. We explain the difference by the diverse consequences of the risks. The interviewees considered inappropriate land management the main cause of landslide and food risk, followed by illegal construction, abandonment of the territory, and climate change. Comparison of the risk perception with actual measures of landslide and flood risk, including the number of fatal events, the number of fatalities, and the mortality rates, revealed that in most of the Italian regions, the perception of the threat did not match the long-term risk posed to the population by landslides and floods. This outcome points to a need to foster an understanding of the public towards landslide and flood hazards and risks in Italy.


The conditions and consequences of industrial development are currently being widely discussed. One reason for this attention is the marked decline in industrial growth rates in many countries of the world, including those with low levels of industrialization.

Aware that the successful management of innovation might be a cornerstone in solving the problem of industrial growth in both the market and planned economies, the members of IIASA's Innovation Management Task held a task force meeting on "Innovation and Industrial Strategy" in 1980. This paper is the completely revised version of my contribution to this meeting. It gives an overview of the problem of innovation and industrial growth at the global, national, and sectoral levels from the standpoint of our findings in innovation research.


I SUSPECT that the social events readers enjoyed during the holiday season were marked by certain conversational themes: the millennium, of course; our health, our families, and our work. By and large, teacher talk focuses on the immediate and the practical. Anyone alert to the realities of the classroom knows there is never a shortage of problems to unravel or stories to be told. The intensity of the present can make it difficult to convince teachers that it is worth spending one's time and energy worrying about vague and distant forces that threaten our schools and communities. At least, this is what I tell myself when teachers' eyes glaze over ever so slightly when the conversation turns to international trade agreements and how they could affect public education. I sympathize with this reaction to a topic that is littered with acronyms and footnotes. Ten years ago, when a pivotal federal election was fought over the FTA, most Canadians knew that these letters stood for the Free Trade Agreement with the United States. But soon we were trying to sort out NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment), FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas), and, most recently, GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services), now being negotiated through the WTO (World Trade Organization). You can see how quickly dishing out this alphabet soup can kill conversation. But even at the risk of social isolation, "tradies" push on, determined to make the public trade-literate. Steven Shrybman, a Canadian who writes extensively on trade, insists that "remaining uninformed about issues that so directly bear on virtually all public policy is a luxury that a democratic society cannot afford."1 Since these deals affect the future of everything from health care to education, from the environment to culture, trade literacy is the price of admission to every debate. Shrybman points to the Canadian policies, laws, and programs that have fallen as a result of international trade disputes. The casualties include fisheries conservation regulations, programs to support Canadian publishers, the Canada/U.S. Auto Pact, water export controls, and supply management for agricultural commodities. Foreign investors have successfully taken advantage of rules written on their behalf to block the plain packaging of cigarettes, to sink public auto insurance, to demand compensation for a ban on the use of a toxic fuel additive, and, currently, to challenge a ban on the export of hazardous waste. According to clauses that enshrine "investors' rights," these matters are no longer to be decided by governments and citizens, but by trade tribunals. The "Cliff's Notes" versions of these ponderous agreements highlight three key themes. First is "national treatment," which means that corporations based in other countries but doing business in yours must be treated at least as favorably as companies based in your own country. Second, each agreement seeks to widen trade to include services as well as goods. Third, the principle of "no return" means that once an area - health care, for example - has been taken out of the public sector and opened to private business, governments can never, without penalty, adopt policies that favor government provision of the service or that would show any preference to national companies over transnationals. These trade agreements do not force public services such as education to be thrown open immediately to privatization, but the treaties' mechanisms continually push in this direction. Coupled with the rhetoric of globalization, which fosters a sense of gloomy inevitability and civic passivity, the marketization of public services seems preordained. Neo-liberals bent on using globalization to justify their mantra of less-government-lower-taxes-higher-productivity persuade us that we don't have to wait for trade agreements to strip us of policy sovereignty - we can do it to ourselves and be ahead of the game. …


Background/Context With 13 million immigrants arriving in the United States between 2000 and 2010, immigration is at its highest level in a century. At the same time, there has been an exponential increase in the number of IB PYP and MYP schools in the United States, from 88 registered in 1997 to 1,470 in 2013. Much of this increase has been in Title I schools serving diverse populations. This work examines classroom practice at the intersection of these phenomena. Purpose Within two different schools that offer IB programs and serve substantial numbers of immigrant and refugee youth, how do teachers prepare youth for citizenship? Setting This study took place at two public middle schools in suburban neighborhoods in the southeastern United States. Population Participants included seven middle school teachers, two administrators, and 27 sixth-grade students from 11 different countries. Intervention/Program/Practice Both schools were registered as IB World Schools. Research Design This article reports on a comparative case study of six classrooms in two International Baccalaureate schools. Data Collection and Analysis The author shares findings based on 65 classroom observations over the course of one semester, nine interviews with adult teachers and administrators. Data was analyzed using a phenomenological approach, beginning with analyzing data from each classroom, then from each school, and finally comparing themes between classrooms and students in the two schools. Data analysis began with codes based on theoretical frameworks for citizenship. Findings/Results A wide divergence in teacher practice was observed, with some practices exemplifying a flexible teacher orientation towards global education, acknowledging the global experiences, multiple languages, and variety of viewpoints that students brought into the classroom. Other practices exemplified a fixed teacher orientation towards global education, ignoring the variety of student experiences, languages, and viewpoints in the classroom. Conclusions/Recommendations Based on the differences in implemented curricula in the two schools across classrooms, the author proposes expanding frameworks for understanding global education. Global education can be implemented with a flexible or fixed orientation, as educators design activities and present content in ways that recognize or disregard students' identities and experiences. The study suggests that the use of International Baccalaureate programs is no guarantee of a global education connected to the experiences of immigrant and refugee youth. Modifications in teacher practice and school structures are necessary in order to make global education relevant to diverse youth.


OBJECTIVES: To define the effects of long-term thyroxine treatment upon heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular systolic function, and left ventricular size, as well as indices of autonomic function, and to compare findings with those in patients with thyrotoxicosis before and during treatment. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of patients prescribed thyroxine long term (n = 11), patients with thyrotoxicosis studied at presentation (n = 23), compared with controls (n = 25); longitudinal study of patients with thyrotoxicosis studied at presentation and serially after beginning antithyroid drug treatment (n = 23). METHODS: 24 h ambulatory monitoring of pulse and blood pressure, echocardiography, forearm plethysmography, and autonomic function tests. RESULTS: Long-term thyroxine treatment in doses that reduced serum thyrotrophin to below normal had no effect on blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular systolic function or stroke volume index, but was associated with an 18.4% increase in left ventricular mass index (mean (SEM) 101.9 (3.09) g/m2 v controls 86.1 (4.61), P < 0.01). Thryoxine treatment, like thyrotoxicosis, had no effect on tests of autonomic function. Untreated thyrotoxicosis resulted in pronounced changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and an increase in heart rate during waking and sleep. Patients with thyrotoxicosis at presentation had an increase in left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction 70.5 (1.66)% v 65.4 (1.79), P < 0.01; fractional shortening 40.4 (1.54)% v 35.6 (1.46), P < 0.01), increased stroke volume index (45.9 (2.4) ml/m2 v 36.6 (1.7), P < 0.001), and an increase in forearm blood flow, and decrease in vascular resistance. They had a similar degree of left ventricular hypertrophy to that associated with thyroxine treatment (99.3 (4.03) g/m2); all changes were corrected within 2 months by antithyroid drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The development of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients receiving thyroxine in the absence of significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and left ventricular systolic function is consistent with a direct trophic effect of thyroid hormone on the myocardium. The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy determines that further studies are essential to assess cardiovascular risk in patients taking thyroxine long term.


We study the fundamental problem of ReLU regression, where the goal is to fit Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) to data. This supervised learning task is efficiently solvable in the realizable setting, but is known to be computationally hard with adversarial label noise. In this work, we focus on ReLU regression in the Massart noise model, a natural and well-studied semi-random noise model. In this model, the label of every point is generated according to a function in the class, but an adversary is allowed to change this value arbitrarily with some probability, which is {\em at most} $\eta<1/2$. We develop an efficient algorithm that achieves exact parameter recovery in this model under mild anti-concentration assumptions on the underlying distribution. Such assumptions are necessary for exact recovery to be information-theoretically possible. We demonstrate that our algorithm significantly outperforms naive applications of $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ regression on both synthetic and real data.


The book series, edited by Nicoletta Pesaro and sponsored by the Department of Asian and North African Studies, aims to give voice to a time-honoured branch of theoretical and practical research across the disciplines and research domains within the Department.
The series aims to establish a platform for scholarly discussion and a space for international dialogue on the translation of Asian and North African languages. In doing so, the project aims to observe and verify the translingual and transcultural dynamics triggered by translation from and into said 'languages-cultures', as well as to identify and explore the deep cultural mechanisms and structures involved in interethnic behaviours and relationships. Translation is also a major research tool in the humanities. As a matter of fact, a hermeneutic potential in terms of cultural mediation is inherent in translation activities and in the reflection on translation: it is precisely this potential that allows scholars, in both their research and dissemination work, to bring to the surface the interethnic and intercultural dynamics regulating the relationships between civilisations, both diachronically and synchronically. The project is a continuation and a development of the research carried out in recent years by the former Department of East Asian Studies – now Department of Asian and North African Studies – of Ca' Foscari University of Venice through a series of initiatives organised by the research group on the translation of Asian languages "Laboratorio sulla Traduzione delle Lingue orientali" (Laboratori sulle lingue orientali). Such activities involved periodical meetings on translation, whose objective was to introduce and discuss specific issues in translation from and into Asian languages, as well as several international events (workshops, conferences, and symposia).


This paper describes Species Explorer, an interface to allow creative exploration of generative systems with multi-dimensional parameter spaces. The system combines both evolutionary and machine learning approaches. It was originally designed to assist creating work for the author's 'Cellular Forms' and 'Hybrid Forms' series, where a large number of parameters are used to yield emergent results, but is a general framework that could be applied to many other systems.


This paper extends the existing literature on the uniqueness and stability conditions for an equilibrium under inflation-forecast-based (IFB) rules. It shows that, for a variety of New Keynesian sticky-price and sticky-inflation models, these are a function not just of the degree of responsiveness of the policy instrument to deviations of expected inflation at some horizon j from target, but rather of the 'right' combination of that degree and the chosen feedback horizon. In this respect we prove analytically that the determinacy results in Clarida et al (2000) cannot be generalised to the case of IFB rules with longer feedback horizons than one quarter. The paper shows how to identify the feedback/horizon pairs that are associated with unique and stable equilibria and unveils the analytical rationale behind instability or indeterminacy at too long a lag for a given feedback.


The properties of glass-clad fibers containing cores of phase pure and highly crystalline silicon and germanium are reviewed. Although further optimization is required, losses of about 4 dB/m have been achieved at 3 µm and suggest that such semiconductor core fibers could be of practical value for nonlinear and infrared applications.


This study uses brain activity measures to examine the relationship between television advertising and changes in consumer brand preference. Prior to and after viewing a television programme that included grocery advertisements 198 right-handed females selected six 'door prizes' from six grocery categories. One of the advertisements featured a jam that was available as a door prize. Steady-state topography (SST) was used to estimate brain activity at eight scalp sites, including left and right lateral prefrontal sites previously shown to index the strength of long-term memory (LTM) encoding. Our hypothesis, that lateral prefrontal activity would be higher during branding for the 18 participants who shifted to the advertised jam compared to those consistently selecting the competitor jam, was confirmed, but only for the left hemisphere. Our findings suggest that SST activity at lateral prefrontal sites during television advertisement branding may be a useful indicator of advertising effectiveness.


ABSTRACT Understanding the relative motion between the Pacific plate and its neighboring plates in the Paleogene has important consequences for deciphering the relationship between absolute and relative plate motions in the Pacific Ocean basin, the history of circum-Pacific subduction, and the cause of the Hawaiian-Emperor bend (HEB). We quantitatively model the Farallon/ Vancouver-Pacific-Antarctic seafloor spreading history from 67 to 33 Ma based on a comprehensive synthesis of magnetic anomaly and fracture identifications. We find a well-constrained increase from 75 ± 5 mm/yr to 101 ± 5 mm/yr in Pacific-Farallon full spreading rates between 57.6 Ma and 55.9 Ma, followed by a stepwise increase to 182 ± 2 mm/yr from 49.7 to 40.1 Ma. The increases in Pacific-Farallon spreading rates are not accompanied by any statistically significant change in spreading direction. The 57.6–55.9 Ma surge of Pacific-Farallon spreading reflects an eastward acceleration in Farallon plate motion, as it precedes west Pacific subduction initiation and is not associated with any significant change in Pacific-Antarctic spreading. We interpret the increase in Pacific-Farallon spreading rates after ca. 50 Ma as a consequence of further acceleration in Farallon plate motion. We find no indication of a major change in Pacific plate absolute motion at this time. Our model suggests that changes in relative motion direction between the Pacific and Farallon and Pacific and Antarctic plates were insignificant around the formation time of the HEB (ca. 47.5 Ma), and the bend is largely a consequence of Hawaiian hotspot motion, which ceased rapid motion after 47 Ma.


The objective of this thesis is
to combine computational flow
modelling, flow visualization and point measurements of mean flow
and turbulence properties to obtain a better, more detailed, understandýing
of the effects of alternative throttling devices on mixture preparation
and turbulence generation in spark ignition engines. In so doing,
it also seeks to assess the wider diagnostic potential of flow field
computational techniques in internal combustion engine designs.
Full-scale models, comprising simplified representations of
the induction tract, throttling device, inlet valve and cylinder,
have been manufactured in Perspex for steady-state water analogy
tests. The resulting photographs of flow tracers in a variety of
viewing planes provide a clear, but qualitative, picture of the princi -
pal features of the flow in the models under study.
The essentially qualitative data obtained from water analogy
tests are complemented by limited hot wire velocity measurements
at particular stations in the Perspex models, with air replacing
the water as the flow medium.
These data, supplemented by information in the literature,
provide the framework for comparisons with an extensive computational
simulation of induction flows which are performed using the general
purpose PHOENICS code developed by CHAM. These studies include both
transient and steady state predictions. The statistically stationary
turbulent flow field through alternative induction system throttling
devices -a conventional butterfly valve and a variable geometry ramp
restriction- are modelled computationally and compared with water
analogy flow visualization. The principal flow field characteristics
are satisfactorily reproduced, including in particular the extent
of the recirculation zone in the lee of the throttle and the relative
persistence of the turbulence generated downstream for varying throat
apertures. That generated by the two-dimensional variable geometry
ramp is predicted to be both higher and persist beyond the inlet
valve into the cylinder producing discernible swirl at high throttle
settings. The limited quantitative comparisons with hot wire velocity
measurements lend further support to the more detailed aspects of
the computational predictions.
Finally, comparisons are made between PHOENICS predictions
and Laser-Doppler measurements of velocity for transient flow inside
an axisymmetric motored piston-cylinder assembly, for different valve
seat angles, reported in the literature. The agreement is again very
encouraging, reinforcing the view that general purpose computer codes
of the kind investigated can play an important role in detailed design
assessment and evaluation.


A UK government minister has praised a scheme that helps mainly small companies boost their profitability and create jobs through academic collaboration. Industrial participants in Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTP) have, on average, boosted pre-tax profitability by more than half a million dollars and added eight jobs, as well as improving staff skills. The KTP scheme also gives young graduates a chance to work on transferring academic knowledge into industry. Margaret Hodge, Minister of State for Industry and the Regions, said: "When an idea is matched with a high-potential business, the explosive effects spark a chain reaction to jobs, wealth and higher productivity. That is what Knowledge Transfer Partnerships are all about." The KTP scheme has been successfully increasing the level of innovation in small- to medium-sized companies for more than 30 years, using a model based on the "learning by doing" methods applied in teaching hospitals (see www.ktponline.org.uk). Implementing Academics' Ideas The approach was launched in 1975 as the Teaching Company Scheme, and was rebranded as Knowledge Transfer Partnerships in 2003. KTPs bring together a company with a problem to be solved, an academic with a possible solution, and a recently graduated "associate" who does the knowledge transfer by working at the company to implement the academic's ideas. The scheme has had remarkable success in using small projects to increase innovation in small companies. Since the Teaching Company Scheme began, 3,940 partnerships have been completed. At last count there were 1,002 partnerships in progress, together engaged on a total of 1,114 projects. The money involved in KTPs is modest. The average annual budget is $108,000, with SMEs picking up one-third of the total and the government footing the rest. Larger companies, with more than 250 employees, have to pay half the costs, although only 16% of KTPs go to large companies. Projects last from 12 to 36 months. The associates who go to work in the target companies are on average 28 years old, with 77% of them having First-Class or "2:1" degrees, and 38% having higher degrees. The academic supervisors provide half a day of support a week to the project. Despite the modesty of the KTP scheme, an independent analysis of its precursor, the Teaching Company Scheme, carried out by economic consultants SQW Ltd in 2002, suggests that companies that undertake a KTP gain an average increase in profit of more than $568,000, with one company increasing its profitability by $39 million. Companies that undertake KTPs also invest an average of more than $207,000 in new plant and machinery, and create eight jobs-a considerable number given that over half of companies involved in KTP schemes have less than 50 staff. About two-thirds of projects manage to apply intellectual property provided by the academic commercially. Half of the associates involved in KTPs register for a higher degree during their projects. Three-quarters of them are offered employment by their host companies. Who Pays Funding for the KTP scheme comes through government agencies and the industrial partners. In the 2005-2006 financial year, the UK government contributed £36.5 million to the scheme, 14% more than the previous year. Industry contributed more than £54.7 million, up 4% on the previous year. The KTP scheme is backed by 16 government organizations including the Department of Trade and Industry, the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, the Research Councils, and the regional development agencies. The SQW analysis shows that each $1.95 million (£1 million) of government investment results in 112 new jobs among KTP companies. It also leads to the training of 214 company staff, a total increase in profit before tax of more than $8.2 million, and a $6.35 million investment in plant and machinery. According to Jo Stevens, marketing manager for the KTP scheme, additional government organizations, including the Arts and Humanities Research Council and the National Health Service, have recently become sponsors "because they see the value in what we do. …


ABSTRACT As part of the ongoing renaissance of phage biology, more phage genomes are becoming available through DNA sequencing. However, our understanding of the transcriptome architecture that allows these genomes to be expressed during host infection is generally poor. Transcription start sites (TSSs) and operons have been mapped for very few phages, and an annotated global RNA map of a phage – alone or together with its infected host – is not available at all. Here, we applied differential RNA-seq (dRNA-seq) to study the early, host takeover phase of infection by assessing the transcriptome structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa jumbo phage ɸKZ, a model phage for viral genetics and structural research. This map substantially expands the number of early expressed viral genes, defining TSSs that are active ten minutes after ɸKZ infection. Simultaneously, we record gene expression changes in the host transcriptome during this critical metabolism conversion. In addition to previously reported upregulation of genes associated with amino acid metabolism, we observe strong activation of genes with functions in biofilm formation (cdrAB) and iron storage (bfrB), as well as an activation of the antitoxin ParD. Conversely, ɸKZ infection rapidly down-regulates complexes IV and V of oxidative phosphorylation (atpCDGHF and cyoABCDE). Taken together, our data provide new insights into the transcriptional organization and infection process of the giant bacteriophage ɸKZ and adds a framework for the genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of phage–host interactions.


This research attempts to identify the determinants of budget forecast errors and explore the impact of the errors on the budget effectiveness. This study differs from the earlier studies such as including covering 90% of districts and cities, other studies on budget forecast error have not addressed how financial and governmental characteristics effect budget forecast error, and using a structural model to test the factors effecting budget forecast error and their impacts on budget effectiveness. The data are derived from Central Bureau of Statistics and local government website. It used the data of 444 local government for the period of 2006 to 2013, and analyzed them using a partial least square for testing the hypotheses. The results show that the significant factors affecting budget forecast errors are revenue growth, expenditure growth, and government complexity. The higher the revenue growth the greater the likelihood of budget forecast errors. Likewise, the greater the spending growth, the greater the budget forecast errors. The empirical evidence also suggests that budget forecast errors are bad for the economy. The implications of this findings are that local government must be more careful in projecting a growing income and expenditure budget, coordinate well so that work units can develop accurate budgets, and carry out a better monitoring function for all the main stages of budgeting.


Some urban management tasks such as disaster management, delivery of goods and services, and city-scape visualisation are managed by using a GIS as the current state-of-art, as the tasks in these processes require high level and volume of integrated geospatial information. Several of these tasks such as fire response management also require detailed geometrical and semantic information about buildings in the form of geospatial information. This paper presents research focused on investigating whether the process of fire response management can be facilitated through the implementation of an IFC model in the geospatial environment. In the first phase of the research, a use case scenario is developed in order to investigate the possible use of IFC models in a fire response management proc-ess. In the next phase, software components are developed to transfer the required level of form and semantic informa-tion from the IFC model to the geospatial environment. The developed software components are then verified through unit and component testing and validated through system testing and semi-structured interviews. The paper first summarises the background on Building Information Modelling and the role of GIS in fire response management. The development of the use case scenario and the software components are then explained before finally summarising the validation and verification efforts.


Asphalt pavements suffer various failures due to insufficient quality within their design lives. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) has been proposed to improve pavement quality through quantitative performance prediction. Evaluation of the actual performance (quality) of pavements requires in situ nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques that can accurately measure the most critical, objective, and sensitive properties of pavement systems. The purpose of this study is to assess existing as well as promising new NDT technologies for quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) of asphalt mixtures. Specifically, this study examined field measurements of density via the PaveTracker electromagnetic gage, shear-wave velocity via surface-wave testing methods, and dynamic stiffness via the Humboldt GeoGauge for five representative paving projects covering a range of mixes and traffic loads. The in situ tests were compared against laboratory measurements of core density and dynamic modulus. The in situ PaveTracker density had a low correlation with laboratory density and was not sensitive to variations in temperature or asphalt mix type. The in situ shear-wave velocity measured by surface-wave methods was most sensitive to variations in temperature and asphalt mix type. The in situ density and in situ shear-wave velocity were combined to calculate an in situ dynamic modulus, which is a performance-based quality measurement. The in situ GeoGauge stiffness measured on hot asphalt mixtures several hours after paving had a high correlation with the in situ dynamic modulus and the laboratory density, whereas the stiffness measurement of asphalt mixtures cooled with dry ice or at ambient temperature one or more days after paving had a very low correlation with the other measurements. To transform the in situ moduli from surface-wave testing into quantitative quality measurements, a QC/QA procedure was developed to first correct the in situ moduli measured at different field temperatures to the moduli at a common reference temperature based on master curves from laboratory dynamic modulus tests. The corrected in situ moduli can then be compared against the design moduli for an assessment of the actual pavement performance. A preliminary study of micro-electromechanical systems- (MEMS)-based sensors for QC/QA and health monitoring of asphalt pavements was also performed.


Southern Africa is experiencing its worst drought in at least 35 years. The drought is associated with an acute El Niño cycle, a periodic weather phenomenon that affects weather patterns across large regions of the globe, including Southern Africa. While the El Niño cycle is not linked directly to broader climate change processes, an assessment of the region's responses to the current drought does provide insight into its capacity to respond to severe environmental stresses. Insights drawn from such an assessment allow for a deeper understanding of climate adaptation readiness in the region. The paper concludes that there is a need to expedite the development of regional and national response plans to severe environmental stresses, and in particular to strengthen capacity to effectively implement and co-ordinate appropriate actions. At the national level, response capacity in numerous Southern African states remains low. Even in South Africa, where government capacity is the highest in the region, implementation delays and co-ordination challenges have hampered effective responses to the drought. Yet despite these problems, there have also been successes in regional and national responses to droughts and longer-term climate challenges. Such programmes and innovative responses can be scaled to achieve more far-reaching impacts and thereby further develop the region's climate adaptation readiness.


Mitochondrial dysfunction is a characteristic of heart failure. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA, particularly in MT-CYB coding for cytochrome B in complex III (CIII), have been associated with isolated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We hypothesized that MT-CYB mutations might play an important causal or modifying role in HCM. The MT-CYB gene was sequenced from DNA isolated from blood from 91 Danish HCM probands. Nonsynonymous variants were analyzed by bioinformatics, molecular modeling and simulation. Two germline-inherited, putative disease-causing, nonsynonymous variants: m.15024G>A; p.C93Y and m.15482T>C; p.S246P were identified. Modeling showed that the p.C93Y mutation leads to disruption of the tertiary structure of Cytb by helix displacement, interfering with protein–heme interaction. The p.S246P mutation induces a diproline structure, which alters local secondary structure and induces a kink in the protein backbone, interfering with macro-molecular interactions. These molecular effects are compatible with a leaky phenotype , that is, limited but progressive mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, we find that rare, putative leaky mtDNA variants in MT-CYB can be identified in a cohort of HCM patients. We propose that further patients with HCM should be examined for mutations in MT-CYB in order to clarify the role of these variants.


A composite oxide CuO–ZnO catalyst was prepared and tested in the degradation of various polyureas using urea as the carbonyl source for the first time in this field. Under the optimized reaction conditions, a 96% diethyl hexamethylenedicarbamate (EHDC) yield was obtained with polyurea-hexamethylenediamine (PU-HDA) over the CuO–ZnO catalyst. The characterization results of the structural and component properties of the prepared catalyst indicated that the Zn-rich polycrystalline oxide with good dispersion exhibited enhanced catalytic activity in this reaction system. Moreover, the catalytic mechanism of the CuO–ZnO catalyst in polyurea degradation was proposed and investigated preliminarily.


This article examines temporal phenomena within music therapy practice, research and theory. In other words, this article examines phenomena of, or about, time within music therapy. This is approached through highlighting and investigating incidental and direct references to temporal phenomena within the literature. The purpose is to support my view that temporal phenomena, as emergent from the field of music therapy, is currently inadequately supported by research or theory within the field. Current theory, research and clinical references about temporal phenomena will be provided. The reader will be invited to explore how temporal phenomena are applicable to his or her practice. Inconsistencies in the ways temporal phenomena are depicted across theory, research, and application will be highlighted, as will gaps within the literature. It is concluded that a better understanding of the experience of temporal phenomena within music therapy is required, hence research is encouraged. It is hoped that this paper will further understanding of music therapy temporal experience, involving aspects of memory, altered states of consciousness and anxiety. (author abstract)


Reconfiguration of radial distribution networks is the basis of supply restoration after faults and of load balancing and loss minimization. The ability to automatically reconfigure the network quickly and efficiently is a key feature of autonomous and self-healing networks, an important part of the future vision of smart grids. We address the reconfiguration problem for outage recovery, where the cost of the switching actions dominates the overall cost: when the network reverts to its normal configuration relatively quickly, the electricity loss and the load imbalance in a temporary suboptimal configuration are of minor importance. Finding optimal feeder configurations under most optimality criteria is a difficult optimization problem. All known complete optimal algorithms require an exponential time in the network size in the worst case, and cannot be guaranteed to scale up to arbitrarily large networks. Hence most works on reconfiguration use heuristic approaches that can deliver solutions but cannot guarantee optimality. These approaches include local search, such as tabu search, and evolutionary algorithms. We propose using optimal informed search algorithms in the A family, introduce admissible heuristics for reconfiguration, and demonstrate empirically the efficiency of our approach. Combining A with admissible cost lower bounds guarantees that reconfiguration plans are optimal in terms of switching action costs.


The paper describes the renement algorithm for the Calculus of (Co)Inductive Constructions (CIC) implemented in the interactive theorem prover Matita. The renement algorithm is in charge of giving a meaning to the terms, types and proof terms directly written by the user or generated by using tactics, decision procedures or general automation. The terms are written in an \external syntax" meant to be user friendly that allows omission of information, untyped binders and a certain liberal use of user dened sub-typing. The rener modies the terms to obtain related well typed terms in the internal syntax understood by the kernel of the ITP. In particular, it acts as a type inference algorithm when all the binders are untyped. The proposed algorithm is bi-directional: given a term in external syntax and a type expected for the term, it propagates as much typing information as possible towards the leaves of the term. Traditional mono-directional algorithms, instead, proceed in a bottom- up way by inferring the type of a sub-term and comparing (unifying) it with the type expected by its context only at the end. We propose some novel bi-directional rules for CIC that are particularly eective. Among the benets of bi-directionality we have better error message reporting and better inference of dependent types. Moreover, thanks to bi-directionality, the coercion system for sub-typing is more eective and type inference generates simpler unication problems that are more likely to be solved by the inherently incomplete higher order unication algorithms implemented. Finally we introduce in the external syntax the notion of vector of placeholders that enables to omit at once an arbitrary number of arguments. Vectors of placeholders allow a trivial implementation of implicit arguments and greatly simplify the implementation of primitive and simple tactics.


Introduction There are more people living with dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries. Evidence-based interventions to improve the lives of people living with dementia and their carers are needed, but a systematic mapping of methodologically robust studies in LMICs and synthesis of the effectiveness of dementia interventions in these settings is missing. Methods and analysis A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to answer the question: Which dementia interventions were shown to be effective in LMICs and how do they compare to each other? Electronic database searches (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Global Health, WHO Global Index Medicus, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane CENTRAL, Social Care Online, BASE, MODEM Toolkit, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) will be complemented by hand searching of reference lists and local knowledge of existing studies from an international network of researchers in dementia from LMICs. Studies will be eligible for inclusion if they were published between 2008 and 2018, conducted in LMICs and evaluated the effectiveness of a dementia intervention using a study design that supports causal inference of the treatment effect. We will include both randomised and non-randomised studies due to an anticipated low number of well-conducted randomised trials in LMICs and potentially greater external validity of non-randomised studies conducted in routine care settings. In addition to narrative synthesis of the interventions, feasibility of pairwise and network meta-analyses will be explored to obtain pooled effects of relative treatment effects. Ethics and dissemination Secondary analysis of published studies, therefore no ethics approval required. Planned dissemination channels include a peer-reviewed publication as well as a website, DVD and evidence summaries. Prospero registration number CRD42018106206.


Terminalia arjuna, Roxb barks has a folkloric repute to possess spasmolytic, bronchodilat or and cardiotonic, properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate possible effects of methanolic extract of barks of Terminalia arjuna (Ta.Cr) in gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular systems via in vitro experiments to rationalize its use in traditional system of medicine. The phytochemical analysis of crude methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna barks revealed the presence of tannins and saponins as methanol soluble extra ctable constituents. The spontaneous contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum were relaxed at ti ssue bath concentrations of 0.01-5.0 mg/ml, however, addition of propranolol to the tissue bath reduced the extent of relaxation and same level of effect was achieved at increase d concentrations, i.e., 0.1-10.0 mg/ml. The Ta.Cr showed a weak relaxant effect on high K + (80 mM) low K + (25 mM) and carbachol (1 µM)-induced contractions. Similarly, it also caused par tial relaxation of high K + (80 mM) and low K + (25 mM)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparati ons. However, it relaxed completely the carbachol (1 µM)-induced contrac tions, but addition of propranolol (1 µM) to the tissue bath minimized the relaxant effec t. Moreover, the Ta.Cr caused partial relaxation of the phenylephrine (1 µM)-induced contractions i n isolated rabbit aorta preparations. Furthermore, the Ta.Cr showed a positive inotropic and pos itive chronotropic effects at lower tissue bath concentrations in isolated rabbit paired atria preparations but these effects were found to be antagonized by the presence of propranolol i n the tissue bath. Further addition of Ta.Cr to the tissue bath caused a decrease in the magnit ude of observed inotropic and chronotropic effects in isolated rabbit paired atria; which was found to be abolished on addition of atropine. Thus; in conclusion, the crude methanolic extract of barks of Terminalia arjuna, Roxb exhibited spasmolytic, bronchodilator and cardiotonic properties whi ch are likely to be mediated through presence of dominant �-adrenergic agonistic activity along with presence of some weak muscarininc agonistic activity.


Every form of behavior is shaped by trial and error. Such stepwise adaptation can occur through individual learning or through natural selection, the basis of evolution. Since the work of Maynard Smith and others, it has been realized how game theory can model this process. Evolutionary game theory replaces the static solutions of classical game theory by a dynamical approach centered not on the concept of rational players but on the population dynamics of behavioral programs. In this book the authors investigate the nonlinear dynamics of the self-regulation of social and economic behavior, and of the closely related interactions among species in ecological communities. Replicator equations describe how successful strategies spread and thereby create new conditions that can alter the basis of their success, i.e., to enable us to understand the strategic and genetic foundations of the endless chronicle of invasions and extinctions that punctuate evolution. In short, evolutionary game theory describes when to escalate a conflict, how to elicit cooperation, why to expect a balance of the sexes, and how to understand natural selection in mathematical terms.

 Comprehensive treatment of ecological and game theoretic dynamics
 Invasion dynamics and permanence as key concepts
 Explanation in terms of games of things like competition between species


In Gonto La valley, southern Tibet, a continuous, planar, ~10°N dipping detachment horizon juxtaposes Tethyan slates over a footwall of leucogranite that intrudes a S-dipping injection complex layer that I regard as a rotated Southern Tibet Detachment System (STDS) horizon. This is deformed & partially cut by the leucogranite which forms a pluton extending throughout Khula Kangri massif. In collaboration, 208Pb-232Th measurements on 12 monazite grains of the leucogranite gave a crystallization age of 12.5±0.4 Ma. Integrated estimates of magnitude, and rate, of detachment displacement suggest that STDS displacement continued after granite crystallisation for 1-3 m.y. Therefore N-S extension in southern Tibet continued into the Late Miocene. A new geologic map of the Khula Kangri and Kanga PunzumMonlakarchung High Himalayan ranges is presented using field, satellite & topographic data. These define a fork in the High Himalaya that results in a repetition of the main geological section. The STDS can be traced around both ranges and is a continuous surface. A simple model of post detachment, scissor faulting and block rotation is proposed. In SE Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif (NPHM), Pakistan, field and microstructural analysis of strain and sense of shear trends indicate that several km of metasedimentary schists and gneisses are Himalayan Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) footwall rocks rotated to vertical due to NW-SE directed shortening. Near the NPHM summit region, several km of non-coaxially sheared granitic orthogneiss show W over E displacement structures. Although deformation mechanisms appear lower temperature than in the MMT footwall rocks, a major "uplift" structure (the Rupal Chichi shear zone RCSZ) is proposed. To the SW, an E-over W shear zone (the Diamir Shear Zone DSZ) that coincides with a syn-kinematically intruded granite (the Jalhari Granite) is recognised. In collaboration, 208Pb-232Th measurements on monazite grains of the Jalhari indicate displacement has continued from ~9 to <3 Ma. The DSZ is regarded as the mechanical continuation of the Raikot Fault. The Raikot-DSZ, together with the RCSZ define a conjugate pair that is interpreted to mark a pop-up structure, allowing the skywards displacement of NPHM.


THE COGNITIVE DIMENSION AND CONTEXT OF DIGITAL COMPETENCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY Szilvia Tóth-Mózer & Andrea Kárpáti In parallel with the creation of the digital native myth and its spread in public discourse, certain expectations have been formulated with regard to 21st-century students. The recent literature already makes a distinction between two groups of digital natives (Helsper & Eynon, 2010). The birth of the first generation, according to Prensky's (2001) original definition, is dated to 1980, and, with the appearance of Web 2.0 tools, people born after 1990 are considered the second generation. The difference between the two generations is their orientation and literacy in the digital world. Herczog and Racsko (2011) have pointed out that through the new media available for information acquisition – due to the extracurricular online experience – teenagers are able to acquire a cultural literacy which helps them become independent learners, develops their skills and knowledge, and enables them to gain experience in knowledge building and knowledge sharing. The question is whether they can truly learn to use new media tools independently or whether the development of digital literacy is a function of school education, or a horizontal development task. It is clear from the results of the 2012 PISA survey on problem-solving, reading and understanding of digital texts that Hungarian students' performance is in last place in Europe (Lannert, 2014). Hungarian studies also confirm that the ICT competences among these students do not achieve an adequate level (Fehér, 2014). This study aims to contribute to clarifying the question with the results of an empirical study, aggregating the context and components of the digital literacy test results of secondary school students in the cognitive dimension. Magyar Pedagógia, 116(2). 121–150. (2016) DOI: 10.17670/MPed.2016.2.121 Levelezési cím / Address for correspondence: Tóth-Mózer Szilvia, ELTE Rektori Hivatal, Oktatásfejlesztési és Tehetséggondozási Iroda, H–1056 Budapest, Szerb u. 21–23. fszt. 31. Kárpáti Andrea, ELTE TTK Természettudományi Kommunikáció és UNESCO Multimédiapedagógia Központ, H–1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány, 1/a A épület, VII. em. 7.25–26.


The Inanda, Ntuzuma, KwaMashu (INK) area has been the main concern of the eThekwini Municipality. This area has been marked for its poverty and crime rate which is very high and has a bigger population. In terms of the eThekwini Municipality's Intergrated Development Plan (IDP) and the Local Economic Development (LED) this area needs to fight poverty through providing sustainable programmes that will lead to economic growth and development thus changing the lives of many. There are policies and strategies that the government has embarked on to fight poverty and
unemployment in the country but still this pandemic is growing. This study looked at how government has intervened in this community through the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP). This programme is intended for those people who have no employment or any source of income and its aim is to reach the poorest of the poor anywhere in the country. A sample was chosen through the purposeful method from a population frame of all people in the INK area who had worked in the EPWP. The researcher also used community leaders in the area who had been directly involved in the programme. The researcher obtained data from primary sources, which are individuals that were involved in the study. The researcher used both self-administered
questionnaires and structured interviews for this study. The interviews were conducted with the community and community leaders. The questionnaires comprised of open-ended and closed-ended questions. The reason for using open-ended questions was to allow respondents a chance to give their opinions and make useful comments. The results are indicative of government strides to reduce poverty. The impact of the programme seems positive. This is mainly because of the knowledge and skills that the beneficiaries gained during the programme. The issue of job creation is still a major challenge in terms of addressing poverty in the INK area.


---Emotions are an incredibly important aspect of human life and basic research on emotions of the past few decades has produced several discoveries that have led to important real world applications. Facial expression analysis deals with the recognition of emotions from the face expressions in the image. Children with mental retardation find difficulty in emotion recognition. In this method, the emotion of the mentally retarded children is recognized using MATLAB. The expressions includes happy, sad and neutral. It is employed in seven subjects with mild mental retardation. The test and train set of images are obtained from the subjects. The facial features are obtained from the low dimensional test and train images using principal component analysis (PCA). The emotions are recognized from the Euclidean distance of the extracted features calculated between the test and train images.


The three main types of chemical components in wood are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These three components have rather different physical and chemical characteristics. In some respects, the three types of materials can be described as "incompatible." However, most of the biomass existing on the planet depends on their successful interactions. It can be useful to think of wood as being a natural composite structure. Concepts related to composites also are useful as we envision possible new and improved uses of wood-derived materials.


With the advancement of Technology, a profound change in nature and approach of Education System towards new advancement in Education Style, Education System, Teaching Methods and Methodologies has come. Due to development in techniques, innovation and availability of computer software, Internet and well-equipped working laboratories, researchers, teachers and educationist are now working in development of education in different branches of science and art subjects simultaneously. A lot of articles related with education science and its development are publishing in various reputed journals but what we are doing in our labs, what the contents we are publishing in journals, should also be shared with other researchers and students so that they can benefit from our knowledge, accomplishment and observed results. Therefore, it becomes the need of the hour to provide a common platform for researchers to explore their work in front of others. The main aim of this guest issue is to bring together academicians, researchers, students from various Institutes & Universities across the world to discuss and share their new advancements in the field of Education Science and Education-Related Issues.


OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of combination therapy with insulin and sulfonylurea in the treatment of NIDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Studies published between January 1966 and January 1991 were identified through a computerized Medline search and by hand searching the bibliographies of identified articles. We identified 17 eligible randomized, controlled trials of combination therapy in NIDDM. These trials had a minimum duration of 8 wk and at least one of three outcome measures (fasting glucose, HbA1, or C-peptide) with SD or SE of the mean reported to do metaanalysis. With standardized forms, three independent reviews abstracted measures of study quality and specific descriptive information about population, intervention, and outcome measurements. RESULTS We calculated effect size and weighted mean changes of the three outcome measures for control and treatment groups. In the treatment group, the fasting plasma glucose decreased from a mean of 11.4 mM (206 mg/dl) at baseline to a mean of 9.16 mM (165 mg/dl) posttreatment, whereas the control group decreased from (11.3 to 10.8 mM) (204 to 194 mg/dl) (effect size 0.39, P < 0.0001). For HbA1, the treatment group decreased from a baseline of 11.0 to 10.2% compared to 11.0 and 11.2% in the control group (effect size 0.43, P < 0.0001). For fasting C-peptide, the treatment group increased from 0.49 to 0.58 nM (1.45 to 1.75 ng/ml) compared with 0.47 and 0.43 (1.42 and 1.30) for the control group (effect size 0.26, P < 0.017). CONCLUSION Combined insulin-sulfonylurea therapy leads to modest improvement in glycemic control compared with insulin therapy alone. With combined therapy, lower insulin doses may be used to achieve similar control. Obese patients with higher fasting C-peptides may be more likely to respond than others.


The last decade has seen a rapid growth in the number of clinical trials enrolling patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Due to the underlying chronic liver disease, patients with NASH often require different approaches to the assessment and management of suspected drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) compared to patients with healthy livers. However, currently no regulatory guidelines or position papers systematically address best practices pertaining to DILI in NASH clinical trials.


Abstract. In this paper we present an analysis of a large dataset of lightning and
polarimetric weather radar data collected in the course of a lightning
measurement campaign that took place in the summer of 2017 in the area
surrounding Säntis, in the northeastern part of Switzerland.
For this campaign and for the first time in the Alps, a lightning mapping
array (LMA) was deployed. The main objective of the campaign was to study the
atmospheric conditions leading to lightning production with a particular focus
on the lightning discharges generated due to the presence of the 124 m
tall Säntis telecommunications tower. In this paper we relate LMA very high frequency
(VHF)
sources data with co-located radar data in order to characterise the main
features (location, timing, polarimetric signatures, etc.) of both the
flash origin and its propagation path. We provide this type of analysis
first for all of the data and then we separate the datasets into intra-cloud
and cloud-to-ground flashes (and within this category positive and negative
flashes) and also upward lightning. We show that polarimetric weather radar
data can be helpful in determining regions where lightning is more likely to
occur but that lightning climatology and/or knowledge of the orography and
man-made structures is also relevant.