From the intrepid explorers who discovered the New World to modern-day commuters, journeys have always played a fundamental part in our lives. In The Nations Favourite Poems of Journeys poets from throughout the ages explore not just the physical, but also the spiritual and emotional journeys that we undertake as we progress through life. The sadness of seeing a loved one depart on a long voyage, the wonder of seeing new lands and meeting new people the web of emotions reflected in this fascinating anthology is complex and varied. Alun Lewis describes the poignancy of lovers parting forever in Goodbye while Tennyson captures an insatiable wanderlust in Ulysses. Laurie Lee celebrates England and homecoming in Home from Abroad whereas in Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Dylan Thomas ponders the final and ultimate journey that we make: life into death. Packed with a rich variety of wonderful poems, The Nations Favourite Poems of Journeys is sure to become a greatly treasured companion as you travel through life. The foreword is to be written by Benedict Allen.


The indigenous roots of Borinquen (the original name for Puerto Rico) were trampled from the beginning of the European presence, when a lost sea captain named Christopher Columbus landed on the island and renamed it Puerto Rico 500 years ago. The Arawak-speaking natives who greeted Columbus were Taino people, members of a larger island world that was the Taino civilization. (The people of the Arawak language family today still comprise one of the more widespread American indigenous cultures, with relatively large kinship nations in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins of South America [Barreiro, 1990a].) The Tainos were a peaceful people, living mostly on the shores as fishers, although they also developed agriculture, were seafaring, and had a cosmology. Generosity and kindness were dominant social values and their culture was geared toward sustainable interaction with their natural surroundings (Ibid.). The Tainos had been designated as "primitive" by Western scholarship, yet their way of life prescribed both feeding all the people and respecting spiritually, in ceremony, most of their main animal and food sources, as well as natural forces such as climate, season, and weather. Nature was bountiful to them, and they, in turn, were generous (Ibid.). Columbus met this generosity with untrammeled greed. In the name of Spain he claimed the Taino's land and opened the door for Western exploiters to colonize the island. They came in droves: soldiers, money-hungry entrepreneurs, priests, and opportunists, all burning with a fever that only gold could cool. The native men, women, and children were forced to build huge fortifications and to dig for precious gold. Within 50 years, Columbus and those who followed him had reduced the native populations to near extinction through murder, enslavement, and disease, although not before some interbreeding took place, largely through the rape of Taino women. Speaking of Puerto Rico and Jamaica, Bartolome de Las Casas wrote: Before the Spaniards there had lived on these islands more than six hundred thousand souls, it has been stated. I believe there were more than one million inhabitants [current research establishes the number at closer to eight million -- eds.], and now, in each of the two islands, there are no more than two hundred persons, all the others having perished... (1992: 43). Puerto Rico and Jamaica are "both now deserted and devastated" (Ibid.: 30). To replace the indigenous people, enslaved Africans were brought to the Caribbean islands in the same European-forged chains that dragged other native Africans to the cotton fields of the South of the United States. Later, large numbers of Chinese were also brought to the Caribbean as cheap labor, one minuscule step removed from the bonds of human slavery. This combination of races began forming the cultural basis for nationhood. Ethnically, Puerto Ricans are a mixture of Mediterranean (mostly Spanish), African, Chinese, and what elements survived the genocide of the Caribbean Taino/Arawak civilization. In Puerto Rico, no pure Tainos are known to exist today, although there are some groups of Indian descendants living in caserios (public housing projects) in both Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic (Barreiro, 1990b). Moreover, throughout the Caribbean, usually in remote mountain regions and coastal promontories, remnant groups and communities of Taino-Arawak (and Carib) descendants survive to the present. In Puerto Rico, the only extant cultural remnants are to be found in the names of locations and certain foods still consumed by the now more Spanish-identified population. Moreover, some aspects of the Taino animistic and material culture have been interwoven into the Euro-African fabric of the islands' folk universe (Ibid.). These few strands of indigenous culture were not perceived as such in the consciousness of the Puerto Rican people until anthropologists and members of independence movements began to rescue Puerto Rico's indigenous roots in recent years. …


Children's lives are touched by trauma on a regular basis, no matter how much parents or teachers try to keep the "bad things" away. Instead of shielding children from the dangers, violence or tragedies around us, adults should talk to kids about what is happening. The conversation may not seem easy, but taking a proactive stance, discussing difficult events in age-appropriate language can help a child feel safer and more secure. As much as adults may try to avoid difficult topics, children often learn or know when something sad or scary happens. If adults don't talk to them about it, a child may overestimate what is wrong or misunderstand adults' silence. So, be the first to bring up the difficult topic. When parents tackle difficult conversations, they let their children know that they are available and supportive.


The modern history of Yangon (formerly Rangoon) can be traced through its colonial-era architecture. From the monumental former Reserve Bank of India, which records every step of the country's fiscal history, to the now derelict Pegu Club, which was once the favoured watering hole for officers of the British colonial government, each building has a story to tell. The buildings have survived war, natural disaster, and numerous changes of ownership. Many have been repurposed over the years. Today, the biggest threat to these buildings is neglect and lack of protection. In recent years they have become increasingly vulnerable. In 2005, when the government moved to the new capital of Naypyidaw, it abandoned many of its ministerial offices or left them only partially in use. Many were also badly damaged during Cyclone Nargis in 2008. As the country opens up to new investment and tourism, the buildings are in danger of falling prey to property developers as most occupy prime plots of land in the city centre. This book focuses on a selection of 30 key buildings and examines their past, present, and future. Piecing together the often forgotten social history of each building has involved delving into out-of-print books, company records, old city directories, newspaper archives, and people's memories. This book aims to contribute to the collective conversation about the social and economic potential of Yangon's colonial-era heritage in the hope that the city's architectural past can become a vibrant and sustainable part of its future.


Abstract Resonance energy transfer (RET) in hybrid polymer/inorganic/organic layers in saponite films, prepared using the 'layer-by-layer' (LBL) method, was studied. This method allows the fabrication of a multicomposite molecular assembly based on electrostatic and/or other intermolecular interactions between the interacting species. The LBL films were designed by sequential deposition including positively charged polycations ( poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium), PDDA) and negatively charged saponite dispersions with donor molecules (rhodamine 6G) and saponite dispersions with acceptor molecules (rhodamine 3B). In this sequence, the layer of saponite donor molecules was placed on an adjacent layer of saponite acceptor molecules, while the layers were separated by inserting a PDDA polycationic layer. The adsorption process was studied using absorption spectroscopy. The linear deposition regime was completed when ten layers had been deposited. The process of REF was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. In this case the donor molecules - rhodamine 6G - play the role of lightharvesting antennae and transfer the energy to the next layer covered by energy acceptor, i.e. rhodamine 3B molecules. The insertion of polycation layers is rationalized by the adhesion of negatively charged underlying layers and the stabilization of multicomponent systems. The energy transfer efficiency was affected heavily by changing the distances between the adjacent layers.


The GAPS experiment is designed to carry out a sensitive dark matter search by measuring low-energy cosmic ray antideuterons and antiprotons. GAPS will provide a new avenue to access a wide range of dark matter models and masses that is complementary to direct detection techniques, collider experiments and other indirect detection techniques. Well-motivated theories beyond the Standard Model contain viable dark matter candidates which could lead to a detectable signal of antideuterons resulting from the annihilation or decay of dark matter particles. The dark matter contribution to the antideuteron flux is believed to be especially large at low energies (E < 1 GeV), where the predicted flux from conventional astrophysical sources (i.e. from secondary interactions of cosmic rays) is very low. The GAPS low-energy antiproton search will provide stringent constraints on less than 10 GeV dark matter, will provide the best limits on primordial black hole evaporation on Galactic length scales, and will explore new discovery space in cosmic ray physics.
Unlike other antimatter search experiments such as BESS and AMS that use magnetic spectrometers, GAPS detects antideuterons and antiprotons using an exotic atom technique. This technique, and its unique event topology, will give GAPS a nearly background-free detection capability that is critical in a rare-event search. GAPS is designed to carry out its science program using long-duration balloon flights in Antarctica. A prototype instrument was successfully flown from Taiki, Japan in 2012. GAPS has now been approved by NASA to proceed towards the full science instrument, with the possibility of a first long-duration balloon flight in late 2020. Here we motivate low-energy cosmic ray antimatter searches and discuss the current status of the GAPS experiment and the design of the payload.


It was determined in this work the coefficients of apparent and true digestibility of protein and amino acids of five feeds (corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, fish meal) in Nile tilapia. It was used 252 reverted Thai strain Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in growth phase, with weight of 310 ± 9.68 g, distributed in experimental randomized blocks design, with five treatments, six replicates per treatment and seven fish per experimental unit. Each experimental diet contained a single source of protein, composed by the studied ingredients. An additional group of fish was fed protein-free diet for quantification of the endogenous fraction and determination of true digestibility coefficients. Digestibility was estimated by the indirect method by using chromium oxide at the concentration of 0.50% of the diet as a marker, performing fecal collection at every four hour interval by using decantation technique. Coefficients of apparent digestibility of the protein and amino acids are: corn, 83.57 and 82.45%; wheat bran 82.87 and 81.47%; soybean meal 91.12 and 89.41%; corn gluten meal 90.07 and 87.78%; fish meal 83.53 and 81.65% respectively. Coefficients of true digestibility of protein and the mean of the amino acids are: corn, 90.02 and 89.60%; wheat bran 89.62 and 89.14%; soybean meal 93.58 and 91.88%; corn gluten meal 92.50 and 90.34%; fish meal 86.01 and 84.27%, respectively.


In response to a new Federal initiative to improve the U.S. long-term services and supports (LTSS) system, this commentary discusses an array of policies and practices that could potentially improve LTSS provision by shifting from institutional to community-based services, increasing equity across populations, offering consumers more choice and control, improving conditions for workers and caregivers, and promoting improved consumer-level outcomes. Policy areas include access to publicly funded LTSS, support for consumer direction, workforce development, caregiver support, transition from institutions to the community, diversion from institutional placement, and quality and outcome measurement. Policy considerations apply both to programs and to the managed care organizations that are increasingly responsible for LTSS provision. Additional policy areas related to managed LTSS include financial risk and capitation rates, enrollment strategies, assessment, outcomes monitoring, care coordination, and support for independent living goals.


Abstract. Photogrammetry is currently facing some challenges and changes mainly related to automation, ubiquitous processing and variety of applications. Within an ISPRS Scientific Initiative a team of researchers from USAL, UCLM, FBK and UNIBO have developed an open photogrammetric tool, called GRAPHOS (inteGRAted PHOtogrammetric Suite). GRAPHOS allows to obtain dense and metric 3D point clouds from terrestrial and UAV images. It encloses robust photogrammetric and computer vision algorithms with the following aims: (i) increase automation, allowing to get dense 3D point clouds through a friendly and easy-to-use interface; (ii) increase flexibility, working with any type of images, scenarios and cameras; (iii) improve quality, guaranteeing high accuracy and resolution; (iv) preserve photogrammetric reliability and repeatability. Last but not least, GRAPHOS has also an educational component reinforced with some didactical explanations about algorithms and their performance. The developments were carried out at different levels: GUI realization, image pre-processing, photogrammetric processing with weight parameters, dataset creation and system evaluation. The paper will present in detail the developments of GRAPHOS with all its photogrammetric components and the evaluation analyses based on various image datasets. GRAPHOS is distributed for free for research and educational needs.


The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DC Water) have recently installed a state of the art biosolids processing facility at its Blue Plains wastewater treatment works. The facility, the first of its kind in North America, will generate approximately 10 MW electricity by thermally hydrolyzing and digesting site-generated sewage sludge. In addition, it will produce Class A biosolids cake which further reduces DC Water's carbon and environmental footprint. In order to optimize the use of this facility, DC Water are investigating the impact of co-digesting other organic waste materials to further increase renewable energy and provide financial benefits for its rate-payers. Tests looking specifically at food-waste show it to be a good candidate for codigestion. When compared to two control reactors in a laboratory study, a digester supplemented thermally hydrolyzed food-waste to similarly processed sludge, as an increase in COD loading, resulted in an increase in biogas consistent with the loading rate and improved biodegradability of the food-waste fraction. This increased the total COD destruction and volatile solids destruction (by mass balance) compared to the controls. Due to high degradability, the solids yield produced from the food-waste was much lower than that from sludge. As the food-waste had a higher carbon:nitrogen ratio, its addition resulted in a statistically significant drop in pH which helped reduce free ammonia levels, known to limit the anaerobic digestion process, although not found to be inhibitory in the trials. It was determined that up to 600 m 3 of the foodwaste could be added daily prior to the need for a major infrastructure upgrade.


Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have emerged as a powerful unsupervised method to model the statistical patterns of real-world data sets, such as natural images. These networks are trained to map random inputs in their latent space to new samples representative of the learned data. However, the structure of the latent space is hard to intuit due to its high dimensionality and the non-linearity of the generator, which limits the usefulness of the models. Understanding the latent space requires a way to identify input codes for existing real-world images (inversion), and a way to identify directions with known image transformations (interpretability). Here, we use a geometric framework to address both issues simultaneously. We develop an architecture-agnostic method to compute the Riemannian metric of the image manifold created by GANs. The eigen-decomposition of the metric isolates axes that account for different levels of image variability. An empirical analysis of several pretrained GANs shows that image variation around each position is concentrated along surprisingly few major axes (the space is highly anisotropic) and the directions that create this large variation are similar at different positions in the space (the space is homogeneous). We show that many of the top eigenvectors correspond to interpretable transforms in the image space, with a substantial part of eigenspace corresponding to minor transforms which could be compressed out. This geometric understanding unifies key previous results related to GAN interpretability. We show that the use of this metric allows for more efficient optimization in the latent space (e.g. GAN inversion) and facilitates unsupervised discovery of interpretable axes. Our results illustrate that defining the geometry of the GAN image manifold can serve as a general framework for understanding GANs.


The Catchment Management Investment Standard has been prepared to assist water utilities make the case for catchment management as a water quality treatment asset. Operating in an economically regulated environment where consumer affordability is paramount and where the regulator puts the burden of proof on the water provider to illustrate successful mitigation of water quality risk, there are two critical challenges: How can a sound business case be made for investment in catchment management as a water quality 'treatment' option, using best practice approaches in triple bottom line cost benefit evaluation? How can it be demonstrated, in the geographic context of the catchment under consideration, that mitigation measures can be successfully implemented and water quality improvement achieved? The Catchment Management Investment Standard was developed in close collaboration with the Water Research Foundation and water utilities from both Australia and the United States to enable stronger business cases for catchment management as a viable alternative to more capital intensive (traditional) investments.


Continuous lidar observations of the top height of the boundary layer (BL top) have been performed at Leipzig (51.3° N, 12.4° E), Germany, since August 2005. The results of measurements taken with a compact, automated Raman lidar over a one–year period (February 2006 to January 2007) are presented. Main goals of the study are (a) to demonstrate that BL top monitoring with lidar throughout the year is possible, (b) to present the required data analysis method that permits an automated, robust retrieval of BL top at all weather situations, and (c) to use this opportunity to compare the lidar-derived BL top data with respective BL tops hourly predicted by the regional weather forecast model COSMO. Four different lidar methods for the determination of the BL top are discussed. The wavelet covariance algorithm is modified so that an automated retrieval of BL depths from lidar data is possible. Three case studies of simultaneous observations with the Raman lidar, a vertical-wind Doppler lidar, and accompanying radiosonde profiling of temperature and humidity are presented to compare the potential and the limits of the four lidar techniques. The statistical analysis of the one-year data set reveals that the seasonal mean of the daytime (about 08:00–20:00 Local Time, LT) maximum BL top is 1400 m in spring, 1800 m in summer, 1200 m in autumn, and 800 m in winter at the continental, central European site. BL top typically increases by 100–300 m per hour in the morning of convective days. The comparison between the lidar-derived BL top heights and the predictions of COSMO yields a general underestimation of the BL top by about 20% by the model.


Separation of a number of transition metal complexes with bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiocarbamate (HEDTC) by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) with direct photometric detection was investigated. Pre-capillary complexation was shown to be superior to on-capillary complexation in terms of the number of metals ions which could be detected and their peak shapes, enabling analysis of Cd(II), Pb(II), Pt(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Bi(III), Cr(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II). The type and composition of the background electrolyte (BGE) were investigated with respect to separation selectivity and BGE stability. A BGE of 60 mM 3-(morpholino)propane sulfonic acid (MOPS), 30 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 100 µM HEDTC, pH 7.2 was found to be optimal with nine metals baseline separated in less than seven minutes, and giving separation efficiencies of up to 367000 theoretical plates, reproducibility of corrected peak areas below 3% relative standard deviation, concentration detection limits from 0.04 to 1.3 µM and mass detection limits at sub femtomole levels (detection at 254 nm).


The superconducting quantum computer is an implementation of the quantum computer and a current leader the field in terms of performance and potential for scalability to large systems. Its two main components are the superconducting microwave resonator and the quantum bit (qubit). In Chapter 1, the concept of quantum computing is introduced, and the superconducting microwave resonator is explained in depth, along with a glimpse at the qubit and a description of two level system loss, the most prominent form of loss in low-power superconducting quantum circuits. Scalability is essential to the development of fault-tolerant quantum computing, as error correction requires a large array of quantum bits. The multilayer quantum circuit architecture is rising to the forefront as a solution to many of the scalability issues facing the field today. Chapter 2 summarizes some of these scalability issues, such as the suppression of unwanted modes and materials losses, and presents an overview of multilayer architectures applied to superconducting quantum circuits. The chapter further delves into indium bump bonding, an essential technique in multilayer circuit fabrication. In Chapter 3, we experimentally demonstrate a thermocompression bonding technology between on-chip indium thin films and apply it to capped superconducting devices. These devices can be used as a building block towards a more scalable architecture: the multilayer quantum circuit. We characterize the dc and microwave performance of these bonded devices at room temperature as well as cryogenic temperatures. At 10 mK, we find a small but significant dc bond resistance of 49.2 μΩ cm. A tunnel-capped, bonded device shows minimal microwave reflections and clean transmission up to 6.8 GHz compared to a similar uncapped device, demonstrating good performance. As a proof of concept, we fabricate and measure a set of tunnel-capped superconducting resonators, demonstrating marginal deterioration in resonator performance due to the bonding procedure. This work demonstrates that thermocompression bonding between thin on-chip indium films is a useful addition to the multilayer quantum circuit toolbox, and that this technique, when applied to form the tunnel-capped superconducting device, shows a promising step towards more scalable architectures. Indium is becoming ubiquitous in superconducting microwave circuits as it continues to be widely adopted as a bonding medium. However, the loss mechanisms in superconducting indium films have not been examined until now. In Chapter 4, we characterize microwave loss in indium and aluminium/indium thin films on silicon substrates by measuring superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators and estimating the main loss parameters at powers down to the sub-photon regime and at temperatures between 10 and 450 mK. We


Although Down syndrome (DS) can be diagnosed prenatally, currently there are no effective treatments to lessen the intellectual disability (ID) which is a hallmark of this disorder. Furthermore, starting as early as the third decade of life, DS individuals exhibit the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with subsequent dementia, adding substantial emotional and financial burden to their families and society at large. A potential therapeutic strategy emerging from the study of trisomic mouse models of DS is to supplement the maternal diet with additional choline during pregnancy and lactation. Studies demonstrate that maternal choline supplementation (MCS) markedly improves spatial cognition and attentional function, as well as normalizes adult hippocampal neurogenesis and offers protection to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS. These effects on neurogenesis and BFCNs correlate significantly with spatial cognition, suggesting functional relationships. In this review, we highlight some of these provocative findings, which suggest that supplementing the maternal diet with additional choline may serve as an effective and safe prenatal strategy for improving cognitive, affective, and neural functioning in DS. In light of growing evidence that all pregnancies would benefit from increased maternal choline intake, this type of recommendation could be given to all pregnant women, thereby providing a very early intervention for individuals with DS, and include babies born to mothers unaware that they are carrying a fetus with DS.


The edifice of colonial Africa starts cracking as the Black experience with colonialism becomes intimately personal. There is Martin Paul Samba, whose adopted German aristocratic home as a student does not consider him material for a son-in-law. There are also Prince Rudolph Douala Manga Bell and Dr Bele who go to school with Samba in Germany. And then, of course, Princess Zara, the youthful Amazon warrior who is rescued from a slave ship on the shores of Kamerun. Supported by the Douala princes, Martin Paul Samba champions the cause of the exploited, in a central drama pitting Kamerunian nationalism against German colonialism. This is the story of youthful endeavours and loves, of some of Africa's best and brightest, immediately before and after the First World War.


This paper is a brief overview of the role
of inducing the nucleated electro winning of copper by using iron electrodes in
electrocoagulation (EC) process. Cyanide compounds are widely used in gold ore
processing plants in order to facilitate the extraction and subsequent
concentration of the precious metal. Owing to cyanide solution employed in gold
processing, effluents generated have high contents of free cyanide as well as
copper cyanide complexes, which lend them a high degree of toxicity. In this
regard, two options for the treatment of cyanide barren solutions has been
used; in two ways; first for cyanide destruction by oxidation with the use of
the EC process, in theory, has the advantage of decomposing cyanide at the
anode and collecting copper simultaneously by a sludge of copper magnetic iron.
In both cases excellent performance can be achieved using the high capacity of
the bipolar iron EC technology. We found that it is possible to
reduce the copper cyanide complex from 720 mg·l-1 to below 10 mg·l-1 within 20 minutes.


Present tense verbless sentences involve a full clausal structure and not a reduced structure of the kind familiar under the term small clause. This article presents two new arguments in favor of this view. These arguments are based on differences between root verbless sentences and familiar instances of small clauses (rather than on similarities between present tense verbless sentences and verbal sentences in other tenses, as in Benmamoun 2008). The arguments presented in this article provide substantial evidence bearing on the fundamental issue of what a clausal structure needs to have in order to qualify as an independent nonelliptical utterance.


Drones have become the poster child for America's continuing fight against terrorism under President Obama, playing the role that torture had occupied during the Bush administration: a morally, legally, and politically controversial issue that drives a wedge between the United States and much of the rest of the world. Covert drone attacks orchestrated by the CIA around the world, including in areas that lie outside recognized war zones, raise a range of difficult questions that have been heavily debated by scholars, policy-makers and in the general media. However, that discussion has focused on whether states have the legal right to deploy drones and to use them. Little attention has been given to the use by the military of drones to carry out attacks in battlefield zones such as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya and to the question whether a legal duty exists or ought to exist obligating states that possess drone technology to use that technology on the battlefield. The central claim of the article is that such a duty can, in fact, be derived from the cardinal principles of the law of armed conflict. It suggests that such an interpretation is merited if we accept that drones combine remote use of accurate force that reduces lethality both among friendly forces and innocent civilians. Drones are not, per se, unlawful under LOAC. Rather the critical question is the same for drones as for other types of weapons, i.e., whether the specific use of the weapon complies with LOAC. In this context, the weapon must be deployed in accordance with LOAC's fundamental principles of humanity, proportionality, distinction, taking precautions, and military necessity. The article applies the general principles of LOAC to drones in three stages. It analyzes the general trajectories of weapons' development throughout human history, trading off three main considerations, namely distance, accuracy and lethality. It then examines the rise of precision-guided munitions as an attempt to balance these three considerations, increasing military efficiency while minimizing harm to civilians and civilian objects. Looking at drones through the prism of that analysis, the article discusses drones as a combination of remote use of accurate force that reduces lethality and closely examines both the promise that the use of drones may bring to the battlefield as well as the challenges to their deployment. Coming back to the question of whether states and their military commanders have an obligation to use drones in the context of an armed conflict, the articles that although there are no treaties that deal specifically with the use of drones in armed conflict and no customary norms obligating the use of drones, such a duty may be derived, by way of nuanced interpretation, from the cardinal principles of the law of armed conflict. Such a nuanced interpretation is merited if we accept that drones offer the possibility of a more humane war by combining remote, distant use of accurate force that reduces lethality both among friendly forces and innocent civilians.


This study empirically investigated poverty patterns among poor households in Korea concentrating on the poverty dynamics theory. As the first study to empirically analyze a typology of the poor in Eastern society, this study statistically identified different clusters of the poor, and examined the characteristics of each cluster. "Cluster analysis" was used to group 2,584 Korean households, over an eight year time span, revealing three unique types of poor households (chronic, episodic, and transitional). This study also suggested appropriate strategies and policy responses with which social policy professionals and policy-makers are able to holistically address and efficiently help to alleviate poverty.


The Malay Basin is a Tertiary transtensional rift basin located in offshore Peninsular Malaysia. A study of the subsurface pressure data has revealed at least two major overpressure compartments that are sealed by regional shale units. The main, basin-centre overpressure compartment has a domal shape and, in profile, shows a convex-up top-of-overpressure surface. In the basin centre, the top of overpressure is generally between 1900 m and 2000 m depth, and is confined mainly to a particular stratigraphic unit, the Middle Miocene unit E. It appears that the top of overpressure is influenced by the underlying regional shale seal in unit F, and that the mild overpressure encountered in unit E represents the overpressure transition zone. Due to the convex-upward top-of-overpressure surface, overpressure is generally encountered at shallower depths in the basin centre compared to the basin flanks. A smaller overpressure compartment is also identified on the northeastern flank of the basin. This compartment is sealed by the onlapping, transgressive shale of unit L (Lower Miocene) and occurs at a depth of 2600–3000 m. Hence, regional shale seals have a strong influence on overpressure distribution. Disequilibrium compaction is believed to be the primary causal mechanism for the overpressure in the basin centre. Overpressure development is the consequence of high subsidence and sedimentation rates during basin extension. Low subsidence and sedimentation rates on the basin flanks do not generate overpressure. The domal shape of the top-of-overpressure surface is thus a result of different rates of subsidence and sedimentation across the basin. The basin's overpressure history is simulated by means of a simple model. Modelling results indicate that the basin overpressure developed very early, during the syn-rift phase (c.30–21 Ma), when sediment burial rates were very high (>1000 m Ma−1). Overpressure build-up occurred rapidly during the syn-rift phase but has started to dissipate gradually since the post-rift phase began 21 Ma ago, when sedimentation rates were well below 1000 m Ma−1. This suggests that disequilibrium compaction as an overpressure-generating mechanism was effective during only the syn-rift phase of basin development. Sedimentation rates during the post-rift phase (generally less than 500 m Ma−1) were not high enough to generate overpressure. The pre-existing overpressure is thus able to dissipate through the sedimentary column, causing the build-up of pore pressure in the post-rift section. Thus, the overpressure in the post-rift strata is probably of secondary origin, derived from excess pressure dissipated from the underlying syn-rift strata. Overpressure generated by disequilibrium compaction during the syn-rift phase has been modified and re-distributed as the basin evolved through the post-rift phase.


This paper uses data from more than 100 developing economies to provide information on firms engaging in international trade in either manufacturing or services, focusing on the Middle East and North Africa. We show, among other things, that firms in this region are more likely to export, import, or both, than their counterparts elsewhere, but that those firms are also more likely to be relatively small and have lower export values. We also conclude with some policy recommendations.


Antisera against vertebrate calcium-binding proteins cross-react with Drosophila nervous and muscle tissue. We have used an antiserum against carp parvalbumin to isolate from a Drosophila head cDNA library immunopositive expression clones. Tissue in situ hybridization identified a clone that labeled specific neurons and muscles similar to the parvalbumin-like immunohistochemical staining pattern. Five independent cDNAs derive from an mRNA whose open reading frame codes for a 310 amino acid polypeptide. Sequence analysis identifies six EF- hand calcium-binding domains and reveals 42% and 37% homology to chicken calretinin and calbindin D-28k, respectively. Since the positions of 9 out of 10 introns within the ORF are conserved from the Drosophila gene to both vertebrate genes, we conclude that we have identified the first invertebrate member of the calbindin sub-family of calcium-binding protein genes of the EF-hand homolog family. The calbindin-32 gene (cbn) maps to 53E on the second chromosome. It is expressed through most of ontogenesis with a selective distribution in the nervous system and in a few small adult thoracic muscles. The cloning of a Drosophila homolog to vertebrate neuronal Ca(2+)-binding proteins opens new routes to study the so far largely elusive function of these brain molecules.


Using an augmented profit function framework designed to account for externalities related to chemical use in agriculture, this paper explains the chemical use choices of farmers in an urban fringe farming environment. It further estimates empirical logit models of reduced insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, and fertilizer usage. Results suggest that farmers who perceive their regulatory environment to be strict, who have experienced right-to-farm conflicts, and who have farms larger in size are more likely to reduce their chemical use over time, vis-à-vis other farmers. The results also suggest the importance of other farm structural and business climate factors in determining chemical use reduction choices.


The purpose of this study was to establish current difficulties experienced by grade 10 mathematics educators after the implementation of the new curriculum in grade 9 (Senior Phase). Qualitative approach, using questionnaires' as a research tool was employed. The study was conducted from twenty grade 10-mathematics educators in a variety of schools. The questions were based on the current difficulties that educators were experiencing in grade 10 after the new curriculum was implemented in grade 9 in 2002. The research study was undertaken in different schools with different backgrounds in one District; UMgungundlovu of the Kwazulu Natal Department of Education. These educators were from schools with the following backgrounds: • Rural schools • Township schools • Former White schools • Former Indians/ Coloureds schools The findings of the study are presented and these are interpreted and discussed under two categories: these being the kinds of difficulties enunciated by grade 10 mathematics educators and the researcher's comments on the findings. The Key Findings of this research study are the following: Grade 10 Mathematics educators complained that they have problems in teaching mathematics in grade 10 learners because: • Methods used in grade 9 are totally different from those they are using in grade 10. • There is no linkage between grade 9 and grade 10-mathematics syllabus. • Educators' lack training and teaching in outcomes based approaches. • The new curriculum does not prepare learners to do pure mathematics in grade 10. • Learners cannot even work independently, only rely on the constant guidance from the educators and other members of the group. • Learners find it difficult doing individual work and completing homework and other class work. • Many learners drop out in mathematics classes and others even become worst in mathematics.


The increasing installation of controllable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in Distribution Networks (DNs) opens up new opportunities for the provision of ancillary services to the Transmission Network (TN) level. As the penetration of smart meter devices and communication infrastructure in DNs increases, they become more observable and controllable with centralized optimization-based control schemes becoming efficient and practical. In this paper, we propose a centralized tractable Optimal Power Flow (OPF)-based control scheme that optimizes the real-time operation of active DNs, while also considering the provision of voltage support as an ancillary service to the TN. We embed in the form of various constraints the current voltage support requirements of Switzerland and investigate the potential benefit of ancillary services provision assuming different operational modes of the DER inverters. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme using a combined HV-MV-LV test system.


Real assets are usually valued by computing the stream of profits they can bring to a price-taking firm in a liquid market. This method ignores market fundamentals by assuming that all the relevant information is included in the spot price. Our article analyses the bias resulting from such an approach when the market is imperfectly competitive. We propose a stylised two-period model of the natural gas market with no uncertainty, focusing on strategic interactions between two types of oligopolistic players—pure traders and suppliers with downstream customers—who have access to storage. We show that the true value of storage capacity is not the same for traders and for suppliers. Comparing the latter value with the traditional price-taking valuation reveals a systematic bias that tends to induce underinvestment.


Most studies have tried to define inherently iconic words (mimetics, ideophones) in terms of their formal features but phonosemantic peculiarity, assumed without empirical consideration, is not evidently distinct from regular sound symbolism. Two experiments were conducted to probe the phonosemantic specificity of iconic words. Experiment 1 asked twenty native Japanese speakers to rate 140 novel words, half of which had a shape typical of Japanese iconic words: no systematic difference in consonantal or vocalic symbolism between the two types of stimuli was obtained. Experiment 2 asked twenty native Japanese speakers to judge the consonantal magnitude symbolism of 120 verbs with or without a typical iconic word shape presented in a referentially specific sentence. Verbs sharing a root and a morphophonological shape with an existent iconic word tended to yield sharper magnitude contrasts. Iconic words appear to have marked phonosemantic status, which is grounded on both their formal and referential markedness.


Thymus daenensis has been known to possess various medicinal properties, including antibacterial activity. This study was designed to evaluate and quantify killing kinetics and endpoint parameters of antibacterial activity of T. daenensis. A methanolic extract of T. daenensis was prepared and tested against several gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, using a colorimetric microdilution method. The findings revealed that except for Psudomonas aeroginosa, the 50% Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC50) inhibiting the growth of the gram-negative bacteria were significantly lower as compared to those of the gram-positive bacteria (p<0.05). By contrast, the endpoint MIC values were less different across the bacteria. Overall, the T. daenensis extract was most efficient against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli, whilst P. aeroginosa was the least susceptible one. The profiles of killing and re-growth of the bacteria were then assessed as functions of both time and the extract concentration (corresponding to MIC, ½ MIC, and ¼ MIC). E. coli and B. cereus were completely blocked at the concentrations corresponding to MIC at less than two hours after inoculation. This inhibition pattern remained unchanged until the end of the time course. At the concentrations corresponding to ½ × MIC, a rapid complete inhibition was observed for E. coli, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Overall, this quantified information on dose-response rate, endpoint parameters, and kinetic profiles may provide an initial step towards understanding in vitro pharmacodynamics of antibacterial activity of T. daenensis.


Mandatory internships are implemented in higher education curricula in order to ease the labour market integration of graduates. This article evaluates the utility of mandatory internships in Germany by assessing the effect on graduates' transition from higher education to work. The authors examine whether these compulsory programmes provide extra benefits for graduates from families with lower educational backgrounds. Three different outcome variables are used to characterize the labour market entry: search duration until the first significant job, employment history complexity and wages five years after graduation. The results clearly indicate that compulsory internship programmes neither have a positive effect on labour market outcomes in general, nor are they particularly beneficial for graduates from lower educational backgrounds.


The Constitution of Tonga, 132 years old in 2007 -- indeed one of the world's oldest extant constitutions -- has recently, for the first time in history, been subjected to significant scrutiny by the people who live under it. The review process has also canvassed the views of the thousands of Tongans who live in the diasporas of New Zealand, Australia and the USA. However, in the context of an increasingly polarised political debate, the translation of the outcome of that process into constitutional change is proving a difficult task for Tonga's leaders, and the two years that have elapsed since the general elections of March 2005 have been among the most momentous in history.This paper attempts to stand back from the trauma and hurt of recent events and to ask some underlying questions. How is it that the Pacific region is home to a monarchical system that still rules its people, and what has been the secret of its success? What are the changes to the political structure that are already occuring this century? FInally, what order of change is int the air -- will it be constitutional reform on a major scale?While considering these questions, this paper also offers a Political Chronology in its Appendix, as a summary of the events through the 1990s and early 2000s which culminated in the formal process of constitutional reform and the current scene. These years have witnessed diverse developments on the Tongan political stage, which, when considered against the backdrop of conservative society, must be regarded as remarkable.


This research has reviewed the current status of offshore and marine safety. The major problems identified in the research are associated with risk modelling under circumstances where the lack of data or high level of uncertainty exists. This PhD research adopts an object-oriented approach, a natural and straightforward mechanism of organising information of the real world systems, to represent the Offshore Gas Supply Systems (OGSSs) at both the component and system levels. Then based on the object-oriented approach, frameworks of aggregative risk assessment and fault tree analysis are developed. Aggregative risk assessment is to evaluate the risk levels of components, subsystems, and the overall OGSS. Fault trees are then used to represent the cause-effect relationships for a specific risk in the system. Use of these two assessment frameworks can help decision makers to obtain comprehensive view of risks in the OGSS. In order to quantitatively evaluate the framework of aggregative risk, this thesis uses a fuzzy aggregative risk assessment method to determine the risk levels associated with components, subsystems, and the overall OGSS. The fuzzy aggregative risk assessment method is tailored to quantify the risk levels of components, subsystems, and the OGSS. The proposed method is able to identify the most critical subsystem in the OGSS. As soon as, the most critical subsystem is identified, Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA) is employed to quantitatively evaluate the cause-effect relationships for specific undesired event. These results can help risk analysts to select Risk Control Options (RCOs) for mitigating risks in an OGSS. It is not financially possible to employ all the selected RCOs. Therefore, it is necessary to rank and select the best RCO. A decision making method using the Fuzzy TOPSIS (FTOPSIS) is proposed to demonstrate the selection of the best RCOs to control the existing risks in the system. The developed models and frameworks can be integrated to formulate a platform which enables to facilitate risk assessment and safety management of OGSSs without jeopardising the efficiency of OGSSs operations in various situations where traditional risk assessment and safety management techniques cannot be effectively applied.


Let f in F_q[x] be a polynomial of degree d _ q=2: It is well-known that f can be uniquely recovered from its values at some 2d points even after some small fraction of the values are corrupted. In this paper we establish a similar result for sparse polynomials. We show that a k-sparse polynomial f 2 Fq[x] of degree d _ q=2 can be recovered from its values at O(k) randomly chosen points, even if a small fraction of the values of f are adversarially corrupted. Our proof relies on an iterative technique for analyzing the rank of a random minor of a matrix.We use the same technique to establish a collection of other results. Specifically,_ We show that restricting any linear [n; k; _n]q code to a randomly chosen set of O(k) coordinates with highprobability yields an asymptotically good code. _ We improve the state of the art in locally decodable codes,showing that similarly to Reed Muller codes matching vector codes require only a constant increase in querycomplexity in order to tolerate a constant fraction of errors. This result yields a moderate reduction in thequery complexity of the currently best known codes. _ We improve the state of the art in constructions of explicit rigid matrices. For any prime power q and integers n and d we construct an explicit matrix M with exp(d) _ n rows and n columns such that the rank of M stays above n=2 even if every row of M is arbitrarily altered in up to d coordinates. Earlier, such constructions were available only for q = O(1) or q = (n):


The number of data-leakages has been grown up rapidly in recent years these are found by using the statistic firms, research institution and government organizations. The main reason for the data-leakage is human mistakes. The carelessactivities of human is one of the important cause of the data loss. The solutions for detecting sensitive data leaks caused by human mistakes. With the help of using rabin algorithm the sensitive data is protected. An approach is used to screen the content in storage and transmission for exposing sensitive data information. This approach needs the detection operation that has been conducted in secrecy. The detection servers may be satisfied in the secrecy requirements. By using rabin algorithm, we have provided the solution for privacy preserving data leakage detection. The main advantage in this method is that it enables the data owner to safely delegate the detection operation to a semihonest provider without revealing the sensitive data to the provider and it also reduces the false alarms.


Relatively little is known about what individual-level factors drive Americans' attitudes toward offering services to immigrants. Using national-level data and logistic regressions, we examine what factors co-vary with whether respondents agree or disagree with specific policy initiatives regarding support for English language use for immigrants. We then examine what factors are related to whether respondents agree that tax money should be used to fund English classes for immigrant children and adults. We find that age, race, and general warmth toward undocumented immigrants predict English-only attitudes, and that marital status, education, and warmth toward undocumented immigrants predict attitudes toward the use of public funds to teach English. Keywords: language policy, immigrants, attitudes, English classes Introduction The foreign born population of the United States grew from 7.9 percent in 1990 to 11.1 percent, or 31.1 million residents by 2000 (Schmidley, 2001; U.S. Department of State, 2002). Since 2000 the United States has continued to welcome large numbers of immigrants admitting 1,063,732 in 2002 alone of which over 40 percent originated from Spanish-speaking countries (U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service 2001; U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2003). Language is at the core of the policy debate over immigrants' impact on American culture (Lapinski, Peltola, Shaw, and Yang 1997). However, when we examine the research done on American attitudes toward English usage in public schools and the use of public tax money to teach immigrants English, the literature is modest. Some research has isolated correlates related to anti-immigrant attitudes (see Cowan, Martinez, and Mendiola, 1997 and Esses, Dovidio, Jackson, and Armstrong, 2001), but these conclusions have been based on small samples of college students and may not be representative of the general population. Research on sentiment toward making English the official language, as Propositions 187 and 227 in California intend, indicates the importance of language in shaping attitudes toward illegal immigrants (Cowan, et al. 1997). Americans who believe that English should be the only language in schools increased from 40 to 48 percent from 1993 to 1995 (Lapinski et al., 1997). This English-only sentiment is an important indicator of openness toward immigrants, especially if this trend continues. Preliminary analysis of our survey data shows this trend has become more pronounced with 66 percent of 395 respondents in 2001 reporting that English should be the only language used in public schools. Using data from the University of Oklahoma's 2001 Survey of American Attitudes (SAA) national telephone survey we examine the individual-level factors that may predict more altruistic and open attitudes toward English language policy initiatives, such as whether English should be the only language used in public schools, and whether the same types of individuals who agree that tax money should be used to teach English to immigrant children also agree that tax money should be used to teach English to immigrant adults. Throughout the twentieth century, the general trend in public opinion has been a growing negativity toward immigrants (Simon, 1985; Jarret, 1999), possibly caused by the perception that these newcomers threaten existing American cultural identity, beliefs, and values (Espenshade and Calhoun, 1993; Esses et al., 2001). Because English language use is a salient component of American identity, the symbolic politics model is useful in framing this analysis. The symbolic politics model posits that cultural symbols, such as language choice, may signify what it means to be an American and can influence opinions on other related issues such as bilingual education or immigration policy in general (Citrin, Reingold, Walters, and Green, 1990a; Citrin, Haas, Muste, and Reingold, 1994). …


Two recent studies have shown that "cheap talk" is an effective means of eliminating positive hypothetical bias in experimental and field-auction settings. We further investigate the ability of cheap talk to mitigate positive hypothetical bias in a CVM phone survey administered to over 4,000 households. Positive hypothetical bias is detected in our data by contrasting revealed and stated preference information. However, a short, neutral cheap-talk script appears to exacerbate rather than mitigate the bias. Based on this and mixed evidence from earlier studies, we suggest caution in using cheap talk as an ex ante control for hypothetical bias.


Macedonian vegetable farms face big challenge in decision making to improve their production plans. To increase economic efficiency, different tools could be applied that beside natural conditions, resource allocation, technical and technological conditions, consider also economic viewpoint. In this paper we present an example of a spreadsheet tool based on mathematical programming paradigm. It enables one to utilise optimization potential of linear programming, with an objective function of maximising the expected gross margin, subject to set of different constraints. To have a representative tool, special focus has been put on data that are obtained with direct interviews with relevant experts and stakeholders: researchers, crop technology specialists, extension agents, input suppliers and vegetable farmers and supplemented with Farm Monitoring System data for 2010. The tool was tested on hypothetical vegetable farm. It proved to be an efficient tool that could support operative, tactical and strategic planning at the farm level, since it facilitates the selection of adequate production activities of vegetable crops, while taking into consideration the limitations of the available production factors. Due to its flexibility it is also an appropriate tool for analysing decision making in different production conditions that may occur.


"This edited volume, full of new and original perspectives, makes an important contribution to the anthropological and historical study of ritual...this fine collection of essays is a challenging and provocative contribution to the study of ritual, and certainly one that ought to change the ways in which anthropologists conceive of ritual." * Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Historically, canonic studies of ritual have discussed and explained ritual organization, action, and transformation primarily as representations of broader cultural and social orders. In the present, as in the past, less attention is given to the power of ritual to organize and effect transformation through its own dynamics. Breaking with convention, the contributors to this volume were asked to discuss ritual first and foremost in relation to itself, in its own right, and only then in relation to its socio-cultural context. The results attest to the variable capacities of rites to effect transformation through themselves, and to the study of phenomena in their own right as a fertile approach to comprehending ritual dynamics. Born in Montreal, Don Handelman is Sarah Allen Shaine Professor of Anthropology & Sociology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He has written extensively on ritual, play, expressive culture, and bureaucratic logic and the modern state. Galina Lindquist was born in Russia, and trained as anthropologist in Sweden. She received her degree at the Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm, for the study of urban shamans in Scandinavia. Since then she has done work in medical anthropology and anthropology of religion, with a special focus on folk religious and healing practices.


Background Proteases play an essential part in a variety of biological processes. Besides their importance under healthy conditions they are also known to have a crucial role in complex diseases like cancer. In recent years, it has been shown that not only the fragments produced by proteases but also their dynamics, especially ex vivo, can serve as biomarkers. But so far, only a few approaches were taken to explicitly model the dynamics of proteolysis in the context of mass spectrometry. Results We introduce a new concept to model proteolytic processes, the degradation graph. The degradation graph is an extension of the cleavage graph, a data structure to reconstruct and visualize the proteolytic process. In contrast to previous approaches we extended the model to incorporate endoproteolytic processes and present a method to construct a degradation graph from mass spectrometry time series data. Based on a degradation graph and the intensities extracted from the mass spectra it is possible to estimate reaction rates of the underlying processes. We further suggest a score to rate different degradation graphs in their ability to explain the observed data. This score is used in an iterative heuristic to improve the structure of the initially constructed degradation graph. Conclusion We show that the proposed method is able to recover all degraded and generated peptides, the underlying reactions, and the reaction rates of proteolytic processes based on mass spectrometry time series data. We use simulated and real data to demonstrate that a given process can be reconstructed even in the presence of extensive noise, isobaric signals and false identifications. While the model is currently only validated on peptide data it is also applicable to proteins, as long as the necessary time series data can be produced.


Background and Objectives
Regardless of the increased deployment of technologies in everyday living domains, barriers remain that hamper technology adoption by older adults. Understanding barriers to adoption such as individual differences in attitudes toward computers is important to the design of strategies to reduce age-related digital disparities.

Research Design and Methods
This article reports a time-sequential analysis of data from the Edward R. Roybal Center on Human Factors and Aging Research and the Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE) on computer attitudes among a large (N = 3,917), diverse sample of community-dwelling adults aged from 18 to 98 years. The data were gathered from 1994 to 2013.

Results
The findings indicated that there are still age disparities in attitudes; older adults report less comfort with and less efficacy about using computers than younger people. We also found a cohort (birth year) effect; attitudes are generally more positive among more recent birth cohorts. Those who have more education and experience with computers also have more positive attitudes. Males generally have more positive attitudes than females; however, the gender difference decreases with increased age.

Discussion and Implications
Technology affords potential benefits for older people, but lack of uptake in technology clearly puts older adults at a disadvantage in terms of negotiating today's digital world. This article provides insight into attitudinal barriers that may affect on technology uptake among older adults. The findings have implications for the design of technology training programs, design of technology systems, and policy.


Finland and Singapore are both nations that have excelled in mathematics on international assessments, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Evidence of Finland's educational success emerged with the outcome of the first PISA study in 2000. Since then, many have looked to Finland for explanations. Within the field of education, many believe the reasons for the success are primarily pedagogical, referring to Finland's excellent teachers and high–quality teacher education. Similarly for Singapore, the consistency in the country's good outcome in the TIMSS study has brought the world's attention to this small island country. This article explores the similarities and differences in the educational systems of these two countries.


Undoped ZnO films were deposited on Si substrates by DC reactive sputtering. The samples were annealed in air, pure O2 (1atm) and pure N2 (1atm) at 850℃,950℃,1000℃ for 1h. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-deposited and annealed samples all have a widened diffraction peak of ZnO (002). It is evident that all the films we used are ZnO films with [001] orientation. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these samples include two emission peaks, centered at 3.18eV (ultraviolet, UV) and 2.38eV (green). It is fount that the intensities of these peaks vary with annealing temperature and atmosphere. At same annealing temperature, the intensity of green peak increases evidently with the increase of oxygen partial pressure, and the intensity of UV peak is also increased somewhat. In the same atmosphere, the intensity of green peak enhances sharply with the increase of annealing temperature, but the intensity of UV peak increases slowly and approaches a maximum value at 950℃, then decreases as the annealing temperature increases.; We investigated the dependence of the crystallization and also the intrinsic defects in ZnO film, such as zinc vacancy VZn, oxygen vacancy VO, interstitial zinc Zni, interstitial oxygen Oi and anti-sited oxygen OZn on the annealing conditions. Compared with the calculated data of these intrinsic defects, it is suggested that the UV radiation of ZnO is due to band-edge exciton transition, and the green emission corresponds to the transition from the bottom of the conduction band to the local level composed of oxide misplaced defects.


A "legislative lawyer" is a person who exists in Washington, D.C., and in almost every city and state in this country where legislation and administrative regulations are developed. But most people do not know who that person is or what that person does. In fact, most advocacy organizations that should be hiring legislative lawyers have no idea who a legislative lawyer is. The author coined the term "legislative lawyer" when she created a Federal Legislation Clinic at the Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. over a decade ago. The author needed to explain to her faculty colleagues what type of law she intended to teach her students in the Clinic and why such learning deserved six (now ten) law school credits.The author explained at the time, "legislative lawyers" are individuals who practice law in a political, advocacy context. Good legislative lawyers are: (1) good at comprehending, analyzing, and manipulating legal text and, at the same time, good at understanding the political dynamics of legislative and administrative systems; (2) able to gain the trust and respect of both legal players and political players in an advocacy effort because of their joint competency in law and politics; and (3) able, because of such trust and respect, to be effective and creative translators and negotiators between the often disparate worlds of law, policy, and politics.The author's primary goal in this article is to describe the skills and talents of a good legislative lawyer. The legislative lawyer is a key component of the author's Six Circles Theory of Effective Advocacy. She developed this theory mostly (although not exclusively) out of her experience working on the Americans with Disabilities Act from 1988 to 1990. An additional goal of this article, therefore, is to set forth the Six Circles Theory of Effective Advocacy and to highlight its potential contribution towards structuring an effective legislative or regulatory effort.The author's final goal of this article is to provide an overview of how she teaches "legislative lawyering" in a law school clinical setting. The author hopes this section of the article, together with its appendices, will be useful to anyone who wishes to establish a similar clinic focusing on legislation and administrative regulations.


Background and Objective: To become a biological parent is the long cherished desire of all couples. It is the pivot for a loving, successful family. The objective of the study is to assess the factors affecting fertility among the patients attending a selected infertility centre in Dhaka city. Methods: A descriptive type of cross sectional study was carried out with 160 samples by using non-randomized purposive sampling technique and data collection was done by a pretested and modified questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16). Results: The study revealed that among the respondents 68.1% was between age group 26-35 years with mean age 32.38 + 4.884 years. Among them 63.7% completed their graduation and masters, 50.6% had a monthly family income as BDT 10,000-50,000. Of the respondents 45% was smoker and 66.6% used to take <5-10 sticks per day. Study also revealed that 38.5%, 37.7%, 24.4% and 4.1% of the respondents haddepression, job stress, and partner relationship problems respectively. Study also found that hypertension, diabetes, mumps, undescendent testes was reported by 36.5%, 26.9%, 5.7% and 2% of the respondents respectively. Approximate 28.9%, 44.7%, 21.1% and 5.3% of the respondents experienced tubal, ovarian, uterine and accidental surgery respectively. Among all the female respondents 91.2%, 26.8%, 12.6% did ovulation induction, IUI, IVF respectively. Of them 79.1%, 86% and 95% failed to conceive after getting consecutive treatment. Statistical association was found between satisfactory relationship among couple and less duration of infertility treatment (p= 0.04). Conclusion: Infertility has become a global challenge at present time; to overcome the problem mass awareness has to be created with availability of effective treatment facilities within reach.


Current pulsed fiber lasers that are capable of delivering stable sub-100-fs pulses at megahertz repetition rates require intracavity pulse energies in the nanojoule range. Scaling these lasers to gigahertz repetition rates necessitates, therefore, very high average power levels and complex cladding-pumped configurations. Here we report a type of stretched-soliton all-fiber laser that generates broadband, soliton-like pulses at 1.55 μm with intracavity pulse energies of only tens of picojoules. In the laser cavity, strong dispersion management leads to a temporal breathing ratio of ∼70, while the weak residual anomalous dispersion is perfectly balanced by the low Kerr nonlinearity, resulting in the formation of temporally stretched, hyperbolic-secant pulses. A lumped wavelength-dependent attenuator compensates for the effects of the gain filtering on the pulse spectrum, ensuring intracavity pulse self-consistency. This unique stretched-soliton mechanism, combined with a harmonic mode-locking technique based on intense optoacoustic interactions in solid-core photonic crystal fiber, yields for the first time stable gigahertz-rate, sub-100-fs, dispersive-wave-free pulse trains at moderate pump powers.


Lacking an established methodology to test the potential impact of prospective extensions to the meteorological global observing system (GOS) in real atmospheric cases we developed such a method, called Sensitivity Observing System Experiment (SOSE). For example, since the GOS is non uniform it is of interest to investigate complementary observing systems filling its gaps. Unlike full observing system simulation experiments (OSSE), SOSE can be applied to real extreme events that were badly forecast operationally and only requires the simulation of the new instrument. We apply SOSE to the 2nd 1999 Xmas storm "Martin" over Europe and show that an extended GOS by a tandem of space borne Doppler wind lidars (DWL) would have improved the forecast substantially.


ABSTRACT The implementation of the planning to health centers in Medan is guided by the Standard Manual for Health Center. The main purpose of planning to helth center is to prevent any problems on public health, it shall be due to public health, the effort to health development or for supporting to public health. In addition, it aims to improve performance of health center in arranging the annual activities with plans for health center capable to do activities efficiently, effectively and shall be accountable. This research was a survey with qualitative approach witch was aimed to explain how the planning of the health centers in Medan for 2012. The primary data were collected by thorough interviews, and the secondary data were obtained from the health service Medan. The informants to this research comprised of 10 persons, one head of program and planning of the city health service in Medan, three head of health centers (Health centers of Glugur Darat, Kampung Baru, and Kedai Durian), and ten staff for health centers. The result of the research showed that all the informants had known the planning of the health centers in Medan city. The health centers in Medan was do or arrange it well with term POA (Plan Of Action) that has been done routinely annually. For 2012, there is not done yet any special training about the planning, it is shortage of fund reasonable, the health centers mostly aware the points of planning to execute and fortunately in generally according to four phases, such as pre-planning, analysis on situation, arrange the plan of activity and arrange the plan of implementation. For all the phases has been done properly. It is encouraged to all Health Centers available on Medan city more passionateto havea better official planning and do it optimally based on the problems dealth with as usual and also to improve the human resources available. Keywords : the planning of the health centers.


The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic have posed a public health crisis. Higher morbidity and mortality of men with COVID-19 may be explained by androgen-driven mechanisms. One such proposed mechanism is androgen regulation of pulmonary TMPRSS2, the host co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2. We find no evidence for increased TMPRSS2 mRNA expression in the lungs of males compared to females in humans or mice. Furthermore, in male mice, treatment with the androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide does not decrease pulmonary TMPRSS2 expression. Nevertheless, regardless of sex, smoking significantly increases the expression of TMPRSS2, which reverts back to never-smoker levels in former smokers. Finally, we show that in mouse models, despite equivalent AR transcript levels, males express markedly higher amounts of AR protein. If a similar sex-specific regulation of AR protein occurs in human lung, androgens could play important roles in clinical outcome of COVID-19 through mechanisms other than TMPRSS2 regulation.


There is no doubt that reference services are changing and that the reference desk needs to change also, in response. In this article, Julie Middlemas argues that the foundations of the reference interaction remain the same regardless of this shift: that a successful reference interview and the need to save the time of the reader/researcher remain the primary functions of that interaction. Steven Deineh then puts forth his case for student-centered reference, which offers the service of intensive collaborative research working with students behind the reference desk. Students will learn hands-on because, although millennials and others of the digital generation have a perceived comprehensive understanding of technology, there is much they do not understand nor use to full advantage. And millennials learn by doing. Finally, Patty Morrison argues that "information up-sel" needs to be part of every reference desk encounter, whether the student is merely asking for directions or has a more in-depth research need. Why this promotion? Simply because, as Steven points out, there is only a perceived knowledge of technology. In sum, this article recommends the following as a new reference service model: conduct an effective and comprehensive reference interview and invite the student behind the desk for an empowering, hands-on, in-depth research experience when appropriate. For those scenarios when it is not appropriate, up-sell or promote what the library has to uniquely offer students that Google cannot.


In order to characterize the genes overexpressed in an hepatoma cell line, the HTC cells, and in diethylnitrosamine induced solid hepatomas, we constructed a complementary DNA library from HTC cells and performed differential screening with probes from HTC cells, from malignant nodules obtained 70 weeks after the carcinogen treatment, and from hepatocytes from normal rat liver. Eight clones corresponding to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) much more expressed in hepatomas than in hepatocytes from normal liver were isolated. Three, clones pHT 71, pHT 13, and pHT 26, were furtheranalyzed by the study of their corresponding transcripts in hepatocytes from regenerating liver and in the hepatocytes from the nontumorous parts of the liver. Clone pHT 71 corresponds to a single 2.3-kilobase mKNA which is present in high levels in carcinoma nodules in hepatoma cell lines, in the nontumorous parts of the liver, and in hepatocytes isolated from regen erating liver 30 h after partial hepatectomy. Clone pHT 13 hybridizes with three distinct transcripts 3.8, 2.6, and 1.6 kilobases long. High levels of the 3.8and 1.6-kilobase mRNAs are present in carcinoma nodules, in hepatoma cell lines, and in the nontu morous parts of the liver. However, the levels of these RNAs are similar in hepatocytes from regenerating liver and in hepatocytes obtained from normal rat liver. Clone pHT 26 corresponds to a 0.6-kilobase mRNA which exists at a high level only in cancer nodules and in hepatoma cell lines. We were unable to observe any cross-hybridization between these clones and the oncogenes which have been found to be expressed in hepatomas (c-fos, c-Ha-rai, c-Ki-nu, N-ras, and c-myc). The mRNAs corresponding to the three clones have not been detected in various tissues from normal adult rats. Our study shows that a high level of these mRNAs might be associated with rat liver carcinogenesis.


The African continent has long suffered serious developmental relapse in a continually developing world. Lots of thinkers indeed term most of these African states"failed states". One sees that that while many other nations of the world develop and as such interact conveniently in this global village, most African nations come merely as beggars in the global village having nothing to offer but begging for an opportunity for consumption. These nations therefore remain stagnated and continually retrogressive in all aspects of human life. Where in lies the cause of these problems? Dukor opines that the problem is a re-echoing aftermath of the western deplorable actions against these Africans. Indeed Dukor concludes that there is no real honesty in the opportunities all member states have to take part in the process of global development. Africa seems to be cheated. This work does not seem to fully agree with Dukor that the western hegemony ALONE is the cause. This work submits that the complacency of most Africans equally play the role in their underdevelopment.


Communities in developing country mountain areas, in part due to their remoteness, find themselves excluded from social, political and economic systems; and excluded from access to resources. This paper researches the impact on remoteness and exclusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs). It utilises two models – the resource movement framework, and "information chains" – to analyse a telecentre in one district of mountainous Huancavelica, Peru's poorest region, set in the high Andes.

It finds ICTs enabling new and positive resource flows for the two key user groups: teenaged school students and young farmers. These help to maintain social networks. They also support information searches that have improved agricultural practice where other information chain resources have been available. But non-use and ineffective use of the telecentre are found where information chain resources are lacking. ICTs have some impact on intangible elements of remoteness. In this particular example, they also offer access to some previously-excluded resources. But they have not really addressed the systemic exclusions faced by mountain communities. And they so far appear to be a technology of inequality; favouring those residents who begin with better resource endowments.

The paper concludes by offering some recommendations for mountain ICT project practice.


Malu Castellanos is a senior researcher at HP Labs where she has been working on different areas of data management since 1997; physical database design, real-time business intelligence and text analytics being her primary research areas in the last years. Earlier she was on the Faculty of the Department of Information Systems at the Polytechnic University of Catalunya in Barcelona, where she received her Ph.D, and on the Faculty of the Engineering School at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) from where she graduated as computer engineer. She has authored over 60 papers and has 16 patents. She has served in the organization and PC of numerous international conferences and workshops including being General Chair of ICDE 2008 (Cancun) and Organizer of SMDB at ICDE 2012. The TCDEs charter is of high relevance to the data management community as it sponsors ICDE, its flagship conference and one of the top international conferences in this area, and makes decisions on co-sponsoring a limited number of other conferences and workshops. It also promotes the formation of working groups in relevant, emerging and challenging topics to grow strong forums with presence and continuity at ICDE. If elected, I look forward to do my best to continue the excellent work of the current TC chair, David Lomet, in all these activities. I am enthusiastic about preserving the great reputation that ICDE has gained over the years and further increase its visibility and quality for which I will work closely with Masaru Kitsuregawa, chair of the ICDE Steering Committee, and its members. All along, I will seek input and suggestions from the TC members and from David Lomet and his predecessor Paul Larson.


We show that the near-field coupling between a photonic crystal microlaser and a nano-antenna can enable hybrid photonic systems that are both physically compact (free from bulky optics) and efficient at transferring optical energy into the nano-antenna. Up to 19% of the laser power from a micron-scale photonic crystal laser cavity is experimentally transferred to a bowtie aperture nano-antenna (BNA) whose area is 400-fold smaller than the overall emission area of the microlaser. Instead of a direct deposition of the nano-antenna onto the photonic crystal, it is fabricated at the apex of a fiber tip to be accurately placed in the microlaser near-field. Such light funneling within a hybrid structure provides a path for overcoming the diffraction limit in optical energy transfer to the nanoscale and should thus open promising avenues in the nanoscale enhancement and confinement of light in compact architectures, impacting applications such as biosensing, optical trapping, local heating, spectroscopy, and nanoimaging.


Musically naive autistic children were compared with musically naive mental age-matched control subjects for their ability to identify and remember single-note frequencies or speech sounds. As an analogy to testing for absolute pitch, subjects were asked after two different time intervals to point out animal pictures previously paired with these stimuli. The results showed that although both groups identified and recalled speech sounds equally well, those with autism demonstrated a superior ability for single-note identification over both time intervals. The findings are discussed in terms of an enhanced capacity, characteristic of autistic persons, to process and retain isolated, context-independent elements of stimulus arrays.


The third edition of Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis surveys the contributions that economic analysis has made to our understanding of why multinational enterprises exist and what consequences they have for the workings of the national and international economies. It shows how economic analysis can explain multinationals' activity patterns and how economics can shed conceptual light on problems of business policies and managerial decisions arising in practice. It addresses the welfare problems arising from multinationals' activities and the logic of governments' preferences and choices in their dealings with multinationals. Suitable for researchers, graduates and upper-level undergraduates. The third edition of this highly accessible book incorporates the many additions to our knowledge of multinationals accumulated in research appearing in the past decade.


An efficient, recyclable Pd–Cu bimetallic nanoparticle catalyst has been prepared, which exhibits superior activity and selectivity toward the hydrosilylation of internal and terminal alkynes under mild reaction conditions with a low catalyst loading. Distinct enhancement in catalytic performance is observed when compared with traditional monometallic catalysts, and the composition of BMNPs is found to be crucial in both selectivity and yield. This kind of elevation in catalytic performance can be ascribed to the enrichment of active sites (Pd) on the catalyst surface and a phenomenon collectively referred to as "synergistic effects". The successful application of BMNPs as catalysts in the alkyne hydrosilylation opens up new possibilities for the excavation of the value of bimetallic nanoparticles in catalysts' development for sustainable chemistry.


The scientific literature contains contrasting findings about the climate effects of forest bioenergy, partly due to the wide diversity of bioenergy systems and associated contexts, but also due to differences in assessment methods. The climate effects of bioenergy must be accurately assessed to inform policy‐making, but the complexity of bioenergy systems and associated land, industry and energy systems raises challenges for assessment. We examine misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy and discuss important considerations in assessing these effects and devising measures to incentivize sustainable bioenergy as a component of climate policy. The temporal and spatial system boundary and the reference (counterfactual) scenarios are key methodology choices that strongly influence results. Focussing on carbon balances of individual forest stands and comparing emissions at the point of combustion neglect system‐level interactions that influence the climate effects of forest bioenergy. We highlight the need for a systems approach, in assessing options and developing policy for forest bioenergy that: (1) considers the whole life cycle of bioenergy systems, including effects of the associated forest management and harvesting on landscape carbon balances; (2) identifies how forest bioenergy can best be deployed to support energy system transformation required to achieve climate goals; and (3) incentivizes those forest bioenergy systems that augment the mitigation value of the forest sector as a whole. Emphasis on short‐term emissions reduction targets can lead to decisions that make medium‐ to long‐term climate goals more difficult to achieve. The most important climate change mitigation measure is the transformation of energy, industry and transport systems so that fossil carbon remains underground. Narrow perspectives obscure the significant role that bioenergy can play by displacing fossil fuels now, and supporting energy system transition. Greater transparency and consistency is needed in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting related to bioenergy.


This report introduces a new sensor network simulator for the Contiki OS - the COOJA Simulator.

The Contiki OS is a portable operating system designed specifically for resource limited devices such as sensor nodes. It is built around an event-driven kernel but supports pre-emptive multithreading at a per-process basis. It also supports a full TCP/IP stack via uIP and the programming abstraction Protothreads.

The main design goal of the COOJA Simulator is extendibility, for which Interfaces and Plugins are used. An Interface represents a sensor node property or device, such as a position, a button or a radio transmitter. A Plugin is used to interact with a simulation, for example to control the simulation speed or to watch all network traffic between the simulated nodes. Both new Plugins and Interfaces can easily be created and added to the simulation environment. A number of other parts of the simulator, for example a radio medium responsible for forwarding radio network data, can also be implemented and added to the simulator. And by supporting several different simulation environments at the same time in one simulation, different underlying hardware platforms can be simulated in heterogeneous networks.

Java Native Interface is used to connect the new simulator with Contiki, allowing simulated applications to run in a real Contiki system. By using this approach, any simulated application can then be run on a real sensor node unaltered.


This report describes the field data and analysis techniques used to evaluate the effect of winter ground freezing on WSDOT pavement structures during two thaw periods. Six field test sites were selected in District 2 for deflection testing and in situ instumentation as well as materials sampling. The results show that a principal mechanism which necessitates load restrictions for some of the WSDOT pavement structures is the weakened condition of the base course during thawing periods. Presented in the report is a single revised load restriction table and a criterion to use in determining the time that load restrictions should be established. (Author)


We present abundances of C, N, O, F, Na, and Fe in six giant stars of the tidally disrupted globular cluster NGC 6712. The abundances were derived by comparing synthetic spectra with high-resolution infrared spectra obtained with the Phoenix spectrograph on the Gemini South telescope. We find large star-to-star abundance variations of the elements C, N, O, F, and Na. NGC 6712 and M4 are the only globular clusters in which F has been measured in more than two stars, and both clusters reveal F abundance variations whose amplitude is comparable to or exceeds that of O, a pattern which may be produced in M≳ 5 M☉ AGB stars. Within the limited samples, the F abundance in globular clusters is lower than in field and bulge stars at the same metallicity. NGC 6712 and Pal 5 are tidally disrupted globular clusters whose red giant members exhibit O and Na abundance variations not seen in comparable metallicity field stars. Therefore, globular clusters such as NGC 6712 and Pal 5 cannot contribute many field stars and/or field stars do not form in environments with chemical enrichment histories like those of NGC 6712 and Pal 5. Although our sample size is small, from the amplitude of the O and Na abundance variations we infer a large initial cluster mass and tentatively confirm that NGC 6712 was once one of the most massive globular clusters in our Galaxy.


In this thesis, we analyze the performance of a variable spreading factor (VSF) OFCDM employed in femtocells, with OFDM used in macrocells in a hybrid heterogenous network. Orthogonal subcarriers are assigned to macro users and for femtocell users, non-contiguous subcarrier grouping is employed. We derive the analytic expression of the BER for uplink VSF-OFCDM femto and OFDM macro users for the case of maximal ratio combining receiver. We evaluate the performance of femto/macro users in VSF-OFCDM system through numerical and Monte Carlo simulation studies. Improvement in BER of the femtocell users is also noted. The relationship between the femto spreading factor and femto/macro BER is analyzed. We present, the relationship between the channel load and optimum spreading factor employed by femtocell users for the energy efficient performance of macro users. Femto wall penetration loss, that is the important parameter to evaluate the femto performance, is also taken into account. Also, effect of femto wall penetration on macro BER is evaluated for various spreading factors.

Following our study, we find that interference-limited system favors increased time spreading especially when number of subcarriers is limited and noise-limited system favors increased frequency domain spreading. When large number of subcarriers are available, optimum spreading (from macro perspective) favors increased frequency domain spreading regardless of the femto-macro loads, or whether operating environment is noise or interference limited. Once the optimum spreading factor is determined, increase or decrease in the femto Eb/No does not matter. Also, femto wall penetration factor not only effects the femto BER directly, but also reduce the potential interference faced by macro user equipment (UEs). As a result macro BER is improved, but the choice of optimal spreading factor for macro UEs remain unaffected with the variation in femto wall penetration loss.


PURPOSE
The robotic-radiosurgery-system (Cyberknife) has been increasingly employed for extracranial treatments. The recent development of the MLC-equipped - Cyberknife emphasizes this application more, especially for larger treatment volumes. This work is aimed to study the feasibility of the ArcCHECK and the MatriXX systems for CyberKnife patient-specific QA and co mpare their performance.

METHODS
Fiducial markers were implanted in both systems to enable image-based setup. The output factors measured by them were co mpared with co mmissioning data. The impact of angular dependency on the Cyberknife measurements and the sensitivity of detecting the translational (1-3mm) and the rotational (1-3 degree) delivery errors were also evaluated for both systems. Single-beam-plans, isocentric-plans and ten extracranial Cyberknife patient plans (PTV 5-136cm3 ) were measured and co mpared with calculated QA plans. The plan dose distributions were calculated with Ray-tracing and the Monte Carlo (MC) method, respectively. The gamma-passing-rates with different criteria were evaluated and co mpared.

RESULTS
With the 0.8×0.8 mm2 diodes, the output factors measured with the ArcCHECK co mpare better with co mmissioning data. The maximum angular-co rrection for a given beam is 8.2% for the MatriXX and 2.4% for the ArcCHECK. Both systems demonstrate a co mparable sensitivity of detecting the translational targeting errors while the ArcCHECK is more sensitive to the rotational targeting error. MC calculations are necessary for the ArcCHECK calculations since the Ray-tracing-algorithm fails to handle the heterogeneity. For all the studied Cyberknife patient plans, the ArcCHECK system demonstrates 100% (3%/3mm) and >96% (2%/2mm) passing-rates. In co ntrast, the MatriXX system demonstrates >92% (3%/3mm) and ∼80% (2%/2mm) passing-rates and the passing-rates decrease with PTV/co ne sizes. Co nclusions: The feasibility of using the ArcCHECK or the MatriXX systems for Cyberknife patient-specific QA has been demonstrated. The gamma-passing-rate is higher for the ArcCHECK system. The custom angular co rrection is necessary as proven by the improved passing-rate, especially with the MatriXX system.


The neural crest is a population of multipotent cells that migrates extensively throughout vertebrate embryos to form diverse structures. Mice mutant for the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3b exhibit defects in two neural crest derivatives, the craniofacial skeleton and cardiac ventricular septum, suggesting that DNMT3b activity is necessary for neural crest development. Nevertheless, the requirement for DNMT3b specifically in neural crest cells, as opposed to interacting cell types, has not been determined. Using a conditional DNMT3b allele crossed to the neural crest cre drivers Wnt1-cre and Sox10-cre, neural crest DNMT3b mutants were generated. In both neural crest-specific and fully DNMT3b-mutant embryos, cranial neural crest cells exhibited only subtle migration defects, with increased numbers of dispersed cells trailing organized streams in the head. In spite of this, the resulting cranial ganglia, craniofacial skeleton, and heart developed normally when neural crest cells lacked DNMT3b. This indicates that DNTM3b is not necessary in cranial neural crest cells for their development. We conclude that defects in neural crest derivatives in DNMT3b mutant mice reflect a requirement for DNMT3b in lineages such as the branchial arch mesendoderm or the cardiac mesoderm that interact with neural crest cells during formation of these structures.


In this thesis I use post-modern emergent arts-based methodology (Somerville, 2005) to explore how young people come to know themselves through wild places. I respond to the need identified by educational theorists, for frameworks in education which, while attempting to address current social and ecological crisis, foster deeply connective experiences in natural landscapes and the relearning and enlivening of perceptual acuity. Along side my own observations and reflections, I explore multiple creative representations of embodied experience, including journalling, poetry, song, sculpture, dance and theatre, to understand a process of becoming in relation to the phenomena of wild places. I focus firstly on two treks with young people, one through the Northern Flinders Ranges and one through the Guy Fawkes River Gorge. Utilising and building on these experiences, the research then moves into a wilderness theatre project involving a third trek and a three phase process of data collection and analysis. Correspondingly, the reader journeys through a wild place, a series of theatre workshops and a dramatic performance with a group of young people as they embody, articulate and represent their experience. The drama process serves as an innovative method of analysis both stimulating re-embodiment of participant experience and as an in-between space of creative production through which to assemble data into a collective representation. As the research unfolds, critical pedagogy of place (Gruenwald, 2003c), traditional rites of passage (Turner, 1982) and wilderness theatre (Pitman, 2003) become integrated through a post structural understanding of the self as process. From this emerges a lens through which young people's experience in wild places can be understood as embodying a sense of belonging to the earth in new storylines of connection.


Three epidemiologically unrelated clusters of Haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were studied. The biotypes and cell-envelope protein patterns were determined for 17 nonencapsulated strains, 6 from Dundee and 11 from Cheltenham, and for 6 type b encapsulated strains from Guildford. After mobilization by conjugation, large 32- to 36-MDa plasmids were purified from all the strains. The restriction fragment patterns of the plasmids were determined by ethidium bromide staining of digested purified plasmid or by Southern hybridization of digested total cellular DNA of the parent strains, probed with purified plasmid. Evidence is presented for a chromosomal location of the plasmids in the parent strains, the spread in nature of a plasmid between distinguishable strains of H. influenzae, the person-to-person spread of a strain within a cluster, and a high degree of sequence homology between distinguishable plasmids, implying their close relatedness.