The development of nanocomposite materials has led to vast progress in the field of composite materials as well as in finding new solutions to technological problem that have not been solved yet. Among the newly developed materials, the most attracting is the graphene based nanocomposites that has superior mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. The hexagonal structure and the high strength of carbon–carbon bond in graphene yield strong material. Estimation of mechanical properties of the graphene becomes one of the important issues, which should be reasonably and accurately predicted to further promote its application development. Simulation and modeling techniques play a significant role in characterizing mechanical behavior especially for nanomaterials where the experimental measurements are very difficult to conduct.The aim of the current study is to estimate the Young's modulus of elasticity of single layered graphene sheet using new spring based finite element approach. The use of spring finite elements help to accurately define the interatomic bonded interactions between carbon atoms based on potential energies obtained from molecular dynamics theory. The inclusion of both linear and torsion terms simultaneously has resulted in improved values of the Young's modulus. The nodes in the finite element model define the position of carbon atoms in the graphene which are connected with appropriate spring-type elements. These elements are used to build the finite element model based on the observation that beam or truss elements require geometrical variables such as area and inertia, which are not required in the case of springs. Each node of this element provides six degrees of freedom (3 translations and 3 rotations) at which the complex interactions presented in the atomistic level can be considered. Parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of chirality and geometric parameters on the Young's modulus of single graphene layer. The results are in good agreement with the published numerical and experimental results. The obtained results show an isotropic behavior, in contrast to limited molecular dynamic simulations. Young's modulus of graphene shows a high dependency of stiffness on layer thickness.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Computational grids that couple geographically distributed resources are becoming the de-facto computing platform for solving large-scale problems in science, engineering, and commerce. Software to enable grid computing has been primarily written for Unix-class operating systems, thus severely limiting the ability to effectively utilize the computing resources of the vast majority of Windows-based desktop computers. Addressing Windows-based grid computing is particularly important from the software industry's viewpoint where interest in grids is emerging rapidly. Microsoft's .NET Framework has become near-ubiquitous for implementing commercial distributed systems for Windows-based platforms, positioning it as the ideal platform for grid computing in this context. In this paper we present Alchemi, a .NETbased framework that provides the runtime machinery and programming environment required to construct enterprise/desktop grids and develop grid applications. It allows flexible application composition by supporting an object-oriented application programming model in addition to a file-based job model. Cross-platform support is provided via a web services interface and a flexible execution model supports dedicated and non-dedicated (voluntary) execution by grid nodes.


The use of boundary-layer-ingesting, embedded propulsion systems can result in inlet flow distortions where the interaction of the boundary layer vorticity and the inlet lip causes horseshoe vortex formation and the ingestion of streamwise vortices into the inlet. A previously-developed body-force-based fan modeling approach was used to assess the change in fan rotor shock noise generation and propagation in a boundary-layer-ingesting, serpentine inlet. This approach is employed here in a parametric study to assess the effects of inlet geometry parameters (offset-to-diameter ratio and downstream-to-upstream area ratio) on flow distortion and rotor shock noise.Mechanisms related to the vortical inlet structures were found to govern changes in the rotor shock noise generation and propagation. The vortex whose circulation is in the opposite direction to the fan rotation (counter-swirling vortex) increases incidence angles on the fan blades near the tip, enhancing noise generation. The vortex with circulation in the direction of fan rotation (co-swirling vortex) creates a region of subsonic relative flow near the blade tip radius which decreases the sound power propagated to the far-field.The parametric study revealed that the overall sound power level at the fan leading edge is set by the ingested streamwise circulation, and that for inlet designs in which the streamwise vortices are displaced away from the duct wall, the sound power at the upstream inlet plane increased by as much as 9 dB. By comparing the far-field noise results obtained to those for a conventional inlet, it is deduced that the changes in rotor shock noise are predominantly due to the ingestion of streamwise vorticity.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


A consciousness of the past has been an essential determinant of community in the city of Chester, England. This awareness and fascination has been bolstered by a strong civic tradition of drama. In particular, the city's Whitsun Plays have been a vehicle for communicating the myth of the city's medieval heritage, helping to reinforce the sense of history that is part of Chester's identity. Building up the material in REED: Chester, David Mills has produced a detailed study of Chester's Whitsun Plays in their local, physical, social, political, cultural, and religious context. A continuum has survived between the Middle Ages and the present day, providing not only an understanding of the plays themselves, but a narrative of the ways in which manuscripts survive and the functions that they serve. The continued performance of these plays is significant of modern play revivals as a political and sociological phenomenon, demonstrating the power that these rituals and plays still hold. <p"Recycling the Cycle is not only a look at how medieval and Renaissance cultural traditions developed and were maintained over centuries, but an insight into how those traditions can stay fresh and relevant, even today.


In many real-life optimization problems involving multiple agents, the rewards are not necessarily known exactly in advance, but rather depend on sources of exogenous uncertainty. For instance, delivery companies might have to coordinate to choose who should serve which foreseen customer, under uncertainty in the locations of the customers. The framework of Distributed Constraint Optimization under Stochastic Uncertainty was proposed to model such problems; in this paper, we generalize this formalism by introducing the concept of evaluation functions that model various optimization criteria. We take the example of three such evaluation functions, expectation, consensus, and robustness, and we adapt and generalize two previous algorithms accordingly. Our experimental results on a class of Vehicle Routing Problems show that incomplete algorithms are not only cheaper than complete ones (in terms of simulated time, Non-Concurrent Constraint Checks, and information exchange), but they are also often able to find the optimal solution. We also show that exchanging more information about the dependencies of their respective cost functions on the sources of uncertainty can help the agents discover higher-quality solutions.


Performing worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis on machine code with program path annotation provided at high-level source code level requires the transformation of path annotations from the source-code level to assembly/object-code level. This path-information transformation can be done outside or integrated into the compiler during code compilation. The first approach is easier to implement but lacks for the support of strong code optimizations performed by the compiler because the external tool would have to make guesses about optimizations. In this paper we present an approach for the program code compilation that integrates the transformation of program path information into the compiler. Path information is transformed through all compiler stages to the adequate path information for the corresponding assembly code level. The WCET analysis tool processes the program at assembly code level with the correctly transformed program-path information to obtain accurate runtime bounds. Several experiments were performed to demonstrate the importance of supporting the transformation of path-information in aggressively optimizing compilers.


Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines investigates the political and cultural significance of marriages and other sexual encounters between Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, from the Islamic conquest in the early eighth century to the end of Muslim rule in 1492. Interfaith liaisons carried powerful resonances, as such unions could function as a tool of diplomacy, the catalyst for conversion, or potent psychological propaganda. Examining a wide range of source material including legal documents, historical narratives, polemical and hagiographic works, poetry, music, and visual art, Simon Barton presents a nuanced reading of the ways interfaith couplings were perceived, tolerated, or feared, depending upon the precise political and social contexts in which they occurred. Religious boundaries in the Peninsula were complex and actively policed, often shaped by an overriding fear of excessive social interaction or assimilation of the three faiths that coexisted within the region. Barton traces the protective cultural, legal, and mental boundaries that the rival faiths of Iberia erected, and the processes by which women, as legitimate wives or slave concubines, physically traversed those borders. Through a close examination of the realities and the imagination of interfaith relations, Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines highlights the extent to which sex, power, and identity were closely bound up with one another.


This paper introduces two composite indices of globalization. The first is based on the Kearney/Foreign Policy magazine and the second is obtained from principal component analysis. They indicate the level of globalization and show how globalization has developed over time for different countries. The indices are composed of four components: economic integration, personal contact, technology and political engagement, each generated from a number of indicators. A breakdown of the index into major components provides possibilities to identify the sources of globalization at the country level and associate it with economic policy measures. The empirical results show that a low rank in the globalization process is due, in addition to involvement in conflicts, to economic and technology factors with limited possibility for the developing countries to affect. The high ranked developed countries share similar patterns in distribution of various components. The indices were also used in a regression analysis to study the causal relationships between income inequality, poverty and globalization. The results show evidence of a weak and negative relationship between globalization and income inequality and poverty.


Diet and health are becoming an increasingly important topic in all aspects of society, politics, and everyday life. A growing concern is obesity, which is marked by a large number of circulating fatty acids. This increased number of fatty acids may alter a body's systems such as immune responses. This makes it even more important to scientifically study the effects of one's diet on several factors such as disease, inflammation, and the gut microbiota. Several studies and hypotheses have been performed and proposed, respectively, to find the underlying implications of a high fat diet. Some studies explore the similarity between fatty acids and bacterial antigens, and their resulting stimulation of similar cascades. Others explore the effects of diet on the gut microbiome which has many implications in the context of disease. It has been shown that the microbiota share a relationship with the host that is usually beneficial, but alterations may cause it to become harmful to the host. This manuscript aims to explore these studies and analyze their results, as well as the many connections between them. It also aims to connect these studies with those that explore the


Probabilistic graphical models like Bayesian Networks (BNs) are powerful cognitive-computing formalisms, with many similarities to human cognition. These models have a multitude of real-world applications. New emerging-technology based circuit paradigms leveraging physical equivalence e.g., operating directly on probabilities vs. introducing layers of abstraction, have shown promise in raising the performance and overall efficiency of BNs, enabling networks with millions of random variables. While previous BNs of up to 100s of nodes have been shown to require single-digit precision without affecting application outcomes, the significantly larger number of variables requires the computational precision to be scaled to correctly support BN operations. We introduce a new computational circuit fabric based on mixed-signal magneto-electric computations operating with physical equivalence and supporting probabilistic computations with a new approximate circuit style. Precision scaling impacts area at a logarithmic vs. linear scale offering a much lower power and performance cost than in prior directions. Results show 30x area reduction for a 0.001 precision vs. prior direction, while maintaining three orders of magnitude benefits vs. 100-core processor implementations.


Three ditransitive constructions can be found in varieties of British English: (i) the 'prepositional object construction', where the recipient is encoded as a prepositional phrase (gave it to him); (ii) the 'canonical double object construction', where the recipient precedes the theme (gave him it); and (iii) the 'alternative double object construction', where the theme precedes the recipient (gave it him). The last of these constructions is typically found in (north)western varieties of British English when both objects are pronominal, and most of the relevant varieties have a 'canonical' ordering (REC > TH) when the theme is non-pronominal. Consequently, there seems to be an 'inconsistency' in the clause structure of the varieties in question. Using comparative and historical evidence, this article addresses the question of how this inconsistency can be explained. The 'paradigmatic mismatch' under discussion is shown to be a remnant of Old English clause structure which can also be observed in other verb second languages such as Modern German. It is argued to result from a tendency for both verb positions (finite/left and non-finite/right) to attract direct objects. This tendency is regarded as an effect of performance preferences in natural language discourse.


This paper concerns the use of the buildings along a heritage street in Johor Bahru city centre in Malaysia.   The fabrics of Johor Bahru city are in the phase of changing, similar to the other cities in the world.   Parts of the city were already torn down and replaced by new buildings to meet the demands of the modern society.   Some sections of the city were accepted as heritage area by the local authority. This includes a street known as Tan Hiok Nee Street.  Both sides of the street are lined partly with rows of shop houses built in the early 20th century.   A preliminary study on the street indicated that it was not popular to the general public during the day time. It is often emphasized by scholars that the current and future uses of the old buildings are crucial to their survival.  The usefulness of the existing buildings along the street was thus questionable.  A research was then conducted to examine the current situation of the street especially in the use and the condition of the buildings.  The intention was also to probe on the reasons why the street was not lively.  The data was collected from site observation, literature review and interview of the tenants, owners as well as visitors.  The analysis was based on these data from which the conclusions were drawn.  It was found that part of the street was rather quiet with some of the shops hardly survived to meet ends.  Some of the buildings were not in use and their condition revealed poor maintenance.  The external area was already upgraded by the local authority. However, the condition of the area showed the lack of maintenance.  The other reasons include the shifting of the residents, the lack of strong interest for the visitors, the lack of strong connectivity to the major nodes and the high rent.  It is inevitable that the whole area needs a constant supervision.  It also suggests that some of the buildings do not meet the current demands of the users.   This may result in the removal of the buildings in the near future.  Some strategies need to be devised in order to retain the heritage street for the benefit of the future generations.
Keywords: heritage; street; shophouses; Johor.
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.


A study by Nakaguchi and Tsutsumi ["Mechanisms of Snowboarding-Related Severe Head Injury: Shear Strain Induced by the Opposite-Edge Phenomenon," J. Neurosurg, Vol. 97, 2002, pp. 542-548] showed that 68 % of all snowboarders' head injuries were associated with backward falls, with beginner and intermediate snowboarders constituting the majority of the injured. We previously fabricated a test apparatus that replicated the fall kinematics of a snowboarder during a back-edge trip. A Hybrid-III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) outfitted with a snowboard and snowboarding gear was accelerated to a typical intermediate snowboarder's speed (30.5 ± 1.5 kph) and tripped resulting in a backward fall that terminated in a head-to-slope impact. This test protocol produced repeatable fall kinematics under realistic on-slope conditions. In this study, we characterized the fall kinematics and quantified head velocity in order to evaluate the helmet energy management requirements associated with a back-edge trip. Digital highspeed video recorded at 500 frames per second was used to quantify the snowboarder's head kinematics: (i) prior to the trip; (ii) during trip phase; (iii) during free fall; and (iv) at ground impact. Translational energy of the ATD was rapidly converted to a combination of linear and angular energy during the trip phase. Although the speed of the ATD's center of gravity decreased during the trip phase, the test data showed the absolute speed of the head increased rapidly during the fall as a result of the body's induced angular rotation. The mean head velocity normal to the slope increased from approximately zero at fall initiation to as much as 37.1 kph during the fall (122 % of the initial velocity), and was 29.1 kph at snow contact (95 % of the initial velocity). Resultant head velocity peaked at 54.3 kph (178 % of the initial velocity), and was 38.2 kph at snow contact (125 % of the initial velocity). The data presented here may be useful for assessing drop height requirements for snow helmet evaluations. KEYWORDS: helmet, kinematics, skiing, snowboarding, head injuries, helmet standards, helmet, testing Language: en


My thesis is largely focused on the parallelisation of UCT (and other Best-First Search techniques) and the ramifications of doing so. I have identified issues with chunking in UCT, created by some forms of parallelisation, and developed a solution to this involving buffering of simulations that appear "out of order" and reevaluation of propagation data. I have developed a technique for scalable distribution of both tree data and computation across a large scale compute cluster. The context of most of my work is General Game Playing, but the techniques themselves are largely agnostic to domain.


Damage on the beliefs of an individual or a community can affect the public health. The main objective of this study was to explain and comment on dreaming as a belief-related pathology in religious beliefs sanity. By relying on the eternal power of God, the religious person is exposed to a kind of damage, which makes him to feel himself eligible for the enjoyment of some blessings, which he did not strive for. To obtain an accurte meaning of the concept, a network of semantic analysis and comparison of synonyms and antonyms were performed. It was considered that the meaning of words is not achieved only by referring to dictionaries. The results demonstrated that there are differences between the "dreaming" and "hope". For example, the concept of hope embodies "try and act". Since even the concepts of "fear and hope" often come together, hope and dreaming are distinct. As the findings of the study indicated, the main consequences of dreaming in religious education and beliefs sanity are self-centeredness as well as individual and collective narcissism that can bring about detrimental personal and social consequences.


Femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy (FSRM) is an upcoming technique in vibrational microscopy that combines optical imaging with the chemical sensitivity of Raman scattering. It allows for the quantitative, space resolved representation of microscopic samples. In FSRM, chemical contrast relies on femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS), a nonlinear Raman process providing signal levels, that are strongly amplified with respect to spontaneous Raman scattering. Therefore, FSRM benefits from shortened exposure times and improved signal/noise-ratios. Even though FSRS is an optically nonlinear effect, its spectral signature resembles the (polarised) spontaneous Raman spectra. Autofluorescence of the sample does not contribute to the FSRS signature. FSRM turns out to be suitable for chemical imaging of biological systems, as cells and tissues. Since their signal strengths are quite low, data with high signal/noise-ratios is essential for the specific
analysis of the sample. These requirements can be provided by FSRM. Moreover, the linear dependency of the FSRS signal on the sample concentration facilitates the quantitative
analysis of its molecular composition. Given that tissue shows a wide heterogeneity on the molecular level, spectrally broad information, which is indeed provided by FSRM, is indispensable for chemically sensitive imaging. The intention of the present work was to establish FSRM as a tool for biological and medical imaging. FSRM is a scanning technique that relies on the nonlinear interaction of two ultrashort laser pulses with a Raman active medium. One of them is a spectrally narrow and intense picosecond pulse (Raman pump pulse), the other a spectrally broad and weak femtosecond pulse (Raman probe pulse). Both pulses are coupled collinearly into a scanning microscope where stimulated Raman scattering occurs in the sample positioned at the focus. This interaction leads to a spectral modification of the Raman probe pulse, which is recorded by the aid of a multi-channel detector. Its FSRS spectrum can be obtained by referencing the femtosecond pulse in presence of the Raman pump pulse to the one in absence. By raster-scanning the sample space-resolved FSRS spectra are retrieved. In the first FSRM setup a laser/amplifier system served as laser source. Its peak intensities are not compatible with the requirements of biological systems. Therefore a new light source has been developed for FSRM. It is based on a laser oscillator running at high repetition rate, which provides ultrashort femtosecond pulses with a spectral width over more than 3000 cm-1. These serve directly as Raman probe pulses. The Raman pump pulse is generated out of the laser spectrum by means of a ytterbium based fiber amplifier.

Stimulated Raman microscopy is considered as a disturbance-free, nonlinear microscopy technique. In the context of this work, a further nonlinear contribution
to the FSRS signal is reported for the first time. It shows up as a strong oscillation of the baseline in the spectrum and deteriorates the signal/noise-ratio as well as the spectral selectivity. This background can be identified as a spectral interference between the Raman probe pulse and an additional electric field, which is generated by a four-wave-mixing process between the Raman pump and Raman probe pulse. Properties and methods to suppress the spectral interferences are presented.


Coatings and filters for spaceflight far-infrared components require a robust, non-absorptive low-index thin film material to contrast with the typically higher refractive index infrared materials. Barium fluoride is one such material for the 10 to 20µm wavelength infrared region, however its optical and mechanical properties vary depending on the process used to deposit it in thin film form. Thin films of dielectric produced by thermal evaporation are well documented as having a lower packing density and refractive index than bulk material. The porous and columnar micro structure of these films causes possible deterioration of their performance in varied environmental conditions, primarily because of the moisture absorption. Dielectric thin films produced by the more novel technique of ion-beam sputtering are denser with no columnar micro structure and have a packing density and refractive index similar to the bulk material.

A comparative study of Barium Fluoride (BaF2) thin films made by conventional thermal evaporation and ion-beam sputtering is reported. Films of similar thicknesses are deposited on Cadmium Telluride and Germanium substrates. The optical and mechanical properties of these films are then examined.

The refractive index n of the films is obtained from applying the modified Manifacier's evvelope method to the spectral measurements made on a Perkin Elmer 580 spectrophotometer. An estimate is also made of the value of the extinction coefficient k in the infrared wavelength transparent region of the thin film.

In order to study the mechanical properties of the BaF2 films, and evaluate their usefulness in spaceflight infrared filters and coatings, the thin film samples are subjected to MIL-F-48616 environmental tests. Comparisons are made of their performance under these tests.


In spite of a lack of consensus about the nature of scientific models, the role of models and modelling are well established in the practice of science. Students who participate in developing, validating, deploying, and refining models are engaged in authentic scientific practices. Modelling instruction (MI) was developed to promote the role of models and modelling in introductory university physics classes. MI for university physics is founded on the basis of two theoretical foundations, modelling theory of science and modelling theory of instruction. We claim that the translation of these theories into classroom practice supports learning in science. We substantiate this claim by first describing how these theories establish complementary cycles of content development and student participation. Then we provide evidence of these interacting cycles by analysing the development of a conceptual model in a MI university physics class using video data. The video data we present includes students developing a scientific conceptual model first in a small student group and a later in the full class. We argue that the integration of the theoretical components underlying MI are key supports in providing the opportunity for students to develop conceptual models and engage in the practice of doing physics.


Winner of the 2013 Choice Award for Outstanding Academic TitleBattleground Africa traces the Congo Crisis from post-World War II decolonization efforts through Mobutu's second coup in 1965 from a radically new vantage point. Drawing on recently opened archives in Russia and the United States, and to a lesser extent Germany and Belgium, Lisa Namikas addresses the crisis from the perspectives of the two superpowers and explains with superb clarity the complex web of allies, clients, and neutral states influencing U.S.-Soviet competition.Unlike any other work, Battleground Africa looks at events leading up to independence, then considers the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the series of U.N.-supported constitutional negotiations, and the crises of 1964 and 1965. Finding that the U.S. and the USSR each wanted to avoid a major confrontation, but also misunderstood its opponent's goals and wanted to avoid looking weak or losing its political standing in Africa, Namikas argues that a series of exaggerations and misjudgements helped to militarize the crisis, and ultimately, helped militarize the Cold War on the continent.


Here are a number of broad-based research materials and databases for those interested in academic and scholarly work in the area of Russian Studies. Materials are organized thematically and by language, where applicable.


Cloud computing is an emerging area of computer technology that benefits form the processing power and the computing resources of many connected, geographically distanced computers connected via Internet. Cloud computing eliminates the need of having a complete infrastructure of hardware and software to meet users requirements and applications. It can be thought of or considered as a complete or a partial outsourcing of hardware and software resources. To access cloud applications, a good Internet connection and a standard Internet browser are required. Cloud computing has its own drawback from the security point of view; this paper aims to address most of these threats and their possible solutions.


Since Hardin, law and economics scholars have launched a crusade to expose the evil of the commons - the evil, that is, of not propertizing. Progressive legal scholars have responded in kind, exposing the perils of propertization. With the rise of the Information Age, the flashpoint debates about property have moved from land to information. The public domain is now the cause celebre among progressive intellectual property and cyber-law scholars, who extol the public domain as necessary for sustaining innovation. But scholars obscure the distributional consequences of the commons. They presume a landscape where every person can reap the riches found in the commons. This is the romance of the commons - the belief that because a resource is open to all by force of law, it will indeed be equally exploited by all. But in practice, differing circumstances - including knowledge, wealth, power, access, and ability - render some better able than others to exploit a commons. We examine this romance through the lens of the global intellectual property regime in genetic resources and traditional knowledge. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) transformed a global public domain in information by propertizing the information resources of the West - from entertainment to technological advances - but leaving in the commons the information resources of the rest of the world, such as genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Just as the trope of the romantic author has served to bolster the property rights claims of the powerful, so too does the romance of the public domain. Resourcefully, the romantic public domain trope steps in exactly where the romantic author falters. Where genius cannot justify the property claims of corporations (because the knowledge pre-exists individual claims of authorship), the public domain can. We review real-world strategies for resolving the romance of the commons. Just as recognition of the tragedy of the commons is the central justification for private property, recognizing the romance of the commons may justify forms of property uncommon in Western legal traditions.


Social trails are a well documented phenomenon in many natural areas and national parks [1]. Created by foot traffic through natural areas by park patrons, these trails are not made by a park service or trail making organization. They are unplanned and usually unnecessary. This study examines the effects of such trails on soil compaction and plant performance. Two tests were used to determine the impact of different rates of trampling on plant performance and plant community structure. Soil bulk density measurements, (the mass of soil per unit volume) and vegetative percent cover were quantified in two different ecotypes with eight different rates of trampling, from 0 passes (control) to 100 passes per week. These effects were examined in a grass and sedge dominated prairie, and a deciduous forest. The experiment lasted four weeks and was carried out from mid-July to mid-August 2004. The results showed that trampling had no statistically significant effect on the compaction of soil in either ecotype. However trampling did have a significant effect on the plant community composition. Trampling significantly changed the percent cover of plots in both the forest and prairie. From comparison data, it was found that lower rates of trampling are less damaging in the forest than in the prairie, while high rates of trampling are less damaging in the prairie than the forest.


Previous work on conservative Protestant creationism fails to account for other creationists who are much less morally invested in opposition to evolution, raising the sociological question: What causes issues' moral salience? Through ethnographic fieldwork in four creationist high schools in the New York City area (two Sunni Muslim and two conservative Protestant), I argue that evolution is more important to the Christian schools because it is dissonant with their key practices and boundaries. The theory of evolution is salient for American Evangelicals because it is dissonant with reading the Bible literally, which is both their key practice and key boundary. For American Muslims, the key practice is prayer, and the key boundary is gender performance, neither of which is dissonant with evolution. These cases provide evidence for a theory of moral salience that is more cultural and micro-level than the typical political and macro-level studies of issues' political salience.


A series of self-assembled lanthanide coordination polymers formulated as [La(L1)2]n·1n(DMF)H·3n(DMF) (1), [Ce(L1)2]n·1n(DMF)H·2n(DMF) (2), [Sm(L1)2]n·1n(HCONH2)H·2n(HCONH2) (3), [La(L2)(HL2)(H2O)(DMF)2]n (4) and [Ce(L2)(HL2)(H2O)(DMF)2]n (5) [H2L1: 2-acetamidoterephthalic acid and H2L2: 2-benzamidoterephthalic acid] has been synthesized from the reactions of H2L1 or H2L2 with different lanthanide salts under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, X-ray single-crystal diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and photoluminescence spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that frameworks 1–3 have similar types of three-dimensional structures, composed of L12− ligands and trinuclear lanthanide nodes, in which two crystallographically independent lanthanide atoms are present. Frameworks 4 and 5 are isostructural, featuring a double chain-type one-dimensional coordination polymer which expands to 3D by means of H-bond interactions. These frameworks act as heterogeneous polymeric solid catalysts for the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction of different aldehydes with nitroalkanes, in water, and can be recycled without losing appreciable activity.


ABSTRACT For the British-Canadian writer and intellectual George Woodcock, the Doukhobors – a persecuted radical Christian sect, many members of which emigrated from Russia to Canada at the turn of the twentieth century – were a continual source of fascination. A cause célèbre for a host of nineteenth-century thinkers, including Leo Tolstoy and Peter Kropotkin, the Doukhobors were frequently portrayed as the exemplars of the viewer's particular ideological beliefs. The present article examines Woodcock's shifting interpretation of the Doukhobors, mapped onto the development of an intellectual career that saw him emerge as a leading anarchist thinker, and his broader transition from a British writer to a Canadian public intellectual. Where once he saw the Doukhobors representing anarchism in action, as his politics matured his view of the sect became more complex. Rather than living anarchists, he came to see the Doukhobors' experience as a powerful reminder of the forces of assimilation at work in modern democracies that threatened the liberties of dissenters. Reflecting Woodcock's revised anarchist politics, the Doukhobors' story now became a key component of an intellectual vision that cast a probing light on Canadian history and Canadian cultural politics.


Although Brunei is one of the oldest established states in Southeast Asia, education planning and language planning in particular are recent phenomena. Basic formal education, limited to a small number of boys only, was introduced in 1912 while language planning was only vaguely described in the 1950s and then formally as a language-in-education plan in 1984. This chapter analyses present language planning in relation to its historical context. In particular, it examines why two non-Bruneian languages, Standard Malay and English, emerged as the current mediums of education in the country's schools. Brunei's geography, its recent history and current economic and political events all contribute to the present status of language planning in Brunei.


Part I: Intellectual Profile of a Central Banker This essay on Benjamin Strong, the first governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1914-1928), evolved from the author's research on the development of an American internationalist tradition during and largely in consequence of the First World War. Viewing Strong's activities in the broader context of the world view and diplomatic preferences of the educated East Coast establishment, a foreign policy elite to which Strong belonged and most of whose norms he accepted, greatly illuminates his broader motivations and the interwar relationship between finance and overall international diplomacy. Strong's work for international stabilization also provides revealing insight into the limits of American internationalism during the 1920s and the degree to which, in both finance and diplomacy, the interwar years represented a transitional period between the restricted pre-1914 American world role and the far more sophisticated assumptions which would guide United States policies in the aftermath of the Second World War. Strong's career as governor encompassed 15 years of rapid domestic and international change. The outbreak of the First World War just a few weeks after he became governor in 1914 greatly enhanced the economic position of the United States. American manufacturers, financed by American bankers, provided much of the materiel essential to the Allied war effort, causing a flood of gold into the United States and tipping the international balance of trade and payments heavily in favor of the United States. When the war ended in 1918, European nations' ability to undertake postwar reconstruction depended upon the extent to which they could tap into the accumulated American capital reserves. During the war the U.S. economy boomed but American prices soared. Once fighting ended in late 1918, a short but intense recession occurred in 1920-1921, the product of a combination of the cessation of wartime orders and the Federal Reserve Board's efforts to end inflation by raising interest rates. After 1922, for most of the decade the American economy boomed, enjoying both real growth and price stability and generating the surplus funds necessary to enable Americans to invest heavily overseas. In the mid-1920s, private American loans financed both the return of most European countries to the gold standard and a wide array of European government and business enterprises. The American stock market slump of October 1929 marked the end of this prosperity. It precipitated a range of interlocking domestic and international economic difficulties whose constantly intensifying destructive synergy led to the worldwide Great Depression, the impact of which persisted until the late 1930s. The Federal Reserve System's inability to cope with the crisis led directly to the Banking Act of 1935, which greatly enhanced the powers of the Washington-based central Federal Reserve Board while diminishing those of the constituent regional Federal Reserve Banks. 1. THE CONTEXT OF STRONG'S IMPERIALISM It is worth remembering that Strong was merely one individual in a group of prominent interwar American figures who were committed to what they termed "internationalist" policies and who often worked closely together to this end. This foreign policy elite generally favored expanding their country's international diplomatic and economic role. Its members usually supported American intervention against Germany in the First World War and U.S. participation in an international organization to maintain peace and in efforts to facilitate Europe's postwar economic recovery. Many also endorsed international arms limitation and some an American guarantee of France's security against a potential future German attack. There was a strong Anglophile element to their thinking: Most believed that an Anglo-American alliance, formal or informal, and Anglo-American diplomatic and economic cooperation would be fundamental to any acceptable postwar settlement. …


Two new species of Jurassic Chrysopidae are described: Mesypochrysa sinica sp. nov. (Limaiinae) from the Middle–Upper Jurassic boundary interval of Daohugou (China) and Baisochrysa pumila sp. nov. (Limaiinae) from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau (Kazakhstan). Mesypochrysa intermedia Panfilov, 1980, previously known from Karatau, is recorded from Daohugou. Mesypochrysa sinica sp. nov. and M. cf. intermedia from Daohugou are considered to be the earliest known, unquestionable green lacewings. Lembochrysa Ren and Guo, 1996 is synonymized with Mesypochrysa Martynov, 1927. Mesypochrysa makarkini Nel et al., 2005 is synonymized with M. intermedia, and the size range of their forewings is discussed. Male and female terminalia of the Mesozoic green lacewings are described for the first time. The diversification of ants is considered a possible cause of the extinction of Limaiinae during the early Eocene.


Total hip arthroplasty is a well established treatment modality for the diseased hip. The number implanted rises annually on a global scale which is mirrored by increasing indications. After aseptic loosening and infection, periprosthetic fracture remains one of the commonest complications of this otherwise successful surgery. Management is geared towards restoring function through fixation of the fracture. The general aim of this thesis is to validate the classification of periprosthetic fractures of the femur around total hip arthroplasty, provide evidence towards the outcomes of methods of fixation of these fractures, and present supplementary biomechanical data regarding fixation and implant stress. It is hypothesised that the Vancouver classification will be a reliable and reproducible system to use, that strut grafts, cables and long-stemmed implants will improve function and outcome when used to manage these injuries, and that biomechanical models will provide evidence on why the use of the implants is successful. Study I The purpose of this study was to ensure that the Vancouver Classification of periprosthetic fractures which is most widely used classification system of periprosthetic fractures is repeatable. It was hypothesised that the system would be reliable amongst for all grades of clinician. The inter-rater agreement ranged from 0.61-0.74 and the intra-rater agreement ranged from 0.59-0.67. Validity analysis was scored at 77% (κ = 0.67). The Vancouver Classification was shown to be reliable and reproducible. Study II The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of 40 periprosthetic femoral fractures around stable hip implants treated with cortical onlay strut allografts without revision of the stem. It was hypothesised that this treatment would improve function and result in bony union. At a mean follow-up of 28 months, 98% of patients had radiological evidence of union with all but one of the surviving patients returned to their preoperative functional level within one year. Study III The purpose of this biomechanical cadaveric study was to determine the effect of allograft cortical strut length, configuration, cable number, cable tension and the use of wire or cable on the fixation of periprosthetic femoral fractures. It was hypothesised that an increasing number of struts and the use of cable would improve fracture stability. Fracture stability was found to increase with the use of two rather than one strut, and by using cables rather than wires. Study IV The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of using cementless femoral stems in conjunction with cortical struts, cable plating systems, bone allograft and demineralised bone matrix in 26 patients with Vancouver B2 or B3 fractures. It was hypothesised that this treatment would improve function and lead to radiological union. It was found that all fractures were healed clinically and radiologically, and all patients were reported to be satisfied with the outcome. Study V The purpose of this biomechanical study was to determine the strain exerted by an uncemented femoral implant upon a synthetic, composite femur modelling various clinical scenarios. It was hypothesised that strain would be reduced when using a grip, strut or cables. It was found that these devices did reduce the strain exerted upon the femur and may be useful in preventing femoral stem fractures. Study VI The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of treating periprosthetic femoral fractures around unstable hip implants treated with revision to an uncoated locked Kent Hip prosthesis. It was hypothesised that this method of treatment would improve clinical and radiological outcome in the 36 patients included in the study group. Harris Hip Scores improved and fracture union was seen in all but one patient; there were three patients in whom the implant was subsequently revised. Study VII The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate interlocking long stem femoral prostheses as either temporary functional spacers or as definitive implants in cases of infected periprosthetic femoral fractures. It was hypothesised that these devices would improve the clinical and radiological outcomes of these patients. The Cannulok uncoated stem was used in twelve cases and the Kent Hip Prosthesis in five cases. Patients were asked post-operatively they were satisfied with the outcome achieved. All patients were satisfied and in eleven cases, revision to a definitive stem was undertaken after successful control of the infection and fracture union. Conclusions The management of periprosthetic fractures is a complex issue. There are numerous ways to manage this injury and treatment must be tailored to the patient and to the specific injury sustained. The results of this work demonstrate that classifying periprosthetic fractures using the Vancouver system is valid. Furthermore cortical struts are an effective adjunct with proven biomechanical advantages in non-infected cases around stable implants, whilst long cementless stems lead to excellent outcomes in the presence of a loose implant irrespective of infection.


Abstract Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder and results in mental retardation if untreated. Eighty-five percent of CH cases are due to disruptions in thyroid organogenesis and are mostly sporadic, but about 2% of thyroid dysgenesis is familial, indicating the involvement of genetic factors in the aetiology of the disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the Mendelian (single-gene) causes of non-syndromic and non-goitrous congenital hypothyroidism (CHNG) in consanguineous or multicase families. Here we report the results of the second part (n=105) of our large cohort (n=244), representing the largest such cohort in the literature, and interpret the overall results of the whole cohort. Additionally, 50 sporadic cases with thyroid dysgenesis and 400 unaffected control subjects were included in the study. In familial cases, first, we performed potential linkage analysis of four known genes causing CHNG (TSHR, PAX8, TSHB, and NKX2-5) using microsatellite markers and then examined the presence of mutations in these genes by direct sequencing. In addition, in silico analyses of the predicted structural effects of TSHR mutations were performed and related to the mutation specific disease phenotype. We detected eight new TSHR mutations and a PAX8 mutation but no mutations in TSHB and NKX2-5. None of the biallelic TSHR mutations detected in familial cases were present in the cohort of 50 sporadic cases. Genotype/phenotype relationships were established between TSHR mutations and resulting clinical presentations. Here we conclude that TSHR mutations are the main detectable cause of autosomal recessively inherited thyroid dysgenesis. We also outline a new genetic testing strategy for the investigation of suspected autosomal recessive non-goitrous CH.


Abstract Large amount of radioactive erosion and corrosion products are produced in the IFMIF lithium loop in addition to the deuteron-lithium reaction remnant 7Be. An analysis was conducted to estimate the radioactive corrosion products with a design code ACT-4 developed in JAERI, the activation cross sections based on the FENDL library and the IEAF-2001 library, the latest version of nuclear activation data in the intermediate energy range up to 150 MeV. The result says the concentration of the corrosion in lithium is not very large compared with that of 7Be. However, the behavior of the nuclides such as accumulation and detachment on material has not been clarified yet. When the dose rate around the lithium loop was estimated under the condition of 100% plate-out, the value was beyond the acceptable level for the hands-on maintenance near the loop soon after the operation stop. It means that a very efficient cold trap is required so that the 90% activity in the lithium loop is removed.


ABSTRACT The (British) Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE) criteria have now been in operation for five years. They have required substantial changes for many initial teacher training (ITT) institutions. The initial questionnaires and follow‐up, in‐depth interviews provided a wealth of data about the achievements and problems experienced by a group of ITT institutions in implementing the CA TE criteria, over the last five years. Major problems for institutions have included financial burdens resulting from the CATE criteria, impediments to the effective working of local committees, problems in providing recent and relevant teaching experience for tutors, and difficulties in reallocating time for the equivalent of two years' subject study. These notwithstanding, there was considerable support for the improvements which have occurred overall as a result of the CATE criteria.


The continuous dependence of solutions for a certain class of elliptic PDE on functional parameters is studied in this paper. The main result is as follow: the sequence \(\{x_k\}_{k\in N}\) of solutions of the Dirichlet problem discussed here (corresponding to parameters \(\{u_k\}_{k\in N}\)) converges weakly to \(x_0\) (corresponding to \(u_0\)) in \(W^{1,q}_0(\Omega,R)\), provided that \(\{u_k\}_{k\in N}\) tends to \(u_0\) a.e. in \(\Omega\). Our investigation covers both sub and superlinear cases. We apply this result to some optimal control problems.


The Volpe Center has been conducting research into rail equipment crashworthiness in support of the Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) Office of Research and Development. As part of this research, full-scale crash tests of passenger cars have been performed. Subsequent detailed post-test examinations develop an improved understanding of the collapse mechanisms of the dominant structural elements as well as overall dynamic crash behavior. This knowledge can be used for interpreting test data, estimating energy dissipation during the test, developing detailed finite element models, and designing safer passenger cars. This report documents a detailed post-test inspection performed on the lead car from a full-scale test featuring two coupled passenger coach cars impacting a fixed wall at 26 mph, which was conducted on April 4, 2000. Damages to primary structural members including the draft sill, side sills, and cant rails were documented including modes and magnitude of deformation. Other secondary structural components such as the superstructure skin, belt rails, and floor were also documented.


Now within IT industry virtualization is used between today's interfaces to abstract different layers from each other when one layer is updated, the others one needs update too. When one layer is defined, the upper and lower layer cannot be used for anything else. One of the Top must's rapidly evolving and widely deployed technologies are server virtualization. Many organizations are already the cost savings from implementing virtualized servers and system administrators love the ease of deployment and management for virtualized systems. In this paper we discuss about some major threats of virtualization and cloud computing and discussed about how Google cloud works and a key management algorithm for security purposes in cloud computing.


Becoming an Estonian University with the Help of Foreign Languages Terje Lobu University of Tartu Museum In the autumn of 1919, when the Estonian-language University of Tartu opened its doors, the issue of finding lecturers was one of the most urgent questions besides other problems. The main purpose of the national university was to make the transition to Estonian-language instruction and research work, which is why they had to find employees capable of working in Estonian. Firstly, negotiations were held with potential researchers of Estonian origin. However, it became clear from the start that the few Estonian researchers scattered across Russia could not fill the positions of all lecturers. The searches turned towards Finland and Sweden, since Scandinavian lecturers were considered the most suitable candidates. They came from similar cultural backgrounds and it was hoped that they would soon be able to lecture in Estonian. That was how it went indeed – L. Kettunen, A. R. Cederberg, J. G. Grano, A. M. Tallgren, A. Bierre and others proved their suitability. Likewise, many lecturers hired to the Baltic German University also learnt Estonian quickly, as they had lived in the language environment for years. Nevertheless, the University had to take on lecturers, who at first lectured in foreign languages: among them were researchers who escaped from Russia (mainly in the Faculty of Law) and people who arrived from Europe – many of whom lectured in German. It was specified in the agreements concluded with the foreigners how long they could lecture in a foreign language. Pursuant to the Act of the University of Tartu passed in 1925, professors had the right to lecture in a foreign language for five years, while associate professors had to learn Estonian within a year. Often, the right to hold lectures in a foreign language was extended with the permission of the Ministry of Education but the rules became stricter as of 1930. In early 1920s, the Estonian students did not struggle with understanding lectures in a foreign language since they had studied in mostly Russian-language schools during the czarist rule and were taught German as a foreign language – it was the poor level of Estonian that was a cause for concern. But as years went by, the more it was complained that students have difficulties with understanding lectures in foreign languages. The instruction remained in a foreign language the longest in the faculties of law and medicine. Russian dominated in the faculty of law since it employed former researchers of law of the Russian empire as professors, and their studies of Estonian progressed very slowly indeed. German dominated in the faculty of medicine since it employed both local Germans as well as foreign researchers, which is why the faculty meetings were mainly held in German. While only 49.8% of lectures were in Estonian in 1920, the proportion had increased to 93.2% by 1938. At the same time, 53.5% of the University lecturers were Estonian in 1929, while the respective proportion was 84.5% in 1938 – this shows that foreign lecturers succeeded in learning Estonian. Despite the fact that the state and University were striving towards an Estonian-language study environment at the University of Tartu, there were no signs of discord between nationalities, or discrimination. The multicultural atmosphere of the University only enriched Estonian research since the foreign lecturers brought new research methods and instruction forms as well as helped to establish relations with European research centres.


Due to the increased family poverty, Jamaica and Tanzania, among other strategies, decided to introduce the Conditional Cash Transfers programs (CCTs) in reducing the magnitude of poverty for marginalized groups. Jamaica introduced the Program of Advancement through Health and Education (PATH) in 2002 to address poverty among the young and the elderly in rural areas, among female-headed households and among large families. Tanzania under Tanzania Social Action Fund phase one (TASAF 1) established the Community-Based Conditional Cash Transfers Program in 2008 to alleviate poverty among the marginalized groups. It is against this background that this study was formulated to review literature on the role played by Conditional Cash Transfers in the process of poverty alleviation, which focused on most vulnerable children in both countries. The study focused on Conditional Cash Transfers to poor families living with most vulnerable children succeeded in investing in human capital using the capability approach in breaking down the intergenerational cycle of poverty. The study found that, the provision of Conditional Cash Transfers enabled poor families to increasingly enrolling their school going children as well as paying visits to health centres. However, these results cannot sufficiently explain the final outcomes (achievements) in schools. For instance, the capacity of children to get high scores and proceedings to the next class and their health status could have been explained by other factors than the CCTs. The study also found that the targeting strategies used in these programs are inadequate since some of the most vulnerable children like, street children, are not living with families. However, since donor driven programs lead to weak implementation, for these programs to maintain sustainability, both countries should increase social protection budgets and involve communities to full participation from the beginning to the post completion follow up to check on the quality of services provided. Oslo and Akershus University College


This paper presents an analysis of the application of the philosophical concept of free will to intelligent machines. It is argued that we need to transfer the concept to a more empirical approach in philosophy in order to be able to answer questions about the design of intelligent systems that are required to operate in areas of society where the concept of free will is necessary. Therefore, free will is viewed as a social or relational concept. The relations between intelligent machines and their environment are defined in terms of interaction points on the knowledge level and the dialogue level. Based on a case study into case-based reasoning and the CREEK system developed at NTNU in Trondheim, these relations are analysed from both an actor-network and a phenomenological perspective.
According to the actor-network approach, we can inscribe properties into artefacts. This leads to a framework for modelling free will in intelligent machines, founded on the tension between what a machine 'can' do and what it 'will' do, or on the connection between hermeneutic and existential views in phenomenology. Phenomenology also provides the possibility for evaluation of the mediation machines can perform in the relation between humans and reality, which is necessary if we are introducing machines in decision-making. This view is linked to the perspective of free will issues. Some evaluative remarks are given based on the analysis of case-based reasoning and CREEK.


Abstract
 A population of an unknown Psammothidium species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) was found in core sediments collected from Cimera Lake, an oligotrophic, undisturbed mountain lake in Central Spain (Gredos mountain range). The morphology and ultrastructure of this taxon is hereby documented in detail by means of light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) micrographs. Morphologically, the closest taxon is P. levanderi, and the type of this species is analyzed here to provide a differential diagnosis. A comparison with other similar small Psammothidium species with an elliptic outline show that the combination of features exhibited by this taxon is unique and it is thus described here as Psammothidium toroi sp. nov.


Background/Context Over the past quarter-century, many historians, politicians, and educators have argued for an increase in the amount of history taught in schools, for a clear separation of history and social studies, and for an emphasis on disciplinary structures and norms as the proper focus for the subject. Unfortunately, discussions of history education too often rest on the problematic belief that the academic discipline can provide direction for the nature of the subject in general education. Description of Prior Research Throughout much of the 20th century, U.S. history educators made common cause with other social educators to promote principled and critical understandings of society. Both groups stood in opposition to calls for more nationalist views of history education. In the mid-1980s, however, this situation began to change, as a coalition of historians, educational researchers, and political pressure groups promoted history as a subject distinct from and independent of the larger realm of the social studies. This new coalition has been unable to avoid conflicts over the selection of content, however, and approaches favored by nationalists often clash with the more critical and inclusive perspectives of historians. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study In this article, we trace the relationship between historians and other social educators during the 20th century and explore how the forces favoring a realignment of history and social studies coalesced in the mid-1980s. We argue that this coalition has led to an unproductive emphasis on history as a "separate subject" and a resulting lack of attention to the goals of history in general education. Research Design This analytic essay draws on curriculum theory, historical sources, and contemporary cognitive research to outline the changing relationships between historians and other social educators and to examine the limitations of a purportedly disciplinary curriculum. Conclusions/Recommendations The academic discipline of history cannot, by itself, provide guidance for content selection because educators face restrictions of time and coverage that are not relevant in the context of academic historical research. In addition, educators must concern themselves with developing students' conceptual understanding, and this necessarily requires drawing on other social science disciplines. If students are to develop the insights that historians have most often promoted for the subject, historians must return to their place within the conversation of social studies education.


In this major work of popular history and scholarship, acclaimed historian and biographer Roy Morris, Jr., tells the extraordinary story of how, in America's centennial year, the presidency was stolen, the Civil War was almost reignited, and black Americans were consigned to nearly ninety years of legalized segregation in the South. The bitter 1876 contest between Ohio Republican governor Rutherford B. Hayes and New York Democratic governor Samuel J. Tilden is the most sensational, ethically sordid, and legally questionable presidential election in American history. The first since Lincoln's in 1860 in which the Democrats had a real chance of recapturing the White House, the election was in some ways the last battle of the Civil War, as the two parties fought to preserve or overturn what had been decided by armies just eleven years earlier. Riding a wave of popular revulsion at the numerous scandals of the Grant administration and a sluggish economy, Tilden received some 260,000 more votes than his opponent. But contested returns in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina ultimately led to Hayes's being declared the winner by a specially created, Republican-dominated Electoral Commission after four tense months of political intrigue and threats of violence. President Grant took the threats seriously: he ordered armed federal troops into the streets of Washington to keep the peace. Morris brings to life all the colorful personalities and high drama of this most remarkable -- and largely forgotten -- election. He presents vivid portraits of the bachelor lawyer Tilden, a wealthy New York sophisticate whose passion for clean government propelled him to the very brink ofthe presidency, and of Hayes, a family man whose midwestern simplicity masked a cunning political mind. We travel to Philadelphia, where the Centennial Exhibition celebrated America's industrial might and democratic ideals, and to the nation's heartland, where Republicans waged a cynical but effective "bloody shirt" campaign to tar the Demo-crats, once again, as the party of disunion and rebellion. Morris dramatically recreates the suspenseful events of election night, when both candidates went to bed believing Tilden had won, and a one-legged former Union army general, "Devil Dan" Sickles, stumped into Republican headquarters and hastily improvised a devious plan to subvert the election in the three disputed southern states. We watch Hayes outmaneuver the curiously passive Tilden and his supporters in the days following the election, and witness the late-night backroom maneuvering of party leaders in the nation's capital, where democracy itself was ultimately subverted and the will of the people thwarted. "Fraud of the Century" presents compelling evidence that fraud by Republican vote-counters in the three southern states, and especially in Louisiana, robbed Tilden of the presidency. It is at once a masterful example of political reporting and an absorbing read.


Determination of Metals in Natural Waters, Sediments and Soils provides analytic labs with a comprehensive overview of the various methods available for analysis of metals and serves as a manual to determine metal concentrations in different media such as natural waters, waste waters, sediments and soils. The book begins with a discussion of sampling techniques and preservation and then covers metals in rivers, surface ground and mineral waters and metals in aqueous precipitation. It concludes with detailed information on analysis of metals in sediments. Determination of Metals in Natural Waters, Sediments and Soils provides a foundation for informed action by environmental interest groups and regulators and a starting point for further study by graduate students, professionals, and researchers. * Includes all of the methods currently available to assess metals in water, sediments and soils* Covers metals in surface ground and mineral waters * Summarizes the strengths, weakness and precautions of different methods and provides a table summarizing the methods with reference citations


Despite the unconditionally secure theory of quantum key distribution (QKD), several attacks have been successfully implemented against commercial QKD systems. Those systems have exhibited some flaws, as the secret key rate of corresponding protocols remains unaltered, while the eavesdropper obtains the entire secret key. We propose a new theoretical approach called quantum flows to be able to detect the eavesdropping activity in the channel without requiring additional optical components different from the BB84 protocol because the system can be implemented as a high software module. In this approach, the transmitter interleaves pairs of quantum states, referred to here as parallel and orthogonal (non-orthogonal) states, while the receiver uses active basis selection.


The paper analyses African-European diplomatic relations on migration. It looks closely at the ideas and practices that inform migration relations between the African Union and the European to explore wider links between migration diplomacy and migration governance to assess divergent African and European understandings of migration governance and the diffusion of migration issues into domestic political agendas. To exemplify the argument, we focus in particular on Ethiopia's migration diplomacy, which we understand as inter-state actions and interactions that are diplomatic in form, have a significant foreign policy dimension, and, have cross border mobility as their focus. We identify four key effects of migration diplomacy: a tension between free movement and containment that highlights divergent understandings of the causes and effects of migration and displacement between African and European countries; African engagement with the development of international norms and standards to which EU states are more ambivalent; a distraction effect away from migratory routes other than that towards the EU; and, the effects of diffusion of migration agendas into domestic politics in African countries.


The article presents the results of mathematical modeling based on the construction and use of various images of the object, process or system. The research involves the study of the dependence of the level of productivity and valuable farming traits of corn hybrids in the form of mathematical models. Field research was carried out during 2011-2017 on the experimental fields of the Department of Crop Production, Breeding and Bioenergy Crops of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, at the state enterprise "Research Farm "Kordelivske" of the Institute of Potato Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine under conditions of the right-bank Forest-Steppe in accordance with the guidelines provided in "Methodology of Field Experiments in Corn". The use of computer technology, in particular, cluster analysis, from our point of view, allows us to approach the difficult task of improving the efficiency of the correct choice of hybrids and technologies to obtain the maximum level of bioethanol yield per unit area of maize hybrids. An ecological-genetic model of quantitative traits was used to study the phenotypic productivity of corn hybrids and to establish the influence on the formation of their traits. The construction of the model is based on the hierarchy of manifestation of productivity traits in ontogenesis and the correspondence of their manifestation in organogenesis. The model consists of three modules of traits including the resulting one and double-component that reflect phenotypic implementation of the genetic formula. The resulting traits are those that have environmentally stable correlation and the highest total impact on the final resulting trait, namely, the yield. According to the results of researches of mathematical models of the influence of weather conditions on the formation of phenotypic productivity of corn hybrids of different maturity groups, both general biological regularities and group differences of trait formation have been established. Thus, the analysis of the differences between the groups of early and mid-early corn hybrids, in general reveals that their growth and development are affected to a relative extent by the amount of effective temperatures, amount of precipitation and HTC. In fact, the maturity groups studied differ insufficiently, and the main differences can be observed only in the variability of the traits studied or the closeness of their relationships with each other. However, mid hybrids respond somewhat differently to environmental factors, which allows to develop the elements of adaptive cultivation technology for each maturity group. Based on the results of cluster analysis, cluster dendrograms were created using the odd-numbered group method with the determination of Euclidean distances.


We study the optimal tax system when taxpayers earn different kinds of income by supplying different inputs. Imperfect substitution between inputs allows for general equilibrium effects. We consider any type of cross-base responses to tax changes such as income-shifting. Formalizing the tax schedule as the sum of many one-dimensional schedules, we express optimal marginal tax rate on any kind of income in terms of sufficient statistics, including new ones for cross-base responses and general equilibrium effects. We also identify the conditions under which making the personal income tax marginally more schedular is socially desirable. The comprehensive and schedular (dual, in particular) income taxes being recurring proposals in the public debate, we derive sufficient conditions under which each form of tax is optimal. We stress how empirically restrictive these conditions are. Using a new algorithm on French tax return data, we characterize the optimal combination of a nonlinear tax schedule on personal income and a linear tax rate on capital income. We find that one should include, without any deduction, all income sources in the personal income base and subsidize the source of income which is more elastic. We find that crossbase responses have little effects on the personal nonlinear income tax schedule but increases by 5.9 to 6.9 percentage points the capital tax rate. General equilibrium effects also increases this tax rate by around 4.5 percentage points.


What happened to the doctrine of natural right in the nineteenth century? We know that it flourished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. We know that something like it - the doctrine of human rights and new forms of social contract theory - flourished again in the second half of the twentieth century and continues to flourish in the twenty-first. In between there was a period of decline and hibernation - uneven, to be sure, and never complete - but a period in which to invoke natural right was always to invite intellectual ridicule and accusations of political irresponsibility. Thus article asks: How far can the decline of natural right in the nineteenth century be attributed to the reaction against the revolution in France? How far it was the effect of independent streams of thought, like positivism and historicism? Why was radical thought so ambivalent about natural right throughout the nineteenth century, and why was socialist thought in particular inclined to turn its back on it? As a framework for thought, natural right suffered a radical decline in the social and political sciences. But things were not so clear in jurisprudence, and natural right lived on to a much riper old age in the writings of some prominent economists. So we have to ask: What is it about this theory that allowed it to survive in these environments, when so much of the rest of intellectual endeavor in the nineteenth century was toxic or inhospitable to it. Finally, I shall ask how far American thought represents an exception to all of this. Why and to what extent did the doctrine survive as a way of thinking in the United States, long after it had lost its credibility elsewhere.


Interferometric measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect toward 18 highly x-ray luminous galaxy clusters are presented. The observations were made using centimeter-wave receivers specifically constructed for these observations. The data were taken with the receivers mounted on the Owens Valley Radio Observatory and Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association millimeter arrays between 1994 and 1998. The interferometric data are used to determine the gas mass fraction in these clusters in a uniform method. The inteferometric data contain sufficient spatial information to derive models for the pressure distribution of the cluster gas. From these models, under the assumption that the gas is isothermal, the cluster gas masses are estimated and the total gravitating masses are inferred. The total gravitating mass measurement requires the additional assumption that the gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium with the cluster potential. The cluster gas temperatures are obtained from x-ray spectral observations or, in the few cases in which spectra were unavailable, estimated from x-ray luminosity-temperature relations in the literature. Since the experiment best measures the gas fraction within a fixed angular radius, the measured gas fractions are extrapolated to a fiducial radius, using a relation derived from published numerical simulations, to facilitate comparisons. The best estimate of the cluster gas fraction at τ_(500), the radius at which the enclosed mean density is 500 times the critical density, is (0.071^(+0.010)_(-0.012))h^(-1)_(100) at 68% confidence. Under the assumption that clusters are fair samples of the universe, the mass composition in clusters at the virial radius should reflect the universal mass composition. The intracluster gas is the dominant component of a cluster's baryonic mass, and so the gas mass fraction is a good approximation of the baryon mass fraction. The baryon fraction in clusters, f_B, together with the universal baryon mass density, Ω_B, sets a limit on the universal mass density, in the standard cosmological paradigm: Ω_M = Ω_B/ f_B. The cluster gas fraction measurements presented here set an upper limit to the universal mass density: Ω_Mh_(100) ≤ 0.27^(+0.07)_(-0.06), at 68% confidence. We make our best estimate of the universal matter density, including with the gas fraction estimates of the baryonic mass contained in galaxies and the baryonic mass which failed to become bound during the cluster formation process: Ω_M = 0.29^(+0.08)_(-0.06) at 68% confidence for h = 0.7.


I. INTRODUCTION "The capitalist achievement," Joseph Schumpeter observed, "does not typically consist in providing more silk stockings for queens, but in bringing them within the reach of factory girls."(1) Ironically, Schumpeter's analytical accuracy has eroded the persuasive force of his maxim. Today, deprivations of panty hose and other important commodities are inconceivable in the United States. People tend to thank Wal-Mart and other retailers for low prices. They offer no gratitude to the abstract notion of economic freedom. Considering the prosperity that free trade has generated, trade as an institution garners little regard among its beneficiaries. In a similar manner, the United States accords little deference to international trade law. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ("GATT") and the World Trade Organization ("WTO") have facilitated economic growth,(2) increased efficiency,(3) and established the rule of law as an organizing principle for international trade.(4) However, the United States, which championed the development of the WTO/GATT(5) internationally, tends to regard the agreement with suspicion and hostility.(6) The decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Suramerica de Aleaciones Laminadas, C.A. v. United States,(7) which upheld an administrative action that contravened U.S. obligations under the WTO/GATT, suggests that aversion to the WTO/GATT exists in the judiciary as well. The court ignored the Charming Betsy canon, a principle that requires courts to construe laws as consistent with international law whenever possible. This Note explores whether the application of the Charming Betsy canon should have precipitated a different result in Suramerica. Part I of this Note surveys the domestic legal status of the WTO/GATT. Part II examines the Suramerica decision and describes its implications for international trade law. Part III introduces the Charming Betsy canon, explaining the canon's methodology and reviewing its relation to international trade agreements. Part IV reconsiders Suramerica in light of the Charming Betsy canon. II. THE STATUS OF THE WTO/GATT IN U.S. DOMESTIC LAW The WTO/GATT is a multilateral international agreement intended to reduce distortions in global commerce.(8) Some commentators praise the agreement as an indication that national governments have come to reject protectionism and isolationism.(9) Others maintain that the WTO/GATT is merely a natural consequence of interest-oriented politics.(10) Their motivations for entering the WTO/GATT aside, 140 states have approved the agreement,(11) and the WTO/GATT legally binds its member states under international law.(12) While the WTO/GATT is effective law on the international plane, its status as domestic law in the United States is not entirely clear. The WTO/GATT is a valid executive agreement, an international treaty incorporated into domestic law via statute.(13) Congress enacted the terms of the WTO/GATT under its authority to regulate foreign commerce,(14) and approval of the WTO/GATT satisfied the constitutional prerequisites of federal law.(15) As such, the agreement should be identical to other federal statutes in its domestic legal effect.(16) However, the authority of the WTO/GATT is clouded by provisions of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act(17) and the Trade Agreements Act of 1979(18) that purport to clarify the agreement's relation to U.S. law. The provisions, codified at 19 U.S.C. [subsections] 2504(a) and 3512, prevent terms of the WTO/GATT that conflict with existing federal laws from having domestic effect.(19) Section 2504(a) distinguishes the WTO/GATT from other federal laws by disfavoring the agreement under the later-in-time rule, which mandates that valid treaties, statutes, and executive agreements supersede prior inconsistent legislation.(20) In applying this rule, the judiciary construes new laws to avoid conflict with existing laws. …


Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to quantitatively study the morphology of aligned, mono-disperse conical etched ion tracks in thin films of amorphous silicon dioxide with aspect ratios of around 6:1, and in polycarbonate foils with aspect ratios of around 1000:1. This paper presents the measurement procedure and methods developed for the analysis of the scattering images and shows results obtained for the two material systems. To enable accurate parameter extraction from the data collected from conical scattering objects a model fitting the 2-D detector images was developed. The analysis involved fitting images from a sequence of measurements with different sample tilts to minimise errors which may have been introduced due to the experimental set-up. The model was validated by the exploitation of the geometric relationship between the sample tilt angle and the cone opening angle, to an angle observed in the features of the SAXS images. We also demonstrate that a fitting procedure for 1-D data extracted from the scattering images using a hard cylinder model can also be used to extract the cone size. The application of these techniques enables us to reconstruct the cone morphologies with unprecedented precision.


Since 1997 the world has been facing the threat of a human influenza pandemic that may be caused by an avian virus and the poultry industry around the globe has been grappling with the highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza H5N1, or in more informal terms bird flu. The UK poultry industry has lived with and through this threat and its consequences since 2005. This study investigates knowledge claims about health, hygiene and biosecurity as tools to ward off the threat from this virus. It takes a semi-ethnographic and discourse analytic approach to analyse a small corpus of semi-structured interviews carried out in the wake of one of the most publicised outbreaks of H5N1 in Suffolk in 2007. It reveals that claims about what best to do to protect flocks against the risk of disease are divided along lines imposed on the one hand by the structure of the industry and on the other by more 'tribal' lines drawn by knowledge and belief systems about purity and dirt, health and hygiene.


Current guidelines for dialysis specify a minimum Kt/V. For haemodialysis (HD) patients, minimum treatment time and frequency is also specified. The guidelines allow for modification to take account of renal function. The guidelines are not specifically aimed at the elderly and may not be appropriate for all patients in this group. Increasing age is accompanied by physiological and pathological changes that may modify the patient's response to uraemia and dialysis. Frailty and multi-morbidity are likely, but to a variable extent. Elderly patients could be more susceptible to the effects of uraemia and require a higher dose of dialysis. Conversely, the generation rate of uraemic toxins is lower in elderly patients, potentially reducing the need for dialysis. In the elderly, quality of life may be more adversely affected by multimorbidity than uraemic symptoms, thus the dose of dialysis may be less relevant. Higher doses of dialysis may be more difficult to achieve in the elderly and may be less well tolerated. We conclude that the prescription of dialysis in the elderly should be individualized, taking multiple factors into account. An individualized Kt/V may be useful in controlling dialysis dose and detecting problems in delivery. However, achievement of a specified Kt/V may not result in any benefit to an elderly patient and could be counterproductive.


In this paper, we used UML method to complete the whole hospital information system analysis and design. It is described the system and determine the requirement of system's function. It also completes the system's architecture design and detailed design and implement to the system. The main idea of thesis is as follows: 1)It adopt UML to object-oriented the modeling hospital information system, and will be a good way to solve a few questions from hospital information system in nowadays. 2)It moves around the main ideas of RUP (use-case driven, architecture-centric, iterative and incremental). At the beginning of get demand, through the system analysis, system design, until to the final of the system implementation. It adopts the stepwise deduction to go deep into the way of refining organization to anatomize the whole the process of the hospital information system. Through the success of the hospital information system modeling to prove that the core idea of the UML-based on RUP modeling techniques is practical in the development of large-scale of application systems. At the same time, it also prepared to provide a better reference and instance for the project or team to adopt this technology.


The secretion process of the siliceous skeleton in polycystine radiolarians has drawn a great deal of interest during the last century; however, little is known about the actual physiological process of silica deposition. Recently, the PDMPO (2-(4-pyridyl)-5-[(4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl) methoxy)-phenyl] oxazole) method for staining silica deposition sites in polycystines was developed. In the present study we examined over 30 polycystine cells with PDMPO and found that both the skeletons and pseudopodia of three species (Lithelius sp., Rhizosphaera trigonacantha and Arachnosphaera hexasphaera) were stained and emitted green fluorescent light. Staining of the skeleton was probably the result of skeletal thickening growth, whereas staining of the pseudopodia may indicate that siliceous matter is assimilated within pseudopodia. We refer to this hypothesis as the 'pseudopodial silica absorption hypothesis' (PSA hypothesis). If this hypothesis is correct, PSA is an intermittent process, and the absorbed silica within pseudopodia is quickly transferred to the cytokalymma where it is deposited on the skeleton. To date, the PSA process has been observed in only the three species cited above; therefore we are unable to evaluate whether the PSA process is unique to these species or a common process that occurs in all polycystines; further investigation is necessary.


Abstract Background: At Kgapane Hospital, Limpopo Province, only 20% of eligible children initiated antiretroviral treatment (ART) in 2007. The aim of this study was to improve the ART programme by assessing how children were accessing ART, and to explore the factors that facilitate or obstruct this access. Method: Mixed methods were used in a descriptive study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children admitted to the hospital over a seven-month period and their caregivers. Children's subsequent attendance for ART was tracked and caregivers were interviewed about factors influencing access and attendance. Results: Of 132 children initially admitted, 14 (10.6%) subsequently died and 13 (9.8%) relocated. Sixty of the remaining 105 (57.1%) returned within one month to the antiretroviral clinic, three (2.9%) attended later and 42 (40.0%) did not return at all. Quantitative data associated with poor attendance were younger age, higher CD4 count, maternal caregiver, no income and participation in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission program. Qualitative factors included a lack of money for transport, poor social support, and mothers who struggled to accept their diagnosis, had poor understanding of HIV and strong traditional beliefs. Primary care providers delayed HIV testing and referral, displayed poor attitudes, and were insufficient in number. Quantitative factors significantly associated with good attendance were prior knowledge of the child/mother's HIV status, mother's ART treatment and referral to the dietician. Conclusion: There are serious deficiencies in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HIV in children. Factors were identified to improve health services and these highlight the need for broader strategies aimed at addressing poverty, stigma and education.


In Uganda, English has attracted very high prestige and status over the years.It is the language of public, political and social discourse (Katamba 2006) andthe main language of instruction in schools. English has furthermore developedinto the most influential interethnic language in Uganda, as it has in other EastAfrican countries (Mazrui and Mazrui 1998). This chapter examines the sociolinguisticsituation of English in Uganda, highlighting its status, use and the associatedattitudes and beliefs. It discusses the development of English as the defacto national language and shows why, despite the presence of local languages,English continues to dominate the public domain.


OBJECTIVES: We face an important challenge in collaborating with communities to use state of the art science and technology that will also permit them to use their own capabilities and knowledge as part of a process to strengthen their communities on many different levels: political, social, productive, cultural and environmental. As social scientists, we join this effort from the paradigm of Ecological Economics (Barkin y Rosas, 2006; Burkett, 2006), a heterodox advance guided by three ethical principles: intergenerational equity, social justice, and sustainability. Its implementation requires methodological innovations that assure consideration of solutions to the aforementioned challenges in an interdisciplinary way, with a pluralistic approach, and with a historical perspective that takes into account cultural, material and environmental heritages. An integral part of this method is the incorporation of the "Precautionary Principle" that privileges productive processes that avoid social and environmental risk in contrast with orthodox systems that try to measure the relation between benefits and costs, selecting those results with the highest return (Reichman y Tickner, 2002; Harramoes, et al., 2002). The proposal incorporates innovations using well known or state of the art scientific and technological advances that can enhance traditional capabilities in the communities, raising productivity in traditional activities or contributing to introduce new activities consistent with social and productive structures that also help to protect or rehabilitate their ecosystems. The point of departure for this proposal is the combination of different forms of knowledge that permit the users to better protect their societies from the homogenizing and most destructive effects of globalization; in the practice of the European Union, this current is known as "PostNormal Science" (Ravetz, 1996; Funtowicz y Ravetz, 2000). METHODS: The implementation of this proposal implies a series of modifications in economic analysis of great import. One of the most significant is the rejection of the common practice to "discount" the future, that is, to value future benefits as if the sacrifices from present investment will always produce welfare improvements; in contrast, in our view, the use of resources and the decline in environmental quality will (inevitably) lead to a fall in living standards for future generations. Rather than discounting future flows, some even consider a premium for environmental protection or reductions in non-renewable resource use or even in renewable resources to a rate consistent with their replenishment. Other basic elements in the methodology that affect the methodology include: the consideration of social conflict as an integral feature of social behavior and the need to construct institutions for conflict resolution; the consideration of the contradictions of energy use as a permanent characteristic of the open system of which the economy is a part (II Law of Thermodynamics and entropy); the inability of society to replace natural resources consumed in production (now or in the past) with produced capital, thus rejecting the thesis of weak sustainability used my most economists in favor of the stronger Strengthening Tradition Page 2 version; the recognition of the need for social and political participation in decision-making about strategic routes, a process that denies the unquestioned right to property holders to decide on the use of natural resources and real property irrespective of their socio-economic and natural impacts; and, finally, an inability to value natural resources and processes. RESULTS: The approach suggested by the methodology outlined above is designed to promote strategies that lead to the "Sustainable Management of Regional Resources." Its basic principles are: Autonomy, Self-sufficiency, Productive diversification, and Sustainable resource management. These strategies are drawn from an ongoing interchange with the participating communities, leading us to implement projects that respect their structure of social and political organization, and their relations with their ecosystems. The means by which we apply this approach depend on available knowledge for the use of the local resource base and the priorities set by our collaborators. All the projects have various facets: economic – producing goods that enjoy privileged access to protected or solidarity markets; environmental – conserving or rehabilitating ecosystems; and social – with elements that privilege gender equality and strengthen traditional authorities. Among the projects in which we have advanced are: 1) The production of 'low-fat' pork on the basis of a modified diet that uses waste avocados that were formerly discarded in local ravines. Local informants led us to discover that avocados reduce 'bad' and raise 'good' cholesterol, allowing us to transfer this insight into a process to benefit women responsible for backyard production. 2) The production of enriched 'Omega-3' eggs to improve their nutritional and health impacts in consumers on the basis of enriching the diets of hens with an herb rich in this fatty acid, requiring the construction of a sewage treatment plant to supply water for the feed. 3) The water treatment plants themselves led to the discovery that disposable diapers have polymers that can be used to regulate water supply to fruit trees, improving their survivability. 4) The discovery of the value of the mulberry tree in temperate forests and their historical importance led us to propose a project to 'rescue' a millenarian tradition of production of silk thread in indigenous communities. 5) The environmental, cultural and economic value of perennial cotton offers important prospects for diversifying and strengthening communities in the western mountain range of Mexico where its production can be spread. All of these projects reflect our efforts to elaborate on the development of a new theoretical framework to promote the Sustainable Management strategy described above. The paper will combine the analytical elements with the practical results to propose a new approach for advancing in the application of science and technology to promote social welfare. Strengthening Tradition, Innovating: Peasant contributions to technological innovation for sustainability David Barkin, Mario Fuente C., Mara Rosas B. a) Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco b) Universidad de la Sierra Juarez, Oaxaca email@example.com email@example.com email@example.com