Managing large-scale transportation infrastructure projects is difficult due to frequent misinformation about the costs which results in large cost overruns that often threaten the overall project viability. This paper investigates the explanations for cost overruns that are given in the literature. Overall, four categories of explanations can be distinguished: technical, economic, psychological, and political. Political explanations have been seen to be the most dominant explanations for cost overruns. Agency theory is considered the most interesting for political explanations and an eclectic theory is also considered possible. Non-political explanations are diverse in character, therefore a range of different theories (including rational choice theory and prospect theory), depending on the kind of explanation is considered more appropriate than one all-embracing theory.


A programming system called LISP (for lASt Processor) has been developed for the IBM 704 computer by the Artificial Intelligence group at M.I.T. The system was designed to facilitate experiments with a proposed system called the Advice Taker, whereby a machine could be instructed to handle declarative as well as imperative sentences and could exhibit "common sense" in carrying out its instructions. The original proposal It] for the Advice Taker was made in November 1958. The main requirement was a programming system for manipulating expressions representing formalized declarative and irnperalive sentences so that the Advice Taker system could make deductions. In the course of its development the Lisp system went through several stages of simplification and eventually came to be based on a scheme for representing the partial recursive functions of a certain class of symbolic expressions. This representation is independent of the IBM 704 computer, or of any other electronic computer, and it now seems expedient to expound the system by starting with the class of expressions called S-expressions and the functions called S-functions. In this article, we first describe a formalism for defining functions reeursively. We believe this formalism has advantages both as a programming language and as vehicle for developing a theory of computation. Next, we describe S-expressions and S-functions, give some examples, and then describe the universM S-function apply which plays the theoretical role of a universal Turing machine and the practical role of an interpreter. Then we describe the representation of S-expressions in the memmT of the IBM 704 by list structures similar to those used by Newell, Shaw and Simon [2], and the representation of S-functions by program. Then we mention the main features of the Lisp programming system for the IBM 704. Next comes another way of describing computations with symbolic expressions, and finally we give a recursive function interpretation of flow charts. We hope to describe some of the sylnbolie computations for which LISP has been used in another paper, and also to give elsewhere some applications of our reeursive function formalism to mathematical logic and to the problem of mechanical theorem proving.


Photosystem II (PSII) is a membrane protein complex that performs light-induced electron transfer and oxygen evolution from water. PSII consists of 19 or 20 subunits in its crystal form and binds various cofactors such as chlorophyll a, plastoquinone, carotenoid, and lipids. After initial light excitation, the charge separation produces an electron, which is transferred to a plastoquinone molecule (QA) and then to another plastoquinone (QB). PsbM is a low-molecular-weight subunit with one transmembrane helix, and is located in the monomer-monomer interface of the PSII dimer. The function of PsbM has been reported to be stabilization of the PSII dimer and maintenance of electron transfer efficiency of PSII based on previous X-ray crystal structure analysis at a resolution of 4.2 Å. In order to elucidate the structure-function relationships of PsbM in detail, we improved the quality of PSII crystals from a PsbM-deleted mutant (ΔPsbM-PSII) of Thermosynechococcus elongatus, and succeeded in improving the diffraction quality to a resolution of 2.2 Å. X-ray crystal structure analysis of ΔPsbM-PSII showed that electron densities for the PsbM subunit and neighboring carotenoid and detergent molecules were absent in the monomer-monomer interface. The overall structure of ΔPsbM-PSII was similar to wild-type PSII, but the arrangement of the hydrophobic transmembrane subunits was significantly changed by the deletion of PsbM, resulting in a slight widening of the lipid hole involving QB. The lipid hole-widening further induced structural changes of the bicarbonate ion coordinated to the non-heme Fe(ii) atom and destabilized the polypeptide chains around the QB binding site located far from the position of PsbM. The fluorescence decay measurement indicated that the electron transfer rate from QA to QB was decreased in ΔPsbM-PSII compared with wild-type PSII. The functional change in electron transfer efficiency was fully interpreted based on structural changes caused by the deletion of the PsbM subunit.


During the last few years, increasing sensitivity has been shown toward civil and sexual rights for gay, lesbian and transgender people in Chile. There are several reasons for this, which include, for example: the emergence of the student movement in 2006, which encouraged several social groups to demand recognition of their rights, and institutional support from the conservative government of Sebastian Pinera (2010-2014). From here, important steps in favor of the LGBT population where taken, making them more visible in the media, approving the antidiscrimination law in 2012, and creating the conditions for the approval of the civil union agreement in 2015 during Michelle Bachelet's tenure as president.
Accordingly, this qualitative case study examines the symbolic dimension of LGBT civil rights discourse in the 10 years leading up to the approval of the civil union agreement in 2015. This research uses phenomenology as a broad conceptual umbrella, and Critical Discourse Analysis and Multimodality as methodological approaches. In this sense, this study is grounded in three interdisciplinary areas: Discourse Analysis, Queer Studies and the study of Social Movements. I have analyzed this political moment as the effect of a new relationship between homosexuality, the global market and liberal democracies using a concept which I call Homomercracia. My conclusion is that under these economic and political conditions, the commodification of homosexuality leads to the emergence of a regulated pattern of homosexuality—a white, male, socially successful professional—which, though widely accepted in Chilean society, is strongly marked by racial and economic biases.

Key words: Homomercracia, Social Change, Discourse Analysis, LGBT Studies, Empathy


This article considers how media workers and organizations make use of the abundance of metrics available in the contemporary online environment. The expansion of audience measurement on digital music platforms, dashboard analytics, and third-party providers raises broad societal concerns about the quantification of culture; however, less attention has been paid to how professionals in the music industries approach, understand, and deploy these metrics in their work. Drawing on survey and interview data, we found that music workers do not take metrics on faith or reject them out of hand; rather, they make sense of them, deploy them strategically, and narrate their meanings to give themselves rationales to make investments and predictions and to persuade others to do so.


The use of horizontal well data in 3D reservoir modeling has become an increasingly important task as the use of horizontal wells has become common practice. Standard gridding approaches are based on the use of well picks to define the positions of stratigraphic surfaces along well bores. Horizontal wells however, are often drilled almost parallel to the stratigraphic layering so the number of horizons intersected along a horizontal well can be relatively few. Therefore, horizontal sections of the well can be used to constrain the structural position of reservoir zones. A robust, geostatistical approach has been developed to ensure consistent use of horizontal well data in the construction of 3D structural models. Kriging is used for prediction of surface location based on well picks and constraints obtained from zone logs along horizontal wells. In contrast to standard approaches, all well data (picks and constraints) from all surfaces are treated simultaneously and will have impact on all surfaces above and below. The geostatistical approach is fast and reproducible, and allows structural models to be updated continuously as new wells are drilled. The uncertainty can be evaluated by kriging error maps or by generating stochastic realizations that honor all the well data.


This set of notes gives several applications of the following paradigm. The paradigm consists of two complementary parts. The first part is to design a probabilistic algorithm described by a sequence of random variables so that the analysis is valid assuming limited independence between the random variables. The second part is the design of a small probability space for the random variables such that they are somewhat independent of each other. Thus, the analysis of the algorithm holds even when the random variables used by the algorithm are generated according to the small space.


This paper discusses the history of and remedial repairs to a flowline canal which carries water from the headwater of Lake Isabella in California to Southern California Edison Company's Borel Powerhouse which is a few thousand feet downstream from Lake Isabella Dam. The dam was constructed in the early 1950's and was originally intended to provide flood water storage for the north and south fork drainage basins of the Kern River. The ten mile long flowline canal was actually constructed in the early 1900's before the dam was built. The upper three and one-half miles of the canal are located within the reservoir inundation area and has been in and out of inundation ten times since the dam was completed in 1953. During the early period following dam construction, there was only nominal damage to the canal. However, in the 1970's and 80's, the reservoir filled up above the canal more frequently and actually inundated the canal for a period of about 10 years. Needless to say, a large amount of sediment settled into the canal, including the headwater intake. In addition, a large amount of damage was done to the canal lining from wave action, including severe undermining of the top lip of the canal. This history is discussed in more detail in the paper, as well as alternatives to the canal that were considered and used over the years, such as abandoning the canal and pumping directly into the intake structure at the dam. The last part of the paper discusses the repairs that were made to the canal over the years and the extensive repairs that have been made recently to restore the canal to a usable condition after ten years of inundation.


This paper provides the results of a field test of contingent valuation estimates within a willingness to accept framework. Using dichotomous choice questions in telephone-mail-telephone interviews, we compare responses to real and hypothetical offers to survey respondents for the opportunity to spend time in a second set of interviews on an undisclosed topic. Five hundred and forty people were randomly split between the real and hypothetical treatments. Our findings indicate no significant differences between people's choices with real and hypothetical offers. Choice models indicate the size of the offer and income were significant determinants of respondents' decisions, and these models were not significantly different between real and hypothetical offers.


The International Commission on Radiological Protection has recently recommended a new dosimetric model of the human respiratory tract, which was issued as ICRP Publication 66. This model permits us to calculate the deposition of inhaled particles for the subjects with different values of anatomical and physiological parameters in the respiratory tract. Using this model, we studied the variation of doses of 239Pu observed for varying body sizes, levels of physical exertion and breathing habits. The results are as follows. 1) The ratio of doses between the subjects with different body sizes does not exceed the reciprocal of the ratio of their body weights, because the deposition in the thoracic region decreases with decreasing body size, which partly compensates for the increase in the SAF (specific absorbed fraction) of α-particle energy in the smaller body size. 2) The effective dose per unit intake of 239Pu via nose breathing decreases with increasing level of physical exertion. 3) It is notable that breathing through the mouth enhances markedly the effective dose.


Rapid urbanization on streamflows may direct affect or be restricted by the sustainability of local water resources. This is particularly true for arid/semiarid areas such as the Wulanmulun River watershed in the rapidly-developing Ordos region of north central China. From 1997 to 2012, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the region increased fifty-fold while the urban area grew by a factor of ten. This study fused multiple-source data on land use, hydrometeorology, and socioeconomics to examine temporal variations in the runoff due to climate change and urbanization. The results revealed that for the Wulanmulun River watershed, the runoff decreased consistently over the study period, with an inflection point around 2005. The average runoff from 2006 to 2012 was much smaller than that from 1997 to 2005, regardless of time scale; although the precipitation also fluctuated from 1997 to 2012, it exhibited no significant trend. From 1997–2005 to 2006–2012, both the urbanized area and GDP increased eight-fold while the population increased by 20%. Thus, urbanization rather than climate change is likely the major reason for the decrease in runoff after 2005. For the study watershed, low impact development practices (e.g. rain barrels) may need to be implemented during urbanization to achieve sustainable management of water resources.


Objective: To describe general and sexual well-being in women with premature ovarian failure (POF) and to investigate whether there is a relationship between androgen levels and sexual functioning. Design: Women with POF and healthy volunteers with regular menstrual cycles participated. Participants completed a written questionnaire and underwent hormonal screening. The questionnaire included standardized measures: the Questionnaire for Screening Sexual Dysfunctions, the Shortened Fatigue Questionnaire, and the Symptom Check List-90. Serum hormone measurements included estradiol, total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Results: Eighty-one women with POF and 68 control women participated in the study. Compared with control women, women with POF reported more complaints of anxiety, depression, somatization, sensitivity, hostility, and psychological distress. Overall women with POF were less satisfied with their sexual life. They had fewer sexual fantasies and masturbated less frequently. Sexual contact was associated with less sexual arousal, reduced lubrication, and increased genital pain. However, the frequency of desire to have sexual contact and the frequency of actual sexual contact with the partner did not differ between women with POF and control women. Women with POF had lower levels of estradiol, total testosterone, and androstenedione. Multiple regression analysis revealed that androgen levels had only a weak influence on sexual functioning; higher total testosterone levels were associated with increased frequency of desire for sexual contact, and higher androstenedione levels were associated with elevated frequency of sexual contact. Conclusions: Women with POF have diminished general and sexual well-being and are less satisfied with their sexual lives than control women. Although women with POF had lower androgen levels, we did not find an important independent role for androgens in various aspects of sexual functioning.


Since the 1980s, the theoretical and empirical literature on the motivations to remit has grown steadily. We review the microeconomic literature and show that the theoretical motivations to remit are overlapping while competing. We argue that in most cases this differentiation is unnecessary and makes the subsequent empirical applications weak. We apply the theories in Albania and Moldova, two countries that experience high migration and remittance flows, using household survey data. We focus on finding evidence for the theoretical motivations to remit such as altruism, loan repayment, co-insurance and the bequest motive and using a similar methodology and approach as previous empirical research. As for other empirical papers, the analysis leads to doubtful and multi-interpretable results. We argue that this problem is caused by weak operationalisation and inseparability of motives, compounded by data problems. Furthermore we argue that the decision to remit should not be looked at in isolation. It is apparent that the causes and patterns of migration in Albania and Moldova influence the remitting behaviour and most migrants migrate in order to remit. It is thus vital to link the decision to migrate with the decision to remit and to broaden the focus beyond the economic literature and consequently provide a more relevant and clearer answer to the question why remittances are sent.


The paper summarizes development trends of the agricultural sector in Ukraine in the recent years and identifies main impacts of current trade policies, in particular, socio-economic-environmental consequences of agricultural trade internationalization and liberalization in Ukraine. We propose an integrated modeling approach to support policy recommendations that may help enhance national food security and improve economic, social and environmental standards especially in rural areas. The approach includes stochastic optimization procedure that investigates optimal robust policies regarding agricultural production portfolios, production allocation and level of intensification, processing and trade under desirable goals and constraints in the presence or risks and uncertainties. The introduced goals and constraints are coherent with the goals of the State Program of Ukrainian agriculture development to 2015 and include such criteria as increasing rural incomes, employment, creating new entrepreneurship businesses, supporting agriculture competitiveness and ecologically safe agricultural production. The developed approach may be useful for national and regional agrarian planners.


This article examines tenant exploitation and landlord profit margins within residential rental markets. Defining exploitation as being overcharged relative to the market value of a property, the authors find exploitation of tenants to be highest in poor neighborhoods. Landlords in poor neighborhoods also extract higher profits from housing units. Property values and tax burdens are considerably lower in depressed residential areas, but rents are not. Because landlords operating in poor communities face more risks, they hedge their position by raising rents on all tenants, carrying the weight of social structure into price. Since losses are rare, landlords typically realize the surplus risk charge as higher profits. Promoting a relational approach to the analysis of inequality, this study demonstrates how the market strategies of landlords contribute to high rent burdens in low-income neighborhoods.


Membrane transport proteins can perform either active or passive ion transport. Active transport, in the absence or against the prevailing electrochemical gradient, can be either primary (ion pumps such as ATPases) or secondary (carriers performing cotransport or exchange). Passive transport of ions, down the electrochemical gradient, is largely mediated by ion channels. In a cell in the steady state, plasma-membrane active and passive transport processes result in equal and opposite ion fluxes. The ion gradients generate an electrical potential difference (membrane voltage) across the cell membrane because the latter exhibits selective ionic permeability. The resting membrane potential in most cells is largely determined by the K+ equilibrium potential, with the cell being negative to the extracellular solution. Ion channels participate in numerous cell functions and their mutations can result in diseases whose manifestations depend on the organs and systems in which these proteins are expressed.

Key Concepts:

The difference in composition between intracellular and extracellular fluids depends on the barrier and transport functions of the plasma membrane.

Transport across the plasma membrane can be by solubility-diffusion (via the lipid bilayer) or mediated (via membrane proteins). Ion transport is mediated via membrane proteins (channels, carriers or pumps).

The differences in ion concentrations across the plasma membrane determine the membrane potential difference (membrane voltage), according to the magnitude of the concentration gradients and the ion permeability.

Active transport is thermodynamically uphill (in the absence of or against the electrochemical gradient). It can be primary (pumps), for example, driven by ATP hydrolysis, or secondary (carriers), driven by the electrochemical gradient for one of the substrates.

Passive transport can occur by solubility-diffusion via the lipid bilayer or be mediated by carriers or channels. In the case of ions passive transport is largely via channels.

The ion current through channels of one kind depends on the number of channels per cell or unit surface area, their open probability, their conductance and the electrochemical driving force.

Ion channels are classified by their selectivity to ions. The most important ion channels expressed on the plasma membrane of nonexcitable cells are selective for K+, Na+, Ca2+, H+, Cl−, cations or anions.

Numerous genetic diseases of ion channels have been identified. They involve gain- or loss-of-function mutations that alter the function of one or more organs.

Keywords:

cell composition;
membrane potential;
ion pumps;
ion carriers;
ion channels;
active transport;
passive transport;
channelopathies


Abstract— Tawang Station (Semarang) was built in 1914,
now established as one of the conservation buildings in the
city of Semarang. Existence as one of the major transport
hub and cultural reserves will certainly get a lot of attention
from the wider community. In development now, Tawang
station receives the impact of floods and rob the
phenomenon that hit the northern part of Semarang city
caused by soil degradation. In overcoming the above
problems have been a lot of development and physical
renovation of the building done Tawang station, but will
not actually address the real problem, considering Tawang
station does not become a source of problems but to accept
the consequences of environmental problems of the city.
Keywords : Physical handling, integrated urban
environment
I. INTRODUCTION
In general, the topography of the area of Semarang has a
slope of between 0 to 2% and a height between 0-3,5 mdpl
space. The Semarang ketingggian the top with between 90-
200 meters from the sea surface.
Semarang has subscribed since the flood and rob a few
years ago. Under current conditions, if treatment is not
directed flooding, estimated at Semarang in 2019 under the
will sink. The prediction was based on the reduction of land
that occur year after year, more and more worried. In some
Ir. Agung Dwiyanto, MSA, IAI , Jurusan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, Jl. Prof Soedarto Tembalang
Semarang, Telp. 024-7063999, Fax. 024 7063888, email :
email@example.com.
areas, a decrease occurred up to 14 cm (Suripin Ir Dr
MEng.) With a decrease in the level one and a half inches
in Tugu Muda, then within a period of 10 to 20 years the
region will be gigir beach. ''That means a disaster is in
sight. City Government needs to think seriously about the
flood that occurred during this, the last data that can be seen
the level of soil degradation at petrol stations 0 centimeters
Kaliwiru, Jl AKPOL 0.50 cm, 0.54 cm Diponegoro Park,
Field Bayangkara 0.84 cm, Tugu Muda 1, 54 cm, and 2.4
cm Poncol station. The decline is high enough going on
around 3.00 cm BKB Bridge, Jl Kol Sugiyono 3.80 cm,
4.60 Jl Imam Bonjol, Perumahan Semarang Indah, 5.00 cm,
5.27 cm Jl Ronggowarsito, Embankment Soil BKB Mas 6 ,
27 cm, and the Embankment Kali Semarang 7.23 cm. The
decline more than 10 cm occurred in Bolt B Sriboga
Raturaya 13.50 cm and T Bold Sriboga Raturaya 14.43 cm
Figure: Predicted decline of Semarang Home Land 5 th to the fore
Source: Muhroji, Department of Civil - FT-Undip
Semarang sinking lower prediction actually was not
groundless. When viewed from the gauge at Tawang
Station 30 years ago was still two meters above sea level
(mdpl), now estimated at minus instead of the sea surface.
The floods that had plagued the region must be considered
Semarang through three things. Anticipating a flood can be
done through rainwater harvesting in the area, making the
pump to the bottom, and block the incoming sea water to
the mainland. (Dr.Ir.Suripin, MEng.). Several field surveys
have been conducted by several experts. From the survey it
was known, the main cause of flooding and drainage
systems rob is not functioning optimally other causes, the
capacity of the river and inadequate drainage,


Evolutionary game theory is one of the most active and rapidly growing areas of research in economics. Unlike traditional game theory models, which assume that all players are fully rational and have complete knowledge of details of the game, evolutionary models assume that people choose their strategies through a trial-and-error learning process in which they gradually discover that some strategies work better than others. In games that are repeated many times, low-payoff strategies tend to be weeded out, and an equilibrium may emerge. Larry Samuelson has been one of the main contributors to the evolutionary game theory literature. In Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selection, he examines the interplay between evolutionary game theory and the equilibrium selection problem in noncooperative games. After an overview of the basic issues of game theory and a presentation of the basic models, the book goes on to discuss evolutionary stability, the dynamics of sample paths, the ultimatum game, drift, noise, backward and forward induction, and strict Nash equilibria.


Unlike previous studies, the current study uses oil price and inflationary shocks to assess the feasibility of actualizing the ECOWAS Vision 2020, which is aimed at creating a monetary union. With the help of the Blanchard and Quah (BQ) decomposition for a sample from 1975:05 to 2018:08, two sets of models are estimated: models for inflationary shocks and models for oil price shocks. It is found that although the vision is a mirage, the creation of a common currency can serve as a shock absorber against the negative spillovers of global and regional inflationary shocks. The study also finds that oil price shocks lead to appreciation of the currency for the oil exporting country Nigeria, while Nigeria, The Gambia and Ghana stand out in their responses to oil price shocks. The study recommends that these countries cannot be part of the Vision and that more coordination among ECOWAS members is needed before this Vision can be actualised.Keywords: Monetary union, Optimal currency area, ECOWAS, WAEMU, SVAR, BQ decomposition.JEL: C13, E31, E52, E58, F33, F42.


A remarkable range of biological functions and mechanisms of action have been proposed for the protein Klotho. Klotho is a membrane protein with a large extracellular domain. However, its cytoplasmic domain includes just 11 amino acids, which are thought to be unlikely to mediate its regulatory functions. Lack of Klotho causes shortened life span in mice (but so might lots of deleterious mutations), and overexpression of the protein has been reported to extend life span. This was thought to reflect effects on signaling by insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Others have proposed that beta-glucuronidase activity of Klotho modifies the transient receptor potential ion channel 5 (TRPV5), supporting localization and activity of the latter at the plasma membrane. Klotho-deficient mice also share characteristics with mice lacking the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), such as infertility and decreased bone density; indeed, another proposed action of Klotho is the control of mineral metabolism. FGF23 also regulates mineral metabolism, and the latest action proposed for Klotho is to coordinate with the FGF receptor subtype IIIc [FGFR1 (IIIc)] to create a form of the FGFR that mediates binding of FGF23. Klotho turned up in a screen for molecules that bound in vitro to FGF23. FGF23 is itself unusual in that it functions like a hormone; that is, it is produced in bone but is carried in the circulation to regulate kidney function. Transfection of cells that also expressed FGFR1 (IIIc) with Klotho conferred specific high-affinity binding of FGF23 and allowed activation of associated signaling events. In vitro binding assays showed interaction of the extracellular domains of Klotho with a fusion protein of FGF23 with immunoglobulin Fc region. Injection of mice with a monoclonal antibody to Klotho caused changes reminiscent of those in Klotho knockout animals. Circulating FGF23 appears to act selectively at certain tissues, particularly the kidney, even though most tissues have FGFRs. The authors propose that the presence of Klotho may be the key factor that converts FGFR1(IIIc) to a receptor for FGF23, but they don't propose a grander scheme to account for the range of reported actions of this intriguing protein. I. Urakawa, Y. Yamazaki, T. Shimada, K. Iijima, H. Hasegawa, K. Okawa, T. Fujita, S. Fukumoto, T. Yamashita, Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature 444, 770-774 (2006). [PubMed]


To properly manage the populations of endangered birds it is important to understand the factors affecting nest survival. Ground nesting birds, such as the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), are at risk of nest loss from predation and tidal flooding, which varies among nesting sites. Nest site selection characteristics may affect those threats. I compared nests from the low-wave energy Peconic Bay shorelines (n=25) and the high-wave energy Atlantic Ocean shorelines (n=26) on the South Fork of Long Island, NY in 2013. I measured nest site characteristics including the substrate composition and vegetation cover as well as nest distance from vegetation and high tide line. Mean ± SE percent sand cover was greater for ocean nests (87.61%±1.63%) than bay nests (51.44±3.76%; P < 0.001), as was percent vegetation cover (Ocean7.80±1.75%; Bay-1.34±0.68%; P < 0.001). Percent shell cover was greater for bay nests (10.34±1.54%) than for ocean nests (2.56±0.73%; P < 0.001). The distance to the high tide line relative to the width of the beach (distance/width) was 0.87 for ocean nests and 0.72 for bay nests. These findings can be used to assist land managers in the protection of the threatened Piping Plover. Understanding the nest site characteristics, land managers can use vegetation management on ocean beaches due to the large percent of vegetated nests, and continue predation management on both bay and ocean beaches. Also understanding the preferred nest sites, pre-nest fencing can be established to protect ideal nesting habitats from human disturbance.


Lithium iron sulphide has been investigated as a low-cost, high energy density and relatively safe positive electrode material for secondary lithium batteries. Lithium iron sulphide was synthesised, characterised and compared with natural pyrite samples and was shown to have a capacity of 350 mAh.g-1 upon cycling between 1.45 and 2.80 V vs. Li. The capacity was attributed to the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple at potentials up to 2.55 V, and oxidation of sulphur sites from Fe3+(S2-)2 to Fe3+S2-(S2)2-0.5 up to 2.80 V. The cycle life performance of lithium iron sulphide is poor when the cell is cycled between 1.45 and 2.80 V, with the cell loosing approximately 1.4 mAh.g-1 per cycle, although this performance is superior to comparable pyrite electrodes. Calcium doped samples of lithium iron sulphide were synthesised. Calcium doping was shown to impact upon lithium transport properties of the bulk lithium iron sulphide, improving the rate performance of the material. Improvements in cycle life performance of the calcium doped samples were offset by decreased specific capacity due to lithium substitution. The poor cycle life performance of lithium iron sulphide cells was attributed to the utilisation of the high voltage plateau corresponding to sulphur site oxidation/reduction. Experiments utilising a variety of negative electrode materials has identified the formation of soluble polysulphide species upon cycling of the cell, which reduce irreversibly at the negative electrode, contributing to active mass loss and poor cycle life performance. In-situ XRD studies have highlighted the structural decomposition that occurs upon utilisation of the sulphide, which results in irreversible amorphisation of the lithium iron sulphide crystal structure. Lithium iron sulphide was treated via coating with lithium boron oxide glass and a novel carbon coating method via thermal decomposition of butyl-methyl-pyrrolydinium-dicyanimide. Both treatments were shown to increase the cycle life performance of lithium iron sulphide, due to decreased dissolution of polysulphide upon cycling. The choice of binder, electrode formulation and electrolyte was also shown to impact upon the cycle life performance of lithium iron sulphide cells.


In today's globalized world, the language used most often is English. English has become the lingua franca for communication, business, education and opportunity in general. English occupies a place of prestige in our country. Even after decades of colonial rule, no indigenous language has come up to replace English, either as a medium of communication or as an official language. India is a multi-lingual country where people speak more than 350 languages and dialects. Indians are used to a particular pattern of pronunciation, intonation, stress and phonology of their mother tongue, when they start learning English language with its own set of patterns and rules, the confusion begins. This results in the problems in teaching and learning process of English language. Moreover, lack of proper official data regarding how many people speak English, the proficiency levels of Indian teachers and learners leads to the difficulties in planning and implementing development in English language and its teaching and learning process. This paper makes an attempt in identifying the factors affecting learning speaking skills and outlines feasible solutions.


This thesis addresses the role of physical consciousness in contemporary performance training praxis, outlining my position as a performance maker involved in a range of dance and theatre training disciplines, with particular recourse to the Japanese contemporary movement expression of Butoh. The term praxis refers to a set of practical aims put forward throughout the writing, as well as referencing an ethos of self governed practice within independent movement training and performance. The arguments posed draw from a personal critical understanding based on different training programs with European and Japanese butoh artists. Through evolving my performance training praxis towards certain choreographic as well as metapractical aims, I seek to challenge the notion of 'performance mastery' - a term which, within a traditional western performance context might imply control, virtuosity and technical discipline - in response to an anti-aesthetical approach to dance, as found in what I argue to be the dysfunctional, non-kinetic body of the butoh dancer.
In making explicit the connections between studio practice, anatomical and somatic investigation and outdoor environmental exploration, I examine the role of 'physical consciousness' in butoh as a contemporary movement approach which might shift current established discourses surrounding western theatrical dance training towards an open investigation of movement practice and repertoire through transdisciplinary approaches which interface the languages of ecology, geology and cartography. Physical consciousness refers to an internal dialogue held by the butoh dancer between a range of visual images, or actual experiences gained through direct contact with specific environments, and his or her means of physicalising these images and experiences in movement. Thus, physical consciousness requires the butoh dancer to constantly engage in a double exposure between the internal image, as fed through language, and those external forms presented.
The experiential mode of practice is prioritised throughout as the writing seeks to stabilise empiricist notions of practice as contingent on both first hand and collated accounts of perceptual mechanisms, while research methods used here draw on social science practices with the aim of producing an embedded critique of physical
consciousness. Within my dance research and production methods, physical consciousness articulates an internal awareness of the body's movement potential which questions the how rather than the why or where of the dancer's movement capabilities, minimising the distance between internal awareness and aesthetic form, between the dancer and the dance


We describe the application of plan recognition techniques to support human intelligence analysts in processing national security alert sets by automatically identifying the hostile intent behind them. Identifying the intent enables us to both prioritize and explain the alert sets for succinct user presentation. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that the approach can handle alert sets of as many as 20 elements and can readily distinguish between false and true alarms. We discuss the important opportunities, for future work, that will increase the cardinality of the alert sets supported by the system to the level demanded by a deployable application. In particular, we outline opportunities to bring the analysts into the process and the opportunities for heuristic improvements to the plan recognition algorithm.


Few industries have had their death foretold more frequently than the publishing industry" and yet survived. That is, John Thompson adds, "at least until now".

This impressively comprehensive and revealing analysis of the structures and processes of modern publishing is timely as the industry faces its digital future. Thompson, a sociologist, researched academic publishing in Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States (2005). He now turns his attention to English-language trade publishing in the US and the UK - that is, titles of the sort we see prominently displayed in chain bookstores and featured on Richard & Judy or Oprah, ranging from ghostwritten celebrity autobiographies to serious history, and from genre fiction to literary novels.

His project is to map the field of trade publishing - "about which we know very little" - at the point at which it is about to undergo a major transformation. Publishing is at the centre of literary and intellectual culture, so why is this the first book to really tackle it in a sustained and perceptive manner?


Monitoring protocols are needed to evaluate the millions of hectares of land that are being proposed for forest restoration in the coming decades. Standardized proposals are critical to evaluate efficacy of restoration strategies, identify triggers for corrective actions, compare results across projects, and generally learn from past projects to inform future restoration efforts. We describe an iterative process, including over 200 stakeholders, to develop a protocol for monitoring Brazilian Atlantic Forest restoration. We give an overview of the ecological, socioeconomic, and management criteria, indicators, and metrics included in the protocol. Strengths of the protocol include the following: (a) testing and use across sites with a range of ages, forest types, past land uses, restoration techniques, and implementing institutions; (b) participation by a broad range of government, nongovernment, private, and academic institutions in the protocol development process; and (c) inclusion of socioeconomic and management criteria. Next steps for facilitating the broad adoption of the protocol in the Atlantic Forest region include providing in person and online training courses, establishing an online repository for storing and comparing monitoring data, and developing smartphone applications to facilitate data collection. Although the protocol was developed for the Atlantic Forest context and further refinements are needed, we think that the Atlantic Forest Pact monitoring protocol may serve as a model to inform the development of similar protocols in other regions, which ultimately could be integrated to produce a pantropical protocol for common use by several restoration forest programs worldwide.


&NA; Bacterial pathogens have been identified as agents that have been, or could be, used as weapons of biological warfare and/or biological terrorism. These agents are relatively easily obtained, prepared, and dispersed, either as weapons of mass destruction or for more limited terrorist attacks. Although phylogenetically diverse, these agents all have the potential for aerosol dissemination. Physicians in the United States and most of the developed world have never encountered most of these agents and the diseases they produce. Public health programs must be prepared, and individual primary care providers must be able to recognize, diagnose, treat, and prevent infection with these agents.


We demonstrate a rapid generation of twin opposing microvortices (TOMVs) induced by non-uniform alternating current (AC) electric fields together with a laser beam on a patterned pair of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. A fast and strong jet flow region between twin microvortices is also generated. Its pattern and direction, such as whether it is symmetric or asymmetric, are controlled mainly by the location of a single laser spot relative to the ITO electrodes. With two laser beams, two separate flows are superposed to give a new one. In situ generation and control of the TOMV flow are tested in suspensions of fluorescent polystyrene particles, as well as in milk emulsions. This technique has great potential for dynamically manipulating micro-fluid flows, functioning as a micro-pump or mixer.


Previous studies have shown that the Golgi stack and the trans-Golgi network (TGN) may play a role in capturing escaped resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins, and directing their retrograde transport back to that organelle. Whether this retrograde movement represents a highly specific or more generalized membrane trafficking pathway is unclear. To better understand both the retrograde and anterograde trafficking pathways of the secretory apparatus, we examined more closely the in vivo effects of two structurally unrelated compounds, the potent lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and the non-steroidal estrogen cyclofenil diphenol (CFD), both of which are known to inhibit secretion. In the presence of these compounds, transport of vesicular stomatitis virus G membrane glycoprotein from the ER to the Golgi complex, and from the TGN to the cell surface, was inhibited potently and rapidly. Surprisingly, we found that NDGA and CFD stimulated the rapid, but not concomitant, retrograde movement of both Golgi stack and TGN membrane proteins back to the ER until both organelles were morphologically absent from cells. Both NDGA- and CFD-stimulated TGN and Golgi retrograde membrane trafficking were inhibited by microtubule depolymerizing agents and energy poisons. Removal of NDGA and CFD resulted in the complete, but not concomitant, reformation of both Golgi stacks and their closely associated TGN compartments. These studies suggest that NDGA and CFD unmask a generalized bulk recycling pathway to the ER for both Golgi and TGN membranes and, further, that NDGA and CFD are useful for investigating the molecular mechanisms that control the formation and maintenance of both the Golgi stack proper and the TGN.


We describe a series of experiments in which we start with English to French and English to Japanese versions of a rule-based speech translation system for a medical domain, and bootstrap corresponding statistical systems. Comparative evaluation reveals that the statistical systems are still slightly inferior to the rule-based ones, despite the fact that con- siderable effort has been invested in tuning both the recognition and translation components; however, a hybrid system is able to deliver a small but significant improvement in performance. In conclusion, we suggest that the hybrid architecture we describe potentially allows construction of limited-domain speech translation systems which combine substantial source-language coverage with high-precision translation.


This article explores debate as a key scientific practice among the medical elite in nineteenth-century Paris, with an emphasis on academic debate and debate in the scientific/medical press. I use the debate over the microscope, which took place in the Paris Academy of Medicine in 185455 and concurrently in the medical press, to illustrate the role of debate as scientific practice. Focusing on the debate in the press, I show how medical journalists used the debate in the Academy to raise larger questions about the nature of science and medicine and to legitimate French microscopy. I suggest that debate was an important scientific practice in nineteenth-century Paris, not only owing to a longstanding belief that truth emerges through disputation but also depending on and exemplifying a shared masculine culture of honor.


The Colorado River basin (CRB) is one of the most important watersheds for energy, water, and food security in the United States. CRB water supports 15% of U.S. food production, more than 50 GW of electricity capacity, and one of the fastest growing populations in the United States. Energy–water–food nexus impacts from climate change are projected to increase in the CRB. These include a higher incidence of extreme events, widespread snow-to-rain regime shifts, and a higher frequency and magnitude of climate-driven disturbances. Here, we empirically show how the historical annual streamflow maximum and hydrograph centroid timing relate to temperature, precipitation, and snow. In addition, we show how these hydroclimatic relationships vary with elevation and how the elevation dependence has changed over this historical observational record. We find temperature and precipitation have a relatively weak relation (|r| < 0.3) to interannual variations in streamflow timing and extremes at low elevations (<1500 m), but a relatively strong relation (|r| > 0.5) at high elevations (>2300 m) where more snow occurs in the CRB. The threshold elevation where this relationship is strongest (|r| > 0.5) is moving uphill at a rate of up to 4.8 m yr−1 (p = 0.11) and 6.1 m yr−1 (p = 0.01) for temperature and precipitation, respectively. Based on these findings, we hypothesize where warming and precipitation-related streamflow changes are likely to be most severe using a watershed-scale vulnerability map to prioritize areas for further research and to inform energy, water, and food resource management in the CRB.


This submission presents the QVT-Partners proposal for the MOF 2.0 QVT standard. The proposal consists of a number of key ingredients which we briefly discuss in this section.
-Specification and implementation:
A common scenario in the development of any artifact is to first create a specification of the form and behaviour of the the artifact, and then realise an implementation which satisfies the specification. The specification is characterised by a lack of implementation details, but having a close correspondence to the requirements; conversely an implementation may lack close correspondence to the requirements.
This submission maintains this important distinction. Relations provide a specification oriented view of the
relationship between models and are specified in a language that can be easily understood. They say what it
means to translate between several models but without saying precisely how the translation is achieved. Those
details are realised by mappings which characterise the means by which models are translated. It should be
noted though, that while the mappings language is rich enough to provide an implementation of relations it also manages to maintain a requirements oriented focus. This may give rise to a scenario where developers prefer to omit relations and directly define mappings.
-Scalability and reuse:
Decomposition is a key approach to managing complexity. This submission provides a number of composition
mechanisms whereby relations and mappings can be composed to form more complex specifications. These
mechanisms also aid reuse since mappings and relations can be treated as reusable components which are
composed for specific contexts.
-Usability:
Diagrammatic notations have been important to the success of many OMG standards. This proposal presents a
diagrammatic notation which is an extension of collaboration object diagrams and is therefore familiar to many end users. A criticism often levelled at diagrammatic notations is their scalability. This submission also presents a textual syntax, constructs of the diagrammatic notations are closely aligned with its textual counterpart. Considering the domains of relations and mappings at the generic type level is often too limiting. Instead it often is specific-types of things that are of interest. This submission uses patterns to describe the domains of both relations and mappings. Patterns are a means of succinctly describing specific-types of model elements and enable domains of interest to be rapidly stated with ease.
-Semantic soundness:
By definition a standard should give rise to consistency across differing implementations. It is important that
an end user can get the same results on two different implementations. For this reason, this submission goes
to some effort to ensure that all the constructs have a well-defined semantic basis. This is achieved by treating
the submission in two parts. The infrastructure part has a small number of constructs which can be easily and
consistently understood from informal descriptions (although a mathematical semantics is given in Appendix
B for the sake of completeness and rigour). The superstructure part uses the infrastructure as its semantic
basis and defines the syntax that the end user deals with. The relationship between the superstructure and the
infrastructure is expressed as a translation.


This article examines the influences of two forms of buyout options – permanent (i.e., a buyer could buy out the item at any point during the entire bidding process) and temporary (i.e., buyout option ceases to be present once the bidding price exceeds the reserve price) – under the presence of reserve price on a buyer's decision in online auctions. We propose that the presence of permanent buyout option leads a buyer to buy out instead of bidding. However, a buyer with temporary buyout option would attempt to bid above the reserve price so as to prevent other buyers from ending the auction prematurely. A series of controlled experiments was subsequently conducted to investigate the impact of buyout permanence (permanent versus temporary), price contrast (small versus large difference between the average clearance price and buyout price) and reserve price (low versus high) on a buyer's behavior. The results support our conjecture by suggesting that a buyer is more likely to be loss averse and has a higher propensity to buy out in the presence of the permanent buyout option. However, when facing the temporary buyout option, a buyer becomes reserve-price conscious and is more likely to bid.


Beginning with Martin Meisel's account of theatrical and fictional tableaux as 'effects', this article explores Dickens's staging of sentimental affect both in his performed readings of his fiction and in the works of fiction themselves. Initially focusing on a private reading of The Chimes in 1843, captured in an illustration by Daniel Maclise, and at which a number of his friends and colleagues openly wept, the essay moves on to give an account of Dickens's instrumental manipulation of sentimental affect in scenes from Oliver Twist, 'A Christmas Carol' and Bleak House . The essay argues, firstly, that in carefully staging self-reflexive sentimental tableaux, Dickens creates a species of 'alienation effect' that reinforces the affective power of the scenes. Secondly it contends that what Dickens was aiming for was less a representational realism that a realism of affect; and thirdly that he simultaneously engaged with and interroged the melodramatic mode in his later works of fiction leading, in Bleak House , to a cross-class account of women's oppression.


Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is a high voltage plasma-assisted oxidation process which involves the creation of plasma discharges around a metal surface component immersed in an environmentally-friendly aqueous electrolyte to form ceramic oxide coatings which can, if correctly formed, impart a high corrosion and wear resistance. During PEO coating, there are three simultaneous processes taking place, namely the electrochemical reactions, the plasma chemical reactions and thermal oxygen diffusion. All PEO-coatings have a three-layer structure with a porous outer layer, and intermediate dense layer and a thin inner dense layer. It is through control of the relative amounts (thickness) and composition of these three that high quality coatings can be obtained. In this paper we describe how processing parameters including current density, current mode (unipolar, bipolar, hybrid), and electrolyte (concentration and composition) effect the quality of the coatings as measured by the corrosion and wear resistance. In general terms, an intermediate current density and a bipolar current mode lead to the most compact and high quality coatings, although the growth rate is reduced compared to using a unipolar current mode and higher current densities. The growth rate can be increased by increasing the electrolyte concentration. Incorporation of silicates and aluminates into the electrolyte can result in the formation of hard spinels in the coatings, which can then lead to better wear and corrosion resistance.


In the frame of the ESA e.Deorbit study (Architecture Definition phase), a highly integrated and collaborative MBSE process related to Systems Modelling and Simulation has been developed and applied for supporting the iterative generation and maturation of the system requirements, architectures and system budgets at phase B1 level. e.Deorbit is a compelling mission concept that addresses the most pressing debris challenge for Europe: the postlife disposal of ESA's environmental satellite Envisat. The e.Deorbit roboticbased chaser is characterized by strong safety (avoid collisions between chaser and target) and autonomy (capabilities to operate automatically with ground supervision) features. Additionally, the system complexity w.r.t. 1. the dependencies in and between the architectures, 2. the number of mission scenarios including the contingencies and 3. the system responses according to changes in the mission environment and the system configuration calls for system modelling and simulation to support the proper definition of the mission and the system and architecture requirements. During the e.Deorbit study, complemented with Airbus internal studies, a MBSE process called "Federated and Executable Models" was developed with further support of Phoenix Integration and RHEA. The main motivation of this approach is to maintain systems thinking aspects over the complete SE methodology. MBSE patterns, data loops, data models and data sprints build the overall Systems Engineering (SE) process based on models, operability between the models and SE strategies. They produce together iteratively and successively the organization of the information leading to an optimal system definition for the system environment. They synthesize a unified whole, i.e. an open system with properties, capabilities and behaviours corresponding to the expected emergent properties, capabilities and behaviours. Using new standards for interoperability (OSLC, Linked Data) and high-end visualization technologies (VR) the MBSE toolchain is driving and fostering core characteristics of agile development tactics, such as improved collaboration and stakeholder interaction through transparency and communication. They provide a holistic, multi-disciplinary and collaborative approach to designing and maintaining complex systems. Furthermore, this MBSE process strategy allows eliminating or mitigating the threads associated with a system definition. The architectural and design aspects in the requirements and vice versa are covered, consistent data for the different system analyses are used, the architectures are described in the same context reducing the risk to not catch the relevant relationships and the system complexity, and it is verified early in the process by simulation, whether the system fundamental properties are generated by the developed solutions. This MBSE process is also considered as an industrial production means for system definition in studies and projects. The process might lead to a higher efficiency in the Systems Engineering work. The objective at Airbus Defence and Space is to iteratively implement and experiment this MBSE process. W.r.t. the full MBSE process addressed in the paper, only a part of it related to architecture was implemented so far. The presented MBSE patterns and data models will need further definition and validation work in experiments before their full application in studies.


This thesis presents a comprehensive overview of the concept of open trial in different eras, before and after the birth of the Internet and social media. It describes obstacles and challenges that emerge in the digital environment such as the citizen journalism phenomenon as well as directions for evolving and rethinking the concept of open trial in this new era. It focuses on the jury trial as a means of implementing openness and it proceeds across different periods and jurisdictions with a normative analysis. It finally presents several technological solutions for resolving the conflict between open, fair trial and social media. These solutions range from a number of light weight measures to a radical reformulation of the criminal trial by jury which is based on a cryptographic e-voting protocol and blockchain technology.


The aims of the thesis are to investigate tourism led non-oil growth (TLNOG), for Libya, and to identify the factors that will help to increase this growth through creating and implementing a Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS). These are three research questions: (1) Is there any relationship between tourism expenditure and non-oil GDP in Libya? (2) Is there any causality between these two variables? (3) How to resolve and recover the particular case of Libyan tourism growth through the BOS? Firstly, the research estimated the potential of tourism by using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) co-integration model proposed by Turner (2006) to ascertain the long-run relationship between tourism expenditure and non-oil growth. Then, semi-structures interview questions based on the Eliminate-Reduce-Raise-Creative grid (ERRC) (Kim & Mauborgne, 2005b) were dismissed to five kinds of stakeholders (consultants, public promoters, hoteliers, tour operators and tour guides). This study indicates that the long-run relationship is verified between the variables and there is one long run causality. The findings show the BOS through: (a) value innovation by offering special services and packages in hotels (e.g. planning healthy food for special events); (b) technology innovation linked to museums considering people with special needs; (c) cost-off by reducing the prices of the tourist restaurant and internal flights; (d) new segment market by creating the North and South Mediterranean tourism. Finally, the BOS as a recovery strategy by adopting tourism culture and choosing the desert as the main theme for Libyan tourism. The study concludes that TLNOG is not verified, and the growth in the Libyan tourism market could be achieved through the application of thoughtful and appropriate Blue Ocean Strategy.


A number of biopolymers have a potential to be used as a basis for producing films, coatings and therapeutic systems with application in medicine, pharmacy and food industry. The objective of the present work was to obtain monopolymer and composite matrices which can be used as carriers of biologically active substances. Protein (collagen, gelatin, soy protein) and polysaccharide (sodium alginate, highmethoxyl pectin, carrageenan and carboxy- methylcellulose) hydrocolloids were investigated and a method for producing monopolymer and composite films was developed. The obtained materials were characterized by their physicochemical and mechanical properties; their behavior at different pH values and in media simulating the conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. The protein films showed lower moisture content and absorbed less water compared to the polysaccharide films. It was found that films prepared from collagen dispersions were the most resistant at different pH and in simulated gastric and intestinal juice. The polysaccharide films dissolved under the studied conditions except for the alginates which kept their wholeness in acidic medium and in simulated gastric juice, but degraded in intestinal juice. The combination of two biopolymers - protein-polysaccharide or polysaccharide-polysaccharide improved considerably the mechanical properties of the films. All composite films also showed significant differences in the dissolution profile compared to the individual biopolymer films.


Attention to style in political discourse with a focus not on what political actors say, but on how they say it, can be found within the research traditions of 'rhetorical criticism' (RC) or 'rhetorical stylistics' (RS) on the one hand, and 'critical discourse analysis' (CDA) on the other hand. The tradition of CDA has been criticized for being 'ad hoc': analyses often fail to clarify why on the linguistic level some linguistic means are analysed, and others not. Within both frameworks of RC/RS and CDA, it has been suggested to use a checklist as a methodological tool in stylistic analysis but this has barely been put into practice. In this chapter I discuss what the use of a checklist can yield for stylistic analysis of political discourse and illustrate this with a detailed stylistic analysis of a speech held by the Dutch controversial politician, Geert Wilders.


Historical practice strongly influences constitutional interpretation in foreign affairs law, including most questions relating to the treaty power. Yet it is strikingly absent from the debate presently pending before the U.S. Supreme Court over whether Congress can pass legislation implementing U.S. treaties under the Necessary and Proper Clause, even if this legislation would otherwise lie outside its enumerated powers. Drawing on previously unexplored sources, this piece considers the historical roots of Congress's power to implement U.S. treaties between the Founding and the seminal case of Missouri v. Holland in 1920. It shows that time after time, members of Congress relied on the Necessary and Proper Clause in passing legislation implementing treaties. Notably, both opponents and supporters of a strong treaty power accepted Congress's power to implement treaties under the Necessary and Proper Clause, even though they did so for quite different reasons. This consensus helped lead to the growing practice of treaty non-self-execution, a practice that in turn has led Congress to play an increased role in treaty implementation. The historical practice revealed in this piece supports the conclusion that Congress has the power to pass legislation implementing treaties under the Necessary and Proper Clause, even where no other Article I power underlies this legislation.


Children's perspectives can enlighten decisions regarding custody and parenting plans, but different opinions exist about how best to involve children in the decision-making process. This article discusses why most procedures for soliciting children's preferences do not reliably elicit information on their best interests and do not give children a meaningful voice in decision making. Instead, these procedures provide children with forums in which to takes sides in their parents' disputes. In addition to hearing an individual child's voice, decision makers can use the collective voice of children, as revealed in research on such topics as joint custody, overnight stays, and relocation to help understand what children might say about these issues with the hindsight of maturity and in the absence of parental pressure, loyalty conflicts, inhibitions, and limitations in perspective and articulation. Key Words: child custody, divorce, joint custody, visitation, relocation. Controversies about the long-term legacy of divorce are relevant to the families who experience it themselves, as well as to scholars and researchers. How one construes the consequences of divorce also has implications both for clinical practice and for policy making. Implications for clinical work are discussed by Haine et al. (2003) and Ahrons and Tanner (2003) in this issue of Family Relations. Implications for divorce policy are discussed from an international perspective in Walker (2003, this issue). The current article addresses the implications of divorce research for a specific divorce policy: how professionals involve children in decision-making processes. The perspective developed here is illustrated through its application to the issues of joint custody, overnight stays, and relocation. Throughout history, the voices of children have been conspicuously absent from decisions that affected their welfare following their parents' divorce. Instead, concepts of parental rights and gender stereotypes determined the postdivorce fate of children (Roth, 1976; Warshak, 1992, 1996). Throughout most of the 20th century, the beliefs (a) that women, by nature, are better suited to love and care for children, and (b) that children need mothers more than they need fathers resulted in most children living with their mothers after divorce and infrequently spending time with their fathers. The weakening of gender stereotypes and growing concern about equal protection under the law led to the adoption of the best-interests-of-the-child standard in the early 1970s (Scott, 1992). This standard was intended to substitute a broad range of gender-neutral criteria for the a priori preference for sole mother custody of young children. The goal of individualized custody decisions was not immediately realized until the emergence, a decade later, of a genuine understanding of the impact on children of various custody dispositions. Pioneering projects by Wallerstein and Kelly (1980) in California and Hetherington, Cox, and Cox (1978, 1982) in Virginia measured various aspects of psychological functioning and helped show conventional post-divorce arrangements from the children's perspective as revealed in interviews and self-report scales. Research with father-custody families (e.g., Rosen, 1977; Warshak & Santrock, 1983a, 1983b) and joint-custody families (e.g., Greif, 1979; Steinman, 1981; Wolchik, Braver, & Sandler, 1985) gave further voice to children's concerns and preferences in the aftermath of parental divorce. Judith Wallerstein was an early, passionate, and eloquent champion of children from divorced families. Her work with these children led her to conclude that their feelings and preferences should be given serious consideration by the courts. Writing about relocation, she stated, "Especially at the time of a contemplated move, the court should be responsive to the child's voice, amplifying it above the din of competing parents. …


This dissertation is a study of social and environmental conditions inside rural industrial labor camps throughout the U.S. South between 1905 and 1965. The use of peonage labor, i.e., the coercion of labor against ones' will through indebtedness or violence impacted nearly a fourth of rural workers in the postbellum south, particularly in isolated railroad construction sites, lumber operations, turpentine camps, and commercial vegetable farms. Though employers' various peonage labor regimes changed within the context of the camps' physical environment and evolved over time, they continually took advantage of marginalized social groups, immigrants, African-Americans, and the poor. The relative inability of workers, their families, and reformers to prosecute employers and foremen for labor abuses stemmed from the collusion of local law enforcement and the indifference of federal government officials. Ultimately, broader market forces of globalization and technology changed peonage labor regimes, not the enforcement of federal statues outlawing the practice.


There are many independent theories and constructs pertaining to motivation, volition, and learning and the total number continues to expand. In contrast, it could be beneficial for guiding research and practice to have more theories that are integrative in nature; that help explain relationships among theories in relation to motivation, volition, learning, and performance. Typically, researchers focus on a bounded set of questions within a given area of interest that incorporates a specific paradigm of inquiry. However, to have integrative theories it is necessary to move outside of the given paradigms and demonstrate how these various approaches can be combined to provide more explanatory frames of reference than any one of them can do by itself. In this paper such an integrative theory is proposed. It preserves the integrity of the constituent concepts and theories and provides a basis for cross-paradigm studies. This theory of motivation, volition, and performance (MVP) builds upon an established integrative theory but expands it by incorporating the concept of intentions, action control, and information processing within the framework of a system model. Furthermore, the theory illustrates how environmental (external) influences on behavior combine with internal psychological constructs and processes in relation to goal directed effort, performance, consequences, and outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of the theory for research and practice.


Fat-containing food waste can be effectively treated in a new type of reactor, the so-called BIOPAQ-Anaerobic Flotation Reactor or BIOPAQ(®) anaerobic flotation reactor (AFR). In the reactor a flotation unit is integrated to retain the sludge. In this study results from two plants with a 430 and 511 m(3)-AFR, respectively, are presented. In one reactor, which is fed with water originating from different food liquid streams, over 99% of fat and oils were removed. Over 90% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed. When the last solids were removed from the effluent with a tilted plate settler, 98% COD removal was attained. The effluent concentrations of extractable hydrolysed and non-hydrolysed fats were less than 40 mg/l. Apparently the variations in the liquid streams deriving from the tank cleaning activities did not disturb the system. Only extremely high concentrations of fats could disturb the system, but the inhibition was reversible. In the reactor treating water from an ice-cream factory, which contained fats up to approximately 50% of influent COD, a COD removal efficiency of 90% was achieved. At volumetric loading rates varying from 1 to 8 kg COD/m(3)/d, biogas was produced at an average specific gas production of 0.69 m(3)/kg COD-removed.


Extra virgin olive oil is rich in phenolic compounds which are believed to exert beneficial effects against many pathological processes, including the development of colon cancer. We show that one of the major polyphenolic constituents of extra virgin olive oil, hydroxytyrosol (HT), exerts strong antiproliferative effects against human colon adenocarcinoma cells via its ability to induce a cell cycle block in G2/M. These antiproliferative effects were preceded by a strong inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation and a downstream reduction of cyclin D1 expression, rather than by inhibition of p38 activity and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. These findings are of particular relevance due to the high colonic concentration of HT compared to the other olive oil polyphenols and may help explain the inverse link between colon cancer and olive oil consumption.


Albert Einstein was an exceptional human being. Perhaps nothing reflects the breadth and scope of his brilliance, his interests, and his influence better than his publications - more than six hundred scientific papers, books, essays, reviews, and opinion pieces. Einstein began publishing in March 1901 with a scientific work that appeared in the German journal Annalen der Physik when he was twenty-two; the last publication was an editorial in the journal Common Cause that appeared a few months before his death in 1955. In the fifty-four-year interval, his published work ranged widely over relativity theory and quantum physics, nationalism, Judaism, war, peace, and education. Indeed, Einstein's literary output was so abundant that even many of his most informed admirers are not familiar with all of it. The Einstein Almanac takes a look at Einstein's year-by-year output, explaining his three-hundred most important publications and setting them into the context of his life, science, and world history. Concentrating primarily on Einstein's scientific and humanitarian writings, Alice Calaprice summarizes most of the papers and describes meaningful events surrounding their publication, including Einstein's personal life, his travels, the work of other scientists, social and cultural developments at the time, and national and international events. Enjoyable and informative, The Einstein Almanac provides a unique perspective on Einstein's genius - and his humanity.


Tourism is sensitive to conflict and responsive to peace. Nonetheless, it has to cope with peacelessness caused by violent conflict and its induced adverse factors. This paper analyzes the impact of a decade long (1996-2006) armed conflict on tourism in Nepal and explores the coping strategies applied by this sector to revive and sustain itself. Based on the historical political transformation of the state and some constructive efforts by the Nepalese tourism actors towards peace building, this paper argues that violent conflict is not always destructive but can also be a constructive social force for tourism if its actors are "practical" and not "apocalyptic". The paper also attempts to add some new knowledge on the complicated relationship between tourism, conflict and peace.


Satellite altimeters have become an important tool for the study of global and regional mean sea level change, offering near global coverage and unprecedented accuracy. Issues of calibration and validation remain central to their ability to determine estimates of change at accuracies of better than 0.5 mm/yr.This Thesis provides an absolute calibration of the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and Jason-1 satellite altimeters, undertaken in Bass Strait, Australia. The research provides a contribution to the international calibration effort, with the Bass Strait site situated as the only one of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere.

A unique in situ absolute calibration methodology is presented, reliant on the episodic deployment of GPS equipped buoys at an offshore comparison point. In contrast to other calibration studies, data from the GPS buoys are used to solve for the absolute datum of an offshore oceanographic array (incorporating a pressure sensor, temperature and salinity recorders and a current meter array). Combined with data from a coastal tide gauge and a regional GPS network, the methodology enables the cycle-by-cycle computation of absolute bias, without the necessity of estimating a marine geoid. Emphasis within this Thesis is given to the design and development of the GPS equipped buoys, in addition to the standardisation requirements of the geodetic analysis. The GPS buoy design is applied to both the altimeter calibration problem, in addition to a near shore application involving the calibration of tide gauges in the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic.The attention to standardisation ensures comparable estimates of in situ and altimeter sea surface height. Differences at the 9 mm level for the pole tide displacement and plus or minus 5 mm for the solid Earth tide displacement are revealed when using the GAMIT GPS analysis suite.The implications of non-standardisation are further illustrated with the presentation of time series analysis from various continuous GPS datasets.

Absolute bias and 1-sigma uncertainties from a formal error budget are 0 plus or minus 14 mm for T/P and +152 plus or minus 13 mm for Jason-1 (for the GDR POE orbits, computed over the calibration phase, 18 Jan 2002 14 Aug 2002). Results over the duration of the T/P mission confirm a dependence on the choice of Sea State Bias (SSB), with the overall mean absolute bias not statistically different from zero. Extending the comparison period between Jason-1 cycles 1 to 101 (18 Jan 2002 06 Oct 2004) reduces the Jason-1 mean absolute bias by approximately 10 mm and reveals a significant slope of -7.6 plus or minus 5.6 mm per year.Whilst the cause for the significant absolute bias remains unexplained, the source of the drift appears attributable to the microwave radiometer, observed to be measuring drier over time (-5.9 plus or minus 2.1 mm/yr). Drift of the POE orbit relative to the JPL GPS orbit is shown to account for the remaining trend observed at the Bass Strait site.After considering geographically correlated errors, absolute bias results show excellent agreement with other international calibration studies.These results aid in understanding the performance of both the T/P and Jason-1 altimeters, further underscoring calibration and cross calibration of altimeters as essential for the study of low frequency oceanographic processes, including regional and global mean sea level change.The inference of geographically correlated orbit errors, and the significant unexplained Jason-1 absolute bias emphasises the need for maintaining globally distributed verification sites and makes it clear that further work is required to improve our understanding of the Jason-1 instrument and its algorithm behaviour.


John C. Moser's career spans over 50 years, and his research has focused on understanding the biology of town ants (Atta texana) and phoretic mites and other associates of ants and pine bark beetles. His approach to developing methods for the control of these pests has been to understand more completely the biology of these organisms. This research approach has established Moser as an internationally recognized expert in leaf-cutting ant biology and as a premier authority on phoretic mites and other associates of pine bark beetles. John's efforts have led to the largest collection (over 30,000 specimens) of mites associated with forest insects in the world. This knowledge is leading entomologists, ecologists, and pathologists to consider the possible role of mites in insect-fungal symbioses and disease transmission in trees.


Abstract Objective Public health professionals continue to see the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption on population health. While studies that evaluate the availability of produce are sparse in the medical literature, disparities in availability may explain the disproportional intake of produce for some people. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability and variety of produce located in two racially and economically diverse urban neighbourhoods. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 50% of the supermarkets, small grocery stores, delicatessens, and fruit and vegetable markets located in specific neighbourhoods were randomly sampled and surveyed between September 2004 and July 2005. Food stores were evaluated for the availability of 20 types of fresh fruits and 19 types of fresh vegetables, as well as their varieties and whether they were canned, frozen or previously prepared. 2000 US Census information was used to determine characteristics of the geo-coded census tracts where the food stores were located. Setting Brooklyn, New York. Results A supermarket was located in approximately every third census tract in predominantly white areas (prevalence = 0.33) and every fourth census tract in racially mixed areas (prevalence = 0.27). There were no supermarkets located in the predominantly black areas. With the exception of bananas, potatoes, okra and yucca, a lower proportion of predominantly black area stores carried fresh produce, while supermarkets carried the largest variety of produce types. Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables were found in the majority of stores, whereas prepared and organic produce was limited to predominantly white area stores. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the availability and variety of fresh produce is associated with neighbourhood racial composition and may be a factor contributing to differences in intake among residents.


Background: Lung clearance index (LCI) is a sensitive marker of early lung disease in children but has not been assessed in adults. Measurement is hindered by the complexity of the equipment required. The aims of this study were to assess performance of a novel gas analyser (Innocor) and to use it as a clinical tool for the measurement of LCI in cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: LCI was measured in 48 healthy adults, 12 healthy school-age children and 33 adults with CF by performing an inert gas washout from 0.2% sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). SF6 signal:noise ratio and 10–90% rise time of Innocor were compared with a mass spectrometer used in similar studies in children. Results: Compared with the mass spectrometer, Innocor had a superior signal:noise ratio but a slower rise time (150 ms vs 60 ms) which may limit its use in very young children. Mean (SD) LCI in healthy adults was significantly different from that in patients with CF: 6.7 (0.4) vs 13.1 (3.8), p<0.001. Ten of the patients with CF had forced expiratory volume in 1 s ⩾80% predicted but only one had a normal LCI. LCI repeats were reproducible in all three groups of subjects (mean intra-visit coefficient of variation ranged from 3.6% to 5.4%). Conclusions: Innocor can be adapted to measure LCI and affords a simpler alternative to a mass spectrometer. LCI is raised in adults with CF with normal spirometry, and may prove to be a more sensitive marker of the effects of treatment in this group.


Recent years have seen the rapid discovery of solids whose low-energy electrons have a massless, linear dispersion, such as Weyl, line-node, and Dirac semimetals. The remarkable optical properties predicted in these materials show their versatile potential for optoelectronic uses. However, little is known of their response in the picoseconds after absorbing a photon. Here we measure the ultrafast dynamics of four materials that share non-trivial band structure topology but that differ chemically, structurally, and in their low-energy band structures: ZrSiS, which hosts a Dirac line node and Dirac points; TaAs and NbP, which are Weyl semimetals; and Sr$_{1-y}$Mn$_{1-z}$Sb$_2$, in which Dirac fermions coexist with broken time-reversal symmetry. After photoexcitation by a short pulse, all four relax in two stages, first sub-picosecond, and then few-picosecond. Their rapid relaxation suggests that these and related materials may be suited for optical switches and fast infrared detectors. The complex change of refractive index shows that photoexcited carrier populations persist for a few picoseconds.


As one of the forerunners of 'second wave' feminist playwriting, Sarah Daniels has for the
past fifteen years been one of Britain's most prolific writers for the stage. This thesis is the
first to offer a detailed critical analysis of all her published plays along with a developmental
account of her career. My approach throughout is text-based and non-prescriptive,
although I do at certain points indicate where Daniels reflects or voices differing feminist
perspectives. I also consider, beginning in Chapter Three, the critical reception and
'gendered' reviewing the playwright has received over the years.
The thesis is organised into five chapters with an Afterword. Chapter One, the
Introduction, offers an overview of Daniels' career as well as certain key characteristics of
her work. In Chapter Two I analyse the early plays, Ripen Our Darkness, The Devil's
Gateway and Neaptide, and consider in particular how they reflect, along with other
women's playwriting at the time, certain ideals of the Women's Liberation Movement.
Chapter Three is devoted entirely to Masterpieces, Daniels' most controversial and, on
many levels, successful play to date. Chapter Four is an analysis of the 'history plays',
Byrthrite and The Gut Girls. In addition to giving voice to women traditionally silenced in
and by history, these plays (especially Byrthrite) also echo particular strands of modern
feminist debate. Chapter Five examines Daniels' plays of the 1990s (Beside Herself, Head-
Rot Holiday and The Madness of Esme and Shaz) with their central theme of 'women and
madness'. This is also a fitting theme with which to conclude the thesis as it brings together
and expands on the most significant motif running throughout the playwright's work. In the
Afterword I consider the effect of Esme and Shaz's critical reception on Daniels, as well as
her current 'work in progress'. Finally, the two Appendices provide a chronological table of
Daniels' productions and a list of subsequent professional productions as well as awards.


Interactions between sea otters Enhydra lutris, sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and kelp were investigated following the reduction in sea otter density in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. At northern Knight Island, a heavily oiled portion of the sound, sea otter abundance was reduced by a minimum of 50 % by the oil spill, and from 1995 through 1998 remained at an estimated 66 % lower than in 1973. Where sea otter densities were reduced, there were proportionally more large sea urchins. However, except in some widely scattered aggregations, both density and biomass of sea urchins were similar in an area of reduced sea otter density compared with an area where sea otters remained about 10 times more abundant. Furthermore, there was no change in kelp abundance in the area of reduced sea otter density. This is in contrast to greatly increased biomass of sea urchins and greatly reduced kelp density observed following an approximate 90 % decline in sea otter abundance in the western Aleutian Islands. The variation in community response to a reduction in sea otters may be related to the magnitude of the reduction and the non-linear response by sea urchins to changes in predator abundance. The number of surviving sea otters may have been high enough to suppress sea urchin populations in Prince William Sound, but not in the Aleutians. Alternatively, differences in response may have been due to differences in the frequency or magnitude of sea urchin recruitment. Densities of small sea urchins were much higher in the Aleutian system even prior to the reduction in sea otters, suggesting a higher rate of recruitment.


The 1973 Shore Protection Manual (SPM) predicts longshore transport rates that are 83% higher than its 1966 predecessor, for the same wave conditions. This upward revision is the result of concurrent increases due to (1) deletion of all laboratory data used to establish the 1966 prediction, (2) addition of Komar's (1969) field observations, and (3) limiting energy flux values computed from previously unused data obtained at Santa Barbara (Johnson, 1952). A derivation based on conservation of energy shows that P. is the longshore component of the energy flux confined between two wave orthogonals spaced a unit distance apart in the longshore direction, and that a term previously identified as the onshore component of energy flux is identical with the total energy flux in the direction of wave travel between these orthogonals. Use of submerged weight transport rates has no engineering benefit at the present time because: (1) all available data are in terms of volume rates, (2) conversion to submerged weight requires estimates of the void ratio and sand grain density which have been assumed constant in practice, and (3) the engineering problem needs volume rates which would require reconversion back to volume rates if an immersed weight prediction were established.


Although with earlier detection of prostate cancer more men face the long‐term consequences of primary treatment, studies on the impact of treatment on long‐term health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) are scarce. We followed 314 men with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer from 1 month before until 5 years after radical prostatectomy (n = 127) or external beam radiotherapy (n = 187; median follow‐up = 52 months). Questionnaires addressing disease‐specific (UCLA PCI) and generic (SF‐36, EQ‐5D) HRQoL were sent 1 month before and 6, 12 and 52 months after treatment. Repeated‐measures modeling was used to study HRQoL over time. Regular urinary leakage was reported by 12% of prostatectomy patients before treatment and by 31% at the 52‐month assessment. Erectile dysfunction before treatment was reported by 31% of prostatectomy patients and by 40% of radiotherapy patients; at the 52‐month assessment, these percentages were 88% and 64%, respectively. Erectile dysfunction present at 1 year posttreatment can be considered permanent. Prostatectomy patients reported better generic functioning both before and after treatment than radiotherapy patients, who were on average 5.9 years older and had more comorbid conditions. General physical functioning of prostatectomy patients slightly improved over time, but declined in radiotherapy patients. The relation between age and physical scores was found to be nonlinear. The long‐term physical decline in radiotherapy patients partly resulted from aging and its nonlinear impact on health, although treatment effects cannot be excluded. Scores of both patient groups remained above those of norm populations. Innovative graphs describing disease‐specific and generic functions after treatment can help patients and physicians in their treatment choices. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Evaluation of Predicted and Observed Data on Biotransformation of Twenty-Nine Trace Organic Chemicals Maria Luisa Carvalho Bertolini Trace organic chemicals present in household products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products may have adverse ecotoxicological effects once they are released to the environment. These chemicals are usually transported with the sewage to wastewater treatment facilities, where they might be attenuated depending on the degree of treatment applied prior to discharge to receiving streams. This study evaluates the removal performance of 29 trace organic compounds during two different activated sludge treatment systems. Predominant attenuation processes such as biotransformation and sorption for the target compounds were identified. Biotransformation rate constants determined in this study were used to assess removal of compounds from other treatment plants with similar operational conditions, using data gathered from the literature. The commercial software Catalogic was applied to predict environmental fate of chemicals. The software program consisted of four models able to simulate molecular transformations and to generate degradation trees. In order to assess the accuracy of this program in predicting biotransformation, one biodegradation model is used to contrast predicted degradation pathway with metabolic pathways reported in the literature. The predicted outcome was correct for more than 40 percent of the 29 targeted substances, while 38 percent of the chemicals exhibited some degree of lower agreement between predicted and observed pathways. Percent removal data determined for the two treatment facilities was compared with transformation probability output from Catalogic. About 80 percent of the 29 compounds exhibited a good correlation between probability of transformation of the parent compound and percent removal data from the two treatment 5 plants (R = 0.82 and 0.9). Based upon findings for 29 trace organic chemicals regarding removal during activated sludge treatment, attacked fragments present in their structures, predicted data from Catalogic, and peer-reviewed pathways, possible indicator compounds capable of representing the removal of other compounds based on similar structures were identified. In conclusion, nine among the 29 select compounds were grouped into two categories showing similarities between removal, probability of transformation and attacked fragments. If more chemicals are evaluated, this approach could be useful to establish other indicator compounds based on identification of groups of chemicals with similar fate, properties, and structures.


Protecting land in parks is often seen as coming at the expense of rural economic development. Yet recent events such as the contentious debate over the development of Canyon Forest Village on the south rim of the Grand Canyon suggest just the opposite: healthy natural systems can be enormously valuable to rural economies. National Parks and Rural Development offers a thorough examination of the interdependent roles of national parks and the economies of rural communities in the United States. Bringing together the thinking and views of economists, historians, sociologists, recreation researchers, and park managers, the book considers how those roles can be most effectively managed, as it offers: - a wide-ranging review of history and important concepts in rural development and parks management - five case studies of rural development near national parks that identify lessons learned, principles applied, mistakes committed, and advances made - personal essays from leaders in the parks management field For each section, the editors offer introductory discussions that provide context and highlight key points. The editors also provide a detailed conclusion, which summarises policy implications and presents specific recommendations for improving rural development and park management policies. Case studies include: Cape Cod National Seashore, Alaskan parks and wilderness areas, Yellowstone National Park, the Grand Canyon, and three parks in the Pacific Northwest (Mt. Rainier, Olympic, and North Cascades). National Parks and Rural Development is a unique synthesis and guide to solving conflicts between the needs of human communities and nature near federal lands. It will be an important work for agency personnel, non-governmental organisations, and students and scholars of rural economic development, public policy, environmental economics, and related fields.


Polymers and their composites are increasingly sought for applications where impact resistance constitutes an important design specication. One example of practical significance is the use of polymer-based composites in novel designs of fan blade containment cases (BCCs) of jet engines. During a blade-out event, a failed blade may penetrate the BCCs, but damage has to be contained within the composite. Here, we develop the basic ingredients of a multiscale modeling methodology with focus on the scale of the basic structural unit, where polymeric matrix and reinforcements are explicitly modeled. The polymer model accounts for nonlinear behavior, nite strains, intrinsic softening, tensioncompression asymmetry, rate-sensitivity, thermal softening and kinematic-like hardening associated with macomolecular mechanisms of chain reorientations. In addition to the polymer model, models of matrix cracking and b er debonding are used. The material parameters entering the macromolecular model are identied based on tests conducted on an untoughened epoxy resin for a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Results from unit-cell calculations are presented to discuss damage initiation and progression as well as competition between modes of failure.


Peer-to-peer (P2P) botnets have recently been adopted by botmasters for their resiliency against take-down efforts. Besides being harder to take down, modern botnets tend to be stealthier in the way they perform malicious activities, making current detection approaches ineffective. In addition, the rapidly growing volume of network traffic calls for high scalability of detection systems. In this paper, we propose a novel scalable botnet detection system capable of detecting stealthy P2P botnets. Our system first identifies all hosts that are likely engaged in P2P communications. It then derives statistical fingerprints to profile P2P traffic and further distinguish between P2P botnet traffic and legitimate P2P traffic. The parallelized computation with bounded complexity makes scalability a built-in feature of our system. Extensive evaluation has demonstrated both high detection accuracy and great scalability of the proposed system.