Chemical contaminants (e.g. metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals) are changing ecosystems via effects on wildlife. Indeed, recent work explicitly performed under environmentally realistic conditions reveals that chemical contaminants can have both direct and indirect effects at multiple levels of organization by influencing animal behaviour. Altered behaviour reflects multiple physiological changes and links individual- to population-level processes, thereby representing a sensitive tool for holistically assessing impacts of environmentally relevant contaminant concentrations. Here, we show that even if direct effects of contaminants on behavioural responses are reasonably well documented, there are significant knowledge gaps in understanding both the plasticity (i.e. individual variation) and evolution of contaminant-induced behavioural changes. We explore implications of multi-level processes by developing a conceptual framework that integrates direct and indirect effects on behaviour under environmentally realistic contexts. Our framework illustrates how sublethal behavioural effects of contaminants can be both negative and positive, varying dynamically within the same individuals and populations. This is because linkages within communities will act indirectly to alter and even magnify contaminant-induced effects. Given the increasing pressure on wildlife and ecosystems from chemical pollution, we argue there is a need to incorporate existing knowledge in ecology and evolution to improve ecological hazard and risk assessments.


What are the reading habits of Malaysian students at the university? Will efficient readers achieve higher levels of academic achievement? How do our students perceive their reading ability?
How much do Malaysians read? According to the last National Literacy Survey carried out in 1996 by the National Library, the average Malaysian reads only two books a year! This is an improvement compared to an earlier survey in 1982 which revealed that an average Malaysian read a mere page or two a year. The Sunday Star newspaper (8th August, 1999:p2) reports that "the poor reading habits among Malaysians was common knowledge but, in true Malaysian fashion, it took an official survey to jolt the education sector that something had to be done fast."
According to Sarjit (1999) the studies in the past have shown that the examoriented educational system in Malaysia promotes learning and that needs to be a paradigm shift in how we view education and about the way we teach. The Education Minster, Datuk Najib Tun Razak, has frequently commented in the local media that most students read only to pass exams and do not read for pleasure. He has been instrumental in implementing many projects aimed at improving students' reading ability in the country. Reading skills are important through out our lifetime, particularly as we respond to new demands and changes in jobs and reading for pleasure or recreational has been found to improve reading comprehension, writing style, vocabulary, spelling and grammatical development.Over the past twenty years, increasing numbers of Malaysians have enrolled in institutions of higher learning in the country. Admission decisions are usually made on the basis of the applicants' academic performance in standardized


Timber companies and policy makers in the Brazilian Amazon urgently need financial information on forest management. Results from a few experiments, case studies, and surveys have been groundbreaking, but are insufficient. A strategic partnership between timber companies and research organizations is needed to generate additional information. This paper presents a tool for monitoring production and costs of forest operations to facilitate such collaboration. The tool provides useful information for companies and, at the same time, generates reliable data for research. Selected results are presented on production, capacity, and costs to demonstrate the usefulness of the information that can be generated. These results are based on the first 2 years of implementation by a company in the State of Para, Brazil. This pilot project confirmed that the tool is simple and relevant. Its successful implementation requires significant investment, and will be applicable only to companies interested in changing from conventional logging to reduced-impact logging, especially those seeking Forest Stewardship Council certification. Successful implementation of the tool will also depend on it generating readily understood and highly relevant results for the companies, and receiving extensive support during the first 2 years.


Meigs´s syndrome is defined as the presence of ascites and hydrothorax in association with a benign ovarian tumor. It is a rare clinical entity, which is also considered to be an uncommon complication of benign leiomyomas of the female genital tract. The case of a 33 year-old female patient who presented rapid weight loss and a quickly increasing abdominal circumference is described. Clinical and ultrasonographic studies revealed a mobile, semi-solid right adnexal tumor in the lower abdominal quadrants of 15 x 14-cm and ascites as well as hydrothorax of the left lung, confirmed by chest radiography.


Background: Despite a growing number of prescriptions for antidepressants (over 70 million in 2018), there is uncertainty about when people with depression might benefit from antidepressant medication and concern that antidepressants are prescribed unnecessarily. /

Objectives: The main objective of the PANDA (What are the indications for Prescribing ANtiDepressAnts that will lead to a clinical benefit?) research programme was to provide more guidance about when antidepressants are likely to benefit people with depression. We aimed to estimate the minimal clinically important difference for commonly used self-administered scales for depression and anxiety, and to understand more about how patients respond to such assessments. We carried out an observational study of patients with depressive symptoms and a placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial of sertraline versus placebo to estimate the treatment effect in UK primary care. The hypothesis was that the severity and duration of symptoms were related to treatment response. /

Design: The programme consisted of three phases. The first phase relied on the secondary analysis of existing data extracted from published trials. The second phase was the PANDA cohort study of patients with depressive symptoms who presented to primary care and were followed up 2, 4 and 6 weeks after a baseline assessment. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the analysis. The third phase was a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial of sertraline versus placebo in patients presenting to primary care with depressive symptoms. /

Setting: UK primary care in Bristol, London, Liverpool and York. /

Participants: Patients aged 18–74 years who were experiencing depressive symptoms in primary care. Eligibility for the PANDA randomised controlled trial included that there was uncertainty about the benefits about treatment with an antidepressant. /

Interventions: In the PANDA randomised controlled trial, patients were individually randomised to 100 mg daily of sertraline or an identical placebo. The PANDA cohort study was an observational study. /

Main outcome measures: Depressive symptoms measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire were the primary outcome for the randomised controlled trial. Other outcomes included anxiety symptoms using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory, version 2; health-related quality of life; self-reported improvement; and cost-effectiveness. /

Results: The secondary analysis of existing randomised controlled trials [GENetic and clinical Predictors Of treatment response in Depression (GenPod), TREAting Depression with physical activity (TREAD) and Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive Behavioural Therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression in primary care (CoBalT)] found evidence that the minimal clinically important difference increased as the initial severity of depressive symptoms rose. Our estimates of minimal clinically important difference were a 17% and 18% reduction in Beck Depression Inventory scores for GenPod and TREAD, respectively. In CoBalT, a 32% reduction corresponded to the minimal clinically important difference but the participants in this study had depression that had not responded to antidepressants. In the PANDA study cohort, and from our analyses in existing data, we found that the minimal clinically important difference varies considerably with the initial severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Expressing the minimal clinically important difference as a percentage reduction reduces this variation at higher scores, but at low scores the percentage reduction increased substantially. The results from the qualitative studies pointed out many limitations of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items in assessing change and recovery from depression. In the PANDA randomised controlled trial, there was no evidence that sertraline resulted in a reduction in depressive symptoms within 6 weeks of randomisation, but there was some evidence of a reduction by 12 weeks. However, sertraline led to a reduction in anxiety symptoms, an improvement of mental health-related quality of life and an increased likelihood of reporting improvement. The mean Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items score at 6 weeks was 7.98 (standard deviation 5.63) in the sertraline group and 8.76 (standard deviation 5.86) in the placebo group (5% relative reduction, 95% confidence interval –7% to 15%; p = 0.41). Of the secondary outcomes, there was strong evidence that sertraline reduced anxiety symptoms (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 score reduced by 17% (95% confidence interval 9% to 25%; p = 0.00005). Sertraline had a high probability (> 90%) of being cost-effective at 12 weeks. The PANDA randomised controlled trial found no evidence that treatment response or cost-effectiveness was related to severity or duration of depressive symptoms. The minimal clinically important difference estimates suggested that sertraline's effect on anxiety, but not on depression, was likely to be clinically important. /

Limitations: The results from the randomised controlled trial and the estimates of minimal clinically important difference were not sufficiently precise to provide specific clinical guidance for individuals. We had low power in testing whether or not initial severity and duration of depressive symptoms are related to treatment response. /

Conclusions: The results of the trial support the use of sertraline and probably other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors because of their action in reducing anxiety symptoms and the likelihood of longer-term benefit on depressive symptoms. Sertraline could be prescribed for anxiety symptoms that commonly occur with depression and many patients will experience a clinical benefit. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items and similar self-administered scales should not be used on their own to assess clinical outcome, but should be supplemented with further clinical assessment. /

Future work: We need to examine the longer-term effects of antidepressant treatment. We need more precise estimates of the treatment effects and minimal clinically important difference at different severities to provide more specific guidance for individuals. However, the methods we have developed provide an approach towards providing such detailed guidance. /

Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN84544741 and EudraCT number 2013-003440-22. /

Funding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 7, No. 10. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.


The number of publications is the first criteria for assessing a researcher output. However, the main measurement for author productivity is the number of citations, and citations are typically related to the paper's visibility. In this paper, the relationship between article visibility and the number of citations is investigated. A case study of two researchers who are using publication marketing tools confirmed that the article visibility will greatly improve the citation impact. Some strategies to make the publications available to a larger audience have been presented at the end of this paper.


A distributed XML document is an XML document that spans several machines or Web repositories. We assume that a distribution design of the document tree is given, providing an XML tree some of whose leaves are "docking points", to which XML subtrees can be attached. These subtrees may be provided and controlled by peers at remote locations, or may correspond to the result of function calls, e.g., Web services. If a global type τ, e.g. a DTD, is specified for a distributed document T, it would be most desirable to be able to break this type into a collection of local types, called a local typing, such that the document satisfies τ if and only if each peer (or function) satisfies its local type. In this paper we lay out the fundamentals of a theory of local typing and provide formal definitions of three main variants of locality: local typing, maximal local typing, and perfect typing, the latter being the most desirable. We study the following relevant decision problems: (i) given a typing for a design, determine whether it is local, maximal local, or perfect; (ii) given a design, establish whether a (maximal) local, or perfect typing does exist. For some of these problems we provide tight complexity bounds (polynomial space), while for the others we show exponential upper bounds. A main contribution is a polynomial-space algorithm for computing a perfect typing in this context, if it exists.


As the power of celebrity continues to grow in the age of social media, so too does the price of using a celebrity's name and likeness to promote a product. With the newfound ease of using Twitter, Facebook, and even print media to use a celebrity's identity in conjunction with a product or company, right of publicity concerns arise. When a company uses a celebrity's name and likeness without the celebrity's authorization to market or sell a product, companies open themselves up to right of publicity suits. Many of these cases settle out of court. But when these cases do go to trial, a unique set of problems arise when expert testimony is used to determine the fair market value of the unauthorized use of the celebrity's name or likeness. This Note examines two competing methods of fair market value calculation often utilized by expert witnesses, with a focus on one in particular—the hypothetical negotiation test—and examines this test using copyright and property principles. It concludes by arguing for a new way of viewing the hypothetical negotiation test, and proposes that the two competing tests may not be so different after all.


Although literary theories describe a world of strategies - textual, discursive, interpretive, and political - what is missing is the strategist. Poststructuralists try to explain agency as the effect of large-scale systems or formations; as a result, intuitions about individual action and responsibility are expressed in terms of impersonal strategies. Mette Hjort's book responds to this situation by proposing an alternative account of strategic action, one that brings the strategist back into the picture. Hjort analyzes influential statements made by Derrida, Foucault and others to show how proposed conceptions of strategy are contradictory, underdeveloped and at odds with the actual use of the term. Why, then, has the term acquired such rhetorical force? Since "strategy" evokes conflict, Hjort suggests, its very use calls into question various pieties of idealism and humanism, and emphasizes a desired break between mondernism and post modernism. It follows that a theory of strategy must explore some of the psychological implications of conflict, and Hjort pursues these implications through traditions as diverse as game theory, discourse ethics, and the philosophy of war. Unstable frames, self-deception, promiscuous pragmatism, and social emotion are some of the phenomena she explores as she develops her account of strategic action in the competitive domain of letters. In her reflection on strategy, Hjort draws on such literary examples as "Troilus and Cressida", "Tartuffe", the autobiographical writings of Holberg and the early modern French and English treatises on theatre.


The purpose of this project was to examine culture and the impact it has on the pain experience. Pain, albeit acute or chronic, is an important subject to understand because it can have detrimental effects on the body if not properly managed. Culture has been found to be a factor that influences one's pain experience and thus the need for healthcare professionals to acknowledge this is imperative. The cultures examined in this paper include: MexicanAmericans, African-Americans, Chinese-Americans and Japanese-Americans. Within these four cultural groups their beliefs about the origin of pain, physical responses to pain, health and illness beliefs were examined. Stoicism was found to be a common pain response between these cultures. Health and illness beliefs among each culture were found to be based on spiritual values ultimately effecting pain perception and treatment. Common themes that emerged from the cultures included fear of addiction to pain medication, machismo/ strong image portrayal, past history of hardships and also complementary and alternative therapies. Nursing implications are provided and discussed for each of the cultures to assist in a better understanding of the culture's diversity and pain management. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis


Users of social networking websites tend to disclose much personal information online yet seem to retain some form of an expectation of privacy. Is this expectation of privacy always unreasonable? How do users of online social networks define their expectations of privacy online? These questions were the impetus behind an empirical study, the findings of which are presented in this Article. The project, simultaneously conducted in Canada, at Ryerson University, and in the United States, at the University of Miami, consisted of a survey regarding personal information protection and expectations of privacy on online social networks (OSNs). approximately 2,500 young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 were surveyed about the personal information they post online, the measures they take to protect such information, and their concerns, if any, regarding their personal information. Respondents also reacted to several hypothetical scenarios in which their privacy was breached on an OSN by measures both within and beyond their control. The theoretical assumption underlying this research project is that two prevalent and competing notions of privacy online exist: one rooted in control and the other in dignity. Of the two, the idea of privacy as control over one's personal information has, to date, been predominant. Legislation, regulation, corporate policy, and technology are often analyzed and evaluated in terms of the measure of control offered to individuals over their personal information. Leading OSNs, such as Facebook and MySpace, propagate a notion of privacy as user control. However, online social networking poses a fundamental challenge to the theory of privacy as control. A high degree of control cannot preclude the possibility that online socializers would post unflattering, defamatory, or personal information about each other, and that this information would in turn be available to a large, if not unrestricted, online audience. Many online socializers post personal information seemingly without much concern over the loss of control, yet it seems that online socializers react with indignation when their personal information is accessed, used, or disclosed by individuals perceived to be outside their social network. The findings presented here indicate indeed that online socializers have developed a new and arguably legitimate notion of privacy online, that if accepted by OSNs, will offer online socializers both control and protection of their dignity and reputation. We call this notion network privacy. According to network privacy, information is considered by online socializers to be private as long as it is not disclosed outside of the network to which they initially disclosed it, if it originates with them, or as long as it does not affect their established online personae, if it originates with others. OSNs, as businesses profiting from socializing online, are best positioned to offer online socializers, often the young and vulnerable, effective protection in accordance with their notion of network privacy above and beyond regular measures of personal information control, and they should be required to do so.


This thesis is about arithmetic, analytic and algorithmic aspects of modular curves and modular forms. The arithmetic and analytic aspects are linked by the viewpoint that modular curves are examples of arithmetic surfaces. Therefore, Arakelov theory (intersection theory on arithmetic surfaces) occupies a prominent place in this thesis. Apart from this, a substantial part of it is devoted to studying modular curves over finite fields, and their Jacobian varieties, from an algorithmic viewpoint.

The end product of this thesis is an algorithm for computing modular Galois representations. These are certain two-dimensional representations of the absolute Galois group of the rational numbers that are attached to Hecke eigenforms over finite fields. The running time of our algorithm is (under minor restrictions) polynomial in the length of the input. This main result is a generalisation of that of work of Jean-Marc Couveignes, Bas Edixhoven et al.

Several intermediate results are developed in sufficient generality to make them of interest to the study of modular curves and modular forms in a wider sense.


Females of the Lake Malawi cichlid Pseudotropheus lombardoi preferred males with one eggspot, the natural number, on their anal fin compared to males with two eggspots which had been artificially manipulated in number. Furthermore by manipulating the size of the eggspot, it was found that females preferred males with one large eggspot to males with one small eggspot. These results indicate that female preferences are responsible for the single eggspot in P. lombardoi and that this may be linked to species recognition as females of closely related species appear to exhibit different preferences for male eggspots.


When in 1932 the young theatre artist Nikolay Akimov made his directing debut with Hamlet, nobody expected to witness one of the biggest scandals of Russian/Soviet theatrical history. Akimov's production for the Vakhtangov Theatre in Moscow had every element of the famously controversial style of Vsevolod Meyerhold (Russia's Bertolt Brecht), including an apparently irreverent score by the equally young Dmitry Shostakovich. Yet even Meyerhold criticised the show severely. With Ophelia portrayed as a drunken prostitute, and Hamlet as a short, fat comedian, it is hardly surprising that critical opinion should have been sharply divided, agreeing only that Shostakovich's music was the best thing about the production. Over the years Western views – without the benefit of access to materials in Moscow's theatre archives – have become rigid and reductionist. As a case study for Soviet appropriation of Shakespeare, this paper suggests an understanding of Akimov's intentions more grounded in documentary evidence, not least in relation to the socio-political and cultural climate of the time and to Shostakovich's music, which, paradoxically, may have been too skilful for the good of the production.


This paper introduces Input/Output Argumentation Frameworks, a novel approach to characterize the behavior of an argumentation framework as a sort of black box exposing a well-defined external interface. As a starting point, we define the novel notion of semantics decomposability and analyze complete, stable, grounded and preferred semantics in this respect. Then we show as a main result that, under grounded, stable and credulous preferred semantics, Input/Output Argumentation Frameworks with the same behavior can be interchanged without affecting the result of semantics evaluation of other arguments interacting with them.


Multicomponent molecular modifications such as DNA methylation may offer sensitive and specific cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer biomarkers. In this study, we tested cervical tissues at various stages of tumor progression for 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels and also DNA promoter methylation profile of a panel of genes for its diagnostic potential. In total, 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and promoter methylation of 33 genes were evaluated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based technique, and bisulfate-based next generation sequencing. The 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine contents were significantly reduced in squamous cell carcinoma and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed a significant difference in (1) 5-methylcytosine between normal and squamous cell carcinoma tissues (area under the curve = 0.946) and (2) 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels among normal, squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Analyses of our next generation sequencing results and data from five independent published studies consisting of 191 normal, 10 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 21 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 335 malignant tissues identified a panel of nine genes (ARHGAP6, DAPK1, HAND2, NKX2-2, NNAT, PCDH10, PROX1, PITX2, and RAB6C) which could effectively discriminate among the various groups with sensitivity and specificity of 80%–100% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 12 gene promoters (ARHGAP6, HAND2, LHX9, HEY2, NKX2-2, PCDH10, PITX2, PROX1, TBX3, IKBKG, RAB6C, and DAPK1) were also methylated in one or more of the cervical cancer cell lines tested. The global and gene-specific methylation of the panel of genes identified in our study may serve as useful biomarkers for the early detection and clinical management of cervical cancer.


Abstract Dealing with and taking risks are central issues of current societies which had been characterised by heightened debates and conflicts about risk (Beck, Giddens). Even though there is good knowledge available, policies and strategies to reduce people's risk-taking are often less successful than expected. Experts are puzzled about common people not following good advice presuming people's lack of understanding. While this might be true in many cases a growing body of research shows, rather than being merely ignorant or misinformed, people often have good knowledge when taking risks. A growing body of research provides knowledge about the complexities, dynamics and contradictions of people's risk-taking. However, there have been little attempts to systematise this body of knowledge. This article contributes to such an enterprise. It suggests distinguishing between different motives for risk-taking, different levels of control and a number of ways how reflexivity about risk is rooted in the social realm. It also explores how risk-taking is part of developing and protecting a valued identity. The article concludes, across different domains there is good evidence for how structural and cultural forces combine and shape risk-taking while people take risks to develop a valued identity and to protect it. Advancing expert's understanding of risk-taking and change people's risk-taking require considering and approaching the larger social contexts and individual risk practices in everyday life.


INTRODUCTION The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of citizen participation in the context of the interface between the public and government, accountability and the governance process. We assert that greater involvement of citizens in designing the collection, the analysis, the dissemination, and the proper consumption of performance measurement data is a promising strategy for enhancing two important aspects of governance, namely accountability and taxpayers' satisfaction. Genuine, as different from symbolic, citizen participation, we avow, is a valuable tool for increasing trust in a government for two reasons. First, it can provide government planners and program managers a true and accurate data about taxpayers' priorities and preferences between highly desired but mutually exclusive courses of action (Tompkins, Herian and Hoppe 2010). Second, such involvement can provide program managers with important feedback about ongoing operations while boosting the credibility of government's reports about various aspects of its operations. This assertion is consistent with the recent proposal of Aghion, Algan, Cahuc and Shleifer (2008) that unilateral government regulation, to the extent that it constrains productivity, is strongly and negatively correlated with the creation of social capital. According to that proposal, "the correlation works for a range of measures of social capital, from trust in others to trust in corporations and political institutions, as well as for a range of measures of regulation, from product markets to labor markets to judicial procedures." Citizen participation is seen in this paper as a promising way of cultivating social capital, in the broad sense, given the declining cost and new opportunities for such involvement as a result of developments in information technology in general and interactive forms of e-government in particular. As noted by Kim and Kim (2010: 87), "e-government can positively increase process-based trust by improving interactions with citizens and their perceptions of responsiveness. The paper starts by placing the need for citizen participation in the current reality of growing demands for accountability. As documented by several publications (Whiteley and Sanders 2005; Global Forum 1999) this reality is articulated through questions by taxpayers and the media about government priorities and the procedures used to attain its various objectives. The paper goes on to discuss the functional aspects of citizen participation as a mean to increase trust, transparency and the quality of data used to make decisions about service levels, procedures and priorities. The paper concludes that with citizen participation it is possible not only to expand on the 1960's slogan "maximum feasible participation" for a more democratic governance process, but to affect government productivity, citizens' satisfaction, transparency and trust in government. THE CURRENT CONTEXT OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND CITIZENS' PARTICIPATION The notion that citizen participation is an important element of the democratic governance process is not new. A case for it was argued with the slogan from the 1960's Maximum Feasible Participation (Moynihan 1969; Rubin 1969). Yet, it should be noted that its wide use in America during the 1960's and 1970's was meant mainly to foster true democracy. For all practical purposes, it was geared to facilitate participation by the poor and minorities that have been left out of the governance process. To be sure, citizen participation was not intended primarily for fostering productivity, better government or accountability. The academics writings on citizen participation during the Johnson Administration (e.g., Strange 1972) coincided with the research interest about agenda setting (e.g., Bachrach and Baratz 1962) and community power (e.g., Hunter 1969). This "coincidence" supports our assertion that at that time citizen participation was used more for operationalizing the concept of greater democracy through a more inclusive participation in the decision making process than as a way of addressing issues of accountability, responsiveness, and public sector productivity. …


Abstract Initial imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is of crucial importance in the decision-making process. The aim of this study was to compare preoperative imaging, pathological data, and outcomes in a series of patients who underwent resection for pancreatic head cancer. From January 2004 to December 2009, data were collected by the Association Française de Chirurgie on 1044 patients who received first-line R0 resection of pancreatic head cancer. On imaging (computed tomography scan 97%, echoendoscopic ultrasound 61.3%, magnetic resonance imaging 46.5%), arterial, venous, or lymph node invasion was suspected in 20, 161, and 197 patients, respectively; arterial, venous, or lymph node invasion was observed histologically in 11, 116, and 736 cases, respectively. In the patients for whom both imaging and pathological data were available, the concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were as follows: 97.5%, 27.3%, 98%, 20%, and 99%, for arterial invasion; 86.5%, 54%, 91%, 47.8%, and 93.2%, for venous invasion; and 38%, 21%, 86%, 78%, and 41%, respectively, for lymph node invasion. Imaging of arterial invasion had no prognostic value, while histological evidence of invasion was associated with a poor prognosis. Venous and lymph node invasion, as demonstrated by imaging and by pathological analysis, had an adverse prognostic value. Imaging gives a fair positive predictive value for venous or arterial invasion; venous invasion on imaging and histology was associated with a poor prognosis; arterial invasion on imaging does not have any significant prognostic value.


We address the rate of O2 diffusion through the oxide layer at Si–SiO2 interfaces using an atomic-scale approach. In particular, we investigate the combined effect of a percolative diffusion mechanism and of a dense oxide layer located close to the silicon substrate. We first extend our atomic-scale description of O2 diffusion in amorphous SiO2 to the case of a densified oxide. This yields an activation energy which compares well with the experimental result. Next, we investigate the dependence of the O2 diffusion rate on oxide thickness at Si–SiO2 interfaces using Monte Carlo simulations. We consider both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous oxide layers. The nonhomogeneous oxide is composed of two layers, a normal and a densified one. The thickness and the mass density of the densified layer are taken from experiment. In the case of a normal oxide, we find that the O2 diffusion rate increases with decreasing thickness, as a result of the percolative nature of the diffusion mechanism. When a densified layer is inserted, the diffusion coefficient drops below its value for bulk amorphous SiO2, for oxide thicknesses larger than 2 nm. This result is consistent with the experimental behaviour of the oxidation kinetics.


Some of the most powerful and memorable images from the First World War are by cartoonists. From the earliest days of the war, British cartoonists such as Alfred Leete, Bruce Bairnsfather, William Heath Robinson and Donald McGill were at the forefront of propaganda battles aimed at bolstering the war effort, ridiculing the enemy and sustaining the nation through the four long years of conflict.
 Alfred Leete's famous recruiting cover for London Opinion featuring Lord Kitchener was never an official poster but remains one of the abiding images of the Great War and inspired numerous other designs. For many Bruce Bairnsfather's grumbling but steadfast soldier 'Old Bill' became the face of the long-suffering Tommy in the trenches. Criticised in parliament as 'vulgar caricatures of our heroes', Bairnsfather's down-to-earth drawings were loved by the men at the front. They were reproduced on plates and cards and inspired stage shows and films. The exhibition includes Bairnsfather's 'Well, if you knows of a better 'ole, go to it', widely regarded as the most famous cartoon of the war. Postcards of Bert Thomas's ''Arf a 'Mo' Kaiser', showing a cheeky Tommy pausing to light his cigarette, raised £200,000 for the soldiers' tobacco fund. The cartoons by the Dutch artist Louis Raemaekers were exhibited three times in London, reproduced around the world and widely credited with helping persuade the Americans to enter the war.
 Never Again! World War I in Cartoon and Comic Art brings together over 300 images, ranging from political and joke cartoons from newspapers and magazines to colourful comic postcards by the likes of Donald McGill and Douglas Tempest on a huge range of subjects, including life in the trenches, popular songs, food shortages and air raids. There are also children's comics such as Picture Fun and Comic Life, cigarette cards and maps. Also on display are rare German and French postcards, and trench publications produced by serving soldiers, many of which featured cartoons, which have been extensively researched by Professor Jane Chapman from the University of Lincoln, who has contributed to the exhibition.
Many cartoons feature national symbols such as John Bull, the Russian Bear and the French Cockerel. Leaders such as Kitchener and the Kaiser who often appeared with his son in Haselden's 'Big and Little Willie' ? were also popular subjects. There are 'hate cartoons' by Edmund J. Sullivan which demonise the Germans, but others by Heath Robinson and Haselden that acknowledge the humanity shared by both sides. The impact of modern warfare, air raids and women's war work all appear as subjects, as do conscription and conscientious objectors.
 The exhibition also features some more recent material such as Ralph Steadman's reworking of Leete's famous Kitchener design; Charley's War, the classic 1980s comic strip by Pat Mills and Joe Colquhoun, which depicts the horrors of trench warfare; and drawings from the 'Horrible Histories' book The Frightful First World War by Terry Deary and Martin Brown.
Artists in the exhibition include H. M. Bateman, Bruce Bairnsfather, Martin Brown, Oscar Cesare, Will Dyson, George Halkett, W.K. Haselden, William Heath Robinson, David Low, Donald McGill, Bernard Partridge, E.T. Reed, Edmund J. Sullivan, Ralph Steadman, Douglas Tempest, F. H. Townsend, Bert Thomas and Tom Webster.


Not available – first paragraph follows:
The culture of grapes and the making and aging of wine are often incorrectly visualized as ancient practices that have not changed and cannot change much. True, grapes have "always" been grown and converted to fermented fluid, and certain practices are fundamental to keeping it wine and not vinegar. Grape growing and winemaking were two of the more technologically advanced processes from ancient times to the dawn of the Scientific Revolution by the mid-1800s. Nevertheless, within the past century every operation in winemaking or viticulture has become either highly modified or at least much better understood and managed. Many new steps or whole techniques leading to new types of wine have been introduced. New varieties of grapes have been developed and vineyard management made much more rational and efficient.


Biological membranes are complex environments consisting of different types of lipids and membrane proteins. The structure of a lipid bilayer is typically difficult to study because the membrane liquid crystalline state is made up of multiple disordered lipid molecules. This complicates the description of the lipid membrane properties by the conformation of any single lipid molecule. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used extensively to investigate properties of membrane lipids, lipid vesicles, and membrane protein systems. All-atom membrane models can elucidate detailed contacts between membrane proteins and its surrounding lipids, while united-atom and coarsegrained description have allowed larger models and longer timescales up to microsec‐ ond mark to be probed. Additionally, membrane models with mixed phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide content have made it possible to model improved views of biologi‐ cal membranes. Here, we present an overview of commonly used lipid force fields by the biosimulation community, useful tools for membrane MD simulations, and recent advances in membrane simulations.


In the pursuit of explaining implicit regularization in deep learning, prominent focus was given to matrix and tensor factorizations, which correspond to simplified neural networks. It was shown that these models exhibit an implicit tendency towards low matrix and tensor ranks, respectively. Drawing closer to practical deep learning, the current paper theoretically analyzes the implicit regularization in hierarchical tensor factorization, a model equivalent to certain deep convolutional neural networks. Through a dynamical systems lens, we overcome challenges associated with hierarchy, and establish implicit regularization towards low hierarchical tensor rank. This translates to an implicit regularization towards locality for the associated convolutional networks. Inspired by our theory, we design explicit regularization discouraging locality, and demonstrate its ability to improve the performance of modern convolutional networks on non-local tasks, in defiance of conventional wisdom by which architectural changes are needed. Our work highlights the potential of enhancing neural networks via theoretical analysis of their implicit regularization.


This paper analyzes the joint behavior of international capital flows by foreign and domestic agents -- gross capital flows -- over the business cycle and during financial crises. The authors show that gross capital flows are very large and volatile, especially relative to net capital flows. When foreigners invest in a country, domestic agents tend to invest abroad, and vice versa. Gross capital flows are also pro-cyclical, with foreigners investing more in the country and domestic agents investing more abroad during expansions. During crises, especially during severe ones, there is retrenchment, that is, a reduction in both capital inflows by foreigners and capital outflows by domestic agents. This evidence sheds light on the nature of shocks driving capital flows and helps discriminate among existing theories. The findings seem consistent with shocks that affect foreign and domestic agents asymmetrically, such as sovereign risk and asymmetric information.


Abstract Municipal waste management in the UK has undergone rapid transformation in recent years in pursuit of greater sustainability. In this paper we explore the environmental justice issues and tensions involved in this shift. After a brief overview of environmental justice debates and how they have been related to issues of waste management, we describe how the policies and processes underlying the transformation from an overwhelming dependence on landfill disposal towards more sustainable methods of management has been driven by European legislation embodying principles premised on fundamental environmental concerns of inter- and intra-generational equity. We analyse the key means through which these principles have been translated to restructure local authority practices and the environmental justice issues arising from the implementation of international policy in regional and local context. Finally, we reflect on the implications of this case study for implementation of policies intended to advance both sustainability and environmental justice.


Joint models for longitudinal and survival data have been widely discussed in the literature. This thesis proposes a joint model using a stereotype model for the longitudinal ordinal responses and a Cox proportional hazards model for survival time. Our current joint model has a new feature since no literature has examined the joint model under the stereotype model. The stereotype model can improve the fit by adding extra score parameters, but it still has the advantage of requiring only a single parameter to describe the effect of a predictor on the item response levels. We give an example to model longitudinal ordinal data and survival data for patients being followed up after treatments. The main focus is on modeling both the quality of life data and the survival data simultaneously with a goal of understanding the association between the two processes over time. These two models are linked through a latent variable that characterizes the quality of life of an individual and is assumed to underlie the hazard rate. In other words, the latent variable serves as a shared variable in the joint model. We present the joint model in two different aspects: one based on a Bayesian approach and the other one a semiparametric approach using the EM algorithm. For the Bayesian approach, the latent variable is treated as a continuous variable and is assumed to have a multivariate normal distribution. The partial survival likelihood function is used in the survival component of the Bayesian joint model, while the full likelihood function is considered in the semiparametric joint model. In the latter approach the baseline hazard is assumed to be a step function and has no parametric form. The latent variable in the semiparametric joint model is then treated as a discrete variable. We illustrate our methodologies by analyzing data from the Staccato study, a randomized trial to compare two treatment methods, for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection of Thai patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), in which the quality of life was assessed with a HIV Medical Outcome Study (MOS-HIV) questionnaire. Furthermore, we extend the study further to the case of multiple failure types in the survival component. Thus, the extension of the joint model consists of the stereotype model and the competing risks model. The Bayesian method is employed to estimate all unknown parameters in this extended joint model. The results we obtained are consistent for both the Bayesian joint model and the semiparametric joint model. Both models show that patients who had a better quality of life were associated with a lower hazard of HIV progression. Patients on continuous treatment also had a lower hazard of HIV progression compared with patients on CD4-guided interruption treatment.


This article aims at reviewing the literature of ethics applied to business and its communication. It investigates the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, emphasizing Cause Related Marketing (CRM). This article provides some explanations of ethics and business ethics. Business ethics utilizes the ethics guidance to develop guidelines and rules to be applied in the marketplace. Furthermore, the article discusses five major ethical conflicts that can occur in partnerships between corporations and non-profit organisations. Ethical conflicts are likely to happen in CRM because the organisations involved have different objectives and goals. CRM does not have clear-cut rules and codes of conduct. This article approaches some basic principles which once followed will minimize the pitfalls. This study also analyses the arising circumstances of negative reactions from the consumers and media when the ethical conduct is neglected. Thus, CRM can lead to bad results, mainly for the organisations. Although, when ethical principles and guidelines are followed CRM appears to be an efficient marketing tool that can promote the companies as well as good causes


We consider a batch active learning scenario where the learner adaptively issues batches of points to a labeling oracle. Sampling labels in batches is highly desirable in practice due to the smaller number of interactive rounds with the labeling oracle (often human beings). However, batch active learning typically pays the price of a reduced adaptivity, leading to suboptimal results. In this paper we propose a solution which requires a careful trade off between the informativeness of the queried points and their diversity. We theoretically investigate batch active learning in the practically relevant scenario where the unlabeled pool of data is available beforehand ({\em pool-based} active learning). We analyze a novel stage-wise greedy algorithm and show that, as a function of the label complexity, the excess risk of this algorithm matches the known minimax rates in standard statistical learning settings. Our results also exhibit a mild dependence on the batch size. These are the first theoretical results that employ careful trade offs between informativeness and diversity to rigorously quantify the statistical performance of batch active learning in the pool-based scenario.


Efficient management of P in crop production requires the development of tools to quantify the P status of plants. Our objectives were to establish the relationship between P and N concentrations of spring milling wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the growing season and, in particular, to determine the critical P concentration required to diagnose P deficiency. Shoot biomass and P and N concentrations were determined weekly and grain yield was measured at harvest in an experiment with four to six N rates conducted over 2 yr (2004 and 2005) at three sites with adequate soil P for growth each year. Both shoot P and N concentrations decreased with time as shoot biomass increased during the growing season. They also increased with N fertilization, suggesting that they are closely related. The relationship between shoot P and N concentrations under nonlimiting N conditions is described by a linear function (P = 0.94 + 0.107N, R 2 = 0.59, P < 0.001; n = 76) in which concentrations are expressed in g kg -1 dry matter (DM). Under limiting N conditions (relative grain yield <0.80), the relationship was different (P = 1.70 + 0.092N (R 2 = 0.48; P < 0.001; n = 19) with greater P concentrations for a given N concentration. These relationships approximate the critical P concentration under both nonlimiting and severely limiting N conditions. This critical P concentration can then be used to quantify the degree of P deficiency during the current growing season.


While research has demonstrated the potential for social robots as companions in care homes, for targeted specialized therapies (e.g., children on the autism spectrum) or uses in clinical practice (e.g., to increase comfort or reduce pain), social robotic pets for the general public have not yet even been minimally successful. Despite ongoing laboratory success of social robots for shaping mood, building rapport and creating empathy, this has not translated to actual robot pets supporting people in their homes. In this paper, we highlight this untapped potential for domestic robots to discuss some of the underlying issues behind acceptance, describe a simple agenda to design novel domestic robots, and present our initial plans to understand social robot acceptance and promote them to be domestic companions as pets. Keywords— Human-robot interaction, social HRI, domestic robots.


Rationing of medical resources is a critical issue in the COVID-19 pandemic. Most existing triage protocols are based on a priority point system, in which a formula specifies the order in which the supply of a resource, such as a ventilator, is to be rationed for patients. A priority point system generates an identical priority ranking specifying claims on all units. Triage protocols in some states (e.g. Michigan) prioritize frontline health workers giving heavier weight to the ethical principle of instrumental value. Others (e.g. New York) do not, reasoning that if frontline workers obtain high enough priority, there is a risk that they obtain all units and none remain for the general community. This debate is pressing given substantial COVID-19 health risks for frontline workers. In this paper, we analyze the consequences of rationing medical resources through a reserve system. In a reserve system, resources are placed into multiple categories. Priorities guiding allocation of units can reflect different ethical values between these categories. A reserve system provides additional flexibility over a priority point system because it does not dictate a single priority order for the allocation of all units. It offers a middle-ground approach that balances competing objectives, such as in the medical worker debate. This flexibility requires attention to implementation, especially the processing order of reserve categories. We describe our model of a reserve system, characterize its potential outcomes, and examine distributional implications of particular reserve systems. We also discuss several practical considerations with triage protocol design.


Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRPα, encoded by Calca) is a classic marker of nociceptive dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Despite years of research, it is unclear what stimuli these neurons detect in vitro or in vivo. To facilitate functional studies of these neurons, we genetically targeted an axonal tracer (farnesylated enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP) and a LoxP-stopped cell ablation construct (human diphtheria toxin receptor; DTR) to the Calca locus. In culture, 10–50% (depending on ligand) of all CGRPα-GFP-positive (+) neurons responded to capsaicin, mustard oil, menthol, acidic pH, ATP, and pruritogens (histamine and chloroquine), suggesting a role for peptidergic neurons in detecting noxious stimuli and itch. In contrast, few (2.2±1.3%) CGRPα-GFP+ neurons responded to the TRPM8-selective cooling agent icilin. In adult mice, CGRPα-GFP+ cell bodies were located in the DRG, spinal cord (motor neurons and dorsal horn neurons), brain and thyroid—reproducibly marking all cell types known to express Calca. Half of all CGRPα-GFP+ DRG neurons expressed TRPV1, ∼25% expressed neurofilament-200, <10% contained nonpeptidergic markers (IB4 and Prostatic acid phosphatase) and almost none (<1%) expressed TRPM8. CGRPα-GFP+ neurons innervated the dorsal spinal cord and innervated cutaneous and visceral tissues. This included nerve endings in the epidermis and on guard hairs. Our study provides direct evidence that CGRPα+ DRG neurons respond to agonists that evoke pain and itch and constitute a sensory circuit that is largely distinct from nonpeptidergic circuits and TRPM8+/cool temperature circuits. In future studies, it should be possible to conditionally ablate CGRPα-expressing neurons to evaluate sensory and non-sensory functions for these neurons.


Pakistan's urban informal sector (IS) has been the subject of increased attention in recent years. In light of national policy failures and the rapid growth of the IS, this study asks whether there are differences in the political will and capacity in engaging the IS between upper and lower tiered state actors, and whether this engagement can be in a sustainable manner. The social contexts of housing, water and sanitation, transportation and labor conditions are examined in the cities of Lahore and Karachi to assess the experiences of the urban informal sector's engagement with the state. A survey of state and non-state actors is carried out in field interviews to obtain the perspectives of state policies towards the IS as well as to understand the processes, constraints and possible solutions to engaging the IS. Evidence from the study supports the hypothesis that lower tiers of the state are capable of engaging the IS, but due to constraints from upper levels, are unable to do so. The study's findings suggest that the combination of grassroots civil society efforts in mobilizing the urban IS alongside the provision of well resourced, accountable capacities of lower tiers of municipal government can generate low cost sustainable solutions to urban service delivery. Evidence also points to the benefits of civil society's engagement with lower tiers of government to ensure that upper-level bureaucrats are held accountable for ill-conceived policy and its failures. The research shows that before success in national and provincial policy reforms can be expected, emphasis of policy has to be on the recognition and development of interactions between the IS and lower tiers of the state.


This paper explores drivers' subjective value of time under moving and stopped freeway travel conditions using a stated preference survey. Unlike previous studies that assume a constant value of time, this research relates perceived satisfaction of a freeway trip to its quality indicators. Sixty-nine subjects in the Twin Cities are asked in the survey to rank sixteen driving scenarios in four condition sets with different durations of ramp wait and freeway travel. Several utility functions are specified where the weight of ramp delay is a function of the length of the delay itself and subject specific variables, and the resulting choice models estimated using rankordered logit, binary logit, and rank-order mixed-logit techniques. Results suggest that drivers perceive ramp wait as more onerous than freeway travel. Drivers also weight each minute of ramp wait more heavily as the length of the delay gets longer. Although the subjects show some tolerance to the first several minutes of ramp delay (less than 5 minutes), they perceive long delays as much as twelve times more onerous than time in motion. The derived weighting function for ramp wait can improve the design of freeway traffic control strategies that trade-off freeway delay with ramp wait. The findings also enable a more utility-based approach for freeway operations than the current method which has the engineering efficiency objective of minimizing total system delay or maximizing throughput. Minimizing total perceived travel time is probably more appropriate than minimizing total absolute travel time which does not take into account driver acceptance. The weighting function can also be easily transformed into a value of time function for project evaluation purposes.


These notes describe a general procedure for calculating the Betti numbers of the projective quotient varieties that geometric invariant theory associates to reductive group actions on nonsingular complex projective varieties. These quotient varieties are interesting in particular because of their relevance to moduli problems in algebraic geometry. The author describes two different approaches to the problem. One is purely algebraic, while the other uses the methods of symplectic geometry and Morse theory, and involves extending classical Morse theory to certain degenerate functions.


The aim of the present work is to study the dry sliding wear behaviour of A356/Al2O3nanocomposites at both roomand elevated temperatures. Dry wear tests were conducted at several sliding speeds at room temperature. Wear test results showed that The A356/Al2O3 nanocomposites exhibited lower wear rates at both room and elevated temperatures when compared with theA356 monolithic alloy. Increasing the volume fraction and/or reducing the Al2O3 nanoparticles size reduces the wear rates of the A356/ Al2O3 nanocomposites. Introducing theAl2O3 nanoparticulates to theA356 aluminum alloy assisted in increasing the mild-to-sever wear transition temperature. The composites exhibited transition temperature between 150 and 200 oC, while the unreinforced alloy exhibited a transition temperature between 100 and 150 oC.


The main purpose of the paper is to develop a simple theoretical model of rent extraction with uncertainty. Corruption or rent-seeking behavior is focused on bribery and the market for local (district) government regulatory goods such as business license, fire safety inspection, compliance with environmental regulations, local tax appraisal, building permits, employment contract inspection etc. We abstract from other rent-seeking activities like lobbying governments for particular projects, lobbying for industrial protection, lobbying for exclusive monopoly rights and so on. In the model, government related can be customized to extract rent. A firm has to spend money and time to reduce burden. For this purpose a specific negotiation technology is constructed. The model predicts that a firm would engage in negotiation if the burden is sufficiently high, and if the marginal effectiveness of bribes exceeds the marginal cost of bribes in negotiations. The empirical implication of the theoretical model predicts that the outcomes of bribes are uncertain in Indonesia and could be traced back to the fragmentation of the bribe system.


In recent years, magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) has emerged as a new technology for immunoassay applications. In MPS, alternating magnetic fields are applied to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The magnetic responses of these nanoparticles are collected and recorded by a pair of specially designed pick-up coils. These magnetic responses contain higher harmonics that are specific to the physical changes of the nanoparticles such as the binding events of target analytes to nanoparticles. This volumetric-based bioassay method analyses the response signal from the whole nanoparticle suspension, thus, allows one step and wash-free immunoassay with minimum technical requirements. In this work, we developed a handheld MPS system as a future highly sensitive, cheap, in vitro, and easy-to-use point-of-care (POC) detection kit.


This paper tries to identify the fiscal sustainability record of democratically and autocratically governed countries by applying various performance indicators (credit worthiness, payment defaults, national debt, foreign assets) and also to clarify what effect the characteristics of a regime have on consolidation efforts in a country. The study identifies two key findings. While in the past, democracies have clearly found it easier to preserve their credit standing and solvency and to avoid government bankruptcy, a similar advantage can no longer be detected for democracies in terms of reducing national debt and foreign debts. Why democracies, in spite of their arrangements with a sensitivity for the public good and for due process, are finding it so difficult to avoid shifting their debts to future generations, to undertake cutback measures and to provide sufficient financial foresight, can in principle be interpreted as the other side of the coin, namely highly presence-oriented interests boosted even further through the short "democracy-specific time horizon".


This paper takes a first step towards demonstrating that overall trading volume in equity markets is excessive, by showing that it is excessive for a particular group of investors: those with discount brokerage accounts. One possible cause of excessive trading is overconfidence. Overconfident investors will trade too frequently, that is, the gains overconfident investors realize through trade will be less than they anticipate and may not even offset the costs of trading. By analyzing trading records for 10,000 accounts at a large discount brokerage house, I test whether the securities these investors purchase outperform those they sell by enough to cover the costs of trading. I find the surprising result that, on average, the securities they purchase actually underperform those they sell. This is the case even when trading is not apparently motivated by liquidity demands, tax-loss selling, portfolio rebalancing, or a move to lower-risk securities. I examine return patterns before and after transactions. Return patterns before purchases and sales can be explained by the difficulty of the search for securities to buy, investors' tendency to let their attention be directed by outside sources, the disposition effect, and investors' reluctance to sell short.


75 Mo–V–Nb mixed oxide catalysts with a broad range of compositions were prepared by a simple evaporation method, and were screened for the ethane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. The compositions of these 75 catalysts were systematically changed by varying the Nb loading, and the Mo/V molar ratio. Characterization by XRD, XPS, H2-TPR and SEM revealed that an intimate structure is formed among the 3 components. The strong interaction among different components leads to the formation of a new phase or an "intimate structure". The dependency of conversion and selectivity on the catalyst composition was clearly demonstrated from the results of high-throughput testing. The optimized Mo–V–Nb molar composition was confirmed to be composed of a Nb content of 4–8%, a Mo content of 70–83%, and a V content of 12–25%. The enhanced catalytic performance of the mixed oxides is obviously due to the synergistic effects of the different components. The optimized compositions for ethane ODH revealed in our high-throughput tests and the structural information provided by our characterization studies can serve as the starting point for future efforts to improve the catalytic performance of Mo–V–Nb oxides.


The purpose of this project was to create a manual that would aid fishermen and fish consumers in the successful identification of various groundfish species and their fillets. The manual was crafted with quality photographs to give the viewer a vivid depiction of the targeted groundfish species. The images were taken to specifically target the identification characteristics of each fish species. It was the hope of the author to educate anyone who was interested in the groundfish fishery. The manual includes: basic groundfish regulations, groundfish species identification, and groundfish fillet identification.


This prospective study examined the relationship between trait gratitude and future joy. The purpose was to determine if trait gratitude could predict future joy. Previously, studies have not examined the specific relationship between these two emotions, but there is good reason to believe that joy is a distinct positive emotion, and gratitude may be foundational for the experience of joy. The study was done with university students taking the GRAT, GQ-6, and measures of joy at two time points, seven to nine weeks apart. Data were analyzed from 149 participants recruited from psychology classes. Participants with higher trait gratitude at Time 1, as determined by the GRAT, tended to have more joy at Time 2. However, when measuring trait gratitude with the GQ-6, this trend did not reach significance. As an exploratory analysis, I analyzed the relationship between Time 1 trait joy and Time 2 state gratitude and found a similar relationship. These findings not only support that trait gratitude may be foundational for joy over time, but also suggest joy and gratitude can support each other in an upward spiral. Future directions are also discussed.


INTRODUCTION Before large-scale implementation of marine renewable energy can move forward, it is necessary to understand the environmental impacts of these devices to ensure that the benefits of marine energy outweigh the environmental costs [1]. Environmental monitoring around pilot scale installations can help to close the knowledge gaps surrounding the environmental effects of marine energy devices [2]. Instrumentation to perform this research must provide data about environmental interactions that may occur frequently with low consequence (e.g. a marine mammal reacting to underwater noise) as well as interactions that may occur infrequently with high consequence (e.g. a marine mammal collision with a device). Additionally, this instrumentation must be able to perform reliably over extended periods in harsh environments [3].


Despite great business results of initiative-freeing organizational forms in a number of companies since the late 1950s, most attempts to imitate them have failed. To find out how initiative-freeing forms can be successfully adopted, this research focused on the leadership style that supports such forms' emergence. For this purpose, initiative-freeing forms have been narrowed to their radical variant - F-form, in which employees have complete freedom and responsibility to take actions that they decide are best. Next, potential F-Form companies were located in the U.S. and Europe and eighteen of them were directly studied along with their leaders who were instrumental in building these companies' organizational forms. The key aspects of leadership style - which we call liberating - that were revealed as supporting the F-form adoption are: using the needs for intrinsic equality, growth and self-direction as design criteria, sharing a world-class vision, and becoming a culture-keeper. In addition, several prominent leadership traits were revealed, namely: the values of freedom and responsibility, creativity, and wisdom. Liberating leadership supports the adoption of F-form that combines the common good - great economic performance - with the personal good of employees - often called happiness.


Planet on the page: A visual atlas of our vast, fragile world Dazzling in scale, diversity and detail, the world never ceases to open our eyes and captivate our curiosity. Ever since the earliest cave paintings, humans have looked at this Earth that is our home and endeavored to understand it. This expansive visual atlas presents the most exciting, creative and inspiring ways of explaining the world in information graphics. Divided into five chapters, the book covers the environment, technology, economics, society, and culture to reveal some of the Earth s greatest intricacies in accessible visual form. Featuring more than 280 graphics, the collection focuses on the 21st century, but also includes historical masterpieces to put our current situation into perspective. Nigel Holmes introduces the book with an exclusive infographic of his own, while Sandra Rendgen provides an illustrated historical essay to explore how we have studied and interpreted our world over the centuries. With graphics drawn from such sources as Fortune, National Geographic, and The Guardian, this is not only a showcase of outstanding data design, but also a fascinating digest of where and how we live. Text in English, French, and German "


A rigorous model for the electron is presented by generalizing the Coulomb's Law or Gauss's Law of electrostatics, using a unified theory of electricity and gravity. The permittivity of the free-space is allowed to be variable, dependent on the energy density associated with the electric field at a given location, employing generalized concepts of gravity and mass/energy density. The electric field becomes a non-linear function of the source charge, where concept of the energy density needs to be properly defined. Stable solutions are derived for a spherically symmetric, surface-charge distribution of an elementary charge. This is implemented by assuming that the gravitational field and its equivalent permittivity function is proportional to the energy density, as a simple first-order approximation, with the constant of proportionality referred to as the Unifield Electro-Gravity (UEG) constant. The stable solution with the lowest mass/energy is assumed to represent a ``static'' electron without any spin. Further, assuming that the mass/energy of a static electron is half of the total mass/energy of an electron including its spin contribution, the required UEG constant is estimated. More fundamentally, the lowest stable mass of a static elementary charged particle, its associated classical radius, and the UEG constant are related to each other by a dimensionless constant, independent of any specific value of the charge or mass of the particle. This dimensionless constant is numerologically found to be closely related to the the fine structure constant. This possible origin of the fine structure constant is further strengthened by applying the proposed theory to successfully model the Casimir effect, from which approximately the same above relationship between the UEG constant, electron's mass and classical radius, and the fine structure constant, emerges.


This MIS text gives students and active managers a thorough and practical guide to IT management practices and issues. This edition covers hardware, software, networks, enterprise systems, e-business systems, and it lays the groundwork for understanding the range of IS leadership roles and current best practices for managing IT assets. This text is intended to serve as a thorough guide to IT management practices and issues for managers.


What might our cities look like in ten, twenty or fifty years? How may future cities face global challenges? Imagining the city of the future has long been an inspiration for many architects, artists and designers. This book examines how cities of the future have been visualised, what these projects sought to communicate and what the implications may be for us now. It provides a visual history of the future and explores the relationships between different visualisation techniques and ideologies for cities. Thinking about what futures are, who they are for, why they are desirable, and how and when they are to be brought into being is central to this book. Through visualisation we are able to experiment in ways that would be impractical and potentially hazardous in the real world, and this book, therefore, aims to contribute toward a better understanding of the power and agency of visualisations for future cities. In this lavishly illustrated text, the authors apply several critical lenses to consider the subject in different ways: technological futures, social futures, and global futures, providing a comprehensive survey and analysis of visions for future cities, and engaging creatively with how we perceive tomorrow's world and future studies more widely.


Several particles are not observed directly, but only through their decay products. We consider the possibility that they might be fakeons, i.e. fake particles, which mediate interactions but are not asymptotic states. A crucial role to determine the true nature of a particle is played by the imaginary parts of the one-loop radiative corrections, which are affected in nontrivial ways by the presence of fakeons in the loop. The knowledge we have today is sufficient to prove that most non-directly observed particles are true physical particles. However, in the case of the Higgs boson the possibility that it might be a fakeon remains open. The issue can be resolved by means of precision measurements in existing and future accelerators.


Changing relations between science and democracy – and controversies over issues like climate change, energy transitions, genetically modified organisms, and smart technologies - have led to a proliferation of new spaces of public participation and engagement. While most existing approaches adopt fixed meanings of 'participation' and are consumed by questions of method or critiquing the possible limits of democratic engagement, this book offers new insights that rethink public engagements with science, innovation and environmental issues as diverse, emergent and in the making. Bringing together leading scholars on science and democracy, working at the interface between science and technology studies, political theory, geography, sociology and anthropology, the volume develops relational and co-productionist approaches to understanding and intervening in spaces of participation. New empirical insights into the making, construction and circulation of participation across cultures are illustrated through examples ranging from climate change and energy to nanotechnology and mundane technologies, from institutionalised deliberative processes to citizen-led innovation and activism, and from the global north to global south. This new way of seeing participation opens up alternative paths for reconfiguring and remaking participation in more experimental, reflexive, anticipatory and responsible ways.

This ground breaking book is essential reading for scholars of participation across the critical social sciences and beyond, as well as those seeking to build more transformative participatory practices.


Our climate is changing and we are facing stormier weathers and larger fluctuations in sea water levels, and in addition there is a need to reduce our carbon dioxide emissions. To be able to cope with these forces of nature in a sustainable way we need to rethink our use and distribution of resources.
This project sets out to find ways on how to deal with a multi layered landscape where the ground level is occasionally inaccessible. It's investigating the dynamics of space between very flexible structures such as houseboats and floating docks, and very fixed structures such as former industrial buildings and quays. It's also about the tension in time between temporary installations and interventions on the one hand, and the persistence of larger firm structures on the other.
The site of the project's design proposal is located in a former harbour area in the northern part of Malmo in the south of Sweden, and comprises several structures of high cultural values which I believe should be accounted for when redeveloping the area. An issue to deal with is how worn but valuable cultural heritage buildings can be repurposed when merging with the expanding city core. Another is how already existing, decaying buildings can function together with, and be revitalized by new systems and structures. The site I've been working with is called Hullkajen, which is a quay stretch along the water in Nyhamnen just north of Malmo Central Station.
My theoretical apparatus starts off with the concepts repurpose and radical increments [cuff & sherman 2011] [cuff & dahl 2015]. These two concepts set the framework for this project and deals mainly with additions to, and reprogramming of already existing structures. To further unravel these broader concepts, I've worked with the theory of difference transformation , continuity transformation and cultivation transformation [braae 2015]. These theories all focus on analysing and categorizing occurrences in post-industrial landscapes, but they all relates to time quite differently. To concretise these concepts and theories that relates to transformation in both time and space I elaborate further by means of the strategies add-ons , superuse and pop-ups.
Methodologically I've been working with design research [Fraser 2013]. This open ended approach to knowledge generation I've divided into two categories; on site methods and in studio methods. On site methods constitutes approaches such as observations, sketching, photographing, filming and discovering; while in studio methods constitutes reading, writing, watching, sketching and modelling. These two subdivisions have been alternated throughout this project, initially with an emphasis on the on site methods and later on more emphasised on the in studio methods.
In conclusion I believe radical increments and multi layeredness could be key instruments when redesigning post-industrial areas. Shifting the focus from the exposed ground level to interconnected higher ones both takes weight of the not always accessible ground, and makes use of the new surfaces on top of build structures. Through the concept of repurpose valuable cultural heritage can be cared for and transformed into something that meet the needs of today.


"The deregulation of Ghana's domestic cocoa supply chain that took place in the early 1990s was expected to bring competition among different private buyers and to generate a number of production incentives to the farmers. Most notably, it was expected that competition would emerge by means of price bonuses and/or premiums over the guaranteed price. However, this paper finds that price-based competition mechanisms did not develop in the resulting domestic cocoa value chain. Rather, the now increasing numbers of Licensed Buying Companies compete for cocoa supplies based on the provision of different services to farmers. The availability of a number of outlets offers farmers the option to choose among those that can provide cash as well as credit. The cash payment and credit for inputs offered to attract cocoa sales mainly benefit liquidity-constrained farmers, enabling them to invest in productive inputs. Since cash constrained farmers are likely to be the poorest as measured by simple welfare indicators, liberalization may be seen to have had a progressive impact on Ghana's cocoa farmers." from text


The dual process theory proposes two forms of cognitive processing: implicit and explicit. The goal of the current study is to further investigate the dual process model of risky drinking, exploring the roles of executive functioning, implicit attitudes, and stress. 98 students from the University of Richmond participated in this study. After reading a stressful vignette, significant changes in Implicit Association Test (IAT) scores indicated that stress does heighten implicit "approach" associations for alcohol. Interestingly, when separated into low and high self-restraint groups, only participants with high self-restraint were significantly affected by the vignette. After testing for interaction effects, our study partially supported the dual process theory, indicating that self-restraint and implicit alcohol approach associations predict unique variance in heavy weekend drinking. Executive functioning—specifically self-restraint—most strongly predicted risky drinking across all measures.


The vibrational and structural characteristics of a CO3-rich apatite from an extrusive carbonatite in Kasekere, Uganda, were studied by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. Electron microprobe analysis provided, based on Σ(large cations) = 10, a cation content of (Ca9.78Sr0.05Fe0.01REE0.09Na0.07) (P4.38Si0.52S0.04) and an anion content of (F0.54Cl0.03). According to the structural refinement, the channel's anion occupancy is reduced, and the OH-content is about 1.2. The resulting Σ(P+Si+S) < 6 indicates that carbonate anions enter the tetrahedra. The IR spectrum exhibits all the bands of PO4, the ν3 and ν4 modes of SiO4 as well as the ν2 and ν3 modes of the carbonate group. In addition the structural refinement is compatible with a partial replacement of PO4 by CO3 and also the broadening of the Raman ν1 band of PO4 (15 cm−1 in Kasekere vs 5 cm−1 in F-apatite) correlates with a replacement of PO4 by CO3.

The lateral dimensions of the structural channel (Ca2-Ca2 = 4.105(2) A vs 4.084(2) A in pure OH-apatite) point to the presence of CO3 in the channels as well. Moreover in the infrared spectra, the curve fitting technique did show a wide band at 1525 cm−1, implying an A-site carbonate in a B-type dominant carbonate Ap.

Comparison of multimethod analyses suggests that the Kasekere apatite is the first occurrence of apatite from a natural environment in which, in addition to a larger substitution of CO3 for PO4, few percents of CO3 enter the channel. Tentatively, the formula is: (Ca9.78Sr0.05Fe0.01REE0.09Na0.07) (P4.38Si0.52S0.04C1.23) O23.45 (F0.54OH1.2Cl0.03(CO3)0.23).


Between 1994 and 2008, social-assistance usage rates across Canada fell at a remarkable rate, with the fraction of the non-elderly population drawing social assistance dropping by half over the 14-year period. Because social assistance can be considered the final layer of the public social safety net — designed to catch those people in need of support but unable to find it from family, friends or non-government agencies — such a dramatic decline in social-assistance usage deserves attention and explanation. Is it a positive sign suggesting that the country has made significant strides in keeping people from needing to receive social assistance or is it a sign that public policies have simply made it too difficult for those deserving of support to receive it? We do not try to answer these questions in this briefing note. Our goal is rather more modest; to simply draw attention to a dramatic fall in social assistance usage across Canada to levels not seen since the early 1970s. While the fall in social assistance usage has been observed right across Canada, the pattern and magnitude of change has varied by province. For example, despite being subject to similar economic forces, Ontario and Quebec have seen very different patterns in their respective social-assistance usage rates. In Ontario, social assistance use was traditionally much lower than in Quebec but this changed in the 1990s. Although both provinces suffered a serious recession in the early 1990s, the social assistance usage rate increased more and did so more quickly than in Quebec. In recovery, the social assistance usage rate has fallen steadily in Quebec and is today at the level it was in 1970. In Ontario, the social assistance usage rate fell but plateaued at a level higher than pre-recession levels. Today the rate in Ontario continues to climb, is higher than in Quebec, and is well above what it was in 1970. These two provinces, with similar economies but having quite different movements in social assistance use, offer an interesting comparison for those interested in evaluating each province's policies toward social assistance. In the West, social-assistance usage rates also saw a long downward trend following dramatic increases in the mid1990s. Similar to elsewhere, usage rates in Western Canada saw only minor increases in response to the 2008 recession. By 2012, social assistance usage in all Western provinces had fallen well below that in Ontario and Quebec; in Alberta, for example, the rate is only half that in central Canada. Perhaps the most dramatic changes have occurred in the Maritime Provinces where social assistance usage is only half what it was just 15 years ago and currently sits below any level observed in those provinces since 1970.  Remarkably, the rate of social assistance use in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI is currently below that in Ontario. In trying to explain these trends and interprovincial differences, researchers will surely focus on the fact that the timing of the dramatic fall in social assistance usage is very close to the federal government's decision in the mid1990s to halt shared funding of social assistance with the provinces. The end of shared financing promoted provincespecific changes in social assistance policies and it is plausible to associate the changes in these policies with the fall in social assistance usage. What exactly were those changes in each province, and a balanced assessment of their impact, requires careful analysis. We do not perform that analysis in this report; what we have done is assemble and present the data on social assistance use that is a necessary prerequisite of that analysis.


A better understanding of the geology and dolomite stability of sites to be developed is crucial in the quest for releasing land for development that is deemed safe from a dolomite risk perspective. A geological setting often considered to be particularly problematic is shallow dolomite bedrock. This paper presents an analysis of the occurrence and importance of slot development (grykes) within shallow dolomite in a selected type area.

Geophysical exploration forms the initial phase of a ground stability investigation. A Bouguer gravity anomaly contour map was produced from the data set for the type area. The interpretation of the residual gravity map was used as the basis for planning the subsequent phase of investigation, in which further rotary percussion borehole drilling was carried out. Over 750 boreholes and trench-mapping results were available to test the interpretation against. Various attempts showed just how problematic it is to produce a gravity map that represents a good estimated depth to dolomite bedrock. The shallow dolomite areas were firstly delineated using only the residual gravity results and incorporate the gravity high plateau where the average bedrock head is predicted to be shallower than 8 m. An analysis is given of the conditions related to these shallow bedrock areas.

Shallow dolomite areas associated with some stratigraphic horizons are notorious for instability, however, to the layperson the presence of rock on a site signifies stable conditions to build on. Upon closer investigation dolomitic rock is found to present problematic founding conditions, which are not always easy to overcome by engineering design.


In recent years the Maritime Archaeology Program (MAP) at Flinders University has developed an innovative work-integrated learning program, in association with industry partners that includes fieldwork opportunities and internships (work-placements). This is largely in response to suggestions from consultancy companies and government agencies about the lack of job-ready skills among maritime archaeology graduate students. This is a very flexible program that aims to provide students with opportunities of at least two weeks and up to 3 months to develop both fieldwork skills and more general work practices. This paper will argue that work-integrated learning assists the graduates to get a position and then helps them to do well in that job. Participating in daily work practices and experiencing fieldwork are seen as keys in producing work-ready graduates.


This article argues that pederastic sexual activity is evident in The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888), and it suggests that sex was a significant element in Wilde's pederastic imagination. I contend that sexual activity is a pressing topic in Wilde studies due to the prevalence of the queer theory framework in the field. The historical exactitude of queer theory has produced an overdue analysis of Wilde's eros in relation to 'pederasty' as opposed to 'homosexuality', but its profound anti-foundationality has led to a refusal to calcify the moments in Wilde's fiction when sexual activity between males may be in the figurative mix, and this repeats the de-realising representational strategies that once consigned male-male sex to a shadowlike existence. I contest the etherealising bent of queer theory vis-a-vis Wilde on theoretical, textual and historical grounds, and I then unearth a hitherto unidentified interaction between the pederastic and sexual elements in The Happy Prince and Other Tales . I show that the issue of mutuality in pederastic relations is a significant concern for Wilde, and I argue that he remains pessimistic about the place of sex in pederastic relationships because it subsumes, distorts, or eradicates what he saw as pederasty's invigorative properties.


Abstract.
 Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in the southwestern United States, used by 16 species of bats, are managed with thinning and prescribed fire to restore tree densities and fire regimes to conditions that existed prior to Euro-American settlement. Using 2 approaches (roosting and foraging) to categorize forest habitat for bats, we evaluated how restoration treatments may affect habitat use. We hypothesized that more foraging activity would occur in thinned stands because more species are adapted to open forest, but that more roosts would occur in unthinned stands where snags were unaffected by mechanical treatments and prescribed fire. During the summers of 2006 and 2007, we used acoustic detectors to record call rates of bats as a measure of activity level and compared activity levels among stands that had undergone 3 thinning treatments (light, moderate, and heavy, with 245, 172, or 142 trees per hectare postthinning, respectively) and an unthinned stand as a control (1201 trees per hectare). With radiotelemetry, we located roosts used by reproductive females of 2 common species of forest-associated bats (long-eared myotis, Myotis evotis, and Arizona myotis, Myotis occultus) during summer 2007. We measured roost characteristics at 3 spatial scales (roost, microplot, and surrounding landscape) to contrast between roosts used by Myotis species and randomly selected comparison snags, microplots, and study area landscape. Among thinned and unthinned stands we did not detect a difference in activity levels for all bats (P = 0.2), nor a difference in call rates for Myotis spp. (P = 0.1). However, there was lower activity (P = 0.01) for non-Myotis bats in unthinned compared to thinned stands. This is probably because most non-Myotis species are better adapted to foraging in open forests. Of 24 roosts for long-eared myotis and Arizona myotis, only 31% and 25%, respectively, occurred in thinned stands. Bats selected large-diameter (>68 cm diameter at breast height) ponderosa pine snags with exfoliating bark. Roosts for Arizona myotis were in areas with elements of old-growth structure, whereas roosts for long-eared myotis occurred in areas similar to stratified, midsuccessional, even-aged forest. Managing for large-diameter ponderosa pine snags and a variety of tree densities and age classes will provide roosting and foraging habitat for bats. We found no distinct "best" treatment to recommend overall, likely because of species differences, with some bats better adapted to opencanopy and some to closed-canopy forest. Maintaining diverse habitat will support a diverse bat assemblage.


Objectives To quantify the risk for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) from workplace physical factors, particularly hand activity level and forceful exertion, while taking into account individual factors including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and pre-existing medical conditions. Methods Three healthcare and manufacturing workplaces were selected for inclusion on the basis of range of exposure to hand activity level and forceful exertion represented by their jobs. Each study participant's job tasks were observed and evaluated onsite and videotaped for further analysis, including frequency and duration of exertion and postural deviation. Individual health assessment entailed electrodiagnostic testing of median and ulnar nerves, physical examination and questionnaires at baseline with annual follow-up for 2 years. Results The incidence of dominant hand CTS during the study was 5.11 per 100 person-years (29 cases). Adjusted HRs for dominant hand CTS were as follows: working with forceful exertion ≥20% but <60% of the time: 2.83 (1.18, 6.79) and ≥60% of the time vs <20%: 19.57 (5.96, 64.24), BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (obesity): 3.19 (1.28, 7.98). The American Conference for Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for hand activity level also predicted CTS, HR=1.40 (1.11, 1.78) for each unit increase in the TLV ratio, controlling for obesity and job strain. Conclusions Workplace and individual risk factors both contribute to the risk for CTS. Time spent in forceful exertion can be a greater risk for CTS than obesity if the job exposure is high. Preventive workplace efforts should target forceful exertions.


The barred spiral galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) has been observed in the CO J=1–0 and J=2–1 millimetre lines with the Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST). The sizes of the CO maps are 10′×10′, and they cover the entire optical disk. The CO emission is strongly peaked toward the nucleus. The molecular spiral arms are clearly resolved and can be traced for about 360. The total molecular gas mass is comparable to the total H i mass, but H2 dominates in the optical disk. Iso-velocity maps show the signature of an inclined, rotating disk, but also the effects of streaming motions along the spiral arms. The dynamical mass is determined and compared to the gas mass. The pattern speed is determined from the residual velocity pattern, and the locations of various resonances are discussed. The molecular gas velocity dispersion is determined, and a trend of decreasing dispersion with increasing galactocentric radius is found. A total gas (H2+H i+He) mass surface density map is presented, and compared to the critical density for star formation of an isothermal gaseous disk. The star formation rate (SFR) in the disk is estimated using data from various star formation tracers. The different SFR estimates agree well when corrections for extinctions, based on the total gas mass map, are made. The radial SFR distribution shows features that can be associated with kinematic resonances. We also find an increased star formation efficiency in the spiral arms. Different Schmidt laws are fitted to the data. The star formation properties of the nuclear region, based on high angular resolution HST data, are also discussed.


Since the 19th century, the Neolithic period has been conceived as an inevitable stage of the history of human societies in Europe, taking place between the wild times of predation and the industrial civilization contemporaneous to the first prehistorians. The house is a central element of this model considered as proof of sedentarity, the end of nomadism and the beginning of social construction with the hearth drawing the household together. The lack of documentation relative to the architecture of several large geographical and chronological chunks of Neolithic Europe compromised, for a long time, any serious consideration of settlements in discussions about the way Neolithic societies were constituted, while the primacy accorded to Economy in the definition of the Neolithic led to a disregard of the settlement, seen as a sign of the accomplishment of the neolithization process. The development of a sedentary way of life and the construction of perennial settlements are nevertheless the first signs of neolithization in the Middle-East and it is through structured village societies that this new way of life was disseminated to the Mediterranean shores. Taking into account settlements while discussing neolithization leads us to consider all dimensions of the process, and not only through the economic prism. It reveals that the neolithization process is not only the acquisition of farming and herding techniques, but also corresponds to the diffusion of an ideal village society, structured around exchange and a collective procurement of goods. Whether the first impacts of the Neolithic have been expressed by single emblematic tools, by domestic species, by ceramics and/or by long rectangular buildings, the neolithization process has only been fully accomplished when the model of the village society has been developed.


Part I. Prelude: 1. About this book Part II. School Mathematics and its Consequences: 2. The foundations of mathematical thinking 3. Compression, connection and blending of mathematical ideas 4. Set-befores, met-befores and long-term learning 5. Mathematics and the emotions 6. The three worlds of mathematics 7. Journeys through embodiment and symbolism 8. Problem-solving and proof Part III. Interlude: 9. The historical evolution of mathematics Part IV. University Mathematics and Beyond: 10. The transition to formal knowledge 11. Blending knowledge structures in calculus 12. Expert thinking and structure theorems 13. Contemplating the infinitely large and the infinitely small 14. Expanding frontiers through mathematical research 15. Reflections Appendix: where the ideas came from.