Foreign official holdings of U.S. Treasuries increased from $400 billion in January 1994 to about $3 trillion in June 2010. Most of this growth is accounted for by a handful of emerging market economies that have been running large current account surpluses. These countries are channeling their savings through the official sector, which is then acquiring foreign exchange reserves. Any shift in policy to reduce their current account surpluses or dampen the rate of reserves accumulation would likely slow the pace of foreign official purchases of U.S. Treasuries. Would such a slowing of foreign official purchases of Treasury notes and bonds affect long-term Treasury yields? Most likely yes, and the effects appear to be large. By our estimates, if foreign official inflows into U.S. Treasuries were to decrease in a given month by $100 billion, 5-year Treasury rates would rise by about 40-60 basis points in the short run. But once we allow foreign private investors to react to the yield change induced by the shock to foreign official inflows, the long-run effect is about 20 basis points.


A nonlinear control algorithm that greatly reduces settling time in precision instruments with rolling element bearings is proposed. Reductions of 80.5%-87.4% in settling time were achieved when settling to within 3-100 nm of the commanded position. Final settling of such systems is typically impacted by the nonlinearity in the pre-rolling friction regime, which manifests as a hysteretic stiffness. Consequently, the integral term in the controller can take a long time to respond. In this paper, a nonlinear integral action settling algorithm is presented. The nonlinear integral gain takes the form of a Dahl friction model. Since the integral gain mimics hysteretic stiffness, the output of the integral control term is instantaneously set to a large value after each direction change, greatly improving settling response. A nearly first-order error dynamic results, which has a user-definable time constant. Before the algorithm can be implemented, the Coulomb friction and initial contact stiffness in the Dahl model must be experimentally determined for the stage. A sensitivity study is performed on the initial contact stiffness, which was found in other works to dictate the stability of the algorithm.


Researchers have demonstrated the importance of phonology in literacy acquisition and in visual word recognition. For example, the spelling-to-sound consistency effect has been observed in visual word recognition tasks, in which the naming responses are faster and more accurate for words with the same letters that also have the same pronunciation (e.g. -ean is always pronounced /in/, as in lean, dean, and bean). In addition, some studies have reported a much less intuitive feedback consistency effect when a rime can be spelled in different ways (e.g. /ip/ in heap and deep) in lexical decision tasks. Such findings suggest that, with activation flowing back and forth between orthographic and phonological units during word processing, any inconsistency in the mappings between orthography and phonology should weaken the stability of the feedback loop, and, thus, should delay recognition. However, several studies have failed to show reliable feedback consistency in printed word recognition. One possible reason for this is that the feedback consistency is naturally confounded with many other variables, such as orthographic neighborhood or bigram frequency, as these variables are difficult to tease apart. Furthermore, there are challenges in designing factorial experiments that perfectly balance lexical stimuli on all factors besides feedback consistency. This study aims to examine the feedback consistency effect in reading Chinese characters by using a normative data of 3,423 Chinese phonograms. We collected the lexical decision time from 180 college students. A linear mixed model analysis was used to examine the feedback consistency effect by taking into account additional properties that may be confounded with feedback consistency, including character frequency, number of strokes, phonetic combinability, semantic combinability, semantic ambiguity, phonetic consistency, noun-to-verb ratios, and morphological boundedness. Some typical effects were observed, such as the more frequent and familiar a character, the faster one can decide it is a real character. More importantly, the linear mixed model analysis revealed a significant feedback consistency effect while controlling for other factors, which indicated that the pronunciation of phonograms might accommodate the organization of Chinese orthographic representation. Our study disentangled the feedback consistency from the many other factors, and supports the view that phonological activation would reverberate to orthographic representation in visual word recognition.


Taking a feminist cultural criminological analysis to the regulation of sex work in the United Kingdom, this paper argues against the dominant deviancy and the increasingly abolitionist criminal justice model for regulating sex work. The paper begins by offering a critique of the dominant regulatory regimes which have operated since the Victorian era, amended in part in the 1950s with Wolfenden, and currently being reinscribed with the Home Office strategy on prostitution and various pieces of legislation. The focus is specifically upon research with female sex workers and the usefulness of using Participatory Action research methodologies (PAR) with sex workers, agencies, and policy makers in order to foreground the diverse voices and experiences of sex workers, challenge the current focus on abolitionist criminal justice regimes and outcomes, and offer an alternative framework for a cultural materialist analysis of sex work, drawing upon the work of Nancy Fraser.


Approximate arithmetic has recently emerged as a promising paradigm for many imprecision-tolerant applications. It can offer substantial reductions in circuit complexity, delay, and energy consumption by relaxing accuracy requirements. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient approximate multiplier design using a significance-driven logic compression (SDLC) approach. Fundamental to this approach is an algorithmic and configurable lossy compression of the partial product rows based on their progressive bit significance. This is followed by the commutative remapping of the resulting product terms to reduce the number of product rows. As such, the complexity of the multiplier in terms of logic cell counts and lengths of critical paths is drastically reduced. A number of multipliers with different bit-widths (4-bit to 128-bit) are designed in SystemVerilog and synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler. Post-synthesis experiments showed that up to an order of magnitude energy savings, and reductions of 65% in critical delay, and almost 45% in silicon area can be achieved for an 128-bit multiplier, compared with an accurate equivalent. These gains are achieved with low accuracy losses estimated at less than 0.0028 mean relative error. Additionally, we demonstrate the performance-energy-quality tradeoffs for different degrees of compression, achieved through configurable logic clustering. While evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed approach three case studies were set up. First, a Gaussian blur filter was designed, which demonstrated up to 80% energy reduction with a meagre loss of image quality. Second, we evaluate our approach in machine learning application using perceptron classifier, showed up to 74% energy reduction with negligible error rate. Third, the proposed multiplier designs were used in a power-constrained image processing application. We showed that SDLC can achieve  $60\times $  improvement in computation capability, with potential to be employed in ubiquitous systems.


The paper provides a detailed overview of population dynamics and trends in the Arab region. Furthermore, it explains the concept of demographic dividend and timing of the window of opportunity. With a view to enable countries in the region to reap the benefits of the changing population structure, the window is calculated for each country. The last part of the paper presents four case studies of countries that benefitted from their demographic dividend.


A one-dimensional mathematical model is used to simulate the process of snow-melt infiltration in unsaturated frozen silt. Hydraulic and thermal parameters are mainly based on data given in the literature. Field observations in a watershed (of area 1.8 km 2 ) are compared with simulated data and consequences on snow melt run-off are discussed.


Detecting communities in graphs is a fundamental tool to understand the structure of Web-based systems and predict their evolution. Many community detection algorithms are designed to process undirected graphs (i.e., graphs with bidirectional edges) but many graphs on the Web-e.g., microblogging Web sites, trust networks or the Web graph itself-are often directed. Few community detection algorithms deal with directed graphs but we lack their experimental comparison. In this paper we evaluated some community detection algorithms across accuracy and scalability. A first group of algorithms (Label Propagation and Infomap) are explicitly designed to manage directed graphs while a second group (e.g., WalkTrap) simply ignores edge directionality; finally, a third group of algorithms (e.g., Eigenvector) maps input graphs onto undirected ones and extracts communities from the symmetrized version of the input graph. We ran our tests on both artificial and real graphs and, on artificial graphs, WalkTrap achieved the highest accuracy, closely followed by other algorithms; Label Propagation has outstanding performance in scalability on both artificial and real graphs. The Infomap algorithm showcased the best trade-off between accuracy and computational performance and, therefore, it has to be considered as a promising tool for Web Data Analytics purposes.


Our body compulsory demands food, water and air to keep its vital functions and yet their economic nature is rather diverse with food mostly considered a private good, water suffering an accelerated privatization process and air so far considered a global common good. Food has evolved from a common good and local resource to a national asset and then to a transnational commodity as the commodification process is rather completed nowadays. Cultivated food is fully privatized and this consideration means that human beings can eat food as long as they have money to but it or means to produce it. With the dominant no money-no food rationality, hunger still prevails in a world of abundance. In order to provide a sound foundation for the transition towards sustainable food systems, the very nature of food as a pure private good is contested and subsequently reversed in this paper, proposing a re-conceptualisation of food as a common good, a necessary narrative for the redesign of the dominating agro-industrial food system that merely sees food as a tradable commodity. This aspirational transition shall lead us to a more sustainable, fairer and farmer-centred food system. The idea of the commons is applied to food, deconstructing food as a pure private good and reconstructing it as an impure commons that can be better produced and distributed by a hybrid tri-centric governance system compounded by market rules, public regulations and collective actions. Several food-related elements are already considered as common goods (i.e. fish stocks, wild fruits, cuisine recipes, agricultural knowledge, food safety regulations and unpatented genetic resources) as well as food's implications (hunger eradication) and benefits (public health and good nutrition). Should food and be consider as a commons, the implications for the governance of the global food system would be enormous, with examples ranging from placing food outside the framework agreements dealing with pure private goods, banning financial speculation on food commodities or preparing international binding agreements to govern the production, distribution and access of food to every human being.


It is shown that the theory of forbidden beta transitions, as hitherto used, does not provide a correct treatment of the pseudoscalar interaction. This is demonstrated by the application of a canonical transformation to the Hamiltonian of interacting nucleons and leptons whereby all odd nuclear Dirac operators are eliminated from the theory. When this is done properly it is seen that the pseudoscalar interaction makes a contribution to the P-decay process only by virtue of the fact that the lepton covariants are not constant. The corresponding additional operators introduced in the other three interactions (S is pure even) are examined and it is shown that, except in one case, these make trivial corrections which would not be observed in practice. The exception occurs in second and higher forbidden transitions wherein the spin change (tensor rank, strictly speaking) is lower than the forbiddenness order. By virtue of present knowledge of the beta interaction these must be regarded as small correction terms. The possibility of calculating all nuclear matrix elements using nonrelativistic wave functions based on some coupling model is discussed. The results presented here also show that wherever P and T interactions interfere (spin change zero, firstforbidden transitions) it will be possible to obtain the ratio of coupling coefficients (gp/gr for example) by comparison with the observed spectral shapes. A method of reduction of the P-decay operators is described and it is pointed out that the same procedure is very convenient for obtaining the nuclear matrix elements. In this method the irreducible tensors are obtained automatically and the retardation expansion is a trivial operation performed at the end of the calculation rather than at the beginning. The correction factors for pseudoscalar (P) as well as P—T and P—A mixtures are obtained and the fact that the shape of the correction factor is strongly modified as compared to the customary result is observed. The correction factor is now more strongly Z dependent and this would perhaps account for the appearance of the P interaction only for heavy elements. The results of this investigation are applied to the RaE spectrum. No fit with the assumption of zero spin for RaE can be obtained. It is suggested that the spin of RaE is unity, and other evidence pointing in this direction is cited.


Abstract As all kinds of new Internet and Web technologies have been emerging and advancing, to obtain information from the Internet is all the rage. However, the exponentially increasing Internet contents along with the rapid expansion of the Web applications cause the problem of information overload. One solution to solve the above problem is to personalize the network applications for individual users. In this paper, we present a generic framework and characterize the main issues in personalizing information services for wired and wireless networks. We categorize the information services into two types:user-passive and user-active, and develop two prototype systems accordingly as expository examples. The evaluation results show that both the systems are able to successfully model the individual user and service personalization can thus be achieved.


The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor is an unusual G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in that it comprises the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) and the receptor component protein (RCP). The RAMP1 has two other homologues – RAMP2 and RAMP3. The endogenous ligand for this receptor is CGRP, a 37 amino acid neuropeptide that act as a vasodilator. This peptide has been implicated in the aetiology of health conditions such as inflammation, Reynaud's disease and migraine. A clear understanding of the mode of activation of this receptor could be key in developing therapeutic agents for associated health conditions. Although the crystal structure of the N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) of this receptor (in complex with an antagonist) has been published, the details of receptor-agonist interactions at this domain, and so ultimately the mechanism of receptor activation, are still unclear. Also, the C-terminus of the CLR (in the CGRP receptor), especially around the presumed helix 8 (H8) region, has not been well studied for its role in receptor signalling. This research project investigated these questions. In this study, certain residues making up the putative N-terminal ligand-binding core of the CLR (in the CGRP receptor) were mapped out and found to be crucial for receptor signalling. They included W69 and D70 of the WDG motif in family B GPCRs, as well as Y91, F92, D94 and F95 in loop 2 of CLR N-terminus. Also, F163 at the cytoplasmic end of TM1 and certain residues spanning H8 and associated C-terminal region of CLR were found to be required for CGRP receptor signalling. These residues were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis where they were mutated to alanine (or other residues in specific cases) and the effect of the mutations on receptor pharmacology assessed by evaluating cAMP production, cell surface expression, total cell expression and aCGRP-mediated receptor internalization. Moreover, the N-terminal ECDs of the CLR and RAMPs (RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3) were produced in a yeast host strain (Pichia pastoris) for the purpose of structural interaction study by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Following expression and purification, these receptor proteins were found to individually retain their secondary structures when analysed by circular dichroism (CD). Results were analysed and interpreted with the knowledge of the secretin family receptor paradigm. The research described in this thesis has produced novel data that contributes to a clearer understanding of CGRP receptor pharmacology. The study on CLR and RAMPs ECDs could be a useful tool in determining novel interacting GPCR partners of RAMPs.


Breeding for food-staple plant varieties that load high amounts of iron and zinc in their seeds holds great promise for making a significant, low-cost, and sustainable contribution to reducing iron and zinc deficiencies in humans in developing countries. This strategy also may well have important spinoff effects for increasing farm productivity in developing countries in an environmentally-beneficial way. Understanding how household incomes, food prices, and culturally-based preference patterns interact to drive food consumption and nutrient intake patterns can provide crucial background information for designing effective nutrition intervention programs. This paper presents findings from a project titled "Food Policy and Agricultural Technology to Improve Diet Quality and Nutrition," organized by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), implemented by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and other collaborating organizations, and funded by the Office of Health and Nutrition of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). One strategy is to enhance the micronutrient content of edible portions of crops through plant breeding. Plant breeding, which in this context may be viewed as a form of fortification, has tremendous potential for improving micronutrient intakes. This strategy is discussed in the paper, which summarizes one aspect of the discussion and fcnddp presented at an initial organizational workshop for the project held in Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A., January 10-12, 1994.


Classical Athenian literature often speaks of democratic politics in sexual terms. Citizens are urged to become lovers of the polis, and politicians claim to be lovers of the people. Victoria Wohl argues that this was no dead metaphor. Exploring the intersection between eros and politics in democratic Athens, Wohl traces the private desires aroused by public ideology and the political consequences of citizens' most intimate longings. Love among the Ruins analyzes the civic fantasies that lay beneath (but not necessarily parallel to) Athens's political ideology. It shows how desire can disrupt politics and provides a deeper--at times disturbing--insight into the democratic unconscious of ancient Athens. The Athenians imagined the perfect citizen as a noble and manly lover. But this icon conceals a multitude of other possible figures: sexy tyrants, potent pathics, and seductive perverts. Through critical re-readings of canonical texts, Wohl investigates these fantasies, which seem so antithetical to Athens's manifest ideals. She examines the interrelation of patriotism and narcissism, the trope of politics as prostitution, the elite suspicion of political pleasure, and the status of perversion within Athens's sexual and political norms. She also discusses the morbid drive that propelled Athenian imperialism, as well as democratic Athens's paradoxical fascination with the joys of tyranny. Drawing on contemporary critical theory in original ways, Wohl sketches the relationship between citizen psyche and political life to illuminate the complex, frequently contradictory passions that structure democracy, ancient and modern.


We present a new logic family, Differential Current Switch Logic (DCSL) for implementing clocked CMOS circuits. The circuit is in principle a differential cascode voltage switch logic circuit (DCVS). In comparison to other forms of clocked DCVS, DCSL achieves better performance both in terms of power and speed by restricting internal voltage swings in the N tree. Automatic lock-out of inputs on completion of evaluation is a novel feature of the circuit and allows new implementation of logic functions and the possibility of operating with reduced voltage swings. SPICE simulations carried out with the MOSIS 1.2¿ process indicate that DCSL is better than similar clocked DCVS circuits by a factor of two both in terms of power and speed, for moderate tree heights.


In this thesis, a novel framework for planning and investment studies pertaining to the implementation of system-wide conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is presented. In the CVR paradigm, optimal voltage profiles at the load buses are determined so as to yield load reductions and hence energy conservation. The system modifications required for CVR is known to be capital intensive; therefore, the proposed model determines the system savings and the appropriate price incentives to offer industries such that a minimum acceptable rate-of-return (MARR) is accrued. In this model, the industrial facilities are represented by a combination of constant impedance, constant current, and constant power loads. A detailed case study for Ontario, Canada, is carried out considering that industrial loads are investing in CVR implementation to reduce their energy costs. The optimal incentives that need be offered by the system planner, over a long-term horizon and across various zones of Ontario, are determined using the presented mathematical model. Furthermore, a comprehensive risk analysis, comprising sensitivity studies and Monte Carlo simulations, is carried out considering the variations in the most uncertain model parameters. In this work, it is shown that savings from CVR are enough so that incentives are not required in Ontario. Sensitivity analysis shows that electricity price and project cost have the highest impact on the incentives, and that electricity price and industrial demand have the most effect on system savings. Monte Carlo simulations show that the expected energy cost savings result in expected incentive rates to be relatively low compared to the average electricity price in Ontario. CVR is shown in this thesis to be a low cost Demand Side Management program to implement from the perspective of the power system planner, and a worthwhile investment for the industrial load.


'Post-socialist nostalgia' has been used as an umbrella term to describe a number of disparate and at times contradictory phenomena. Given the often opposing notions of what is meant by the designation, this paper interrogates to what extent post-socialist nostalgia is still a valid term and examines whether it imposes an artificial unity on heterogeneous approaches and concepts that could more fruitfully be described by a variety of more specific terms. The contribution argues that established typologies of nostalgia are not necessarily a productive way of thinking about the phenomenon. Drawing on examples from the Czech Republic, this paper makes a case for viewing post-socialist nostalgia not as a set of categories, but as a collection of tools and mechanisms which can be observed in nostalgic texts, as well as, more significantly, in their reception.


Results are presented on the production of jets of particles in association with a Z/gamma* boson, in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. The analysis includes the full 2010 data set, collected with a low rate of multiple proton-proton collisions in the accelerator, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb(-1). Inclusive jet cross sections in Z/gamma* events, with Z/gamma* decaying into electron or muon pairs, are measured for jets with transverse momentum p(T) > 30 GeV and jet rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar < 4.4. The measurements are compared to next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations, and to predictions from different Monte Carlo generators implementing leading-order matrix elements supplemented by parton showers.


This paper is concerned with the problem of identifying names which occur frequently in an ordered list of names. Such names are called hot spots. Hot spots can be identiied easily by counting the occurrences of each name and then selecting those with large counts. However, this simple solution requires space proportional to the number of names that occur in the list. In this paper, we present and evaluate two hot spot estimation techniques. These techniques guess the frequently occurring names, while using less space than the simple solution. We have implemented and tested both techniques using several types of input traces. Our experiments show that very accurate guesses can be made using much less space than the simple solution would require. Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of identifying names which occur frequently in an ordered list of names. Such names are called hot spots. Hot spots can be identiied easily by counting the occurrences of each name and then selecting those with large counts. However, this simple solution requires space proportional to the number of names that occur in the list. In this paper, we present and evaluate two hot spot estimation techniques. These techniques guess the frequently occurring names, while using less space than the simple solution. We have implemented and tested both techniques using several types of input traces. Our experiments show that very accurate guesses can be made using much less space than the simple solution would require.


Consuelo Jimenez Underwood's artwork is marked by her compassionate and urgent engagement with a range of pressing contemporary issues, from immigration and environmental precarity to the resilience of Indigenous ancestral values and the necessity of decolonial aesthetics in art making. Drawing on the fiber arts movement of the 1960s and 1970s, Chicana feminist art, and Indigenous fiber- and loom-based traditions, Jimenez Underwood's art encompasses needlework, weaving, painted and silkscreened pieces, installations, sculptures, and performance. This volume's contributors write about her place in feminist textile art history, situate her work among that of other Indigenous-identified feminist artists, and explore her signature works, series, techniques, images, and materials. Redefining the practice of weaving, Jimenez Underwood works with repurposed barbed wire, yellow caution tape, safety pins, and plastic bags and crosses Indigenous, Chicana, European, and Euro-American art practices, pushing the arts of the Americas beyond Eurocentric aesthetics toward culturally hybrid and Indigenous understandings of art making. Jimenez Underwood's redefinition of weaving and painting alongside the socially and environmentally engaged dimensions of her work position her as one of the most vital artists of our time.
 Contributors. Constance Cortez, Karen Mary Davalos, Carmen Febles, María Esther Fernández, Christine Laffer, Ann Marie Leimer, Amalia Mesa-Bains, Robert Milnes, Jenell Navarro, Laura E. Pérez, Marcos Pizarro, Verónica Reyes, Clara Román-Odio, Carol Sauvion, Cristina Serna, Emily Zaiden


This paper presents the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) data processing procedures for the Planck 2018 release. Major improvements in map-making have been achieved since the previous Planck 2015 release, many of which were used and described already in an intermediate paper dedicated to the Planck polarized data at low multipoles. These improvements enabled the first significant measurement of the reionization optical depth parameter using Planck -HFI data. This paper presents an extensive analysis of systematic effects, including the use of end-to-end simulations to facilitate their removal and characterize the residuals. The polarized data, which presented a number of known problems in the 2015 Planck release, are very significantly improved, especially the leakage from intensity to polarization. Calibration, based on the cosmic microwave back- ground (CMB) dipole, is now extremely accurate and in the frequency range 100 to 353 GHz reduces intensity-to-polarization leakage caused by calibration mismatch. The Solar dipole direction has been determined in the three lowest HFI frequency channels to within one arc minute, and its amplitude has an absolute uncertainty smaller than 0.35 μ K, an accuracy of order 10−4 . This is a major legacy from the Planck HFI for future CMB experiments. The removal of bandpass leakage has been improved for the main high-frequency foregrounds by extracting the bandpass-mismatch coe ffi cients for each detector as part of the mapmaking process; these values in turn improve the intensity maps. This is a major change in the philosophy of "frequency maps," which are now computed from single detector data, all adjusted to the same average bandpass response for the main foregrounds. End-to-end simulations have been shown to reproduce very well the relative gain calibration of detectors, as well as drifts within a frequency induced by the residuals of the main systematic effect (analogue-to-digital convertor non-linearity residuals). Using these simulations, we have been able to measure and correct the small frequency calibration bias induced by this systematic effect at the 10−4 level. There is no detectable sign of a residual calibration bias between the first and second acoustic peaks in the CMB channels, at the 10−3 level.


Abstract The development of cost-effective, sustainable, eco-friendly and efficient compounds is a renovated science and a demanding assignment for today's chemists and technology specialists. In this context, the anticorrosion effect of a new Schiff base hydrazone, namely (E)-2-(4-(2-(methyl(pyridin-2-yl)amino)ethoxy)benzylidiene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide (MPAH) against the mild steel (MS) surface in 1.0 M HCl has been analyzed utilizing experimental methods, thermodynamic characterizations, and computational studies. MPAH has proven to be an effective inhibitor in 1.0 M HCl solution. Its inhibition performance improved by raising the concentration of the compound to an optimal concentration of 5 × 10−3 M, and 97% efficiency was achieved at 303 K. Inhibitor adsorption on the MS has been explicated with both physical and chemical interactions. The adsorption was in accordance with the isotherm of Langmuir. The impact of MPAH on the surface of MS had been confirmed utilizing SEM/EDX, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), gravimetric measurements (WL), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). The adsorption of the studied compound on the MS surface has also been investigated by DFT and the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.


Oospores are propagules resulting from oomycete sexual recombination and act as long-term survival structures. In Pythium ultimum, and many other oomycete species, the glucan-rich walls of dormant oospores can account for 50% of the total volume of the oospore. Oospore walls can be digested quickly and used as a food source to propel oospores towards a germinable state. Whether digestion occurs by enzymes resulting from genes transcribed at this stage, or prepackaged transcripts/proenzymes released upon wall rehydration is currently unknown. Since oospore walls are composed predominantly of β-glucans, enzymatic digestion by glucanases may represent the earliest stage-specific molecular development ocurring at this point in its life cycle. We used RNA-Seq to investigate the oospore conversion process and to identify genes encoding oospore wall-specific enzyme products. Some enzymes were expressed solely during oospore conversion, and among those, some are only present in Pythium species when compared to other oomycetes.


Mobile text entry methods are typically evaluated by having study participants copy phrases. However, currently there is no available phrase set that has been composed by mobile users. Instead researchers have resorted to using invented phrases that probably suffer from low external validity. Further, there is no available phrase set whose phrases have been verified to be memorable. In this paper we present a collection of mobile email sentences written by actual users on actual mobile devices. We obtained our sentences from emails written by Enron employees on their BlackBerry mobile devices. We provide empirical data on how easy the sentences were to remember and how quickly and accurately users could type these sentences on a full-sized keyboard. Using this empirical data, we construct a series of phrase sets we suggest for use in text entry evaluations.


The forests of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan are vanishing at a high rate in spite of more than two decades of donor led interventions and extensive forest governance systems led by the state. Failure of most of the forest related projects and policies in meeting their intended objectives calls for searching out the underlying causes of the ineffectiveness of such interventions. Many development researchers have stressed the importance of stakeholder analysis. A holistic analysis of stakeholders, conflicts and power relations is an essential step to ensure the sustainability of development interventions and active participation of local actors. A wide range of actors can influence or be influenced by any forest related intervention in the NWFP. This paper, therefore, presents an exploratory analysis of the stakeholders' characteristics, power relations and conflicts in the context of
interventions in the forestry sector of the NWFP. Various groups of stakeholders, for example, local communities, civil society organizations, religious and traditional institutions, state agencies, global actors, etc., are trying to operate within the contested political arena of the NWFP. This paper shows that on the one hand, the state as well as donor led interventions do not really engage in a meaningful dialogue with local stakeholders and institutions, and on the other hand, these entities themselves are not in a position to initiate a change in the local resource use. Thus, a way forward is seen in fostering a dialogue among key stakeholders.


We survey contributions to the analysis of household liabilities, highlighting relevant theoretical aspects and outlining how data sources may support empirical testing and measurement efforts. Specifically, we classify aspects of household debt, discussing the theoretical and policy relevance of heterogeneity across individual and country dimensions. Aiming to illustrate conceptual and measurement issues, we refer to the approach and results of some recent relevant country-specific work on administrative and survey data, and we argue that research in this area would greatly benefit from availability of appropriately classified household liabilities data and of cross-country institutional information.


Estuaries are important coastal ecosystems that support a diverse food web and are important nursery habitats for fish. However, estuaries are increasingly impacted by freshwater flow diversions for human use and nutrient inputs from agriculture and wastewater sources. This thesis investigates how these human impacts affect hydrological and biogeochemical processes controlling the estuarine food web and particularly the larvae of black bream, which are endemic to Australia. It also investigates how these affects can be mitigated through the use of an environmental flow release.


ABSTRACT We report on the first occurrence of Maastrichtian bird material from the Peirópolis locality (Uberaba district), Minas Gerais State (Brazil). The specimens consist of an indeterminate pedal ungual phalanx (CPP 481), a pedal phalanx 1 of left digit II (CPP 470) and an incomplete metatarsal III (CPP 482). The material can be assigned to Aves gen. et sp. indet. (CPP 470 and CPP 481) and to cf. Enantiornithes gen. et sp. indet. (CPP 482). Despite the isolated and incompleteness nature of these specimens, they add to the otherwise poor record of Cretaceous birds from Brazil.


This thesis is a social history of Bombay city in the first quarter of the twentieth
century. It explores material changes in urban life consequent upon the impact of
modernity and the varied range of contestations of the colonial order which they
provoke.
The first chapter outlines the specific nature of colonial modernism and shows its
impact on the city's spatial forms and on its social relations. Representing a highly
selective, power-driven, and essentially technological manipulation of modernity, it
ensures distorted and differential outcomes within urban society. These conditions are
considerably aggravated by the sudden impact of the First World War, the subject of
the second chapter. The War increases material scarcities, worsens conditions of urban
life, widens disparities between rich and poor, and intensifies colonial repression.
At the same time, the crisis of war brings to the city the full potential of the
revolution in communications which carries a modem discourse of civic rights. In the
city, Homiman and sections of the bilingual urban intelligentsia rapidly vernacularize
this discourse and diffuse it into new social contexts. This is perceived by the local
colonial state as seriously threatening and subversive. The third chapter shows how
Gandhi's anti-modernist rejection of the city leads to his attempts to control, and in
some aspects reverse, this gathering urban momentum for an expansion in citizenship
rights.
The final chapter considers the new visions of urban citizenship expressed in the
agitation for an expansion of civil and democratic rights, and in labour protest
movements. This critical modernism looks to the future, rather than to the past, and acts
as a force to humanise the city, presenting an alternative and potentially more radical
challenge to the colonial state than the Gandhian movement.


Abstract: Is the PRC's authoritarianism resilient or decaying? The answer to this question will depend on whether the CCP's post-Tiananmen strategy of relying on economic growth and political repression continues to prove effective despite social and economic conditions that have changed drastically during the past two decades. The principal reasons for the CCP's survival since Tiananmen have been robust economic performance and consistent political repression. Although it is true that the CCP may have improved its political tactics, its survival for the last two decades would have been unthinkable without these two critical factors—economic performance and political repression.


Although sex differences in several aspects of substance use disorders (SUDs) have been identified, less is known about the importance of possible sex differences in side effects induced by substances of abuse or by medications used to treat SUDs. In the SUD field, the perception of certain subjective effects are actively sought, while all other manifestations might operationally be considered side effects. This article was aimed at reviewing sex differences in side effects induced by alcohol, nicotine, heroin, marijuana and cocaine and by medications approved for alcohol, nicotine and heroin use disorders. A large body of evidence suggests that women are at higher risk of alcohol‐induced injury, liver disease, cardiomyopathy, myopathy, brain damages and mortality. The risk of tobacco‐induced coronary heart disease, lung disease and health problems is higher for women than for men. Women also experience greater exposure to side effects induced by heroin, marijuana and cocaine. In addition, women appear to be more vulnerable to the side effects induced by medications used to treat SUDs. Patients with SUDs should be advised that the risk of developing health problems may be higher for women than for men after consumption of the same amount of substances of abuse. Doses of medications for SUD women should be adjusted at least according to body weight. The sex differences observed also indicate an urgent need to recruit adequate numbers of female subjects in pre‐clinical and clinical studies to improve our knowledge about SUDs in women.


Saw dust, hay, poultry litter, dead poultry, moulas, perforated plastic tubes and plastic covers were used to make six composting piles using effective microorganisms (EM). For getting the best, speed, and efficient procedure, different methods of composting were compared. The groups were distributed in different ways from each other, i.e. hay was used only in some group, moulas was added in another group of experiments. Regular observation to the experiment was carried out regarding temperature, acidity and odors. The finding revealed that the groups of saw dust mixed with EM and moulas had good results of temperature, acidity, rapid disintegration and breakup poultry carcasses. Also, the experiment proved that the sole application of fresh saw dust produced rapid and best composting process in comparing with other groups. Available online at http://www.vetmedmosul.org/ijvs


Водата зазема важно место во македонските народни верувања и обреди. Таа очистува, напојува, освежува, ја ублажува жегата, го условува развојот на растенијата и има големо хигиенско значење. Во трудот се зборува за светите, лековитите и самовилски води, за т.н. жива вода, за нејзината улога при изведување на обредите од животниот и годишниот циклус на човекот во Македонија.

SUMMARY
The paper discusses the water and its place in Macedonian folk beliefs and rituals. A special place in the Macedonian beliefs related to the water is occupied by healing springs and waters that most often can be found on the territory of Macedonia such as: Wednesday, Friday, Sunday, holy waters, etc. Besides the healers in the people, there are also known so-called Fairy water, Fairy Springs, Samovilec etc. These waters, thanks to their medical properties, treat all kinds of diseases. People often come to these sources to cure the following diseases: from spells and their spreading, from bad eyes, from curses, from grief, fear, hatred, taking, charms, and similar phenomena. They visit them on different days, on holidays, they donate money, they put pieces of clothing and other items, and these water with its purifying, health and fertilizing functions has risen to the level of a cult.Water is present in the rituals performed during the holidays Vasilitsa, Vodici, Ivanden (Ivanka, Tajane bane) and Gjurgjovden, which are performed and maintained the population in Macedonia. In the Macedonian ritual practice during the great droughts, the ritual is performed as a butterfly, dudule, vayvule, bale, glaze, etc., to cause rain. Besides this ritual, the custom baptizing was performed. It is a spring agrarian custom, and besides this name, this custom can also be found with the following names: Crosses, Crusaders, Littias, Bogomols and the like. It is performed in the period from Easter to the St. Peter's fast.Water as one of the essential ingredients of living things, heals and fertilizes, but on the other hand is capable of inflicting great harm and accidents on man. At any moment it can show its destructive power, it can endanger and destroy life, ruin the material goods of man, destroy the land of the field, and so on. For that purpose, the population respects certain days of the year, but also undertakes various prophylactic magical measures and rituals to deter dark clouds and protect them from the city.At the end, we can conclude that the water has a very important place in the Macedonian folk beliefs and rituals. Therefore, the water has a great significance for the life of the people in Macedonia. The rain, the springs, the wells, the rivers and other water areas were praised and still respected, where different sacrifices were offered and various other ritual activities were performed in order to bring water, health and fertility to the water.


htmlabstractIn this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in a contemporary
iTV research area: social and networked TV. In our approach, instead of considering research
sub-topics that build upon particular disciplinary threads (e.g., usability, user modeling,
multimedia annotations), we take a multidisciplinary approach that builds upon findings in
media studies, human-computer interaction and multimedia systems. Moreover, we downplay the
importance of chatting over a distance in favor of non-verbal communication modalities.
In this way, we focus on Social TV practices and highlight the role of each viewer as a node
that adds value to the network. Finally, we provide directions for further research in
neglected topics, such as supporting collocated viewing, and sharing the TV experience in
a seamless way.


Mass media have traditionally functioned as an intermediary system between society and political institutions. The rise of social media potentially reconfigures relations between citizens and politicians and challenges traditional media's position. Via the analysis of Twitter traffic during the 2012 local election in Belgium, this study aims to provide insight in the way different actor types (i.e. politicians, citizens and journalists) and different media outlets (i.e. social and traditional media) are embedded in the Twittersphere. We acknowledge the platform serves as an extension, rather than an alternative for the mainstream media, with high-end Twitter users being mostly established (media) figures. Cross-media linkages often include audiovisual media, both social and traditional media. To conclude, pathways for future research are outlined.


Studies show that about 50% of web search is for information exploration purpose, where a user would like to investigate, compare, evaluate, and synthesize multiple relevant results. Due to the absence of general tools that can effectively analyze and differentiate multiple results, a user has to manually read and comprehend potentially large results in an exploratory search. Such a process is time consuming, labor intensive and error prone. With meta information embedded, keyword search on structured data provides the potential for automating or semi-automating the comparison of multiple results. In this demo we present a system XSACT for differentiating search results on structured data. XSACT takes as input a set of structured results, and outputs a Differentiation Feature Set (DFS) for each result to highlight their differences within a size bound. The problem of generating DFSs with maximal differences is proved to be NP-hard. XSACT adopts efficient algorithms for DFS generation, and features a user-friendly interface that effectively interacts with the users to help them compare search results.


Titanium has been widely used in the area of biomaterials, the segment of manufacture of products for rehabilitation goes through a constant evolution, because each year new techniques appear, new technologies that help in the development of biomaterials, these evolutions are mostly aimed at cost reduction, osseointegration, biocompatibility among other factors. The objective of this article is to carry out the analysis of the fixation screws of the femur prosthesis and hip prostheses, manufactured in titanium alloy ASTM 136. The use of titanium alloys in orthopedic, dental and aeronautical applications has increased in recent decades. The use of titanium in biomaterials is due to its singularities in the physiological environment and its favorable chemical and mechanical properties such as good resistance to corrosion, high degree of biocompatibility and low modulus of elasticity. For the fixation screws, analyzes of their resistance to torsion and the fracture surfaces of the tested samples were performed, for the analyzes were used Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and semiquantitative analysis of the chemical elements by X-ray spectroscopy by dispersion in (EDS) and for the hip prosthesis, the fatigue test will be carried out according to ABNT NBR 7206-6. These tests aim to verify if both are able to be sold on the national market. With the tests completed, the results were compared with the standards in force. The results of the torsion tests are presented, where all samples met the quality requirements and the hip prostheses showed a stable behavior during the 10.000.000 million cycles, without failures during or after the tests.


[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] There's nothing quite like going back home. If, like me, you're a child of the rural South, you'll know that feeling, see and smell and hear and feel that feeling. The smell of tilled earth or freshly cut hay, the crackle of a gravel road beneath hard rubber, that old whiff of red oak and varnish in the church house, low clouds of wood-stove smoke on winter mornings, jar flies on sultry summer days, lightning bugs and a Chuck-will's-widow in a dusky hollow. You can even taste it: well-water from a faucet, Momma's cornbread and pinto beans, cappuccino and a slice of Arrezzio's Chicago-style with black olives and banana peppers from the country store. Takes you back, doesn't it? Nothing reminds me of dear ol' Aunt Nellie quite like pizza, espresso, and frothing milk--except for maybe a Harley-Davidson do-rag, lemongrass soap, and a fifteen-minute bake in a tanning bed, all of which you can get at the country store, too. You know, back there next to the hoe handles and saw blades and pig shorts--the kind for feeding, not wearing. A couple of generations ago, a traveler in the rural South encountered a general mercantile every five miles or so. Most were simple establishments, combining the functions of filling stations, groceries, feed stores, hardware shops, and community centers under one roof. They were family-owned and operated, with the owners often occupying living quarters in back, upstairs, or in a house next door. Sometimes the country store was also home to the community post office, all the more reason for people to gather on the front porch or huddle around the potbellied stove inside. This country store of yesteryear no longer exists. Even in the most remote nooks and crannies of the South--Appalachia, the Ozarks, the Delta--the nostalgia seeker will come up short in the quest for mercantiles reminiscent of Lure and Abner's old Jot-em-Down Store, with its hand-cranked telephone, its cracker barrels and nail kegs, its bologna and produce hanging from the rafters, its fifty-pound sacks of flour and twenty-pound bags of sugar, its Bull of the Woods tobacco and Red Top snuff, its hardwood floors and creaking screen door and clanging wooden cash register. Yet, the essence of the country store, its immutable country storeness, has survived, even as the symbols by which it was once identified have faded into the past. In the face of a succession of challenges--parcel post and mail-order houses, automobiles and the good roads movement, dime stores and supermarkets and Walmart--the country store survives, albeit in scarcer quantities and with an evolution over time that has kept it relevant to its rural clientele. The survivors--and there are more of them than you might imagine--are models of adaptation. Country merchants no longer buy much of anything from their customers, no cream or eggs, apples, or hickory handles. They no longer furnish sharecroppers and small landowners in exchange for 10 percent per annum interest rates and liens on crops either. Instead, you will find in the Ozarks dozens of stores that serve their local customers in many of the same ways that their predecessors served rural communities generations ago, by providing feed and fertilizer, gasoline and farm diesel, tools and local gossip, groceries and tobacco products, overalls and work boots, benches and a warm stove. The country store has evolved to meet the changing needs of a rural clientele more likely to drive thirty miles to work in service jobs in the county seat than to spend all day plowing the back forty, gathering eggs, and milking cows. They also continue to provide a glimpse into life in the modern-day rural South, just as what remains of their predecessors, the yellowed photographs and musty ledgers and daybooks, provide an invaluable window into the region's past. As we are all susceptible to the pull of nostalgia, the country store's hallowed position in our collective memory seems secure. …


OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of drug resistance and to analyze the subtyping in HIV-1 samples from Cuba.

METHODS
From an estimated total number of 1,950 HIV-1-infected persons in Cuba, a sample of 103 patients were studied, 76 of whom had received drug treatment for HIV and 27 who had not. The RNA plasma viral load was measured, and automated sequencing was used to assess resistance mutations to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and to protease inhibitors (PIs). Subtyping in the V3 region was performed using heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). In order to corroborate the HMA results, sequencing of env (C2-V3-C3) was done with one-third of the samples in each of the subtype groups detected by HMA.

RESULTS
Out of the 103 samples, 81 of them (78.6%) were classified as subtype B, 19 (18.5%) as subtype A, and 3 (2.9%) as subtype C. The prevalence of resistance mutations was 26.2% to RTIs, none to PIs alone, and 3.9% to both categories of drugs. The prevalence of resistance to nucleoside RTIs (NRTIs) was 27.6% in treated patients and 7.4% in the untreated patients, and for nonnucleoside RTIs (NNRTIs) it was 5.3% and 0%, respectively. Among treated patients a low frequency (2.6%) of dual resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) plus lamivudine (3TC) and abacavir (ABC) was detected, and multidrug resistance to NRTIs was not found. In relation to PIs together with RTIs, the prevalence of resistance was 5.3% for treated patients and 0% for untreated patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Even though Cuba is generally considered an area where subtype B is dominant, we detected a high proportion of non-B subtype viruses. The low prevalence of resistance mutations to RTIs and PIs reflects the delay in introducing these drugs to Cuba. Multidrug resistance to RTIs was not found, so, as of now, the use of these drugs continues to be an option for Cuban patients.


This thesis studies the rise of non-financial and future-oriented narratives in the regulatory framework for financial reporting standard-setting and legislation in the UK in the 1990s. The questioning of financial reporting numbers that surfaced in these debates is called here a "mistrust in numbers". To study the moments when a 'trust in numbers' is destabilized through these debates, the thesis focuses on three interrelated processes of financial reporting change. First, the thesis addresses the ways in which accounting sought to expand into new territory - territory in which the emergence of a category of non-financial and future-oriented accounting became closely linked to a rethinking of the concepts of how to govern British companies in the last two decades of the 20th century. Second, the thesis analyses how the expansion of accounting standard-setting beyond a focus on the financial statements in the early 1990s was made possible by the interplay of a number of ideas - some complementary, others competing - about the technical, professional, and international role of the British Accounting Standards Board. Third, the thesis analyses the agenda-setting process for the British Company Law Review between 1998 and 2002. It outlines how, through this reform process, a realignment between law, accounting, and "the State" was sought, one that mediated and structured at the same time modes of economic governance pertaining to both "the State" and "the market". This thesis concludes that the calls in the UK for supplementing financial statements with non-financial and future-oriented reporting elements constitute a significant rethinking of the roles of accounting and regulation in organising economic life. This rethinking entails, it is suggested, a move away from an emphasis on the neutrality and objectivity which has typically been associated with accounting numbers, and towards one aspiring to provide "transparency" based on an underlying economic reality.


This study examined issues of treatment integrity, systematic screenings, and access to reinforcement relative to school-wide positive behavior support programs (SW-PBS) implemented in two rural elementary schools during the first year of program implementation. Results suggested that treatment fidelity, as measured by self-report and direct observation methodologies, varied according to rater and method of measurement. Findings also illustrated techniques for using systematic screening tools implemented as part of elementary level SW-PBS programs to (a) assess the overall index of risk as well as (b) identify how different types of students respond to the SW-PBS plan over time, with an emphasis on how to identify students for targeted prevention efforts. Finally, results of multivariate analyses suggested that students' rate of access to reinforcement was significantly different between schools and between students with high and low risk status as measured by the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS; Drummond, 1994). Educational implications of the findings related to these issues are discussed, and directions for future research offered.


The morphology of vortex lattice domains in bulk type-II/1 superconductors is of central interest for many areas such as fundamental condensed matter physics, engineering science, and the optimization of materials for high transport current superconductivity applications. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental study of a single crystal niobium in the intermediate mixed state and Shubnikov phase with two complementary neutron techniques: high resolution polarized neutron imaging and small-angle neutron scattering. In this way, we were able to identify and visualize the occurrence of compensating currents, the flux line closure, and the freezing of the vortex spacing during the process of field cooling and high field cooling. With the combination of complementary neutron techniques, it was possible to add insights into the quest for the understanding of the flux pinning and nucleation of vortices in type-II/1 superconductors during the process of field cooling and high field cooling.


Early experience with demand-side bidding suggests that non-utility energy service companies (ESCOs) can manage substantial performance risks, although bid prices are higher than the cost of utility demandside management (DSM) programs. Program costs, including payments to winning bidders, utility administrative costs, and customer contributions, range from four to seven cents/kWh (levelized) for eight bidding programs examined. This paper explores alternative ways of procuring DSM resources that involve significant roles for ESCOs and which attempt to address problems that have arisen in the first generation of utility DSM bidding programs. These approaches include "replacement" bidding in which ESCOs compete against a utility's own DSM program, "partnership" bidding in which ESCOs offer to provide saved energy or comprehensive services that complement and expand on the type of activities offered by utilities, and DSM "standard offer" contracts which allow energy service providers to sign up customers and receive a specified fixed price for energy savings.


We consider the problem of transferring value functions in reinforcement learning. We propose an approach that uses the given source tasks to learn a prior distribution over optimal value functions and provide an efficient variational approximation of the corresponding posterior in a new target task. We show our approach to be general, in the sense that it can be combined with complex parametric function approximators and distribution models, while providing two practical algorithms based on Gaussians and Gaussian mixtures. We theoretically analyze them by deriving a finite-sample analysis and provide a comprehensive empirical evaluation in four different domains.


Fatty acid hydroperoxides (lipoxygenase products) are metabolized to allene oxides by a type of dehydrase that has been detected in plants, corals, and starfish oocytes. The allene oxides are unstable epoxide precursors of more complex products such as jasmonic acid, the plant growth hormone. Characterization of the dehydrase enzyme of flaxseed revealed that it is a 55-kilodalton hemoprotein. The spectral characteristics of this dehydrase revealed it to be a cytochrome P-450. It operates with the remarkable activity of greater than or equal to 1000 turnovers per second. The results establish a new catalytic activity for a cytochrome P-450 and illustrate the cooperation of different oxygenases in pathways of fatty acid metabolism.


A large number of young children experiencing poverty are receiving some type of formal early care and education. Effective early childhood teachers are an important component to providing high quality early childhood education. Yet, limited research has examined from the preservice teacher perspective how early childhood teacher preparation programs are preparing teachers to serve children and families experiencing poverty. Therefore, using a mixed method design the current study had two aims. Aim one was to explore early childhood education preservice teachers' beliefs about poverty. The second aim was to describe their perceived preparedness by their teacher preparation program to serve children and families in poverty including specific instructional strategies (lecture, readings, class discussion, field experiences) preservice teachers perceived as influential in learning about poverty. Eighty undergraduates in their final two semesters of an early childhood teacher preparation program completed an online survey and 11 of the 80 participants completed the qualitative interview. Results were discussed in terms of qualitative themes. Themes that emerged about preservice teachers' beliefs about the causes and perpetuation of poverty include holding both systemic and within person reasons, the role of luck, and the intersection of race and poverty. In addition, results indicate at trend level that students who have never personally experienced poverty are slightly more likely to hold more within person beliefs about the causes of poverty. Regarding aim two, findings suggest preservice teachers may perceive they learn about topics related to serving children and families in poverty through all types of instructional strategies, but that class discussions, assigned readings, and field experiences may be perceived as most influential in their learning. Themes that emerged about preservice teachers perceived preparedness to serve children and families in poverty include: the importance of family, possible experiences while in poverty, teaching with empathy, responsibility to provide children's basic needs, and differences between teacher preparation or personal upbringing and real life experiences. The results are described and discussed in relation to recommendations for future research and implications for practice.


The productivity of citrus plants has not reached its maximum potential due to the action of several factors that directly affect agricultural profitability. Among these factors, weed interference has a great importance since it causes a reduction in crop productivity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different cover crops on suppression of weeds in an orange orchard. The research was conducted in a commercial orange production area located in Rio Preto da Eva, AM, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. Treatments were control, millet, jack bean, forage turnip, brachiaria, millet + jack bean. The evaluated characteristics were weed density, soil cover percentage, total weed dry matter, total cover plant dry matter and growth indices (leaf area index, leaf area ratio, and specific leaf area). Cover plants provided a good dry matter production and had a suppressive effect on weed growth, except for forage turnip. Brachiaria and jack bean presented the highest values of leaf area index and leaf area ratio.


Exploring cheap and stable electrocatalysts to replace Pt for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is now the key issue for the large-scale application of fuel cells, especially polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The recent emergence of Fe (or Co)/N/C catalysts has created tremendous opportunities for the development of non-precious metal catalysts for ORR in acidic media and thus presents great potential in the application of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the Fe (or Co)/N/C catalysts for ORR in acidic media that have demonstrated comparable activity to the commercial Pt catalyst. The synthesis, structural characterization and underlying mechanism of Fe (or Co)/N/C catalysts are discussed. In addition, we highlight the interesting microstructures of the active site, new synthesis approaches, and the catalytic performances tuned by nonmetal heteroatom dopants. Finally, perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities are also discussed.


Multiple classifiers consist of sets of subclassifiers, whose individual predictions are combined to classify new objects. These approaches attract an interest of researchers as they can outperform single classifiers on wide range of classification problems. This paper presents an experimental study of using the rule induction algorithm MODLEM in the multiple classifier scheme called combiner, which is a specific meta learning approach to aggregate answers of component classifiers. Our experimental results show that the improvement of predictive accuracy depends on the independence of errors made by the base classifiers. Moreover, we summarise our experience with using MODLEM as component in other multiple classifiers, namely bagging and n2 classifiers.


The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between social media use and protest participation in Latin America. It advances two questions. First, does social media increase the chances of protest participation at the individual level, as prior research shows for advanced democracies? Second, in a region with glaring economic and political inequalities, does social media deepen or reduce the gaps in protest participation that exist among men and women, the young and the old, different social classes, or people with varying levels of political engagement?,The paper uses cross-sectional Latin American Public Opinion Project survey data from 2012 representing the adult population of 17 Latin American countries. It presents binary logistic regression models with protest participation as the dependent variable, social media use for political purposes as the main independent variable, control variables, and interactions.,Using social media for political purposes significantly increases protest chances – it is the second strongest predictor. Additionally, social media reduces protest gaps associated with individuals' age, gender, psychological engagement with politics, and recruitment networks.,First, the paper shows that the contribution of social media to collective protest travels beyond advanced democracies – it also holds for more unequal regions with weaker democratic trajectories like Latin America. Second, it shows that social media may mitigate participatory inequalities not only, as shown by past research, regarding institutional participation (e.g. voting), but also regarding contentious tactics.


Oil is the lifeblood of the industrial economy, oil prices are affected by many factors. Our country is the major industrial countries, changes in the price of oil affects many aspects of economic development, and therefore the price of crude oil research is extremely important. In this paper, January 2000 to December 2010 monthly average price of crude oil in Daqing to do the research. ARIMA model by building software using EVIEWS find good rule of oil price movements and the first 10 months of 2011 made a prediction.


This paper presents the overview of a Line-to-Ground Fault Detection System of a direct current (DC) feeding system on a support pole and some test results of the detection function. Sometimes, the voltage of lightning strikes can create closed circuits around insulators, and a DC feeding system is grounded if the supports of the overhead lines are made of steel. Existing protection systems on substations cannot detect the accident because they cannot distinguish between the current of train loads and the current of ground faults. Therefore the current of the ground fault makes an arc around the insulators of the overhead lines. The arc heats the overhead lines and they may be broken by tension. The breakage may occur within 3.1 seconds and there is no conclusive method to prevent the accident. Therefore, the authors developed a new system to prevent this kind of accident. A detection device having a wireless communication device for transmitting detected information is installed in each support pole. When the detection device senses the ground fault, the information is transmitted by multihop communication through some devices on support poles, and devices on substation open circuit breakers to terminate the ground fault. To detect the ground faults, Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors were selected. The test results confirmed that the sensors had enough performance against strong magnetic fields produced by the impulse current of lightning strikes. And the test results also confirmed that the sensors could detect 300A of the line-to-ground fault current on the support pole.


The SPKI Working Group has developed a standard form for digital
certificates whose main purpose is authorization rather than
authentication. These structures bind either names or explicit
authorizations to keys or other objects. The binding to a key can be
directly to an explicit key, or indirectly through the hash of the key
or a name for it. The name and authorization structures can be used
separately or together. We use S-expressions as the standard format
for these certificates and define a canonical form for those
S-expressions. As part of this development, a mechanism for deriving
authorization decisions from a mixture of certificate types was
developed and is presented in this document. This document gives the
theory behind SPKI certificates and ACLs without going into technical
detail about those structures or their uses.


Brief Introduction The importance of conducting lipid profiles on admission is highlighted by NICE (National Institute of Clinical Excellence). There is specific guidance on the handling of lipid profiles of NSTEMI (non S-T elevation Myocardial infarction) and Tropinin negative ACS (acute coronary syndrome) patients (CG181). Within a busy East London district general hospital, we examined how effectively this was being undertaken. Explanation of basic Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 90 patients; NSTEMI/ Tropinin negative ACS admitted between July 2014 and May 2015. (Age: 44–97 mean: 70.5). 77% of patients had commodities which included diabetes, hypertension or a previous history of hypercholesterolemia. We extracted key data from individual patient notes, contacted General Practices and searched the database of patients available at Newham university hospital. This included lipid profiles; whether they were done on admission, the cholesterol level and whether a 3 month lipid profile was done before or after admission. We also recorded the statin type patients were commenced on or changed to. Each individual case was compared to the NICE guidelines on lipid handling in secondary prevention in NSTEMI and tropinin negative ACS patients. Results Overall 67% of patients (age: 44–97 mean: 70.5) who, according to the guidelines, should have had a lipid profile check on admission had not. 80% did not have their lipid profile checked after 3 months. Of those that did have a lipid profile on admission, 40% had a cholesterol level >4.68% patients already on a statin were switched to atorvastatin 80 mg as in accordance to the NICE guidelines. Of those known, 72% were started on a statin. Of those 72%, 85% were commenced on artorvastatin 80mg. Conclusions/Implications This shows that although we are good at putting patients admitted with NSTEMI/Tropinin negative ACS on atorvastatin 80mg (as in accordance to the NICE guidelines), we do not take into consideration their current lipid level on admission nor do we consider their 3 month post admission lipid profile. This situation makes it impossible to calculate whether the target of a fall of 40% in non-HDL cholesterol is reached after 3 months on statin therapy and significantly limits our knowledge on the patients condition. Moreover, 77% of the examined patients had co-morbidities such as diabetes or hypertension and of these only 45% had a 3 month follow up lipid profile. This collectively demonstrates a lack of understanding of the importance of conducting a lipid profile on admission or 3 months after admission although clearly stated in the NICE guidelines.


Labour shortages are imminent in a variety of different industries, particularly those that require high levels of skills. Organizations will need to plan for these shortages as many of the solutions will have fairly long lead times before an impact is felt. One area from which short-term gains may be achieved is the reduction of voluntary turnover, particularly the loss of productive employees. An area with potential for longer-term success in combating the labour shortage is in restructuring. Through restructuring, organizations can redesign the work processes so that when employees do leave, the position will have to be reworked and a replacement may not be needed. The organization will be shrinking in headcount, but it will remain as productive as it was before downsizing due to efficiencies gained; it will have successfully navigated "involuntary downsizing". The purpose of this paper is to develop the concept of involuntary downsizing" by expanding the definition of downsizing to include situations in which organizations are competing in diminishing labour markets. Similar to the current concept of downsizing, organizations will need to accomplish more, with fewer resources; however, the cause of the downsizing and the solutions that are available will be different.


This study investigated whether mastery and competitive goals could be developed among students, while controlling for the possible effects of student learning styles. A pretest-posttest control group design was used in this 10-week experiment that employed three intact high school mathematics classes. Results showed that mastery and competitive goals could be separately modified among students. However, learning styles did not moderate the effects of these goal modifications. The study further investigated which of the three goals – mastery, competitive, and avoidance – predicts achievement in mathematics. The outcome showed that each of the three goals linearly predicts mathematics achievement. However, when the effects of all three goals were simultaneously considered, only avoidance goals remained as a predictor of achievement. It is recommended that further investigations be made on the possible classification of avoidance goals into projective, compliance, and work-avoidance goals. Moreover, the positive potential of projective goals should be explored.


Weed leaf area knowledge can provide a support to study the relationships of interference between weeds and crops. The objective of this research was to determine a mathematical equation to estimate the leaf area of Merremia aegyptia based on the relation among the linear measures of the leaf blades. Leaves of this species were gathered from different places at Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, by measuring length (L), maximum width (W,) and leaf area of three types of leaflets. Linear equations (Y = a*X) were estimated for each type of leaflet. The leaf area of the species can be estimated by the sum of the leaf areas of each leaflet type according to the equation LAest = 0.547470(X) + 1.145298(Y) + 1.244146(Z), where X indicates L*W of the main leaflet, and Y and Z indicate the medium L*W of the primary and secondary leaflets, respectively.


The plain view doctrine is based on the practical logic that an officer need not turn a blind eye to evidence that is immediately apparent as incriminating when he is lawfully present, where the object can be seen, and where he has a legal right to access that object. However, in the context of digital searches, this basic logic is stretched to a point that directly conflicts with the original purposes of the Fourth Amendment. The immense amount of data present on computers makes these searches much more intrusive. Officers employ search methods and techniques to access files that involve more investigation than the plain view doctrine ever intended. The problems presented by new technology to placing reasonable limits on the scope of otherwise valid Fourth Amendment searches have caused many courts to defer to traditional methods of analysis, rather than prompting courts to devise a new approach that could better reflect the realities of how police conduct these searches. Certain courts—which this Note designates "traditionalist"—find no reason to change what is a physical doctrine in the digital context, but rather allow it to progress incrementally. This Note argues that courts have made no progress towards appropriately defining reasonableness in the context of digital searches, and that they should be imposing a heightened particularity standard for digital warrants, as well as additional prophylactic steps, as the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Ninth and (to a lesser extent) Tenth Circuits have suggested. The traditionalist interpretation encouraged law enforcement authorities and training manuals to take advantage of this lax position, and plead general concerns common to all computer cases to justify broad search warrants. Moreover, the same general concerns that convince magistrates to draw such general warrants lead district court judges to defer to an investigator's discretion. To remain consistent with the original spirit of the Fourth Amendment, as a bar against unfettered police discretion and arbitrary governmental action, courts must adopt a new approach.


The magnetorheological performance of nano magnetorheological (MR) fluids based on iron nickel oxide quasi spherical nanoparticles (NiFe2O4) was investigated. The field induced viscoelastic and rheological behavior of nano MR fluids were explored with varying strain amplitude and shear rates. The fluids were subjected to steady state flow conditions and oscillatory strain sweep test under an applied magnetic field. It was observed that the shear stress was proportionally increasing with respect to the applied field. The lower values of loss modulus (G'') indicates the formation of long bundles of thin and thick lengthened nano and micro cluster chains of nickel ferrite particles showing an enhanced magnetorheological response. The maximum shear stress was achieved at an optimum value of particle concentration, within 0 – 1.191 T magnetic flux density range. The study also reveals the increase in fluid sedimentation stability.


Until now, the enumeration of connected graphs has been dealt with by probabilistic methods, by special combinatorial decompositions or by somewhat indirect formal series manipulations. We show here that it is possible to make analytic sense of the divergent series that expresses the generating function of connected graphs. As a consequence, it becomes possible to derive analytically known enumeration results using only first principles of combinatorial analysis and straight asymptotic analysis—specifically, the saddle-point method. In this perspective, the enumeration of connected graphs by excess (of number of edges over number of vertices) derives from a simple saddle-point analysis. Furthermore, a refined analysis based on coalescent saddle points yields complete asymptotic expansions for the number of graphs of fixed excess, through an explicit connection with Airy functions.


We present a kinetic model that can account for several experimental findings on short- and long-term potentiation (STP and LTP) and their pharmacological modulation. The model, which is consistent with Hebb's postulate, uses the hypothesis that part of the origin of LTP may be a consequence of an increased release of neurotransmitter due to a retrograde signal. The operation of the model is expressed by a set of irreversible reactions, each of which should be thought of as equivalent to a set of more complex reactions. We show that a retrograde signal alone is not sufficient to maintain LTP unless long-term change of the rate constant of some of the reactions is caused by high-frequency stimulation. Pharmacological manipulation of LTP is interpreted as modifications of the rate constants of one or more of the reactions that express a given mechanism. The model, because of its simplicity, can be useful to test more specific mechanisms by expanding one or more reactions as suggested by new experimental evidence.


Bloodspot screening in newborns is an exemplary public health intervention as it is essential secondary prevention with proven efficacy and benefit for the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of rare diseases. In this mini review, newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) programs of 12 countries were examined in terms of the extent of diseases/disorders screened to form recommendations for Turkey's expanded newborn screening program. Essentially, Turkey and 11 selected countries' official policies/ national programs or strategies in terms of newborn screening and the number of diseases/conditions screened were examined. The current status of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) screening was also checked through the SMA NBS Alliance. In addition, WHO and EURORDIS guidelines for newborn screening were also reviewed. On the Pubmed database, following the search strategy "((newborn screening[Title/Abstract]) OR (newborn screening program[Title/Abstract])) OR (newborn blood spot screening[Title/Abstract])" in the PubMed database from 1 January 2008 to 1 December 2021. Diseases that will be recommended to be included in the Turkish national newborn bloodspot screening program will be presented by evaluating the updated criteria of Wilson and Jungner by constructing international comparisons. The number of diseases/disorders screened by the inspected 12 countries is eminently variable and ranges from 5 in Turkey to 51 in New York, United States of America (USA). Acknowledging the programs of other countries, it is evident that Turkey must advance its program by evaluating the epidemiological data in Turkey, the health workforce, and infrastructure while relying on the updated screening criteria. The newborn bloodspot screening program should be expanded based on the cost estimates and implemented starting with pilot applications and the diseases/disorders that are deemed appropriate should be included in the national program.


The extended flight of the Airborne Ionospheric Observatory during the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Pilot program on January 16, 1990, allowed continuous all-sky monitoring of the two-dimensional ionospheric footprint of the northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) cusp in several wavelengths. Especially important in determining the locus of magnetosheath electron precipitation was the 630.0-nm red line emission. The most striking morphological change in the images was the transient appearance of zonally elongated regions of enhanced 630.0-nm emission which resembled "rays" emanating from the centroid of the precipitation. The appearance of these rays was strongly correlated with the Y component of the IMF: when the magnitude of By was large compared to Bz, the rays appeared; otherwise, the distribution was relatively unstructured. Late in the flight the field of view of the imager included the field of view of flow measurements from the European incoherent scatter radar (EISCAT). The rays visible in 630.0-nm emission exactly aligned with the position of strong flow jets observed by EISCAT. We attribute this correspondence to the requirement of quasi-neutrality; namely, the soft electrons have their largest precipitating fluxes where the bulk of the ions precipitate. The ions, in regions of strong convective flow, are spread out farther along the flow path than in regions of weaker flow. The occurrence and direction of these flow bursts are controlled by the IMF in a manner consistent with newly opened flux tubes; i.e., when |By| > |Bz|, tension in the reconnected field lines produce east-west flow regions downstream of the ionospheric projection of the x line. We interpret the optical rays (flow bursts), which typically last between 5 and 15 min, as evidence of periods of enhanced dayside (or lobe) reconnection when |By| > |Bz|. The length of the reconnection pulse is difficult to determine, however, since strong zonal flows would be expected to persist until the tension force in the field line has decayed, even if the duration of the enhanced reconnection was relatively short.


This thesis is concerned with contrasting the rhetoric and the reality experienced by
teacher middle managers. A significant number of teachers interviewed in the study see this
rhetoric as being generated at and promulgated from the 'centre. The thesis considers how this
centrally devised rhetoric influences teacher middle managers in secondary schools. The thesis
utilized a 'grounded theoryapproach. Class teachers, teacher middle managers and senior
managers in two secondary schools were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. These teachers were also observed as they interacted with colleagues in both formal and informal situations. Those teacher middle managers interviewed and observed were concerned about the need to give considerable amounts of time in order to carry out the many tasks they were expected to
undertake. The findings suggest that teacher middle managers perceive the public nature of teaching and consequently value the cknowledgement and approval of colleagues and pupils. The findings also suggest that teacher middle managers were keen to develop a balance between the demands made of them at home and school. Interview responses also suggest that class teachers and teacher middle managers seek certainty and control in their working lives but understand the need to compromise and develop coping strategies. Most significantly the findings suggest that teachers were seeking to hide (by using 'camouflage') from their senior managers and class teacher colleagues, the reality of their day-to-day teaching experiences. There is also some evidence that teacher middle managers are engaging in 'collusion' with class teacher colleagues and senior managers to expedite the meeting of bureaucratic 'targets' and rhetorical 'standards'.


Abstract Gazprom, the state-controlled Russian energy company, has major export markets in the European Union, but these are changing, challenging the established trading principles of Russian gas. The EU promotes switching to hub-based pricing, whereas Gazprom, despite adapting to some degree, has continued to highlight the advantages of long-term contracts. This article analyses the reasoning of selected Gazprom actors from an institutional-cultural perspective. Apart from conflicts of interest between Russia and the EU, it finds deep-seated differences in worldviews and perceptions of appropriate behaviour in trade relations. Such factors may play a larger role in decision-making than is generally acknowledged.


The gene implicated in the May-Hegglin anomaly and related macrothrombocytopenias, MYH9, encodes myosin-IIA, a protein that enables morphogenesis in diverse cell types. Defective myosin-IIA complexes are presumed to perturb megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation or generation of proplatelets. We observed that Myh9(-/-) mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into MKs that are fully capable of proplatelet formation (PPF). In contrast, elevation of myosin-IIA activity, by exogenous expression or by mimicking constitutive phosphorylation of its regulatory myosin light chain (MLC), significantly attenuates PPF. This effect occurs only in the presence of myosin-IIA and implies that myosin-IIA influences thrombopoiesis negatively. MLC phosphorylation in MKs is regulated by Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), and consistent with our model, ROCK inhibition enhances PPF. Conversely, expression of AV14, a constitutive form of the ROCK activator Rho, blocks PPF, and this effect is rescued by simultaneous expression of a dominant inhibitory MLC form. Hematopoietic transplantation studies in mice confirm that interference with the putative Rho-ROCK-myosin-IIA pathway selectively decreases the number of circulating platelets. Our studies unveil a key regulatory pathway for platelet biogenesis and hint at Sdf-1/CXCL12 as one possible extracellular mediator. The unexpected mechanism for Myh9-associated thrombocytopenia may lead to new molecular approaches to manipulate thrombopoiesis.


Abstract. Terrestrial laser scanning was conducted to document and analyse sites of geoarchaeological interest in Jordan, Egypt and Spain. In those cases, the terrestrial laser scanner LMS-Z420i from Riegl was used in combination with an accurate RTK-GPS for georeferencing of the point clouds. Additionally, local surveying networks were integrated by established transformations and used for indirect registration purposes. All data were integrated in a workflow that involves different software and according results. The derived data were used for the documentation of the sites by accurate plans and cross-sections. Furthermore, the 3D data were analysed for geoarchaeological research problems, such as volumetric determinations, the ceiling thickness of a cave and lighting simulations based on path tracing. The method was reliable in harsh environmental conditions, but the weight of the instrument, the measuring time and the minimum measurement distance were a drawback. However, generally an accurate documentation of the sites was possible. Overall, the integration in a 3D GIS is easily possible by the accurate georeference of the derived data. In addition, local survey results are also implemented by the established transformations. Enhanced analyses based on the derived 3D data shows promising results.


The increase in the number of large data sets and the complexity of current probabilistic sequence evolution models necessitates fast and reliable phylogeny reconstruction methods. We describe a new approach, based on the maximum- likelihood principle, which clearly satisfies these requirements. The core of this method is a simple hill-climbing algorithm that adjusts tree topology and branch lengths simultaneously. This algorithm starts from an initial tree built by a fast distance-based method and modifies this tree to improve its likelihood at each iteration. Due to this simultaneous adjustment of the topology and branch lengths, only a few iterations are sufficient to reach an optimum. We used extensive and realistic computer simulations to show that the topological accuracy of this new method is at least as high as that of the existing maximum-likelihood programs and much higher than the performance of distance-based and parsimony approaches. The reduction of computing time is dramatic in comparison with other maximum-likelihood packages, while the likelihood maximization ability tends to be higher. For example, only 12 min were required on a standard personal computer to analyze a data set consisting of 500 rbcL sequences with 1,428 base pairs from plant plastids, thus reaching a speed of the same order as some popular distance-based and parsimony algorithms. This new method is implemented in the PHYML program, which is freely available on our web page: http://www.lirmm.fr/w3ifa/MAAS/.


Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and Chronic Pain Syndrome (CPS) can be treated in many different ways. I found a problem in the balance of healing modalities surrounding diagnosis and care of illness and disease. This struggle is not singular to AS and CPS, but universal to physical and mental concerns. Some effective treatments and therapies are not recognized as such or are just beginning to become so. The scope of my work reflects on the course of my life. It was heavily influenced by the way my medical care was managed from an early age and how it evolved over the years. Through my educational program, I examined the necessity to bridge the gap between treatment paradigms and to expand on a broader, more inclusive, healing rubric. This rubric includes a broader emphasis on skill-based and complementary and alternative medicines. The viability to incorporate holistic health therapies earlier in life is explored through my use of the Scholarly Personal Narrative (SPN) qualitative research method. I chose this methodology because scientific fact could be argued either way for one therapeutic approach over another. By incorporating lived experience through SPN the union and cohesion necessary in all healing modalities, and their positive aspects, can be seen. The truth becomes self-evident. The results of this examination showed awareness earlier in life toward alternative and holistic treatments being paramount. Parents and educators lack information concerning modern therapeutic approaches. It also showed each situation will vary, but choice in treatment for ailments and illness of all kinds is not only viable, but highly recommended and researched. Access issues such as health insurance remain obstacles with some treatments and therapies, while others are a matter of cost prohibition, such as nutrition therapies. The implications of my work indicate a need for earlier incorporation of holistic healing programs and skill based therapies alongside perpetuated medical models in early childhood development and education. In conclusion, awareness towards medical concerns and how we as a society treat them can be improved upon by systemically incorporating less harmful therapies earlier in life. Fostering relations between medical providers, care providers and educators for students' wellbeing should be the foreground of any educational policy. Educators and parents alike should be made aware of and take advantage of effective skill-based treatments before a physical or mental condition surfaces or medication only approaches are authoritatively recommended. Integrating programs that build strong mental resilience and focus on youth development and education can reduce the necessity for more invasive treatments or medications should an ailment or illness develop.


Abstract For the purpose of making use a torus type magnetic confinement device as a high current electron source by extracting runaway electrons, we investigated magnetic fields' configuration and calculated electron orbits by numerical simulation. Extraction coils which generate field to lead electrons to outside of the device, also strongly disturbed magnetic field in partly installed case. We propose new cancellation coil setups. The numerical calculation shows influence of extraction coils are reduced, and as a results, the maximum radius of magnetic surface is almost the same as the case of setting up extraction coils all around device. We also traced the electron acceleration and extraction orbits from low energy in confinement area. Through that, we estimated the extraction ratio of the runaway electrons and their averaged energy. The results show that 70% of the runaway electrons can be extracted and the averaged energy of those electrons is 4 keV in case of all direction extraction.


In his autobiographical poem, Tristia IV 10, Ovid reviews his poetic career from the perspective of his exile. Quite strangely, however, he makes no reference at all to his major works, the Medea, the Fasti, and the Metamorphoses (only recalled through allusion at line 129). He presents himself as tenerorum lusor Amorum (echoing both his 'epitaph', trist. III 3, 73, and am. III 15, 1), and keeps making reference both explicitly and through allusions only to his amatory works. On the other side, he does not mention the Ars amatoria as a cause of his exile, referring only to his notorious error, and declares that Livor has never bitten any of his works, a disconcerting affirmation in the light of Livor's role at the beginning of am. I 15 and at rem. 361-396. Ovid's intertextual strategies and his constant revisions of his poetic career (especially in the Amores) are studied in order to make sense of the strange and contradictory self-portrait which emerges from trist. IV 10 and other poems from Ovid's exile (such as trist. II, III 3, V 1 (a 'recantation' of IV 10), Pont. III 3). Trist. IV 10 appears to be an emphatic and daring statement on Ovid's part on the immortal fame he has attained with his amatory works, including the Ars, in spite of Augustus' persecution.