This PhD by prior publication comprises a major rephotography project
undertaken in two phases (First View,1986-89 and Second View, 2009-12),
together with a written commentary. The project is based on an area along the
A62 which connects Manchester to Oldham, a corridor route, which I
considered invisible and between places, a seeming 'non place'.1 The research
questions how can topographic images made by adopting strategies of
rephotography help to depict aspects of place that remain hidden in generic
representations and how, in turn, this photographic record can be put to use.
The accompanying critical commentary investigates how this project came to be
realised, the photographic research methodologies employed, and relevant
contextual frameworks together with the different contexts through which the
work has been disseminated and shared. It considers what the practice of
rephotography contributes as a visual research method when analysing the
shifting topography of a specific urban corridor. Further to this, it suggests ways
in which such rephotography can engage different audiences and communities
in debate about lived experience of social and economic change.
The First View photographic research project was initially conducted by making
a series of visits to the area each year recording transformation through
redevelopment projects and subtler changes such as incidental events on the
street and the variations of seasons. The project took an ethnographic
approach to human involvement with place and space (Massey, D. 1994) as
well as drawing upon anthropological methods that employ photography as a
research tool (Prosser, J. 1998). Outputs from this project demonstrate
processes adopted and examples of the photography made. A selection of
photographs from First View became a touring exhibition shown in Oldham and
Manchester (1986-87) and then in London. A book was also published by the
Architectural Association (1987) with a commentary written by Ian Jeffrey.
The second view (2009-12) revisits the first survey and considers what
happened after. I wanted to consider twenty five years on how the continued
process of change may have increasingly eroded/altered the sense of place
1 This term derives from Marc Auge's book, Lieux et Non-Lieux (2001).
6
within the community. Since the First View a number of external factors
influenced how the research would continue. The political scene had changed
with introduction of private initiatives and housing associations taking
responsibility to manage and refurbish aging housing stock in the public sector
closer to the Manchester and in areas towards Oldham. Further cleared areas
remained undeveloped due to a major financial downturn. Also the adoption of
digital technologies had changed how photography was made, viewed, and
used. This led me to consider how the Second View could be more
collaborative (Kester, G. 2011) and so modify my method and find new ways to
interact with members of the community to help inform the work.
Outputs included exhibitions at Gallery Oldham and The People's History
Museum, Manchester and an accompanying commentary written by Stephen
Hanson. I also include reviews and examples of additional collaborative
photography made and shown alongside the core exhibitions. Examples of the
printed work are now housed in Oldham library (including the complete set of
Second View exhibition prints, contact sheets and this written report). It is
permanently accessible for public and academic use under a commons license.
Although it can be argued that all photographic practice contains elements of
rephotography, this project contributes to original knowledge through analysis of
processes used to make the first long-term comparative and detailed
photographic study of the Oldham Road as an area exemplifying shift from
industrialisation to service provision. 'Hermeneutic perspectives emphasise
photographs as texts, demanding semantic and semiotic interpretation to
determine meaning' (Margolis and Rowe, 2012).
The corridor is now undergoing further changes as new projects by housing
associations and globalised business begin to fill the spaces left by previous
clearances. My published work shows connections, continuities and breakages
and new questions emerge about what values are worth preserving for a future
community. I suggest that a continuing photographic element can contribute to
an understanding of incidental detail that can influence a more sensitive
management of infrastructure and potentially help residents adjust to change
and thus maintain their sense of place.


INTRODUCTION Volvulus of the splenic flexure (VSF) is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction (1). Patients usually present with recurrent episodes of intestinal obstruction and there is a slight female preponderance. The affected patients usually have identifiable risk factors including previous surgery involving mobilization of the splenic flexure with resultant adhesions, congenital absence of the ligamentous attachments of the splenic flexure or motility disorders affecting the colon. The treatment of VSF is definitive surgery. Although VSF has been reported in systemic sclerosis (2), an autoimmune condition, to our knowledge this is the first report of VSF occurring in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).


This article claims that the European Union (EU) has had a very peculiar relationship with the globalized post-Cold War economic order. On the one hand, the EU was instrumental in bringing about this order. It aggressively promoted (both internally and externally) the principles and policies upon which this economic order has been based. On the other hand, this proactive engagement was translated within the EU into a highly polarized and antagonistic public discourse that led to a serious identity crisis. In this way, it is argued that economic globalization emerged in the EU as a debate on the nature and future of Europe. After 2005, this polarized and antagonistic discourse started to change. The rise of flexicurity, as a new way of thinking about Europe's place and orientation in the global political economy, has been instrumental in this shift. The article examines and evaluates these developments and their implications for the European project.


Shen et al. have identified a new dual-specificity protein phosphatase and characterized its function. Whereas dual-specificity phosphatases usually inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), this new protein phosphatase specifically activates the MAPK Jnk, and is termed Jun NH2-terminal kinase (Jnk) stimulatory phosphatase-1 (JSP-1). Cells overexpressing JSP-1 did not inactivate MAPKs. JSP-1 did not activate Jnk directly, but rather activated MKK4, the MAPK kinase known to activate Jnk. Increased phosphorylation of overexpressed MKK4 was observed in cells also expressing wild-type JSP-1 but not in cells expressing catalytically inactive JSP-1. The authors propose that JSP-1 might remove phosphates from MKK4 that prevent the activation of that kinase. Overexpression of dominant-negative MKK4 inhibited the ability of JSP-1 to activate Jnk, indicating that JSP-1-dependent activation of Jnk requires MKK4. The identification of JSP-1 introduces a new level of regulation to Jnk activation. Y. Shen, R. Luche, B. Wei, M. L. Gordon, C. D. Diltz, N. K. Tonks, Activation of the Jnk signaling pathway by a dual-specificity phosphatase, JSP-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 98, 13613-13618 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Every year, countless people become victims of human trafficking. The number is countless because the vast majority of those cases go unidentified and unreported. As a result, victims remain invisible, go unsupported, continue to suffer abuses, and continue to face stigma and trauma even after finding their way out of trafficking. This lack of visibility also makes it difficult to really understand how trafficking works, which seriously hinders international counter trafficking efforts.


With the Supreme Court's landmark Brown decisions of 1954 and 1955, American education changed forever. But Brown was just the beginning, and Raymond Wolters contends that its best intentions have been taken to unnecessary extremes.In this electrifying study, a scholar who has long observed the traumas of school desegregation uncovers the changes and difficulties with which public education has dealt over the last fifty years - and argues that some judicial decisions were ill-advised. Dealing candidly with matters usually considered taboo in academic discourse, Wolters argues that the Supreme Court acted correctly and in accordance with public sentiment in Brown but that it later took a wrong turn by equating desegregation with integration.Retracing the history of desegregation and integration in America's schools, Wolters distinguishes between several Court decisions, explaining that while Brown called for desegregation by requiring that schools deal with students on a racially non-discriminatory basis, subsequent decisions - Green, Swann, Keyes - required actual integration through racial balancing. He places these decisions in the context of educational reform in the 1950s that sought to encourage bright students through advanced placement and honors courses - courses in which African American and Hispanic students were less likely to be enrolled. Then with the racial unrest of the 1960s, the pursuit of academic excellence yielded to concerns for uplifting disadvantaged youths and ensuring the predominance of middle-class peer groups in schools.Wolters draws on rich historical detail to document the devastating consequences of requiring racial balance and sheds new light on America's legal, social, and cultural landscapes. He re-examines the educational theories of Kenneth Clark and James Coleman, and he challenges statistics that support the results of racial balancing by describing how school desegregation and integration actually proceeded in several towns, cities, and counties."Race and Education" is a bold challenge to political correctness in education and a corrective to the now widely accepted notion that desegregation and racially balanced integration are one and the same. It is must-reading for scholars of law and education and a wake-up call for citizens concerned about the future of America's schools.


This paper investigates whether the increasing "residual wage inequality" trend is related to manufacturing decline and the influx of low-skilled immigrants. There is a vast literature arguing that technological change, international trade, and institutional factors have played a significant role in the inequality trend. However, most of the trend is unexplained by observable factors. This paper attempts to "explain" the growth in the unexplained variance of wages by exploiting variation across locations (states or cities) in the United States in the local level of "residual inequality." The evidence shows that a shrinking manufacturing sector increases inequality. In addition, an influx of low-skilled immigrants increases inequality, but this effect is concentrated in areas with a steeper manufacturing decline. Similar results are found for two alternative measures linked to increasing inequality: the increasing return to education and the decline in the employment rate of non-college men. The overall evidence suggests that the manufacturing and immigration trends have hollowed-out the overall demand for middle-skilled workers in all sectors, while increasing the supply of workers in lower skilled jobs. Both phenomena are producing downward pressure on the relative wages of workers at the low end of the income distribution.


Abstract. Characterizations of short-term variability in solar radiation are required to successfully integrate large numbers of photovoltaic power systems into the electrical grid. Previous studies have used ground-based irradiance observations with a range of different temporal resolutions and a systematic analysis of the effects of temporal averaging on the representation of variability is lacking. Using high-resolution surface irradiance data with original temporal resolutions between 0.01 and 1 s from six different locations in the Northern Hemisphere, we characterize the changes in representation of temporal variability resulting from time averaging. In this analysis, we condition all data to states of mixed skies, which are the most potentially problematic in terms of local PV power volatility. Statistics of clear-sky index k* and its increments Δk*τ (i.e., normalized surface irradiance and changes therein over specified intervals of time) are considered separately. Our results indicate that a temporal averaging time scale of around 1 s marks a transition in representing single-point irradiance variability, such that longer averages result in substantial underestimates of variability. Higher-resolution data increase the complexity of data management and quality control without appreciably improving the representation of variability. The results do not show any substantial discrepancies between locations or seasons.


The uterus undergoes intense remodeling in pregnancy and subsequent involution in the postpartum period. One of the anatomical changes that occur in the gravid endometrium is increased glandular density. Parity has been shown to be protective against certain endometrial pathologies probably as a result of retained changes that take place during pregnancy. The findings of the current study may help provide the anatomical basis for different traits noted as the parity rises. Nine rabbits, California white breed (oryctolagus cuniculus), were obtained from a private farmer. The subjects were grouped as follows; primiparous rabbits in group 1, Para 1 and Para 2-3 in group 2, and Para >4 in group 3. Once successfully mated, they were housed in pens, fed, and given adequate supply of water. On day 18 of pregnancy, the rabbits were sacrificed and uterus harvested en bloc. Five-millimeter specimens were obtained from the uterus and processed for light microscopy. Quantification of endometrial glands and their size was done using the computer program Image J. Endometrial gland density was noted to decrease with a rise in parity such that the percentage proportion in the primigravid rabbit was 45% compared to that of 34% and 37.5% in the biparous and multiparous groups respectively. The endometrial gland duct circumference also increased as the parity increased. The present study reveals that a high parity is characterized by fewer, wider endometrial glands. Key words : Endometrial glands, Parity, Gravidity


A control architecture for executing multi-vehicle search algorithms is presented. The proposed hierarchical structure consists of three control layers: maneuver controllers, vehicle supervisors and team controllers. The system model is described as a dynamic network of hybrid automata in the programming language Shift and allows reasoning about specification and dynamical properties in a formal setting. The particular search problem that is studied is that of finding the minimum of a scalar field using a team of autonomous submarines. As an illustration, a coordination scheme based on the Nelder-Mead simplex optimization algorithm is presented and illustrated through simulations.


Subject: Does social support moderate between job autonomy and job satisfaction? Key terms: Banking group, job satisfaction, job autonomy, social support The success of the future for South African organisations relies heavily on its leadership, rather than on its management. Transformational leadership is critical to modem business, especially within the South African context. Transformational leadership is essentially about instilling a sense of purpose. in those who are led, and encouraging commitment by empowering employees through growth and development. This enables employees the opportunity to adapt and grow within organizations. The leader promotes change by creating a motivational climate which enhances growth, development, commitment, goal achievement and enjoyment. In order to facilitate the requirements of such an environment the employee needs social support that would enable job autonomy and ultimately job satisfaction. The objective of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of social support between job autonomy and job satisfaction, and to see if job satisfaction of employees in a large banking group can be predicted by their experience ofjob autonomy and social support in the workplace. The study was conducted within one of South Africa's leading financial institutions. In order to achieve the study objectives, data was collected from a sample (n=178) which consisted of employees ranging from junior management (CIT levels) to middle management (MIP levels). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine whether the independent variables hold any predictive value regarding the dependent variable (job satisfaction). The results of the multiple regression revealed that gender had no effect in predicting participants' job satisfaction, indicating that effects for the other variables may operate similarly for males and females. It was found that participants' experience of autonomy, and the support they reveive from colleagues are important in predicting their experiences of job satisfaction. However, the moderating effect of social support (from either colleagues or supervisor), was not supported in this research. This finding indicates that social support does not play a role in the translation of the experience of autonomy in job satisfaction.


Objectives: A long-term follow-up of depressed patients responsive to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with intensive pre-ECT pharmacotherapy treatment failure who also participated in a 6-month trial directly post-ECT in which imipramine was compared with placebo for relapse prevention. Methods: A total of 26 patients responsive to ECT who participated in the 6-month continuation trial were invited 4 to 8 years later to assess their follow-up status. The groups with and without relapse within 6 months were compared with regard to recurrence of depression up to 8 years later. Recurrence was defined as a new episode of depression that needed antidepressant medication and/or readmission in hospital and/or a new ECT course. Results: At the time of follow-up (mean duration, 6.8 years), the recurrence rate of depression for the total sample was 42.3%. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rates and number of recurrences between the nonrelapse and relapse groups. The small study population limits generalization of the results; the design of the study is naturalistic and retrospective. Conclusion: In our small sample of depressed patients with pharmacotherapy treatment failure, recurrence is not influenced by relapse after terminating ECT. Continuation of medication started immediately after ECT seems to be an important factor in preventing recurrence.


The puzzle of recent global warming trend slowdown has captured enough attention, though the underlying cause is still unexplained. This study addresses that area segregating the role of natural factors (the sun and volcano) to that from CO2 led linear anthropogenic contributions. It separates out a period 1976–1996 that covers two full solar cycles, where two explosive volcanos erupted during active phases of strong solar cycles. The similar period also matched the duration of abrupt global warming. It identifies that dominance of Central Pacific (CP) ENSO and associated water vapour feedback during that period play an important role. The possible mechanism could be initiated via a preferential alignment of NAO phase, generated by explosive volcanos. Inciting extratropical Rossby wave to influence the Aleutian Low, it has a modulating effect on CP ENSO. Disruption of Indian Summer Monsoon and ENSO teleconnection during the abrupt warming period and a subsequent recovery thereafter can also be explained from that angle. Interestingly, CMIP5 model ensemble, and also individual models, fails to comply with such observation. It also explores possible areas where models miss important contributions due to natural drivers.


Abstract:This essay briefly describes the process of working with the author Édouard Glissant in translating his works, with a particular focus on the novel Mahagony. It explores the extent to which a personal relationship with the author provides both special insights and frustration for the translator. It treats the part played by the requirement that a translator "write" the work again after the author's first writing and how this relates to the expected readers of both the "original" and the translation. A solution is found in how words within a text can function to guide a translator to a satisfying transition of that work from one language to another.


In the first comprehensive English-language portrait of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm as political thinkers and actors, Jakob Norberg reveals how history's two most famous folklorists envisioned the role of literary and linguistic scholars in defining national identity. Convinced of the political relevance of their folk tale collections and grammatical studies, the Brothers Grimm argued that they could help disentangle language groups from one another, redraw the boundaries of states in Europe, and counsel kings and princes on the proper extent and character of their rule. They sought not only to recover and revive a neglected native culture for a contemporary audience, but also to facilitate a more harmonious and enduring relationship between the traditional political elite and an emerging national collective. Through close historical analysis, Norberg reconstructs how the Grimms wished to mediate between sovereigns and peoples, politics and culture. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.


Ghana's domestic poultry industry is one of many in West Africa that is seeking strategies to compete with imported poultry products. This study investigates if urban Ghanaian consumers are willing to pay for non-price attributes in poultry; hence, offering potential competitive niches. Consumer preferences in Accra, Ghana for domestic and imported chicken were studied using a choice based conjoint analysis. A total of 138 respondents who were directly purchasing broiler products were drawn randomly from both traditional and modern markets for inclusion into a revealed preference data collection. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the part-worth of attributes of both domestic and imported broiler meat. The study reveals that purchase decisions are not entirely based on price, but also non-price attributes such as convenience, freshness and origin of the product. In the case of Ghana, consumers prefer imported chicken on the basis of convenience, as imported chicken is primarily offered as pre-cut pieces, and domestic chicken on the basis of taste and origin. The findings suggest that there is an opportunity to market domestic chicken on attributes in addition to price such as convenience and origin. To take advantage of this opportunity, investment in the domestic poultry industry is required, across the supply chain from processing to marketing.


This paper aims to outline three topics in connection with money in Roman law. Firstly, the traditional concept of money is examined through ancient legal sources, leading to a deeper scrutiny of certain decision-making principles of Roman lawyers, namely that of naturalis ratio and rerum natura . After the evaluation of the related sources, it becomes clear that these principles were used as a kind of canon to separate naturalis and absurdus , and that is why naturalis ratio and rerum natura became the foundation stone of several cases. Finally, the issue of iactus missilium is analysed, focusing mainly on the question whether it is really traditio in incertam personam , or something else. The texts dealing with iactus missilium are on the one hand highly unanimous concerning the terminology, while on the other hand they contain merely pro forma arguments. After a closer examination of these texts as well as their true nature, the iactus missilium seems rather the unity of derelictio and occupatio than t...


Spatially uniform ground motion is an assumption that has often been made for structural analysis of arch dams. However, it has been recognized for many years that the ground motion in a canyon during an earthquake is amplified at the top of the canyon relative to the base. Pacoima Dam has been strongly shaken by the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The acceleration records from both of these events demonstrate the spatial nonuniformity of the ground motion, but the amount and quality of the data made it difficult to study in detail. An opportunity to do so arose on January 13, 2001, when a relatively small magnitude 4.3 earthquake was recorded by an upgraded accelerometer array at Pacoima Dam.

Frequency-dependent topographic amplification is apparent at locations along both abutments at 80% height of the dam relative to the base. Also, the ground motion is delayed at the abutment locations compared to the base. The delays are consistent with seismic waves traveling upward along the canyon, and the waves appear to be dispersive since the delays are frequency-dependent. Both of these effects are quantified in this thesis by several approaches that involve varying degrees of approximation. A method for generating nonuniform ground motion from a single 3-component ground motion specified for one location in the canyon, e.g., at the base, is developed using transfer functions that quantify the amplification and phase delay. The method is demonstrated for the 2001 earthquake and the Northridge earthquake with several variations in the transfer functions.

The 2001 earthquake records were also used for system identification. These results do not agree with results from a forced vibration experiment, which indicate a stiffer system. The earthquake must induce nonlinear vibrations, even though the excitation is quite small. This observation has implications for applications of structural health monitoring.

The generated nonuniform ground motions are supplied as input to a finite element model. The results indicate that the method for generating nonuniform input produces ground motion that yields reasonable modeled responses, but there is some evidence that the time delays may be larger for stronger ground motion. Comparisons of the responses from ground motions generated with various implementations of amplification and time delays were made. For modeling purposes, accuracy of the amplification appears to be more important than the delays, which can be dealt with using a simpler approximation. The nonuniform input produces a response that is substantially different than the response produced by uniform input. The major difference is that while the pseudostatic response is a rigid body motion for uniform input, it causes deformation of the dam, mostly close to the abutments, for nonuniform input. In order to refine the proposed method for generating nonuniform ground motion, more data is required from Pacoima Dam and other structures with instrumentation coverage along the abutments.


Objective: to evaluate the effect of aluminum oxide sandblasting (AOS), argon plasma application (APL) and their combination (AOS+APL) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of dual-cure resin cement (Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Noritake) to two zirconiabased ceramics (Lava, 3M ESPE and Katana, Kuraray Noritake). Material and Methods: One hundred twenty zirconia plates (13 mm in length X 5 mm in width X 1 mm in thickness) were prepared and treated according to the following treatments: 1- AOS, 2- APL,3- AOS+APL and 4- no treatment (control). After treatments, resin cement cylinders (1.4 mm in diameter x 1 mm in height) bonded to zirconia surface were obtained by filling up the silicon matrix. The shear bond test was performed following storage of the samples for 24 hours and one year. Bond strength values were recorded in MPa and the data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (preset alpha of 0.05). Results: In general, AOS and AOS+APL showed the higher SBS. After one-year storage, SBS of the resin cement to the Katana zirconia did not reduce, regardless of the zirconia surface treatment. Conclusion: AOS alone was able to increase the SBS of the resin cement to both zirconia ceramics compared to control and SBS remained stable after one year depending on type of zirconia ceramic.KeywordsAluminum Oxide; Ceramics; Plasma; Resin Cements


The repertoire of nuclease-guided genome modifications was recently expanded to include homology-independent targeted integration (HITI) of exogenous DNA by a report published in the December 2016 issue of Nature (Suzuki et al. 2016). The key feature distinguishing HITI from homology-based DNA Knock-in is its applicability in post-mitotic cells of nonregenerative tissues, such as the brain and retina. Suzuki et al. demonstrated the therapeutic utility of HITI through genomic knock-in of an exon previously deleted by a naturally occurring mutation that causes blindness in rats. The potential therapeutic impacts are farther-reaching than the replacement of deleted genomic segments. Targeted integration of therapeutic genes in post-mitotic cells in vivo may improve treatments that rely on continued gene augmentation or silencing.


This paper describes the development of a model for institution-wide curriculum transformation at the University of Wollongong (UOW). Transition – a curriculum-integrated approach that enables a smooth, supported shift into and through higher education and a successful transition from the university to the world of work and lifelong learning – is one of three key principles at the heart of the UOW Curriculum Model. This paper focuses on transition as a whole-of-curriculum design principle and the way this principle informs the other elements of the UOW Curriculum Model. It aims to extend the concept of "transition pedagogy" developed by Kift and colleagues and to show how it has been used to inform our larger project of curriculum renewal.


Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess whether providing medication adherence information with or without motivational interviewing improves diabetes and lipid control. Methods Study participants were adult members of a health system in southeast Michigan, were using both oral diabetes and lipid-lowering medications, and had glycated hemoglobin (A1C) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels not at goal. Participants were randomly assigned to receive usual care (UC), n = 567; have medication adherence information (AI) provided to their physician, n = 569; or have AI and receive motivational interviewing (MI) though trained staff (AI + MI), n = 556. Primary outcomes were A1C and LDL-C levels at 18 months post randomization. Results Primary outcomes were not significantly different between patients in the AI or AI + MI study arms when compared with UC. Similarly, neither oral diabetes nor lipid-lowering medication adherence was significantly different between groups. Patient participation in the AI + MI arm was low and limit the interpretation of the study results, but post hoc analysis of the AI + MI study arm showed that the number of MI sessions received was positively associated with only oral diabetes medication adherence. Conclusion Neither AI nor MI significantly improved diabetes and lipid control when compared with UC. Moreover, patient participation appeared to be a particular barrier for MI.


Water sensitive design has emerged on the planning and design agenda over the last few years in response to the rapid deterioration in all sectors of the hydrological cycle in and around Perth. Water balance, water quality and water consumption considerations have now become central issues in the debate over the nature and character of future growth within the Perth Metropolitan region.

This paper will briefly plot the evolution of the concept of water sensitive and the promotion of its central mission; to recapture a sense of place in the future design of the city-a place where water is scarce and a delicate natural balance characterises the relationships between soils, plants and animals.

The analysis in the paper will highlight the role of landscaping in the water sensitive design process and in particular will focus on:
-the role of vegetation as a biological filter in the process of water quality control.
-the use of tree planting and retention as a mechanism in maintaining natural water balance.
-the value of landscape enhancement as a way of selling the benefits of water sensitive design.
-the benefits of natural planting in conserving water and yet maintaining the quality and traditions of suburban lifestyles.

The paper will be extensively illustrated using local examples and will conclude on the enormous potential of landscaping to achieve the objectives of water sensitive design and, in turn, to begin to redress the sorry history of the degradation of the natural water cycle in and around Perth.

'Greening' and 'water sensitive design' can live in harmony although the forms and the shades of that green may need to be systematically reformed in the future.


Many commentators refer to the U.S. overseas network of military installations as an "empire," yet very few have examined the theoretical and practical significance of such an analogy. This article explores the similarities and differences between the basing network and imperial systems. We argue that American basing practices and relations combine elements of liberal multilateralism with "neo-imperial" hegemony. Much, but far from all, of the network shares with ideal-typical empires a hub-and-spoke system of unequal relations among the United States and its base-host country "peripheries." But Washington rarely exercises rule over host-country leaders and their constituents. Historical examples suggest that this combination of imperial and non-imperial elements has rendered the United States vulnerable to political cross-pressures, intermediary exits, and periodic bargaining failures when dealing with overseas base hosts. Moreover, globalizing processes, especially increasing information flows and the transnational networking of anti-base movements, further erode U.S. capacity to maintain multivocal legitimation strategies and keep the terms of its individual basing bargains isolated from one another. Case studies of the rapid contestation of the terms of the U.S. basing presence in post-Soviet Central Asia and post-2003 Iraq illustrate some of these dynamics.


This essay concerns itself with disembodied hair and will show via the discussion of a range of cultural and historical examples that such hair is, in Freudian terms, uncanny. It makes connections between hair's place in memorial, ritual and magic, to emphasise its ambiguous and in some cases troubled relationship to the rest of the human body.

The essay explores the relationship between disembodied hair, the ghostly, and specific historical and cultural contexts that make the use of uncanny hair of this kind an enduring motif in the representation of the spectral and the supernatural.

Publisher's Text About the Book:

Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion explores the social importance of hair, wherever it grows, explaining the cultural significance of hair and hairiness, and presenting a new critical engagement with hair and its stories, histories, performances and rituals.

From heads, legs and underarms, to wigs and beards, and everything in between, the presentation, manipulation and daily experience of human hair plays a central and dynamic role within fashion, self-expression and the creation of social identity. The book's diverse range of cross-cultural essays encompasses the study of hair in fashion, film, art, history, literature, performance and consumer culture.

Offering an accessible mix of visual analysis, cultural commentary and critical theory, Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion will appeal to all those interested in the presentation and analysis of cultural identity and the body.

Contents

Acknowledgments

Foreword, Caroline Cox

Author's Biographies

1. Introduction: Thinking About Hair, Geraldine Biddle-Perry And Sarah Cheang

Part One: Histories of Hair On the Head, Face and Body

2. Fashionable Hair In The Eighteenth Century: Theatricality and Display, Louisa Cross,

3. Roots: Hair and Race, Sarah Cheang

4. Revealing and Concealing: Notes and Observations on Eroticism and Female Pubic Hair, Jack Sargeant

5. From Style to Place: The Emergence Of The Hair Salon in the Twentieth Century, Kim Smith

6. The Big Shave: Fashions In Modern Male Facial Hair, Dene October

Part Two: Hair & Identity

7. Hair And Male (Homo) Sexuality: Up Top And Down Below, Shaun Cole

8. Hair, Gender And Looking, Geraldine Biddle-Perry

9. Men's Facial Hair in Islam: A Matter of Interpretation, Faegheh Shirazi

10. Resounding Power Of The Afro Comb, Carol Tulloch

11. Concerning Blondeness: Gender, Ethnicity, Spectacle And Footballers' Waves, Pamela Church-Gibson

12. Hair, devotion and trade in India, Eiluned Edwards

Part Three: Hair in Representation: Film, Art, Fashion, Literature & Performance

13. Hairpieces: Hair, Identity and Memory in the Work of Mona Hatoum, Leila McKellar

14. Hair Without a Head: Disembodiment and The Uncanny, Janice Miller

15. Hair and Fashioned Femininity in Two Nineteenth-Century Novels, Royce Mahawatte.

16. Hair control: The Feminine 'Disciplined Head', Thom Hecht

17. Hair-'Dressing' In Desperate Housewives: Narration, Characterisation, And The Pleasures Of Reading Hair, Rachel Velody

18. Hair Styling In The Fashion Magazine: Nova In The 1970s, Alice Beard

Conclusion

19. Conclusion: Hair and Human Identity, Sarah Cheang and Geraldine Biddle-Perry

End Notes

Index


BACKGROUND
A recent review of epidemiologic literature found consistently reduced cancer and heart disease rates in persons with high compared with low whole-grain intakes.

OBJECTIVE
We hypothesized that whole-grain intake was associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) death.

DESIGN
We studied 34,492 postmenopausal women aged 55-69 y and free of IHD at baseline in 1986. There were 438 IHD deaths between baseline and 1995. Usual dietary intake was determined with use of a 127-item food-frequency questionnaire.

RESULTS
Whole-grain intake in median servings/d was 0.2, 0.9, 1.2, 1.9, and 3.2 for quintiles of intake. The unadjusted rate of IHD death was 2.0/1 x 10(3) person-years in quintile 1 and was 1.7, 1.2, 1.0, and 1.4 IHD deaths/1 x 10(3) person-years in succeeding quintiles (P for trend < 0.001). Adjusted for demographic, physiologic, behavioral, and dietary variables, relative hazards were 1.0, 0.96, 0.71, 0.64, and 0.70 in ascending quintiles (P for trend = 0.02). The lower risk with higher whole-grain intake was not explained by intake of fiber or several other constituents of whole grains.

CONCLUSION
A clear inverse association between whole-grain intake and risk of IHD death existed. A causal association is plausible because whole-grain foods contain many phytochemicals, including fiber and antioxidants, that may reduce chronic disease risk. Whole-grain intake should be studied further for its potential to prevent IHD and cancer.


In Dante's Inferno, the damned appeared before Minos, who judged the gravity of their sins and assigned their souls to their respective circles of Hell by wrapping his tail around his body. In this paper, I examine whether, in light of its decision in Kennedy v. Louisiana and its methodology for reviewing categorical exemptions from the death penalty, the Supreme Court has problematically assumed for itself the role of a kind of contemporary constitutional Minos, at least in the realm of capital punishment. First, I argue, Kennedy is a case about comparative resulting harms among violent crimes. The Kennedy dissent should have more robustly attacked the Court's categorical exemption methodology, which undervalues legitimate penological justifications for capital punishment and ultimately constitutionalizes the Court's subjective assessments of culpability and harm, allowing the Court to dictate offense seriousness, public morality, and political acceptability of the death penalty. Second, the Court's attempt to limit its holding is illusory because Kennedy's loose rhetoric and underdeveloped harm theory could jeopardize the constitutionality of any statute that permits the death penalty for a non-homicide offense, including crimes against the state, and even unintentional murders that may not satisfy the Court's own sensibilities about resulting harm. Finally, Kennedy's Minos-like approach to assessing the gravity of offenses and to imposing its own moral judgment demonstrates that there remains both relevance and legitimacy in the structural debate over the scope and exercise of judicial power, especially where that power undermines the community's reasoned efforts to cope with violent crime.


A cademic and research librarians are at the heart of copyright policy and practice at their institutions. The balancing features of copyright law—aspects of the law that allow use of copyrighted works without requiring payment or permission—are vitally important to these librarians as they strive to serve a variety of library users. The most flexible (and potentially the most powerful) of these balancing features is the doctrine of fair use, which judges apply to permit uses that benefit society more than they harm rightsholders. Some communities have united behind codes of best practice that help them take advantage of fair use by articulating how that flexible doctrine applies to their core practices. The flexibility of fair use can deter communities from using it, however, when users are unsure how to apply the doctrine to their practice. With funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, ARL—in collaboration with American University's Center for Social Media and the Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property at American University's Washington College of Law—is conducting a three-stage project to help academic and research libraries better employ fair use. The recently completed first stage consisted of confidential interviews with 65 librarians to determine how they were interpreting and using fair use in five key areas of practice: support for teaching and learning, support for faculty and student scholarship, preservation, exhibition and public outreach, and serving disabled communities. In the second stage, the project team will convene a series of round-table discussions with academic and research librarians that will serve as the basis for a code of best practices in fair use for academic and research libraries. Finally, the third stage will involve outreach to academic and research librarians, as well as related groups who influence library policy, such as administrators and university counsel, to promote the widest possible understanding and adoption of the code. This article summarizes the findings from the first stage of the project. RLI 273 17


Escape locomotion of the common dock shrimp, Pandalus danae Stimpson, is the result of a rapid flexion of the abdomen that lasts approximately 30 ms. The hydrodynamic forces that result from this motion lead to body accelerations in excess of 100ms−2 and body rotations of about 75°. We examined the mechanics and kinematics of this mode of locomotion with both experimental and theoretical approaches. Using a system of differential equations that rely on conservation of both linear and angular momenta, we develop predictions for body movements, thrust forces and muscle stresses associated with escape locomotion. The predicted movements of the body agree to within 10 % with data from high-speed cine-photography for body translations and rotations. The thrust from rapid tail flexion is dominated by accelerational forces and by the force required to squeeze fluid out of the gap created by the cephalothorax and the abdomen at the end of tail flexion. This squeeze force overwhelms any propulsive drag forces that arise from the tail-flip. Using the theoretical analysis, we identify two additional features about unsteady, rotational aquatic locomotion. First, as either the relative length of the propulsive appendage increases or the absolute body size increases, rotational motions become disproportionately greater than translational motions, and escape performance decays. Second, if muscle stresses developed during escape cannot exceed the maximum isometric stress, there is a unique body length (6 cm) that maximizes the distance travelled during the escape event.


AIR PISTON APPROACH TO WAVE POWER GENERATION by Arun Ramadass Scientists have calculated that, by tapping just 0.2% of the energy produced by the world's oceans we can provide for all the worlds current energy needs. It is generally accepted that a combination of traditional energy production methods, (oil, coal, gas, nuclear) mixed with a combination of renewable energy production approaches is the future in providing for an increasingly energy hungry world. Wind, solar and biomass have moved into the public arena only in the last few years. The proposed patented device (US Patent No.: 7,468,563) Ocean Wave Energy Converter harnesses the energy of ocean waves by continually raising and lowering a float, which in turn raises or lowers one side of a lever arm about a stationary pivot point. This, thereby, raises or lowers a piston, which is attached to the opposite side of the lever through a cylinder, which causes large volumes of air to move. This air is funneled through drive turbines, which produce electric power. This thesis focuses on analyzing the piston and the lever arm mechanism in order to determine the overall output of the system. A 2-D, 3-D model of the piston and lever arm mechanism along with the simulation of the air flow through the piston was done using ANSYS 11.0, the results and the source codes are discussed in the following chapters. Also discussed are the mathematical equations, which help us determine the ratio of the lever arm and hence the output force transferred to the piston. AIR PISTON APPROACH TO WAVE POWER GENERATION


The poverty situation in Northern Ghana is a major challenge to sustainable development. As a result of socio-cultural factors, women are vulnerable and their poverty situation is even more overwhelming. Development agencies, Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations have adopted and implemented different strategies aimed at reducing poverty in these areas. Micro-credit delivery to the poor especially women is one of these strategies that seems to be making impact towards improving the livelihoods of the rural poor women. The Community Life Improvement Program (CLIP), a Non-Governmental Organization has instituted a micro-credit scheme to help the poor rural women in Karaga district of Northern region to expand their sheabutter processing micro-business. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the CLIP Project on the livelihood assets of sheabutter processing women in Karaga district of Northern region. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 110 respondents (80 beneficiary and 30 non-beneficiary women) who were interviewed for the study. Interview guide and focus group discussions were tools used to obtain information from the sheabutter processing women. The results of the study revealed that the livelihood assets of the beneficiary women have been improved. The study further revealed that the livelihood assets of the beneficiary women were far better off as compared to that of the non-beneficiary women of the CLIP Project. The study recommended that, the CLIP Project should extend its financial services to many more non-beneficiary sheabutter processing women in the target communities.


As the fidelity of virtual environments VE continues to increase, the possibility of using them as training platforms is becoming increasingly realistic for a variety of application domains, including military and emergency personnel training. In the past, there was much debate on whether the acquisition and subsequent transfer of spatial knowledge from VEs to the real world is possible, or whether the differences in medium during training would essentially be an obstacle to truly learning geometric space. In this paper, the authors present various cognitive and environmental factors that not only contribute to this process, but also interact with each other to a certain degree, leading to a variable exposure time requirement in order for the process of spatial knowledge acquisition SKA to occur. The cognitive factors that the authors discuss include a variety of individual user differences such as: knowledge and experience; cognitive gender differences; aptitude and spatial orientation skill; and finally, cognitive styles. Environmental factors discussed include: Size, Spatial layout complexity and landmark distribution. It may seem obvious that since every individual's brain is unique-not only through experience, but also through genetic predisposition that a one size fits all approach to training would be illogical. Furthermore, considering that various cognitive differences may further emerge when a certain stimulus is present e.g. complex environmental space, it would make even more sense to understand how these factors can impact spatial memory, and to try to adapt the training session by providing visual/auditory cues as well as by changing the exposure time requirements for each individual. The impact of this research domain is important to VE training in general, however within service and military domains, guaranteeing appropriate spatial training is critical in order to ensure that disorientation does not occur in a life or death scenario.


Over the last few decades there has been steady growth in research that addresses the real-time sonification of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. Diverse application areas include medical data screening, Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI), neurofeedback, affective computing and applications in the arts. The present paper presents an overview and critical review of the principal research to date in EEG data sonification. Firstly, we identify several sub-domains of real-time EEG sonification and discuss their diverse approaches and goals. Secondly, we describe our search and inclusion criteria, and then present a synoptic summary table spanning over fifty different research projects or published research findings. Thirdly, we analyze sonification approaches to the various EEG data dimensions such as time-frequency filtering, signal level, location, before going on to consider higher order EEG features. Finally, we discuss future application domains which may benefit from new capabilities in the real-time sonification of EEG data. We believe that the present critical review may help to reduce research fragmentation and may aid future collaboration in this emerging multidisciplinary area.


A channel corresponds to a viewpoint or transformation of an underlying meaning. A pair of parallel sentences in English and French express the same underlying meaning, but through two separate channels corresponding to their languages. In this work, we present the Multichannel Generative Language Model (MGLM). MGLM is a generative joint distribution model over channels. MGLM marginalizes over all possible factorizations within and across all channels. MGLM endows flexible inference, including unconditional generation, conditional generation (where 1 channel is observed and other channels are generated), and partially observed generation (where incomplete observations are spread across all the channels). We experiment with the Multi30K dataset containing English, French, Czech, and German. We demonstrate experiments with unconditional, conditional, and partially conditional generation. We provide qualitative samples sampled unconditionally from the generative joint distribution. We also quantitatively analyze the quality-diversity trade-offs and find MGLM outperforms traditional bilingual discriminative models.


In understanding economics and the organisation of economics, the
questions are what constitute economics and the thinking behind economics
today? In short what is the field of economics? And in what ways can we connect
to and understand this field of study? Of course, the answer to this depends
upon the perspective chosen, in which one sees and thinks of economics from a
particular philosophical and even political position and perspective. If one
takes the perspective on economics from a qualitative paradigm that draws upon
the tradition from Kant, Husserl, Simmel, Mead, Schutz, Blumer (see
references), then it can be stated that economics cannot only be understood as
something that appears in nature. On the contrary, economics must be understood
as "something" which results from human behaviour, interaction and groups in
human activities and the thinking involved and embedded in those activities.
Therefore in analyzing economics it is significant to note that economics
belongs to and is being constructed by people due to their everyday lives. What
appears as central in those statements, from a qualitative perspective, is that
the essences of economics have to be discussed in relation to the mind and
thinking related to an understanding of individual and group societal
activities. Economics is to be understood as constructed and maintained through
everyday human interactions and exchanges, whereby people are creating the
meanings of situations with objectives of what are believed as important in the
understanding of economics activities, actions and results. Those meanings and
definitions of economics are being produced and exchanged in order to become a
new comprehensive framework that influences, co-produces, limits and creates
contradictions in everyday economic life. This additional qualitative focus [1] outlines the importance of understanding how
human cognitions produce meaning of objects, definitions, activities and
actions which provides the framework for the field of economics. The
epistemological perspective for this is that the objects are not only within
themselves. No, instead the objects are as they presents themselves to people,
and thereby the meanings we are constructing and attaching to them. The paper
will therefore discuss some of the scientific complexities in three areas: mind
and thinking; understanding economics as a social activity and construction,
and the interplay between economic activities and economic theoretical work.


The environment experienced by an organism at different life stages can have substantial effects on its phenotype. The environmental conditions the mother encounters can substantially influence her investment in the present reproductive attempt, and the phenotype of her offspring through the so-called maternal effects. Moreover, prenatal and early postnatal conditions experienced by offspring can interact and modulate their life histories. The aim of this thesis is to give new insight into environmentally induced maternal effects and to test the effects of the interaction between pre- and early postnatal conditions on offspring physiology and morphology in a wild-living bird species, the great tit (Parus major). In Chapter one, I investigated how an environmental match / mismatch between the food availability encountered by mothers during egg laying (i.e. prenatal environment) and by nestlings during early growth affected the developmental trajectories of nestlings, testing for a possible role of yolk androgens in mediating potential prenatal maternal effects. I found no evidence that nestlings performed better when experiencing matching nutritional conditions. However, being raised in the original nest by the biological parents (i.e. matching conditions) had positive effects on nestling growth and body mass. I was able to show significant interactive effects of pre- and postnatal food availability on nestling body growth, and significant effects of maternal food availability on nestling body size and mass. However, these effects were not mediated by yolk androgen deposition. The results of this experiment suggest that food-induced maternal effects can have substantial effects on fitness-related traits of the offspring by influencing their efficiency to use nutritional resources. They also highlight the necessity to take multiple environmental factors into account when studying the effects of environmental match / mismatch on offspring phenotype. In Chapter two I assessed how pre- and early postnatal nutritional conditions and their match / mismatch can affect the physiological conditions, measured as oxidative status, of male and female nestling great tits. My findings revealed that the nutritional conditions experienced by mothers and by offspring during growth affect the physiological condition of nestlings in a sex-specific way. Female nestlings whose mother has not been food-supplemented, and female nestlings, which did not receive supplementary food during the postnatal period, had higher oxidative damage than male nestlings. On the other hand, no differences in the oxidative status of males and females were found when they, pre- or postnatally, received supplementary food. This results show that nutritional conditions experienced early in life, and also already before birth, influence the oxidative status of offspring in a sex-specific way, suggesting sex-specific resource-allocation strategies early in life. In Chapter three, I set out to test how food availability during egg laying affects a female's condition and reproductive effort, and to test whether the eggshell pigmentation pattern signals the oxidative status of the female, as predicted by the 'sexual signaling hypothesis'. I found that the food availability experienced by females during reproduction affects their level of oxidative damage, with females experiencing higher food availability suffering of lower levels of oxidative stress. Moreover, the nutritional and oxidative condition of the females interactively modulated the allocation of antioxidants in the eggs, and female and yolk antioxidant capacity related to the pattern of eggshell pigmentation. These findings support the prediction of the 'sexual signaling hypothesis' and they shed further light on the mechanisms underlying the costs of reproduction.


We have developed a regolith radiative transfer model (RRT) based on a first-principles approach to regolith modeling that is essential for near-to-far infrared observations of grainy surfaces, and is readily configured to answer fundamental questions about popular models with which all remote observations of all airless solar system bodies with granular surfaces are currently interpreted. Our model accounts for wavelength-size regolith particles which are closely packed and can be  heterogeneous in composition and arbitrarily shaped. Here we present preliminary results showing the role of porosity on layer reflectivity.


This paper introduces the sequential dictator game to study how social influence may affect subjects' choices when making dictator allocations. Subjects made dictator allocations of $40 before and after learning the allocation made by one other subject in the Relevant Information treatment, or the birthday of one other subject in the Irrelevant Information treatment. Subjects on average become more self-regarding in the Irrelevant Information treatment, but observing relevant information constrains some subjects from moving toward more self-regarding choices. We also find that subjects who exhibit more self-regarding behavior on their first decisions are less likely to change choices between their first and second decisions, and the use of the Strategy Method in this setting does not significantly alter choices. The relationships between our findings and the economic and psychological literature regarding how social influence operates are also explored. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.


The recently discovered colistin resistance-encoding element, mcr-1, adds to the list of mobile resistance genes whose products rapidly erode the antimicrobial efficacy of not only the commonly used antibiotics, but also the last line agents of carbapenems and colistin. The relative prevalence of mcr-1-bearing strains in various ecological niches including 1,371 food samples, 480 animal faecal samples, 150 human faecal samples and 34 water samples was surveyed using a novel in-house method. Bacteria bearing mcr-1 were commonly detected in water (71% of samples), animal faeces (51%), food products (36%), and exhibited stable carriage in 28% of human subjects surveyed. Such strains, which exhibited variable antibiotic susceptibility profiles, belonged to various Enterobacteriaceae species, with Escherichia coli being the most dominant in each specimen type. The mcr-1 gene was detectable in the chromosome as well as plasmids of various sizes. Among these, two conjugative plasmids of sizes ca 33 and ca 60 kb were found to be the key vectors that mediated mcr-1 transmission in organisms residing in various ecological niches. The high mcr-1 carriage rate in humans found in this study highlights the importance of continued vigilance, careful antibiotic stewardship, and the development of new antimicrobials.


Temporomandibular joint dislocation occurs when the condyle moves beyond the anterior surface of the articular eminence, stays locked, and is unable to reduce itself back to the original position in the glenoid fossa. Dislocation of TMJ represents 3% of all reported dislocated joints in the body. It is a condition that may occur in an acute or chronic form and is characterized by inability to close the mouth with or without pain. The technique of intra-articular blood injection to the TMJ is a simple, safe, minimally invasive and cost-effective method that has proved to be successful in 80% of patients with recurrent dislocation. In this brief review of literature we aim to investigate the potency and safety of intra-articular injection of autologous blood in the management of chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation and discuss the history, mechanism of action, advantages and disadvantages of this technique.


It is well known that the capital structure arbitrage strategy generated negative Sharpe ratios over the period 2005-2009. In this paper we introduce four new alternative strategies that, while still based on the discrepancy between the CDS market spread and its equity-implied spread, exploit the information provided by the time-varying price discovery of the equity and CDS markets. We implement the strategies for both US and European obligors and find that these outperform traditional arbitrage trading during the financial crisis. Moreover, the new strategies show higher Sharpe ratios when CDS and equityimplied spreads are cointegrated. The correlation of the new trading rules with hedge fund index returns is low or negative even during the crisis, which suggests that the new rules can be used for portfolio diversification at times when risk reduction is hard to achieve. JEL classification: G01; G11; G12; G14; G20; D8; D53


The Installation of a Bishop in Jerusalem: The Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr, 15 April 2007 Since its foundation in 1841 the Diocese of Jerusalem has been a remarkable study in ecclesiastical politics, cultural conflicts, and interfaith tensions. During its first decades the Anglican part of its work (it originally had a Lutheran part too) depended on two evangelical missionary societies: the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews (LJS), which focused on the conversion of the Jews, and the Church Missionary Society (CMS), which ostensibly aimed to convert Muslims, but which was widely believed to work hard at converting Arabs from Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. The LJS controlled Christ Church (which still exists), and the CMS controlled St. Paul's (which no longer exists). Anglican evangelicals, who typically disliked the ritual, iconography, and monastic tradition of Orthodoxy, and supported the proselytism of Jews, supported the Jerusalem bishopric; Anglo-Catholics thought quite otherwise. Evangelicals were predictably provoked, therefore, when in 1887 an Anglo-Catholic was appointed the fourth bishop of Jerusalem. George Francis Popham Blyth promised not to accept Orthodox converts into the Anglican Church, and the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem issued a statement of approval for an "English bishop." Blyth also supported Palestinian Anglican pastors who felt undervalued by the CMS, and was sympathetic with Arab nationalism. Blyth's relations with the LJS and CMS quickly deteriorated, and when Blyth was unsuccessful at controlling them, he attempted to work around them. He bought land in east Jerusalem where he built his cathedral and a missionary college, both called St. George's, making them the headquarters of a mission program independent of the two evangelical societies. Nevertheless, with all these tensions, the Anglican diocese of Jerusalem maintained a striking measure of harmony among English Christians, Jewish Christians, and Arab Christians. (An excellent source is Lester Groves Pittman, "Missionaries and Emissaries: The Anglican Church in Palestine 1841-1948," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1998.) Blyth has been dead for almost a century, but his influence is felt in several ways when the fourteenth Anglican bishop of Jerusalem is installed on 15 April 2007: for instance, the ceremony takes place in his Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr; most of the local Anglicans are Arabs; the service has a ritualist flavor with incense, asperges, and Byzantine chant; and the Orthodox Church has sent friendly representatives. It is an installation today, and not an ordination, because the new diocesan bishop has been the coadjutor bishop. He will now head a diocese of five thousand members, most of them in Israel, Palestine, and Jordan, and a few in Syria and Lebanon. On the evening of 15 April a visitor enters into the compound of the cathedral for the installation. The compound houses a Gothic revival church, diocesan offices, and educational facilities. Chairs are set up outside the church proper in a portico, and a large projection screen is set up before the chairs, in anticipation that the crowds will overflow the nave. The visitor forces his way into the church, where he receives a handsome and well produced order of service. It contains a number of color prints, including one of the new bishop in full episcopal regalia with cope, miter, and crozier. The cathedral is oriented to the east. Six marble columns on each side of the center aisle help support a vaulted wooden ceiling. The sandstone walls are white-washed, with the stations of the cross painted on them in the Armenian style, a sign of the ancient Armenian presence in Jerusalem. An organ is in the rear of the nave. At the front is the main altar, which is not used on most occasions. At the right of the altar is the Anglican Communion flag, and to the left the diocesan flag, which depicts the walls of the Old City. …


Digital information available on the Internet is increasing day by day. As a result of this, the demand for tools that help people in finding and analyzing all these resources are also growing in number. Text Classification, in particular, has been very useful in managing the information. Text Classification is the process of assigning natural language text to one or more categories based on the content. It has many important applications in the real world. For example, finding the sentiment of the reviews, posted by people on restaurants, movies and other such things are all applications of Text classification. In this project, focus has been laid on Sentiment Analysis, which identifies the opinions expressed in a piece of text. It involves categorizing opinions in text into categories like 'positive' or 'negative'. Existing works in Sentiment Analysis focused on determining the polarity (Positive or negative) of a sentence. This comes under binary classification, which means classifying the given set of elements into two groups. The purpose of this research is to address a different approach for Sentiment Analysis called Multi Class Sentiment Classification. In this approach the sentences are classified under multiple sentiment classes like positive, negative, neutral and so on. Classifiers are built on the Predictive Model, that consists of multiple phases. Analysis of different sets of features on the data set, like stemmers, n-grams, tf-idf and so on, will be considered for classification of the data. Different classification models like Bayesian Classifier, Random Forest and SGD classifier are taken into consideration for classifying the data and their results are compared. Frameworks like Weka, Apache Mahout and Scikit are used for building the classifiers.


The article aims to analyse the impact of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) on Bangladeshi rural women's mobility in the public domain, since this is an area that is generally only frequented by men whilst women are confined to their own home and neighbourhood. In other words, the author explored how and to what extent, NGOs have brought changes to women's freedom of movement in the public sphere. The author was influenced by the existing literature that portrays Bangladesh as a country that is characterized by poverty, patriarchy and inequality, where there is no tradition of rural women participating in the labour force, and where women's mobility is severely restricted. In this study, the indicators of women's mobility were explored that include women's movement in various public places such as market, medical centre, children's schools, and cinema. By conducting series of in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), the author collected primary data from rural women and their husbands through purposive network sampling. Secondary data was collected from the contemporary literature regarding women's freedom of movement globally in general and Bangladesh in particular. By analysing empirical data, the article confirms that rural women's participation in microfinance program of NGOs have enhanced their mobility in different ways. However, the women who had education and training had more mobility in public life since those women utilized the benefits of NGO programs more effectively. Surprisingly husband's education, occupation and exposure have no positive impact on women's mobility.


Abstract Destination descriptions are route descriptions focusing on the "where" of the destination instead of the "how" to reach it. They provide first a coarse reference to the destination, and then increasingly more detailed ones as the description proceeds. We introduce a definition of destination descriptions, along with an analysis of the construction and interpretation of destination descriptions grounded in pragmatic communication theory. We present a formal model enabling the selection of references for destination descriptions from models of experiential hierarchies of urban environments. This model generates route directions for people with some knowledge of the environment. Destination descriptions are usually shorter and we conjecture that the cognitive workload required during their use is lower than for equivalent turn-based directions.


As the amount of renewable generation increases, the inherent variability of wind and photovoltaic systems must be addressed in order to ensure the continued safe and reliable operation of the nation's electricity grid. Grid-scale energy storage systems are uniquely suited to address the variability of renewable generation and to provide other valuable grid services. The goal of this report is to quantify the technical performance required to provide di erent grid bene ts and to specify the proper techniques for estimating the value of grid-scale energy storage systems.


We show by analytical and numerical calculations that the phase change on reflection that occurs in interference microscopy is almost independent of the numerical aperture of the objective. The shift of the microscope interferogram response due to the phase change on reflection, however, increases with the numerical aperture. Measurements of the interferogram shift are made with a Linnik interference microscope equipped with various numerical-aperture objectives and are reported and compared with theory.


Abstract Supernovae (SNe) produce, fragment and destroy dust, molecules and nucleosynthetic elements, and reshape and modify the ISM. I will review recent infrared observations of supernova remnants (SNRs) and SNe which show that SNe are important sites of dust and molecule formation and are major dust creators in the Universe. Detection of carbon monoxide (CO) fundamental band from the young SNR Cas A indicates that astrochemical processes in SNRs interacting with molecular clouds provide astrophysical laboratories to study evolution of the ISM returning material from dense clouds into the more diffuse medium and galactic halo. Two dozen SNRs are known to be interacting with molecular clouds using H2 and millimeter observations. Recent Spitzer, Herschel and SOFIA observations along with ground-based observations have greatly advanced our understanding shock processing and astrochemistry of dust, H2, high J CO, and other neutral and ionized molecules and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Ionized molecules and warm layer of molecules that are excited by UV radiation, X-rays, or cosmic rays will be described. Finally I will discuss how astrochemical processes of dust and molecules in SNRs impact the large scale structures in the ISM.


Abstract. The lesser Himalayan region is mostly affected by landslide events occurring due to rainfall, steep slopes and presence of tectonic activity beneath, causing loss of life and property. Some critical zones in the region have encountered recurring landslides over the past and need careful investigation for better planning and rescue operations. This research work presents a geodetic framework comprising multiple sensors to monitor the Sirobagarh landslide in Uttarakhand, India, which is affected by recurring landslides. Three field visits were made to this site for geodetic data collection using Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Robotic Total Station (RTS). Co-registration and vegetation removal of the TLS scans corresponding to the three visits resulted in generation of three Digital Elevation Models (DEM), which were differenced to estimate temporal movement of the landslide scarp. DEM differences indicate subsidence of the landslide scarp with vertical displacement values ranging from −0.05 to −5.0 m. Rainfall induced debris flow is one of the prominent reason for large displacement magnitude (∼5 m) in the upper landslide scarp. Horizontal displacement estimates obtained by geodetic network analysis of six GNSS stations installed on the study site show movement towards the Alaknanda river. The maximum horizontal and vertical displacement values for the GNSS stations were 0.1305 m and −2.1315 m respectively. Similar pattern is observed by displacement measurements of RTS target reflectors installed on a retaining wall constructed to arrest the debris flow approaorching the National Highway. The displacement estimates obtained from the sensors applied in this study indicate subsidence of the landslide scarp and surroundings. More time series observations can provide better understanding of the overall deformation process.


Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (NMPC) presently manually schedules their hydro system of 660 MW (80 stations in ten river basins). The scheduling procedures are labor intensive and relatively inflexible. Little extra time is available to test schedules, or respond to changes in streamflow or demand predictions. A research and development demonstration project is being conducted in a 200 square mile basin for NMPC to develop an integrated system for improved hydro scheduling using real-time hydromet data, streamflow forecasting models, and optimization and simulation models. The real-time hydromet network consists of 6 monitoring stations sampling hourly measurements of streamflow, precipitation, soil moisture, snow depth, and 8 other hydrometeorological parameters. Particularly attractive features of the system model are (1) the capability to use variable time steps, (2) its interaction with a simulation model which allows users to fine-tune the model's output based upon their experience, and (3) user-friendly I/O screens and procedures which not only show the results of the models but also allow for the production of reports.


This paper review the common definitions of body and corporality. These are distinguished and settled in the current feminine corporal image. From this analysis it proposes some explanations in relation to the body worship, the "vigorexia" and the alimentary disorders. This paper concludes proposing a change from the current "somatolysis" to an integrative process of the body and corporality.


The insights presented in the volume are many and wide-ranging, recognizably in tune with the subtlest modern discussions of desire (such as triangulation. or loving what others love), yet offering new solutions to old problems, like the proper interpretation of Plato's Phaedrus. On the frequently discussed effect of literacy on Greek civilization, the book offers a fresh view: it was no accident that the poets who invented Eros were also the first readers and writers of the Western literate tradition.Originally published in 1986.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Achieving active participation of community members in community-based health care programmes (CBHC) is a challenging and complex task. It is also a criterion for successful programming and is promoted as a universal truth and requirement for primary health care development. Nevertheless, most CBHC programmes admit that more needs to be done to achieve satisfactory levels of community involvement. Thus, a better understanding is required as to why success in community involvement has been in most part, elusive. The thesis uses a historical perspective to examine the emergence of participation in the period prior to and during the community development era in Africa and the post-independent period in Kenya. The emergence of participation and it's progression as an international health strategy in the 1980's and 1990's within WHO, a leading international organisation promoting community involvement in health is critically examined. At the community level, people's perception and understanding of community participation and an analysis of how they participated in the case study CBHC programme provided an operational assessment of community participation. A particular focus was community contributions as a mechanism of participation. Thus, the primary aim of this thesis was to examine in rural Kenya the socio-economic and institutional support factors which can potentially enhance or limit participation of community members in rural community-based health development programmes. The main socio-economic factors examined were education, income, group membership and domestic factors such as harmony in the household and women's time. The roles of local structures and support personnel such as community health volunteers (CHVs), health committee members (HCMs) and local leaders in promoting participation were also analysed. The method used was interviews with a sample of these respondents. Based on the case study research results, the thesis draws conclusions on the factors that appear to be most significant in relation to community participation. The importance of education, group membership and regular monthly visits by CHVs were identified as particularly significant factors. A more informed understanding of these relationships will enable health planners in designing integrated programme strategies which can help promote broader community participation in health development programmes. An awareness of these factors and their inter-relationships by operational-level health staff will enable them to enhance community participation when developing and implementing community-based health care programmes.


On September 28, 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced the final revisions to the 1992 Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (WPS) regulation, which is designed to protect employees working on agricultural establishments from exposure to agricultural pesticides, both general and restricted use. The WPS must be followed when pesticide use is part of the production of agricultural plants on a farm, forest, nursery, or greenhouse. The WPS does not apply when pesticides are used on pastures, to control rodents, as bait in traps, on harvested plants, for public pest control, on livestock, on home fruit, vegetable gardens or lawns, and for non-crop areas such as roads.


Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is working with industry to independently monitor up to fifteen distinct 5 kilowatt-electric (kWe) combined heat and power (CHP) high temperature (HT) proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems (FCSs) installed in light commercial buildings. This research paper discusses an evaluation of the first six months of measured performance data acquired at a one-second sampling rate from real-time monitoring equipment attached to the FCSs at building sites. Engineering performance parameters are independently evaluated.Based on an analysis of the first few months of measured operating data, FCS performance is consistent with manufacturer-stated performance. Initial data indicate that the FCSs have relatively stable performance and a long term average production of about 4.57 kWe of power. This value is consistent with, but slightly below, the manufacturer's stated rated electric power output of 5 kWe. The measured system net electric efficiency has averaged 33.7%, based on the higher heating value (HHV) of natural gas fuel. This value, also, is consistent with, but slightly below, the manufacturer's stated rated electric efficiency of 36%. The FCSs provide low-grade hot water to the building at a measured average temperature of about 48.4°C, lower than the manufacturer's stated maximum hot water delivery temperature of 65°C.The uptime of the systems is also evaluated. System availability can be defined as the quotient of total operating time compared to time since commissioning. The average values for system availability vary between 96.1 and 97.3%, depending on the FCS evaluated in the field. Performance at Rated Value for electrical efficiency (PRVeff) can be defined as the quotient of the system time operating at or above the rated electric efficiency and the time since commissioning. The PRVeff varies between 5.6% and 31.6%, depending on the FCS field unit evaluated. Performance at Rated Value for electrical power (PRVp) can be defined as the quotient of the system time operating at or above the rated electric power and the time since commissioning. PRVp varies between 6.5% and 16.2%. Performance at Rated Value for electrical efficiency and power (PRVt) can be defined as the quotient of the system time operating at or above both the rated electric efficiency and the electric power output compared to the time since commissioning. PRVt varies between 0.2% and 1.4%. Optimization to determine the manufacturer rating required to achieve PRVt greater than 80% has been performed based on the collected data. For example, for FCS unit 130 to achieve a PRVt of 95%, it would have to be down-rated to an electrical power output of 3.2 kWe and an electrical efficiency of 29%.The use of PRV as an assessment metric for FCSs has been developed and reported for the first time in this paper.For FCS Unit 130, a 20% decline in electric power output was observed from approximately 5 kWe to 4 kWe over a 1,500 hour period between Dec. 14th 2011 and Feb. 14th 2012.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


The importance of verifiably correct software has grown enormously in recent years as software has become integral to the design of critical systems, including airplanes, automobiles, and medical equipment. Hence, the importance of solid analytical reasoning skills to complement basic programming skills has also increased. If developers cannot reason about the software they design, they cannot ensure the correctness of the resulting systems. And if these systems fail, the economic and human costs can be substantial. In addition to learning analytical reasoning principles as part of the standard Computer Science curriculum, students must be excited about learning these skills and engaged in their practice. Our approach to achieving these goals at the introductory level is based on the Test Case Reasoning Assistant (TCRA), interactive courseware that allows students to provide test cases that demonstrate their understanding of instructor-supplied interface specifications while receiving immediate feedback as they work. The constituent tools also enable instructors to rapidly generate graphs of student performance data to understand the progress of their classes. We evaluate the courseware using two case-studies. The evaluation centers on understanding the impact of the tool on students' ability to read and interpret specifications.


In this work two complementary methods for detection of divergent selection between pairs of populations connected by migration are introduced. The new statistics do not require knowledge on the ancestral or derived allelic state and are robust to false positives. Additionally, it is not necessary to perform neutral simulations to obtain critical cut-off values for the identification of candidates. The utility of the methods is demonstrated in simulations. First method, called nvdFST, combines information from the haplotype patterns with inter-population differences in allelic frequency. Remarkably, this is not a FST outlier test because highest FSTs are not a priori selected to identify loci. On the contrary, candidate loci are chosen based upon haplotype allelic class metric and then the FST for these loci are estimated and compared to the overall FST. Evidence of divergent selection is concluded only when both the haplotype pattern and the FST value indicate that outcome. It is shown that powers ranging from 70-90% are achieved in many of the scenarios assayed while the false positive rate is controlled below the desired nominal level (γ = 0.05). Additionally, the method is also robust to demographic scenarios involving population bottleneck and expansion. The second method is developed for cases with independently segregating markers, where the information contained in the haplotypes vanishes. In this case, the power to detect selection is attained by developing a new FST extreme-outlier test based on a k-means clustering algorithm. Both kinds of strategies have been implemented in the program HacDivSel


As the twentieth century comes to a close, the circumstances of individual nations – their affairs, news, and problems – have tended increasingly to reach and captivate global audiences. A predominant reason has been the economic importance of foreign countries. Greater numbers of domestic businesses, employees, and consumers have looked to foreign markets, investors, and products for economic prosperity as well as economic competition. While driven primarily by economic factors, the process of globalization – in which international issues become as important as national, state, and local matters – has significant political and other non-economic content. Democracy and human rights are, for example, as much a part of globalization as are free market principles. While globalization has detrimental effects, they can be minimized through the cooperative efforts of the United States and the other industrialized democracies which share basic economic and political values. America and its democratic allies should strongly promote and carefully manage globalization, for it has significant beneficial implications for humanity. Globalization is causing, and being reinforced by, a worldwide convergence of economic and political values that portend a possible, though distant, future world in which human beings will look upon themselves as part of a single humane civilization comprised of a single human race.


We present an algorithm to derive logic systems for various classes of path delay test problems. In these logic systems, the value of a signal represents the relevant conditions that occur during a set of consecutively applied vectors. Starting from a set of basic values for valid signals at primary inputs, a state transition graph is constructed to enumerate all possible signal states relevant to path activation that are reachable by Boolean operations. These states include all incompletely specified states, composed as combinations of basic values. A distinguishability analysis then finds all state-pairs that need to be distinguished during test generation. The final step minimizes the number of states. For forward and backward implications of test generation in combinational or sequential circuits, the procedure provides optimal logic systems. We define optimality as the smallest set of logic states that provides the least possible ambiguity in implications. Thus, an optimal set of logic states will minimize the number of backtracks in test generation. A 10-valued logic described in the literature is found to be optimal for generating tests for single path delay faults. Other problems addressed in this paper include compact test generation through activation of many single path delay faults, test generation for rated-clock test application, and test generation for multiple path delay faults. The limitations and capabilities of various logic systems are illustrated by examples.


OBJECTIVE
Although Medicaid is the primary payer for public mental health systems, relatively little is known about managed care arrangements at the health plan level.

METHODS
A brief cross-sectional survey was customized for each of the 51 Medicaid agencies. Survey data were collected and combined with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data elements. Where possible, analyses were conducted at the state, waiver program, and health plan levels.

RESULTS
Findings confirmed that most states were contracting to serve a broad range of Medicaid enrollees. The array of covered benefits was extensive. Health maintenance organization (HMO)-type arrangements accounted for most plans nationally, but 40 percent of plans were specialty carve-outs. Most states used capitation contracts, but a third shared risk with their vendors. A surprising number of states (41 percent) reported using governmental entities as vendors.

CONCLUSIONS
By the year 2000, large numbers of public sector clients were being served by HMO-type arrangements. Benefit designs under managed care were perhaps more inclusive than some advocates had feared. The flexibility of capitation financing may have enhanced the ability of health plans to ration care in a clinically informed manner. However, large numbers of vulnerable individuals were receiving care through fully capitated health plans. This finding suggests the need for vigilance by public-sector mental health and substance abuse authorities. Authorities should aggressively pursue opportunities to influence Medicaid policy.


As hate speech on social media becomes an ever-increasing problem, policymakers may look to more authoritarian measures for policing content. Several countries have already, at some stage, banned networks such as Facebook and Twitter (Liebelson, 2017). The government of Sri Lanka recently enacted a similar measure: a complete shutdown of Facebook, WhatsApp, Viber and Instagram on the basis that Facebook was used to spread messages of racial violence. However, analysis reveals these blocks to be ineffective (Wijeratne, 2018). Based on discussions with Facebook, this brief presents the more technically challenging approach of detecting and legally limiting hate speech as a more effective approach. While this is based on Sri Lankan context, we extract lessons for countries across the global south to propose a role that governments can fill to more effectively curb the spread of hate speech.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with high prevalence among populations of northern European ancestry. Past studies have shown that exposure to ultraviolet radiation could explain the difference in MS prevalence across the globe. In this study, we investigate whether the difference in MS prevalence could be explained by European genetic risk factors. We characterized the ancestry of MS-associated alleles using RFMix, a conditional random field parameterized by random forests, to estimate their local ancestry in the largest assembled admixed population to date, with 3,692 African Americans, 4,915 Asian Americans, and 3,777 Hispanics. The majority of MS-associated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, including the prominent HLA-DRB1*15:01 risk allele, exhibited cosmopolitan ancestry. Ancestry-specific MS-associated HLA alleles were also identified. Analysis of the HLA-DRB1*15:01 risk allele in African Americans revealed that alleles on the European haplotype conferred three times the disease risk compared to those on the African haplotype. Furthermore, we found evidence that the European and African HLA-DRB1*15:01 alleles exhibit single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences in regions encoding the HLA-DRB1 antigen-binding heterodimer. Additional evidence for increased risk of MS conferred by the European haplotype were found for HLA-B*07:02 and HLA-A*03:01 in African Americans. Most of the 200 non-HLA MS SNPs previously established in European populations were not significantly associated with MS in admixed populations, nor were they ancestrally more European in cases compared to controls. Lastly, a genome-wide search of association between European ancestry and MS revealed a region of interest close to the ZNF596 gene on chromosome 8 in Hispanics; cases had a significantly higher proportion of European ancestry compared to controls. In conclusion, our study established that the genetic ancestry of MS-associated alleles is complex and implicated that difference in MS prevalence could be explained by the ancestry of MS-associated alleles.


Winner of the 1996 Albert C. Outler Prize in Ecumenical Church History of the American Society of Church History This is the first full-length work on the fate of the Protestant nonconformists in Ireland following the restoration of the monarchy and the Church of Ireland in 1660. Of the religious groups studied in this book-the Scottish and English Presbyterians, the Congregationalists, the Baptists, and the Friends-only the Scottish Presbyterians had established themselves prior to the revolutionary upheavals of the 1640's and 1650's. The Congregationalists and Baptists arrived in the train of the English armies dispatched to quell the Irish rebellion. Neither group established firm roots outside the military and civilian republicans, and survived only as shadows of their former selves after 1660. This was also the case for the English Presbyterians. In contrast, the Friends, whose work in Ireland began in 1654, crisscrossed the island in their search for converts, and thus established a much stronger foundation on which to build in the later decades of the century. In addition to examining the internal history of these groups from the restoration to the eve of the penal laws in the early eighteenth century, the author also explores the relationships between the civil authorities and the restored state church and the nonconformists. Only the Scottish Presbyterians and the Friends extended and solidified their bases, and by the end of the century had evolved from sects into denominational churches. Beginning around 1668, both groups underwent a rationalizing process that entailed the development of institutionalized authority, structured systems of discipline, multiregional networks of spiritual leaders, and means to raise funds, found schools, and, in the case of the Friends, establish agencies to censor, publish, and disseminate religious literature. The two groups-their organizations intact, their members yoked together in striking cohesiveness-were thus well positioned to withstand the penal laws in the eighteenth century.


Shipwreck with Spectator traces the evolution of the complex of metaphors related to the sea, to shipwreck, and to the role of the spectator in human culture from ancient Greece to modern times. This elegant essay exemplifies Blumenberg's ideas about the ability of the historical study of metaphor to illuminate essential aspects of being human. Originally published in the same year as his monumental Work on Myth, Shipwreck with Spectator traces the evolution of the complex of metaphors related to the sea, to shipwreck, and to the role of the spectator in human culture from ancient Greece to modern times. The sea is one of humanity's oldest metaphors for life, and a sea journey, Blumenberg observes, has often stood for our journey through life. We all know the role that shipwrecks can play in this journey, and at some level we have all played witness to others' wrecks, standing in safety and knowing that there is nothing we can do to help, yet fixed comfortably or uncomfortably in our ambiguous role as spectator. Through Blumenberg's seemingly inexhaustible knowledge of letters, from ancient texts through nineteenth-century reminiscences and modern speeches, we see layer upon layer revealed in the meaning humans have given to these metaphors; and in this way we begin to understand what metaphors can do that more straightforward modes of expression cannot. This edition of Shipwreck with Spectator also includes "Prospect for a Theory of Nonconceptuality," an essay that recounts the evolution of Blumenberg's ideas about metaphorology in the years following his early manifesto "Paradigms for a Metaphorology."