Enforcing federalism is most commonly thought to involve the search for a constitutional delegation of substantive power. Although in modern times the substantive power might be overlapping or shared, federalism enforcement proceeds from a determination about the appropriate site and substance of authority. This conception of federalism enforcement preserves the Constitution's commitment to fractionated authority by determining whether power is legitimately possessed. Thus we understand significant federalism disputes in our age as framed by whether Congress has the authority to enact comprehensive health care reform legislation, or whether Congress has exceeded its authority in reenacting the Voting Rights Act's preclearance requirements. Federalism enforcement as allocation also underwrites much federal courts doctrine. We ask whether Congress has the authority to commandeer state courts, or whether states have the right to close their doors to federal claims. This article challenges allocation as the exclusive method of federalism enforcement. By focusing on the issue of state court duties to federal claims, this article asserts that federalism enforcement includes an alternative to allocation - relational federalism enforcement. Relational federalism enforcement is understood as the judicial mediation of the interaction of the national government and state governments that goes beyond merely invalidating particular practices as beyond the scope of power of a particular institutional actor. Relational federalism enforcement is grounded in the recognition that the Constitution establishes an enduring relationship between states and the national government. Following from this, relational federalism enforcement relies on behavioral norms, imposed on both states and the national government, which are consistent with the enduring nature of their interaction under the constitutional structure of federalism. In contrast to several leading scholars who seek to justify state court duties to federal claims by reference to constitutionally-demarcated sites of authority, this article argues that the duties imposed on state courts with respect to federal claims are better explained when we look through a relational lens. This framework has important implications for our understanding of other aspects of judicial federalism, including federal court abstention and Supreme Court appellate review of state court decisions.


Centrifugal turbomachines of smaller sizes operating at higher speeds have become pervasive due to the increased specific power and reliability achieved by improvements in manufacturing, materials and computational methods. The presence of these small turbomachines, specifically compressors, in helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, auxiliary power units, turbochargers and micro gas turbines necessitates superior aerodynamic performance over a broad operational range, which is widely achieved by ported shroud casing designs. In addition to aerodynamic performance, acoustic emissions have become a critical aspect of design for these small centrifugal compressors due to high operational speeds. Furthermore, the literature on the acoustic effects of the casing treatment is rather limited. Therefore, the impact of ported shroud casing treatment on the acoustic and flow features of the compressor operating at the design and near-surge conditions have been quantified by numerically modelling the open and blocked configuration of the compressors. Upon comparing with experimental results, the numerical spectra are shown to capture the differences between the two configurations at the investigated operating points with reasonable accuracy. Although the casing treatment is generally seen to decrease the overall acoustic emission of the compressor at both operating conditions, increased propagation of tonal content in the direction upstream to the impeller is observed, particularly for design operation. Broadband characteristics in the lower and medium frequency regions usually associated with near-surge operation including 'whoosh' noise are observed to be alleviated by the ported shroud casing treatment.


Title insurance companies originating from America, have, in the past
15 years become part of the Australian conveyancing landscape. However
for most residential freehold owners, their activities would be a mystery. A
purchaser does not routinely obtain title insurance, with the companies
presently focussing on servicing the mortgagee sector. While the lack of
penetration in the residential purchaser market may be attributed to the
consumer's lack of knowledge, evidence from Ontario and New Zealand
illustrates that title insurance is likely to become an additional cost in the
conveyancing process in Australia. In this article we highlight the reasons
why, and demonstrate how title insurers have, by working with the legal
profession been able to subtly move the risk of responsibility for
compensation for loss, (at least in the first instance) from the state to the
insurer, but with the added benefit for the state and the conveyancing agents
that the cost of the insurance is ultimately borne by the consumer. In New
Zealand this development is being accelerated by the introduction of capped
conveyancing title insurance. Whether title insurance will become part of the
conveyancing process is no longer the relevant question for Australia, (it
undoubtedly will), but the unknown issue is just how title insurance
companies will work with conveyancing agents to infiltrate the market, and
what response this infiltration will have in terms of the state's view as to their
continued role in the provision of assurance. We suggest that developments
from New Zealand in relation to capped conveyancing insurance are likely to
be replicated in Australia in the near future, and that the state's role in
providing an assurance fund will continue, though the state may seek to
expand the areas in which the right to compensation is restricted.


This study presents a new method for storing large log data, and simultaneously, detecting anomaly data. To achieve this, the well-known K-means clustering algorithm is used for the anomaly detection. In K-means algorithm, the dissimilarity between data is calculated on the space transformed by the Logpack compression algorithm. We also performed a feature selection using genetic algorithms to obtain an informative subset of features relevant to anomaly events. Through various tests, it is observed that the proposed method is superior to conventional algorithms.


Background: We estimated the Vitamin C content and antibacterial effect of citrus fruits on oral bacteria. Material and methods: The following citrus fruits were used: lemon, wild lime, gooseberry, pomegranate, Averrhoa bilimbi, orange and mosambi. The extracts of these citrus fruits were tested against the following bacterial strains: Streptococcus viridians, Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis. The estimation of Vitamin C content in different citrus fruits was done by carrying out titration experiments against standardised 2, 4-indophenol dichlorophenol dye. The Antibacterial effect was determined using KirbyBauer's disc diffusion technique. Results: The wild lime extract showed the highest antibacterial property, while pomegranate extract showed the least antibacterial property towards all the three strains of bacteria tested. Streptococcus viridians was the most sensitive bacteria against all the citrus fruits extract. The zone of inhibition produced by undiluted lemon extract and vitamin c tablets was similar against all the three of bacteria. Conclusion: We conclude that citrus fruit extract have antibacterial properties against some common bacterial strains in the oral cavity.


The ability to identify, isolate, and transplant progenitor cells from solid tissues would greatly facilitate the treatment of diseases currently requiring whole organ transplantation. In this study, cell fractions enriched in candidate epithelial progenitor cells from the rat pancreas were isolated and transplanted into the liver of an inbred strain of Fischer rats. Using a dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV genetic marker system to follow the fate of transplanted cells in conjunction with albumin gene expression, we provide conclusive evidence that, after transplantation to the liver, epithelial progenitor cells from the pancreas differentiate into hepatocytes, express liver-specific proteins, and become fully integrated into the liver parenchymal structure. These studies demonstrate the presence of multipotent progenitor cells in the adult pancreas and establish a role for the liver microenvironment in the terminal differentiation of epithelial cells of foregut origin. They further suggest that such progenitor cells might be useful in studies of organ repopulation following acute or chronic liver injury.


The families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae encompass a heterogeneous group of gram-negative organisms. The organisms chosen for discussion in this chapter are recognized as major public health concerns because of their significant contribution to morbidity and mortality in both children and adults in less developed and industrialized countries. Cytotoxicity is usually examined under the microscope or can be quantified by colorimetric methods. Positive samples should be retested in the presence of Shiga toxins (Stx)-specific antibodies to confirm the specificity of the cytotoxic effect. The optimal concentration of antigen should be determined by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) checkerboard titration, coating plates with different amounts of antigen and testing them with known positive and negative control sera during the standardization of the assay. Diagnosis of acute enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections requires the detection of labile toxin (LT), ST, or toxin genes in isolated strains. Typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains carry both a chromosomally encoded (the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), which mediates a complex signal transduction phenotype on the target epithelial cell, and the EPEC adherence factor plasmid (EAF), which encodes the principal EPEC adhesin.


Proterozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks in the northern Colorado Front Range display evidence for significant but localized 1.4-Ga deformation. Initial metamorphism and deformation occurred during crustal assembly ∼1.7 Ga, and the area was subsequently affected by widespread "anorogenic" granitic plutonism at ∼1.4 Ga. Although there is little evidence for penetrative 1.4-Ga deformation in northern Colorado, data from the northeast-striking Moose Mountain shear zone indicate localized 1.4-Ga contractional strain. The shear zone deforms both pre-1.70-Ga supracrustal rocks and the ∼1.4-Ga St. Vrain granite. Kinematic indicators within the deformed granite show south-side-up reverse motion. A continuum from magmatic to solid-state mylonitic fabrics indicates that deformation occurred during the emplacement and cooling of the granite at ∼1.4 Ga. Thrust-sense deformation, coupled with synchronous northeast-southwest extension recorded in dike swarms, is consistent with a model for regional northwest-directed contractional deformation during emplacement of the 1.4-Ga plutonic suite. Paleoproterozoic supracrustal rocks within the shear zone show evidence for the 1.4-Ga shearing as well as for an older phase of deformation apparently dominated by sinistral motion. Supracrustal rocks on opposite sides of the shear zone record different structural histories, and detrital zircon samples differ dramatically in age populations across the shear zone. These data lead us to suggest that the shear zone separates two unrelated packages of rocks that were juxtaposed against one another during ∼1.7-Ga assembly of the region. Thus, original assembly of this region around 1.7 Ga probably involved previously undocumented transcurrent movements that juxtaposed "terranes" with differing Paleoproterozoic histories and resulted in large-scale zones of crustal weakness that localized subsequent deformation.


Guy Shortridge made extensive collections of mammals in southern Western Australia in the years 1904 to 1907, less than 80 years after first European settlement of the area. This paper reviews Shortridge's unpublished letters and the published papers that resulted from his collections in a reexamination of the temporal and spatial patterns of decline of these mammals. Shortridge collected a monotreme, 25 species of marsupial, 10 species of bat, 8 species of rodent, as well as rabbits and dingoes (a total of 46 species). He collected in five broad regions: mesic woodland sites in what is now the western wheatbelt; mesic coastal scrub sites around Albany; mesic forest habitat in the far south-west corner at Margaret River, Busselton, and Bunbury; semi-arid pastoral sites at Carnarvon and Gascoyne Junction; and semi-arid mining sites at Southern Cross, Kalgoorlie and Laverton. Shortridge was struck particularly by the rich fauna of the mesic woodland and the lack of species in the semi-arid interior (he obtained 20 terrestrial native species at the former and only 3-5 species at the latter). However, since that time, several of the species Shortridge collected at the mesic woodland sites have become extinct on mainland Australia (Bettongia lesueur, Lagostrophus fasciatus, and Perameles bougainville) or are now extinct (Onchogalea lunata) and the region shows one of the highest losses of mammals within Australia. Shortridge's collections emphasise that the loss of mammals in Western Australia has been a two-step process, with an initial loss of mammals in the semi-arid interior, followed by a subsequent loss from mesic woodland and coastal sites. His collections preceded the arrival of foxes Vulpes vulpes to the State and largely preceded the spread of rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus. Shortridge speculated that disease, predation by feral cats Felis catus, competition from house mice Mus musculus, and bushfires were major factors in overall decline, and the impact of closer settlement was important in localised declines. These, and other factors commonly cited as reasons for mammal decline (grazing and land clearing), are evaluated. The factors suggested by Shortridge for overall decline are potentially interlinked: feral cats or house mice may spread disease, feral cats may be more effective as predators in the presence of abundant house mice populations and at sites where vegetation refuges are reduced by fire, and both may reach highest densities around farms and settlements. The pattern of loss to 1907 can be explained by the spread of feral cats only if their impact on native mammals is high in semi-arid pastoral and mining areas, low in mesic areas, and low in arid areas where European impact was minimal. Possible mechanisms for such a variable impact of feral cats include: i) greater density of vegetation at mesic sites providing refuge for prey species; ii) protection conferred to prey species by poison plants Gastrolobium in the understorey of mesic woodland leading to secondary poisoning of predators; and iii) Aboriginal hunting of feral cats being effective in limiting the density and impact of cats in remote areas beyond the frontier of European colonisation.


This paper is written for the TIDO-course AR0532 Smart & Bioclimatic Design Theory. The objective of this paper is to see where the possibilities are in future fuel production in a sustainable way, and the integration of it in the built environment. Technologies are compared and evaluated, and the best technologies are put in a practical environment.


Increasingly sophisticated experimental techniques are resolving detailed aspects of the surface chemistry of oxide and silicate materials. Structural characterization can now be carried out on remarkably complex systems (Brown et al. 1999). Recent examples include the distribution of iron in dioctahedral smectites (Manceau et al. 2000), the arrangements of protons on the hematite (012) surface (Henderson et al. 1998), the relaxation of iron atoms at the surface of hematite (001) (Thevuthasan et al. 1999), the arrangements of defects in the γ-Fe2O3 corrosion film formed on metallic iron (Ryan et al. 2000), the existence of two terminations of magnetite (001) (Stanka et al. 2000), and the structure of the Cr(III) passivation layer formed on magnetite as a result of magnetite-induced reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) (Peterson et al. 1997). Mesoscale structural studies include measurement and quantification of surface morphology using scanning probe and x-ray scattering methods (Eggleston and Stumm 1993; Weidler et al. 1998a,b). Similar developments are taking place in the measurement of reaction energetics and kinetics, such as temperature programmed desorption studies of the binding energies of water molecules on oxide and sulfide surfaces (Bebie et al. 1998; Stirniman et al. 1998; Henderson et al. 1998; Peden et al. 1999), the binding of phosphate on hematite (Nooney et al. 1996), and the measurement of surface energies through high resolution calorimetric investigations (McHale et al. 1997; Laberty and Navrotsky 1997).

As these developments allow investigation of surfaces on increasingly small scales, it becomes more difficult to collect these experiments together into a coherent model, to link them with experiments on macroscopic systems in the laboratory (Sposito 1999), and bring the results to bear on complex, multicomponent natural systems. For example, measurement of the amount of surface relaxation taking place on vacuum-terminated hematite (001) …


This thesis addresses six main objectives answering questions on the origin, nature and social organization of SNS and their custodians; motivations for, and BCD conservation consequences of, their maintenance; threats SNS and ancestral institutions face and existing governance and protection instruments, with focus on local perceptions among the Wonsho of Sidama, Ethiopia. The study employs anthropologically-oriented, but interdisciplinary, conceptual framework and mixed methods to collect and analyse data. A year of fieldwork (July 2012-June 2013) was carried out using six major data collection methods (including interviews, BD inventory and HHS). The data were analysed using NVivo 10 and SPSS 20/21. The results are presented and discussed in seven key thematic areas and six chapter headings. The main findings are summarized as follows:

1. Forty-eight SNS (whose sizes ranging from a site of a single tree to a 90.6 ha and ages from 28 to ca 375 years) were identified in seven PAs. Three criteria were used to identify a typology of Wonsho SNS: spatial-clan structure, function and protection status. SAR was identified as the core of the origin, social organization, governance and geography of SNS and other BCD protection areas. Twenty-two of SNS were protected by SAR practitioners and four by Protestant Christians. The rest were either lost or transformed.

2. Answers to the question of why SNS are maintained are interpreted as linked to ancestral conceptions of the natural world, knowledge about, and practice relating to, it. The people valued SNS and native trees as 'life', 'beauty', 'ancestor symbolizers', 'temples', 'wealth', 'shade', 'healing agents', 'food banks', 'place and name identifiers', and 'tribunal courts' among others. Certain salient norms and practices, supporting tree biodiversity, are identified and interpreted as the foundation of the motivation for the maintenance of SNS.

3. 154 floral and 33 faunal species were documented for their reported and observed past and present existence in 26 of the 48 SNS and other informal protection areas. A partial inventory identified about 133 flora and some fauna, including two locally endangered species, Colobus guerezza and Tauraco ruspoli in various SNSs. Twenty-two locally reported endangered native trees were found here, of which ten were reportedly found nowhere. Eighteen major woody species were identified as extractively conserved in various informal protection areas, notably agroforests.

4. Forty-three types of uses of trees were identified. Eighteen woody species were identified as playing crucial socio-economic role; seven of these being culturally important and Podocarpus falcatus was identified as a truly 'cultural keystone species'. The maintenance of SNS and native trees has important role through provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural ecosystem services.

5. Maintenance of SNS and other botanic landscapes were found to contribute positively towards community health, herbal medicine and conservation of medicinal plants. SNS are perceived as key resources for health and wellbeing. Sixty-two percent of surveyed HHs accessed medicinal plants from SNS where 48% of the identified plants (including nine that were reported as locally endangered) were found.

6. The SNS and ancestral institutions faced threats. Fourteen SNS were lost, eight severely degraded through other land uses and the existing 26 also threatened in seven studied PAs. Twenty-two important native trees were reportedly threatened; ten of these exited only in the SNS. Twelve native woody species were reportedly lost. SAR is threatened (e.g. declined from 13.6% in 1994 to 2.7% in 2007). Eroding factors, especially external ones, have been intensifying since the 1890s, but momentum added over the past 50-60 years, salient drivers being introduction of cash economy, modern religions, modern education, misguided state policies, rapid population growth and resultant socio-economic pressures.

7. The SNS have for centuries been protected through 'spirit agency and policing' in a structure that gave supreme place to ancestors who influenced and guided governance. Some key principles of SNS management were identified, including 'spirit-policing', dreams and oracles in decision making, protecting entire habitat, protecting species, etc. In recent years, protection efforts have improved, with emerging collaborative governance, but these suffered from poor resourcing, coordination and fragmentation; and the future of SNS, native tree species and the SAR seemed uncertain despite some locals were optimistic.

The study concludes the SNS and associated institutions of Wonsho have resiliently existed as 'guardians of Sidama biocultural diversity' and are showcases for the mutual adaptations of tree biodiversity and ancestral traditions. The study discusses a set of implications and recommendations for further research and action.

The contribution of the study lies in the following areas which appear to be under-represented in the current literature: (a) qualitative analysis of the ontology, nature, structures, functions, geography and dynamisms of SNS and custodians, demonstrating that Wonsho SNS are not relics from static past but dynamic socio-ecological systems; (b) in-depth discussion of the role of SNS in conserving both biodiversity and cultural diversity; (c) a nuanced analysis of why and how the SNS are maintained, (d) local perceptions and parameters of the values and roles of, and threats facing, SNS and related local institutions; (e) our understanding of what constitutes 'biocultural diversity' and the indicators for cultural diversity when this concept is applied at a local scale; (e) interdisciplinary conceptual and analytical tools to understand the socio-ecological and biocultural systems embodied in sacred sites, combining concepts from a range of social and natural sciences, notably anthropology and conservation biology.


Applying a holistic, integrated and experiential approach, this paper analyses the culture of head, heart and hands learning as both a challenge and an imperative of contemporary education using the descriptive method based on a review of relevant literature. Self-determination, self-work, self-organization and self-management are emphasized along with different models of learning culture oriented towards student's holistic development. In accordance with that the paper discusses issues related to the new organization of learning and teaching and the role of the teachers, students and school community. Specifi cally, many scientists believe (Henting, 1997; Bruner, 2000; Stoll & Fink, 2000; Faulstich, 1999) that high-quality and successful changes in education can be achieved by introducing a culture of learning which espouses the holism and integrity of human beings. Such changes are especially relevant in the context of lifelong learning which integrates all three domains of learning: cognitive (head), affective (heart) and practical (hands). In this way, cognitive, affective, experiential and active learning interests are fully expressed, which bears witness to the fact that people learn, think, feel and act differently.


Genetic parameters for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits. All bivariate analyses included a covariance between additive genetic effects for the two traits plus appropriate additional covariances. Number of observations by breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for weight traits, and from 4,603 to 34,746 for wool traits. Heritability estimates ranged from .03 to .11 for prolificacy traits (litter size at birth and litter size at weaning), from .09 to .26 for weight traits (birth weight and average daily gain), and from .25 to .53 for wool traits (fleece weight, fleece grade and staple length). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among prolificacy and among weight traits were positive and ranged from .58 to 1.00 and .18 to 1.00, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length were positive (.50 to .70) but were negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-.60 to -.34) and between staple length and fleece grade (-.72 and -.40). Prolificacy and wool traits were essentially uncorrelated. Weight and prolificacy traits were slightly positively correlated. Weight traits had a moderate positive direct genetic correlation with fleece weight and staple length, but were uncorrelated with fleece grade. These estimates of genetic parameters between prolificacy, weight, and wool traits can be used to construct multiple-trait selection indexes for dual-purpose sheep.


The Rules Enabling Act authorizes the Supreme Court to prescribe "general rules of practice and procedure" as long as those rules do not "abridge, enlarge or modify" any substantive right. The Supreme Court has frequently considered the effect of these restrictions on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In order to avoid Enabling Act concerns, the Court has imposed limiting constructions on a number of the Civil Rules. A significant academic literature has grown up analyzing and criticizing the Court's approach in these cases, frequently arguing for more expansive interpretations of the REA that would place more significant constraints on the Civil Rules. The impact of these statutory restrictions on the Rules of Criminal Procedure, though, has been virtually unstudied. Neither the Supreme Court nor academics have focused on the Criminal Rules when interpreting the REA. This article argues that this approach is a mistake. Even under the most constrained view of the Rules Enabling Act, several Criminal Rules are potentially invalid because they are insufficiently procedural. After outlining the current doctrine on the Enabling Act and the Civil Rules, I provide a framework for applying the Act to the Criminal Rules and examine the constraints of the REA with respect to four Rules of Criminal Procedure that face validity challenges. In addition to identifying these Enabling Act issues, this article proposes potential interpretations of these Rules that can reduce their substantive effect by either reading the Rules narrowly or grounding the doctrines in federal common law, rather the Enabling Act.


Digital libraries (DLs) introduce several challenging requirements with respect to the formulation, specification and enforcement of adequate access control policies. Unlike conventional database environments, a DL typically is characterised by a dynamic subject population, often making accesses from remote locations, and by an extraordinarily large amount of information, stored in a variety of formats. Additionally, protecting a DL does not only mean protecting documents that reside at the DL site, but also protecting accesses that the DL subscribers made to external Web documents. We present MaX, a comprehensive system for enforcing access control, specifically tailored to both DL and Web environments. Key features of MaX are the support for credential and content-based access control to DL and Web documents, and its full integration with standard Internet rating systems.


This thesis will analyze and document khon, which is a masked dance drama, This thesis will present the history and and the Ramakien, which is the Thai epic. structure of khon and show how it is used to present the story of the Ramakien. In addition, it will discuss the training artists to participate in these dramas, and the value of these traditional theatre presentations in understanding the culture of Thailand. Khon is a Thai classical court masked dance whose history dates back hundreds of years. It employs many aspects of the arts: drama, dance, pantomime, and music. The costumes are elaborate, including decorated headdresses or crowns and full-head masks, which is the most distinctive characteristic of this performance. Furthermore, khon is a unique performance, especially when every aspect of the arts is combined for performing the story of the Ramakien-the Thai epic adapted from the Ramayana, the Indian epic. The Ranzakien is the story of Phra Ram, an incarnation of the god Phra Narai. He is assisted by monkey warriors, who bring back his wife, Sida, kidnapped by the demon king, Tosakanth. The story presents the universal belief that virtue always wins over evil. When this epic is presented on stage, adaptations are necessary for facilitating the ability to play khon. Therefore, there are many Thai stage versions of the Ramakien. The adapted version, also known as the script version is different from the original one and also important for the performance: The drama is what the writer writes; the script is the interior map of a particular production; the theater is the specific set of gestures performed by the performers in any given performance; the performance is the whole event, including audience and performers. In performance, actors utilize dance-pantomime along with the chanted narrative of a storyteller accompanied by singers and a piphat orchestra. The text consists of two literary styles: khamphak, which are descriptive verses; and ceraca, which are dialogues in rhythmic prose. Performers play one of four types: male, female, demon, or monkey. An athletic male style of movement is required for the performers who have to engage in elaborate battle pantomimes. Since the Ramakien represents the heritage in Thai literature, Thai students are able to learn Thai culture, values, lifestyle, and also learn how to read, write, and understand the beautiful poetry of this epic. While practicing khon, students are also taught to be disciplined and to work as a group. Furthermore, through the characters in this epic, the principles of Buddhism, which is the most popular religion in Thailand, are presented. If people behave with wisdom, with discipline, with goodness, their lives will be peaceful.


It is reasonable to assume that individuals and families who are homeless have been exposed to trauma. Research has shown that individuals who are homeless are likely to have experienced some form of previous trauma; homelessness itself can be viewed as a traumatic experience; and being homeless increases the risk of further victimization and retraumatization. Historically, homeless service settings have provided care to traumatized people without directly acknowledging or addressing the impact of trauma. As the field advances, providers in homeless service settings are beginning to realize the opportunity that they have to not only respond to the immediate crisis of homelessness, but to also contribute to the longer-term healing of these individuals. Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) offers a framework for providing services to traumatized individuals within a variety of service settings, including homelessness service settings. Although many providers have an emerging awareness of the potential importance of TIC in homeless services, the meaning of TIC remains murky, and the mechanisms for systems change using this framework are poorly defined. This paper explores the evidence base for TIC within homelessness service settings, including a review of quantitative and qualitative studies and other supporting literature. The authors clarify the definition of Trauma-Informed Care, discuss what is known about TIC based on an extensive literature review, review case examples of programs implementing TIC, and discuss implications for practice, programming, policy, and research.


This 448-page biography surveys the life and work of the American graphic designer Herb Lubalin. During his lifetime, Lubalin was widely regarded as one of the foremost designers and typographers of the 20th century, yet in recent decades he had become dismissed as outdated and superficial, lacking the recognition accorded to contemporaries such as Paul Rand. This book, written, jointly edited, co-designed and co-published by Shaughnessy, restores Lubalin's reputation as both a master practitioner and an unexpectedly modern figure.

Shaughnessy's researches in the Lubalin archive at The Herb Lubalin Study Center of Design and Typography at the Cooper Union in New York, where he was assisted by the Center's expert curatorial staff, enabled him to debunk the notion of Lubalin as a subject unworthy of study by today's design students and design scholars. Detailed study of the numerous published artefacts designed by Lubalin from the 1940s onwards – many unseen since their creation – and extensive interviews with former colleagues, revealed a picture of a progressive editorial designer who pioneered image-led journalism. The research indicates that Lubalin was the leading practitioner of 'expressive typography', a technique he partly invented which allowed him to make 'pictorial metaphors' that demanded the active participation of the viewer. This made him an early proponent of human-centred design, now a topic of intellectual research focus.

The book's publication was accompanied by a symposium at St Bride Library, London (2012), and a two-day symposium held in the Great Hall at Cooper Union, NYC (2012). The book received coverage from leading design blogs such as Eye, Print and Design Week. A lengthy review appeared in Creative Review (2012), and the book was selected for inclusion in the influential Designers & Books website as one of the 'Notable books of 2012'.


Abstract The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a safety pre‐assessment within EFSA for microorganisms. Strains belonging to QPS taxonomic units (TUs) still require an assessment based on a specific data package, but QPS status facilitates fast track evaluation. QPS TUs are unambiguously defined biological agents assessed for the body of knowledge, their safety and their end use. Safety concerns are, where possible, to be confirmed at strain or product level, and reflected as 'qualifications'. Qualifications need to be evaluated at strain level by the respective EFSA units. The lowest QPS TU is the species level for bacteria, yeasts and protists/algae, and the family for viruses. The QPS concept is also applicable to genetically modified microorganisms used for production purposes if the recipient strain qualifies for the QPS status, and if the genetic modification does not indicate a concern. Based on the actual body of knowledge and/or an ambiguous taxonomic position, the following TUs were excluded from the QPS assessment: filamentous fungi, oomycetes, streptomycetes, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli and bacteriophages. The list of QPS‐recommended biological agents was reviewed and updated in the current opinion and therefore now becomes the valid list. For this update, reports on the safety of previously assessed microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and viruses (the latter only when used for plant protection purposes) were reviewed, following an Extensive Literature Search strategy. All TUs previously recommended for 2016 QPS list had their status reconfirmed as well as their qualifications. The TUs related to the new notifications received since the 2016 QPS opinion was periodically evaluated for QPS status in the Statements of the BIOHAZ Panel, and the QPS list was also periodically updated. In total, 14 new TUs received a QPS status between 2017 and 2019: three yeasts, eight bacteria and three algae/protists.


Convolution is the main building block of a convolutional neural network (CNN). We observe that an optimized CNN often has highly correlated filters as the number of channels increases with depth, reducing the expressive power of feature representations.

We propose Tied Block Convolution (TBC) that shares the same thinner filter over equal blocks of channels and produces multiple responses with a single filter. The concept of TBC can also be extended to group convolution and fully connected layers, and can be applied to various backbone networks and attention modules.

Our extensive experimentation on classification, detection, instance segmentation, and attention demonstrates that TBC is consistently leaner and significantly better than standard convolution and group convolution. On attention, with 64 times fewer parameters, our TiedSE performs on par with the standard SE.

On detection and segmentation, TBC can effectively handle highly overlapping instances, whereas standard CNNs often fail to accurately aggregate information in the presence of occlusion and result in multiple redundant partial object proposals. By sharing filters across channels, TBC reduces correlation and delivers a sizable gain of 6% in the average precision for object detection on MS-COCO when the occlusion ratio is 80%.


The effect of glutaraldehyde, a commercial biocide widely used in paper and pulp industry, on the performance of laboratory-scale rotating biological contactors (RBCs) as well as biocide efficacy was studied. Biofilms were established on the RBCs and then exposed to 0 - 180 ppm glutaraldehyde at a dilution rate of 1.60 h -1 . The results showed that the biofilms became acclimated to glutaraldehyde and eventually could degrade it. Acclimation to the biocide took longer at the higher biocide concentrations. The degree of biocide degradation and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal depended on acclimation period, the presence of other organic matters and the amount of mineral salts available. Glutaraldehyde at up to 80 ppm had no effect on treatment efficiency and populations of biofilms and planktonic phase of the system whereas glutaraldehyde at 180 ppm caused a progressive decline in all measured values. However, no glutaraldehyde concentration used in the study was sufficiently high to kill microorganisms in the RBC system. The presence of biofilm provided additional resistance to glutaraldehyde to bacteria because the biocide had to penetrate through biofilm to reach bacteria. The increased resistance of bacteria to glutaraldehyde due to acclimation should be considered in biocide applications.


High external quantum efficiency (EQE) p-i-n heterojunction solar cells grown by NH3-based molecular beam epitaxy are presented. EQE values including optical losses are greater than 50% with fill-factors over 72% when illuminated with a 1 sun AM0 spectrum. Optical absorption measurements in conjunction with EQE measurements indicate an internal quantum efficiency greater than 90% for the InGaN absorbing layer. By adjusting the thickness of the top p-type GaN window contact layer, it is shown that the short-wavelength (<365 nm) quantum efficiency is limited by the minority carrier diffusion length in highly Mg-doped p-GaN.


An infiltration and dye transport study in an unsaturated alluvial deposit was conducted using a square flooding type infiltrometer over a 50 hour period. Red and blue dyes were added to the applied water and photographs taken of the exposed face to determine the rate of advancement of the dye and wetting fronts. After infiltration was stopped, vertical 'slices' were excavated at regular intervals up to the midpoint of the infiltrometer so the shape of the fronts could be described in a quasi three-dimensional manner. Dye fronts exhibited significantly more complication than did the wetting front suggesting highly variable solute transport in these alluvial deposits. Lateral spreading was twice that of the vertical movement indicating anisotropy due to pronounced horizontal layering. Infiltration measurements were compared with established infiltration equations.


With continued improvement in telescope sensitivity and observational techniques, the search for rocky planets in stellar habitable zones is entering an exciting era. With so many exoplanetary systems available for follow-up observations to find potentially habitable planets, one needs to prioritize the ever-growing list of candidates. We aim to determine which of the known planetary systems are dynamically capable of hosting rocky planets in their habitable zones, with the goal of helping to focus future planet search programmes. We perform an extensive suite of numerical simulations to identify regions in the habitable zones of single Jovian planet systems where Earth-mass planets could maintain stable orbits, specifically focusing on the systems in the Catalog of Earth-like Exoplanet Survey Targets (CELESTA). We find that small, Earth-mass planets can maintain stable orbits in cases where the habitable zone is largely, or partially, unperturbed by a nearby Jovian, and that mutual gravitational interactions and resonant mechanisms are capable of producing stable orbits even in habitable zones that are significantly or completely disrupted by a Jovian. Our results yield a list of 13 single Jovian planet systems in CELESTA that are not only capable of supporting an Earth-mass planet on stable orbits in their habitable zone, but for which we are also able to constrain the orbits of the Earth-mass planet such that the induced radial velocity signals would be detectable with next generation instruments.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction and scope of report Following a successful pilot programme which combined End of Life Care (EoLC) education with leadership skills, St Wilfred's Hospice Chichester, in partnership with Sue Nash from Action Learning Teams were awarded a grant from the Frances and Augustus Newman Foundation to fund a follow-up programme and independent evaluation. The action learning and education development programme for care home leaders focused on improving End of Life Care provision in a care home setting and was delivered over one year. Bournemouth University (BU) undertook the independent service evaluation on behalf of the project team. This report concerns the evaluation element of the project. Evaluation questions Following consultation with the education facilitators, two questions were determined to guide the evaluation: • What are the care home managers' perceptions of the impact of the educational programme on their leadership role in the provision of end of life care in their workplace? • Has confidence and competence in delivering and facilitating the delivery of end of life care changed over the course over the programme? Evaluation design As the evaluation questions sought to explore the effectiveness of learning as well as the relevance of the action learning approach, the evaluation was designed on the basis of a mixed methods approach. Quantitative methods utilised three questionnaires to explore; • Demographic data • Assessment of Training Needs using the Hennessey & Hicks Training Needs Analysis (TNA) Tool (with permission). • Assessment of Confidence using an adapted questionnaire developed by the Advanced Connected Advanced Communication Skills Programme offered under the auspices of the NHS End of Life Care Programme. Scores from competency documents were also collated. Qualitative methods involved focus groups, a type of group interview that stimulates interaction between participants in order to generate data. A member of the BU team acted as a facilitator using prepared trigger questions with the goal of eliciting perceptions and attitudes about the programme and its impact on participants' practice. Participants were encouraged to share their views, to expand on these and others invited to comment. The interaction was audio-recorded (with permission). Data Analysis Completed questionnaires were managed and analysed using SPSS (V18.0) for Windows and descriptive statistical analysis was utilised. Reliability analysis (Cronbach's Alpha) was used to screen the TNA and Confidence elements (and sub-categories) ahead of generating scores for these domains. The threshold for reliability was set at 0.7 or above. The focus groups were analysed using a process of thematic and content analysis. This technique is used with qualitative data and involves a process of systematically searching for themes or patterns in the data related to the evaluation questions. Subsequently, these themes are able to provide small thematic case study examples of how the professional development programme has impacted on practice. Findings - questionnaires TNA tool (n=6) The integration of the EoLC competencies indicates the tool has good internal face and content validity. Overall there was an improved perception of performance in role but the results are limited given the numbers of participants and the very slight degree of change evident. However, the results were confirmed and elaborated upon within the focus group data. Confidence questionnaire (n=6) Use of the confidence questionnaire indicates that the managers' perceptions of confidence in a range of their abilities related to EoLC increased in all sections. However, given the managers' desire to undertake the programme, perceived confidence in their knowledge and skills pre-programme was surprisingly high. An over-assessment of abilities seems likely resulting in a smaller extent of change post-programme. This conclusion is supported by the frequency and strength of comments concerning increased levels of knowledge and confidence as a result of the programme captured within the focus group data. Competency profile document (n=5) The competency profile appeared to be a very useful educational tool as it was so closely linked to the programme content. From the perspective of the evaluation however it yielded limited information. Nevertheless, the competency rating provides confirmation of the scores related to the corresponding areas of the confidence questionnaire. Findings – focus groups The perceptions of the focus group participants indicates that the programme offered a valuable opportunity for the development of interpersonal and management skills related to EoLC. Three themes emerged. First communication abilities in terms of leading and managing staff in the provisions of informed EoLC were reported to have significantly developed, alongside an increased sense of self-confidence. Second the style of the programme, which used action learning, resulted in the sharing of practice knowledge and a valuing of actively engaging in support networks. These ways of working were new to the participants. Finally the data indicated that the programme resulted in a sustainable model of education for this particular professional group, firstly perceived more effective management of staff to cascade best practice; second, the skills taught in action learning motivated the participants to continue to meet and share experiences post-programme on a self-managed basis. Discussion The evaluation has indicated increased confidence in care home managers knowledge and skills related to end of life care via a number of measures: the confidence questionnaire (CQ), the competency profile and the focus group feedback. The TNA questionnaire also showed some positive movement towards perceived increase in role performance in most domains. As the TNA, CQ and competency profile were linked with the EoLC competencies (DoH, 2009), it is reasonable to assume that improved confidence and perception of competence will have positively impacted on EoLC for residents. In addition, the focus groups provide examples and case studies of improved inter-professional liaison, cascading of knowledge and more proactive communication with residents and families when making decisions about EoLC. This data also indicates that for most participants this educational experience has been both personally and professionally effective, and even for some, life changing. The evaluation provides support for the link between excellent communication skills, effective leadership ability and better quality provision (Shaw et al, 2007; Thomas and Noble, 2007; King et al, 2008; Shaw et al, 2010; Seymour et al, 2011; Badger et al, 2012). The findings show that this educational strategy appeared to have a positive influence on communication both within the specialty and in general teams when working with colleagues and residents. Further the link between evidence-based care and confidence to deliver has emerged as very significant factor (Badger et al, 2012). The action-learning model appeared to be a sustainable approach as participants carried on appreciating the benefits of this, with the only cost being staff time. However, the programme length and small group size could be perceived as expensive. Conclusions In order to enable high quality EoLC, professional development should equip participants to be able to positively influence not just the individual's immediate team, but also resident's family members, care home owners, and other external stakeholders such as general practitioners (GP) and emergency departments in hospitals. This evaluation provides compelling evidence that an action learning approach to EoLC education can be used to empower middle managers to have positive impacts on EoLC provision through not only increasing specialist knowledge but also enhancing their capability to engage in a confident and informed manner with a diverse range of stakeholders. Recommendations Evidence from this evaluation suggests that • Expertly taught EoLC knowledge and skills is essential for care home managers to fulfil their role effectively • An action learning approach enables the embedding of specialist knowledge in practice through the enhancement of leadership skills linked to increased self-confidence. • The EoLC action learning education model leads to sustainable educational outcomes


This is a fully revised and expanded new edition of the favorite "Modern Standard Arabic" study series. This three-part course in Modern Standard Arabic for non-native speakers approaches the language through a series of themed topics - daily life in the Arab world, politics and governance, literature and the arts, science and medicine, astronomy - concentrates principally on listening and speaking skills. In each section, vocabulary is built up as various linguistic structures and strategies are introduced and practiced in a clear introduction to Arabic grammar. A CD accompanies Volume 1, and in addition to a full glossary of vocabulary items at the end of each volume (with meanings in both English and French), a supplementary dictionary, al-Mu'jam al-musa'id, gives a complete key to the vocabulary of all three books in four languages: English, French, German, and Spanish. Comprehensive and easily digestible, varied and informative, these books make an ideal basis for a classroom-based course in Arabic anywhere in the world.


SUMMARY

We propose a method for fast analytical ray tracing on a heterogeneous sphere for surface waves. We first select the specific coordinates of orbital motion which have action/angle properties. We then apply the Lie perturbation approach and, when the square of the slowness is expanded in spherical harmonics, we obtain an analytical formula for the perturbed parameters of the ray. These expressions are sensitive to both the odd and even parts of the expansion. Traveltimes are computed by perturbation, while geometrical spreading is estimated numerically between two nearby perturbed rays. For the 'Gulf of Alaska' earthquake of November 1987, the analytical ray follows the same deviations with respect to the great circle as the numerical one, when we use the phase velocity model of Montagner & Tanimoto (1990) at period of 167s. the agreement is excellent for traveltime computations. When the numerical ray tracing predicts a focus/defocusing effect, the perturbed ray tracing gives the same trend. Moreover, variations of the shooting angles between trains can be as high as 20° which might modify the radiation pattern seen by the station for different trains. When the perturbed ray deviates too strongly, a reinitialization technique will guarantee a given accuracy. This reinitialization, which is not required for long periods (>150s), is probably necessary at shorter periods.


Louis Moreau Gottschalk was a nineteenth-century American piano virtuoso and composer. In 1841, at the age of twelve, Gottschalk left his native New Orleans to pursue a formal musical education in Paris. During his sojourn, Gottschalk gained fame for his piano music, in which he claimed to portray creole culture, more specifically the songs, dances, and rituals of Louisiana slaves. Nineteenth-century music critics were all too eager to crown Gottschalk as the first great American composer. In the present era, his music is still a source of national pride. I propose that Gottschalk's music is not necessarily an accurate representation of American musical idioms. Instead, it should be understood as a semi-authentic attempt by Gottschalk to market himself to the Parisian audiences and their craze for exotic cultures. To illustrate this argument, I look extensively at Gottschalk's creole compositions written while in Paris. In Chapter One, I focus on Gottschalk's Bamboula: danse des nègres, his first creole piece, which fueled the success of his early career. In Chapter Two, I discuss three prominent piano virtuosos performing in Paris during the 1840s. I show that Gottschalk modeled much of his career on the music of Frederic Chopin and that he was rather critical of Franz Liszt and Sigismond Thalberg. Gottschalk's compositions then reflect Chopin above the other Parisian virtuosos. In Chapter Three I examine the pieces Gottschalk composed after his return to the United States in 1853. This includes The Banjo, arguably his most famous work. My argument here is that the pieces composed during this period provide a more accurate picture of nineteenth-century American music than Gottschalk's earlier creole compositions. Gottschalk spent many years of his life traveling throughout France, Spain, the United States, and the Caribbean, and each of these locations influenced the composer in different ways. His music should not then be understood as specific to the United States, instead it should be seen as parallel to the cosmopolitan tendencies of other nineteenth-century exotic composers. This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council:


This study investigates the determinants of and persistence in access to weapons using a global sample of 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). Hysteresis in access to weapons is consistently more apparent in countries with below-median levels in access to weapons, compared to their counterparts with above-median levels in access to weapons. The hysteresis hypothesis within this context is the propensity of past values of access to weapons to influence future values of access to weapons. Factors that consistently drive access to weapons are: perceptions of crime; criminality; conflict intensity; political instability; military expenditure, violent demonstrations and terrorism. The effects of these drivers are contingent on initial levels of access to weapons. Policy recommendations for managing access to weapons are discussed. JEL Classification: H56; L64; K42; P50


We study the interaction of an incident plane wave with a metamaterial periodic structure consisting of alternating layers of positive and negative refractive index with average zero refractive index. We show that the existence of very narrow resonance peaks for which giant absorption - 50% at layer thickness of 1% of the incident wavelength - is exhibited. Maximum absorption is obtained at a specific layer thickness satisfying the critical coupling condition. This phenomenon is explained by the Rayleigh anomaly and by the excitation of Fabry Perot modes in the periodic layer. In addition, we investigate the modes supported by the structures for several limiting cases, and show that zero phase accumulation in the periodic metamaterial is obtained at resonance.


This chapter examines Article 45 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which deals with the entry into force of the Convention. The practice of the UN in respect of multilateral treaties suggests an antipathy towards their entry into force without a substantial quorum of ratifications. Article 45(1) CRPD does not depart from the UN model whereby a treaty enters into force in relation to existing (ratifying) parties and not independently of them. In accordance with customary law as reflected in Article 24(4) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 45 CRPD applies not from the moment the treaty enters into force, but rather from the 'moment of the adoption of the text'. The adoption of the text of a treaty does not necessarily coincide with the signing of the treaty. The text of the CRPD was adopted on 13 December 2006 but was opened for signature on 30 March 2007.


Purpose – The paper aims to describe the application of direct selling, the process of selling a consumer product or service from one person to another, in an environment that is not a permanent retail location.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the application of direct selling from the perspective of companies that have built their business around direct selling and those who are evolving into direct selling. The paper focuses the examination on three companies participating in the direct selling category: The Longaberger Company, The Pampered Chef and The Tupperware Corporation.Findings – The paper finds that direct selling is an increasingly important component of the marketing mix for many traditional, successful companies and presents some keys to success.Originality/value – Successful direct selling companies in the future will help to maximize growth and optimize customer loyalty at all levels.


This article explores the process by which intelligent transport system technologies have further advanced a data-driven culture in public transport and traffic control. Based on 12 interviews with transport engineers and fieldwork visits to three control rooms, it follows the implementation of Real-Time Passenger Information in Dublin and the various technologies on which it is dependent. It uses the concept of 'data ratcheting' to describe how a new data-driven rational order supplants a gradualist, conservative ethos, creating technological dependencies that pressure organisations to take control of their own data and curate accessibility to outside organisations. It is argued that the implementation of Real-Time Passenger Information forms part of a changing landscape of urban technologies as cities move from a phase of opening data silos and expanded communication across departments and with citizens towards one in which new streams of digital data are recognised for their value in stabilising novel forms of city administration.


Optical absorption and emission properties of gallium arsenide nanocrystals can be tuned across the visible spectrum by tuning their size. The surface of pure GaAs nanocrystals tends to oxidize, which deteriorates their optical properties. In order to prevent the oxidization, surface passivation has been previously demonstrated for GaAs nanocrystals larger than the Bohr exciton radius. In this paper, we study synthesis of small GaAs nanocrystals by pulsed laser ablation in liquids combined with simultaneous chemical surface passivation. The fabricated nanocrystals are smaller than the Bohr exciton radius and exhibit photoluminescence peaked near 530 nm due to quantum confinement. The photoluminescence properties are stable for at least six months, which is attributed to successful surface passivation. The chemical structure of the nanocrystals and changes caused by thermal annealing are elucidated with Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.


Over the past several years, corporate law scholarship has carefully analyzed the effects of dual-class capital structures, which allocate superior voting rights to insiders and inferior voting rights to public shareholders. This Article adds to the literature by focusing on a unique and novel type of dual-class structure—one in which the public shares have no voting rights at all. It notes that this structure is fundamentally different because in the absence of even highly diluted voting rights in public hands, the firm does not have to abide by certain types of disclosure rules and corporate governance standards. Nonvoting shareholders are deprived of these significant components of investor protection.
After carefully identifying the serious consequences of nonvoting common stock for investor protection, the Article suggests two ways to address them. First, the Securities and Exchange Commission should act to protect nonvoting shareholders by requiring the same level of disclosure when nonvoting stock is issued as is required when voting stock is issued. Towards implementing this proposal, the Article distinguishes between the situation of no voting rights and the long-standing federal court decision asserting that the regulation of voting rights is beyond the delegated authority of the Commission. Second, stock exchange rules should impose requirements for listed firms aimed at protecting holders of nonvoting stock. These rules would grant nonvoting shareholders certain disclosure and governance rights they do not otherwise have under federal or state law. The Article's proposals directly address the implications of nonvoting stock for disclosure and corporate governance, and therefore are preferable to the current incidental reaction of major index providers to dual-class capital structures.


Composite floor systems, which combine structural steel beams with a cast-in-place concrete slab, have grown in popularity in the U.S. during the past 40 years. In most early applications, removable wood forms were suspended from the floor beams. Shear connectors we re shop welded to the top flange of the beams, and a solid reinforced concrete slab was cast. Floor beams were typically spaced at 2 to 2.5 m on centers, and maximum beam spans were on the order of 8 m. Temporary shores were often used to limit the stresses and deflections under the weight of fresh concrete, Members were designed to achieve full composite action between the steel section and concrete slab using an Allowable Stress Design (ASD) procedure. The economical choice for structural steel in the 1960s had a yield strength of 225 MPa. Many changes have occurred over the years that affect the design and construction of composite floors. A consequence of these changes is that steel sections are significantly thinner and more flexible than those selected 40 years ago, which can make construction more challenging. In particular, problems sometimes occur with the installation of headed studs, with sagging or twisting of members, and with shear connectors and rebars protruding from the finished slab. Difficulties achieving a level floor finish are cited frequently as causing conflicts among designers, builders, and owners. A survey by the ASCE Committee on Composite Construction during 1997 indicated that construction-related problems in composite floors are widespread and costly. The Committee believes, however, that these problems can be prevented by adherence to current specifications and through better communication between designers and builders. As a result of this survey, the Committee prepared a state-of-practice report on construction considerations for composite floors (at the time of this writing, the report has been approved by the ASCE Committee on Composite Construction, and is awaiting final approval for publication in the ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering). The report provides an overview of current U.S. construction practices, summarizes appropriate literature, and provides guidance to help prevent construction problems in floor systems.


The French Atlas of Orchids published in autumn 2010 is a large-scale and intensive survey of orchid populations throughout the France territory. The project was directed by the French Orchid Society and involved 3000 specialists in orchids. Overall, more than 110 000 stations were referenced and 160 taxa were reported with their range on 154 maps. This project is original by synthesizing, at large scale, much accurate naturalistic information from local surveys, thanks to a participative approach and on the basis of scientific objectives. Some orchid populations have been recorded for more than 20 years, revealing demographic trends at the scale of the country. Guidelines for application IUCN Red List criteria at regional level have been applied in order to establish The French Red List of orchid species. This represents one of the few examples of IUICN criteria being applied at a regional scale for a plant family. Based on the IUCN categorization about 1 in 5 species is threatened, one as Regionally Extinct (RE), 4 as Endangered (EN) and 23 as Vulnerable (VU). The main extinction risk consists of population size decrease, mostly due to habitat change. Further investigations are needed for the 33 taxa classified as Data Deficient. Most threatened species benefit already from protection regulations. Some recommendations will be drawn in order to conserve orchid species, paying attention to patrimonial and threatened species.


Tumor-derived exosomes are emerging mediators of tumorigenesis and tissue-specific metastasis. Proteomic profiling has identified Annexin II as one of the most highly expressed proteins in exosomes; however, studies focused on the biological role of exosomal Annexin II (exo-Anx II) are still lacking. In this study, mechanistic insight was sought regarding exo-Anx II and its function in angiogenesis and breast cancer metastasis. Multiple in vitro and in vivo techniques were used to study the role of exo-Anx II in angiogenesis. Using atomic force microscopy and Western blotting, exo-Anx II expression was characterized in normal and breast cancer cells. In addition, organ-specific metastatic breast cancer cells and animal models were used to define the role exo-Anx II in breast cancer metastasis. Results revealed that exo-Anx II expression is significantly higher in malignant cells than normal and premetastatic breast cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that exo-Anx II promotes tPA-dependent angiogenesis. Furthermore, in vivo analysis indicated that metastatic exosomes create a favorable microenvironment for metastasis, and exo-Anx II plays an important role in this process, as priming with Anx II-depleted exosomes reduces brain (∼4-fold) and lung (∼2-fold) metastasis. Upon delineating the mechanism, it was discovered that exo-Anx II causes macrophage-mediated activation of the p38MAPK, NF-κB, and STAT3 pathways and increased secretion of IL6 and TNFα. These data demonstrate an important role for exo-Anx II in breast cancer pathogenesis. Implications: Exosome-associated Annexin II plays an important role in angiogenesis and breast cancer metastasis, which can be exploited as a potential biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for diagnosis and treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(1); 93–105. ©2016 AACR.


Abstract: Geomorphological, sedimentological and structural observations demonstrate the rates of lateral propagation at both ends of the South Alkyonides Fault, a major active normal fault in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. These data are used to study the temporal evolution of the displacement/length ratio of the fault. The South Alkyonides Fault has a surface trace of 38 km and a cumulative throw of 2.5–3.0 km. Palaeoseismology and geodesy show that the South Alkyonides Fault has a maximum displacement rate of 2.6–4.7 mm a−1. Lateral propagation of the South Alkyonides Fault has systematically beheaded drainage, forming footwall wind gaps and enclosed hanging-wall basins. Dated marine and terrestrial sediments allow estimation of the timing of wind gap formation and rates of lateral propagation of the South Alkyonides Fault. The western and eastern ends of the South Alkyonides Fault have been propagating at 12.1–16.7 mm a−1 since c.0.33 Ma and <3.7 mm a−1 since 1.36 Ma, respectively. The summed rate of lateral propagation is 15.8–20.4 mm a−1. The value for the ratio of displacement rate-to-lateral propagation rate (0.13–0.30) over the last several hundred thousand years is higher than the ratio of cumulative displacement/length (0.07–0.12). Lateral propagation may have slowed relative to the displacement rate through time.


SUMMARY Repeated elements can be widely abundant in eukaryotic genomes, composing more than 50% of the human genome, for example. It is possible to classify repeated sequences into two large families, "tandem repeats" and "dispersed repeats." Each of these two families can be itself divided into subfamilies. Dispersed repeats contain transposons, tRNA genes, and gene paralogues, whereas tandem repeats contain gene tandems, ribosomal DNA repeat arrays, and satellite DNA, itself subdivided into satellites, minisatellites, and microsatellites. Remarkably, the molecular mechanisms that create and propagate dispersed and tandem repeats are specific to each class and usually do not overlap. In the present review, we have chosen in the first section to describe the nature and distribution of dispersed and tandem repeats in eukaryotic genomes in the light of complete (or nearly complete) available genome sequences. In the second part, we focus on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the fast evolution of two specific classes of tandem repeats: minisatellites and microsatellites. Given that a growing number of human neurological disorders involve the expansion of a particular class of microsatellites, called trinucleotide repeats, a large part of the recent experimental work on microsatellites has focused on these particular repeats, and thus we also review the current knowledge in this area. Finally, we propose a unified definition for mini- and microsatellites that takes into account their biological properties and try to point out new directions that should be explored in a near future on our road to understanding the genetics of repeated sequences.


If one dimension of sound is manipulated in a way that suggests a particular rhythmic organization, does perception of other dimensions change in ways that are consistent with the same rhythmic organization? When subjects were asked to judge or adjust intensities of tones, rhythmic manipulations of pitch structure changed the perception of intensity. When subjects were asked to judge timing, rhythmic manipulations of intensity had a similar effect. Timing manipulations did not have an effect on judgments of pitch. The results indicate that temporal structure as a whole is more accessible than the individual physical manipulations that give rise to that structure. It may be concluded that the temporal structure itself, rather than pitches, intensities, and durations in isolation, is a perceptual object.


Peer Review in Nursing: Principles for a Successful Practice is the first nursing publication that approaches the definition and implementation strategies for peer review within an organizational setting. Using a professional model, with shared governance as a framework, the authors discuss the difference between manger initiated staff performance evaluation of the past and the true peer review aspects of professional practice for the future. This text follows in line with the Magnet program requiremet "that nurses at all levels use self appraisal performance review and peer review, including annual goal settings, for the assurance of competence and professional development" page 30 of the 2008 Magnet manual. This unique text teaches nurses the skills they need to demonstrate organizational processes, structures, and outcomes that help insure accountability, competence and autonomy.


Brazil is the world beef export leader since 2004, when he Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) crisis in the United States and the severe draught in Australia dropped those countries beef exports and gave Brazilian beef chain a unique opportunity to enter in new markets. Brazil is facing now a major challenge in terms of aggregating value, since its export volume is already stabilizing. The European Union (EU) represents the most demanding market in terms of quality and one in which Brazil can get a better remuneration for its products, as long as the country beef chain can develop new relationship strategies to provide such a specific product. This study aims to present some trends in the European market as well as to discuss them as opportunities for the Brazilian beef chain, especially in terms of coordination forms, following New Institutional Economy principles. It shows that new forms of relationship within the network are emerging (like alliances and associations) and that new strategies should be focused on the consumer desires.


Recently, considerable research works have been conducted towards finding fast and accurate pattern classifiers for identifying structural damage when applied to Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems. In this way, this paper presents a novel approach for damage identification in SHM systems by proposing the use of the Kappa coefficient as a metric for damage detection in SHM systems. Here, Kappa is also proposed along with PSO-Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network aiming to reduce the amount of attributes, leaving only the most representative features. It is important to highlight that Kappa coefficient analyses the whole confusion matrix instead of using only the principal diagonal as used, for instance, when we compute success rates. Additionally, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used in searching for a set of criteria employees in training damage classifier, in order to maximize the accuracy rate of the classifier. Hence, the Fuzzy ARTMAP Network (FAN) algorithm is used to identify structural damage. The performance of this new strategy is evaluated considering an experimental setup based on the Electromechanical Impedance (EMI) technique, in the time domain, which uses four piezoelectric patches glued onto a unidirectional composite plate. Damage scenarios were simulated by loosening bolts at different positions. The paper discusses the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in light of the experimental results.


Most studies after disasters have focused on mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety among survivors. Besides mental health problems, survivors may develop physical health symptoms that are frequently unexplained such as headache, fatigue and stomachache as a result of the traumatic event. To date, these symptoms have not often been studied after disasters. The studies described in this thesis examine symptoms that are frequently medically unexplained among residents affected by the Enschede fireworks disaster. As a result of the explosion of a fireworks depot in a residential area in Enschede, the Netherlands, 23 persons were killed, more than 900 people were injured and about 1200 people were forced to relocate because their houses were destroyed or severely damaged. After this disaster, a longitudinal study of the health consequences of the disaster was started. The study consisted of a 3-wave longitudinal health survey that was performed three weeks (wave 1), 18 months (wave 2) and almost 4 years (wave 3) after the disaster. In addition to this longitudinal health survey, the electronic medical records (EMRs) of general practitioners (GPs) were used to study changes in health problems among survivors. The main objectives of this thesis were 1) to examine the prevalence of symptoms among survivors of disasters, 2) to explore risk factors for these symptoms among survivors and 3) to investigate whether self-reported symptoms show similarities with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) that are presented to the GP. A review of the literature showed that the prevalence rate of self-reported symptoms was elevated among survivors of different kinds of disasters. Among the survivors of the fireworks disaster, the level of self-reported symptoms was higher compared to controls up to four years after the disaster. Besides this, the mean number of symptoms presented to the GP was higher in the two years after the disaster compared to the year prior to the disaster. We identified several important risk factors for symptoms among survivors such as female gender, immigrant status and psychological problems. The risk factors for physical symptoms among survivors were comparable with the risk factors for MUS in the general population. In addition, the results showed several similarities between the self-reported symptoms and MUS presented to the GP such as associated functional impairment and a higer level of illness behavior. Several methodological issues, such as the design, selective response and possible bias are discussed. Besides this, the advantages and disadvantages of the use of questionnaires and EMRs in epidemiological studies after disasters are discussed. The findings indicate that elevation of physical symptoms are part of the distress reaction following traumatic exposure. For that reason, it is recommended to measure these symptoms in studies after disasters. Also, since the self-reported symptoms showed several similarities with MUS, it can be concluded that questionnaires can be used to measure physical symptoms that are frequently unexplained.


This paper describes work undertaken by Data Intensive Cyber Environments Center (DICE) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Liverpool on the development of an integrated preservation environment, which has been presented at the National Coordination Office for Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD), at the National Science Foundation, and at the European Commission. The underlying technology is based on the integrated Rule-Oriented Data System (iRODS), which implements a policy-based approach to distributed data management. By differentiating between different phases of the data life cycle based upon the evolution of data management policies, the infrastructure can be tuned to support data publication, data sharing, data analysis and data preservation. It is possible to build generic data management infrastructure that can evolve to meet the management requirements of each user community, federal agency and academic research project. In order to manage the properties of the data collections, we have developed and integrated scalable digital library services that support the discovery of, and access to, material organized as a collection. The integrated preservation environment prototype implements specific technologies that are capable of managing a wide range of preservation requirements, from parsing of legacy document formats, to enforcement of preservation policies, to validation of trustworthiness assessment criteria. Each capability has been demonstrated and is instantiated in multiple instances, both in the United States as part of the DataNet Federation Consortium (DFC) and through multiple European projects, primarily the FP7 SHAMAN project.


Cloud providers are more and more confronted with very diverse and heterogeneous requirements their customers impose on the management of data. First, these requirements stem from service-level agreements that specify a desired degree of availability and a guaranteed latency. As a consequence, Cloud providers replicate data across data centers or availability zones and/or partition data and place it close to the location of their customers. Second, the workload at each Cloud data center or availability zone is diverse and may significantly change over time – e. g., an OLTP workload during regular business hours and OLAP analyzes over night. For this, polystore and multistore databases have recently been introduced as they are intrinsically able to cope with such mixed and varying workloads. While the problem of heterogeneous requirements on data management in the Cloud is either addressed at global level by replicating and partitioning data across data centers or at local level by providing polystore systems in a Cloud data center, there is no integrated solution that leverages the benefits of both approaches. In this paper, we present the Polypheny-DB vision of a distributed polystore system that seamlessly combines replication and partitioning with local polystores and that is able to dynamically adapt all parts of the system when the workload changes. We present the basic building blocks for both parts of the system and we discuss open challenges towards the implementation of the Polypheny-DB vision.


The list of artists who defined and shaped American cartoon art includes many Jewish names. America has offered many immigrant groups the possibilities of achievement, and Jews, coming from a strong literary tradition which nurtured both a comic and an ironic view of the world, have been drawn to this fast-developing and uniquely American art form since the beginning of the twentieth century. At every point in the history of cartoon arts in America some Jewish cartoonists were able to contribute their talents and ability to innovate. They brought the sharpened perspective and the moral anxiety of the outsider to this artistic expression, and, from Rube Goldberg to Al Capp, Will Eisner, and Art Spiegelman, to mention only several of the giants, they have strongly influenced the cartoon arts. The cartoonist at his/her drawing board brings to mind the image of the scribe, an old and revered profession in Judaism. Jewish cartoonists in their depiction of modern life have in some ways become contemporary scribes in a distinctly American form of communication that combines both written and visual expression.


Responsible investment (RI) is the investment strategy that incorporates environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors into the investment decision-making process (Hebb, Hawley, Hoepner, Neher, & Wood, 2015). RI has shifted from what was considered a niche market to become one of the fastest-growing areas of finance in many parts of the world (PRI, 2019b). However, a closer look at the development of RI and adoption rates in countries and regions reveals that RI is not commonly practised in sub-Sahara Africa (except for South Africa). This study explores the critical challenges for RI development in the retirement benefits sector of Kenya and, by engaging with a variety of key stakeholders, proposes how to overcome the identified challenges. It contributes to the literature on challenges for RI in a developing country by offering an in-depth case study of the retirement benefits sector.My study employs qualitative methods to collect and analyse data collected from semi-structured interviews with 22 participants (asset managers, regulators and capital market experts, and a council member of the Association of Retirement Benefits Schemes of Kenya) as well as a collection of published documents by government agencies in Kenya. Also, I analysed 10 annual reports to assess the kind of ESG information that is disclosed by listed companies. My study explores, in particular, how actors in the retirement benefits sector conceptualise RI. It identifies the leading ESG factors in Kenya and draws on the business-case approach to RI to explore whether the participants consider those factors as material risk factors that present both risks and opportunities to the investment decision-making process. Further, my study identifies the specific barriers for RI development and proposes how to overcome them.

The findings show that participants define RI using several terminologies. This is consistent with the existing literature. My study finds that all participants consider corporate governance as a material risk factor that can impact the financial returns of a portfolio. However, most of the asset managers do not think that the environmental and social factors can present material risk factors to their investment decision-making process. Although over a third of the asset managers recognise that the environmental and social issues in Kenya present business opportunities to retirement benefits schemes, there is a shortage of well-structured assets in those areas. Further, this study identifies five specific barriers for RI development: diversification challenges; a lack of ESG data; a lack of demand/incentives; short-termism; and the demand for high financial returns and a lack of awareness and expert knowledge of RI practices. My study recommends that the National Treasury of Kenya develops RI policy for the entire finance sector. In addition, the findings support a recommendation for the Capital Markets Authority and the Retirement Benefits Authority to embark on capacity building programmes to educate the actors in the finance sector on RI strategies and to create awareness of the impact of ESG on financial returns in the long run.


In November 2003 the Dispute Resolution Institute at Hamline University School of Law hosted the third, biennial symposium on Advanced Issues in Dispute Resolution entitled "International Conversations about Restorative Justice, Mediation and the Practice of Law." The purpose of the symposium series is to bring together a range of scholars and professionals to engage in purposeful conversation around critical issues in the field of conflict studies and dispute resolution. The choice of the November 2003 Symposium theme was the result of a number of factors. First, restorative justice programs are springing up across the country and restorative justice approaches are increasingly representing the cutting edge of the dispute resolution field both nationally and internationally. Second, there is a growing concern across professional disciplines with the notion of social healing and the desire, particularly, to explore how lawyers and dispute resolution practitioners can learn to regard themselves as social healers. Third, there is a disquieting sense among some mediators and dispute resolution academics that the mediation field has lost some footing and that, perhaps, the interaction between those interested in mediation and restorative justice practitioners might re-kindle something of the original vision behind the field of mediation. Finally, it was hoped that the symposium would give all three fields the opportunity to influence one another toward a greater possibility for social healing. This article introduces the symposium themes, summarizes symposium scholarship, and contains an edited transcript of key portions of the symposium's "intentional" conversation.


Although computer equipment or hardware is continually falling in price, it represents a considerable investment and requires careful though before purchase. Start by thinking what you wish the computer to do. Remember that you will probably soon find many unexpected uses for it and that the demands you place on the system are likely to grow. It is therefore important to buy a system that can be easily expanded and upgraded. Even the most basic computer will run a simple word processor, but a modern, user friendly graphical user interface such as Microsoft Windows requires a more powerfull computer.

What you can do with a computer.

Many people are torn between buying an IBM PC and an Apple Macintosh. Both systems are excellent and have enthusiastic users. The Macintosh has been favoured because it has a graphical user interface which is easy to use and upgrading is simple. On the other hand, PCs now have a similar interface, are cheaper, and are more widely used. Furthermore, many companies offer optional extras for the PC at a reasonable price. Currently the PC dominates the business market while Macintosh has been favoured by graphic designers.

Apple Macintosh computer.

An extensive range of software is available for both formats, and most of the major programs are now available for both the PC and Macintosh. There is also a trend towards common file formats so that work can easily be transferred from one to the other. It is often best to buy the same type of computer as used in your department because there will be an established body of expertise to draw on and you will be able to share resources with your colleagues. As most people use PCs we have focused onthese, but the basic principles can be applied to both types …


This paper proposes a contrastive analysis of lexical verbs in English and French academic discourse. The EIIDA corpus enables us to adopt a doubly contrastive viewpoint, comparing the frequency and types of verbs used both in research articles and oral presentations in the two languages. The results indicate that mode differences are less distinct in French and that overall lexical and verbal density is higher in English (46% the English oral mode and 61% in the written mode, whereas it is 42% and 47% in the French oral and written mode). In contrast, the French articles and presentations sub-corpora display greater lexical variation, suggesting that information is densely packed in English and the same lexical items are often reused, whereas information is less dense in French but is accompanied by greater lexical diversity and less reuse.Keywords: written and oral academic discourse, lexical density, lexical variation, verbal density


The UK's Modern Slavery Strategy, launched in 2014, gives Border Force Officers a key role as anti-slavery first responders, identifying and supporting victims at the border. Yet, while an estimated 94 percent of victims identified in the UK cross UK borders, in 2016 less than 3 percent of victim referrals were made at the border. This article draws on a series of in-depth interviews with a specialized Safeguarding and Anti-Trafficking (SAT) team within the UK Border Force to shed light on this discrepancy. In doing so, it takes forward critical debates about the coherence of humanitarian anti-slavery policy and the consistency of its ambitions with a continued prioritization by governments of security policy and immigration control. The article furthers two key arguments: first, that current policy around anti-slavery first response at the border is grounded in a rationale of 'humanitarian opportunism', which states that borders are sites of unique opportunity to identify and assist victims of trafficking, and that Border Force Officers therefore have a humanitarian duty to identify and assist victims; second, that the humanitarian opportunity is in reality far more restricted in practice than the policy rhetoric suggests, a fact that goes some way to explaining the very small numbers of those identified as trafficked and assisted at UK borders. Two key challenges to successful identification and support are identified: the first is EU freedom of movement, which in effect exempts European citizens from vulnerability screening by Border Force Officers; the second is the requirement that Border Force Officers obtain written consent from those identified as trafficked to being labelled a victim of crime before they can be offered support. The article puts forward some suggestions for how these challenges could be addressed for the benefit of those trafficked.


12 kinds of vegetables were determined the content of mercury, arsenic and plumbum by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results of 12 kinds of leafy vegetables, root vegetables and vegetables eggplant were compared with national standards. The results showed that the content of vegetables in all determined vegetables were accord with national standards. The content of mercury in celery, carrots and radish were all light disqualification, they were higher 0.003mg/kg, 0.002 mg / kg and 0.002 mg/kg than national standards, respectively. Most of contents of plumbum in vegetable were higher than national standards. Leafy vegetables were higher than root vegetables and root vegetables were higher than vegetables eggplant. The highest was the leek, which was 0.808 mg/kg, higher 0.608 mg/kg than national standards.


A drawing of two Indian elephants, signed "P. Camper f. 10 Sept. 1786", in red chalk or crayon, was found in the archives of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in a manuscript by T.G. van Lidth de Jeude (1788-1863). Van Lidth de Jeude, professor at Utrecht university, obviously intended to use it as an illustration in his projected manual of the mammals in Dutch. The drawing is almost completely identical to an unsigned drawing in the Artis library, one of a series of three. The Leiden drawing is traced back to H. Schlegel, director of the Leiden museum 1858-1884, who most probably obtained the Van Lidth de Jeude papers upon his death. Van Lidth de Jeude is likely to have acquired the Camper drawing from G.J. van Klinkenberg (1768/69-1841), who in turn must have got it from the custodian of the Stadholder's collection, when he (Prince William V) was already in exile in England. The Camper drawings in the Artis library are also traced back to Van Lidth de Jeude and Van Klinkenberg (via the second Vrolik sale in 1868, and the auction of "Dr. P...." in 1887; "Dr . P...." very probably is Dr. F.P.L. Pollen, 1842-1886, who in the years 1862-1866 materially contributed to the zoological exploration of Madagascar). It is argued that because of the presence of the signature, the Leiden drawing is the original and the Amsterdam drawing a copy, either done by Camper himself or somebody else. Some drawings in the Rijksprentenkabinet (Amsterdam), presented in 1940 by the surgeon Dr. J.C.J. Bierens de Haan (1867-1951) may be preliminary sketches for the red crayon pictures here discussed.


Background. Children with asthma are vulnerable to negative emotions, but clinical observations and research suggest that negative emotions can also be precipitants of asthma attacks. Empirical data provided mixed results. The hypothesis was tested that negative emotions influence subjective rather than objective symptoms of asthma, breathlessness and airways obstruction, respectively. Methods. Forty asthmatic children (aged 7 to 18 years) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: 1, viewing an emotional film of 10 min; 2, performing standardized physical exercise of modest intensity up to a heartbeat of 170 b/min; 3, combination of conditions, order conditions, 1+2; and 4, combination of conditions, order conditions 2+1. Lung function, breathlessness and state anxiety were measured pre-test and post-test. Respiration sounds were recorded continuously for assessment of emotional breathing patterns. Results. The data and responses to exit questions, confirmed a successful induction of anxiety via increased state anxiety and respiratory rate. Viewing the emotional film did not by itself enhance airways obstruction or breathlessness. Airways obstruction and breathlessness increased significantly after exercise only. Significantly more breathlessness was reported when negative emotions preceded exercise. Breathlessness was statistically independent of lung function, severity of asthma, symptoms in the past 4 weeks, anxiety or age. Conclusion. Negative emotions affect subjective, rather than objective symptoms of childhood asthma. It was suggested that children in a negative emotional state, uncertain about the condition of their airways, are inclined to interpret exercise-related general sensations (fatigue, heart pounding, sighing) in line with expectations as symptoms of airways obstruction. Consequently, they may report relatively high breathlessness, irrespective of actual objective symptoms of asthma.


Urban agriculture is an activity of growing importance in cities of the developing world, including South Africa. This article focuses on informing public administrators about contemporary policy debates on urban agriculture. Key international debates on policy and planning for urban agriculture point to the vital importance of local institutional support for urban agriculture in order to maximise the benefits of this activity. The policy experience of the City of Cape Town is analysed as offering potential 'good practice' for informing local policy development for urban agriculture in South Africa.