Interconnectedness has been an important source of market failures, leading to the recent financial crisis. Large financial institutions tend to have similar exposures and thus exert externalities on each other through various mechanisms. Regulators have responded by putting more regulations in place with many layers of regulatory complexity, leading to ambiguity and market manipulation. Mispricing risk in complex models and arbitrage opportunities through regulatory loopholes have provided incentives for certain activities to become more concentrated in regulated entities and for other activities to move into new areas in the shadow banking system. How can we design an effective regulatory framework that would perfectly rule out bank runs and TBTF (too big to fail) and to do so without introducing incentives for financial firms to take excessive risk? It is important for financial regulations to be coordinated across regulatory entities and jurisdictions and for financial regulations to be forward looking, rather than aiming to address problems of the past.


Individuals who have upper limb movement problems include people with cerebral palsy (CP) and stroke victim . Both thes conditions lead to difficulties in daily activities such as reaching, gra ping etc. Loss of motor function can be improved or recovered via relevant target specific movement rehabilitation. This r search aims to d velop and evaluate an electromyography (EMG) biofeedback based virtual reality (VR) system targeted towards CP and stroke patients that could provide an engaging and effective way to practice and improve hand and arm motion functions. VR, which could provide a repetitive multimodal taskorient d r habilitation environment for patients to undertake elf-training in safety, is con id red to be a suitabl tool for medical health rehabilitation. Using EMG biofeedback in rehabilitation could provide pati nts with opportunities to improve their ability by ass ssing th ir muscle activity r spons and learning self-control of mov m nt during specific training tasks.
Th syst m development incorporat s concepts f om motor learning, visual art and programming, and provid s visual and audio feedback that guides the us r' movem nt to becom smoother and more fficient. Using compo ite multiple feedback in upp r limb r habilitation enables th individual with upp r limb probl m to perceiv similar r al-world p rformanc in th virtual world. Howev r, it i r cognised that such fe dback might cause information overload, 1 ading to the individual feeling confused and distract d during training. The necessity of involving healthy subject in f asibility tudies is also recognised. Therefore, thi study focuses on healthy subjects to investigate the effectiveness of separate function-specific fe dback training exercises in order to overcome the information overload problem. Two s ts of xp riments based on 2D display and 3D display were carried out in thi research. A total of sixty healthy subjects participated in the experiments, thirty for the 2D display tests and thirty for the 3D display tests.
The developed EMG biof edback based VR system provided the participants with position, orientation, and muscle activity response information. This allow d combined task-oriented multiple feedback which aimed to improve the performance in the virtual environment. In order to preempt and deal with the information overload problem, three prior individual fe dback pre-training game-like tasks were designed based on the distinctive functions of the individual VR interactive interfaces (magnetic track r and EMG system). As in video games, where preparative modes are provided, and the player can learn the key functions and the game scenario through prior practice, so as to improve their performance in the full game. This allows the multimodal and multiform fe dback training exercises are broken down into individual function-specific feedback exercises. The training tasks were designed in the form of gam -like tasks, which could offer better motivation and allow easier hierarchical delivery. Candle lighting, ball balancing and cup grasping game-like tasks, which are position movement, orientation movement and muscle contraction pre-training tasks respectively, were designed based on th distinctive function of magnetic tracking and EMG systems. The balloon shooting main game, which is re-engineered ba ed on a tutorial provided by th XNA game studio, was developed for th multiform feedback training task. The d veloped game-like VR rehabilitation tasks could make th information from the biological level visible to participant with multimodal and multiform feedback. In both 2D and 3D display tests, th r are two experimental groups with pre-training prior to th main game and a control group with th main task only. The empirical results of both 2D and 3D display t t indicate that the developed EM G biofe d back based VR system and tasks are useful to improv the ability of ome of th upp r limb activitie , and th prior individual feedback pre-training tasks are h lpful for b tt r performance in the main multiform fe dback task . This tudy show d that the information ov rload occurring in th integrat d VR syst m with multiple forms of£ edback can b ov rcom with prop rly design pre -training tasks.


Linear and kernel discriminant analyses are popular approaches for supervised dimensionality reduction. Uncorrelated and regularized discriminant analyses have been proposed to overcome the singularity problem encountered by classical discriminant analysis. In this paper, we study the properties of kernel uncorrelated and regularized discriminant analyses, called KUDA and KRDA, respectively. In particular, we show that under a mild condition, both linear and kernel uncorrelated discriminant analysis project samples in the same class to a common vector in the dimensionality-reduced space. This implies that uncorrelated discriminant analysis may suffer from the overfitting problem if there are a large number of samples in each class. We show that as the regularization parameter in KRDA tends to zero, KRDA approaches KUDA. This shows that KUDA is a special case of KRDA and that regularization can be applied to overcome the overfitting problem in uncorrelated discriminant analysis. As the performance of KRDA depends on the value of the regularization parameter, we show that the matrix computations involved in KRDA can be simplified, so that a large number of candidate values can be cross-validated efficiently. Finally, we conduct experiments to evaluate the proposed theories and algorithms.


This timeline details the economic, social, and environmental impact that the Los Angeles Aqueduct had on the Owens Valley. It begins in the 19th century with the Paiute who lived in the valley, and covers local opposition to the aqueduct and attempts to sabotage it in the 1920s, controversial land sales, depletion of the valley water table, dust at the dry Owens Lake bed, the impact of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power on the region, the second aqueduct and Mono Lake, the 1991 long-term water agreement, and mitigation efforts including dust control at Owens Lake and the Lower Owens River Project. The material is drawn from Stringfellow9s There It Is—Take It! project.


In college music teaching, the understanding and mastering of harmony and melody is an important part of the music teaching. From the point of the development of music, student can learn the relation between harmony and music, and necessary connection between melody and harmony that is a foundation of the development of college music teaching. As an essential part of musical creation, harmony can influence the overall creative inspiration. From the musical creation, we can find that harmony in the end of the music can determine the nature of the music. So the search and algorithm of harmony is significant. This thesis is based on the necessary connection between melody and harmony in college music teaching, and emphasizes on the collecting algorithm in harmony teaching and to reflect the application of harmony and melody in college music teaching.


Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) are the heart and soul of long-care facilities. This study surveyed their perceptions of nursing home administrators, supervisors, and coworkers, and then compared generational differences. Regardless of generation, CNAs reported a high sense of intrinsic satisfaction, commitment to their nursing home, and supervisor support. However, all generations of CNAs perceived their administrators as rather insensitive by not showing concern for their health, not calling in additional help when needed, nor making allowances for family emergencies. Two significant generational differences were found: 1) older CNAs, or baby boomers, felt their supervisor didn't understand their work problems and needs and 2) younger CNAs (Millennials) reported more internal gossiping and negative peer interactions than did older CNAs. These findings are useful as administrators and supervisors strive to create a supportive work environment.


One in five college women are victims of acquaintance rape during their academic career and less than 5% of college women who are victims of sexual assault report their victimization (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000). The historically stable prevalence of on-campus sexual assault as well as consistently low rates of reporting point to the need for a collaborative process between the campus personnel that are charged with responding to reports of on-campus sexual assault. Through intensive interviews with key campus informants this qualitative study addressed the following questions about the challenge of responding to on-campus acquaintance rape: 1) How do senior campus personnel understand the disparity between high prevalence rates and low rates of reporting; 2) What are the challenges of inter-organizational collaboration when responding to acquaintance rape; 3) What are the specific roles of on-campus supportive resources; and 4) What are successful elements of a coordinated approach to on-campus acquaintance rape? All study respondents acknowledged the disparity between prevalence and reporting and implicated the guilt, shame, and fear experienced by victim-survivors as a key factor in underreporting. Respondents blamed gender inequity, abuse of alcohol, and the developmental immaturity of male college students for high rates of on-campus acquaintance rape and described two distinct types of offending: situational offending refers to non-consensual sexual assault fueled by alcohol abuse and emotional immaturity; and pre-meditative offending refers to a more predatory trajectory, in which deliberate planning is enacted to manipulate and exploit vulnerability. Respondents identified trust between community partners as the most important aspect to successful collaboration. Trust refers to a collective agreement to protect the confidentiality of alleged victims of sexual assault and to guarantee victims' decision-making control throughout their post-assault recovery process. Respondents endorsed primary prevention models and harm reduction strategies to target on-campus acquaintance rape. Models for prevention focused on eliciting changes in campus culture and on targeting predation. A harm reduction approach focused on teaching students how to minimize their risk for victimization. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Social Work (DSW) First Advisor Lina Hartocollis, Ph.D Second Advisor Ram A. Cnaan, Ph.D This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/24 Third Advisor William A. Alexander, Ph.D


For my senior thesis I received special permission to do a project instead of a paper. I named my magazine Ignite, and it is a promotional magazine. The magazine target audience is primarily high school juniors and seniors who are interested in attending Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia. I completely designed the magazine from beginning to end, with the exception of the photographs. The photographs used are ones approved by the Liberty University Marketing Department that the author has permission to reprint. This way, if Liberty University decides to add this publication to their line of products the school already has the copyrights to the images. All graphic design elements and writings are the sole creation of the author. The goal of this magazine is to help Liberty University and to help prospective students as they are going through their college selection process. I want this magazine to be something that Liberty can use for years to come with bits of updating throughout the years as the school sees fit. I believe this magazine can be used to create interest in Liberty University and will be something that few other colleges can offer to students. It is something I would like to give back to the school for the experiences I have been blessed to have here.


In this paper we present a mixed duopoly model of supply function competition under uncertainty with product differentiation. We find that, regardless the nature of product heterogeneity, the best response of the private firm always arises as strategic complement. Contrary to this, state-owned firm's best response arises either as strategic complement or substitute depending on the product heterogeneity. As a result of the ex post realization of the demand uncertainty, different equilibria are reached.


Business owners have been the fastest-growing part of the UK labour force since at least 2000. Between 2000–01 and 2015–16, the number of employees grew by 15%, while selfemployment (including those operating as a sole trader or as a partner in a partnership) grew by 25% and the number of directors of companies with at most two directors more than doubled. The number of new businesses created in the UK between 2007–08 and 2015–16 was higher than in any other OECD country. This is an important labour market trend and is often hailed as a success because small businesses and start-ups are commonly viewed as the engines of growth. This is questionable in light of evidence that the UK has a long tail of low-productivity firms. However, to date, our understanding of business owners has been limited because they are not well captured in traditional survey data sources. Learning more about this group is crucial for understanding labour market trends better and informing public policy as it relates to business owners. In this report, we use the universe of business owners' administrative tax records provided by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) to learn more about business owners and their businesses than has previously been possible using survey data. Specifically, using these data, this report documents the numbers, characteristics, incomes and business activities of business owner-managers in the UK. We track the same business owners over time – something that has not been possible before – and use this to analyse patterns of business start-up and closure and to explain substantial falls in sole trader incomes since 2008


In this paper, we offer an in-depth IO characterization of the Android-based smartphone. We analyze the IO behaviors of a total of 14 Android applications from six different categories. We examine the correlations among seven IO attributes: originating application, file type, IO size, IO type (read/write), random/sequential, block semantics (Data/Metadata/Journal), and session type (buffered vs. synchronous IO). For the purposes of our study, we develop Mobile Storage Analyzer (MOST), a framework for collecting IO attributes across layers. Let us summarize our findings briefly. SQLite, which is the most popular tool for maintaining persistent data in Android, puts too much burden on the storage. For example, a single SQLite operation (update or insert) results in at least 11 write operations being sent to the storage. These are for creating short-lived files, updating database tables, and accessing EXT4 Journal. From the storage point of view, more than 50% of writes are for EXT4 Journal updating. Excluding Metadata and Journal accesses, 60-80% of the writes are random. More than 50% of the writes are synchronous. 4KB IO accounts for 70% of all writes. In the Android platform, each SQLite and EXT4 filesystem requires a great amount of effort to ensure reliability in supporting transactions and journaling, respectively. When they are combined, the results are rather dumb. The operations of SQLite and EXT4, when combined, generate unnecessarily excessive write operations to the NAND-based storage. This not only degrades IO performance but also significantly reduces the lifetime of the underlying NAND flash storage. The results of this study clearly suggest that SQLite, EXT4, and the underlying NAND-based storage need to be completely overhauled and vertically integrated so as to properly and effectively incorporate their respective characteristics.


The most common form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease affecting adult motor neurons, is caused by dominant mutations in the ubiquitously expressed Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In chimeric mice that are mixtures of normal and SOD1 mutant–expressing cells, toxicity to motor neurons is shown to require damage from mutant SOD1 acting within nonneuronal cells. Normal motor neurons in SOD1 mutant chimeras develop aspects of ALS pathology. Most important, nonneuronal cells that do not express mutant SOD1 delay degeneration and significantly extend survival of mutant-expressing motor neurons.


Book synopsis: The success of the writing courses at UEA belies the myth that writing can't be taught. This coursebook takes aspiring writers through three stages of practice: Gathering - getting started, learning how to keep notes, making observations and using memory; Shaping - looking at structure, point of view, character and setting; and Finishing - being your own critic, joining workshops, finding publishers.

Throughout exercises and activities encourage writers to develop their skills. Contributions from forty authors provide a unique and generous pool of information, experience and advice.This is the perfect book for people who are just starting to write as well as for those who want some help honing work already completed. It will suit people writing for publication or just for their own pleasure, those writing on their own or writing groups.


After receptor mediated endocytosis into an endosome, human Adenovirus Type 5 (Ad5) undergoes structural changes that allow the virus to release a viral protein, pVI, that lyses the endosome and releases the virus core into the cytosol, where it travels to the nucleus to insert its genome. Structural studies of Ad5 at a range of pHs typical of endosomes (7.5-4.5) using a transmission electron microscope show that Ad5 undergoes asymmetrical loss of proteins from vertex regions at the pH of the late endosome (pH5.15). Following further acidification, Ad5 ejects core material preferentially through one vertex—indicating an asymmetry at one vertex of the capsid. Further studies done using SDS-PAGE show that as pH is decreased, the virus capsid releases pVI and pVII, and later pV from the virus capsid. This correlates with an increase in infectivity of pH6.2 virus and a decrease in infectivity of the virus at pH 5.2 and 4.6; indicating that at those two pH values, essential proteins were lost from the capsid. We propose a revision of the process of Ad5 disassembly as the virus enters the cell via acidifying


Summer fallow is the most common cultural practice in the northern
Great Plains. With proper cultural management, however, annual cropping
may be feasible and economical. Our objective was to determine
crop and soil response to nontraditional annual cropping practices (till
and no-till) in lieu of conventional fallow-crop rotation for the production
of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare
L.) in the northern Great Plains. The study, initiated in 1983, was
on a Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll) 11 km
north of Culbertson, MT. Tillage practices on annually cropped treatments
included sweep tillage in autumn and disk tillage in spring; sweep
tillage in spring; and no-tillage. Conventional fallow-spring wheat rotations
were included as the control. With three exceptions, there were
no statistical differences among treatments in soil P, soil nitrate N, and
pH. Phosphorus and N were nonlimiting in all years; pH decreased about
0.06 units per year in the 0- to 8-cm layer because of N fertilization.
Bulk density differences in the 0- to 10-cm layer appeared after 7 yr,
with the lowest bulk density for the no-tillage annual crop treatment.
Grain and straw yields with the no-tillage treatment were both 80%
of yields with the fallow-crop treatment. Total water use efficiency, based
on soil water differences between harvest of one crop and harvest of
the next, was significantly greater with no-tillage than with the fallow-crop
treatment. Soil organic C decreased nearly 0.4 g kg I per year with
the fallow-crop treatment; there was a negligible decline with the no-tillage
annual crop treatment. No-tillage annual spring wheat crop production
was the most efficient crop and soil management practice from
the standpoint of yield, water use efficiency, soil organic C, and bulk
density.


This magnetic affinity immunoassay (MAIA) quantifies hemoglobins (Hb) S, C, and F in hemolysates from adults or newborns. Monospecific antisera to the hemoglobins are covalently conjugated to magnetic beads and reacted with the corresponding 125I-labeled hemoglobin. After centrifugation to separate the free and antibody-bound 125I-Iabeled hemoglobin, the amount of radioactive hemoglobin in the pellet is measured. To determine the concentration of the Hb under study, the percent inhibition of the reaction is quantified. The standard curve is established by adding known quantities of unlabeled hemoglobin before adding 125I-labeled hemoglobin. The amount of Hb S, Hb C, or Hb F present in hemolysates is determined by measuring the percentage of inhibition and extrapolating the concentration from the standard curve. Results agree well with values for Hb S and Hb C obtained by "high-performance" liquid chromatography and RIA and for Hb F as measured by alkali denaturation and RIA. This assay can be completed in 1 h and is more sensitive than enzyme immunoassay or RIA: we can detect proportions of Hb S and Hb C as low as 1% of total Hb, and Hb F as low as 0.05%.


Due to increasing human-wildlife conflicts with birds and growing opposition to lethal techniques, nonlethal methods need to be developed to help manage bird populations. DiazaConTM is a promising oral contraceptive that acts by directly inhibiting the conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol. Because cholesterol is essential for the production of the steroid reproductive hormones testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol, DiazaConTM also indirectly inhibits the formation of these hormones. These hormones are essential for sperm and egg production, and the production of egg yolk precursors in the liver. Because DiazaConTM is cleared slowly from the liver, its contraceptive effects are long-lasting. Initial research with Coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) helped determine DiazaCon's mechanism of action. Further research showed efficacy in monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and ring-necked doves (Streptopelia risoria) were also studied as potential candidates for DiazaConTM contraception. Mallards and ring-necked doves were used as model species for Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and pigeons (Columba livia), respectively. DiazaConTM application over a very short time results in long-lasting contraceptive effects, an advantage for target species, but a disadvantage for nontarget species. Care must be taken when delivering DiazaConTM to determine what nontargets are present and how best to avoid them. Timing of delivery is also critical to ensure maximal reproductive effects, and information on the reproductive cycles of the species of interest is needed.


OBJECTIVES--To investigate the local and central pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the acute effects of unilateral vibration on the digital circulation of healthy men. METHODS--Finger blood flow (FBF) and finger skin temperature (FST) in thermoneutral conditions, and the percentage change in finger systolic pressure (FSP%) after local cooling from 30 to 10 degrees C were measured in the fingers of both hands in eight men (aged 23-47 years) who were not occupationally exposed to hand transmitted vibration. The right hand was exposed for 30 minutes to sinusoidal vibration with a frequency of 125 Hz and an acceleration of 87.5 m.s-2 rms (root mean square). A control condition consisted of exposure to static load only (10 N) without vibration. The measures of digital circulation were taken before exposure to vibration and static load and at 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the end of each exposure. RESULTS--Exposure to static load caused no significant changes in FBF, FST, or FSP% in either the test right or the control left finger. Immediately after vibration exposure, there was a temporary increase in FBF in the vibrated right finger, whereas the non-vibrated left finger showed no vasodilation. In both the vibrated and non-vibrated fingers, FBF and FST were significantly reduced during the recovery time. A large variability between subjects was found for FBF and, to a lesser extent, for FST. In the vibrated right hand the decrease in FBF was significantly related to cold induced vaso-constriction in the digital vessels. Such a relation was not found in the non-vibrated left hand. CONCLUSIONS--The results of this investigation suggest that acute vibration can disturb the function of digital vessels through two different and opposite mechanisms. Vibration seems to produce local vasodilation and to trigger a central sympathetic reflex vasoconstriction that can be recorded in the ipsilateral and the contralateral finger to vibration. Both local and central vasoconstrictor mechanisms are likely to be involved in the responsiveness to cold found in the digital vessels of a vibrated finger.


Temporal modeling is crucial for various video learning tasks. Most recent approaches employ either factorized (2D+1D) or joint (3D) spatial-temporal operations to extract temporal contexts from the input frames. While the former is more efficient in computation, the latter often obtains better performance. In this paper, we attribute this to a dilemma between the sufficiency and the efficiency of interactions among various positions in different frames. These interactions affect the extraction of task-relevant information shared among frames. To resolve this issue, we prove that frame-by-frame alignments have the potential to increase the mutual information between frame representations, thereby including more task-relevant information to boost effectiveness. Then we propose Alignment-guided Temporal Attention (ATA) to extend 1-dimensional temporal attention with parameter-free patch-level alignments between neighboring frames. It can act as a general plug-in for image backbones to conduct the action recognition task without any model-specific design. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate the superiority and generality of our module.


A method for direct electrothermal at. absorption spectrometric detn. of lead in wine is described. A mixed chem. modifier contg. 20 mg of tungsten as ammonium paratungstate and 4 mg palladium as palladium chloride is applied to thermally stabilize Pb in wine up to pyrolysis temps. of 800-850 DegC. Matrix-matched stds. are used for calibration. The characteristic mass for integrated absorbance measurements (mo) is 20 pg, and the limit of detection is 3 mg/L for a wine sample. The accuracy and precision of the method were assessed by analyzing the ref. CQiR and CQiB materials (Food Science Lab., Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK).


OBJECTIVE
Affective disorder during pregnancy is a common condition requiring careful judgment to treat the depression while minimizing risk to the fetus. Following up on promising pilot trials, we studied the efficacy of light therapy.

METHOD
Twenty-seven pregnant women with nonseasonal major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV (outpatients, university polyclinic) were randomly assigned to 7,000 lux fluorescent bright white or 70 lux dim red (placebo) light administered at home in the morning upon awakening for 1 h/d in a 5-week double-blind trial carried out between October 2004 and October 2008. Clinical state was monitored weekly with the 29-item Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) with Atypical Depression Supplement (SIGH-ADS). Changes of rating scale scores over time were analyzed with the general linear model. Differences from baseline of SIGH-ADS and 17-item HDRS scores at every time point were the dependent variables, time was the within-subjects factor, and treatment was the between-subjects factor. The model also included baseline score of depression and gestational age at intervention start.

RESULTS
The superiority of bright light over dim light placebo was shown for both SIGH-ADS (R² = 0.251; F(3,23) = 3.91; P < .05) and HDRS (R² = 0.338; F(3,23) = 5.42; P < .01) when analyzing the week-by-week change from baseline, and HDRS scores showed a significant interaction of treatment with time (F(4,92) = 2.91; P < .05). Categorical analysis revealed that the response rate (HDRS ≥ 50% improvement) at week 5 was significantly greater for bright light (81.3%, n = 16) than for placebo light (45.5%, n = 11) (P < .05). Remission (final score ≤ 8) was attained by 68.6% versus 36.4%, respectively (P < .05). Expectation ratings did not differ significantly between groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Bright white light treatment for 5 weeks improved depression during pregnancy significantly more than placebo dim red light. The study provides evidence that light therapy, a simple, cost-effective antidepressant modality with minimal side effects for the mother and no known risk for the unborn child, may be a useful nonpharmacologic approach in this difficult situation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01043289.


In this work, the oxidative stress was produced by the illumination of either fixed TiO₂ or suspended TiO₂, and the relation between cultivability and viability under oxidative conditions was studied using a Direct Viable Count (DVC) and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) methods. Under certain oxidative conditions simulating incomplete treatments, viable cells that had lost their cultivability were observed to recover all of their physiological functions when transferred to fresh nutrient media. Moreover, alterations in the nutrient assimilation processes were studied by 1H-NMR during and after the photocatalytic treatment. This allowed us to shed some light on how the damage chain propagates during the treatment. This work demonstrate that the Standard Plate Count (SPC) method commonly used to estimate the c ell populations during disinfection processes is ill adapted, whereas the FISH-DVC pair offers a reliable alternative.


HENRIETTA, SISTER, CSA (19 July 1902-17 Oct.1983) was the director of Our Lady of Fatima Mission Center (1965-1983) on E. 68th and Quimby who worked to revitalize HOUGH and "reclaim a... slum" by providing food, clothing, education, employment, health care and housing for area residents. Born Marie Gorris to Henry and Anna (Sulzmann) Gorris in Cleveland, she attended Saint Edward Parish High School (1919), and graduated from Canton's Mercy Hospital School of Nursing (registered nurse, 1925). She entered the the SISTERS OF CHARITY OF ST. AUGUSTINE religious order from Saint Philomena Parish in East Cleveland in 1925, taking her final vows in 1931. Sr. Henrietta remained at Mercy Hospital as night supervisor (1928-1931), surgery supervisor (1931-1949), assistant administrator (1949-1951), and administrator (195l-1962). She came to Cleveland as director of nursing service, SAINT VINCENT CHARITY HOSPITAL (1962-1965). In 1965 Sr. Henrietta devoted herself to renewal efforts in Central (Lower) HOUGH. Converting an old apartment house into a convent and mission center, Sr. Henrietta moved in among the poor. She helped them achieve self-sufficiency through her neighborhood training and volunteer programs such as Caridad and Famicos. Sr. Henrietta received numerous awards including the Catholic Interracial Council Award (1976), the National Urban Coalition's Distinguished Community Service Award (1980), the American Jewish Committee's Micah Award (1983), and two honorary degrees. The Mission Center closed with Sr. Henrietta's death. She is buried in CALVARY CEMETERY. Wolff, Robert C., Rev. Msgr. Sr. Henrietta of Hough: She Reclaimed a Cleveland Slum (1990).


In this article I attempt to identify some methodological connections between Chinese intellectual history and transcultural studies in Euro-American academia. I will focus on one shared methodological point: the critique of so-called "methodological nationalism," that is, of the assumption (explicit or not) that the nation is the ultimate framework for research. Although this critique is a constitutive principle of transcultural studies, and it only represents a particular, and not necessarily mainstream, approach in Chinese intellectual history, the two fields have developed a shared agenda in this regard. In order to explain the tensions and convergences, I will first offer a quick historical overview of the two fields. First, I will focus on the contrast between old and new uses of the concept of "transcultural"; then I will contextualize Chinese intellectual history within the longer history of classical sinology and area studies. After this overview, I will explain their respective relations towards methodological nationalism and give evidence, in their recent history, of some intersecting points between the two.


This article focuses on China's strategy in dealing with the US factor in the South China Sea conflicts. While the USA is not directly involved in the South China Sea quagmire, its concern with the security of the sea-lanes and its insistence that peaceful means must be used to solve the region's problems have cautioned China to tread carefully in its plans to recover its 'lost territories'. China would like to see ASEAN and the individual ASEAN claimant states weanedoff their reliance on Washington. However, US surveillance and military power, particularly in the post-11 September period, play an important role in ensuring that disputes in the South China Sea do not escalate to unacceptable levels. It seems likely that the impasse in the discussions on the South China Sea will continue for some time.


From May through October, 2010, Shanghai hosted the 41st World Expo. Amid China's contemporary ascendancy, this event provided a valuable glimpse into the country's sociopolitical circumstances and communicative dynamics. Employing public memory as the theoretical framework to examine this national spectacle, I argue that the Chinese government executed a publicity campaign to construct its national identity as an ancient, emergent superpower by deploying historical resources for political legitimation and ideological recognition. Such memorial invocations betrayed China's rhetorical (con)quest to reanchor its communist leadership as historically continuous, ideologically inevitable, and culturally indigenous. Moreover, the tension between official assertions and public reactions not only reveals the Chinese government's political, ideological, and communicative contradictions but illuminates the contested crucible of Chinese national identity, public memory, and sociopolitical discourse.


The current Search and Rescue (SAR) service, which is based on the Cospas-Sarsat system, suffers from major limitations such as poor position accuracy, long alert times and high false alarm rate. Two types of distress signals are used, the first 121.5MHz/(up to 100mW) and the second 406MHz/5W, the latter being able to carry digitally encoded identification and position data. The Galileo system will importantly contribute to the improvement of the SAR system. Indeed, the Galileo satellites will include a transponder in order to re-broadcast the 406MHz message, which will allow a better coverage (27 Galileo satellites plus the current seven Cospas-Sarsat satellites) and also a shorter alert time. They will also include a return link message (RLM) in the Galileo E1b open service signal, which will reduce the number of false alarms. The Galileo system is therefore a great opportunity for the development of a new generation of beacons which will include a Galileo receiver and therefore be able to take advantage of the better coverage provided by the Galileo constellation to provide shorter alert times and of the RLM to reduce the number of false alarms. One of the major issue when designing a Galileo receiver to be operated in a distess beacon is to design a front-end that is sensitive enough to pick the very weak Galileo signals and on the same time rejects the strong distress messages. Indeed, when the beacon is turned on, the Galileo receiver is in cold start conditions and a short amount of time is left to the receiver to get a first fix before any distress message is actually emitted. However, in some cases, the receiver is not able to determine its position sufficiently fast and the front-end therefore has to acquire the satellites in the presence of the distress signals. This paper presents a Galileo radio frequency front-end designed in order to operate in the presence of such signals.


In many grand theoretical sketches court judgments are epitomes of sovereign rule. How may such judicial power be justified nowadays? Many domestic courts decide in the name of the people and thus invoke the authority of the democratic sovereign literally at the very beginning of their decisions. International courts, to the contrary, do not expose in whose name they speak the law. This void sparks our driving question: how does the power of international courts relate to the principle of democracy? In other words, how can the rule of international courts be justified in accordance with basic premises of democratic theory?This contribution's first step recalls the progressive demand for international compulsory jurisdiction that has pervaded the currently prevalent understanding and that forms the target of our critique (II). The second step unfolds international judicial decisions' most significant problems of justification in light of the principle of democracy. We place particular emphasis on the lawmaking dimension of international judgments (III A) and conceive them as an exercise of public authority (III B). The increasingly powerful judiciary withdraws the law from the grasp of political-legislative bodies – the most important source of democratic legitimation (III C 1). A constitutionalist reading of international law and adjudication is unconvincing and cannot justify the decoupling of law and parliamentary politics. (III C 2). We then show that processes of fragmentation are fuelled by the agency of multiple courts and argue that this constitutes a further problem in the democratic justification of international courts' public authority (III C 3).In a third step we turn to strategies in response to the problems. Doubts about the justification of a decision are usually met with procedural adjustments (IV A), elections traditionally respond to the exercise of public authority (IV B), and systemic interpretation as well as a dialogue between courts may bear the potential of easing concerns that spring from processes of fragmentation. Even if all strategies were spelled out in more detail and were met to full satisfaction, we retain the impression that international courts may not always be in a position to carry the whole burden of justifying their authority. Domestic constitutional organs then step in. They unburden the international level from shouldering the whole weight of justification by deciding about the effect of international decisions in the municipal legal order (V). Our critique ultimately shows that the normative vanishing point for the future development of the international judiciary should be the idea of the cosmopolitan citizen (VI).


There are large countercyclical fluctuations in U.S. bankruptcy filings and real credit card interest rates, while unsecured credit is pro-cyclical. This paper documents the facts and asks whether the predictions of incomplete market models with bankruptcy are consistent with these facts. We introduce aggregate fluctuations into a heterogeneous agent life-cycle incomplete market model with a U.S. style bankruptcy regime. Household borrowing is priced by competitive financial intermediaries who can observe households' earnings, age and current asset holdings. Aggregate fluctuations change the probability of persistent shocks to household earnings, with the likelihood of negative shocks increasing in recessions. This leads to asymmetric effects of credit pricing on different household types over the business cycles, since interest rates vary endogenously with borrowers' default risk. The model is calibrated to match key features of the U.S. economy and bankruptcy system. When the only source of aggregate uncertainty is income fluctuations, the calibrated model dramatically understates the volatility of bankruptcies and borrowing interest rates, and generates countercyclical borrowing. The increase in aggregate debt during recessions is comes primarily from the extensive margin, as more households choose to borrow as a result of negative income shocks. The introduction of intermediation shocks during recessions reduces the gap between the model and the data, as we find that intermediation shocks can generate pro-cyclical borrowing and increase the volatility of both filings and interest rates. However, the benchmark model still significantly understates the volatility of bankruptcy filings.


We consider the well known problem of determining the k 'th vertex reached by chasing pointers in a directed graph of out-degree 1. The famous "pointer doubling" technique provides an O(log k) parallel time algorithm on a Concurrent-Read Exclusive-Write (CREW) PRAM. We prove that this problem requires ~(k) steps on an ExclusiveRead Exclusive-Write (EREW) PRAM, for every k 5 c=, where n is the number of vertices and c is a constant. This yields a boolean function which can be computed in O(log log n ) time on a CREW PRAM, but requires Q(G) time on even an "ided" EREW PRAM. This is the first separation known for boolean functions between the power of EREW and CREW PRAMs. Previously, separations between EREW and CREW PRAMs were only known for functions on "huge" input domains, or for restricted types of EREW pRA.Ms.


Title of dissertation: ORGANIC ELECTRONICS WITH POLYMER DIELECTRICS ON PLASTIC SUBSTRATES FABRICATED VIA TRANSFER PRINTING Daniel R. Hines, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Dissertation directed by: Professor Ellen Williams Department of Physics Printing methods are fast becoming important processing techniques for the fabrication of flexible electronics. Some goals for flexible electronics are to produce cheap, lightweight, disposable radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, very large flexible displays that can be produced in a roll-to-roll process and wearable electronics for both the clothing and medical industries. Such applications will require fabrication processes for the assembly of dissimilar materials onto a common substrate in ways that are compatible with organic and polymeric materials as well as traditional solid-state electronic materials. A transfer printing method has been developed with these goals and application in mind. This printing method relies primarily on differential adhesion where no chemical processing is performed on the device substrate. It is compatible with a wide variety of materials with each component printed in exactly the same way, thus avoiding any mixed processing steps on the device substrate. The adhesion requirements of one material printed onto a second are studied by measuring the surface energy of both materials and by surface treatments such as plasma exposure or the application of self-assembled monolayers (SAM). Transfer printing has been developed within the context of fabricating organic electronics onto plastic substrates because these materials introduce unique opportunities associated with processing conditions not typically required for traditional semiconducting materials. Compared to silicon, organic semiconductors are soft materials that require low temperature processing and are extremely sensitive to chemical processing and environmental contamination. The transfer printing process has been developed for the important and commonly used organic semiconducting materials, pentacene (Pn) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). A three-step printing process has been developed by which these materials are printed onto an electrode subassembly consisting of previously printed electrodes separated by a polymer dielectric layer all on a plastic substrate. These bottom contact, flexible organic thin-film transistors (OTFT) have been compared to unprinted (reference) devices consisting of top contact electrodes and a silicon dioxide dielectric layer on a silicon substrate. Printed Pn and P3HT TFTs have been shown to out-perform the reference devices. This enhancement has been attributed to an annealing under pressure of the organic semiconducting material. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS WITH POLYMER DIELECTRICS ON PLASTIC SUBSTRATES FABRICATED VIA TRANSFER PRINTING


Abstract Globalization and robotics (globotics) are jointly transforming the world economy at an explosive pace. While much of the literature has focused on rich nations, the changes are quite likely to affect developing nations in important ways. The premise of the paper – which should be regarded as a thought-piece – is based on an extreme thought experiment. What does development look like when digital technology has rendered manufacturing jobless and many services freely traded? Our conclusion is that the service-led development path may become the norm rather than the exception; think India, not China. Since success in the service sector is based on quite different factors than success in manufacturing, development strategies and mindsets may have to change. This is an optimistic conclusion since it suggests that developing nations can directly export the source of their comparative advantage – low-cost labour – without having first to make goods with that labour.


In response to growing concerns about the impact of shale gas development, Pennsylvania's Act 13 of 2012 established an unconventional gas well fee and required the state's Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to report on the number of such wells. In this article, we analyze the extent to which the DEP complied with its reporting requirements under Act 13. Using publicly available data, we find that the DEP likely omitted between 15,300 and 25,100 unconventional gas wells from its Act 13 report. Left uncorrected, we estimate that Pennsylvania's state, county, and municipal governments could forfeit fees of $205–$303 million in 2012 and up to $0.75–$1.85 billion cumulatively over the expected life of these wells. Rather than an isolated incident, evidence suggests that information management is a systemic and recurring problem within the DEP and its predecessor agencies. We propose the implementation of a relational database and geographic information system as a way for the DEP to fulfill its Act 13 obligations.


SUMMARY: The ocean is the major element controlling the long-term stability of the earth's climate. It involves a complex pattern of interrelations between its physical, geological, chemical and biological components: the greater the complexity and diversity of these links the more robust is the stability of the system, and the healthier the earth. A set of papers that resulted from communications presented at a workshop held in Las Palmas on November 1998 emphasises the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the ocean.


This paper addresses issue of dynamic parameter identification of robot manipulators. A new identification approach with neural network based compensation of uncertain dynamics is proposed. Based on this approach, parameter identification process is divided into two steps. The first step is to determine unknown dynamic parameters using inverse dynamics of the robot manipulator and pseudo-inverse matrices. The second step is to establish a dynamic compensator by neural network and learning method for improving accuracy of the dynamic model with parameters given in the first step. A Direct Drive (DD) SCARA type industrial robot arm AdeptOne is used as an application example for the parameter identification. Simulations and experiments are carried out. Comparison of the results confirms the correctness and usefulness of the proposed identification method.


In standard approaches to the political economy of inequality, the income distribution and the preferences of households are taken as fixed when studying how incomes are determined within and between nations. This paper makes the income distribution endogenous by supposing that aspirational parents can socialize children into having aspirational preferences which are modeled as a reference point in income space. The model looks at the endogenous determination of the level of income, income inequality and income redistribution where the proportion of aspirational individuals evolves endogenously according to payoffs along the equilibrium path. The paper discusses implications of the model for intergenerational mobility. It also shows how the income generation process is critical for the dynamics and welfare conclusions. Finally, it looks at some evidence from the World Values Survey in light of the theory.


This paper asks whether gender bias in education expenditure in rural India fell over the two-decade period from 1995 to 2014. We find that instead of falling over time, the channel through which gender bias is practiced changed dramatically over the 20 years. Secondly, the paper demonstrates the usefulness of distinguishing between the two potential channels of gender bias, namely bias in the school enrolment decision, and bias in the conditional educational expenditure decision, rather than in the single unconditional education expenditure decision; this distinction is shown to be important because gender bias in the enrolment decision has greatly fallen but bias in the conditional expenditure decision has significantly risen over time. Thirdly, we find that individual child level data has much greater power to detect gender bias in education spending, compared to household level data. Lastly, household fixed effects analysis shows that the observed gender biases in education spending are a within-household phenomenon in rural India.


Films are particularly powerful pedagogical tools that can help improve the linguistic skills of foreign language learners. Audio describing tasks can provide additional benefits. However, for an efficient use of feature films, learners need to be trained on how to elaborate audio description texts and develop active viewing strategies. This article discusses a language teaching approach that advocates the addition of Film Literacy education and audio description tasks to the language curriculum. It focuses on the application of audio description, in both oral and written form, to the acquisition of Spanish as a foreign language in Higher Education. It presents a pedagogical model designed to help students develop linguistic, cultural and intercultural competences while encouraging the aesthetic appreciation of films as cultural objects that can be evaluated through a wide range of critical approaches.


This report documents the qualifications and subsequent outcomes achieved by the different groups of interest for the National Equality Panel. Using data from the Labour Force Surveys (LFS) post 2001, we first compare the raw differences in highest qualifications, main activity and earnings for different genders, ethnicities and disability groups. Continuing from this we use statistical analyses to examine if there are significant differences in the benefits of qualifications to different groups. This is done in two ways: first looking at the gains from different qualifications within one discriminatory grouping; and second how outcomes differ over these groupings for all those with the same highest qualification.
The key findings are that there are large differences in the qualification levels between the groups, which are subsequently accompanied by diverse labour market outcomes. For an individual within a traditionally disadvantaged group, such as Pakistani/Bangladeshi females, the increases in probability of employment from obtaining qualifications are higher than the gains a White British female would make from the same qualifications. This is not the case for earnings, where most groups earn on average the same proportion more than their unqualified equivalent. For example a black female with A-Levels earns the same proportion more than her unqualified equivalent as white British female would.
Further to this we found that the outcomes of some groups were significantly worse than others even when comparing individuals with the same highest qualification level. This is true for both employment rates and gross earnings. For example, a Pakistani/Bangladeshi female with A-Levels as her highest qualification is 20% less likely to be employed compared with a similar White British Woman. For employment issues we cannot establish if this is due labour supply or demand effects, i.e. the actions of potential employees or employers.
We find a significant pay gap between the genders, but we are unable to establish if this is due to the loss of experience/career break commonly associated with children or systematic discrimination of females. The earnings differential across most ethnic/disability groups within qualification level is generally small, but we do find that individuals from Black and Pakistani/Bangladeshi groups earn less than their similarly educated White British counterparts, even when accounting for the type of job they are employed in. Black male graduates earn on average 24% less than white male graduates. These heterogeneous outcomes for graduates are further investigated in the accompanying report 'Equality in the gains from University Education'.
The rest of the report continues as follows. Section two describes the data used, and the methods through which we got our results. Section three is split into two parts, part one describes the raw differences between the groups, and part two describes the relative gains each group gains from qualifications. The final section briefly summaries the results and concludes.


Not since the statutory introduction of design and technology as a foundation subject at Key Stages 1 and 2 in the National Curriculum for England and Wales in 1990 has there been more pressure on its survival in primary schools than at present. The 'deregulation' of the non-core curriculum to make way for the introduction of National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies has, according to Rogers and Davies (1999), had a devastating effect upon the classroom time it is currently allotted in many schools. The situation is, if anything, more acute in primary initial teacher training (ITT), where the impact of a series of government circulars, culminating in Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) Circular 4/98, has reduced total course provision in design and technology for the majority of students to a few hours. Although some hope may be on the horizon – in the shape of the new rationale for the subject in the Secretary of State's proposals for Curriculum 2000, and the positive exemplification provided by the national Scheme of Work (QCA/DATA, 1999) – the situation is currently very difficult for primary student teachers required to teach design and technology during their school experience. Unless these opportunities are made available, a generation of primary student teachers may emerge from training with little or no experience of classroom or college design and technology, thus risking undoing much of the good work in teacher development undertaken during the last decade. It may then be too late to undo the damage done to the concept of a 'balanced curriculum' in which design and technology has a significant part to play.


The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) final rule for storm water discharge regulation under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requires municipalities with populations greater than 100,000 to obtain NPDES permits for discharges from separate storm sewer systems. In California, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Board), which has authority to issue NPDES permits, began an aggressive urban runoff management program in advance of the publication of the EPA regulations because of the documented impacts of pollution from urban runoff on the sensitive receiving waters of San Francisco Bay. As a result, some cities and counties in the Bay area have already obtained permits and begun to implement baseline or comprehensive control programs to manage stormwater, while others are just beginning the permit application process. Successes achieved during the process of implementing the municipal storm water regulations in the San Francisco Bay area include: development of good cooperation among the counties, cities and local agencies in the region; open communication between the Regional Board and the regulated community which has resulted in feasible and sensible programs; creation of extensive and effective public education programs which have increased public awareness of the problem; and the issuance of two early NPDES permits due to the proactive efforts of the Regional Board and the co-permittees. The major problems encountered in meeting the state and federal requirements include difficulty in obtaining steady funding for developing and implementing the programs, conducting representative dry weather monitoring, and obtaining meaningful data from characterization studies of highly variable runoff flows.


A physically based catchment model (SWAT) was used for recharge estimation in the headwaters of the Liverpool Plains in NSW, Australia. The study used water balance modelling at the catchment scale to derive parameters for long‐term recharge estimation. The derived parameters were further assessed at a subcatchment scale. Modelling results suggest that recharge occurs only in wet years, and is dominated by a few significant years or periods. The results were matched by independently observed bore data across the study area in the past 30 years. The study suggests that variations in recharge can be primarily explained by the climatic factor rather than land‐use changes. The study estimated less recharge than previous studies where point scale modelling results have been scaled up to the catchment scale. It suggests that a catchment‐based approach is needed for recharge estimation at the catchment scale. The study indicates that the current model may overestimate runoff on cracking vertosols under dry conditions where improvement is likely needed. The need for long‐term runoff and bore monitoring data to confidently establish the relationships among water balance/recharge estimation and groundwater level variation is discussed. SWAT provides an alternative to point scale modelling for evaluating recharge and its response to changes in land use and land management. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This work addresses the role of global value chains (GVCs), workforce skills, ICT, innovation and industry structure in explaining employment levels of routine and non-routine occupations. The analysis encompasses 28 OECD countries over the period 2000-2011. It relies on a new country-specific measure of routine intensity built using individual-level information from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey, as well as on new industry-level Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators of offshoring, domestic outsourcing, and the services content of manufacturing. The results suggest that comparatively higher skills are associated with higher employment in non-routine (NR) and low routine-intensive (LR) occupations. Also, employment in all types of occupations, both routine and non-routine ones, shows to positively relate to innovation, as measured by patents. A generally positive relationship also emerges between employment and the ICT intensity of industries, with the notable exception of jobs in high-routine occupations, where ICTs seemingly displace workers. With respect to offshoring patterns, a positive correlation is observed between the offshoring of inputs and domestic outsourcing with more routine-intensive jobs. Conversely, the offshoring of final assembly in manufacturing leads to the shedding of jobs in NR occupations and a relatively higher service content of manufacturing relates negatively with employment in HR occupations. Taken together, the results point to the existence of complex interactions between the routine content of occupations, skills, technology, industry structure and trade, which do not allow for a neat identification of "winners" and "losers" in a GVC context. While the effects appear heterogeneous across quartiles of routine intensity, a persistent and positive role of skills and innovative output for employment is found across all quartiles of routine intensive occupations.


The majority of RFID implementations can be traced back either to mandates issued by companies or institutions with significant market power like Wal-Mart or the U.S. Department of Defense, or to the replacement of existing Auto-ID technologies like barcodes. Only sporadically is RFID being used to derive superior information about current processes in order to create supply chain visibility. In this contribution, we examine the visibility potentials of RFID technology within the context of SCM and we propose a four-step approach to assessing the results that can be achieved through visibility.


In this paper, we comparatively analyze the Bures-Wasserstein (BW) geometry with the popular Affine-Invariant (AI) geometry for Riemannian optimization on the symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix manifold. Our study begins with an observation that the BW metric has a linear dependence on SPD matrices in contrast to the quadratic dependence of the AI metric. We build on this to show that the BW metric is a more suitable and robust choice for several Riemannian optimization problems over ill-conditioned SPD matrices. We show that the BW geometry has a non-negative curvature, which further improves convergence rates of algorithms over the non-positively curved AI geometry. Finally, we verify that several popular cost functions, which are known to be geodesic convex under the AI geometry, are also geodesic convex under the BW geometry. Extensive experiments on various applications support our findings.


The present work approached the most relevant aspects in the development process of solar cells and modules based on amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films. Since semiconductor characteristics determine the photovoltaic device performance, the first stage of this research was focused on the search for the correlation between deposition conditions and the optoelectronic properties of a-Si:H and a-SiC:H alloys (see chapter 3). The study allowed the finding of the conditions for the obtainment of good quality a-Si:H/a-SiC:H at low temperatures, compatible with the use of low-cost flexible substrates. After this step, the effort was reoriented to the preparation and characterisation of a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells. The fabrication process of these devices was optimised for the particular case of a dual-chamber PECVD. The design of the a-Si:H p-i-n structure was progressively improved at different deposition temperatures based on a detailed analysis of the optoelectronic behaviour of the resulting solar cell (see section 4.1). For this purpose, the standard techniques for device characterisation were complemented with a new I-V curve measurement setup that uses LEDs as source of monochromatic light of variable intensity (see section 2.3.4). The result of this evolution was solar cells with efficiencies close to state-of-the-art, which showed good homogeneity and reproducibility. Once enough technological maturity was reached, the work was focused on the implementation of some of the concepts that make a-Si:H technology of interest to the photovoltaic industry. Specifically, different tests of monolithic interconnection of solar cells were carried out, which allowed the fabrication of the first a-Si:H modules entirely developed with Spanish technology (see section 4.1.4). Subsequently, the work addressed the issue of cost reduction by means of substrates based on lower-price materials. Firstly, the effect on the device performance of the TCO material used as front electrode was analysed on glass substrates (see section 4.2). The study made a comparative between different TCOs, focusing on the particular case of AZO and the problem of the fill factor loss. Secondly, the research approached the fabrication of flexible solar cells by using PET substrates, paying special attention to the solution of peel-off problem (see section 4.3). The work concluded with the obtainment of the first fully operative flexible devices developed in CIEMAT.


SUMMARY The rate of leaf appearance of barley varies substantially with time of sowing. This variation has been related to both the length and the rate of change of photoperiod at the time of plant emergence. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted to test if rate of change of photoperiod directly affects phasic development and rate of leaf emergence of spring barley. Two photoperiod-sensitive cultivars (Bandulla and Galleon) were subjected to five photoperiod regimes: two constant photoperiods, of 14 and 15·5 h, and three different rates of change of photoperiod of c. 2, 9 and 13 min/day from seedling emergence to awn initiation. Photoperiod treatments significantly affected the duration from seedling emergence to awn initiation in both cultivars. Rate of change of photoperiod did not affect the rate of development towards awn initiation independently of the absolute daylength it produced. Although Bandulla had a longer duration than Galleon at any photoperiod regime, the cultivars did not vary in their sensitivity to photoperiod. When this phase was divided into the leaf initiation (LI) and spikelet initiation (SI) phases, it was evident that the sensitivity to photoperiod was not constant, being in general higher during the SI than during the LI phase. However, the magnitude of the change in sensitivity was cultivar-dependent, indicating that sensitivity to photoperiod during the different phases could be under independent genetic control. Final numbers of primordia (leaves together with maximum spikelet number) were negatively affected by increasing photoperiods, but once again, there was no evidence of any effect of the rate of change of photoperiod which was independent of the average photoperiod. Both cultivars showed similar sensitivities for final leaf number but maximum spikelet number was more sensitive to photoperiod in Galleon than in Bandulla. Highly significant linear relationships between leaf number and thermal time were found for all combinations of cultivars and photoperiod regimes (r2 > 0·98). The rate of leaf appearance (RLA) was similar for both cultivars (c. 0·0185 leaves/°Cd) and did not alter during plant development or in response to the change in photoperiod at awn initiation. The range in RLA was greater for Galleon (0·0170–0·0205 leaves/°Cd) than for Bandulla (0·0173–0·0186 leaves/°Cd). Neither of these cultivars exhibited a significant relationship between rate of leaf emergence and photoperiod or rate of change of photoperiod. The lack of significant relationships between RLA and length or rate of change of photoperiod is in contrast with previous reports using time of sowing as a main treatment.


I discuss our current understanding of the nature of high-redshift (z > 2) (sub)-millimetre-selected galaxies, with a particular focus on whether their properties are representative of, or dramatically different from those displayed by the general star-forming galaxy population at these epochs. As a specific case study, I present some new results on the one sub-millimetre galaxy which happens to lie within the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and thus benefits from the very best available ultra-deep optical-infrared Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope imaging. I then consider what these and other recent results from optical-infrared studies of sub-millimetre and millimetre selected galaxies imply about their typical masses, sizes and specific star-formation rates, and how these compare with those of other star-forming galaxies selected at similar redshifts. I conclude with a brief discussion of the continued importance and promise of SCUBA2 in the era of Herschel.


The Rocky Mountain West is gun country in popular folklore and probably also in fact. Reliable numbers are hard to come by, but in one recent survey estimating the percentage of households with handguns, the Mountain states ranked well above the national average-and this in a nation with one of the highest per capita gun ownership rates in the world.' Earlier this year, the National Rifle Association (NRA) announced that it would hold its 2007 annual convention here in Salt Lake City, in part to reward Utah's gun-friendly laws and lawmakers. I suspect that a high percentage ofUtahns could recite the Second Amendment by heart. Or at least part ofthe Second Amendment-and there's the rub. Many gun fans stress the Amendment's "right of the people to keep and bear Arms" languagewhile slighting otherwords in the Amendment, such as "well regulated" and "Militia." Even the phrase "bear Arms" and the words "the people" did not quite mean the same thing to the Founders as they do to today's NRA. To understand the Second Amendment, we must widen our interpretive field of vision. For starters, we must see the Amendment as a syntactical whole, and note the distinctive grammatical linkage between its opening ode and its closing command. But even this is far too narrow a lens. We must consider the Amendment alongside its companion amendments-the First and Third in particular and the Bill ofRights more generally. For example, we must see how the Second Amendment resembles the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments, and even the Tenth Amendment. More broadly still, we must read the Second Amendment alongside similarly worded provisions of state constitutions, and against the backdrop ofearlier English charters ofliberty such as the English Bill ofRights of 1689. Perhaps most important, we must confront later constitutional


For a decade, Scotland has had a declining natural population, dispersed throughout a diverse geography, including remote highlands and islands, which presents a policy making context that is very different from other parts of the UK. Rural Scotland accounts for 95% of Scotland's landmass and only 18% of the population (Scottish Government 2008). In particular, the familiar challenges, presented by the combination of population ageing with below-replacement level fertility rates, have, until 2007, been reinforced by the extent of out-migration amongst people of working age. Evidence suggests that following EU enlargement in 2004, rural areas have experienced an influx of labour migrants from Central and Eastern European countries on an unprecedented scale. Whilst such large-scale migration into rural communities has provided a major challenge for public service provision and 'social integration', it has also addressed local labour market shortages and created opportunities for regeneration. This article explores critical questions about the role and impact of migrant labour in rural communities in Scotland and the role of agencies in addressing the needs of all rural residents.


We show, using simulations, that a combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and optical single sideband modulation can be used to compensate for chromatic dispersion in ultralong-haul wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems. OFDM provides a high spectral efficiency, does not require a reverse feedback path for compensation, and has a better sensitivity than nonreturn to zero. This paper provides design rules for 800-4000-km optical-OFDM systems. The effects of WDM channel number and spacing, fiber dispersion, and input power per channel on the received Q are studied using extensive numerical simulations. These effects are summarized as a set of design rules


With an increasing awareness that many undergraduates are passive during teaching sessions, calls for instructional methods that allow students to become actively engaged have increased. Cooperative learning has long been popular at the primary and secondary level and, within recent years, higher education. However, empirical evidence of the impact of cooperative learning at the university level is still limited. This study reports the result of a quasi-experimental real-life intervention with cooperative learning in an undergraduate course. In-class participation and student approaches to learning were measured before and after the intervention to assess the impact on 140 students' engagement levels. In addition, open-ended comments were analysed, revealing what faculty adopting cooperative learning principles in higher education should be especially aware of.


The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Turkish form of the Fear of Happiness Scale (FHS). After the linguistic equivalence of the scale was assured, reliability and validity analyses were performed. The factor structure of the scale was examined through exploratory factor analysis (N = 171) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 171). The results indicated that FHS is unidimensional. The results also showed that the Turkish version of the FHS had Cronbach's alpha value of 0.86. In addition to this, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis revealed that the scale had acceptable evidence of criterion-related validity by negatively correlating with measures of Positive Affect, Life Satisfaction and Subjective Happiness and positively correlating with measure of Negative Affect. These findings indicated that Turkish version of the FHS can be used as a reliable and valid measure in Turkish culture. The findings also facilitate the improvement of the theoretical and empirical research on happiness and well-being.


The Global Report series has been designed to monitor the implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005). It also provides evidence of how this implementation process contributes to attaining the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and targets. The 2018 Global Report analyses progress achieved in implementing the 2005 Convention since the first Global Report was published in 2015. Grounded in the analysis of the Quadrennial Periodic Reports submitted by Parties to the Convention and relevant new findings, this report examines how the 2005 Convention has inspired policy change at the global and country level in ten areas of monitoring. It puts forward a set of policy recommendations for the future, addressing the adaptation of cultural policies to rapid change in the digital environment, based on human rights and fundamental freedoms. When deployed together, the two editions of the Global Report are beginning to produce new and valuable evidence to inform cultural policy making and advance creativity for development.


Since its inception, the Internet has evolved from a textual information system towards a multimedia information system, in which data, services and applications are consumed as content. Today, however, the main problem faced is that applications are now content-oriented but the protocol stack remains the same, based on the content location. Thus, it is clear that the Internets current architecture must change. This new architecture should take into account aspects to improve content location and delivery efficiency and also content availability. Fulfilling these requirements is the main goal of information-centric networks (ICNs).ICN is a new communication paradigm to increase the efficiency of content delivery and also content availability. In this new concept, the network infrastructure actively contributes to content caching and distribution. This book presents the basic concepts of ICNs, describes the main architecture proposals for these networks, and discusses the main challenges to their development. Information Centric-Networks looks at the current challenges for this concept, including: naming, routing and caching on the network-core elements, several aspects of content security, user privacy, and practical issues in implementing ICNs.Contents1. Content Distribution on the Internet.2. Information-Centric Networks.3. Main ICN Architectures.4. Challenges.5. Practical Issues.About the AuthorsGabriel M. Brito is an Engineer at Petrobras in Brazil and studying for a Masters degree at the Universidade Federal Fluminense in Brazil.Pedro Braconnot Velloso is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Brazil. He worked for Bell Labs France as a research engineer from 2009 to 2011.Igor M. Moraes is an Associate Professor at the Universidade Federal Fluminense in Brazil.


A magnetically levitated motor (MLM) with two directions of movement is presented in this paper. The thrust and the levitation force of the proposed motor can be achieved simultaneously by using only a single power source. Analytical equations for the operation principle of the proposed MLM are derived. Computer simulations of the MLM characteristics by using the finite-element-analysis method are also presented. The same trend can be found between analytical equations and computer-simulation results. Then, some experimental results are provided to confirm the theoretical analysis. All of the results can provide very useful information of mechanical-structure design and control scheme development for the MLM.


This article explores the nature, achievement, and implications of teachers' participation in English curriculum development by focusing on teachers' functions, defined as what teachers do. Responses to a questionnaire (n=79) and data from a sub-sample (n=12) collected from classroom observations, interviews, teacher self-ratings, and stuident ratings of teachers and their teaching were obtained from teachers in 14 secondary schools in North Trinidad. The study found that teachers have a mainly consultative role in curriculum development. The discussion of the data on teacher functions addresses three issues involved in teacher participation in English curriculum development: its nature, teachers' contribution, and the implications of such teacher contribution for individuals and institutions.


Worked to the Bone is a provocative examination of race and class in the United States and the mechanics of inequality. In an elegant and accessible style that combines thoroughly documented sociological insight with her own compelling personal narrative, Pem Buck illustrates the ways in which constructions of race and the promise of white privilege have been used at specific historical moments to divide those in the United Statesspecifically, in two Kentucky countieswho might have otherwise acted on common class interests. From the initial creation of the concept of "whiteness" and early strategies focused on convincing Europeans, regardless of their class position, to identify with the eliteto believe that what was good for the elite was good for themto the moment between 1750 and 1800 when most people who were identified by their European descent finally came to believe that skin color was as integral to their identity as gender, the promise of white privilege underpinned the Kentucky system. Pem Buck examines the long term effects of these developments and discusses their impact on the lives of working people in Kentucky. She also analyzes the role of local tobacco-growing and corporate elites in the underdevelopment of the state, highlighting the ways in which relationships between poor white and poor black working people were continuously manipulated to facilitate that process. Documentary material includes speeches, songs, photographs, charts, cartoons, and ads presented in a large, visually appealing format.


Software architecting is a non-trivial and demanding task for software engineers to perform. The architecture is a key enabler for software systems. Besides being crucial for user functionality, the software architecture has deep impact on software qualities such as performance, safety, and cost.

In this dissertation, an automated approach for software architecture design is proposed that supports analysis and optimization of multiple quality attributes:
First of all, we demonstrate an optimization approach for automated software architecture design. It reports the results of applying our architecture optimization framework to an automotive sub-system that was conducted based on a large-scale real world case study.
Moreover, we introduce two novel degrees of freedom which demonstrate how the number of processing nodes and their interconnecting network can be codified to fit into a genetic algorithm. Our studies show that these extra degrees of freedom lead to better overall software architecture optimization.
Finally, we propose a new search-based approach for generating a set of optimal software architectural solutions for use in software product lines. Our new approach analyses the commonality of the found optimal solutions and proposes a set of solutions which are suitable for the range of products defined by various feature combinations.


Background. Student electives during the 5th year of the University of Cape Town (UCT) medical curriculum provide a 4-week work experience in the health system. The reflective reports of past students indicate that the electives may significantly shape their developing identities as health professionals and agents of change. Objective. To better understand how 5th-year medical elective students perceive themselves as agents of change to strengthen the elective programme in the Faculty of Health Sciences, UCT. The hypothesis was that the more choice that students are given over their learning, the greater is their sense of agency. Methods. Thirteen 5th-year student volunteers participated in four focus group discussions soon after completing their electives in district, regional or tertiary health facilities in the South African health system. Thematic analysis of the transcripts was performed independently by two of the authors. Results. Key themes were the importance of providing holistic patient-centred care, becoming a competent health professional, working within the health team and advocating for a better health system. The elective experience helped students to be more confident in their abilities and to better understand how to effect change at a clinical and health system level. Conclusion. This study supported the hypothesis that the more choice students have over their learning, the greater is their sense of agency. The electives are appreciated as opportunities to develop clinical skills and competencies and to better understand the role of future doctors within the health team and health system. The value of the UCT elective programme could be enhanced by greater promotion, funding for rural electives, and post-elective peer-to-peer feedback sessions. This study will inform planning for an extended 2016 medical elective programme in the Faculty.


The experimental characterization of the electromagnetic (EM) response of a set of inert improvised explosive devices (IEDs) is presented in this paper. The characterization is based on measurements of gain and input impedance of the firing circuits of inert IEDs in the range of 200 MHz to 2 GHz. First, a theoretical model to predict the average gain is developed. A comparison between the measurement results and theoretical predictions is presented. Then, the power delivered to a hot wire-based electro-explosive device connected to the inert IED is calculated for each measured case and it is statistically analyzed. The effects on the IED response of different characteristics of the coupling, such as the IED's elements, the incident field polarization, and the impedance mismatch, are also studied. In addition, the statistical performance of the induced power and current are determined and compared with the results of a numerical model based on Monte Carlo simulations. It is demonstrated that both approaches, a theoretical model based on an equivalent antenna and Monte Carlo simulations, can be used to describe the average EM response of the firing circuit of IEDs.


Does there exist a Cuban society that is culturally cohesive? Is Cubanidad dependent on territorial borders and political ideology? Can there be a singular narrative on Cubanidad that transcends geography and politics? This article asks those questions and posits that, while political and economic differences might result in very different lifestyles and ideologies, social and cultural tropes might provide some similarities and cultural cohesion. This thesis is tested through the study of available, albeit sparse, information on the role of Cubanas in society. First the role of women in Cuban society throughout history is examined. Next, changes in the laws pertaining to women in the post-Revolution era are analyzed as well as U.S. laws on equality as they affect all women, with particular attention to their significance to Cuban women within U.S. borders. Finally, the function of culture in defining the reality of Cuban women within the family structure is examined, both on the island as well as in the United States. The work concludes that culture trumps law and, for better or for worse, traditional cultural assumptions about sex roles, particularly roles within and with respect to the family, have persisted in both Cuban societies. Further study is likely to reveal additional commonalties with respect to attitudes in matters such as family, race, and sexuality. These common locations, in turn, can be utilized to build bridges to connect both Cubas. This work concludes with one particular bridge-building proposal that draws on the dedication to family of all Cubans.


The purpose of this exploratory longitudinal study was to evaluate the efficacy of two new forms of recasts (i.e. elaborated and paraphrased recasts), each of which was designed to be more in accordance with contested views of input processing. The effectiveness of the two new forms of recasts was compared to that of conventional standard recasts. To this end, an experienced language teacher engaged four intermediate-level learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in weekly, one-on-one, English conversation sessions under four instructional conditions (elaborated recast, paraphrased recast, standard recast, and no recast), one learner under each condition. A diachronic, time-series research design was used to assess the effects of recasts on each learner's performance of past tense over a nine-week, instructional period. The results showed that all three types of recasts proved effective in assisting the learners to improve their accuracy on English past tense; all things considered, elaborated and especially paraphrased recasts proved to have a distinct advantage over standard recasts. The results suggest that recasts, in general, and more specifically paraphrased and elaborated recasts, are effective when employed in less controlled, spoken conversational practice, where there is free turn-taking, topic shifts, and the conversational content is related to the learner's personal experiences and background knowledge.


Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) models convert a written word into its corresponding pronunciation and are essential components in automatic-speech-recognition and text-to-speech systems. Recently, the use of neural encoder-decoder architectures has substantially improved G2P accuracy for mono- and multi-lingual cases. However, most multilingual G2P studies focus on sets of languages that share similar graphemes, such as European languages. Multilingual G2P for languages from different writing systems, e.g. European and East Asian, remains an understudied area. In this work, we propose a multilingual G2P model with byte-level input representation to accommodate different grapheme systems, along with an attention-based Transformer architecture. We evaluate the performance of both character-level and byte-level G2P using data from multiple European and East Asian locales. Models using byte representation yield 16.2%– 50.2% relative word error rate improvement over character-based counterparts for mono- and multi-lingual use cases. In addition, byte-level models are 15.0%–20.1% smaller in size. Our results show that byte is an efficient representation for multilingual G2P with languages having large grapheme vocabularies.


Background and Aim: Considering the importance of identifying the constituents of the navy military psychological health, this research aimed to study the psychopathological and psychological consequences of the navy military forces' jobs. Methods: The present research is a qualitative study. The grounded theory method was used during this study. For this purpose, 15 participants were selected by using a purposive sampling method and were studied via deep interviews. Data were collected, registered and encoded in main categories. Results: The average age of the participants was 43 years and the professional experience was 16 years. Analyzing the interview by codified data were resulted in identifying 71 primary codes, 18 sub category, and 8 core category including family, cognitive, personality, life quality and style, environmental, spiritual, emotional and leadership factors. Conclusion: Therefore, psychological factors have a fundamental role in the pathology, prevention and treatment of psychological consequences of the navy military forces. It is necessary to pay more attention to these psychological factors for the navy military forces psychological and physical health.


Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery for Engineering Systems Health Management presents state-of-the-art tools and techniques for automatically detecting, diagnosing, and predicting the effects of adverse events in an engineered system. With contributions from many top authorities on the subject, this volume is the first to bring together the two areas of machine learning and systems health management. Divided into three parts, the book explains how the fundamental algorithms and methods of both physics-based and data-driven approaches effectively address systems health management. The first part of the text describes data-driven methods for anomaly detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of massive data streams and associated performance metrics. It also illustrates the analysis of text reports using novel machine learning approaches that help detect and discriminate between failure modes. The second part focuses on physics-based methods for diagnostics and prognostics, exploring how these methods adapt to observed data. It covers physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid approaches to studying damage propagation and prognostics in composite materials and solid rocket motors. The third part discusses the use of machine learning and physics-based approaches in distributed data centers, aircraft engines, and embedded real-time software systems. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the field, this book shows how various machine learning and knowledge discovery techniques are used in the analysis of complex engineering systems. It emphasizes the importance of these techniques in managing the intricate interactions within and between the systems to maintain a high degree of reliability.


Abstract Understanding of male dwarfism in mosses is reviewed with special reference to the genus Dicranum. Dwarf males occur in about 20% of Dicranum species. Most species seem to be obligately nannadrous; in two species (D. bonjeanii, D. scoparium) male plant size may be normal or dwarfed. Variation in male plant size in Dicranum seems to be environmentally controlled. Male dwarfism in mosses is induced by genetic or environmental factors although the mechanisms leading to male dwarfism are poorly understood. Evidence suggests that male dwarfism increases reproductive success in dioicous species but many questions remain unanswered.


Phenotypic variation manifests from either simple (monogenic) or complex (multigenic) traits. Variation due to genetic and environmental influences is important because the ability to produce a range of phenotypes is essential for adaptive evolution. Complex traits are important not only for evolution, but because many diseases are complex traits. The genetic architecture of complex traits can be very multifaceted, with a large number of causal genes each having a small effect on the overall heritability of the trait, and as such our understanding of the genetic architecture and control of complex traits is limited. Complex traits are studied through quantitative trait loci mapping and genome-wide association studies. Since there are a great range of resources available for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, this is an appropriate system in which to study the genetic architecture of complex traits. Dauer larvae development represents a suitable complex trait as many of the genes involved and their genetic pathways have been identified. This trait is also important for the clear links between the dauer larvae of free-living species and the infective stages of many parasitic nematodes, and is therefore important as a model complex trait. Dauer larvae are routinely studied under unnatural conditions, with a cohort of aged-matched worms exposed to concentrated pheromone from many worms, conditions that are not obviously ecologically or evolutionally relevant. It is therefore important to understand the dynamics of growing populations in the laboratory both specifically to understand C. elegans, and generally to understand the genetics of complex traits.

Methods have been established for the analysis of population growth assays, and experiments to validate this style of assay have been carried out for the analysis of dauer larvae development in a growing population. In this, extensive variation in dauer larvae development between natural wild isolates and the canonical isolate N2 has been shown, variation which has previously not been demonstrated in standard dauer larvae assays. The genetic basis of this variation was also investigated using two Recombinant Inbred Line (RILs) panels made from two distinct parental genotypes of C. elegans, Isogenic Lines (ILs) of C. elegans and also a C. briggsae RIL panel. These analyses revealed that the genetic architecture of dauer larvae development in growing populations is highly complex, with a large number of QTLs affecting this trait. Also, comparison of the results from the different mapping approaches (RILs vs. ILs) revealed variation in their power to detect QTLs, as the ILs were capable of identifying far more QTLs than the RILs. Three candidate genes which have an effect on dauer larvae development in growing populations were identified and analysed. These candidates are npr-1, srg-36 and srg-37, each showing a negative effect on dauer larvae development in a growing population and an allelic effect of variation at npr-1. Together, these results demonstrate that extensive variation in dauer larvae development can be analysed in growing populations, that the underlying genetics can be mapped and that candidate genes can be identified for the underlying regions.


Abstract. A preliminary survey campaign is essential in projects of restoration, urban renewal, rebuilding or promotion of architectural heritage. Today several survey techniques allow full 3D object restitution and modelling that provides a richer description than simple 2D representations. However, the amount of data to collect increases dramatically and a trade-off between efficiency and productivity from one side and assuring accuracy and completeness of the results on the other must be found. Depending on the extent and the complexity of the task, a single technique or a combination of several ones might be employed. Especially when documentation at different scales and with different levels of detail are foreseen, the latter will likely be necessary. The paper describes two architectural surveys in Italy: the old village of Navelli (AQ), affected by the earthquake in 2009, and the two most relevant remains in Codiponte (MS), damaged by the earthquake in 2013, both in the context of a project of restoration and conservation. In both sites, a 3D survey was necessary to represent effectively the objects. An integrated survey campaign was performed in both cases, which consists of a GPS network as support for georeferencing, an aerial survey and a field survey made by laser scanner and close range photogrammetry. The two case studies, thanks to their peculiarities, can be taken as exemplar to wonder if the integration of different surveying techniques is today still mandatory or, considering the technical advances of each technology, it is in fact just optional.