In this paper, we introduce an implementation for detailed monitoring of user actions on web pages. It addresses the problem that the log data recorded by standard web servers is not sufficient for the tracking of users on AJAX websites, e.g. to conduct a usability test. Using standard web technologies, our HTTP proxy can record very detailed usage information, such as mouse movements, clicks, key presses and scrolling, together with the exact HTML DOM tree objects involved. As we show in several case studies, the tracking also works across multiple websites, none of which needs to be under our control. This approach is much less invasive than previous efforts: The test person does not need to install software on her computer, and in certain operation modes, no configuration changes at all are required on her computer. Our research indicates that if the technology described in this paper is employed, arbitrary visitors of a website are more likely to take part in a usability test offered by that site -- this facilitates recruiting test participants over the Internet.


~Recently, the use of public key encryption to provide secure network communication has received considerable attention. Such public key systems are usually effective against passive eavesdroppers, who merely tap the lines and try to decipher the message. It has been pointed out, however, that an improperly designed protocol could be vulnerable to an active saboteur, one who may impersonate another user or alter the message being transmitted. In this paper we formulate several models in which the security of protocols can be discussed precisely. Algorithms and characterizations that can be used to determine protocol security in these models will be given. * This research was supported in part by ARPA under grant MDA-903-80-C-102 and by National Science Foundation under grant MCS-77-05313-AOl.


Interdisciplinary research centers are typically presented as a means for exploiting opportunities in science where the complexity of the research problem calls for sustained interaction among multiple disciplines. This study analyzed the effects of an interdisciplinary research center (NIMBioS) on the publication and collaboration behaviors of faculty affiliated with the center. The study also sought to determine what factors contributed to these effects for participants whose publication and collaboration behaviors were changed the most after affiliation. The study employed a mixed-method case study approach, using quantitative bibliometric data along with qualitative data collected from interviews. Publication data for each participant in the study was collected from Web of Science (WOS) and analyzed by year against several demographic control variables to understand what effect affiliation with NIMBioS had on publication behaviors of participants. In addition to bibliometrics, a selection of study participants who demonstrated the most change in publication and collaboration behaviors since their affiliation with NIMBioS were interviewed to determine (a) what benefits (if any) participants felt they achieved as a result of participating in their working group, and (b) what factors (if any) participants felt may have contributed to the impact of NIMBioS affiliation on their publication and collaboration behavior. Results of the study indicate that affiliation with a NIMBioS working group has a significant positive effect on participant collaboration activities (i.e. number of coauthors, number of international co-authors, number of cross-institutional co-authors),


Purpose – This research paper aims to: explore areas of weakness in six sigma implementations that may require enhancements in the methodology; to investigate implementation differences between manufacturing and services; and to investigate critical success factors. Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory empirical evidence is presented from nine case study companies in Thailand, including manufacturers, sales and service companies and a national airline. Findings – Key findings include: six sigma is more appropriate for high risk, complicated, large-scale and cross functional projects; the six sigma methodology could be enhanced to ensure that projects are aligned to company goals; the evidence questions standard text book advice that a "Black Belt" (BB) should have a full time role, as a part-time BB role can be more realistic particularly in a small company and the training materials available need to be improved to be more appropriate for service operations. Research limitations/implications – The main research limitation is in the number of companies studied and the restriction to companies located in Thailand. In addition, the research is exploratory and future research is needed to look at the issues raised in depth. Practical implications – All of the findings have practical implications. For example, the conclusion on the nature of the BB role is seen as a key issue for successful use of six sigma in small businesses. Originality/value – Six sigma has been widely used in industry, but there has been limited rigorous academic research. This paper seeks to identify a series of issues worthy of further attention from the academic community using a rigorous research approach.


Macromolecular contrast agents are very attractive to afford efficient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization of implantable medical devices. In this work, we report on the grafting of a Gd-based DTPA contrast agent onto a poly(methyl methacrylate) derivative backbone by combining free radical polymerization and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Using free radical polymerization, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-propargyl methacrylate) copolymers were prepared with a control of the ratio in propargyl methacrylate monomer units. The synthesis of a new azido mono-functionalized DTPA ligand was also reported and characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. After complexation with gadolinium, this ligand has been grafted on the polymer backbone by click chemistry reaction. The obtained macromolecular contrast agent was then coated on a polypropylene mesh using the airbrushing technique and the mesh was assessed for MRI visualization at 7 teslas. The polymeric contrast agent was also tested for cytocompatibility and stability to assess its suitability for biomedical applications.


This paper summarizes major results of the CIGRE/CIRED JWG C4.112 - "Guidelines for Power quality monitoring - measurement locations, processing and presentation of data". The results presented in this paper cover the work of JWG from January 2011 to January 2014. The paper provides information about the current PQ monitoring practices and makes recommendations for future monitoring campaigns considering monitoring locations, selection of monitoring parameters, and presentation of monitoring results.


Ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs arise from management choices made by humans, which can change the type, magnitude, and relative mix of services provided by ecosystems. Trade-offs occur when the provision of one ES is reduced as a consequence of increased use of another ES. In some cases, a trade-off may be an explicit choice; but in others, trade-offs arise without premeditation or even awareness that they are taking place. Trade-offs in ES can be classified along three axes: spatial scale, temporal scale, and reversibility. Spatial scale refers to whether the effects of the trade-off are felt locally or at a distant location. Temporal scale refers to whether the effects take place relatively rapidly or slowly. Reversibility expresses the likelihood that the perturbed ES may return to its original state if the perturbation ceases. Across all four Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios and selected case study examples, trade-off decisions show a preference for provisioning, regulating, or cultural services (in that order). Supporting services are more likely to be "taken for granted." Cultural ES are almost entirely unquantified in scenario modeling; therefore, the calculated model results do not fully capture losses of these services that occur in the scenarios. The quantitative scenario models primarily capture the services that are perceived by society as more important—provisioning and regulating ecosystem services—and thus do not fully capture trade- offs of cultural and supporting services. Successful management policies will be those that incorporate lessons learned from prior decisions into future management actions. Managers should complement their actions with monitoring programs that, in addition to monitoring the short-term provisions of services, also monitor the long-term evolution of slowly changing variables. Policies can then be developed to take into account ES trade-offs at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Successful strategies will recognize the inherent complexities of ecosystem management and will work to develop policies that minimize the effects of ES trade-offs.


In the present article we display a new constructive quantum field theory approach to quantum gauge field theory, utilizing the recent progress in the integration theory on the moduli space of generalized connections modulo gauge transformations. That is, we propose a new set of Osterwalder Schrader like axioms for the characteristic functional of a measure on the space of generalized connections modulo gauge transformations rather than for the associated Schwinger distributions. We show non-triviality of our axioms by demonstrating that they are satisfied for twodimensional Yang-Mills theory on the plane and the cylinder. As a side result we derive a closed and analytical expression for the vacuum expectation value of an arbitrary product of Wilson-loop functionals from which we derive the quantum theory along the Glimm and Jaffe algorithm which agrees exactly with the one as obtained by canonical methods.


With 291 person-year observations from the UCSD economics department, we find that the number of publications in top-5 economics journals and non-top-5 journals, time elapsed since obtaining Ph.D., and job rank (assistant, associate, or full professor) explain 81 percent of variations in faculty salary. A top-5 publication is associated with a 2.8 percent increase in salary, and a non-top-5 publication 0.6 percent, while grants are insignificant. The number of citations has a nonlinear effect on pay: it has no effect below 400, but 'stars' with at least 1,000 citations earn significantly more. Our results are robust to using the 2017 cross-section of economics departments across the entire University of California system, though the coefficients on publications become smaller. We find no evidence of a gender gap either within UCSD or across all UC campuses.


The development of low-cost tests for Escherichia coli is hampered by the expense and limited choice of enzyme substrates. Most chromogenic substrates are required in costly amounts, while fluorogenic substrates require an additional apparatus (e.g., an ultraviolet lamp) to be detected. Herein, we propose an alternative chromogenic substrate, resorufin β-d-glucuronide (REG), which is exceptionally sensitive and may be employed in very small amounts. We show that REG can be produced similarly to other simple glucuronides and should therefore be no more expensive. The compound is used by both healthy and injured E. coli, resulting in a pronounced color change from orange to a bright pink. Because the released dye (resorufin) has a high extinction coefficient, substantially lower amounts are needed than for commercially available substrates. The potential of this substrate is demonstrated by a presence/absence test requiring just 0.1 mg of REG/100 mL of water sample, one hundredth of the quantity needed for common chromogenic substrates, with an estimated bulk cost of ≤0.1 U.S. cents/test. REG shows promise as a chromogenic substrate for E. coli detection and should be considered in the development of new water tests, especially for low-income settings.


This master's thesis investigates the contributing factors to Norwegian professional musicians' psychological distress. Several researchers have pointed out that musicians seem to be a risk group in regards to mental health and work environment. In contrast, research regarding the explanatory variables of their mental health is scarce. Recently, a study indicated a high prevalence of psychological distress in Norwegian musicians. A qualitative study on Norwegian musicians reported a combination of family, social, and personal factors to be of particular importance regarding their mental health. The present study adds to the accumulated research base by conceptualizing contributing factors of musicians' health in a job demands–resources framework, in which the total model as well as individual predictors are tested with a survey on 1,365 Norwegian professional musicians. Five out of ten hypotheses were supported using a hierarchical multiple regression procedure. Job demands and job control were positively related to psychological distress, whereas job-related social support, emotional stability and sense of mastery were negatively related to psychological distress. Work–nonwork interference, effort–reward imbalance and conscientiousness were not significantly related to the outcome. Unexpectedly, job control was positively related to psychological distress, which may have been influenced by the subjects' levels of personal resources. Overall, the main findings was that a combination of contextual and personal variables were most influential, but that the work environment concepts investigated were only weakly or non-significantly related to musicians'mental health. The highest single contributors were emotional stability, sense of mastery and general social support, indicating that personal dispositions of emotionality, a strong sense of control over one's life, and perceived social support from family and friends are of high significance for Norwegian professional musicians' experience of anxiety and depression-like symptoms.


Behavior change interventions addressing medication nonadherence tend to focus on intentional behavior and seem to ignore the fact that even motivated people can sometimes forget to take their medication. Behavior change often conjures up ideas of modifying or breaking bad habits; we argue that focusing on the development of good habits could be used to support memory and reduce unintentional non-adherence caused by forgetfulness. But the purposeful development of reliable habits is not easy. Our research shows that daily routines play an important role in supporting remembering of a medication regimen. We believe that, by facilitating the creation of good habits embedded into one's own personalized daily routine, technology could not only reduce unintentional medication non-adherence, but also provide a better support in other types of health-related behavior change interventions.


Retrospective study of human leptospirosis in Malaysia based on microscopic
agglutination test (MAT) showed 13% overall prevalence of infection for the period
1983-1998. Results indicated that the prevalence was decreasing in the last five years
(1994-1998). The prevalence was highest among Indians (16.67%) followed by
Malays (11.48%) and the least among Chinese (5.88%). The 20-29 year-old group
showed the highest prevalence of infection (17.13%). Less than 10 year-old group
showed the least prevalence of infection (5.66%). Generally, many of the cases
occurred between the ages of 20-50 years. Serological survey based on enzymelinked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed a high overall prevalence (12.56%) of
leptospiral infection. Kuala Lumpur showed the highest prevalence (19%) whilst
Penang recorded the lowest prevalence (6.67%). No significant differences in the
prevalence between the other states was noted A comparative study of three serological tests, namely enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and indirect
hemagglutination (IHA), test was carried out to evaluate these tests in the diagnosis
of human leptospirosis. A total of 3000 serum samples from three groups of people
were examined. In Group I, IgM and IgG-ELISA were able to detect a number of
cases in the first sampling before MAT titres were detectable. In the second
sampling, all samples positive for MAT were also positive for IgM-ELISA. IHA test
gave positive reactions with only 38% of the samples while all samples were positive
for ELISA. In Group II, ELISA detected IgM and IgG to leptospires in the samples
which were negative to MAT. These were samples from patients with clinical signs
of leptospirosis.
The polymerase chain reaction (peR) was evaluated as a tool for diagnosis of
leptospirosis and differentiation of leptospiral strains. Urine samples with as little as
10 serovar hardjo cells per ml of urine were positive on peR indicating high
sensitivity of the test. Detection of small number of leptospiral cells in urine by peR
was an advantage over culture. Random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
fingerprinting was applied to differentiate leptospiral strains. Two primers were
tested for their abilities to generate individual RAPD fingerprints. The DNA profiles
obtained with each primer were distinct and reproducible. The fingerprint obtained
could be useful for distinguishing the serovars up to the strain level. Profiles
obtained revealed genetic heterogeneity between serovars belong to one serogroup.Analysis of leptospiral DNA with restriction enzymes, Hind III, BamH I and
EeoR I revealed a high heterogeneity between the serovars examined. This high
heterogeneity may be due to the large genome of the genus Leptospira. No
relationship was found between the restriction patterns and the species from which
the isolate was isolated. Similarities were observed among isolates of the same
serovar. The 1 0 leptospiral field isolates were assayed for presence of plasmid DNA.
Only two isolates were found to harbour plasmid DNA. The plasmid profiling
obtained is of limited epidemiological value for differentiation of leptospiral isolates.
It appears that human leptospirosis is an endemic infection in Malaysia. The
findings showed that ELISA was a suitable serological test for diagnosis of
leptospirosis compared to MAT and IRA tests. On the other hand, the application of
peR and REA in the diagnosis of leptospirosis would be useful.


In this paper we argue that attempts to distinguish between categories of 'dyslexia' and 'poor reader' or 'reading disabled' are scientifically unsupportable, arbitrary and thus potentially discriminatory. We do not seek to veto scientific curiosity in examining underlying factors in reading disability, for seeking greater understanding of the relationship between visual symbols and spoken language is crucial. However, while stressing the potential of genetics and neuroscience for guiding assessment and educational practice at some stage in the future, we argue that there is a mistaken belief that current knowledge in these fields is sufficient to justify a category of dyslexia as a subset of those who encounter reading difficulties. The implications of this debate for large-scale intervention are outlined.


This article explores a Pentecostal vision of economic development in Central America and considers how it becomes 'really real' for adherents, in part, through a sense of place. These Christians maintain that economic progress can only occur through the direct intervention of the Holy Spirit, whose role in development becomes apparent to them as they encounter a correspondence between three elements at three different churches: the church's level of prosperity; the intensity of the Holy Spirit; and the level of development associated with the broader locality. The article first describes this development project and explores the town of Copán Ruinas, Honduras – considered the least developed of the three places – and then provides an ethnographic account of all three churches, moving 'up' from Copán Ruinas through San Pedro Sula (the wealthiest city in Honduras) and ending in Guatemala City. To track the differences between these churches, the article attends to the variations in texture between them.


OBJECTIVES
We evaluated state-level characteristics associated with cigarette excise taxes before and after the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA).

METHODS
We gathered annual cigarette excise tax rates for all US states and the District of Columbia, between 1981 and 2011, and matched each state-year tax rate with economic, political, attitudinal, and demographic characteristics, creating a data set of 1581 observations. We used panel data regression techniques to assess relationships between key characteristics and state cigarette excise tax levels.

RESULTS
Cigarette excise tax rates grew at more than 6 times the rate of inflation between 1981 and 2011; growth varied by time period and region. We found strong negative associations between Republican Party control of state legislatures and governors' offices and state cigarette tax rates. Tobacco production, citizens' attitudes toward taxes and tobacco control, and cigarette tax rates in neighboring states were significantly associated with cigarette tax rates. We found no association between unemployment and tax rates.

CONCLUSIONS
Future excise tax growth rate may depend more on the political leanings of state legislators, and the attitudes of the people they represent, than on economic circumstances.


A number of recent papers have examined measures of intra-industry trade (IIT) and related indicators such as matched and unmatched changes in trade (MCIT and UCIT) as indicators of adjustment costs associated with trade expansion or contraction. We make three contributions to this literature. First, we clarify what is meant by adjustment costs in the context of these IIT-related measures. Second, we present new measures of MCIT and UCIT. Third, we compare our measures with existing measures using some simple numerical examples and data on Irish chemicals trade. We find that previous IIT-related measures tend to overestimate the extent of MCIT, and underestimate UCIT. We also find that the extent of the bias in these measures can be substantial. Thus, they are unreliable as indicators of adjustment costs. Our measures overcome these limitations.


In the current study tissue cultures of rapeseed (cv. "Drakkar", cv. "Westar") and sugarbeet (cv.
"Viktoria", cv. "VRB", cv. "31-188", cv. "7T1308" and 47 other breeding lines, Appendix 1)
have been investigated for the establishment of conditions that make possible plastid
transformation in both species. Tobacco leaf protoplasts (cv. "petite Havana", cv. "Wisconsin
38") were used to develop a novel technique – the TAL (thin-alginate-layers) technique. The
TAL technique in combination with new culture media resulted in very rapid protoplast
development and fast shoot regeneration (in less than two weeks). This method was also
successfully applied to improve protoplast culture of rapeseed and of the extremely recalcitrant
species sugarbeet. Factors, which included protoplast source, mineral and organic composition of
isolation and culture media, influence of growth regulators etc. were investigated and conditions
for protoplast culture and regeneration were established for both species.
According to reports in the literature, only protoplasts from guard cells could be regenerated into
plants. Thus, an alternative and reproducible method of shoot regeneration from protoplasts
isolated from hypocotyl derived callus was successfully developed. While no shoot regeneration
was observed from guard cell protoplasts in our experiments, plant regeneration (efficiencies up
to 30%) from callus protoplasts could be achieved for the first time in this study.
The influence of different parameters on the efficiency of callus formation from etiolated
hypocotyl explants was investigated. Protoplasts from callus and hypocotyl derived callus were
used for the experiments on nuclear transformation in sugarbeet. Both, the PEG method and the
biolistic method were successfully applied to obtain nuclear transformants as confirmed by
molecular methods (PCR analysis and Southern blot hybridisation). The biolistic method was
applied for plastid transformation experiments in sugarbeet.
Species specific vectors containing the aadA cassette were constructed for plastid transformation
in rapeseed and sugarbeet. However, difficulties to select plastid transformants were observed
due to a high natural resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin in rapeseed. In sugarbeet
spectinomycin at a concentration of 100 mg/l was found efficient for selection and
spectinomycin and streptomycin resistant colonies were obtained after callus bombardment. The
presence of the aadA gene in antibiotic-resistant lines was proven by PCR analysis, but an
integration of DNA into the plastome could not be verified so far. Efficient regeneration systems
and methods of DNA transfer were established for rapeseed and sugarbeet and straightened the
way for successful plastid transformation in either species.


Livestock is the most important source of cash for small-scale farmers in the semi-arid tropics of southern Africa. However, with limited access to markets, farmers do not have the incentive to invest in improved livestock management. Livestock production and off-takes remain low and farmers are unable to realize the full potential of their herds. We believe that improved market access will be the driver to increase technology adoption for income growth and poverty reduction. In Zimbabwe, a recent baseline diagnosis by ICRISAT and partners found that cash income from goats is crucial to cover day-to-day expenditures for food, education and human health. Cattle are more important for draft power and milk, and support subsistence cropping activities. Major production constraints include high mortality rates attributed to dry season feed shortages, particularly affecting farmers with small herds. An increasing demand for livestock products in rural and urban areas offers small-scale farmers opportunities for market participation. However, the existing markets are underdeveloped, with high transaction costs implying low producer prices and poor access to information for farmers. The challenge is to sustain livestock production, develop more effective market facilities, and thereby increase off-take. The potential of market-led technology development in crop–livestock systems has not been sufficiently exploited by research and development. To have an impact on incomes and poverty, we develop an innovative approach that would first evaluate local constraints in production and marketing, and then test alternative livestock markets and management strategies, with a strong linkage between private and public sectors


Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by a virus. Rabies infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva trough bites or scratches. The disease is present on nearly every continent of the world but most human deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Dogs continue to be the main carrier of rabies in Africa and Asia and are responsible for the human rabies deaths worldwide.People most at risk of rabies live in rural areas. The economic burden of rabies in the developing world takes large toll by means pre and post exposure prophylaxis treatments, cost of vaccine and other hidden costs.
The study is set out to investigate the effectiveness of house-to-house rabies vaccination in Magabheni Township in KwaZulu-Natal province, a region that has experienced rabies outbreaks since 1976s. It is well-known that control of rabies at the animal source is a key to control of the disease in humans. However the main problem faced in the control of this zoonotic disease is that vaccination of dogs is not sustained, as a large percentage of dogs are not accessible. Due to some hiccups in existing strategies, there is always a significant percentage of the dog population that is not accessible. The strategy proposed and investigated is indeed labour intensive but result is a much higher percentage of dogs being accessed. In brief the observation and questionnaires as tools to generate data. The data obtained will be useful and can be considered as a strategy for rabies control in the country and probably the region


Abstract. In this study we analyzed the impact of seawater carbonate chemistry on the incorporation of elements in both hyaline and porcelaneous larger benthic foraminifera. We observed a higher incorporation of Zn and Ba when pCO2 increases from 350 to 1200 ppm. Modeling the activity of free ions as a function of pCO2 shows that speciation of some elements (like Zn and Ba) is mainly influenced by the formation of carbonate complexes in seawater. Hence, differences in foraminiferal uptake of these might be related primarily by the speciation of these elements in seawater. We investigated differences in trends in element incorporation between hyaline (perforate) and porcelaneous (imperforate) foraminifera in order to unravel processes involved in element uptake and subsequent foraminiferal calcification. In hyaline foraminifera we observed a correlation of element incorporation of different elements between species, reflected by a general higher incorporation of elements in species with higher Mg content. Between porcelaneous species, inter-element differences are much smaller. Besides these contrasting trends in element incorporation, however, similar trends are observed in element incorporation as a function of seawater carbonate chemistry in both hyaline and porcelaneous species. This suggests similar mechanisms responsible for the transportation of ions to the site of calcification for these groups of foraminifera, although the contribution of these processes might differ across species.


Robot motion planning has become a major focus of robotics. Research findings can be applied not only to robotics but to planning routes on circuit boards, directing digital actors in computer graphics, robot-assisted surgery and medicine, and in novel areas such as drug design and protein folding. This text reflects the great advances that have taken place in the last ten years, including sensor-based planning, probabalistic planning, localization and mapping, and motion planning for dynamic and nonholonomic systems. Its presentation makes the mathematical underpinnings of robot motion accessible to students of computer science and engineering, rleating low-level implementation details to high-level algorithmic concepts.


The defining property of the class of physical systems under consideration herein is that, by striking a balance between nonlinear and frequency-dispersive effects, they can transmit periodic waves of finite amplitude but constant form. For any such system, therefore, in respect of propagation in the x direction relative to a state of rest, the dynamical equations have exact periodic solutions of the form η(x, t) = H(x - ct), say, where c is a constant phase velocity depending on wave amplitude as well as on frequency or wavelength. This paper is concerned with the proposition that in many cases these uniform wavetrains are unstable to small disturbances of a certain kind, so that in practice they will disintegrate if the attempt is made to send them over great distances. The outstanding example only recently brought to light is that finite gravity waves on deep water are unstable: unmistakable experimental evidence of this property is now available, and it has also been demonstrated analytically. In §2 the essential factors leading to instability are explained in general terms. A disturbance capable of gaining energy from the primary wave motion consists of a pair of wave modes at side-band frequencies and wavenumbers fractionally different from the fundamental frequency and wavenumber. In consequence of a nonlinear effect on these modes counteracting the detuning effect of dispersion on them, they are forced into resonance with second-harmonic components of the primary motion and thereafter their amplitudes grow mutually at a rate that is exponential in time or distance. In §3 a detailed stability analysis is presented for wavetrains on water of arbitrary depth h, and it is shown that they are unstable if the fundamental wavenumber k satisfies kh > 1·363, but are otherwise stable. Finally, in §4, some experimental results regarding the instability of deep-water waves are discussed, and a few prospective applications to other specific systems are reviewed.


Variability in the North Atlantic ocean heat transport at 26.5°N on short (5 day) timescales is identified and contrasted with different behaviour at monthly intervals using a combination of RAPID/MOCHA/WBTS measurements and the NEMO-LIM2 1/12° ocean circulation/sea ice model. Wind forcing plays the leading role in establishing the heat transport variability through the Ekman transport response of the ocean and the associated driving atmospheric conditions vary significantly with timescale. We find that at 5 day timescales the largest changes in the heat transport across 26.5°N coincide with north-westerly airflows originating over the American land mass that drive strong southward anomalies in the Ekman flow. During these events the northward heat transport reduces by 0.5–1.4 PW. In contrast, the Ekman transport response at longer monthly timescales is smaller in magnitude (up to 0.5 PW) and consistent with expected variations in the leading mode of North Atlantic atmospheric variability, the North Atlantic Oscillation. The north-westerly airflow mechanism can have a prolonged influence beyond the central 5 day timescale and on occasion can reduce the accumulated winter ocean heat transport into the North Atlantic by ?40%.


Background: In addition to home, school is the second most important living environment in a child's life. Injuries that most often occur in school and on the school playground are the primary cause for the death of children. In case of sudden health problems in schools, teachers are usually the first to be at a child's side. We were interested in how well teachers in primary schools are familiar with first aid measures in
selected health cases.

 Methods: Collecting of data in the framework of the descriptive method of research was conducted with an anonymous survey questionnaire using the online program 1ka. One hundred and ninety-two teachers filled in the survey questionnaire in its entirety.

 Results: Teachers have a lack of theoretical knowledge of first aid in life-threatening situations. In four of the nine questions on the selected first aid measures, the teachers who teach at the upper level of primary school showed statistically significantly poorer knowledge compared to the teachers who teach at the lower level of primary school.

 Conclusions: Teachers at the lower level who teach in the early stage of the education system displayed better theoretical knowledge of first aid. This may be the result of a difference in their educational role during the schooling of an individual pupil. While a lower-level teacher
who is associating with the particular pupil all day long is involved in the general education of the pupil, the teacher at a higher-level teaches a specific subject and only has contact with a certain pupil a few hours a week. Theoretical knowledge is only a basic prerequisite for
performing first aid, practical skills are required as well. It is essential that teachers in primary school renew and upgrade their knowledge of first aid, as doctrinal guidance changes and first aid knowledge is also forgotten. If teachers are responsible for the practical performance of first aid measures on an injured or suddenly ill child, the school principals are responsible for ensuring the conditions for the implementation of these measures, including the provision of training for their employees.


The aim of this study was to find a lipase suitable as a surrogate for Human Gastric Lipase (HGL), since the development of predictive gastrointestinal lipolysis models are hampered by the lack of a lipase with similar digestive properties as HGL. Three potential surrogates for HGL; Rhizopus Oryzae Lipase (ROL), Rabbit Gastric Lipase (RGL) and recombinant HGL (rHGL), were used to catalyze the in vitro digestion of two infant formulas (a medium-chain triacylglyceride enriched formula (MC-IF) and a predominantly long-chain triacylglyceride formula (LC-IF)). Digesta were withdrawn after 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 min of gastric digestion and after 90 or 180 min of intestinal digestion with or without the presence of pancreatic enzymes, respectively. The digesta were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography to quantify the release of fatty acids (FAs). Digestions of both formulas, catalyzed by ROL, showed that the extent of gastric digestion was higher than expected from previously published in vivo data. ROL was furthermore insensitive to FA chain length and all FAs were released at the same pace. RGL and rHGL favoured the release of MC-FAs in both formulas, but rHGL did also release some LC-FAs during digestion of MC-IF, whereas RGL only released MC-FAs. Digestion of a MC-IF by HGL in vivo showed that MC-FAs are preferentially released, but some LC-FAs are also released. Thus of the tested lipase rHGL replicated the digestive properties of HGL the best and is a suitable surrogate for HGL for use in in vitro gastrointestinal lipolysis models.


OBJECTIVES
The aim of this randomized controlled clinical study was to assess soft tissue contour changes after different alveolar ridge preservation procedures.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Following tooth extraction, 30 patients were randomly assigned to the following treatments (Tx) - Tx 1: xenogenic bone substitute (pre-hydrated collagenated cortico-cancellous porcine bone) and free gingival graft; Tx 2: free gingival graft alone; Tx 3: xenogenic bone substitute; Tx 4: no further treatment (control). Impressions were obtained before tooth extraction (baseline) and 4 months after surgery. Cast models were optically scanned, digitally superimposed and horizontal measurements of the contour alterations between time points were performed using digital imaging analysis.

RESULTS
All groups displayed contour shrinkage at the buccal aspect ranging from a mean horizontal reduction of -0.8 ± 0.5 mm (Tx 1) to -2.3 ± 1.1 mm (control). Statistically significant differences were found between Tx 1 and Tx 4 as well as Tx 2 and Tx 4. A significant positive influence of the free gingival graft on the maintenance of the ridge width was recorded (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
In this study, alveolar ridge preservation techniques were not able to entirely compensate for alveolar ridge reduction. Covering the orifice of the extraction socket with a free gingival tissue graft seems to have the potential to limit but not avoid the post-operative external contour shrinkage based on optical scans.


The evolution of cooperation is a fundamental and enduring puzzle in biology and the social sciences. Hundreds of theoretical models have been proposed, but empirical research has been hindered by the generation time of social organisms and by the difficulties of quantifying costs and benefits of cooperation. The significant increase in computational power in the last decade has made artificial evolution of simple social robots a promising alternative. This thesis is concerned with the artificial evolution of groups of cooperating robots. It argues that artificial evolution of robotic agents is a powerful tool to address open questions in evolutionary biology, and shows how insights gained from the study of artificial and biological multi-agent systems can be mutually beneficial for both biology and robotics. The work presented in this thesis contributes to biology by showing how artificial evolution can be used to quantify key factors in the evolution of cooperation in biological systems and by providing an empirical test of a central part of biological theory. In addition, it reveals the importance of the genetic architecture for the evolution of efficient cooperation in groups of organisms. The work also contributes to robotics by identifying three different classes of multi-robot tasks depending on the amount of cooperation required between team members and by suggesting guidelines for the evolution of efficient robot teams. Furthermore it shows how simulations can be used to successfully evolve controllers for physical robot teams.


In the present work the refinement of X-ray data have been used to solve different scientific problems, namely drug localization in the liposome wall, reaction kinetics of the small molecule upon excitation and resolving an ensemble of protein structures at different temperatures. The common approach included collection of X-ray scattering patterns, modelling of the system of interest in atomic level and fitting computed results to experimental data. Employed fitting algorithms varied depends on the application ranging from inverse matrix calculations to the genetic algorithm for complex tasks. Observed results broaden our understanding of investigated systems on molecular level and also lead to development faster, more effective ways to sample atomic structures by X-ray diffusion scattering.


Abstract This paper presents new evidence on the role of gender segregation and pay structure in explaining gender wage differentials of full-time salaried workers in Spain. Data from the 1995 and 2002 Wage Structure Surveys reveal that raw gender wage gaps decreased from 0.24 to 0.14 over the seven-year period. Average differences in the base wage and wage complements decreased from 0.09 to 0.05 and from 0.59 to 0.40, respectively. However, the gender wage gap is still large after accounting for workers' human capital, job and pay structure characteristics, and female segregation into low-paying industries, occupations, establishments, and occupations within establishments.


There are two possible forms of evidence in a custody or access (visitation) case which is determined through adjudication. First, the judge may hear from the adult parties and the witnesses whom they choose to call. Second, the judge may hear "children's evidence," which comes either directly from the child, or from a neutral professional with child-related expertise. To determine the prevalence of children's evidence in Canadian custody and access litigation, the author conducted a quantitative survey of 181 reported decisions from 2009. The central finding was that only 45% mentioned any form of children's evidence. Among the various varieties of children's evidence, assessments (also known as child custody evaluations) were much more common than legal representation of children or direct evidence from children. The paper concludes by contrasting the primacy of the child in custody and access doctrine with the reality that the children involved appear to be effectively silent in the majority of the adjudicated cases.


Abstract. Invasive plants are considered to be a major threat to the earth's biodiversity, but have not been sufficiently investigated. To address this problem a relational database on invasive woody plants has been set up. It is based on 2045 bibliographical references and contains records on 653 species representing 110 families. The families with the largest number of invasive species are: Rosaceae, Mimosaceae, Papilionaceae and Pinaceae. Out of 1060 recorded invasive events an equal number are reported from continents and oceanic islands. The highest number of invasive woody species are recorded from Europe, followed by the Pacific islands, North America, New Zealand, Australia, Indian Ocean islands and southern Africa. Included in these regions are areas which have fewer highly invasive species, e.g. islands on continental shelves, such as the British Isles. Although most invasions occur in disturbed habitats, most natural communities are susceptible to woody plant invasions. Data on species attributes are only available for a minority of species but indicate that invasive woody plant species may be either insect or wind-pollinated, have a wide array of fruit types, fruit and seed sizes, number of seeds per fruit and dispersal agents. The relative frequency of several attributes varies with the degree of invasiveness. Thus it is not yet possible to determine which set of attributes favours invasiveness and therefore it is difficult to make predictions.


1-Decene is a valuable product in linear alpha olefins plants that is contaminated with 2-EHA (2-ethyl hexyl amine). Using organic solvent nanofiltration membranes for this separation is quite challengeable. A membrane has to be a chemically stable in this environment with reasonable and stable separation factor. This paper shows that Teflon AF 2400 and cellulose acetate produced interesting results in 1-decene/2-EHA separation. The separation factor of Teflon AF 2400 is 3 with a stable permeance of 1.1x10 -2 L/(m 2 ·h·bar). Likewise, cellulose acetate gave 2-EHA/1-decene separation factor of 2 with a lower permeance of 3.67x10 -3 L/(m 2 ·h·bar). A series of hydrophilic membranes were tested but they did not give any separation due to high degree of swelling of 2-EHA with these polymers. The large swelling causes the membrane to lose its diffusivity selectivity because of an increase in the polymer's chain mobility.


The James Webb Space Telescope Optical Telescope Element (OTE) is a deployed cryogenic telescope with a 6.5 meter diameter segmented primary mirror that aligns in space. This revolutionary telescope has been the work of over a 1000 engineers, technicians and scientists over the past 15 years and includes numerous technical innovations and first-of-a-kind achievements. This talk will look back in time at the amazing history of the telescope development including the technology, architecture, design, manufacturing, and integration and testing phases. This will include a description of the early years where three fast paced first-of-a-kind optical technologies were developed that helped enable the mission and explore how early architectural decisions played out during the recent test campaign. The presentation will walk through a visual history of the remarkable mirror development efforts, the innovative wavefront sensing and control demonstrations, and recount the intense last two years of integration and testing where the telescope underwent deployment testing, integration with the science instruments, vibration and acoustic testing, and optical testing at cryogenic temperatures at the Johnson Space Center - including through Hurricane Harvey. The talk will end by looking forward in time and discuss how the Webb telescope experience is informing our ability to build future telescopes.


Most tax lawyers are not very fond of tax incentives. When talking about simplifying taxes, an initial approach might be to abolish tax incentives. However, in some cases this abolishment may cause the loss of a useful and effective instrument for government policy. A good example of a policy field that can benefit from certain tax incentives is cultural policy. The advantages that some tax incentives offer do not mean that no tax incentives should be abolished. It is important that all tax incentives are evaluated on a regular basis to check whether they are (still) in line with policy goals and whether they are (still) the most efficient and most effective way of achieving these goals. Currently this is not always the case. To solve this problem the article proposes a change to the way in which tax incentives are budgeted and accounted for, which should give an incentive to evaluate tax incentives in a similar way as that in which direct subsidies are evaluated. The side effect of this change could be the abolishment of certain tax incentives and the simplification of tax laws.


This is a report on the third of our series of seminars, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, to examine 'The educational and social impact of new technologies on young people in Britain'. Its purpose is to bring together academics, policy makers and practitioners from many different backgrounds in order to consider the contexts and consequences of use of new information and communication technologies for children and young people, with a particular focus on the implications of technological change of formal and informal education. The first seminar scoped key theoretical frameworks, focusing on questions of age and development, on social approaches to technological change, and to diverse notions of learning. The report, titled 'Theorising the benefits of new technology for youth: Controversies of learning and development', can be freely downloaded from http://www.education.ox.ac.uk/ esrcseries/home/index.php. Seminar 2 concerned questions of space: we were interested in learning environments, seeking to understand how changing spatio-technical arrangements are affecting the learning environment in the classroom, school, home and community. The report, titled 'Changing spaces: Young people, technology and learning', can also be freely downloaded from http://www.education.ox.ac.uk/ esrcseries/home/index.php. In this third seminar, titled 'Digital literacies: Tracing the implications of learners and learning', a lively group of academics, educators and policy makers gathered at the Department of Education, University of Bristol to discuss three stimulating papers addressing the burgeoning debates over digital (or information-, cyber-, new media or other) literacies and competences that, supposedly, especially characterise today's generation of children and young people. The first paper, appropriately, served to ground the academic and policy discussion in children's own experiences. Chris Davies, from the University of Oxford, has spent recent months interviewing children at UK primary and secondary schools to hear what they have to say about the possible benefits and problems of using diverse forms of information and communication technologies in school. In this paper, he compares and contrasts children's experiences with the ambitious if somewhat ideal specification of the key elements or skills of digital literacy outlined by scholar Henry Jenkins of MIT in his work for the MacArthur Foundation. While the latter provided some valuable analytic criteria with which to interpret children's reflections on their practical 'literacies', the scare quotes must remain firmly in place: for Chris Davies concludes, although there are indeed promising signs that a 'self-managed participatory culture' is emerging, 'this is still a long way removed from evidence of a true process of developing new media literacies'. The second paper, by Gunther Kress, from the Institute of Education, took the seminar back to first principles by inquiring into the very nature of communication – what resources does it require? what are the environments of learning? what is really meant by literacy? Beginning with some theoretical reservations about the concept of literacy, Kress widens the frame to examine what he calls 'cultural technologies of transcription'; to be sure, writing is the most familiar of these, but this can be broken down into writing using an alphabetic script or a character script for example; meanwhile, there are other technologies altogether – notably the visual, the multimodal, indeed also the oral. To understand each, and especially to understand the implications for those who learn, we must understand the technologies that record and reproduce what has been transacted. As he says, 'every technology of transcription has potentials and limitations, speech and writing not excepted'. Kress concludes by centring the analysis of literacy not on the expertise of the teacher but the interpretative motivations of the learner, a salutary conclusion for those who treat literacies as a set of demands against which learners must 'match up'. Having studied youthful digital literacy practices across a range of formal and informal settings, the third paper from Kathleen Tyner, from the University of Texas at Austin, offered a wide-ranging survey of the rapidly-evolving conditions under which new technologies are used and negotiated. Linking digital literacy to social capital, she is especially interested in the diverse benefits that gaining new skills may offer young people as well as the costs it poses for those who do not learn these skills so effectively. Beginning by scoping the research agenda that such study demands of the academy, Kathleen Tyner also emphases the 'strategic uses' of technology by children – for they also need to escape the constant surveillance enabled by ubiquitous computing, especially surveillance by parents and teachers (though adults also worry about commercial surveillance). Other downsides, as she notes, include the avalanche of misinformation, the moral panics associated with new media, and the more mundane frustrations of getting the technology to do what you want it to do. Each of these three papers stimulated lively discussion among the seminar audience, which we have captured briefly in the discussion summaries that follow. Many of these points were then developed by the final panel session of the day, chaired by Keri Facer and including Rosamund Sutherland, Julian Sefton- Green and Shelagh Wright. A summary of the points they raised appears at the end of this report. The series will hold its fourth and last seminar on 2nd March 2009 at London School of Economics and Political Science, entitled 'Digital identities: Tracing the implications for learners and learning'. The series will conclude with a conference on 14th July, 2009 at the University of Oxford. Interested participants should contact Lisa Currie at lisa.currie@education. ox.ac.uk or visit the project website. The series is coordinated by John Coleman, Ingrid Lunt and Chris Davies (University of Oxford) and Sonia Livingstone (LSE), together with Keri Facer (Manchester Metropolitan University) and Neil Selwyn (London Knowledge Lab).


Abstract:  Assessment of long‐term impacts of projected changes in climate, population, and land use and land cover on regional water resource is critical to the sustainable development of the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to fully budget annual water availability for water supply (precipitation − evapotranspiration + groundwater supply + return flow) and demand from commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, mining, and thermoelectric uses. The Water Supply Stress Index and Water Supply Stress Index Ratio were developed to evaluate water stress conditions over time and across the 666 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins in the 13 southeastern states. Predictions from two Global Circulation Models (CGC1 and HadCM2Sul), one land use change model, and one human population model, were integrated to project future water supply stress in 2020. We found that population increase greatly stressed water supply in metropolitan areas located in the Piedmont region and Florida. Predicted land use and land cover changes will have little effect on water quantity and water supply‐water demand relationship. In contrast, climate changes had the most pronounced effects on regional water supply and demand, especially in western Texas where water stress was historically highest in the study region. The simulation system developed by this study is useful for water resource planners to address water shortage problems such as those experienced during 2007 in the study region. Future studies should focus on refining the water supply term to include flow exchanges between watersheds and constraints of water quality and environmental flows to water availability for human use.


Vedic Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages attest a typologically remarkable change of passives to anticausatives. This semantic development is attested, foremost, for passives of several verbs of perception and knowledge (knowledge transfer) obviously, according to the scenario 'Y is seen (known etc.) by smb.' → 'Y is seen (known etc.) [by smb.]' → 'Y is seen (known etc.) [by generic passive agent]' → 'Y is visible (famous, etc.)'. A special variety of this development is instantiated by the passive of a verb of speech, ucyate 'Y is pronounced' → 'Y [e.g. speech, musical instrument] sounds'. In addition, passive to anticausative transfer is attested for a small subgroup of verbs of caused motion. While in this latter case the rise of anticausative usages may be due to conceptualizing simple transitives as causatives ( throw = 'emake fall, make fly', etc.), in cases of verbs of perception and knowledge we observe the rise of the anticausative usages through the stage which is called 'impersonalization' in Siewierska 1984 and explained in terms of 'objectivization of knowledge', i.e. knowledge without a knowing subject. In connection with these verbs, I will briefly discuss the relationships between 'agentless', 'impersonalized' and 'impersonal' passives. Keywords: passive; anticausative; impersonalization; impersonal passive; verbs of perception; objectivization; Vedic; Indo-European


The unified structure of steady, one-dimensional shock waves in argon, in the absence of an external electric or magnetic field, is investigated. The analysis is based on a two-temperature, three-fluid continuum approach, using the Navier—Stokes equations as a model and including non-equilibrium collisional as well as radiative ionization phenomena. Quasi charge neutrality and zero velocity slip are assumed. The integral nature of the radiative terms is reduced to analytical forms through suitable spectral and directional approximations. The analysis is based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions. With respect to a suitably chosen small parameter, which is the ratio of atom-atom elastic collisional mean free-path to photon mean free-path, the following shock morphology emerges: within the radiation and electron thermal conduction dominated outer layer occurs an optically transparent discontinuity which consists of a chemically frozen heavy particle (atoms and ions) shock and a collisional ionization relaxation layer. Solutions are obtained for the first order with respect to the small parameter of the problem for two cases: (i) including electron thermal conduction and (ii) neglecting it in the analysis of the outer layer. It has been found that the influence of electron thermal conduction on the shock structure is substantial. Results for various free-stream conditions are presented in the form of tables and figures.


Background High body mass index (BMI) has become the leading risk factor of disease burden in high-income countries. While recent studies have suggested that the risk of cancer related to obesity is mediated by time, insights into the dose-response relationship and the cumulative impact of overweight and obesity during the life course on cancer risk remain scarce. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the impact of adulthood overweight and obesity duration on the risk of cancer in a large cohort of postmenopausal women. Methods and Findings Participants from the observational study of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) with BMI information from at least three occasions during follow-up, free of cancer at baseline, and with complete covariate information were included (n = 73,913). Trajectories of BMI across ages were estimated using a quadratic growth model; overweight duration (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), obesity duration (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), and weighted cumulative overweight and obese years, which take into account the degree of overweight and obesity over time (a measure similar to pack-years of cigarette smoking), were calculated using predicted BMIs. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to determine the cancer risk associated with overweight and obesity duration. In secondary analyses, the influence of important effect modifiers and confounders, such as smoking status, postmenopausal hormone use, and ethnicity, was assessed. A longer duration of overweight was significantly associated with the incidence of all obesity-related cancers (hazard ratio [HR] per 10-y increment: 1.07, 95% CI 1.06–1.09). For postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancer, every 10-y increase in adulthood overweight duration was associated with a 5% and 17% increase in risk, respectively. On adjusting for intensity of overweight, these figures rose to 8% and 37%, respectively. Risks of postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancer related to overweight duration were much more pronounced in women who never used postmenopausal hormones. This study has limitations because some of the anthropometric information was obtained from retrospective self-reports. Furthermore, data from longitudinal studies with long-term follow-up and repeated anthropometric measures are typically subject to missing data at various time points, which was also the case in this study. Yet, this limitation was partially overcome by using growth curve models, which enabled us to impute data at missing time points for each participant. Conclusions In summary, this study showed that a longer duration of overweight and obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing several forms of cancer. Furthermore, the degree of overweight experienced during adulthood seemed to play an important role in the risk of developing cancer, especially for endometrial cancer. Although the observational nature of our study precludes inferring causality or making clinical recommendations, our findings suggest that reducing overweight duration in adulthood could reduce cancer risk and that obesity prevention is important from early onset. If this is true, health care teams should recognize the potential of obesity management in cancer prevention and that excess body weight in women is important to manage regardless of the age of the patient.


The aim of a semi-supervised neural net learning approach in this paper is to apply and improve the supervised classifiers and to develop a model to predict CPU usages under unpredictable peak load (under stress conditions) in a large enterprise applications environment with several hundred applications hosted and with large number of concurrent users. This method forecasts the likelihood of extreme use of CPU because of a burst in web traffic mainly due to web-traffic from large number of concurrent users. This model predicts the CPU utilization under extreme load (stress) conditions. Large number of applications run simultaneously in a real time system in an enterprise large IT system. This model extracts features by analysing the work-load patterns of the user demand which are mainly hidden in the data related to key transactions of core IT applications. This method creates synthetic workload profiles by simulating synthetic concurrent users, then executes the key scenarios in a test environment and use our model to predict the excessive CPU utilization under peak load (stress) conditions. We have used Expectation Maximization method with different dimensionality and regularization, attempting to extract and analyse the parameters that improves the likelihood of the model by maximizing and after marginalizing out the unknown labels. With the outcome of this research, risk mitigation strategies were implemented at very short duration of time (3 to 4 hours) compared to one week taken in the current practice. Workload demand prediction with semi-supervised learning has tremendous potential tin capacity planning to optimize and manage IT infrastructure at a lower risk.


Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the contamination that persists after secondhand tobacco smoke has been emitted into air. It refers to the tobacco-related gases and particles that become embedded in materials, such as the carpet, walls, furniture, blankets, and toys. THS is not strictly smoke, but chemicals that adhere to surfaces from which they can be released back into the air, undergo chemical transformations and/or accumulate. Currently, the hazards of THS are not as well documented as the hazards of secondhand smoke (SHS). In this Perspective, we describe the distribution and chemical changes that occur as SHS is transformed into THS, studies of environmental contamination by THS, human exposure studies, toxicology studies using animal models and in vitro systems, possible approaches for avoiding exposure, remediation of THS contamination, and priorities for further research.


This paper argues why it is vital to inculcate law students with a pro bono ethos on their journey through law school to becoming a lawyer, and suggests ways that we might do this better during a student's legal education and practical legal training in Australia.

Based on the argument that professionalism is more than ever under threat and its survival in the law, as much as anywhere, seems increasingly fragile, it makes the case for the importance of this issue and suggests practical opportunities for students, law schools, providers of practical legal training, and regulation to better inculcate law students with the pro bono ethos, and to enhance the ethical value of lawyers providing 'public service'.

The paper examines what we might mean by the pro bono ethos, the current ways that this issue is approached in Australia and compares student pro bono, clinical legal education' pre-admission rules, and other initiatives in the USA, Canada and the UK, as well as the Australian regulatory framework, to arrive at conclusions about opportunities for change.


PURPOSE
We reviewed the use of Vaginal multi-channel cylinder applicator (VCMC) in adjuvant HDR brachytherapy with the goal of reducing dose to OAR while completely covering the entire proximal vaginal cuff.

METHODS
Two patients underwent total hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma and received combined 5 fractions of Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy to the vaginal cuff as a portion of their postoperative regimens. Treatment was delivered using a commercially available Nucletron CT/MR compatible VCMC. The dwell time distribution for multiple lumens was optimized to maintain at least 95% of CTV within 95% of isodose line (V95 > 95%) while keeping dose to all OAR as low as possible. For comparison, plans were created using the central channel only simulating single-channel (SC) cylinder treatments. Related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test for statistical significance.

RESULTS
Average CTV V200 was 39.7 ± 1.5 % of prescribed dose for VCMC plans vs. 32.5 ± 0.5 % for SC (p=0.04). Average CTV V150, V95, and V90 were 58.4 ± 2.0 %, 98.1 ± 1.0 %, and 99.4 ± 0.5 % for VCMC and 51.1 ± 0.3 % (p=0.04), 96.5 ± 0.6 % (p=0.04) and 98.8 ± 0.4 % (p=0.08) for SC. Average maximum point vaginal surface dose as a percentage of prescribed dose was similar: 294.5 ± 62.4 % for VCMC and 295.9 ± 79.7 % for SC. We also calculated the average D0.1cc, D1cc, D2cc and D10cc for bladder, rectum, sigmoid, and small bowel.

CONCLUSION
Use of VCMC reduced D0.1cc, D1cc and D2cc for the rectum; however bladder D0.1cc and D10cc were lower for SC. While CTV V200 and V150 were higher for VCMC, maximum dose to vaginal surface was similar. Additional dosimetric and clinical studies of VCMC use are necessary.


We have experimentally demonstrated two extremely wideband amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) sources. High bandwidth is achieved by combining the backward and forward ASEs generated in thulium-holmium-doped fiber using appropriate wideband couplers. The ASE source optimized for flat spectral power density covers a spectral range from 1527 to 2171 nm at a -10  dB level. The ASE source optimized for spectroscopy features an enhancement with respect to single-mode fiber (SMF) coupled halogen lamps within the spectral range from 1540 nm to more than 2340 nm covering the 800 nm bandwidth.


The Gibberella fujikuroi niaD gene, encoding nitrate reductase, has been isolated and used to develop an efficient homologous transformation system. A cosmid vector designated pGFniaD was generated based on niaD selection and shown to give comparable transformation efficiencies. Using pGFniaD, a genomic library was prepared and used for genetic transformations, giving frequencies of up to 200 transformants per microgram DNA. Of 15 transformants analysed by Southern blots, six showed homologous integration whilst the remaining nine integrated at heterologous sites, indicating that the vector may be used reliably for both types of integration. The system therefore may be used both for self-cloning of gibberellin biosynthetic genes on the basis of complementation of defective mutants, and also for gene disruption experiments. Electrophoretic karyotype determination suggested at least 11 chromosomes ranging from 2 to 6 Mb, the total genome size being at least 37 Mb. The niaD gene was assigned to chromosome V by Southern blot analysis. The niaD gene is interrupted by one intron, and remarkably the promoter sequence, but not the 3' untranslated sequence, is highly homologous to that of the corresponding Fusarium oxysporum gene. This situation appears to be unique with respect to the promoter regions of corresponding genes in related species of filamentous fungi.


Purpose To determine if motor evoked potentials (MEPs), postconcussion signs and symptoms, and neurocognitive functions follow a similar recovery pattern after concussion. Methods Nine collegiate athletes with acute concussion (>24 hours after injury) participated in this retrospective time series design. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the motor cortex, and MEPs were recorded from the contralateral upper extremity. Self-reported symptoms were evaluated using the Head Injury Scale, and the Concussion Resolution Index was used to assess neurocognitive function. All measures were repeated on days 3, 5, and 10 after injury. Results Composite scores on the Head Injury Scale were significantly higher on day 1 after injury (F3,51 = 15.3; P = 0.0001). Processing speed on the Concussion Resolution Index was slower on days 1, 3, and 5 compared with that on day 10 (F3,24 = 6.75; P = 0.0002). Median MEP latencies were significantly longer on day 10 compared with day 1 after concussion (t8 = −2.69; P = 0.03). Ulnar MEP amplitudes were significantly smaller on day 3 after concussion compared with day 5 (t8 = −3.48; P = 0.008). Conclusions Acutely concussed collegiate athletes demonstrate changes in MEPs, which persist for up to 10 days after injury and do not follow the same recovery pattern as symptoms and neuropsychological test performance. The apparent differential rates of recovery most likely indicate different pathophysiological processes occurring in the immediate postconcussion period.


Efforts to promote infill development and to raise densities are growing in many cities around the world as a way to encourage urban sustainability. However, in cities polarized along socio-economic lines, the benefits of densification are not so evident. The aim of this paper is to discuss some of the contradictions of densification in Santiago de Chile, a city characterized by socio-spatial disparities. To that end, we first use regression analysis to explain differences in density rates within the city. The regression analysis shows that dwelling density depends on the distance from the city center, socioeconomic conditions, and the availability of urban attributes in the area. After understanding the density profile, we discuss the implications for travel and the distribution of social infrastructures and the environmental services provided by green areas. While, at the metropolitan scale, densification may favor a more sustainable travel pattern, it should be achieved by balancing density rates and addressing spatial differences in the provision of social services and environmental amenities. We believe a metropolitan approach is essential to correct these spatial imbalances and to promote a more sustainable and socially cohesive growth pattern.


The authors document significant spreads in style factors—value, size, quality, momentum, and low volatility—in each of the style box categories. This is also true even for the value and small size factors, which are reflected in the original definition of the style box framework. Some single factors stay within a given style box, like quality in Blend, while other factors drift across style boxes, like momentum and even the size factor! They build multifactor portfolios within each style box, thus giving access to five style factors that can stay within a style box category, and the portfolios had information ratios of about 0.8 over June 2003 to December 2020. TOPICS: Analysis of individual factors/risk premia, portfolio construction, performance measurement, risk management Key Findings ▪ Although the traditional style box provides categories based on size and value, there is still substantial factor dispersion within each of the style boxes. This may not be so surprising for the quality, momentum, and low-volatility factors that are not directly captured in the style box framework, but it is also true for the size and value factors themselves. ▪ Active style box managers within the large-cap US equity space have demonstrated dispersion in the value and size factors in line with their benchmarks, but the median active manager tends not to exhibit significant quality, momentum, and low-volatility factor exposures. The range for these three factors is also relatively narrow, compared with size and value. ▪ Optimal combinations of the five factors—momentum, value, quality, size, and low volatility—can be constructed within each style box, allowing investors to harvest all five, and not just two, factor premiums while remaining in the same style box category. In historical data, these five-factor combinations resulted in information ratios of above 0.8, which fall in the top decile of above-benchmark performance relative to active managers in the respective peer group, while exhibiting lower relative active risk.


Water for human consumption is supplied for different demanded uses: domestic, agriculture and industry. According to what has been reported by FAO and UNESCO, agriculture consumes 69% of water; domestic purposes consume 10% and industry 21%. Given the importance of water in agriculture and crop pattern, knowledge on the optimal allocation and economic value of the resource is required. The objective of our study was to obtain an optimal crop pattern in the Irrigation District 100 (ID 100) Alfajayucan Hidalgo, as well as to estimate the economical price of water under different scenarios. The hypothesis states that the fees paid by farmers in ID 100 do not reflect their true scarcity value. A linear programming model was implemented to maximize the net income of farmers with 17 cyclical and perennial agricultural activities, subject to 57 surface restrictions, water, labor and machinery. The results indicate that the net income of ID 100 would increase by $273 million if the optimal crop pattern is established, compared to that obtained in the 2015‑2016 agricultural cycle. The economical price of the water according to the model was $1.44 m-3, much higher than that currently paid (irrigation fees = $0.02 m-3), conf irming the existence of a strong subsidy to the water supply. Thus, in light our results, the water fees paid by farmers should increase.


Published to coincide with the 75th anniversary of the Falangist uprising in July 2011, Franco's Friends tells the little-known true story of how MI6 orchestrated the coup that brought General Franco to power in Spain in 1936, leading to the Spanish civil war and 40 years of right-wing dictatorship. It has long been known that a British plane took Franco from the Canaries to Morocco at the start of the coup and that Major Hugh Pollard travelled on the plane from London, masquerading as a tourist and accompanied by two attractive blondes to add to the deception that this was just a pleasure trip. What is not known is the importance of his role and the extent of the involvement of the British intelligence services. Franco's Friends shows that Pollard was a lifelong member of MI6 and discloses a list of Britons who helped engineer Franco's coup that reads like a who's who of British intelligence (including james Bond creator, Ian Fleming). The book shows that MI6 continued working in Spain through to the Second World War, putting together behind-the-scenes deals and ensuring that the UK's interests were maintained. Crucially, MI6 even financed bribes paid to the Spanish generals by the British naval attache in Madrid to keep Spain neutral, thus reaping the benefits for Britain in 1939-45. Franco's Friends , based on previously unknown material from the National Archives, Imperial War Museum, the British Library and private archives, is one of the great previously untold stories of the Second World War, revealing how Britain made a dubious but difficult moral choice that would have repercussions on the outcome of the Second World War.


The concept of reputation was introduced to management literature from sociological literature on impression management. Fombrun developed an understanding of reputation in business by introducing several aspects of corporate reputation. However, attempts at making it all-inclusive resulted in the concept becoming unusable as it is not possible to distinguish it empirically from other related sociological concepts. Moreover, its measure lacks validity and reliability, thus making the concept of reputation empirically impossible to use. This contribution aims at understanding the concept of reputation by analyzing the items used to measure it, along with the related concepts of economic, symbolic, cultural and social capital – which characterize every entity in its context. Thus, in this contribution the concept of reputation is drawn back to its sociological roots. Results indicate that, once different capital forms are controlled for, reputation reflects output quality and an entity's capability to deliver such output in the future.


Group key management protocols are crucial in establishing secured communication channels for collaborative IoT-based groups. The Internet of Things (IoT) dimension includes additional challenges. In fact, resource constrained members within dynamic and heterogeneous groups are unable to run existing group key protocols. Furthermore, these protocols need to be scalable and fault tolerant to suit growing and sensitive groups. To face these issues, we enhance our previously proposed protocol called Decentralized Batch-based Group Key protocol (DBGK). Using polynomial computation to secure data exchanges, we considerably improve its scalability, fault tolerance and collusion freeness properties. This gain is achieved thanks to the ability to include additional unconstrained members (controllers) while inducing a very limited cost on the constrained members. Furthermore, we include an energy preserving blockchain-based mechanism to authenticate group members credentials in a distributed manner. To assess our new protocol called DiStributed Batch-based Group Key protocol (DsBGK), we performed a detailed theoretical security analysis to evaluate its behaviour against well studied attacks in the literature. Furthermore, we validated this analysis using a formal validation tool. To evaluate DsBGK performances , we performed extensive simulations. We proceeded by comparing DsBGK in term of energy cost, first, with DBGK, then with other analogous protocols from the literature. The results confirmed the security soundness of DsBGK, in addition to an improved energy efficiency compared to its peers.


The microbial world is the largest unexplored reservoir of biodiversity on the earth. It is an important frontier in biology under intensive investigations. The exploration of microbial diversity has been spurred by the fact that microbes are essential for life since they perform numerous functions essential for the biosphere that include nutrient recycling and environmental detoxification. The management and exploitation of microbial diversity has an important role in sustainable development with the industrial and commercial application of microbial diversity worth millions of rupees. Given the heterogeneity of natural environments and the enormous potential of microorganisms to provide novel pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and new technologies, the biotechnology industry has a vast, largely untapped resource for the discovery of new chemicals and novel processes. However, despite the obvious economic value of microbial diversity, microorganisms have been largely ignored in debates on the conservation and management of global diversity. There is, therefore, an urgent need to persuade policy-maker to be more concerned about the conservation, management and exploitation of microbial diversity. There are a number of reasons why the conservation of microbial diversity has not received the same attention as plants and animals. For example, microorganisms are invisible, less familiar and perceived primarily as agents of disease. With respect to the role of microorganisms in sustainable development, little is known about the potential contribution of microbial diversity to the national economy, to wealth creation and to improvements in the quality of life. An appreciation of these factors might be one way of changing government and public perception of microorganisms by showing that the sustainable use of microbial diversity has positive economic value. This would help justify the costs involved in conserving microbial diversity, but equally provide a useful indicator of the costs of inaction. In terms of the scientific rationale needed to underpin policy, quantification of microbial diversity has been limited. This makes it difficult to indicate what needs to be conserved in order to support the biotechnology industries and to understand fully the interactions between organisms responsible for maintaining a functional ecosystem.


U.S. state social spending has increased both as a percentage of national GDP and a percentage of the national budget since 1960. Growth in spending across states, however, has not been uniform. Those advocating for more conservative spending argue that large social expenditure budgets dampen the growth of society as a whole. In this paper, I examine the effect that state social spending has on the growth rate of personal income per capita. I follow the model proposed by Peter Lindert (2004), who studied the relationship between social spending and economic growth at the national level. I examine the period from 1990 to 2007 and consider social spending and personal income data for all 50 U.S. states. I find that the level of state social spending has no effect on personal income growth, a conclusion which agrees with Lindert. This result suggests that state governments could invest more money in social programs at no cost to the mean income of its populace. After exploring the relationship between social spending and personal income per capita, I consider whether governments have an obligation to spend money on social programs by reviewing three perspectives: Robert Nozick, John Rawls, and the Catholic Church. Nozick thinks that governments have no obligation to spend money on social programs, even if doing so would benefit society economically. The other two perspectives, however, hold that social spending is obligatory, regardless of how it affects the economic wellbeing of society. These perspectives show that the decision to redistribute money isn't solely based on economic outcomes.


The researchers looked at how hurricanes impact real estate markets and home-buyer sentiment. Sentiment is related to the perception of risk by investors in the securities markets but is not quantifiable so the researchers looked at developing proxies. They used three proxies to determine the most meaningful one which included the spread between listing and selling prices the average days of a house on the market and the number of single-family houses sold per month. They looked at homeowner sentiment from 1995 to 2002 in the Cape Fear region and the impact of Hurricanes Fran Bonnie and Floyd on the market. When they looked at the prices and days on the market they found that after Bonnie there was not a difference in sentiment. Then after Fran there was some difference. Then after Floyd more difference. The proxy impacted most was the days a home was on the market. The researchers concluded that the market suffers after successive hurricane landfalls but that sentiment recovers a year or more after the hurricane.


Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure changes of total hemoglobin concentration, 'Delta'(Hb)_(total), and relative vascular oxygenation 'Delta'(HbO2) in rat mammary and prostate tumors in response to hyperoxic gas interventions. 19F NMR of vascular perflubron was used to compare with the NIRS observations. The consistent trends between 'Delta'(Hb)_(total) and 'Delta'V_(T-blood) demonstrated that the NIRS can serve as an accurate, non-invasive, real time, monitoring tool for tumor vascular volume measurement. Meanwhile, these results also demonstrated that different types of tumors may respond to hyperoxic gases differently, and that NIRS could be used to assess vascular oxygenation changes non-invasively for guiding tumor therapy.


The Flashed Face Distortion Effect (Tangen, Murphy & Thompson, 2011) describes an illusion that emerges when participants fixate on a central fixation cross while faces are presented quickly and simultaneously to the left and right of the center field. After a short period of time participants report to peripherally perceive the faces as grotesque and distorted. Despite broad coverage of the phenomenon via several media, it is not really clear how the perceived effect arises. Aim of the present study was to further investigate the necessary conditions and causes in a systematic way: as flankers we varied the stimuli by using Caucasian, black, inverted, negative, and monkey faces at different presentation rates (1, 4 or 10 Hz). Additionally, we tested the effectiveness of the phenomenon when only unilateral flankers were used. When participants had to evaluate the level of grotesqueness of the faces peripherally observed, they showed significant decreases of grotesqueness when faces were inverted or negativated, and also when they stemmed from other ethnic groups or species. Such a decrease of grotesqueness was also revealed when the presentation rate was at 10 Hz compared with the base rate of 4 Hz-meanwhile the slowest change of flankers, realized by the 1 Hz condition, showed the highest grotesqueness ratings. Contrary to the original authors' notion, unilateral flankers did not reduce the effect. Our results provide evidence that the Flashed Face Distortion Effect is based on configural processing which is typical for face expertise processes. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Problem. Although moral development research has focused extensively on Kohlberg's moral judgment theory and Gilligan's considerations of moral orientation, little has directly addressed the issue of integration of the voices of care and justice. This study proposed that, with maturation, a more integrated moral orientation would guide moral decision making. Integration and the impact of age, gender, ego maturity, and religious commitment were examined from a developmental perspective. Method. A cross-sectional design was employed, with adults from two age cohorts (25-35 and 50-65). A semi-structured interview (Brown, Debold, Tappan, & Gilligan, 1991) was used to collect data. Each individual also completed a demographic information survey, the Sentence Completion Test for Ego Development (Loevinger, Wessler, & Redmore, 1970), and a Religious Commitment Survey (Anderson, 1995; Dudley, 1992). Data were qualitatively analyzed for moral orientation, religious motivation, definitions of morality, and contextual factors. Hypotheses were tested using Chi-square, the t-test for means of two independent groups, ANOVA, and Multiple Regression Analysis. Results and Conclusions. In a sample of 82 individuals from a religious (Seventh-day Adventist) population, 28 showed an integrated moral orientation, while 23 were justice-oriented and 31 were care-oriented. The integrated subjects emphasized compassion and forgiveness in their dilemmas. Most participants related current or recent conflicts. Concerns in close relationships were more common than work-related dilemmas. There were no gender or age differences between younger and older adults who showed integration. Among those non-integrated, males were significantly more justice-oriented and females more care-oriented (p = .03). Overall religious commitment differentiated the integrated moral orientation from a justice orientation (p = .04). Positive religious experience distinguished the integrated from the non-integrated (p = .04). Both the integrated and the care-oriented showed a higher level of devotional practices than did the justice-oriented (p = .01). No statistically significant relationship was observed between moral orientation and ego maturity. However, qualitative analysis revealed a steady increase in integration with ego maturation. No linear combination of age, gender, religious commitment, and ego maturity predicted an integrated moral orientation. The major contribution of this study highlighted the impact of personal religious commitment on moral maturity. Recommendations were made for further study.


The multilevel cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverters are widely used in megawatt variable speed drives, where the voltage level normally varies from seven to thirteen and the number of active switching devices used in the inverter is in the range of 36 to 72. The design of a simple modulation scheme for such inverters with superior harmonic performance is a challenging task.

This project presents a novel digital multilevel modulation (DMM) scheme for multilevel CHB inverters. This scheme is very simple, flexible and easy to implement. To generate gate signals for all the active switches in the inverter, the scheme needs only to calculate a three-phase sine function once followed by a number of subtractions in each sampling period. In this project, the principle of the proposed modulation scheme is elaborated and its harmonic performance is analyzed. Comparisons are carried out between the DMM scheme and carrier based modulation schemes including phase-shifted and level-shifted modulations.

It is demonstrated that the harmonic performance of the DMM scheme is on par with the best of carrier based modulation techniques. On the inverter side, line-to-line voltage THD of inverter output for the proposed modulation scheme is as low as IPSD modulation scheme. On the line side, line current THD is as low as phase-shifted modulation scheme because of balanced poser consumption in each power cell.

Under the condition of device switching frequency unchanged, a new algorithm is developed to combine the advantages from both phase-shifted and IPD modulation schemes and conquer the drawback of both schemes. The simulation result shows that new modulation scheme has almost same line-to-line voltage harmonic spectrum from light to rated load with balanced power cells.


The threat of terrorists using WMD is not new, but the current expansion of these groups' regional networks means that no state can consider itself immune from the threat of terrorist attack or proliferation activity. States must make improvements in their security sectors to prevent the future use of WMD by terrorists. WMD Proliferation is the first book to address how nations should reform their security sectors to counter the threat of WMD use by terrorists. Schreier evaluates the likelihood that terrorists will use each type of WMD and examines the tactical, strategic, and ideological issues involved with each type. He analyzes why terrorists have not used unconventional weapons more than they have, and concludes that the answer lies in understanding both the terrorists'capabilities and motives and how both factors limit the likelihood of terrorist attacks with unconventional weapons. Schreier also presents a list of criteria that a state must meet to be optimally prepared and organized to counter threats posed by the proliferation of WMD, terrorism, and organized crime. WMD Proliferation will be of interest to legislators, policymakers, scholars, students in the field of international security and international relations, and anyone concerned about intelligence and terrorism policy.


The Upper Cretaceous Kometan and Shiranish formations of the Kurdistan region, NE Iraq, yield diverse planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, with a total of 93 species, which enable recognition of nine biozones and two subzones spanning the early Turonian to late early Maastrichtian. Sequential changes in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages map discrete intervals within the Kometan and Shiranish formations that suggest dominantly warm, nutrient-poor marine surface and near-surface conditions during the mid-Turonian to late Coniacian, latest Santonian, and late Campanian, and cooler more nutrient-rich surface and near-surface waters in the early Turonian, early to late Santonian, early Campanian and early Maastrichtian. These intervals appear to correlate with changes in water masses from other regions of the Cretaceous palaeotropics, and with a phase of global, early Maastrichtian climate cooling. The major intra-Campanian truncation surface between the Kometan and Shiranish formations, recognized from the foraminiferal biostratigraphy, represents a lowstand that appears to equate with regional tectonics and ophiolite obduction across the NE margin of the Arabian Plate.


Background: The introduction of new invasive therapies for acute myocardial infarction and new medication schemes for secondary prevention is thought to increase life expectancy in 28-day survivors of a first myocardial infarction. The present study examined mortality and re-infarction rate of those patients in the light of changed therapeutic guidelines.
Methods: Cases of 25 to 74 year old 28-day survivors of a first definite AMI based on MONICA criteria were identified in the Coronary Event Registry in Augsburg, Southern Germany, who had their index event between the 1st of January 1995 and the 31st of December 2003. Mortality and re-infarction rates were calculated for 1 year, 3 years and total follow-up. Cox models were built to compare the rates of persons, who suffered the index event between 1995 and 1999 (Study period 1) with those who had their first AMI between 2000 and 2003 (Study period 2).
Results: Crude mortality was higher in Study period 1 than in Study period 2 and higher for women than for men. Re-infarction rates remained stable for men during both study periods, but women from Study period 1 had a much higher re-infarction rate than women in Study period 2. The hazard ratios showed no significant differences for mortality and re-infarction in men. Hazard ratios of re-infarction in women were significantly reduced, but have to be treated with caution as the number of re-infarctions during Study period 2 was very small. Mortality hazard ratios in women were also not significant.
Conclusions: When comparing the time periods before and after the introduction of new therapeutic guidelines, an effect on mortality or re-infarction rate cannot be established. Several reasons are probably responsible for this finding. The population of patients has changed with respect to their risk factors and new diagnostic criteria may have also contributed. Further studies are needed to illuminate these questions.


The climate emergency requires prompt, wide-scale, all-encompassing action. Here, we discuss how insights from behavioural economics and decision-making have been applied to the fight against climate change in the form of 'green nudges', or behavioural interventions prompting individuals to make more environmentally friendly choices. We further consider how the potential positive impact of green nudges can be maximised and sketch out future steps in the field of green nudging based on a framework which considers the characteristics of targeted behaviours, such as scale of impact, susceptibility to intervention, and heterogeneity across the population.


Transient and episodic slow slip accommodates a great deal of tectonic strain and may be mechanically linked with locked regions of seismically hazardous faults. Best documented in subduction zones and associated with nonvolcanic tremor, most proposed mechanisms for slow slip revolve around the transition between stable and unstable frictional sliding. The dilemma is that slow slip is generated at a wide range of crustal depths, including at pressure-temperature conditions where frictional deformation mechanisms give way to predominantly viscous ones. We present a model for how fracture and viscous flow within mid-crustal shear zones can produce episodic creep transients. Our model for such transients stems from geological examples of shear zones that formed at temperatures and pressures of >500 °C and >0.6 GPa during early orogenesis, following Late Cretaceous subduction of a backarc ocean basin. Within these shear zones, relatively strong lenses of metabasalt localized fluid-filled fractures that were subsequently deformed by viscous flow in surrounding quartzofeldspathic gneiss. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the modeled creep events are similar to those of slow-slip events observed in modern subduction zones. We therefore suggest that some episodic tremor and slip can originate through combined fracture and viscous flow across shear zones comprising mixtures of strong and weak materials.