Kohala is regarded as the oldest major shield volcano on the island of Hawaii. Potassium-argon ages of nine lava flows from the predominantly tholeiitic Pololu Volcanic Series of Kohala Volcano range from about 0.33 m.y. o t about 0.45 m.y. These results suggest that the subaerial part of the shield was built over a period on the order of 0.1 m.y. in the late Pleistocene, and that much of the island of Hawaii is younger than 0.4 m.y. Mugeante lava flows from the younger Hawi Volcanic Series are between 0.06 and 0.25 m.y. old. These ages confirm that the hiatus between the basaltic shield-building phase of volcanism and the veneer of differentiated alkali lava on Kohala is less than 0.2 m.y. It is inferred that the Lualualei stand of the sea began less than 0.4 m.y. ago and ended before about 0.15 m.y. ago.


Recent explosions at two chemical plants, one in the United States and one in Japan, involving hydroxylamine manufacture underline the lack of mechanistic understanding about this industrially relevant compound. The basic chemical properties of hydroxylamine have been known for decades but its tendency to decompose in the presence of transition metals, in particular Fe(II)/Fe(III), still remains a mystery. Recent studies [1, 2] have not been successful in identifying without controversy the mechanism, products and intermediates of decomposition. In this context we are undertaking a research project to investigate the decomposition of hydroxylamine in aqueous solution in the presence of 3d transition metals. The final aim is to obtain a satisfactory description of the reaction mechanism. A concentration, pH and temperature dependence mechanistic study will be completed using a new pressure-proof small volume reactor [3] that combines calorimetry with online mid-infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy. Chemical models will be fitted to the measured data to determine the reaction mechanism and associated kinetic and thermodynamic parameters [4]. Since there is significant gas production during the decomposition process, the pressure increase inside the reactor will be used as a forth signal. Validation of the online measurements and determination of the chemical species present in the liquid and gas phases will be done by offline GC/MS analysis. Preliminary results for the decomposition of hydroxylamine in the presence of Fe(II)/Fe(III) will be presented including measurements from all the online instrumentation. [1] Cisneros, L. O.; Wu, X. et al. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2003 81(B2), 121. [2] Wei, C. Y.; Saraf, S. R. et al. Thermochimica Acta 2004, 421(1-2), 1. [3] Visentin, F.; Gianoli, S. I. et al. Organic Process Research & Development 2004, 8(5), 725. [4] Puxty, G.; Maeder, M. et al. Journal of Chemometrics 2005, in print.


The independent component analysis (ICA) method proposed in this study uses FastICA algorithm to improve the quality of the original recordings, which can be used as valuable pre-processing technique in signal processing methods. Initially, the ill-conditioned original audio recordings are separated using ICA methods and later, they are reconstructed using modified un-mixing matrix. The simulation results showed huge improvement of the original signal after reconstruction. The new method is found to be good because the accuracy is more compared to others in terms of the variance of the Gain matrix. The proposed method has potential applications in audio and biosignal processing techniques.


Urinary tract infections in women are common. Drug resistance among Escherichia coli, the most frequent uropathogen, has increased worldwide. In a prevalence study we investigated the local antibiotic susceptibility of this microorganism in urinary specimens of three laboratories in Zurich. Resistance rates against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 2010 were 28%, 16% against quinolones and 16% against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Resistance prevalence for nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin were low with 3,6%, resp. 0,7%. The rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli has rapidly increased to 4,3% in 2010. Based on this data and according to the international guidelines for the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis, therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and quinolones are no longer recommended. Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin are an appropriate choice. Microbiological testing is advised.


I address two questions prompted by the discussion in Roger Ariew's Descartes and the First Cartesians. The first is whether the sort of scholasticization of Cartesianism to which First Cartesians draws attention is merely a matter of packaging, or whether it indicates rather a substantive connection between Cartesianism and Aristotelian scholasticism. The second question is whether the French Cartesians Ariew emphasizes played a central role in the transition from the widespread condemnation of Cartesian doctrines in France in the decades following Descartes's death to the widespread acceptance of Cartesianism within the French universities by the beginning of the eighteenth century. In response to the first question, I focus on the deviation in later Cartesianism from Descartes's own rejection of scholastic syllogistic logic. In response to the second, I offer some reasons to question the significance of the influence of the figures that Ariew highlights, and I argue that Cartesians such as Pourchot and Malebranche had a relatively greater impact on the teaching of Cartesianism in French universities in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries.


In this brief, we provide an overview of patterns of subprime lending, as well as trends in foreclosures and REOs, in suburban communities compared to inner-cities. We also explore the relationship between foreclosures in suburban areas and the increased suburbanization of poverty. We find that the vast majority of foreclosures –nearly three out of four (73.1 percent)—have been in suburban areas, and that suburban neighborhoods with higher rates of poverty are more likely to experience higher foreclosure rates. This is of concern because the mechanisms for addressing the challenges associated with concentrated foreclosures can be more difficult to implement in suburban areas; suburbs may have smaller local governments, fewer nonprofits, and a more dispersed urban form, making it difficult for cities or nonprofits to administer programs or for residents to access them. Because the distribution of foreclosed homes has significant implications for the long-term stability of suburban neighborhoods, increased resources and attention should be devoted to developing foreclosure responses that take into account the capacity and access challenges that are unique to suburban neighborhoods.


We present a new design of a time-preserving extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) monochromator using a semi-infinite gas cell as a source. The performance of this beamline in the photon-energy range of 20 eV-42 eV has been characterized. We have measured the order-dependent XUV pulse durations as well as the flux and the spectral contrast. XUV pulse durations of ≤40 fs using 32 fs, 800 nm driving pulses were measured on the target. The spectral contrast was better than 100 over the entire energy range. A simple model based on the strong-field approximation is presented to estimate different contributions to the measured XUV pulse duration. On-axis phase-matching calculations are used to rationalize the variation of the photon flux with pressure and intensity.


Verification development platform is a rapid, efficient and low-cost tool for embedded systems development, which helps to improve efficiency and quality of embedded software. There are some verification tools for embedded systems, however, the integrated verification environment for embedded systems is still a challenge. This paper focuses on the integrated verification environment of EUP (Embedded UML Platform), which supports functional verification of safety and liveness requirements and nonfunctional verification of time related constraints of embedded systems. The partition of functional and nonfunctional verification can facilitate the verification of different aspects of systems in different design phases. We will illustrate the feasibility of the integrated verification environment of EUP through the case study-RCS (Railway Crossing System).


BACKGROUND
Severe isolated upper extremity injuries are rarely lethal; however, they invariably are resource intensive, create significant disability, and promote resistance to a return to gainful employment. Appropriate soft tissue restoration is an essential component of any treatment protocol, and often requires a vascularized flap to protect the superficial neurovascular and musculotendinous structures. A basic schema to facilitate flap selection in the upper extremity is introduced.

METHODS
The role of local muscle and fascia flaps or free tissue transfers for severe upper extremity injuries was retrospectively reviewed from a two-decade experience. Excluding digital injuries, primary treatment of soft tissue traumatic wounds requiring some form of vascularized flap occurred in 33 limbs in 31 patients. The choice of flap donor site, type, specific complications and benefits as related to the severity of injury, and the effect of timing of wound closure were compared.

RESULTS
Initial coverage after significant upper extremity trauma in these 33 limbs required 16 local fascia flaps, 22 free flaps, 1 multistaged distant pedicled flap, and 1 local muscle flap. Flaps were selected in a nonrandom fashion on the basis of wound location, severity of injury, and flap availability. Complication rates were similar for local fascia and free flaps. The upper extremity could be divided into three regions that were differentiated according to the observed incidence of flap preference. Free flaps were more commonly used for hand and wrist wounds, or anywhere the defect was moderately large in size or extremely severe in overall injury. Local fascia flaps were a simpler option most applicable for the central upper limb. Local muscles as flaps were intentionally avoided to minimize any functional derangement.

CONCLUSION
A schema to guide flap selection for upper extremity coverage is introduced that is predicated on using the best available option. The shoulder girdle and axilla are reached by many local trunk muscle or fascia flaps. The central upper limb about the elbow often is conducive to coverage with specific local fascia flaps. The distal upper extremity may be best served by a free flap, as would any large wound in all upper limb regions.


To achieve advanced contact layer printing, there always are two key factors need to be handled: resolution and through-pitch common process window. Among all solutions, the most common approach is off-axis illumination (OAI) + attenuated phase-shift mask (att-PSM) + sub-resolution assistant features (SRAF). With adequate/high Numerical Aperture (NA) and OAI settings of the leading edge scanners, the resolution should not be a problem, while even with att-PSM + SRAF, the through-pitch common photo process window still leaves much to be desired. This phenomenon is due to the existence of forbidden pitch - under certain illumination condition, there always exists a pitch range which has no spacing for insertion of SRAF while contrast is still poor and needs some special treatment to enhance the image qualities. This invention and study is to use special SRAF, we call DAF (Diagonal sub-resolution Assistant Feature), to enhance the process performance of forbidden pitches. The main methodology is to select the so-called "forbidden-pitch" structures from the whole database, then apply our DAF rules. After that, apply Conventional sub-resolution Assistant Feature (CAF) rules on post-DAF full-chip database, finally comes OPC treatment. With this approach, we demonstrate excellent results on 65nm contact layer, showing no forbidden pitch and sufficient large through-pitch photo common process window via simple OAI (ArF, 0.82NA, 1/2Ann.) + att-PSM + SRAF.


Endoscopy plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of Gastrointestinal disease. Gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) is widely performed with around 1.5 million procedures undertaken annually in the United Kingdom and approximately 18.5 million procedures in the USA. The lifetime chance of requiring a GIE is now greater than 35%. As the technology of endoscopes and the technical expertise of endoscopists have advanced so have the number of clinical settings in which endoscopy may be applied. Modern endoscopists are now no longer simple diagnosticians who find pathology, take biopsies and refer on patients for others to manage. Endoscopists can now characterise and manage a wide range of conditions diagnosed at the time of an endoscopic procedure. In this issue of Frontline Gastroenterology, timed to coincide with ENDOLIVE UK, a number of articles describe the role of endoscopy in managing conditions throughout the GI tract. The widespread adoption of cancer screening at population level and for individuals at increased risk has led to earlier diagnosis and the opportunity to treat cancer and pre cancer entirely endoscopically. Old et al describe the role of endoscopy in the management of Barrett's oesophagus. The authors describe how Barrett's can be diagnosed and characterised accurately with pre malignant and early malignant changes in the oesophagus treated to prevent progression to advanced cancer. With the increased ability to detect pathology comes the increased burden of surveillance. Oesophageal and colonic surveillance are reviewed with the clear message that measures to stratify risk are needed in order to deliver surveillance appropriately. Cancer management was once the preserve of the surgeon but high quality assessment, decision making and skilled practice allow many lesions to be managed endoscopically avoiding the need for invasive surgery. Colorectal cancer screening has increased the diagnosis of 'polyp cancers' and the review by Neilson et al describes a practical approach to assessment and management of the potentially malignant polyp. Patel et al review recent developments in endoscope technology explaining how this technology may assist diagnosis and management of luminal pathology. The small bowel was once only imaged radiologically and managed by surgery but capsule endoscopy and small bowel enteroscopy mean that pathology maybe diagnosed and managed entirely medically. Fundamental to all endoscopy is the need to ensure that endoscopists delivering diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy are well trained and deliver high quality procedures. Veitch describes how high quality endoscopy can be delivered and supported and Geraghty et al report on management of large polyps demonstrating that training and accreditation are crucial in order to maintain quality. Demands on endoscopy services continue to grow as do the number of conditions that can be managed endoscopically. The opportunity to diagnose and treat more and more conditions present exciting times and an interesting if busy future for endoscopists. It is likely that moving into the middle of the 21st century endoscopists will focus on more narrow areas of practice treating a more limited range of conditions but with greater degrees of specialisation. It is important that as the range of therapeutic endoscopic techniques develops the role of these therapies is clearly established with a strong evidence base to ensure they are delivered appropriately. On-going research to optimise use of resources and establish evidence based screening and surveillance programmes targeted at the most at risk patients is important. Establishing training, accreditation and on-going monitoring of quality in advanced endoscopic techniques is essential in order to ensure safe and optimal care of patients.


ABSTRACT Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is an important risk factor for S. aureus infections. Mupirocin nasal ointment is presently the treatment of choice for decolonizing the anterior nares. However, recent clinical trials show limited benefit from mupirocin prophylaxis in preventing nosocomial S. aureus infections, probably due to (re)colonization from extranasal carriage sites. Therefore, we studied the effectiveness of mupirocin nasal ointment treatment on the dynamics of S. aureus nasal and extranasal carriage. Twenty noncarriers, 26 intermittent carriers, and 16 persistent carriers had nasal, throat, and perineum samples taken 1 day before and 5 weeks after mupirocin treatment (twice daily for 5 days) and assessed for growth of S. aureus. The identities of cultured strains were assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the coagulase and protein A genes. The overall carriage rate (either nasal, pharyngeal, or perineal carrier or a combination) was significantly reduced after mupirocin treatment from 30 to 17 carriers (P = 0.003). Of the 17 carriers, 10 (60%) were still colonized with their old strain, 6 (35%) were colonized with an exogenous strain, and 1 (5%) was colonized with both. Two noncarriers became carriers after treatment. The acquisition of exogenous strains after mupirocin treatment is a common phenomenon. The finding warrants the use of mupirocin only in proven carriers for decolonization purposes. Mupirocin is effective overall in decolonizing nasal carriers but less effective in decolonizing extranasal sites.


Abstract. Commutes in urban areas create interesting travel patterns that are often stored in regional transportation databases. These patterns can vary based on the day of the week, the time of the day, and commuter type. This study proposes methods to detect underlying spatio-temporal variability among three groups of commuters (senior citizens, child/students, and adults) using data mining and spatial analytics. Data from over 36 million individual trip records collected over one week (March 2012) on the Singapore bus and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system by the fare collection system were used. Analyses of such data are important for transportation and landuse designers and contribute to a better understanding of urban dynamics. Specifically, descriptive statistics, network analysis, and spatial analysis methods are presented. Descriptive variables were proposed such as density and duration to detect temporal features of people. A directed weighted graph G ≡ (N , L, W) was defined to analyze the global network properties of every pair of the transportation link in the city during an average workday for all three categories. Besides, spatial interpolation and spatial statistic tools were used to transform the discrete network nodes into structured human movement landscape to understand the role of transportation systems in urban areas. The travel behaviour of the three categories follows a certain degree of temporal and spatial universality but also displays unique patterns within their own specialties. Each category is characterized by their different peak hours, commute distances, and specific locations for travel on weekdays.


Metaphors play an important role in understanding social and political realities and in particular they are very useful to their user to present complex and abstract situations in terms of more simple and familiar ones. According to Lakoff and Johnson (2003) metaphors are not merely linguistic structures but they shape our thinking and define our social and political reality. Many scholars (Musolff et all. 2001, Musolff 1996, Schaffner 1996) have also shown how metaphors are fundamental in interpreting and understanding the complex dynamics of the political debate about Europe. By presenting European issues in the form of well-known and recognisable schemas and scenarios metaphors make them accessible to the general reader. However, in order to understand complexity of metaphors, it is necessary to analyse them in the context where they occur.
Against this background, this paper aims to investigate the representation and description of the European Union integration process related to the Lisbon Treaty debate in a selection of British tabloids and broadsheets. In particular, this research project aims to explore the most recurring conceptual metaphors –MOVEMENT and CONFLICT– in order to show how these metaphors not only describe the scenario created by the Irish rejection of the treaty but also give information about Britain's perception of the EU and its future.


"Cotton is the largest source of export receipts of several West African countries. Statistics however show a decreasing tendency in cotton yields and an increasing tendency in pesticide use. Under this circumstances there appear to be potential payoffs from the use of biotechnology products in the farming systems of the region. In this study we estimate different scenarios for the potential deployment of insect resistant cotton in selected countries in West Africa (WA). We use an economic surplus model augmented with a more rigorous sensitivity analysis of model parameters. Hypothetical scenarios of Bt cotton adoption in WA are simulated and single point values of model parameters are substituted with probability distributions. The scenarios include: no adoption in WA; adoption of existing varieties; adoption of WA varieties backcrossed with private sector lines; and fluctuating adoption patterns. According to the simulations, the total net benefits of adopting Bt seem to be small even after including the innovator surplus who accrues a larger share of the benefits. In contrast the WA countries included in the evaluation are worse off if they decide no to adopt Bt cotton. These results are in part explained by the conservative assumptions taken. The adoption pattern and the length of the adoption period affect the share of benefits earned by producers as compared to innovators. This study provides tools and information that can be used to build greater confidence in the process of setting agricultural research investment priorities." from Authors' Abstract


Sketchbooks have long been used in art classrooms; however, the structured assignments often leave students feeling disconnected to both the sketchbook and the art classroom. Recent shifts in educational pedagogy encourage educators to find ways to connect course content with lived experiences. This cultural, social and personal connection results in a deeper understanding of course concepts. Within the art classroom visual journals have emerged in response to this shift in pedagogy. The visual journal is a place for the student to explore self and the internal and external environments that shape the self. The student's quest for personal and aesthetic meaning making through visual journaling evolves the student's concept of self and offers opportunity for synthesizing and integrating lived experiences. The purpose of this paper is to explore visual journaling as an educational pedagogy that promotes meaning making in students.


Metallothionein (MT) proteins are associated with resistance to the toxic effects of heavy metals, chemotherapeutic drugs, and alkylating agents. It has been suggested that MT may mediate both resistance to toxic agents and cellular metal homeostasis. To study the role of MT, we obtained cells expressing a range of MT levels in the absence of heavy metal induction. We cotransfected the eukaryotic G418 resistance vector pSV2neo and mouse MT-1 cDNA in a pBR322 vector into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Of 200 transfected clonal cell populations, five had constitutive MT expression ranging from 31 to 87 ng of MT/mg of protein. All five populations had increased resistance to cadmium but were less resistant to cisplatin than control cells. On the other hand, the level of foreign MT expression correlated well with the degree of cisplatin resistance among the five clones. Resistance to ionizing radiation and growth rate in the absence of drug or radiation treatment were not affected. However, transfected MT gene expression inhibited the ability of Chinese hamster ovary cells to form colonies in the absence of toxic drug treatment (r = -0.95). The perturbation of cisplatin sensitivity after genetic alteration of MT expression indicates a role for MT in drug resistance: however, the fact that transfected MT gene expression decreased rather than increased drug resistance and decreased plating efficiency in the absence of drug implies that the role of MT may not be one of simply "scavenging" toxic molecules. These data suggest a role for MT in homeostatic cellular processes that, when distributed by transfection of active MT genes, have an effect on cellular drug resistance.


The measurement of bioelectric signals, e.g. the electrocardiogram and electromyogram (EMG), from the body is susceptible to noise, artefacts and interference; such as power-line interference. To reduce these effects differential-input amplifiers are commonly used. Rejection is further enhanced by implementing a referencing system into the design, such as connecting a third electrode to circuit common or driving the shields. However, there has been no quantitative study into the relative merits of the different systems. For this reason, an experimental analysis and computer simulation was undertaken. In the experimental tests, a rig and instrumentation system were developed to record the surface isometric EMG from biceps brachii. Published referencing systems were used in the trials and the recorded signals were quantified using repeatable parameters. These were calculated from the frequency domain and included the median frequency and a measure of the spectral power distribution. The results showed a significant reduction in the interference when a third electrode or isolation was used. No further reduction was observed if a more complex circuit, such as a driven referencing system, was used. In the computer simulation, a SPICE computer model of the recording environment was developed. This included the preamplifier and the interference sources from displacement currents induced into the leads and the body. The different referencing systems were incorporated within this basic structure. The results confirmed those from the experimental work and, by comparison to a 1% tolerance criterion, it was concluded that the driven-right leg or the three electrode driven shield isolated systems were superior. It is concluded that referencing significantly affects interference levels on the bioelectric signal. These results may be used to facilitate a standard system to be adopted in bioelectric amplifiers. The implication for this in clinical practice is that it may improve the measurement of bioelectric signals.


It is shown, that the sensitivity of the effective refractive index on the cladding index in evanescent optical waveguide sensors, can be larger than unity. This implies that the attenuation of a guided wave propagating in a waveguide immersed in an absorptive medium can be made larger than that of a free-space wave propagating through the same medium. The conditions and physical explanation for this puzzling behavior are identified and as a practical application, an absorption sensor, based on a suspended silicon slab waveguide, is proposed where the sensitivity is enhanced by a factor of 1.35.


The EMA's 2003 Annual Report continues a tradition of periodic detailed review of the state of aspects of the environment requiring special attention. Due to the very large and rapidly increasing number of public complaints about noise, the EMA has selected the management of noise for special attention. In the Noise Pollution Control Rules, 2001, Parliament gave the EMA new duties to control ambient noise levels. The 2003 State of the Environment Report is the first attempt to reflect on the experience so far in implementing the new legislation.


A commonality among state Departments of Transportation is the inability to complete projects on time and within budget. This project assessed the extent of the problem of cost overruns, time delays, and change orders associated with Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) construction projects, identified the reasons for such problems, and finally developed a set of recommendations aimed at their future reduction. For comparison purposes, data from other states were collected and studied using a questionnaire instrument. The analysis of the cost overrun, time delay and change order data was done using an array of statistical methods. The literature review and agency survey showed that time delays, cost overruns and change orders are generally due to factors such as design, unexpected site conditions, increases in project scope, weather conditions, and other project changes. The results of the agency survey showed that with regard to the problem of cost overruns, INDOT has an average rank compared to other states. Between 1996 and 2001, the overall rate for cost overrun amounts for INDOT projects was determined as 4.5%, and it was found that 55% of all INDOT contracts experienced cost overruns. It was determined that the average cost overrun amount and rate, as well as the contributory cost overrun factors differ by project type. The average cost overrun rates were as follows: bridge projects -- 8.1%, road construction -- 5.6%, road resurfacing -- 2.6%, traffic projects -- 5.6%, maintenance projects -- 7.5%. With regard to time delays, it was found that 12% of all INDOT contracts experience time delays, and the average delay per contract was 115 days. With regard to change orders, the study found that the dominant category of reasons for change orders is "errors and omissions", a finding which is suggestive of possible shortcomings in current design practices The statistical analyses in the present study showed that the major factors of cost overruns, time delays, and change orders in Indiana are contract bid amount, difference between the winning bid and second bid, difference between the winning bid and the engineer's estimate, project type and location by district. Besides helping to identify or confirm influential factors of cost overruns, time delay and change orders, the developed regression models may be used to estimate the extent of future cost overruns, time delay and change orders of any future project given its project characteristics and any available contract details. Such models can therefore be useful in long-term budgeting and needs assessment studies. Finally, the present study made recommendations for improving the management of projects and the administration of contracts in order to reduce cost overruns, time delays and change orders.


How to extract relevant information from large data sets has become a main challenge in data visualization. Clustering techniques that classify data into groups according to similarity metrics are a suitable strategy to tackle this problem. Generally, these techniques are applied in the data space as an independent step previous to visualization. In this paper, we propose clustering on the perceptual space by maximizing the mutual information between the original data and the final visualization. With this purpose, we present a new information-theoretic framework based on the rate-distortion theory that allows us to achieve a maximally compressed data with a minimal signal distortion. Using this framework, we propose a methodology to design a visualization process that minimizes the information loss during the clustering process. Three application examples of the proposed methodology in different visualization techniques such as scatterplot, parallel coordinates, and summary trees are presented.


Karst landscapes, developed by solutional erosion of massive limestones, are characterized by underground drainage and the development of closed depressions. In tropical areas, with high solution rates, long uninterrupted periods of erosion and a lack of glacial planation, the expansion and deepening of these closed depressions creates a rugged relief dominated by either conical hills or steeper-sided towers. The form of the cones and towers is a function of both the carbonate lithology and the erosional history; the towers develop only in massive, mechanically strong, compact limestones where erosional planation and tectonic uplift have kept pace over a long period of time (Smart et al 1986). These karst landscapes are characteristic of huge areas of southern China, largely in the provinces of Guangxi and Guizhou (Fig. 1) and the spectacular scenery of the limestone has often been represented in classical Chinese painting. They are now also becoming a major tourist attraction, with Guilin, in Guangxi, frequently visited by Westerners. These terrains do, however, pose serious difficulties to the civil engineer. Where relief is not great, or where rates of uplift have been low, corridors of flatter ground have often been created by lateral planation at the water table. These corridors may be lithologically or structurally controlled, and form obvious routes through the karst. Where the relief is higher and the regional water table is not intersected, coalescence of the depressions to form flatter ground is rare, and road and rail development is more problematic. In order to avoid excessive and


Forensic science is the discipline that students and parents consider as most interesting, providing a well paid and satisfying career (Manufacturing Foundation 2003). The influence of popular culture and the high level of media exposure may be a reason for this positive perception. Contrary to this, there seems to be a negative image of manufacturing, often perpetuated by the media. This anti-manufacturing attitude has prevailed for some time and is acknowledged by many (e.g. Scottish Executive, Make It Scotland, RSA, Foresight, MORI/EMTA, Unipart, The Manufacturing Institute). Industry and universities alike are finding it increasingly difficult to find enthusiastic recruits. This paper reviews current approaches to teaching the relatively new curriculum content (SQA, 1999) of commercial manufacture in the Scottish secondary school system and describes development work with in-service teachers and school students. The development work described aims to challenge the anti-manufacturing stereotype through a pedagogy designed on motivational principles and explicit use of the language and tools of popular media culture. The approach taken exploits the interest in all things 'forensic' and uses 'product autopsy'. It aims to link the author's previous work in exploring values and expressing opinions in Technology Education (McLaren, 1997) with recent curriculum developments and related teaching strategies. The integrated approach attempts to encourage greater engagement in aspects of technological sensitivity and technological perspective (SCCC, 1996) when learning about designing for commercial manufacture.


The purpose of this study was to analyze state school-based physical education (SBPE) policies' text and the resulting legal implications. A textualist approach to the legal method of Statutory Interpretation framed the data analysis. Findings revealed the difficulty of determining with clarity a majority of PE statutes and it is probable that based on current wording, courts could not play a role in interpreting these statutes, thus leaving interpretation to educational authorities. Significant variability of how authorities interpret statutes increases the challenge of consistent interpretation or adherence to the NASPE Guidelines for Quality Physical Education and whether meaningful policy study can be conducted to determine if SBPE makes an impact.


This book explores event-based estimation problems. It shows how several stochastic approaches are developed to maintain estimation performance when sensors perform their updates at slower rates only when needed. The self-contained presentation makes this book suitable for readers with no more than a basic knowledge of probability analysis, matrix algebra and linear systems. The introduction and literature review provide information, while the main content deals with estimation problems from four distinct angles in a stochastic setting, using numerous illustrative examples and comparisons. The text elucidates both theoretical developments and their applications, and is rounded out by a review of open problems. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and students who wish to expand their knowledge and work in the area of event-triggered systems. At the same time, engineers and practitioners in industrial process control will benefit from the event-triggering technique that reduces communication costs and improves energy efficiency in wireless automation applications


This paper presents the analysis of real power system events recorded at a light industrial site to determine the effect of a shunt active filter on power quality. The shunt active filter is shown to improve power quality by lowering the distortion of the supply voltage in both the transient and steady state. The shunt active filter power rating and other design information are also determined. The performance degradation of the shunt active filter when it has a limited rating is then demonstrated. In one case the voltage distortion is made worse by the active filter. The requirements that various transient events, including capacitor switching and induction motor starts, place on the shunt active filter design are outlined. These requirements are such that the required switching frequencies exceed those attainable with IGBTs and transient ratings dominate the active filter design constraints.


Machine learning on graphs is an important and ubiquitous task with applications ranging from drug design to friendship recommendation in social networks. The primary challenge in this domain is finding a way to represent, or encode, graph structure so that it can be easily exploited by machine learning models. Traditionally, machine learning approaches relied on user-defined heuristics to extract features encoding structural information about a graph (e.g., degree statistics or kernel functions). However, recent years have seen a surge in approaches that automatically learn to encode graph structure into low-dimensional embeddings, using techniques based on deep learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Here we provide a conceptual review of key advancements in this area of representation learning on graphs, including matrix factorization-based methods, random-walk based algorithms, and graph neural networks. We review methods to embed individual nodes as well as approaches to embed entire (sub)graphs. In doing so, we develop a unified framework to describe these recent approaches, and we highlight a number of important applications and directions for future work.


The article reports on a study of an intelligence management capacity building programme involvingformer Police Service of Northern Ireland officers mentoring members of the Afghan NationalPolice. The study contributes to the formative evaluation of a policy transfer based on principles andpractices developed in Northern Ireland. A short discussion of Afghanistan, policing, intelligencemanagement and policy transfer is provided, before attention is given to the capacity buildingprogramme. The study is context rich drawing on qualitative data. Analysis draws on face to faceinterviews conducted with mentors working with the ANP during 2010-2012. Interview questionswere broad in nature encouraging respondents to discuss implementation in their own terms.Respondents generally concluded policy transfer was viable but were in a position to provide a great deal of information on the Afghan context and how specific problems occurred during implementation of the capacity building programme. Cultural issues, corruption and resource constraints presented obstacles to the transfer as did the general absence of a bureaucratic basis for managing the ANP. Violence and physical geography presented rather less of a problem than was anticipated. The need to learn more about appropriate inter-personal skills in capacity building emerged as a significant finding. Such knowledge is currently undervalued in policy transfer within the policing sector.


Baked products continue to enjoy popularity in many parts of the world. This reflects
the appealing sensory attributes of the fresh products, including the soft textural
characteristics of the freshly baked goods. Staling remains a significant cause of
economic loss in breads due to the loss of saleability resulting from crumb firming. The
aims of the current project have been to investigate some of the factors which may
impact on staling, particularly the stability of amylolytic enzymes in bakery
formulations. In addition, the role enzymic hydrolysis of starch in producing partial
hydrolysis products and the potential of microencapsulation as a means of studying
these effects is investigated.
Recently developed assay methods which are able to specifically measure α-amylase
and s-amylase, in the presence of the other potentially interfering activity, have been
evaluated. These have been applied to an investigation of enzyme levels at various
stages during the breadmaking process, using a cereal source of the enzyme α-amylase.
For this a rapid dough formulation and processing procedure were used. α-Amylase
activity levels appeared to gradually increase during the proofing stages and then to
decline upon heating of the dough. However, the activity remaining in the final baked
loaf was readily measurable indicating that not all of the enzyme had been inactivated.
Free and total s-amylase activities were also measured. Most of the enzyme was found
to be in the free form although a higher proportion was bound in the dough than in the
wheat flour used for baking. s-Amylase was heat labile with only relatively low
activities remaining in the final baked loaf. It appears that of the two amylolytic
enzymes, α-amylase is sufficiently stable that it may exert some impact on the crumb
characteristics in the freshly baked product and during subsequent storage.
In order to assess the likelihood that amylolysis is of significance in influencing crumb
characteristics, samples were also extracted and analysed for the levels of low molecular
weight carbohydrates. For this purpose high-performance liquid chromatography was
used to analyse the aqueous extracts for maltose, glucose, fructose, lactose and sucrose.
Commercial flours were found to contain low levels of sugars with maltose being the
predominant sugar present. For comparative purposes, a number of commercial breads were also analysed and the composition found to vary between the different samples.
Typically maltose was present at higher levels than the other sugars. When experimental
loaves were analysed, the patterns showed that other sugars declined during proofing
whereas maltose remained at readily measurable levels. Upon baking and subsequent
storage the amounts of maltose increased. These results are consistent with the findings
that some amylolytic activity remains in the baked product.
In the third phase of this study, a potential means of investigating the role of particular
carbohydrates in product textures and staling rates was examined. The approach of
spray drying was used to prepare microencapsulated maltodextrin. The encapsulating
agents used were based upon rice starch and guar galactomannan. When these
microcapsules were incorporated into the breadmaking formulation and baked, it
appeared that softer crumb characteristics were achieved. The data also indicates an
effect of delay in the staling rates.
From these studies it is concluded that cereal grain a-amylase may be more stable
during breadmaking than previously thought. There appears to be an increase in the
level of some low molecular weight sugars in the final, baked product.
Microencapsulation may offer a useful technique for the study of the role of specific
low molecular weight carbohydrates and dextrin fractions during baking and storage of
breads. These finding could form the basis of further research into staling of breads.


The advance of semiconductor technology, which has led to more than one billion transistors on a single chip, has enabled designers to integrate dozens of IP (intellectual property) blocks together with large amounts of embedded memory. These advances, along with the fact that traditional communication architectures do not scale well have led to significant changes in the architecture and design of integrated circuits. One solution to these problems is to implement such a complex system using an on-chip interconnection network or network-on-chip (NoC). The multiple concurrent connections of such networks mean that they have extremely high bandwidth. Regularity can lead to design modularity providing a standard interface for easier component reuse and improved interoperability.The present thesis addresses the performance analysis and design space exploration of NoCs using analytical and simulation-based performance analysis approaches. At first, we developed a simulator aimed to performance analysis of interconnection networks. The simulator is then used to evaluate the performance of networks topologies and routing algorithms since their choice heavily affect the performance of NoCs. Then, we surveyed popular mathematical formalisms – queueing theory, network calculus, schedulability analysis, and dataflow analysis – and how they have been applied to the analysis of on-chip communication performance in NoCs. We also addressed research problems related to modelling and design space exploration of NoCs.In the next step, analytical router models were developed that analyse NoC performance. In addition to providing aggregate performance metrics such as latency and throughput, our approach also provides feedback about the network characteristics at a fine-level of granularity. Our approach explicates the impact that various design parameters have on the performance, thereby providing invaluable insight into NoC design. This makes it possible to use the proposed models as a powerful design and optimisation tool.We then used the proposed analytical models to address the design space exploration and optimisation problem. System-level frameworks to address the application mapping and to design routing algorithms for NoCs were presented. We first formulated an optimisation problem of minimizing average packet latency in the network, and then solved this problem using the simulated annealing heuristic. The proposed framework can also address other design space exploration problems such as topology selection and buffer dimensioning.


Where Imperialism Could Not Reach examines the impact of the Japanese model of industrialization on China through a history of policy recommendations and economic ideas in practice. In the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Chinese regional policymakers learned a Japanese-style industrial policy that focused on the use of exhibitions and schools to disseminate information and stimulate rural innovation. In focusing on the treaty ports and the impact of European and American capitalism that has a larger and more quantifiable source base, many scholars have ignored the vital intra-Asian dimensions of China's economic development, underpinned by shared position of China and Japan on the global semiperiphery and the pursuit of labor-intensive industrialization focusing on improvements to labor quality. The dissertation also aims to demonstrate the primary importance of information and incentives for innovation—rather than overcoming capital constraints—in Chinese strategies for economic growth.


High-performance fiber-reinforced concrete is a new class of concrete that has been developed in recent decades. It exhibits enhanced properties such as high compressive strength and improved tensile strength. Three types of concrete with different compressive strengths, namely, normal-strength concrete, high-strength concrete, and high-performance concrete, were used in this study. The experimental program included casting and testing sixteen reinforced concrete deep beams without stirrups to study the shear strength and behavior of these beams under two-point loading. The variables considered were the compressive strength of concrete (f′c ) (40–120 MPa), shear span-to-depth ratio (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3), and the ratio of the amount of flexural steel bar ratio (1.35%, 2.40%, 3.76%, and 6.108%). Experimental results showed that increasing concrete compressive strength and flexural steel bar ratio increased ultimate shear capacity. By contrast, increasing shear span-to-depth ratio and span-to-depth ratio reduced ultimate shear capacity. Based on the test results of this investigation (16 beams) and those of available literature (233 deep beams), an equation that considered the parameters affecting shear stress (f′c, l/d, a/d, andw) was proposed using SPSS software. The proposed equation was compared with predictions made by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and the works of other researchers, including that of Zsutty and Aziz. The ACI predictions were conservative and the proposed equation had a lower coefficient of variation.


We consider a modified version of the situation calculus built using a two-variable fragment of the first-order logic extended with counting quantifiers. We mention several additional groups of axioms that can be introduced to capture taxonomic reasoning. We show that the regression operator in this framework can be defined similarly to regression in Reiter's version of the situation calculus. Using this new regression operator, we show that the projection and executability problems (the important reasoning tasks in the situation calculus) are decidable in the modified version even if an initial knowledge base is incomplete. We also discuss the complexity of solving the projection problem in this modified language in general. Furthermore, we define description logic based sub-languages of our modified situation calculus. They are based on the description logics ALCO(U) (or ALCQO(U), respectively). We show that in these sub-languages solving the projection problem has better computational complexity than in the general modified situation calculus. We mention possible applications to formalization of Semantic Web services and some connections with reasoning about actions based on description logics.


Urbanization in watersheds has led to nutrient enrichment (eutrophication) and dissolved oxygen depletion (hypoxia) in many freshwater systems. These conditions impact species diversity, availability of habitat, and organism behavior within these systems. Lacamas Lake is a managed reservoir in Camas, WA that experiences seasonal stratification, hypoxia in bottom waters, and is highly eutrophic, sometimes resulting in harmful algal blooms. Lacamas Lake also undergoes a drawdown for dam maintenance purposes each autumn. To better understand the impacts of hypoxia and management actions on the phytoplankton community in Lacamas, we pursued three research questions: 1) How is phytoplankton biomass vertically distributed in relation to dissolved oxygen levels? 2) Are there differences between day and night vertical distributions of phytoplankton? 3) How does phytoplankton vertical distribution vary before and after lake drawdown. 4) What is the relationship between phytoplankton size and vertical distribution? During August (pre-drawdown) and October (post-drawdown) 2015, phytoplankton biomass was measured at six depths from surface to bottom and a weighted mean depth was calculated for each sampling time. We found that phytoplankton biomass was consistently concentrated above the hypoxic zone, indicating these organisms were avoiding the low oxygen water. There was a significant difference in vertical distribution between day and night in one size fraction, as well as a significant difference in the vertical distribution between preand post-drawdown. These results highlight the need for strategies that manage run-off flowing into the watersheds in urban areas and further research into the ecological implications of the annual drawdown at Lacamas Lake.


This study represents an attempt to describe the extent and features of safe haven legislation in the United States, discuss implementation issues, and to examine if the legislation is reaching its intended target audience in order to answer the question, "Is safe haven legislation an efficacious response to infant abandonment?" Safe havens are designated locations where infants can be anonymously abandoned without fear of prosecution or incarceration. As of May of 2006, forty-seven states have passed such legislation, citing the need for an alternative to unsafe infant abandonment leading to an infant's death, and an alternative to infanticide (the killing of an infant within one year of its birth). Since the initial passage of this legislation in Texas in 1999, there have been more unsafe infant abandonments than accounts of safe haven abandonments. As this legislation provides for anonymous infant abandonment researchers cannot study the population of women actually utilizing safe havens. Therefore, the study of women seeking connection with safe havens in comparison to the population of women who have engaged in infant abandonment resulting in an infant's death is considered the sole viable sources of insight into this problem. The scope of the research is exploratory in nature and analyses are considered preliminary due to the lack of data that exists in this area and the relative newness of the legislation. A quantitative analysis of women likely to utilize safe havens suggests that they tend to have a mean age of 19, are unmarried, have entered into prenatal care late, have disclosed their pregnancy to someone, and are currently dating the birthfather. The findings from this analysis were compared to those from a national linked birth and infant death dataset to ascertain if Gruss, Safe Haven Legislation 6 women seeking safe havens have similar biopsychosocial characteristics as those engaging in unsafe abandonment leading to an infant's death. Similar biopsychosocial characteristics were found including mother's age, marital status, late entry into prenatal care, disclosure of pregnancy, and dating status. A regression analysis was used to construct a biopsychosocial profile of women likely to abandon an infant. Findings suggest that legislators and those involved with safe havens have some knowledge of their target population, but are not effectively reaching this audience, nor promoting the existence of safe havens. They also appear to be utilizing research findings on infanticide inappropriately in order to profile their target audience. This effectively limits the promulgation of education and early identification services that could prevent both safe haven and unsafe infant abandonments. This study concludes with policy reform recommendations. Gruss, Safe Haven Legislation 7 Chapter


Patterns of last occurrences of fossil species are often used to infer the tempo and timing of mass extinction, even though last occurrences generally precede the time of extinction. Numerical simulations with constant extinction demonstrate that last occurrences are not randomly distributed, but tend to cluster at subaerial unconformities, surfaces of forced regression, flooding surfaces and intervals of stratigraphical condensation, all of which occur in predictable stratigraphical positions. This clustering arises not only from hiatuses and non‐deposition, but also from changes in water depth. Simulations with intervals of elevated extinction cause such clusters of last occurrences to be enhanced within and below the interval of extinction, suggesting that the timing and magnitude of extinctions in these instances could be misinterpreted. With the possible exception of the end‐Cretaceous, mass extinctions in the fossil record are characterized by clusters of last occurrences at these sequence stratigraphical horizons. Although these clusters of last occurrences may represent brief pulses of elevated extinction, they are equally likely to form by stratigraphical processes during a protracted period (more than several hundred thousand years) of elevated extinction rate. Geochemical proxies of extinction causes are also affected similarly, suggesting that many local expressions of mass extinction should be re‐evaluated for the timing of extinction and its relation to environmental change. We propose three tests for distinguishing pulses of extinction from clusters of last occurrences produced by stratigraphical processes.


ABSTRACT:Nigerian-born Ken Saro-Wiwa was a writer, environmental activist, and representative of the minority Ogoni people. much literary criticism has focused on his novel Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English (1985) because it highlights the traumas experienced during the Biafran War through experimental form and pidgin english. Though Biafra was declared a homeland for the Igbo ethnic group, many others who lived within the envisioned nation-state were forced and persuaded to fight. Sozaboy details the experiences of the Ogoni people as they attempted to survive this situation. I focus on a much-overlooked aspect of Sozaboy, which contains many rich references to emerging forms of neoliberalism as assemblage, a topic usually reserved for when Saro- Wiwa organized against big oil exploitation of the Ogoni in the postwar context. This essay locates how Sozaboy persuasively identifies the period of the Biafran War as the point at which the Nigerian state and society transitioned from post-independence toward neoliberalism. Written in pidgin english, the novel bends the english language to decipher aspects of both ethnic war and an emergent neoliberalism. Formally, as a novel about the socialization of mene, Sozaboy ruptures the generic features of a bildungsroman, is in fact anti-developmental, and demonstrates how war can refashion postcolonial subjectivities to meet the needs of globalization. Yet, even as the novel registers such transformations of subjectivities and social collectivities, it also signals new forms of resistance that emerge as a result of excesses of global capital.


This thesis focuses on the Cholesky-related factorizations of symmetric matrices and their application to Newton-type optimization.
A matrix is called triadic if it has at most two nonzero off-diagonal elements in each column. Tridiagonal matrices are a special case of these. We prove that the triadic structure is preserved in the Cholesky-related factorizations. We analyze its numerical stability and also present our perturbation analysis.
Newton-like methods solve nonlinear programming problems whose objective function and constraint functions are twice continuously differentiable. At each iteration, a search direction is computed by solving a linear symmetric system Ax = b. When A is not positive definite, the computed search direction may not be a descent direction.
Modified Newton methods add a perturbation E to A, so that A+E is positive definite, where E is symmetric positive semidefinite. We study the modified Newton methods in the literature, and develop other stable and efficient algorithms. One of them exploits the merits of triadic structure.
We apply our modified Newton methods to the Euclidean distance matrix completion problem (EDMCP). Given n points in Euclidean space, the Euclidean distance matrix (EDM) is the real symmetric matrix with ( i, j) entry being the square of the Euclidean distance between ith and jth points. Given a partial Euclidean distance matrix (i.e., some entries are not specified), the EDMCP is to find a EDM that includes the specified entries. We tackle the EDMCP by transforming it into a global optimization problem and applying modified Newton methods. We also develop a dimensional relaxation method for global minimization and test it on sample problems including protein structure prediction.


A study was conducted to investigate the level of heavy metals in agricultural soils in Bungoma and Kakamega counties, Western Kenya. Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Zinc (Zn) were determined during the months of November 2010 (wet season) and February 2011 (dry season). Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used for analysis of the samples after wet digestion and preparation of appropriate calibration standards. 11% of the soils reported to be polluted with lead, while 97% were polluted with cadmium. Soils were found to have optimum to low levels of copper and zinc. A positive correlation of wet and dry seasons was reported.


There are different views on the selection of hydrological model structural complexity for streamflow prediction in ungauged basins. Some studies suggest that complex models are better than simple models due to the former9s prediction capability; whereas some studies favor parsimonious model structures to overcome a risk of over-parameterization. The Xinanjiang (XAJ) model, the most widely used hydrological model in China, has two different versions, as follows: (1) the simple version with seven parameters (XAJ7) and (2) the complex version with 14 parameters (XAJ14). In this study, the two versions of the XAJ model were comprehensively evaluated for streamflow prediction in ungauged basins based on their efficiency, parameter identifiability, and independence. The results showed that the complex XAJ14 model was more flexible than the simple XAJ7 in calibration mode; while the two models have similar performance in validation and regionalization modes. Lack of parameter identifiability and the presence of parameter interdependence most likely explain why the complex XAJ14 cannot consistently outperform the XAJ7 in different modes. Therefore, the simple XAJ7 is a better choice than XAJ14 for streamflow prediction in ungauged basins.


The physical structure of the environment may be especially important to bacteria, which can live as free-floating cells or form dense aggregations on solid surfaces. The present study asks whether inhabiting structurally different environments promotes the evolution of distinct adaptations. A total of two experimental habitats were arranged: in the homogeneous one the cells were free-floating and mixed; in the structured one they grew undisturbed, forming layers on a solid medium. The populations were propagated through 1000 generations. Then the fitness of the evolved clones was com pared with that of their common progenitor clone. The derived clones were most fit in the environment in which they had evolved, but their fitness was enhanced also in the structurally unfamiliar environment. This could mean that the bacteria adapted not only to the habitat structure but also to nutritional conditions, which were the same in both selection environments. For this reason, the fitness measurements were repeated in a different growth medium. Now the bacteria that had adapted to the homogeneous habitat demonstrated a significant loss of fitness in the non-homogeneous one, and vice versa, suggesting that evolutionary specialization may result in fitness trade-offs. In this way the origination of environmental generalists might be impeded. Another broad finding was that variation in fitness was higher among clones evolved in the structured habitat, implying that evolution in a non-homogeneous environment produces a greater diversity of adaptations.


Cantillon defines wealth as the consumption goods produced by land and labor. This contrasted with the Mercantilists who thought money was wealth. LAND IS tHE SouRCE or matter from which all wealth is drawn; man's labor provides the form for its production, and wealth in itself is nothing but the food, conveniences, and pleasures of life. Land produces grass, roots, grain, flax, cotton, hemp, shrubs and several kinds of trees, with fruits, bark, and foliage like that of the mulberry tree for silkworms, and it supplies mines and minerals. From these, the labor of man creates wealth. Rivers and seas provide fish for the food of man, and many other things for his enjoyment. But these seas and rivers belong to the adjacent lands or are common to all, and man's labor extracts fish and other advantages from them.


Andrew Marvell (1621-78) is best known today as the author of a handful of exquisite lyrics and provocative political poems. In his own time, however, Marvell was famous for his brilliant prose interventions in the major issues of the Restoration, religious toleration, and what he called "arbitrary" as distinct from parliamentary government. This is the first modern edition of all Marvell's prose pamphlets, complete with introductions and annotation explaining the historical context. Four major scholars of the Restoration era have collaborated to produce this truly Anglo-American edition. From the Rehearsal Transpros'd, a serio-comic best-seller which appeared with tacit permission from Charles II himself, through the documentary Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government, Marvell established himself not only as a model of liberal thought for the eighteenth century but also as an irresistible new voice in political polemic, wittier, more literary, and hence more readable than his contemporaries.


A combination of in vitro and in vivo techniques were used to explore the mode of action of both crude and purified suppressive extracts specific for the random copolymer L-giutamic acid(60)-L-alanine(30)-L-tyrosine(10) (GAT- T(s)F) obtained from nonresponder DBA/1 (H-2(q)) mice. Normal DBA/1 spleen cells were incubated under modified Mishell-Dutton culture conditions for 2 days together with crude or purified GAT-T(s)F, and in the presence or absence of free GAT. These cells were then washed extensively and 3 × 10(6) viable cells transferred to syngeneic recipients, which were challenged at the same time with the immunogenic form of GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA). GAT-specific IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen were assayed 7 days later. In agreement with earlier in vitro studies on the action of GAT-T(s)F, it was demonstrated that under these conditions, low concentrations of GAT-T(s)F stimulated the development of cells which, aider transfer, are able to suppress the GAT PFC response to GAT-MBSA. The cells responsible for this suppression were shown to be T lymphocytes by using nylon wool-purified T cells for suppressor cell induction and by eliminating suppressive activity in cells cultured with crude GAT-T(s)F by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 plus C before transfer. The suppressor T cells act in a specific manner failing to suppress significantly either anti-sheep erythrocyte or trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin primary PFC responses. For the induction of GAT-specific suppressor T cells in culture, a moiety bearing H- 2(K(q) or I(q)) determinants and also GAT, either bound to the crude GAT- T(s)F or added in nanogram amounts to antigen (GAT)-free purified GAT-T(s)F, were both required.


PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the formation and impact of attitudes and beliefs among people experiencing acute and chronic low back pain. METHODS Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 participants with acute low back pain (less than 6 weeks' duration) and 11 participants with chronic low back pain (more than 3 months' duration) from 1 geographical region within New Zealand. Data were analyzed using an Interpretive Description framework. RESULTS Participants' underlying beliefs about low back pain were influenced by a range of sources. Participants experiencing acute low back pain faced considerable uncertainty and consequently sought more information and understanding. Although participants searched the Internet and looked to family and friends, health care professionals had the strongest influence upon their attitudes and beliefs. Clinicians influenced their patients' understanding of the source and meaning of symptoms, as well as their prognostic expectations. Such information and advice could continue to influence the beliefs of patients for many years. Many messages from clinicians were interpreted as meaning the back needed to be protected. These messages could result in increased vigilance, worry, guilt when adherence was inadequate, or frustration when protection strategies failed. Clinicians could also provide reassurance, which increased confidence, and advice, which positively influenced the approach to movement and activity. CONCLUSIONS Health care professionals have a considerable and enduring influence upon the attitudes and beliefs of people with low back pain. It is important that this opportunity is used to positively influence attitudes and beliefs.


The growing volume and variety of data presents both opportunities and challenges for visual analytics. Addressing these challenges is needed for big data to provide valuable insights and novel solutions for business, security, social media, and healthcare. In the case of temporal event sequence analytics it is the number of events in the data and variety of temporal sequence patterns that challenges users of visual analytic tools. This paper describes 15 strategies for sharpening analytic focus that analysts can use to reduce the data volume and pattern variety. Four groups of strategies are proposed: (1) extraction strategies, (2) temporal folding, (3) pattern simplification strategies, and (4) iterative strategies. For each strategy, we provide examples of the use and impact of this strategy on volume and/or variety. Examples are selected from 20 case studies gathered from either our own work, the literature, or based on email interviews with individuals who conducted the analyses and developers who observed analysts using the tools. Finally, we discuss how these strategies might be combined and report on the feedback from 10 senior event sequence analysts.


The U.S. farming industry is evolving quickly. It is therefore important that state Extension services be prepared to evolve as well. This study uses data collected in a 2007 survey of Ohio farmers to evaluate likelihood and frequency of use of various services offered by Extension as well as overall satisfaction with Extension services. Results indicate that tailoring of topics and communication methods to type of farm and/or farmer informational needs could improve the use of Extension resources. This implies that targeting of information products and methods may improve the performance of Extension education programs and customer satisfaction.


Extending the research on our discipline's identity, we examine how the major research themes have evolved in four top IS journals: Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ), Information Systems Research (ISR), Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), and Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS). By doing so, we answer Palvia, Daneshvar Kakhki, Ghoshal, Uppala, and Wang's (2015) call to provide continuous updates to the research trends in IS due to the discipline's dynamism. Second, building on Sidorov, Evangelopoulos, Valacich, and Ramakrishnan (2008) we examine temporal trends in prominent research streams over the last 17 years. We show that, as IS research evolves over time, certain themes appear to endure the test of time, while others peak and trough. More importantly, our analysis identifies new emergent themes that have begun to gain prominence in IS research community. Further, we break down our findings by journal and show the type of content that they may desire most. Our findings also allow the IS research community to discern the specific contributions and roles of our premier journals in the evolution of research themes over time.


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The steam engine is widely regarded as the icon of the Industrial Revolution and a prime example of a 'General Purpose Technology,' and yet its contribution to growth is far from transparent. This paper examines the role that a particular innovative design in steam power, the Corliss engine, played in the intertwined processes of industrialization and urbanization that characterized the growth of the US economy in the late 19th century. Waterpower offered abundant and cheap energy, but restricted the location of manufacturing just to areas with propitious topography and climate. Steam engines offered the possibility of relaxing this severe constraint, allowing industry to locate where key considerations such as access to markets for inputs and outputs directed. The enhanced performance of the Corliss engine as well as its fuel efficiency helped tip the balance in favor of steam in the fierce contest with waterpower. With the aid of detailed data on the location of Corliss engines and waterwheels and a two-stage estimation strategy, we show that the deployment of Corliss engines indeed served as a catalyst for the massive relocation of industry away from rural areas and into large urban centers, thus fueling agglomeration economies, and attracting further population growth. This illustrates what we believe is an important aspect of the dynamics of GPTs, whether it is electricity in the early 20th century or Information Technologies in the present era: the fact that GPTs induce the widespread and more efficient relocation of economic activity, which in turn fosters long-term growth.


The Golpazari-Huyuk karst system is located in the Central Sakarya Basin whose geomorphologic evolution is mainly controlled by the Post-Miocene epirogenic continental rise. Drastic change in the drainage pattern and dissection of the carbonate platform were the major consequences of this tectonic movement. Rapid incision of the Sakarya river changed the position of the erosion base which consequently distorted the direction of surface and subsurface flow. The Golpazari and Huyuk plains are two topographically distinct, flat bottomed geomorphic features separated by a carbonate rock relief. The difference in elevation between these 10 km distant plains is 350 m. Morphological, geological and hydrological behavior of the plains suggests that the both have functioned as closed basins connected to each other through subsurface flow paths. Drainage has changed from subsurface to surface after the emplacement of the Sakarya river into its modern course. In this study, the authors suggest a conceptual model to reconstruct the hydrological-geomorphological processes that have been effective in the evolution of this karst area. The methodology is based on the records preserved in the morphological and sedimentological archives as well as the hydrogeological setting in the study area. According to the suggested model, the present landscape which exhibits a late stage of karstification has evolved in three main phases, after an initial stage attributed to Lower Miocene. The first phase represents karstification of carbonate rocks of Jurassic age at the Huyuk area and the limestone of Paleocene age at the Golpazari area. This region must have been significantly elevated from the karstification (erosion) base. The geomorphologic and drainage setting reveal that the karstification was controlled mainly by major drainage elements in Late Miocene-Early Pliocene.The second phase is characterized by the uplift of the region and the subsequent rapid incision of drainage during the pluvial period thereby the ponors that drained the polje were completely clogged and the polje turned out to be a lake in late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene. The third phase consists of a re-arrangement of drainage pattern and related geomorphologic processes mainly controlled by tectonic movements during Early Pleistocene. Consequently, surface drainage started in the Golpazari lake. Meanwhile Sakarya river incised its bed through the fractured carbonate rocks, capturing also the Huyuk depression complex.


In-silico prediction methods are gaining the popularity in drug discovery processes as they are relatively inexpensive and less time consuming. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on back propagation algorithm (BP algorithm) has been applied to develop a Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for predicting pIC50 values of a series of structurally diverse CCR5 receptor antagonists. Model was trained with a data set of 426 chemical compounds and tested with independent data set of 423 compounds. A good correlation between training data set (R2= 0.847) and total data set of 849 chemical compounds (R2=0.765) is observed. The results are further validated by performing external validation using validation set (R2=0.692) and leave 20% out cross validation which show that such an approach is suitable for establishing a predictive model to determine pIC50 values.


The triangular relationship between the social, the political and the cultural has opened up social and political theory to new challenges. The social can no longer be reduced to the category of society, and the political extends beyond the traditional concerns of the nature of the state and political authority.

This Handbook will address a range of issues that have recently emerged from the disciplines of social and political theory, focusing on key themes as opposed to schools of thought or major theorists. It is divided into three sections which address:

-The most influential theoretical traditions that have emerged from the legacy of the twentieth century.
-The most important new and emerging frameworks of analysis today.
-The major theoretical problems in recent social and political theory.

The Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Social and Political Theory encompasses the most up-to-date developments in contemporary social and political theory, and as such is an essential research tool for both undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as researchers, working in the fields of political theory, social and political philosophy, contemporary social theory, and cultural theory.


Objectives and Backgrounds Ankle injuries account for 8% of all minor injuries attending EDs in the UK. The Ottawa ankle rules (OARs) were introduced to assess the need for x-ray in the 1990s (Stiell et al 1992). Although they are said to have reduced the number of ankle x-rays requested many unnecessary ankle x-rays are still taken, and although the sensitivity of the OARs 95–100% the specificity is consistently low. A vibrating tuning fork has been shown to increase the specificity of the OARs while maintaining the high sensitivity on a pilot study on simple twisting ankle injuries and resulted in a 66% reduction in the number of ankle x-rays requested (Dissman and Han 2006). However, this study had a strict inclusion criteria and the tuning fork test was carried out by a single-operator, reducing the generalisability of the results. This study aims to assess whether the tuning fork test can increase the diagnostic accuracy of the OARs when used on twisting ankle injuries by multiple operators in multiple emergency care settings. Methods A two part multi-site study was undertaken across three EDs in within Hampshire UK. The first part of the study consisted of a diagnostic test using the tuning fork test on patients already known to be OARs positive and therefore due to receive an x-ray of their ankle. Patients were invited to take part if they were aged 12 years or over and had injured their ankle as a result of a simple twisting mechanism. Patients were excluded if there was obvious deformity to the ankle. After assessing for bony tenderness a vibrating tuning fork was placed at the site of maximal tenderness and 6 cm proximal to this site. In order to form a control group the patient's uninjured ankle was also assessed with the tuning fork. Patient's were randomised as to which ankle was assessed with the tuning fork first. The results of the tuning fork test and the x-ray (which was interpreted blind of the tuning fork test) were compared and the number of times they agreed and disagreed recorded. The second part of the test included a series of focus groups where participants and clinicians involved in the study were asked about their views on the use of the tuning fork test in clinical practice. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. A total of 1300 participants were required in order to detect a specificity of 95% (±3%) with a 95% CI where the injury under test had a prevalence in the population of 15%. The study was funded by the CCF Research for Patient Benefit scheme, and sponsored by the Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust. Southampton and SW Hampshire (A) ethics committee approved the study. Results Patients have been recruited into the study since June 2009. Part 1 of the study is still in progress, but as of 21st April 2011 a total of 1245 participants have been recruited. The data has not yet been analysed but this is expected to take place during June 2011. The Data collection phase of part 2 of the study is complete and although full analysis of the data is yet to take place provisional analysis of the qualitative data using thematic analysis identifies that patients accept the use of the tuning fork test. Patients stated they were intrigued when the use of the tuning fork was first discussed with them. Patients also rated spending less time in the ED as more important than receiving an x-ray, which is in contrast to the clinicians who claimed that the majority of patients expect an x-ray for their ankle injury. As well as reducing exposure to radiation saving the NHS money by reducing unnecessary x-rays was one of the main advantages raised by patients. Conclusions The results of the study are yet to be fully analysed. However it is anticipated that the tuning fork test will improve the diagnostic accuracy of the OARs when used on simple twisting ankle injuries. The tuning fork test is quick and easy to learn and initial analysis of the qualitative data reveals that it's use would be accepted by patients and clinicians alike. This presentation outlines independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its RfPB Programme (Grant Reference PB-PG-1207-15022).


It is conventional knowledge that heterotrophic bacteria play a key role in the biogeochemical cycling of oceanic carbon. However, only recently has their role in marine iron (Fe) biogeochemical cycles been examined. Research during this past decade has demonstrated an inextricable link between Fe chemistry and the biota, as >99% of Fe in marine systems is complexed to organic chelates of unknown but obviously biotic origin. Here we present a novel approach to assess and compare Fe bioavailability in low Fe HNLC waters using a bioluminescent bacterial reporter that quantitatively responds to the concentration of bioavailable Fe by producing light. Originally tested in freshwater environments, this study presents the first characterization of this halotolerant reporter organism in a defined seawater medium and then subsequently in marine surface waters. Laboratory characterizations demonstrate that this reporter displays a dose‐dependent response to Fe availability in our defined marine medium. Field tests were performed during the 10‐day mesoscale FeCycle experiment (February 2003) in the Pacific sub‐Antarctic high‐nitrate low‐chlorophyll region. Data from both biogeochemical measures and bioreporter assays are provided which describe how the bioreporter detected changes in Fe bioavailability that occurred during a natural shift in ambient dissolved Fe concentrations (∼40 pM). Our data explore the use of heterotrophic bioluminescent reporters as a comparable tool for marine ecosystems and demonstrate the potential utility of this tool in elucidating the relationship between Fe bioavailability and Fe chemistry in complex marine systems.


The lower part of the Garden Valley Formation yields two distinct conodont faunas. One of late Asselian age dominated by Mesogondolella and Streptognathodus and one of Artinskian age dominated by Sweetognathus with Mesogondolella. The Asselian fauna contains the same species as those found in the type area of the Asselian in the southern Urals including Mesogondolella dentiseparata, described for the first time outside of the Urals. Apparatuses for Sweetognathus whitei, Diplognathodus stevensi, and Idioprioniodus sp. are described. The Garden Valley Formation represents a marine pro-delta basin and platform, and marine and shore fan delta complex deposition. The fan-delta complex was most likely deposited from late Artinskian to late Wordian. The Garden Valley Formation records tremendous swings in depositional setting from shallow-water to basin to shore.


Walk into a bar or restaurant in Barcelona and chances are that you will encounter a beautiful tile pattern on the floor. In the late 19th century, mass reproduction of intricately designed floor tiles became possible, and they became a common feature in the interiors of buildings in cities all around the Mediterranean. In Barcelona, the design of such tiles reached its peak in the age of 'Modernismo', the Spanish variety of Art Nouveau, in the early 20th century. BARCELONA TILE DESIGNS features a colourful collection of carefully restored and digitized designs. Both single tiles and whole patterns and borders are shown, and the files on the CO make it possible to create designs in any shape and size. A great resource for design professionals and hobbyists alike.


This paper presents the findings of an investigation into the rate-limiting mechanism for the heterogeneous burning in oxygen under normal gravity and microgravity of cylindrical iron rods. The original objective of the work was to determine why the observed melting rate for burning 3.2-mm diameter iron rods is significantly higher in microgravity than in normal gravity. This work, however,
also provided fundamental insight into the rate-limiting mechanism for heterogeneous burning. The paper includes a summary of normal-gravity and microgravity experimental results, heat transfer analysis and post-test microanalysis of quenched samples. These results are then used to show that heat transfer across the solid/liquid interface is the rate-limiting mechanism for melting and burning, limited by the interfacial surface area between the molten drop and solid rod. In normal gravity, the work improves the
understanding of trends reported during standard flammability testing for metallic materials, such as
variations in melting rates between test specimens with the same cross-sectional area but different crosssectional
shape. The work also provides insight into the effects of configuration and orientation, leading to an improved application of standard test results in the design of oxygen system components. For microgravity applications, the work enables the development of improved methods for lower cost metallic material flammability testing programs. In these ways, the work provides fundamental insight
into the heterogeneous burning process and contributes to improved fire safety for oxygen systems in applications involving both normal-gravity and microgravity environments.


This study investigated gender differences in the experience of situational anxiety (referred to as 'state anxiety') among a sample of 268 US and 202 Finnish lower- and upper-secondary-school / high-school students (51.0% female; 177 ninth-graders, 218 tenth-graders, 37 eleventh-graders, 38 twelfth-graders, 10 unspecified grade). Three main research questions guided our study: 1 ) Do male and female students differ in their anxiety during science lessons if in-the-moment state measures are used?; 2) How does anxiety affect motivation in science classes?; and 3) Does the relationship of anxiety to motivation differ by gender We employed the experience sampling method (ESM), a form of time/diary instrument, to assess experiences of anxiety in the moment in which they occur, in different contexts, e.g., in and out of school and in specific science lessons. Males and females did not differ in mean levels of state anxiety with in-the-moment measures, which corroborates previous findings. Females tended to experience less positive affect and intrinsic motivation, and more negative affect and withdrawal motivation in anxious states across all their everyday life experiences. In science lessons, the only consistent finding was that females tended to experience more stress in anxious situations than males. The findings suggest that previously found gender differences in math and science anxiety might be due to biases in the applied measures (see Goetz et al., 2013), which has important theoretical and practical implications for the assessment and interpretation of gender differences in science classrooms.  Normal 0 21 false false false DE X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Constitutional law is clearly shaped by judicial actors. But who else contributes? Scholars in the past have recognized that the legislative branch plays a significant role in determining structural issues, such as separation of powers and federalism, but stopped there-claiming that only courts had the independence and expertise to safeguard individual and minority rights. In this readable and engaging narrative, the authors identify the nuts and bolts of the national dialogue and relate succinct examples of how elected officials and the general public often dominate the Supreme Court in defining the Constitution's meaning. Making use of case studies on race, privacy, federalism, war powers, speech, and religion, Devins and Fisher demonstrate how elected officials uphold individual rights in such areas as religious liberty and free speech as well as, and often better than, the courts. This fascinating debunking of judicial supremacy argues that nonjudicial contributions to constitutional interpretation make the Constitution more stable, more consistent with constitutional principles, and more protective of individual and minority rights.


Historically fund raising, or development, in higher education was the purview of only private four-year colleges; today, however, virtually all institutions of higher education are engaged in this endeavor. Attaining an institution's fundraising goals has become an integral part of a university president's or chancellor's role, consuming a high percentage of the CEO's time. While the president works very closely with the development office in garnering private support, there is often another player significant to the success of a university's development efforts. ―Hired‖ along with the CEO, the individual serves a major role, but has no job description and often works without a contract or remuneration. This is the spouse of the CEO. This study employed qualitative methodology to elucidate the role of the university CEO's spouse in development, alumni relations, and fund raising. The research focused on the traditional president's spouse, a female married to a male CEO. Seventeen interviews with spouses, development officers, and university trustees at seven different public land-grant universities were conducted to explore several questions: whether the spouse's role in development is formalized; whether the spouse was aware of the school's expectations for her in this area; the role of professional development staff in assisting the first lady; whether the spouse is recognized or compensated for her duties; how the spouse's role could be improved; and what could be done to make the role more satisfying, productive, or efficient. Several thematic areas were addressed regarding the first lady: (a) interview processes, (b) qualities, (c) support of the president, (d) role in development, (e) role in the university community, (f) acknowledgement, and (g) public opinion. The findings provide a multifaceted view of the role of the university president's wife in development. Recommendations for improving the role of the presidential spouse in university development include fostering open communication between all parties, tailoring the role to the individuals and institutions involved, and acknowledging the role of the spouse.


Abstract In this paper, we describe an innovative method to model and solve spatio-temporal behavior of nuclear reactor cores via three-dimensional multilayer cellular neural networks. This method uses electrical elements and the existing duality between neutronic and thermal-hydraulic parameters of nuclear reactors. The relevant electrical circuit can be simulated by existing professional electrical circuit software. This research goes beyond our previous efforts to use a neural computing approach in the nuclear field. Modeling and solving simple nuclear reactor kinetic equations is now expanded to a complete dynamic calculation, integrating the core thermal-hydraulic models and the relevant feedback effects, in a heterogeneous reactor core.


Evaluators face a challenge in responding to a call for greater inclusiveness of marginalized groups. In this presentation, I examine the contribution that transformative theory can make toward meeting this challenge. Transformative scholars assume that knowledge is not neutral, but is influenced by human interests, and that all knowledge reflects the power and social relationships within society, and that an important purpose of knowledge construction is to help people improve society. I propose the use of an inclusive model of evaluation that can address the tension between what is needed accurately represent the experiences of marginalized groups research and the traditional canons of research.


This book-never before published-is eminent sociologist Harold Garfinkel's earliest attempt, while at Harvard in 1948, to bridge the growing gap in American sociology. This gap was generated by a Parsonian paradigm that emphasised a scientific approach to sociological description, one that increasingly distanced itself from social phenomena in the increasingly influential ways studied by phenomenologists. It was Garfinkel's idea that phenomenological description, rendered in more empirical and interactive terms, might remedy shortcomings in the reigning Parsonian view. Garfinkel soon gave up the attempt to repair scientific description, and his focus became increasingly empirical until, in 1954, he famously coined the term "Ethnomethodology." However, in this early manuscript can be seen more clearly than in some of his later work the struggle with a conceptual and positivist rendering of social relations that ultimately informed Garfinkel's position. Here we find the sources of his turn toward ethnomethodology, which would influence subsequent generations of sociologists. Essential reading for all social theory scholars and graduate students and for a wider range of social scientists in anthropology, ethnomethodology, and other fields.


This essay examines how particular concepts of fashion, and fashion's Other – ethnic dress – have been reproduced in British Vogue since the mid 2000s, a period of renewed attention to issues of race within the fashion media. It builds on recent scholarly redefinitions of 'fashion' that include the non-Western, and has played an integral formative role in Cheang's current project of critically positioning fashion studies within current global history debates.

In this essay, Cheang explores the implicit and explicit ways in which constructions of 'fashion' and the 'ethnic' are played out in the work of fashion photographers Mario Testino, Patrick Demarchelier and Tim Walker. Cheang undertook comprehensive analysis of Vogue Magazine content from a five-year period and conducted interviews with key protagonists. The research was first conducted to present a provocative position paper for the opening session of the international conference 'Fashion Media: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow' (London College of Fashion, 2010), which brought together leading voices in fashion research to debate key issues in fashion imagery and communication. It challenges and interrogates the use of racial and ethnic stereotypes in current fashion photography, to stimulate new critiques of Western fashion's visual and conceptual regimes of racial difference.

While fashion has become a central field of enquiry in social and cultural studies, the fashion media that form a crucial part of contemporary visual culture remain largely under-researched. This chapter appears in a groundbreaking collection of essays that bring a new critical awareness to the circulation of fashion's digital, print and film cultures. Like the work of other authors at the forefront of the field, such as Professor Reina Lewis, Professor Simona Segre Reinach and Dr Djurdja Barlett, Cheang's chapter is integral to an exploration of the complex multi-layered processes that bind design, technology, society and identity together.