OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB) Scale in a patient population.

STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey.

POPULATION
Community-dwelling elderly individuals (n = 277) recruited from primary care clinic sites in the Kansas City metropolitan area.

OUTCOMES MEASURED
Internal consistency, concurrent construct validity, discriminant validity, and factor analysis with Varivax rotation.

RESULTS
The initial version of the SIWB contained 40 items: 20 from a self-efficacy domain and 20 from a life scheme domain. Factor analysis yielded 6 items loaded most strongly on factor 1 (intrapersonal self-efficacy) and 6 other items loaded strongly on factor 2 (life scheme). The Self-efficacy subscale had an alpha of.83 and the Life Scheme subscale had an alpha of.80; the total 12-item SIWB Scale had an alpha of.87. The SIWB had significant and expected correlations with other quality-of-life measures related to subjective well-being: EuroQol (r =.18), Geriatric Depression Scale (r = -35), the Physical Functioning Index from the Short Form 36 (r =.28), and the Years of Healthy Life Scale (r = -.35). Religiosity did not correlated significantly with the SIWB (r =.12, P =.056).

CONCLUSIONS
The 12-item SIWB Scale is a valid and reliable measure of subjective well-being in an older patient population.


In interpreting a film, the viewer actively participates in the construction of information. But whose perspective counts when doing so? Most people have such deep-seated frameworks of the universe that they do not even realise that far-reaching differences between interpreting totality do exist between people. As a result, they often project their own cosmological views onto the characters in a film. Without considering a relevant cosmological perspective in Tsotsi, an understanding of gender roles may be deprived of the necessary nuance and unjust conclusions could be reached. What should be noted here, is that concepts such as wisdom, the maintenance of harmonious social relationships and the measuring of the quality of experience through texture that are often linked to the female principle are also typical symbolic expressions of a coherent traditional African cosmology. This article explores the role of Miriam within such framework to conclude that her character overcomes gender stereotypes.


This paper reports work in progress on an ontology-based approach to modelling the argumentative discourse, texts and community in an academic domain in order to support semantic browsing and search. We describe how diverse research into these aspects can be integrated in an ontology, and step through an example of the kind of service that can be provided given such an integrated model of a research field. We also begin to explore mechanisms for enriching the ontology with the outputs of other CMNA research, such as Reed and Walton's argumentation scheme models.


Abstract. Most scenarios from integrated assessment models (IAMs) that
project greenhouse gas emissions include the use of bioenergy as a means to
reduce CO2 emissions or even to achieve negative emissions (together
with CCS – carbon capture and storage). The potential amount of CO2 that can be removed from the
atmosphere depends, among others, on the yields of bioenergy crops, the land
available to grow these crops and the efficiency with which CO2
produced by combustion is captured. While bioenergy crop yields can be
simulated by models, estimates of the spatial distribution of bioenergy
yields under current technology based on a large number of observations are
currently lacking. In this study, a random-forest (RF) algorithm is used to
upscale a bioenergy yield dataset of 3963 observations covering
Miscanthus, switchgrass, eucalypt, poplar and willow using climatic and soil
conditions as explanatory variables. The results are global yield maps of
five important lignocellulosic bioenergy crops under current technology,
climate and atmospheric CO2 conditions at a 0.5∘×0.5∘ spatial resolution. We also provide a combined "best
bioenergy crop" yield map by selecting one of the five crop types with
the highest yield in each of the grid cells, eucalypt and Miscanthus in most cases. The
global median yield of the best crop is 16.3 t DM ha−1 yr−1 (DM – dry matter). High
yields mainly occur in the Amazon region and southeastern Asia. We further
compare our empirically derived maps with yield maps used in three IAMs and
find that the median yields in our maps are > 50 % higher than
those in the IAM maps. Our estimates of gridded bioenergy crop yields can be
used to provide bioenergy yields for IAMs, to evaluate land surface models
or to identify the most suitable lands for future bioenergy crop
plantations. The 0.5∘×0.5∘ global maps for
yields of different bioenergy crops and the best crop and for the best crop
composition generated from this study can be download from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3274254 (Li, 2019).


Catalytic computation was defined by Buhrman et al. (STOC, 2014). It addresses the question whether memory, that already stores some unknown data that should be preserved for later use, can be meaningfully used for computation. Buhrman et al. provide an intriguing answer to this question by giving examples where the occupied memory can be used to perform computation. In this expository article we survey what is known about this problem and how it relates


Great Britain was endowed with mineral wealth out of proportion to its small size. This is partly the result of its situation at the crossing-place of two of the three major European orogenic belts, the Caledonian and Hercynian, but perhaps more the result of the intense circulation of hot mineralizing fluids in systems of tension faults which were active at intervals from early Permian to Tertiary or possibly even to Neogene times. In the peninsula of Cornwall and Devon, tin, copper, tungsten and other non-ferrous metal deposits bear some relation to the Hercynian posttectonic granites. In areas of Lower Palaeozoic slaty rocks in central and northern Wales, the Lake District and the southern Uplands of Scotland, lead, zinc, and copper deposits occur, but many of them were emplaced in post-Carboniferous times. The Lower Carboniferous uplands of Mendip, north Wales, north Derbyshire and the northern Pennines are all highly mineralized, with lead and zinc, and in the Pennines fluorite, barite and witherite also appear in quantity. All deposits so far mentioned are epigenetic, i. e. emplaced later than the enclosing rocks. This also applies to the hematite deposits formerly worked in Carboniferous Limestone in west and south Cumberland and Furness, and those now working in south Wales. Mineral deposits which form part of the enclosing rock-sequence include the Permian dolomite–anhydrite–halite–sylvine evaporites of northeast England; the Triassic halite deposits particularly in Cheshire; and the siderite–chamosite ironstone in the Jurassic belt extending from Cleveland through Scunthorpe to Banbury. In addition, large tonnages of hard rocks are quarried in Scotland, Wales, northern and north-midland England and the Cornubian peninsula; and sand and gravel is worked from Pleistocene glacial deposits and Holocene alluvials, especially in the London district, East Anglia and the Trent valley.


Event-driven programs are prone to concurrency bugs due their inherent nature of handling asynchronous events. Asynchronous events introduce logical concurrency into these programs making them hard to be thoroughly tested and debugged. However, understanding the root causes and characteristics of concurrency bugs can ease the debugging process and help developers to avoid introducing them. Unfortunately, previous taxonomies on concurrency bugs do not provide enough knowledge on event-driven concurrency bugs. This paper classifies the event-driven program models into low and high level according to the type of events they handle, categorizes concurrency bug patterns and surveys existing techniques to detect them in event-driven programs.


BACKGROUND
Observationally, reports on the association between milk intake and risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) have produced conflicting results; and no previous large-scale study using the lactase persistent/non-persistent LCT-13910 C/T genotype as a largely unconfounded proxy for milk intake free of reverse causation has been conducted. We tested the hypothesis that milk intake observationally and genetically through the LCT-13910 C/T genotype is associated with risk of IHD and MI in a Mendelian randomization design.

METHODS
We included 98,529 White individuals of Danish descent, aged 20-100 years, from three studies of the general population. Information on IHD (N = 10,372) and MI (N = 4188) were obtained from national Danish registries. First, we investigated observational associations between milk intake and incident IHD and MI. Second, we confirmed the association between the rs4988235 genetic variant LCT-13910 C/T, associated with lactase persistence/non-persistence, and milk intake. Finally, we tested whether LCT-13910 C/T genotype was associated with risk of IHD and MI as well as with cardiovascular risk factors.

RESULTS
During a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years, the observational hazard ratio for a 1 glass/week higher milk intake was 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00,1.01] for both IHD and MI. Median milk intake was 3 glasses/week (interquartile range: 0-7) in lactase CC non-persistent individuals compared with 5 glasses/week (0-10) in lactase TC/TT persistent individuals (P = 3*10(-60)). In the dominant genetic model comparing lactase TC/TT persistent individuals with lactase CC non-persistent individuals, the odds ratio was 1.00 (0.92,1.09) for IHD and 0.96 (0.84,1.09) for MI. Finally, in the dominant genetic model genotype was not associated convincingly with plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides or glucose, nor with blood pressure.

CONCLUSION
Milk intake was not associated with risk of IHD or MI, observationally or genetically.


We may think we know what a neologism is, but it is hard to isolate the nature of the moment in which neologizing occurs. In literature sometimes this moment is enacted for effects that may not belong to the discourses of normal communication, and these effects are compounded when it is a loan-neologism. The Early Modern period was one of increasing contact between the languages of Europe, and literature responded to this in a variety of ways. This paper looks at neologistic borrowings into English literature, using a selection of canonical authors as refracted through the Oxford English Dictionary, to see if they can tell us something about the porousness of literary language in this period. Keywords: Oxford English Dictionary; Shakespeare; Jonson; Dryden; Skelton; loan word; neologism


Hunting has a long tradition in Sweden and is also nowadays well established in society, provides considerable income through hunting tourism and functions as an important wildlife management and conservation tool. The most popular game species in the Swedish mountains are willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) and rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). Those two species are closely related and managed together as one unit in Sweden but differ distinct in population size, with rock ptarmigan showing a smaller population size than willow grouse. Their similar appearance makes it difficult to take preventive actions like setting different quotas for the two bird species before the hunt. This shows the importance of bag statistics and the accuracy of the species identification by hunters and trappers. Identification is assumed to be most difficult during the last months of the hunting season from January to March. During these last months both species have a white winter plumage and show only little difference in species specific characteristics but also no direct visible difference between ages. Therefore a second management issue is the eventuality of a non deliberate age selective hunting mortality and the eventual divergent impact of trapping and shooting on this. To investigate these issues shot or snared rock ptarmigan and willow grouse were examined through the last month of the hunting season. Hunters and trappers in the area of Saxnas, Gronfjall and Tarnaby were visited and more wing and foot samples could be aquired through hunters sending them by mail. To be able to study the consistency to the hunters reports, different species identification factors were tested for their reliability. Additionally the species and age composition, meaning the juvenile ( 1year) ratio, in the bag of hunters and trappers was analyzed. Bodyweight and wing length turned out to be a rather unreliable identification method while the appearance of a black stripe across the eyes, claw colour and the location, in relation to tree line, of the shot/snared bird seem to be reliable factors. The inconsistency between the findings of the study and the hunters/trappers reports lays with 2 % at a very low percentage which reveals that the post-hunting species identification might not be a major issue during the winter hunt. The age ratio however differs significantly between the bag of the hunters and the bag of the trappers indicating a difference in the possible impact that those two hunting techniques may cause on the rock ptarmigan and willow grouse populations respectively. Assuming the hunt during winter to be an additive mortality factor, the rock ptarmigan population might be at higher risk to be negatively affected by the winter hunt than the willow grouse population because of the lower population size and higher harvest numbers during this time. The results point out the need of further studies focusing on the effect of the hunt on the age structure of the swedish rock ptarmigan and willow grouse population. Furthermore it underlines the value of incoorporating hunters and trappers when designing scientific studies and making management decisions where there is a gap between science and traditional knowledge.


Background: Patients with clinically HER2−positive (clinHer2+) tumors often receive trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy as their standard of care. This study sought to determine the predictive value of the HER2−enriched (HER2−E) molecular subtype for sensitivity to neoadjuvant anthracycline/taxane containing chemotherapy and a trastuzumab plus taxane-based regimen within clinHer2+ disease. Materials and methods: Gene expression data on pre-treatment fresh-frozen tumor tissues were collected from a combined cohort of MDACC/I-SPY trial (GSE25055/65), and the XeNA trial (GSE22358). Patients from MDACC/I-SPY were treated with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) or 5-fluorouracil/epirubicin or doxorubicin/C (FEC or FAC) sequentially with paclitaxel. All patients from XeNA received capecitabine/docetaxel (and trastuzumab if clinHer2+). Intrinsic subtypes were determined using PAM50. Chisquare test and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to test significance of association between subtype and pathological complete response (pCR or residual cancer burden [RCB] 0/1) and residual disease (RD or RCB2/3) adjusted with pre-treatment tumor size. Kaplan Meier was used for distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) estimates. Results: For the MDACC/I-SPY cohort (n=595), pCR rates for intrinsic subtypes were 3% (5/168) for LumA, 16% (14/90) for LumB, 33% (23/69) for HER2−E and 37% (76/208) for Basal-like. Tumors achieving RCB0/1 were significantly associated with better DFRS compared to those tumors with RCB 2/3, even within each intrinsic subtype. The 5-year DFRS for HER2−E with RCB0/1 and RCB2/3 was 100% and 31% (p=0.007), respectively. ClinHer2+ status was also significantly associated with pCR (34% vs. 19%, p=0.016). Strikingly, among the clinHer2+ tumors (n=47), 75% (12/16) of the responders were classified as HER2−E (Table 1A) and those tumors that were clinHer2+/HER2−E had 6 times odds to achieve pCR when compared to clinHer2+/non-HER2−E. In the XeNA trial (n=122), the HER2−E subtype was significantly associated with response, composing 85% (7/8) of the clinHer2+ who achieved a pCR. Finally, clinHer2+/HER2−E tumors were 34 times more likely to achieve pCR than clinHer2+/non-HER2−E tumors (Table1B). Conclusion: The sensitivity of clinHer2+ tumors to neoadjuvant anthracycline/taxane-based regimens, and trastuzumab-based chemotherapy is mainly contained within tumors of the HER2−E subtype. Given that this molecular subtype cannot simply be recapitulated using clinical ER and HER2 status, our results highlight the importance of identifying patients with HER2−E tumors as this appears to greatly enrich for responsiveness and treatment benefit. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S5-2.


The fabrication of high performance infrared detectors using mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) grown on GaAs substrates by Metal Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) is now an established mature production process at Selex ES. Recent years have seen a substantial reduction in MCT pixel sizes, driven by system requirements for increased resolutions, lower power consumption and reduced costs. From initial devices with 30μm pixels, previous developments have produced MOVPE grown MCT arrays of 24μm, 20μm and 16μm pixels with response in short, long, mid and dual wavebands (SWIR, LWIR, MWIR and DWIR). High definition (HD) format and multi-megapixel arrays of 12μm MWIR pixels have also been produced using MOVPE grown MCT. The mesa structure of MOVPE grown MCT pixels inherently controls optical scattering, inter-pixel cross-talk, carrier diffusion and other blurring defects to negligible levels. This allows the goal for pixel size reduction to ultimately be determined by optical diffraction and Nyquist- Shannon sampling criteria alone. This paper discusses the development of a new MCT detector at Selex ES, introducing the next generation of small pixels on an 8μm pitch. Transition to smaller silicon design rules has enabled the pixel size reduction in the read-out integrated circuit (ROIC) to be achieved with minimum sacrifice of storage capacity. The ROIC has a completely digital control with on-chip digital generation of photodiode bias voltage. Low power proximity electronics providing a fully digitised output have been developed to ease interface with the detector. Characteristics of the pixel design together with measured performance of the detector and its application to infrared sensor development, including updates of standard definition (SD) products to HD and better performance, will be addressed.


The context for this study is set within a brief historical account of the development of
prison education up to and including present day policies. The current policy
background encompasses the Offender Learning Journey, Offender Learning and Skills
Service and the government's Green Papers Reducing Re-Offending through Skills and
Employment (2005) and Next Steps (2006). Furthermore, the literature review considers
education and employment discourse in relation to social exclusion and participation in
learning.
The research design is predominately qualitative within a single case study framework,
utilising a mixed methods approach. It investigates perceptions of staff and offenders to
the development and implementation of a curriculum intervention involving an integrated
full-time programme of production, training and e-Iearning delivered in a prison establishment. The rising prison population resulted in an expansion programme which
saw a new residential unit, workshop and learning and skills activity centre built to
accommodate an extra 180 adult male offenders in the case study establishment. This
provided the opportunity, as an insider researcher, to explore specifically the
development and implementation of a curriculum intervention integrating technology into
one of the new workshop facilities.
The three partners namely, the Prison Service, OLASS and Learndirect college providers
collaborated together on the integrated programme. Hence, research has been
conducted at a practical level describing obstacles and outcomes of a local initiative
adopting a partnership approach to the said curriculum intervention and the responses of
a purposive sample of 5 staff and 6 offenders to it.
Data was analysed using a grounded theory approach and research conclusions suggest
that barriers/obstacles are not unique to the case study establishment particularly when
integrating technology into the curriculum. Furthermore, some negative staff attitudes
emerged but this did not undermine the project. The study indicates effective tripartite
working which was instrumental to the success of the intervention which motivated and
engaged offenders to succeed.


The most comprehensive single volume on the most important non-metallic materials in use today. Contains many never before published articles. Perfect companion piece to highly regarded ASM Metals Handbook Desk Edition. This indispensable handbook contains a wealth of information on the basic non-metallic structural engineering materials - plastics, composites, ceramics and glasses. You'll get data on properties, selection, applications and testing. All of it has been peer-reviewed and synthesized to focus on the most potential points. If you need to consider alternatives to the materials you usually specify, this resource will prove truly invaluable. It will show where you can save on cost or weight, or gain other performance advantages. With key information about testing and processing, you can readily zero in on your choice of options. Based on ASM's renowned four-volume Engineered Materials Handbook series, this book also contains substantial new information. Like the 'Guide to Materials Selection' that gives you comparative information about the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of these materials. There are also new sections on recycling plastics, metallizing of plastics, recycling and environmental impact of ceramics, and ceramic-matrix composites. Containing 'quick Stufy' information about the most widely used non-metallic materials, this book gives you hundreds of well-organized tables with critical details on properties and processing. A 'General Engineering Tables and Data' section provides convenient summary of facts and figures for quick reference. And you'll find numerous graphs, charts, illustrations, and photographs, plus an extensive glossary of terms. Contents include: General Data Information, Introduction to Polymeric Materials, Properties and Characteristics of Engineering Plastics and Elastomers, Processing and Fabrication of Engineering Plastics and Elastomers, Testing of Polymeric Materials, Polymer-Matrix Composites, Adhesives and Sealants, Introduction to Ceramics and Glasses, Applications Processing/Characterization of Ceramics, Advanced Ceramics, Ceramic-Matrix Composites, Glasses, Carbon-Carbon Composites, Index.


Thromboembolism may be considered as one of the manifestations of the response of blood to injury. Other manifestations of this include hemostasis, increased vessel permeability, and vasculitis; disturbances of the microcirculation may lead to tissue injury and organ dysfunction. The factors that can initiate these changes by stimulation of platelets are exposure of subendothelial tissue (collagen, basement membrane) and intravascular stimuli such as antigen-antibody complexes, viruses, bacteria, and endotoxin. These stimuli have a number of effects on blood; the interaction of the platelets with the above stimuli leads to the release of platelet constituents including ADP; the ADP causes the platelets to adhere to each other; the aggregated platelets cause acceleration of clotting; this and changes in blood flow promote the formation of fibrin around the platelet aggregates. Some of the stimuli such as collagen and antigen-antibody complexes also activate blood coagulation through factor XII; some of the materials released from these platelets affect the vessel wall. The initial platelet mass is transformed to a fibrin mass. There are compounds that inhibit the platelet release reaction, platelet aggregation, and blood coagulation and activate the fibrinolytic mechanism. It appears that by the selective use of these compounds we can improve our management of all aspects of thromboembolic disease related to vascular and intravascular stimuli.


Hashing can compress heterogeneous high-dimensional data into compact binary codes while preserving the similarity to facilitate efficient retrieval and storage, and thus hashing has recently received much attention from information retrieval researchers. Most of the existing hashing methods first predefine a fixed length (e.g., 32, 64, or 128 bit) for the hash codes before learning them with this fixed length. However, one sample can be represented by various hash codes with different lengths, and thus there must be some associations and relationships among these different hash codes because they represent the same sample. Therefore, harnessing these relationships will boost the performance of hashing methods. Inspired by this possibility, in this study, we propose a new model jointly multiple hash learning (JMH), which can learn hash codes with multiple lengths simultaneously. In the proposed JMH method, three types of information are used for hash learning, which come from hash codes with different lengths, the original features of the samples and label. In contrast to the existing hashing methods, JMH can learn hash codes with different lengths in one step. Users can select appropriate hash codes for their retrieval tasks according to the requirements in terms of accuracy and complexity. To the best of our knowledge, JMH is one of the first attempts to learn multi-length hash codes simultaneously. In addition, in the proposed model, discrete and closed-form solutions for variables can be obtained by cyclic coordinate descent, thereby making the proposed model much faster during training. Extensive experiments were performed based on three benchmark datasets and the results demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed method.


Published between 1923 and 1936, the titles in this set reflect a time before firm lines were drawn between the emerging disciplines of anthropology and psychology and show just how far both areas have moved since then. Titles such as The Primitive Mind and Modern Civilization, which has a foreword by C.G. Jung, show contemporary thinking on the so-called 'primitive psyche' and others explore themes such as possession, magic, religion and politics. The set includes three titles by the renowned scholar W.H.R. Rivers.


The Lachlan Fold Belt of southeastern Australia developed along the Panthalassan margin of East Gondwana. Major silicic igneous activity and active tectonics with extensional, strike-slip and contractional deformation have been related to a continental backarc setting with a convergent margin to the east. In the Early Silurian (Benambran Orogeny), tectonic development was controlled by one or more subduction zones involved in collision and accretion of the Ordovician Macquarie Arc. Thermal instability in the Late Silurian to Middle Devonian interval was promoted by the presence of one or more shallow subducted slabs in the upper mantle and resulted in widespread silicic igneous activity. Extension dominated the Late Silurian in New South Wales and parts of eastern Victoria and led to formation of several sedimentary basins. Alternating episodes of contraction and extension, along with dispersed strike-slip faulting particularly in eastern Victoria, occurred in the Early Devonian culminating in the Middle Devonian contractional Tabberabberan Orogeny. Contractional deformation in modern systems, such as the central Andes, is driven by advance of the overriding plate, with highest strain developed at locations distant from plate edges. In the Ordovician to Early Devonian, it is inferred that East Gondwana was advancing towards Panthalassa. Extensional activity in the Lachlan backarc, although minor in comparison with backarc basins in the western Pacific Ocean, was driven by limited but continuous rollback of the subduction hinge. Alternation of contraction and extension reflects the delicate balance between plate motions with rollback being overtaken by advance of the upper plate intermittently in the Early to Middle Devonian resulting in contractional deformation in an otherwise dominantly extensional regime. A modern system that shows comparable behaviour is East Asia where rollback is considered responsible for widespread sedimentary basin development and basin inversion reflects advance of blocks driven by compression related to the Indian collision.


Examining Vicarious Traumatization The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors correlated with vicarious traumatization in Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) clinicians. One hundred and sixty clinicians were surveyed. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine if a relationship existed between variables, such as current and cumulative exposure to client trauma and clinician endorsement of disrupted cognitive schemas and intrusive imagery. Variables such as clinician involvement in professional and personal support activities as well as participation in leisure ·and spiritual activities were also examined. Study results suggested that a longer work history and utilization of peer support served as protective factors against CISM clinicians developing symptoms of vicarious traumatization. The researcher expected CISM clinicians would report more symptoms of traumatic stress and vicarious traumatization; however, when compared to non-CISM clinicians, no statistically significant differences were detected between groups. Study limitations included generalizability and potential participant sensitization to survey instruments. In addition, results suggested a relationship between participant endorsement of socially desirable behaviors and the reporting of fewer traumatic stress symptoms. Because such a correlation may indicate score suppression, overall study results should be interpreted with caution. Table of


Contents: C.P. Haugtvedt, K.A. Machleit, R.F. Yalch, Introduction. Part I: Community. A. Toder-Alon, F.F. Brunel, W.L.S. Siegal, Ritual Behavior and Community Change: Exploring the Social-Psychological Roles of Net Rituals in the Developmental Processes of Online Consumption Communities. R.M. Schindler, B. Bickart, Published Word of Mouth: Referable, Consumer-Generated Information on the Internet. R. Lewis, L. Mobilio, J.E. Phelps, N. Raman, Understanding Pass-Along Emails: Motivations and Behaviors of Viral Consumers. D.M. Boush, L. Kahle, What, and How, We Can Learn From Online Consumer Discussion Groups. Part II: Advertising. A. Mitchell, A. Valenzuela, How Banner Ads Affect Brand Choice Without Click-Through. J-L. Chandon, M.S. Chtourou, Factors Affecting Click-Through Rate. M.R. Nelson, Exploring Consumer Response to "Advergaming." R.J. Kent, P.D. Lynch, S.S. Srinivasan, Going Mobile: Marketing and Advertising on Wireless Networks Around the World. Part III: Customization. J.J. Crow, J. Shanteau, Online Product Customization: Factors Investigating the Product and Process. J. Godek, J.F. Yates, Marketing to Individual Consumers Online: The Influence of Perceived Control. D. Luna, L.A. Perrachio, M.D. de Juan Vigaray, Smoother Surfing Across Cultures: Bilinguals on the Web. K.B. Murray, G. Haubl, Processes of Preference Construction in Agent-Assisted Online Shopping. Part IV: Site Design. R.C. Omanson, J.A. Cline, C.L. Nordhielm, Effects of Visual Consistency on the Site Identity and Product Attitude. E. Purinton, D.E. Rosen, Gendered Information Processing: Implication for Web Site Design. B. Fasolo, G.H. McClelland, K.A. Lange, The Effect of Site Design and Interattribute Correlations on Interactive Web-Based Decisions. Part V: Decision Making. P. Henry, Is the Internet Empowering Consumers to Make Better Decisions, or Strengthening Marketers' Potential to Persuade? S. Mishra, R.W. Olshavsky, Rationality Unbounded: The Internet and Its Effect on Consumer Decision Making. J.W. Park, H-J. Lee, H-I. Lee, Consumer Relationships With an e-Brand: Implications for e-Brand Extensions. A.M. Levin, I.P. Levin, C.E. Heath, Finding the Best Ways to Combine Online and Offline Shopping Features. E. Sivadas, B. Stern, R. Mehta, M. Jones, Consumer Behavior in Online Auctions: An Exploratory Study. N.T. Brewer, The Impact of Internet Use on Health Cognitions and Health Behavior. Part VI: Research Tools and Approaches. T. Daugherty, H. Li, F. Biocca, Experiential Ecommerce: A Summary of Research Investigating the Impact of Virtual Experience on Consumer Learning. B.G. Englis, M.R. Solomon, P. Danskin, Web-Based Consumer Research.


A full‐scale adaptive ocean sampling network was deployed throughout the month‐long 2006 Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) field experiment in Monterey Bay, California. One of the central goals of the field experiment was to test and demonstrate newly developed techniques for coordinated motion control of autonomous vehicles carrying environmental sensors to efficiently sample the ocean. We describe the field results for the heterogeneous fleet of autonomous underwater gliders that collected data continuously throughout the month‐long experiment. Six of these gliders were coordinated autonomously for 24 days straight using feedback laws that scale with the number of vehicles. These feedback laws were systematically computed using recently developed methodology to produce desired collective motion patterns, tuned to the spatial and temporal scales in the sampled fields for the purpose of reducing statistical uncertainty in field estimates. The implementation was designed to allow for adaptation of coordinated sampling patterns using human‐in‐the‐loop decision making, guided by optimization and prediction tools. The results demonstrate an innovative tool for ocean sampling and provide a proof of concept for an important field robotics endeavor that integrates coordinated motion control with adaptive sampling. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Value chain studies, including production system and market chain studies, are essential to value chain analysis, which when coupled with disease risk analysis is a powerful tool to identify key constraints and opportunities for disease control based on risk management in a livestock production and marketing system.
Several production system and market chain studies have been conducted to support disease control interventions in South East Asia. This practical aid summarizes experiences and lessons learned from the implementation of such
value chain studies in South East Asia. Based on these experiences it prioritizes the required data for the respective purpose of a value chain study and recommends data collection as well as data analysis tools.
This practical aid is intended as an adjunct to the FAO value chain approach and animal diseases risk management guidelines document. Further practical advice is provided for more effective use of value chain studies in South and South East Asia as part of animal health decision support.


Dual studies was launched at Al-Quds University in 2015, which is aimed at contributing to raising the professional level of Palestinian youth, providing good job opportunities for students after graduation, as well as bridging the gap between the outputs of academic education and the needs and requirements of the Palestinian labor market. One major ingredient of Dual Studies is the Electrical Engineering program, which equips the student with both theory and practice at the same time. During the four years of studying in this program, the student spends half of his/her time in partner companies that are interested in employing electrical engineers. The full-time employment after graduation represents one of the major success indicators of DSEE that would be possible to assess when the first DSEE cohort will graduate and finish their study after two years.


High peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is a very serious drawback in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Multiple transmit and receive antennas can be used to form multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels to increase the capacity and data rate. We propose the novel approach which is reduce PAPR and Computational complexity without any distortion based on clipped OFDM. In these technique the phase sequence multiplication before perform FFT operation by using PN sequence generator and second phase sequence multiplication are the invert version of PN sequence generator. The performance of Space-Frequency (SF) block coding for MIMO OFDM along with different equalizers is also analyzed. Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis is presented using different equalizers and then optimum equalization method is suggested .We show the practical aspect of propose scheme in MATLAB environment.


Examining Y The evolution of human populations has long been studied with unique sequences from the nonrecombining, male-specific Y chromosome (see the Perspective by Cann). Poznik et al. (p. 562) examined 9.9 Mb of the Y chromosome from 69 men from nine globally divergent populations—identifying population and individual specific sequence variants that elucidate the evolution of the Y chromosome. Sequencing of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA allowed comparison between the relative rates of evolution, which suggested that the coalescence, or origin, of the human Y chromosome and mitochondria both occurred approximately 120 thousand years ago. Francalacci et al. (p. 565) investigated the sequence divergence of 1204 Y chromosomes that were sampled within the isolated and genetically informative Sardinian population. The sequence analyses, along with archaeological records, were used to calibrate and increase the resolution of the human phylogenetic tree. Global diversity in the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA coalesce at approximately the same times in humans. [Also see Perspective by Cann] The Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome have been used to estimate when the common patrilineal and matrilineal ancestors of humans lived. We sequenced the genomes of 69 males from nine populations, including two in which we find basal branches of the Y-chromosome tree. We identify ancient phylogenetic structure within African haplogroups and resolve a long-standing ambiguity deep within the tree. Applying equivalent methodologies to the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome, we estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the Y chromosome to be 120 to 156 thousand years and the mitochondrial genome TMRCA to be 99 to 148 thousand years. Our findings suggest that, contrary to previous claims, male lineages do not coalesce significantly more recently than female lineages.


Most, if not all, scalar-tensor theories are equivalent to General Relativity with a disformally coupled matter sector. In extra-dimensional theories such a coupling can be understood as a result of induction of the metric on a brane that matter is confined to. This article presents a first look at the non-Gaussianities in disformally coupled inflation, a simple two-field model that features a novel kinetic interaction. Cases with both canonical and Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) kinetic terms are taken into account, the latter motivated by the possible extra-dimensional origin of the disformality. The computations are carried out for the equilateral configuration in the slow-roll regime, wherein it is found that the non-Gaussianity is typically rather small and negative. This is despite the fact that the new kinetic interaction causes the perturbation modes to propagate with different sounds speeds, which may both significantly deviate from unity during inflation.


The Routledge Companion to Russian Literature is an engaging and accessible guide to Russian writing of the past thousand years. The volume covers the entire span of Russian literature, from the Middle Ages to the post-Soviet period, and explores all the forms that have made it so famous: poetry, drama and, of course, the Russian novel. A particular emphasis is given to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when Russian literature achieved world-wide recognition through the works of writers such as Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Nabokov and Solzhenitsyn. Covering a range of subjects including women's writing, Russian literary theory, socialist realism and emigre writing, leading international scholars open up the wonderful diversity of Russian literature. With recommended lists of further reading and an excellent up-to-date general bibliography, The Routledge Companion to Russian Literature is the perfect guide for students and general readers alike.


Wood boring bivalves of the family Xylophagaidae inhabit sunken wood on the deep-sea floor where they play a key role in the degradation of this organic matter in the ocean. The patchiness of wood-fall habitats is impeding targeted sampling and little is therefore known on xylophagaid biology. We investigated for the first time the diversity and biogeography of Xylophagaidae in the NE-Atlantic and the Mediterranean over a broad geographic range and in various water depths using experimental wood deployments. We combined morphological and molecular analyses for species discrimination. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on 18S and 28S rRNA and COI genes revealed non-monophyly of the type genus, Xylophaga Turton (1822), and led us to revise the taxonomy and erect the genus Xylonora gen. nov. COI haplotypes of the most abundant species revealed broad Atlanto-Mediterranean genetic connectivity for Xylophaga dorsalis and Xylonora atlantica new comb., while genetic connectivity appears limited for Abditoconus brava across the entrance of the Mediterranean. We provide the first COI barcode data for Xylophagaidae as a solid base for future taxonomic work. Wood deployments in a broad geographic range provided a powerful tool for research on Xylophagaidae allowing for conclusions on ecological requirements of xylophagaid species.


We investigate current problems in obtaining reliable ages for old stellar systems based on stellar population synthesis modelling of their integrated spectra. In particular, we address the large ages derived for the globular cluster 47 Tuc, which is at odds with its Color-Magnitude-Diagram (CMD) age. Using a new age indicator, Hgamma_sigma<130, which is particularly effective at breaking the degeneracy between age and metallicity, we confirm the discrepancy between the spectroscopic age and the CMD age of 47 Tuc, in that the spectroscopic age is much older. Nebular emission appears unlikely to be a source for weakening the observed Balmer lines. We then explore a number of key parameters affecting the temperature of Turn-Off stars, which are the main contributors to the Balmer lines for old metal-rich stellar populations. We find that alpha-enhanced isochrones with atomic diffusion included not only provides a good fit to the CMD of 47 Tuc, but also leads to a spectroscopic age in better agreement with the CMD age.


I will consider some of the factors to be considered when assessing the capability and limitations of a new imaging modality, using holography in the 60's and 70's as an example. Biography (100 word limit): Joseph W. Goodman received an A.B. Degree from Harvard, an M.S degree and a Ph.D. degree, both from Stanford University. He joined the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford in 1967, chaired the department from 1989 to 1996, and served as Senior Associate Dean of Engineering until 1999. He retired from Stanford in January of 2001. Dr. Goodman is the author of the books Introduction to Fourier Optics (now in its 3 rd edition), Statistical Optics, Speckle Phenomena in Optics. He has received numerous awards from the I.E.E.E., the A.S.E.E., the O.S.A., the S.P.I.E ., including the highest awards given by the latter two societies.Blind Image Quality Assessment (Blind IQA) is usually synonymous with


In 1999, Professors Jacoby, Sullivan, and Warren undertook an empirical study of bankruptcy filings to understand better the circumstances that brought middle-class families to a state of financial collapse. The information gathered in the study, known as Phase III of the Consumer Bankruptcy Project, revealed that an estimated more than half a million middle-class families turned to bankruptcy courts for help after illness or injury that year. The findings of the study illustrate how bankruptcy files document the economic problems families encounter when bills mount and incomes fall in the aftermath of a medical problem. In this Article, Professors Jacoby, Sullivan, and Warren present the data from their study to illustrate that hundreds of thousands of middle-class families in the United States are devastated economically each year under the current health care finance system. Their data indicate that focusing on the presence or absence of health insurance alone would lead to an incomplete solution. Instead, the authors suggest that since bankruptcy effectively serves as part of the health care payment system, bankruptcy policy should be included in any comprehensive review of health care financing policy.


21st century is acknowledged for its information outburst, technological innovation and also for transmission of such information through Human Resource Information System for successful functioning of organizations. HRIS facilitates retrieval of information quickly and accurately which allows quick analysis of HR issues and gives good information for decision makers. HRIS acts as an effective tool for managers to take effective decisions. With this background, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of human resource information systems usage on decision making process in the select software companies. For the purpose of the study 50 companies were selected based on purposive sampling method through a structured questionnaire administered. The sample included 350 IT professionals from different designations. Statistical tools like descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test have been used. The IT professionals and their designations have been considered as independent variables while the decision making process has been treated as dependent variable. The results of this research would help software companies to better understand the usage of HRIS to facilitate the decision making process in their organizations and also would help to identify how the decisions are taken by the employees with the help of HRIS.


Target tracking is a well studied topic in wireless sensor networks. It is a procedure that nodes in the network collaborate in detecting targets and transmitting their information to the base-station continuously, which leads to data implosion and redundancy. To reduce traffic load of the network, a data compressing based target tracking protocol is proposed in this work. It first incorporates a clustering based data gather method to group sensor nodes into clusters. Then a novel threshold technique with bounded error is proposed to exploit the spatial correlation of sensed data and compress the data in the same cluster. Finally, the compact data presentations are transmitted to the base-station for targets localization. We evaluate our approach with a comprehensive set of simulations. It can be concluded that the proposed method yields excellent performance in energy savings and tracking quality.


Large-area and large-volume radio frequency (RF) plasmas are produced by different arrangements of an elementary electrical mesh consisting of two conductors interconnected by a capacitor at each end. The obtained cylindrical and planar RF networks are resonant and generate very high RF currents. The input impedance of such RF networks shows the behaviour of an RLC parallel resonance equivalent circuit. The real impedance at the resonance frequency is of great advantage for power matching compared with conventional inductive devices. Changes in the RLC equivalent circuit during the observed E–H transition will allow future interpretation of the plasma–antenna coupling. Furthermore, high power transfer efficiencies are found during inductively coupled plasma (ICP) operation. For the planar RF antenna network it is shown that the E–H transition occurs simultaneously over the entire antenna. The underlying physics of these discharges induced by the resonant RF network antenna is found to be identical to that of the conventional ICP devices described in the literature. The resonant RF network antenna is a new versatile plasma source, which can be adapted to applications in industry and research.


Abstract The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the definition of a European perspective on Digital Earth (DE), identify some actions that can contribute to raise the awareness of DE in the European context and thus strengthen the European contribution to the International Society for Digital Earth (ISDE). The paper identifies opportunities and synergies with the current policy priorities in Europe (Europe 2020, Innovation Union and Digital Agenda) and highlights a number of key areas to advance the development of DE from a European perspective: (1) integrating scientific research into DE; (2) exploiting the Observation Web with human-centred sensing; and (3) governance, including the establishment of stronger linkages across the European landscape of funding streams and initiatives. The paper is offered also as a contribution to the development of this new vision of DE to be presented at the next International DE Conference in Perth, Australia, in August 2011. The global recognition of this new vision will then reinforce the European component and build a positive feedback loop for the further implementation of DE across the globe.


Abstract Objectives: The study aimed to describe the nutritional status and determine the impact of current nutrition intervention strategies on weight changes in adult HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Design: A descriptive, prospective trial was performed. Setting: The investigation was conducted at ARV roll-out centres in Kimberley, Upington, Kuruman, Prieska and Springbok in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Subjects: Adult HIV-infected patients receiving ARV therapy were included in the study. Outcome measures: Each participants's body mass index (BMI) was determined before and after a four-month intervention period of nutritional supplementation with an instant, enriched maize product. Results: Data from 98 patients (mean age 39.7 years; standard deviation 8.9 years) were assessed. Prior to intervention, the median BMI was 20 kg/m2 (range 12.6–29.7 kg/m2); the patients from Kuruman had a greater incidence of underweight compared to the other towns, with a median BMI of 17.9 kg/m2. Of the 87 patients assessed during the final week, 49.4% experienced weight gain and 40.2% lost weight. Eighteen (20.7%) patients gained more than 5% of their baseline weight, which was significant. Only eight (9.2%) patients lost more than 5% of their baseline weight. Twenty-two patients who presented with a BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 at baseline had a median weight gain of 1.13 kg during the intervention period, while the group with a BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 presented with no change in median weight. Conclusions: Nutritional supplementation, provided according to provincial policy and combined with ARVs, nutritionally benefitted about half of the patients in the ARV programme in the Northern Cape.


A test of functional fitness defined as physical capacity to independently perform daily functional activities was developed for aged persons. The functional fitness test was composed of four physical capacity evaluation tasks representing physical abilities necessary to perform main activities of daily living; viz. sitting and standing up test, zig-zag walking test, hand working test with pegboard for dexterity evaluation, and rope working test for self-care evaluation. The reliability and feasibility of the test were examined with 765 aged persons living in the community. The distribution of measurement values in each item showed neither extreme skewness nor kurtosis. Retest reliabilities for each task were 0.857 to 0.942, but the second trial showed significantly reduced (p < 0.001) values than the first trial in test-retest. Significant relationships (r = 0.503 to 0.627) between measurement values in each items and chronological age were found in both male and female. Functional fitness test and physical fitness test scores were correlated 0.740. These results showed that the functional fitness test developed in the present study has a high reliability and feasibility to evaluate functional capacity of daily living in aged persons.


The lakes examined in this study are located on the catchment area of Anabar river in the north-west part of Yakutia(Russia), just west of the Lena River. All presented samples and data were obtained in frame of a joint RussianGerman expedition to Yakutia in summer 2007. The study sites included 35 lakes that were distributed along abroad northsouth transect across northwest Yakutia, Russia, ranging from latitude 71°500 to 73°390. This transectscaptures considerable changes in geology, vegetation, and climate. The studied lakes are shallow thermokarst lakeswith maximal depths of about 10 m (mean 4.270.76). The waters were dominated by CaMg, Fe and HCO3, butthe ion concentration was generally low in all studied waters.From the initial 35 localities, only 31 contained a sufficient number of cladoceran remains for reasonable quantification.From these, a total of 28 cladoceran taxa representing 14 genera were identified, comprising predominantlylittoral chydorid species. Species richness (i.e. the total number of taxa per lake) ranged between 5 (07-SA-05,07-SA-14, 07-SA-18) and 20 (07-SA-24), with a mean of 9, and was not significantly correlated with any of themeasured environmental variables.With forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests (999 permutations), RDA identified a minimal subsetof four environmental variables that explained a significant (p 0.05) amount of the variation in the species data.These variables are TJuly, water depth, SO42􀀀, Si4+. RDA axis 1 ( = 0.174) and axis 2 ( = 0.157) were bothsignificant and explained almost all of the relationships between the cladoceran taxa and measured environmentalvariables (85.8%).Distributions of the cladoceran taxa, however, revealed major shifts in abundance in relation to the temperaturealong our transect. Constrained cluster analysis (CONISS), based on the structure of cladoceran community, disclosedthree groups of lakes in the tundra and forest-tundra zones of the north-western part of Yakutia. Frontiersof divisions, separated on the basis structure of sub fossil cladoceran assemblages along a temperature gradientcompletely coincided with landscape zoning on the basis vegetative communities (typical tundra, southern tundra,forest-tundra).


Wireless sensor network finds role in environmental monitoring, industrial applications, surveillance applications, health monitoring and other supervisory applications. Sensing devices form the basic operational unit of the network that is self-battery powered with limited life time. Sensor node spends its limited energy for transmission, reception, routing and sensing information. Frequent energy utilization for the above mentioned process leads to network lifetime degradation. To enhance energy efficiency and network lifetime, we propose a modified energy optimization and node recovery post failure method, Energy-Link Failure Recovery Routing (E-LFRR) algorithm. In our E-LFRR algorithm, two phases namely, Monitored Transmission phase and Replaced Transmission phase are devised to combat worst case link failure conditions. In Monitored Transmission phase, the Actuator Node monitors and identifies suitable nodes for shortest path transmission. The Replaced Transmission phase dispatches the energy draining node at early stage from the active link and replaces it with the new node that has sufficient energy. Simulation results illustrate that this combined methodology reduces overhead, energy consumption, delay and maintains considerable amount of alive nodes thereby enhancing the network performance. Keywords—Actuator node, energy efficient routing, energy hole, link failure recovery, link utilization, wireless sensor network.


To fully exploit the capabilities of fluorescence probes in modern experiments, where advanced instrumentation is used to probe complex environments, other photophysical properties than emission color and emission intensity are monitored. Each dye property can be addressed individually as well as collectively to provide in-depth information unavailable from the standard intensity measurements. Dyes with long emission lifetimes and strongly polarized transitions enable the monitoring of lifetime changes as well as emission polarization (anisotropy). Thus experiments can be designed to follow slow dynamics. The UV and visible electronic transitions of a series of red-emitting dyes based on the triangulenium motif are investigated. We resolve overlapping features in the spectra and assign the orientation of the transition moments to the molecular axes. The result is the complete Jablonski diagram for the UV and visible spectral region. The symmetries of the studied dyes are shown to have a large influence on the optical response, and they are clearly separated into two groups of symmetry by their photophysical properties. The C(2v) symmetric dyes, azadioxatriangulenium (ADOTA(+)) and diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA(+)), have high emission anisotropies, fluorescence lifetimes around 20 ns, and fluorescence quantum yields of ∼50%. The trioxatriangulenium (TOTA(+)) and triazatriangulenium (TATA(+)) dyes-nominally of D(3h) symmetry-have fluorescence lifetimes around 10 ns lifetimes and fluorescence quantum yields of 10-15%. However, the D(3h) symmetry is shown to be lowered to a point group, where the axes transform uniquely such that the degeneracy of the E' states is lifted.


Emerging real-world graph problems include: detecting community structure in large social networks; improving the resilience of the electric power grid; and detecting and preventing disease in human populations. Unlike traditional applications in computational science and engineering, solving these problems at scale often raises new challenges because of the sparsity and lack of locality in the data, the need for additional research on scalable algorithms and development of frameworks for solving these problems on high performance computers, and the need for improved models that also capture the noise and bias inherent in the torrential data streams. In this talk, I will discuss opportunities and challenges in massive data-intensive computing for applications in computational science and engineering. About the Speaker: David A. Bader is a full professor and chair of the School of Computational Science and Engineering, College of Computing at Georgia Institute of Technology and Executive Director of High Performance Computing. His research is supported through highly-competitive research awards, primarily from NSF, NIH, DARPA, and DOE, and his main areas of research are in parallel algorithms, combinatorial optimization, massive-scale social networks, and computational biology and genomics. He received his Ph.D. in from The University of Maryland, is a Fellow of the IEEE and AAAS, a National Science Foundation CAREER Award recipient, and has received numerous industrial awards from IBM, NVIDIA, Intel, Cray, Accenture, Oracle/Sun Microsystems, and Microsoft Research. He serves as a board member of the Computing Research Association (CRA), on the NSF Advisory Committee on Cyberinfrastructure, on the Council on Competitiveness High Performance Computing Advisory Committee, on the IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors, and on the Steering Committees of the IPDPS and HiPC conferences and is the editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (TPDS). Dr. Bader is a leading expert on multicore, manycore, and multithreaded computing for data-intensive applications such as those in massive-scale graph analytics and has co-authored over 130 articles in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. 2016 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops /16 $31.00 © 2016 IEEE DOI 10.1109/IPDPSW.2016.234 856 978-1-5 90-3682-0/16 $31.00 © 2016 IEEE


Abstract The human genome is composed of two haplotypes, otherwise called diplotypes, which denote phased polymorphisms and structural variations (SVs) that are derived from both parents. Diplotypes place genetic variants in the context of cis-related variants from a diploid genome. As a result, they provide valuable information about hereditary transmission, context of SV, regulation of gene expression and other features which are informative for understanding human genetics. Successful diplotyping with short read whole genome sequencing generally requires either a large population or parent-child trio samples. To overcome these limitations, we developed a targeted sequencing method for generating megabase (Mb)-scale haplotypes with short reads. One selects specific 0.1–0.2 Mb high molecular weight DNA targets with custom-designed Cas9–guide RNA complexes followed by sequencing with barcoded linked reads. To test this approach, we designed three assays, targeting the BRCA1 gene, the entire 4-Mb major histocompatibility complex locus and 18 well-characterized SVs, respectively. Using an integrated alignment- and assembly-based approach, we generated comprehensive variant diplotypes spanning the entirety of the targeted loci and characterized SVs with exact breakpoints. Our results were comparable in quality to long read sequencing.


We describe how the British National Corpus (BNC), a one hundred million word balanced corpus of British English, was parsed into Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) c-structures and f-structures, using a treebank-based
parsing architecture. The parsing architecture uses a state-of-the-art statistical parser and reranker trained on the Penn Treebank to produce context-free phrase structure trees, and an annotation algorithm to automatically annotate
these trees into LFG f-structures. We describe the pre-processing steps which were taken to accommodate the differences between the Penn Treebank and the BNC. Some of the issues encountered in applying the parsing
architecture on such a large scale are discussed. The process of annotating a gold standard set of 1,000 parse trees is described. We present evaluation results obtained by evaluating the c-structures produced by the statistical parser against the c-structure gold standard. We also present the results obtained by evaluating the f-structures produced by the annotation algorithm against an
automatically constructed f-structure gold standard. The c-structures achieve an f-score of 83.7% and the f-structures an f-score of 91.2%.


This book makes an important contribution to the burgeoning field of comparative constitutionalism by bringing discussions of democracy in Commonwealth Africa into focus. It does so in a variety of ways. For example, the authors argue that while customary or indigenous laws should be given constitutional recognition as a matter of political necessity, they ought to be subjected to constitutional scrutiny to ensure that the goals of equality are not compromised. Thus, in its analysis of the place of customary law, the book demonstrates that neither jettisoning the African past nor completely replicating modern forms of governance would adequately address the challenges of African statehood. The book also tackles other difficulties encountered in the institutionalization of democracy in the countries examined. The authors argue that, in light of the significance attached to consensus in community decision making in many African societies, the adoption of proportional representation systems augurs well as an electoral model. In so arguing, they make a case, as well, for abandoning the fractionalizing winner-take-all Westminster system adopted in many Commonwealth African constitutions.

The authors examine the mutually reinforcing nature of human rights, democracy, and development and the circumstances in which these ideas could contribute to the transformation of African states. In their quest for comprehensive democratic reform in Commonwealth Africa, which the authors consider to be a prerequisite to the establishment of sound structures for economic and social development, they capture the multifaceted and complex nature of the crisis in African governance. They manage to do so, not by isolating themselves in either the theory or practice of governance but, rather, by conveying their understanding of the two as deeply connected. Thus, one particularly admirable quality of Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth is its concern with not only the legal but also the institutional, organizational, financial, political, and cultural variables the authors consider necessary for the realization of comprehensive democratic reforms. For these reasons, this book offers tremendous insights for policy makers and students of African law and politics.

One of the chief virtues of this book is that its authors generally do not subscribe to a binary opposition between law and tradition. Rather than making sweeping claims that constitutionalism in Africa is persistently subverted by traditional structures of governance and a culture of authoritarianism, the authors provide careful and contextually rich analysis, recharacterizing the relationship between law and tradition as a dialectical one.

One comes away with the sense that the fate of constitutionalism in Africa will be both a function of legal rationality in the Weberian sense and traditional or patrimonial modes of authority. This view makes no clear separation between law and the traditional modes of authority that inform its workings. In fact, Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth argues that the presumed tension between law and tradition is not unique to Africa or the twentieth century but is a problem identified in the state-building enterprises of medieval Europe and in many other forms of states outside Africa today. In this sense, this book could very well delineate a new understanding of the constitutional systems of eastern and southern Africa.

Another significant quality of this book is its commitment to exploring the efforts of African people in shaping and tailoring constitutions to promote good governance. In so doing, it departs from the preoccupation in the existing literature with exploring the efficacy of attaching conditions to Western assistance to prop up democratic change, or with searching for clues to the failure of constitutionalism in the region. This is most striking in the initial chapters, where the authors provide insights on how best to proceed with good-governance reforms through constitutional conventions and other mechanisms. The authors focus on and emphasize the importance of indigenous initiatives and commitments to democratic change such as the Harare Commonwealth Declaration of 1991, even while acknowledging that external actors have a role in monitoring and supporting the democratization process. Ultimately, they argue that viable constitutions in the region must be crafted and designed by the peoples of the region to reflect the internalization of the principles of constitutionalism in combination with their history and culture. They are able to make this argument without flogging the dead horses of colonialism or postcolonial Western interventionism and, at the same time, without underestimating the role of external influences. In short, the book insightfully and straightforwardly captures the complexity of the challenges of democratization in the region.


A central challenge for efficient auto-ignition controlled low-temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC) engines has been achieving the combustion phasing needed to reach stable performance over a wide operating regime. The negative valve overlap (NVO) strategy has been explored as a way to improve combustion stability through a combination of charge heating and altered reactivity via a recompression stroke with a pilot fuel injection. The study objective was to analyze the thermal and chemical effects on NVO-period energy recovery. The analysis leveraged experimental gas sampling results obtained from a single-cylinder LTGC engine along with cylinder pressure measurements and custom data reduction methods used to estimate period thermodynamic properties. The engine was fueled by either iso-octane or ethanol, and operated under sweeps of NVO-period oxygen concentration, injection timing, and fueling rate. Gas sampling at the end of the NVO period was performed via a custom dump-valve apparatus, with detailed sample speciation by in-house gas chromatography. The balance of NVO-period input and output energy flows was calculated in terms of fuel energy, work, heat loss, and change in sensible energy. Experiment results were complemented by detailed chemistry single-zone reactor simulations performed at relevant mixing and thermodynamic conditions, with results used to evaluate ignition behaviormore » and expected energy recovery yields. For the intermediate bulk-gas temperatures present during the NVO period (900-1100 K), weak negative temperature coefficient behavior with iso-octane fueling significantly lengthened ignition delays relative to similar ethanol fueled conditions. Faster ethanol ignition chemistry led to lower recovered fuel intermediate yields relative to similar iso-octane fueled conditions due to more complete fuel oxidation. From the energy analysis it was found that increased NVO-period global equivalence ratio, either from lower NVOperiod oxygen concentrations or higher fueling rates, in general led to a greater fraction of net recovered fuel energy and work as heat losses were minimized. These observations were supported by complementary single-zone reactor model results, which further indicated that kinetic time-scales favor chemical energy-consuming exothermic oxidation over slower endothermic reformation. Nonetheless, fuel energy recovery close to the thermodynamic equilibrium solution was achieved for baseline conditions that featured 4% NVO-period oxygen concentration.« less


Enterprise wide integrated systems (ES) have been extensively procured in large organizations but much research fails to develop sociotechnically informed approaches that facilitate their implementation within complex organizational environments. In this paper we take a critically informed sociotechnical approach to power and improvisation in ES implementation. A review and synthesis of the pertinent literature, has led to the development of an analytical framework. This framework has been used to explore these concepts through a longitudinal, ethnographic study of an ES within a UK university. The contribution of this paper is a combined 'circuits of power-improvisation' (CPI) framework which can facilitate a better understanding of ES implementation, sociotechnical theory and practice. Lessons learnt from the study may potentially be used to avoid some of the problems experienced due to the lack of recognition of the important role of power and improvisation in what may be misrepresented as planned strategic and deliberate organizational change.


Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Article 75.5 of the Code, is to conserve prevailing usage of the specific name Conus antidiluvianus Bruguière, 1792 for a Neogene fossil cone shell, widely distributed in Europe. The type locality stated in the original description was an Eocene site in the east of the Paris Basin, France, and three more unlocalised specimens were said to exist in various collections. No specimen resembling the original description has since been found in this area and all of the former syntypes are believed to be lost. The type locality has long been considered to be erroneous and the name Conus antidiluvianus has been almost exclusively applied to the Neogene species by most authors, until relatively recently when this name was applied instead to another Eocene fossil from the central Paris Basin, replacing the widely used name Conus parisiensis Deshayes, 1865. In view of the mismatch between original description and type locality, Conus antidiluvianus Bruguière, 1792 is strictly a nomen dubium. A recent lectotype designation of the (lost) shell originally figured did nothing to clarify the identity of this species, and the present authors have elsewhere published their intention, under Article 75.1, to set aside this lectotype in favour of a specified neotype; however, it might be considered that this would not fully comply with Article 75.3.6 and so a ruling by the Commission is requested in order to maintain stability of nomenclature for this species.


This paper reports an investigation into measures of portfolio performance. The Sharpe ratio is the natural performance measure when asset returns come from any elliptically symmetric distribution, regardless of the investor utility function and subject only to regularity conditions. Under such distributions, the measures of portfolio performance which are in common use are monotonic functions of the Sharpe ratio. It is shown that for large sample sizes the correlation between measures of performance which are functions of the Sharpe ratio is asymptotically equal to unity. The correct specification for tests of the correlation between portfolio performance measures is therefore the null hypothesis ρ = 1. A multivariate test of the correlations between several measures of performance is presented. This may be used in either a multivariate or bivariate setting. The paper presents a detailed example based on a number of FTSE indices. Performance measures are computed both parametrically using the normal distribution and using sample estimates. The new test does not lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis that all correlations are equal to unity. This suggests that despite the evidence of non-normality in returns there seems to be little gained in abandoning the Sharpe ratio.


Online social networking and corresponding mobile based applications are gaining popularity and now considered a well-integrated service within mobile devices. Basic security mechanisms normally based on passwords for the authentication of social-network users are widely deployed and poses a threat for the user security. In particular, for dedicated social groups with high confidentiality and privacy demands, stronger and user friendly principles for the authentication and identification of group members are needed. On the other hand, most of the mobile units already provide strong authentication procedures through the USIM/ISIM module. This paper explores how to build an architectural framework for secure enrolment and identification of group members in dedicated closed social groups using the USIM/SIM authentication and in particular, the 3GPP Generic Authentication Architecture (GAA), which is built upon the USIM/SIM capabilities. One part of the research is to identify the marketable use-cases with corresponding security challenges to fulfil the requirements that extend beyond the online connectivity. This paper proposes a secure identification design to satisfy the security dimensions for both online and offline peers. We have also implemented an initial proof of the concept prototype to simulate the secure identification procedure based on the proposed design. Our implementation has demonstrated the flexibility of the solution to be applied independently for applications requiring secure identification.


Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the US. Death from PCa primarily results from metastasis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MAP2K4) is overexpressed in invasive PCa lesions in humans, and can be inhibited by small molecule therapeutics that demonstrate favorable activity in phase II studies. However, MAP2K4's role in regulating metastatic behavior is controversial and unknown. To investigate, we engineered human PCa cell lines which overexpress either wild type or constitutive active MAP2K4. Orthotopic implantation into mice demonstrated MAP2K4 increases formation of distant metastasis. Constitutive active MAP2K4, though not wild type, increases tumor size and circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow. Complementary in vitro studies establish stable MAP2K4 overexpression promotes cell invasion, but does not affect cell growth or migration. MAP2K4 overexpression increases the expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) protein and protease production, with the largest effect upon matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), both in vitro and in mouse tumor samples. Further, MAP2K4-mediated increases in cell invasion are dependent upon heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and MMP-2, but not upon MAP2K4's immediate downstream targets, p38 MAPK or JNK. We demonstrate that MAP2K4 increases human PCa metastasis, and prolonged over expression induces long term changes in cell signaling pathways leading to independence from p38 MAPK and JNK. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for human studies linking increases in HSP27 and MMP-2 to progression to metastatic disease. MAP2K4 is validated as an important therapeutic target for inhibiting human PCa metastasis.


The purpose of this study was to determine if a small business' tendency towards loan noncompliance could be ascertained from the business' financial information. By developing linear discriminant models a firm's tendency towards loan noncompliance was accurately determined. For the objectives of this study loan noncompliance was defined as the borrower not complying with the terms of the original loan agreement. Examples of loan noncompliance are: (1) alteration of the loan agreement to the disadvantage of the lending institution, (2) late payment, and missing an interest and/or principal payment. Data for this research was obtained from Robert Morris Associates (RMA) member banks. The information received from each bank was their RMA Data Submission Forms. On each form the bank indicated whether the firm was, or was not, in compliance with their original loan agreement at the end of the firm's fiscal year. A total of 347 firms were received resulting in 51 matched pairs. The discriminant models were developed using a stepwise procedure and the Lachenbruch-Mickey leaving-one-out (LM) validation technique. Additional validation was provided by employing a hold-out sample of complying firms. The model that was most effective at determining a firm's tendency towards non-compliance consisted of: (1) earnings before taxes to total liabilities, (2) cash to current liabilities, and (3) current liabilities to cash flow. The accuracy of the model was 76.5 percent employing the LM validation technique and 62.1 percent based on the holdout sample of complying firms. This shows that a small business' tendency towards loan noncompliance can be effectively determined based on financial ratios. The inclusion of industry and economic data did not enhance the financial ratios ability to indicate the tendency towards noncompliance. Improved specification of the model to include nonfinancial information is likely to be difficult. If qualitative information could be obtained (e.g., number of employees, education of owner, integrity of management, etc.) a better model could possibly be developed. The question of coefficient stability and variable relationship stability could be evaluated by employing inter-temporal testing.


We investigate the effects of disorder on a periodically driven one-dimensional model displaying quantized topological transport. We show that, while instantaneous eigenstates are necessarily Anderson localized, the periodic driving plays a fundamental role in delocalizing Floquet states over the whole system, henceforth allowing for a steady-state nearly quantized current. Remarkably, this is linked to a localization-delocalization transition in the Floquet states at strong disorder, which occurs for periodic driving corresponding to a nontrivial loop in the parameter space. As a consequence, the Floquet spectrum becomes continuous in the delocalized phase, in contrast with a pure-point instantaneous spectrum.


Due to ever increasing global energy demand and depletion of fossil fuels, interest has grown in developing systems which can utilise the near limitless supply of energy provided to the Earth by the sun. Artificial photosynthetic systems mimic natural photosynthesis by using photosensitisers that absorb solar energy to generate high-energy electrons. These photoexcited electrons are passed to catalysts which drive reductive transformations to produce fuels and valued organic compounds. Sacrificial electron donors regenerate photosensitisers to complete the photocatalytic cycle. To date artificial photosynthetic systems are unable to fully mimic and reap the full benefits of natural photosynthesis as they lack spatially separating reaction compartments, and/or compartment-linking transmembrane electron transport chains.
A model for the biochemistry that supports such transmembrane electron transfer is provided by the outer membrane cytochromes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. In this Gram-negative bacterium, trans-outermembrane electron transfer to extracellular electron acceptors is performed by the extracellular cytochromes MtrC and OmcA acting together with the porin:cytochrome complex (MtrCAB), which provides an outer membrane spanning conduit that moves electrons from the periplasm to the cell surface.
Liposomes offer reaction compartments which are separated from the surrounding external environment by a phospholipid membrane. Incorporation of MtrCAB in the membranes of liposomes containing methyl viologen facilitates transmembrane electron transfer from an external reductant to the compartmentalised electron acceptor. In this study the potential for MtrCAB proteoliposomes to act as a modular artificial photosynthetic system, which performs reductive transformations, was investigated. To explore this potential we have studied the ability of several photosensitisers to photoreduce: i) outer membrane cytochromes of S. oneidensis; ii) methyl viologen in solution and within liposomes; iii) MtrCAB in liposome membranes; and iv) reactive red 120 in solution and within (proteo)liposomes. In addition the sacrificial electron donor(s), photoreduction mechanisms and interaction mechanisms used by each photosensitiser have been identified.


Wireless and Internet video applications are inherently subjected to bit errors and packet errors, respectively. This is especially so if constraints on the end-to-end compression and transmission latencies are imposed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to optimize the video compression parameters and the rate allocation of these applications that take into account residual channel bit errors. In this paper, we study the behavior of a predictive (interframe) video encoder and model the encoders behavior using only the statistics of the original input data and of the underlying channel prone to bit errors. The resulting data-driven behavior models are then used to carry out group-of-pictures partitioning and to control the rate of the video encoder in such a way that the overall quality of the decoded video with compression and channel errors is optimized.


The impact of the material quality on the reliability of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) is discussed. So far, a clear impact of the material structure is clearly found on the electrical performances of HBT's. The InGaP/GaAs heterostructure shows impressive reliability figure compared to the AlGaAs/GaAs ones. This behavior is strongly related to the surface passivation of the extrinsic base layer. Three main behaviors are believed to have a positive impact on the reliability: higher electron injection, better stability of the InGaP material, better InGaP passivation. Aging tests have been carried out for more than 6,500hr on 100 devices without any catastrophic failure at stress as high as junction temperature of 200°C and collector current of 40kA cm-2. This result confirms the excellent reliability of InGaP/GaAs HBT and enables to use them in high power applications.


The use of sparsity to encourage parsimony in graphical models continues to attract much attention at the interface between multivariate Signal Processing and Statistics. We propose and investigate two approaches for the detection of changepoints in the correlation structure of evolving Gaussian graphical models. Both approaches employ two-stages; first estimating the dynamic graphical structure through regularising the precision matrix, before changepoints are selected via a group fused lasso. Experiments on simulated data illustrate the efficacy of the two approaches. Furthermore, results on real internet traffic flow data containing a Denial Of Service attack demonstrate that the proposed approaches have potential utility in information forensics and security.


Recurrent neural networks have been extensively studied in the context of neuroscience and machine learning due to their ability to implement complex computations. While substantial progress in designing effective learning algorithms has been achieved, a full understanding of trained recurrent networks is still lacking. Specifically, the mechanisms that allow computations to emerge from the underlying recurrent dynamics are largely unknown. Here we focus on a simple yet underexplored computational setup: a feedback architecture trained to associate a stationary output to a stationary input. As a starting point, we derive an approximate analytical description of global dynamics in trained networks, which assumes uncorrelated connectivity weights in the feedback and in the random bulk. The resulting mean-field theory suggests that the task admits several classes of solutions, which imply different stability properties. Different classes are characterized in terms of the geometrical arrangement of the readout with respect to the input vectors, defined in the high-dimensional space spanned by the network population. We find that such an approximate theoretical approach can be used to understand how standard training techniques implement the input-output task in finite-size feedback networks. In particular, our simplified description captures the local and the global stability properties of the target solution, and thus predicts training performance.


PM10 (particulate matter which passes through a size selective impactor inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 µm aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5 were collected at four sites (A: Xiaoping, B: Huli, C: Hongwen, D: Gulang Island) from December 20, 2004 to December 29, 2004 in Xiamen. 16 Priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10/PM2.5 were quantified by using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). EC and OC of PM10 were analyzed by Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer (DRI Model 2001). Concentration, spatial distributions of PAHs and EC/OC were studied and their main sources were identified by diagnostic ratios, correlation analysis and EC/OC analysis. Among the different sampling sites, concentrations of Σ16PAHs were 5.20-28.07 ng/m 3 in PM10 and 3.04-11.32 ng/m 3 in PM2.5. Concentration of OC were 9.83-15.6 μg/m 3 and 1.41-4.73 μg/m 3 for EC associated to PM10. The main sources identified were traffic emissions and industry emission/coal combustion.


It is possible to control the geometry and the composition of metallasupramolecular assemblies via the aspect ratio of their ligands. This point is demonstrated for a series of iron- and palladium-based coordination cages. Functionalized clathrochelate complexes with variable aspect ratios were used as rod-like metalloligands. A cubic Fe(II)8L12 cage was obtained from a metalloligand with an intermediate aspect ratio. By increasing the length or by decreasing the width of the ligand, the self-assembly process resulted in the clean formation of tetrahedral Fe(II)4L6 cages instead of cubic cages. In a related fashion, it was possible to control the geometry of Pd(II)-based coordination cages. A metalloligand with a large aspect ratio gave an entropically favored tetrahedral Pd(II)4L8 assembly, whereas an octahedral Pd(II)6L12 cage was formed with a ligand of the same length but with an increased width. The aspect ratio can also be used to control the composition of dynamic mixtures of Pd(II) cages. Out of two metalloligands with only marginally different aspect ratios, one gave rise to a self-sorted collection of Pd(II)4L8 and Pd(II)6L12 cages, whereas the other did not.


The field of Public Relations has undoubtedly been assuming growing importance in Poland. Understood as an element of marketing communication or a function of company management, it has a significant impact on company's external and internal environment. According to Puls Biznesu3 the value of the Polish PR market amounted to 250m PLN in 2005, which is a 20% increase as compared to 2004. According to the author Urszula S´wiatl⁄owska, "the turnover of PR agencies is growing and even smaller companies demonstrate their interest in the services". Considering this, it can be assumed that PR activities will soon be initiated by many smaller Polish companies, often connected with the agricultural sector. The change discussed by the authors of the article reflects the phenomenon of PR's growing importance among other communication channels in Poland.


We present the results of our spatially resolved investigation into the interplay between the ages of the stellar populations and the kinematics of the warm ionised outflows in the well-studied type II quasar Markarian 34. Utilising IFS data, we determine the spatial distribution of the young stellar population (YSP; tysp < 100Myr) using spectral synthesis modelling. We also employ the [OIII]λ5007 emission line as a tracer of the warm ionised gas kinematics. We demonstrate a spatial correlation between the outer edges of the blue-side of the outflow and an enhancement in the proportion of the YSP flux, suggesting that the outflow is responsible for triggering star formation in this region. In regions with more highly disrupted gas kinematics, we find that the proportion of YSP flux is consistent with that found outside the outflow region, suggesting that the increased disruption is preventing a similar enhancement in star formation from occurring. Our analysis suggests that Mrk 34 is an example of quasar driven outflows simultaneously producing both 'positive' and 'preventive' feedback, further demonstrating the complex nature of the relationship between quasars and their host galaxies.


The evolution of mobile telecommunication networks is accompanied by new demands for the performance, portability, elasticity, and energy efficiency of network functions. Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Software Defined Networking (SDN), and cloud service technologies are claimed to be able to provide most of the capabilities. However, great leap forward will only be achieved if resource, traffic, and mobility management methods of mobile network services can efficiently utilize these technologies. This paper conceptualizes the future requirements of mobile networks and proposes new concepts and solutions in the form of Software-Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN) leveraging SDN, NFV and cloud technologies. We evaluate the proposed solutions through testbed implementations and simulations. The results reveal that our proposed SDMN enhancements supports heterogeneity in wireless networks with performance improvements through programmable interfaces and centralized control.


Dikes beginning to propagate away from a magma source are thin and grow slowly, and thus are susceptible to freezing. A self-similar solution is obtained for a dike propagating down a temperature gradient when the wallrock and magma temperatures are equal at the chamber wall. The solution applies only to the special case of a single-component magma intruded at the solidus temperature, but provides insight into the case in which the magma temperature is above the solidus. The dike propagation velocity, relative to that in the absence of freezing, is determined by a single dimensionless parameter β. For β sufficiently large, magma freezing chokes the dike faster than propagation can elastically widen it, and the dike cannot grow. If the magma intrudes at a temperature above the solidus, there is some value of β above which the dike will propagate a certain distance and freeze, and below which it will propagate until depletion of the source or three-dimensional elastic effects promote freezing. For reasonable parameters this process can explain why basaltic dikes are found far from obvious source regions, while granitic dikes are scarce except in the immediate vicinity of granitic plutons. Even if a rhyolite is 5 orders of magnitude more viscous than a basalt, however, this distinction can be offset if the rhyolite has an excess source pressure only 1 order of magnitude greater than that of the basalt.


The paper describes continuous photometric monitoring of four pre-main-sequence stars, probable members of young stellar associations. Measurements, covering at least four nights per star, were obtained by cycling through several filters. The data could be used to choose between aliases of rotation periods quoted in the literature. As expected, the amplitudes of sinusoidal variations decline with increasing wavelength, mildly enough to indicate the presence of coolspots on the stellar surfaces. Variability amplitudes can dwindle from a 0.1mag level to virtually zero on a time-scale of one or two days. A flare observed in CD-36 3202 is discussed in some detail, and a useful mathematical model for its shape is introduced. It is demonstrated that accurate colour indices (σ < 5–6 mmag, typically) can be derived from the photometry. The magnitude variations as measured through different filters are linearly related. This is exploited to calculate spot temperatures (800–1150K below photospheric for the different stars) and the ranges of variation of the spot filling factors (roughly 10– 20 per cent). The available All Sky Automated Survey measurements of the stars are analysed, and it is concluded that there is good evidence for differential rotation in all four stars.


Our research asked the following main questions: how the characteristics of professionals service firms allow them to successfully innovate in exploiting through exploring by combining internal and external factors of innovation and how these ambidextrous organisations perceive these factors; and how do successful innovators in professional service firms use corporate entrepreneurship models in their new service development processes? With a goal to shed light on innovation in professional knowledge intensive business service firms' (PKIBS), we concluded a qualitative analysis of ten globally acting law firms, providing business legal services. We analyse the internal and factors of innovation that are critical for PKIBS' innovation. We suggest how these firms become ambidextrous in changing environment. Our findings show that this kind of firms has particular type of ambidexterity due to their specific characteristics. As PKIBS are very dependant on its human capital, governance structure, and the high expectations of their clients, their ambidexterity is structural, but also contextual at the same time. In addition, we suggest 3 types of corporate entrepreneurship models that international PKIBS use to enhance innovation in turbulent environments. We looked at how law firms going through turbulent environments were using corporate entrepreneurship activities as a part of their strategies to be more innovative. Using visual mapping methodology, we developed three types of innovation patterns in the law firms. We suggest that corporate entrepreneurship models depend on successful application of mainly three elements: who participates in corporate entrepreneurship initiatives; what are the formal processes that enhances these initiatives; and what are the policies applied to this type of behaviour.


The paper presents a study based on a research that analyzes and ranks the causes of delays in building and housing type projects undertaken by governmental agencies in Kuwait. The study was based on a survey with the parties involved in these governmental projects. A questionnaire containing 53 delay causes was distributed and the respondents were 23 governmental management and engineering personnel, 17 contractors and 8 designers representing A/E firms. The questions were prepared in which the causes were categorized into eight major groups: I) client administration and organizational, 2) client's site supervision, 3) contractor related, 4) labor related 5) quality related, 6) design related, 7) project management, and 8) contractual related. The factors were measured and ranked under each group by the 'Relative Importance Index' for three parties. The results suggest that delays are attributed to poor project management factors and client's administration and site supervision practices. The paper presents recommendations for a better application of project management techniques and procedures being taken at both conceptual and detailed planning phases of projects.


Early childhood education and care in the 2012 provincial/ territorial budgets This Issue File collects information on how early childhood education and care (ECEC) is addressed in the 2012 provincial/territorial budgets. Each section features government budget documents, media coverage, and responses from NGOs when available. Use the menu on the right to select a province or territory. Additional resources will be added throughout the next couple of months as more provinces and territories have their budgets. Check back for updates. Wed, 04/11/2012 Tags: budget [1] funding [2]