The province of Galicia was the easternmost land of the old Habsburg Empire. Throughout the nineteenth century it was noted for political conflicts and the cultural vibrancy of its three major national groups: Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews. This volume brings together for the first time eleven essays on various aspects of the last seventy-five years of Austrian Galicia's existence. Included are general surveys on Galicia within the imperial Habsburg system and on the fate of Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews within the province. Various aspects of Ukrainian development receive special attention, and a major bibliographic essay completes the volume. Among the leading specialists represented are Peter Brock, Paul R. Magocsi, Ezra Mendelsohn, Ivan L. Rudnytsky, and Piotr Wandycz.


Reference genomes guide our interpretation of DNA sequence data. However, conventional linear references are fundamentally limited in that they represent only one version of each locus, whereas the population may contain multiple variants. When the reference represents an individual's genome poorly, it can impact read mapping and introduce bias. Variation graphs are bidirected DNA sequence graphs that compactly represent genetic variation, including large scale structural variation such as inversions and duplications.1 Equivalent structures are produced by de novo genome assemblers.2,3 Here we present vg, a toolkit of computational methods for creating, manipulating, and utilizing these structures as references at the scale of the human genome. vg provides an efficient approach to mapping reads onto arbitrary variation graphs using generalized compressed suffix arrays,4 with improved accuracy over alignment to a linear reference, creating data structures to support downstream variant calling and genotyping. These capabilities make using variation graphs as reference structures for DNA sequencing practical at the scale of vertebrate genomes, or at the topological complexity of new species assemblies.


Physical transceivers exhibit distortions from hardware impairments, of which traces remain even after compensation and calibration. Multicell MIMO coordinated beamforming methods that ignore these residual impairments may suffer from severely degraded performance. In this work, we consider a general model for the aggregate effect of the residual hardware impairments, and propose an iterative algorithm for finding locally optimal points to a weighted sum rate optimization problem. The importance of accounting for the residual hardware impairments is verified by numerical simulation, and a substantial gain over traditional time-division multiple access with impairments-aware resource allocation is observed.


Activity in a network of frontal, parietal, and occipital cortical areas has been associated with retention in visual working memory tasks. While parietal and occipital cortex are thought to encode and maintain information about objects and their spatial locations, the role of the frontal cortex in pure storage functions remains unclear. According to a recent biophysical network model of WM, the frontal cortex regulates capacity via excitatory feedback to posterior storage areas (Edin et al., 2009). Such feedback has been proposed to boost capacity at the cost of reduced precision. A recent study by Roggeman et al. (2013) confirmed the predicted trade-off in a task requiring the short-term retention of spatial locations. Moreover, a follow-up fMRI experiment revealed a correlation between the trade-off effect and increased BOLD responses in frontal and parietal cortex. In the present study, we used similar methods to determine whether the observed trade-off effect generalizes to color WM. Specifically, participants performed a cued color WM task requiring retention of either 2 or 4 items in WM. To elicit the postulated boost input, at the beginning of each trial a cue was presented (75% valid) indicating whether 2 or 4 items would be presented on that trial. Behavioral results confirmed the predicted trade-off between capacity and precision, and the cue-related change in capacity predicted changes in precision on a subject-by-subject basis. Additionally, analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed a significant cue-related modulation of the P1 ERP component in response to the memory display; the P1 was higher amplitude in Cue4/SS4 versus Cue2/SS4 condition. Additionally, we also observed a cue-related increase in theta-band oscillatory coupling between frontal and posterior electrodes. However, this difference was not predictive of cue-related changes in either capacity or precision. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Abstract. The experience of walking in the city has changed since the diffusion of smartphones with communication and GNSSbased navigation technologies. Accordingly, user's recognition of geographical space has also been changed; McCullough and Collins (2018) suggest that less spatial knowledge is gained while using GNSS-equipped devices while way-finding than by using paper maps or no tools at all; Ishikawa et al. (2008) suggest that GNSS-based navigation device users make larger direction errors and produce sketch maps with poorer topological accuracy after way-finding.This study focuses on information gathering, decision-making and recognition of geographical space while 'strolling' in the city with a smartphone. This abstract describes the outline of the experiment and early stages of the analysis, especially relationships between spatial recognition through sketch maps and behavior while walking.


Plaque development on pure titanium in a 24-hour period is described in an in vivo human model. Stents with titanium and root cementum specimens were applied to volunteers, who suspended oral hygiene procedures for 24 hours. The specimens were removed at 2, 4 and 24 hours and studied with a scanning electron microscope. A global area of 240 llm x 300 llm, composed of the sum of twelve 20 llm x 25 J.Lm fields randomly selected, was examined for each specimen. The presence of cocci, short rods, long rods and bacterial aggregation, and bacteria density was recorded for each field. The values quoted for the global area were cumulative of those observed in the fields. At 24-hours, significantly less bacteria was recovered from the titanium than from the corresponding root cementum specimens. The early colonizers of titanium were cocci, frequently located in the roughest part of the specimen. Visible salivary pellicle formation was delayed on the titanium compared to the cementum surface. At 24-hours, fewer rods were recovered from the titanium than from cementum surfaces. These results suggest that early plaque formation is reduced on titanium surface and that morphological irregularities are critical for bacterial adhesion and colonization.


The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sowing date and the biometrics features of the roots and leaves of parsley. Seeds of parsley cultivars 'BerliA"ska PNE' and 'Cukrowa' were sown in 5 times in 2004 year: 5 July, 25 August, 5 and 15 September, 17 November and 12 April 2005. Plants were harvested then the average root diameter was greater than 20 mm. Due to harvest time dependence of the size of the root, was no effect of sowing date on the diameter and the weight of gained parsley roots. Shorter roots and the lower coefficient of shape produced plants that sprouted before winter (5 July, 25 August, 5 and 15 September). The highest number of leaves produced by plants sowing on 5 July and 17 November, and the lowest – by plants sowing on 25 August and 12 April. The lowest length of leaves were found in plants obtained from sowing on 5 July (20.8 cm), it was more than twice shorter than in plants from different dates of sowing. The largest weight of leaves had the plants from sowing on 5 and 15 September or 17 November. Those plants are also characterized by a smaller root/shoot weight ratio. Tested cultivars differ in the length and coefficient of shape of the root and root/shoot weight ratio.


Climate control is an everyday challenge. With the rapid surge in electricity prices over the past few years, air conditioning operating expenses necessarily increased. The effects, furthermore, of global warming result in increased cooling, and therefore, energy demand. The purpose of this paper is to propose two models that simulate a natural air cooling system. The first model simulates cooling through an earth to air heat exchanger, utilising the soil as a heat sink. The second model simulates the transient cooling of a control volume, which receives cooled air and is open to the environment. A scale model of an earth-to-air heat exchanger system was designed, constructed and used to verify results from the proposed models. Following verification, a real-life size heat exchanger was simulated in order to cool down a room of 60 m3 within one hour, using only the underground soil as a heat sink. Results showed that a room at an initial 30 °C can be cooled down to 20.5 °C with a 1.2 m underground heat exchanger and down to 17.8 °C if the length is increased to 2.0 m. Only fan power is needed to increase the air's dynamic pressure, resulting in flow conditions. As a result a coefficient of performance between 60 and 80 can be achieved.


In network protocol exchanges, it is often the case that one entity (a
Relying Party) requires evidence about a remote peer to assess the
peer's trustworthiness, and a way to appraise such evidence. The
evidence is typically a set of claims about its software and hardware
platform. This document describes an architecture for such remote
attestation procedures (RATS).


Study Design: Retrospective study. Objective: To examine the associated indications, procedures, and postoperative outcomes after revision ACDA. Methods: We utilized a national database to identify adult(≥18 years) patients who underwent either a primary ACDA or removal of ACDA over a 10-year period(2008-2017). An in-depth assessment of the reasons for revision surgery and the subsequent procedures performed after the removal of ACDA was done by using both Current Procedural Terminology(CPT) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-9,10) coding. Results: From 2008 to 2017, a total of 3,350 elective, primary ACDA cases were performed. During this time, 69 patients had a revision surgery requiring the removal of ACDA. The most common reasons for revision surgery included cervical spondylosis(59.4%) and mechanical complications(27.5%). After removal of ACDA, common procedures performed included anterior cervical fusion with or without decompression(69.6%), combined anterior/posterior fusion/decompression (11.6%), and replacement of ACDA (7.2%). The indications for surgery did not vary significantly among the different procedures performed (p = 0.318). Patients requiring revision surgery for mechanical complications or those who underwent a combined surgical approach were at significantly higher risk for subsequent short-term complications (p<0.05). Conclusion: Over a 10-year period, the rate of revision surgery for ACDA was low (2.1%). Nearly 90% of revision cases were due to either cervical spondylosis or mechanical complications. These indications for surgery did not vary significantly among the different procedures performed. These findings will be important during the shared-decision making process for patients undergoing primary or revision ACDA.


Intervention for helping community based after-school programs become more responsive to youth with disabilities and their families is presented in this manuscript. The Disability Specialist intervention utilized a variety of approaches, including: a) increasing awareness of disabilities and services by providing learning opportunity sessions for families and staff, and outreach activities to youth through interactive theater; b) developing in house "disability specialists" to offer ongoing leadership and technical expertise for after-school programs and their community centers; c) developing a network of technical consultants in order to connect families and after-school programs to specialized community resources; d) providing financial assistance to enable community center staff to allocate time to outreach activities; and e) providing families with support in educational advocacy efforts by partnering with a local parent mentoring program. The success of the project depended upon building partnerships with families, community centers, human service agencies, schools, and local funding sources.


Authored by a man with extensive experience in salvage operations, this is a comprehensive treatment of ship salvage in all its aspects, but written in plain language. The early chapters introduce the concepts of marine salvage and explain how the parties involved in a salvage operation relate. Ship construction and naval architecture as they pertain to possible later salvage of a ship are explained, and the types of casualties are described. The fine points of surveys, salvage plans and processes, rigging, restoring buoyancy, lifting, machinery and equipment used in salvage, cargo handling, and the special aspects related to salvage of tankers are discussed in complete detail. Casualty management is also covered. The books appendices include necessary salvage contracts, sample forms, and checklists for all possible situations.


Technological advances for low-cost Wi-Fi applications such as 'the wireless sensor network (WSN) deployment' are at an advanced stage of acceptance, especially in smart home environments. The application of this kind of network is referred to as a wireless sensor home network (WSHN). In literature, the evaluation of customers' home wireless network performance level is usually done via real-time experiment or by experience to test the network's performance, leading to network vendors able to gain reference performance for: improvement of their network capacity and the adoption of the emerging requirement of Wi-Fi services. However, the usual practice of comparison of energy consumption in WSHN applications is by developing WSHN systems for information transmission and reception in the home network to measure delay, throughput and energy consumption performance metrics using heuristics and intuition approaches. This work shows that real-time-based performance measurements of WSHN systems should be first carried out using the formal analytical method; before simulation and real-time experiments. Use of analytical method in WSHN provides users with a more defined idea of the kind of results to expect from their network simulations. To this end, this work presents an analytical method based on energy consumption for WSHN grid-based and line-based topology for the same metrics, with a description of each of the networks, which is first of its kind in WSHN. The work is further strengthened through simulation results. The results of our mathematical analysis show a variation of network energy consumption for single-hop and multi-hop communication for reference purposes for future WSHNs. The mathematical analysis results are futher validated by the simulation results of WSNs comprising of nodes using ESP32 microcontrolers RF specifications; where it shows that in most cases, using single-hop communication might cause excessive energy consumption in the network. This being more pronounced when the distance apart of the smart devices is above 50feet or the network nodes is above 20; more also, when the packet size is above 50 bits. In this case, multi-hop communication it is seen to be of preferable communication at a higher number of nodes, larger packet size and longer distance between devices. However, if the network size is small, there is little difference in the energy consumption between the two methods and it is in such networks where single-hop is preferred due to the reduced complexity of the network structure and small delay time of which promotes responsiveness of the network.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Marrubium deserti De Noe infusion extract . Antinociceptive effect was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing response, formalin-induced paw licking and the hot plat method in mice, while antipyretic activity was tested by brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in rats. In each test, we examined the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the extract. The infusion extract produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effect against chemically and thermally induced nociceptive pain stimuli in mice. In acetic acid induced writhing test, the inhibition percentage of writhing response was 49.12% at 1000 mg/kg bw ( p<0.001 ). This extract also significantly ( p<0.001 ) inhibited the licking response of the formalin test at 1000 mg/kg bw in both the early phase (64.39%) and the late phase (70.75%). In the hot plate method, the infusion extract significantly ( p<0.001 ) increased the reaction time to heat sensation to 58.21% at 1000 mg/kg bw Moreover, the extract possessed an excellent ( p<0.001 ) antipyretic effect and even better than the reference drug. These findings indicate that M. deserti De Noe infusion extract possesses antinociceptive and antipyretic activities which could be due to the presence of bioactive compounds in this plant.


Integrating the use of Web-based and mobile technology applications into K-12 world languages contexts requires innovative teacher preparation models. This chapter evaluates a multi-step technology integration unit that develops in pre-service teachers the skills necessary to plan and carry out learner-centered communicative instruction. Importantly, this unit also incorporates five skills for disruptive innovators. Pre-service teachers blend pedagogy, technology tools, and content in project-based learning lesson design while practicing creative-thinking skills. As student teachers learn to repurpose mobile applications for the language-learning classroom, they empower articulate digital natives and foster 21st century learning. Given technology's constant growth, teaching integration of specific apps will have limited benefits. On the other hand, teaching how to innovate and repurpose will serve student teachers for their entire career. Results of this study show growth in lesson planning, creativity, and innovation skills.


This was a prospective multicenter study aiming at comparing the efficiency of sperm selection by density gradient centrifugation (DGC) in reducing sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in different ART centers. The study was designed using 290 semen samples collected from 10 different ART centers performing artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and blind assessment of SDF at the University facilities. The results showed that while there was a significant reduction in the SDF levels in sperm isolated from the gradient centrifuged pellet (DGC) compared to neat semen samples (NSS), there was also significant inter-center variability in the efficiency to reduce SDF values by DGC (78.5% to 29.2%). Surprisingly, for some patients, the level of SDF actually increased following sperm selection. The main conclusions derived from this study were that 1) isolation of sperm from the gradient pellet by DGC must be performed using validated, optimized protocols; 2) routine comparison of SDF values in NSS semen and in processed sperm after DGC or swim-up must be recommended as part of the internal quality control (QC) of ART laboratories to test the efficacy of sperm processing; and 3) SDF values in processed spermatozoa should be obtained to compare with the pregnancy rate when insemination or fertilization is about to be performed, otherwise, attempts to predict pregnancy outcome from SDF could be biased or are essentially meaningless.


cache profiling, simulation, cache management instructions, prefetching, memory system analysis, program characterization Due to increasing cache-miss latencies, cache control instructions are being implemented for future systems. In order to investigate the potential benefit of using these instructions in compiling a broad range of applications, we study the memory referencing behavior of individual machine-level instructions using simulations of fully-associative caches. Our objective is to obtain a deeper understanding of useful program behavior that can be eventually employed at optimizing programs and to motivate architectural features aimed at improving the efficacy of memory hierarchies. Our simulation results show that a small number of load instructions account for a majority of data cache misses in the SPEC89 benchmarks. Most load instructions rarely miss the data cache and a few instructions have miss rates much higher than the global miss ratio. We develop a model where the cost associated with scheduling loads with miss latencies is parameterized. Using this model, we explore the potential net benefit associated with profile-based scheduling of load instructions where some loads are selected for scheduling with miss latencies based on their behavior under profiling. Finally, we investigate the sensitivity of cache profiling information to input data sets. In many cases, the profile information obtained using one data set is quite effective in predicting the behavior of a program on other data sets, but in some cases the predicted caching behavior is quite different from the actual behavior.


Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations in combination with calculations of 1H, 7Li, and 15N NMR chemical shifts are used to characterize lithium imide structures at different temperatures. Indications of the onset of local disorder in the lithium sublattice, leading eventually to superionicity, are recognized already at low temperature (100 K). Between 100 and 400 K, a new structure could be stabilized, which presents features that are intermediate between the previously reported Fm3m and the Fd3m structures. The disorder in the Li positions is associated with the reorientation of the NH bonds, which preferentially point toward Li-vacant sites. Clear signatures of such structural rearrangements are visible in the simulated NMR spectra, where smoother profiles are associated with a reduced amount of Li interstitials and a higher occupation probability of the antifluorite sites.


Larinioides sclopetarius, a parasocial spider of Central Europe? Larinioides sclopetarius is one of very few Central European spiders known to be found in colonies in which the orb-webs are attached to each other. Individuals of different generations cooperate at least in web-building, i.e. they share the same framework or irregular "web carpet". This behaviour is called parasocial and up to now it has been studied mainly in subtropical and tropical species. Parasocial (colonial) life can lead to total degeneration of the orb-webs and is the result of increased tolerance, which depends on local superabundance of prey. Initial surveys in Essen (Germany) showed that groups of 60 to 200 individuals do not seem to be exceptional. More detailed studies on the group-living of L. sclopetarius are needed.


Three new compounds (1 – 3) were isolated from the whole plant of Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae). The structures of these compounds were characterized by MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR. The DPPH radical scavenging property of these compounds as well as vitamin C which served as the positive control group was determined. The result showed that Compound 3 exhibited the highest scavenging activity with an EC50 value of 0.34 mM while Compounds 1 and 2 showed scavenging activity of 0.52 and 5.37 mM respectively. The EC50 value for vitamin C is 1.36 mM. The result therefore showed that Compounds 1 and 2 possess better scavenging property than vitamin C and thus may serve as potent antioxidant drugs in oxidative stress management


The quest for democracy in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been a story of tiny steps forward overshadowed by heart-wrenching setbacks. The 19 May 2017 presidential election offers a window into the painful predicament of a democracy-minded society—demographically young, globally inclined, and social-media savvy—subordinated to an authoritarian polity. The reelection of Hassan Rouhani, a pragmatist whose campaign had embraced reformism, scarcely dented the unwillingness of conservative forces to loosen their grip. And though fierce intraelite conflicts that began during the race have exposed cracks in the once-monolithic clerical regime, no one should underestimate the resiliency of Iran's authoritarians or their determination to keep their grip on critical levers of power.


There are rising numbers of single women across the Arab world. While this is usually connected with delayed marriage, Palestine shows a unique pattern of early but not universal marriage. This article looks beneath the statistics to investigate the stories behind this trend. How do young unmarried women negotiate boundaries and understand and enact choice in the context of a society experiencing prolonged insecure and warlike conditions, political crisis and social fragmentation and where the high number of unmarried women can be an increasing locus of moral panic? In conducting focus groups with two generations of women, my research looks at the prevailing importance of education, civil society and security in negotiating space within women's lives and uncovers a long tradition of unmarried women leading full and significant lives which needs to be recovered from the past.


The researcher aimed at developing an understanding of the range of approaches to assessment of children in early childhood education in New Zealand. The method of a questionnaire was used. One questionnaire explored the range of assessment methods used by teachers, how well teachers understood the purpose of assessment, how comfortable they felt using a variety of methods, and how they used the information collated from assessments for child, teacher and programme development. A second and similar questionnaire was used to clarify the aims of pre-service ECE teacher education in relation to assessment practices for early childhood education in New Zealand. The research data revealed mixed results regarding teacher confidence in assessment, the use of multiple assessment methods, the role of ECE teachers in assessment, the assessment of all the necessary learning areas, the regularity of assessments, and the effectiveness of assessment methods used. The importance of early childhood assessment, the role of teachers in early childhood assessment, the implementation and management of assessment practices, and the related pre-service ECE teacher education received, should be reviewed by the Ministry of Education and the pre-service ECE teacher education programmes in New Zealand.


Economists are increasingly turning to the experimental method as a means to estimate causal effects. By using randomization to identify key treatment effects, theories previously viewed as untestable are now scrutinized, efficacy of public policies are now more easily verified, and stakeholders can swiftly add empirical evidence to aid their decision-making. This study provides an overview of experimental methods in economics, with a special focus on developing an economic theory of generalizability. Given that field experiments are in their infancy, our secondary focus pertains to a discussion of the various parameters that they identify, and how they add to scientific knowledge. We conclude that until we conduct more field experiments that build a bridge between the lab and the naturally-occurring settings of interest we cannot begin to make strong conclusions empirically on the crucial question of generalizability from the lab to the field.


Abstract:Based on a new data set of democratizations occurring between 1960 and 2004, this paper explores the reasons for reversals in young democracies. Adverse initial conditions including poverty, inequality, and ethnic fragmentation are associated with the failure of democracy, but the relationship is not deterministic. Likewise, numerous young democracies have survived in spite of disastrous economic performance. Political institutions play a key role in preventing a return to authoritarianism, but the effectiveness of constraints on executive power appears more important than whether the regime is parliamentary or presidential in structure. These findings suggest a need for greater coordination between democracy promotion assistance and aid intended to foster economic development.


Critics of investor-State arbitration often refer to the perception that it is a system in which the State must always play defense. State counterclaims against investors could counterbalance this perceived asymmetry. Yet, the majority of State counterclaims asserted to date have failed. The reason for this failure in several cases is not an inherent structural bias against States, but obstacles to jurisdiction over the counterclaim that derive from the terms of the underlying investment treaty that the State concluded. Despite the keen public focus on investor-State dispute settlement in the wake of the recent negotiation of several major trade agreements, State counterclaims have received little, if any, attention in recent treaty-making practice. Although some new investment agreements would expand investor-State dispute settlement to more amply encompass State claims against investors, many others restrict access to arbitration in a way that would significantly limit State counterclaims, or even preclude them altogether. This article examines some of the obstacles to State counterclaims that tribunals have discerned in existing investment treaties, before turning to consider the divergent trends that emerge from recent treaty-making initiatives and their implications for State counterclaims.


Crystal chemistry and structural refinement of 20 chromite crystals representative of different chromitites layers and xenoliths from the Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex have been studied. Small differences in the structural parameters of chromites have been found along the Bushveld sequence and these allowed to discriminate two main subdivision between the Lower and Middle Group samples and the Upper Group and Merensky Reef samples. The small increase of chromite oxygen coordinates seems to be related with the decrease of cooling rates as estimated from the filling and cooling model for the Bushveld Complex proposed by Cawthorn & Walraven (1998). In fact, the cooling rates for Upper Group and Merensky Reef are smaller than that of Lower Group and Middle Group. Moreover, peculiar structural parameters have been found for chromites in the Tweefontein pipe suggesting different cooling rates.


Food is increasingly traded internationally, thereby transforming the organisation of food production and consumption globally and influencing most food-related practices. This transition is generating unfamiliar challenges related to sustainability of food provision, the social impacts of international trade and global food governance. Distance in time and space between food producers and consumers is increasing and new concerns are arising. These include the environmental impact of food production and trade, animal welfare, the health and safety of food, and the social and economic impact of international food trade. This book provides an overview of the principal conceptual frameworks that have been developed for understanding these changes. It shows how conventional regulation of food provision through sovereign national governments is becoming elusive, as the distinctions between domestic and international, and between public and private spheres, disappear. At the same time multinational companies and supranational institutions put serious limits to governmental interventions. In this context, other social actors including food retailers and NGOs are shown to take up innovative roles in governing food provision, but their contribution to agro-food sustainability is under continuous scrutiny. The authors apply these themes in several detailed case studies, including organic, fair trade, local food and fish. On the basis of these cases, future developments are explored, with a focus on the respective roles of agricultural producers, retailers and consumers.


Transnational corporations (TNC) constitute not just big companies, but a special institutional form of the modern financial capital. Essential for them is the growing importance of intangible assets and goodwill what explains the widening gap between their book value and their stock exchange value. New business strategies are focused on the increase of short time liquidity with the aim of financing mergers and acquisitions. Dominating global value chains the TNC practice offshoring and outsourcing. These developments can be understood in the context of rent seeking behavior which already has been analyzed in a cogent way by Marx.


A SiOSnCoC composite anode is assembled using a conductive polymer binder for the application in next-generation high energy density lithium-ion batteries. A specific capacity of 700 mAh/g is achieved at a 1C (900 mA/g) rate. A high active material loading anode with an areal capacity of 3.5 mAh/cm(2) is demonstrated by mixing SiOSnCoC with graphite. To compensate for the lithium loss in the first cycle, stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) is used for prelithiation; when paired with a commercial cathode, a stable full cell cycling performance with a 86% first cycle efficiency is realized. By achieving these important metrics toward a practical application, this conductive polymer binder/SiOSnCoC anode system presents great promise to enable the next generation of high-energy lithium-ion batteries.


Intelligence, or general cognitive function, is phenotypically and genetically correlated with many traits, including many physical and mental health variables. Both education and household income are strongly genetically correlated with intelligence, at rg =0.73 and rg =0.70 respectively. This allowed us to utilize a novel approach, Multi-Trait Analysis of Genome-wide association studies (MTAG; Turley et al. 2017), to combine two large genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of education and household income to increase power in the largest GWAS on intelligence so far (Sniekers et al. 2017). This study had four goals: firstly, to facilitate the discovery of new genetic loci associated with intelligence; secondly, to add to our understanding of the biology of intelligence differences; thirdly, to examine whether combining genetically correlated traits in this way produces results consistent with the primary phenotype of intelligence; and, finally, to test how well this new meta-analytic data sample on intelligence predict phenotypic intelligence variance in an independent sample. We apply MTAG to three large GWAS: Sniekers et al (2017) on intelligence, Okbay et al. (2016) on Educational attainment, and Hill et al. (2016) on household income. By combining these three samples our functional sample size increased from 78 308 participants to 147 194. We found 107 independent loci associated with intelligence, implicating 233 genes, using both SNP-based and gene-based GWAS. We find evidence that neurogenesis may explain some of the biological differences in intelligence as well as genes expressed in the synapse and those involved in the regulation of the nervous system. We show that the results of our combined analysis demonstrate the same pattern of genetic correlations as a single measure/the simple measure of intelligence, providing support for the meta-analysis of these genetically-related phenotypes. We find that our MTAG meta-analysis of intelligence shows similar genetic correlations to 26 other phenotypes when compared with a GWAS consisting solely of cognitive tests. Finally, using an independent sample of 6 844 individuals we were able to predict 7% of intelligence using SNP data alone.


In 2000 the government introduced a nationwide reform of teacher pay in England, which linked increases in salary to the performance of individual teachers. This paper outlines a research project which evaluates the impact of the new pay regime on pupil attainment. The paper provides a brief summary of the nature of the new pay regime and relevant aspects of the reforms, an outline of the method and econometric strategy, a description of the various sources of data and the strategy for obtaining data from schools, and an outline of progress to date in obtaining this data. JEL Classification: J33, J44, J45


The design of the latent heat thermal storage system (LHTESS) was developed with a thermal capacity of about 100 kW h as a part of small solar plant based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The phase change material (PCM) used is solar salt with the melting/solidification temperature of about 220 °C. Thermophysical properties of the PCM were measured, including its phase transition temperature, heat of fusion, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. The design of the thermal storage was finalized by means of the 3D computational fluid dynamics analysis. The thermal storage system is modular, and the thermal energy is delivered with the use of thermal oil, heated by Fresnel mirrors. The heat is transferred into and from the PCM in the casing using bidirectional heat pipes, filled with water. A set of metallic screens are installed in the box with the pitch of 8–10 mm to enhance the heat transfer from heat pipes to the PCM and vice-versa during the charging and discharging processes, which take about 4 h. This work presents a numerical study on the use of metallic fins without thermal bonding as a heat transfer enhancement method for the solar salt LHTESS. The results show that the absence of the thermal bonding between fins and heat pipes (there was a gap of 0.5 mm between them) did not result in a significant reduction of charging or discharging periods. As expected, aluminum fins provide better performance in comparison with steel ones due to the difference in the material conductivity. The main advantage observed for the case of using aluminum fins was the lower temperature gradient across the LHTESS.


Objective: Dynamic capabilities are defined as "the firm's ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments" (Teece et al., 1997, p. 516). In doing so they create value, derived from the capacity of a management team to identify opportunities and threats and reconfigure a firm's repertoire of resources and operations to address them (Teece, 2007). While there is agreement that dynamic capabilities facilitate a firm's competitiveness; there remains a lack of clarity around the notion and complexity surrounding the way in which they evolve (Eriksson, 2014). This, in particular, has created difficulties in identifying valid measurement tools to appraise their creation and deployment leading to the extant literature to rely upon qualitative, often longitudinal, case studies to analyse the phenonoma (Wang and Ahmed, 2007, Barreto, 2010, Eriksson, 2014). While previous research has investigated the dynamic capability concept in relation to its antecedent factors, the characteristics integral to their implementation, potential outcomes and influences upon competitive advantage and performance of firms (Zott, 2003, Song et al., 2005, Zuniga-Vicente and Vicente-Lorente, 2006, Wang et al., 2015). There is limited evidence available that examines the contribution made by the bricolage and social capital of management teams to the generation and use of dynamic capabilities. Literature review: It is suggested that the dynamic capabilities of SMEs originate from the often ad-hoc approaches to problem solving (Winter, 2003) and learning that results from the need to reconfigure resources and routines to address challenges (Prashantham and Floyd, 2012). This activity supports the development of soft assets - values, culture and experience – that underpin a firm's dynamic capabilities and inform future learning processes adopted by management teams (Corner and Wu, 2012). The process, therefore, is associated with a firm's resource-based changes, which include the improvement of existing capabilities and the development of new capabilities (Prashantham and Floyd, 2012). As indicated this is often ad hoc and achieved through trial-and-error and improvisation (Ahuja and Lampert, 2001, Miner et al., 2001), such learning has the effect of embedding capabilities into the DNA of a firm (Teece, 2007, Argote and Ren, 2012, Prashantham and Floyd, 2012). Changes in the dynamic capabilities of firms are the result of the learning that takes place within a management team during the process of improvisation and experimentation within the existing resource base (Hambrick and Mason, 1984, Martin, 2011, Kor and Mesko, 2013). It is argued that social capital is one mechanism for acquiring, assimilating and exploiting external knowledge and resource to transform a firm's capability over time (Zahra and George, 2002, Le Breton-Miller and Miller, 2006, Prashantham and Young, 2011). Although Nemanich et al. (2010) have argued that social capital can overload and delay processes that create solutions; we propose that the social capital of a management team positively influences the development and appropriation of a firm's dynamic capabilities. Bricolage helps create new from old and "something from nothing" (Baker and Nelson, 2005, p. 357) that lead to the strategic development of diverse, non-specialized resources (Gurca and Ravishankar, 2016). Those redifined resources at hand are appropriated through learning processes that are both improvisational (performative) and experimental (ostensive) (Weick, 1998, Baker, Miner and Eesley, 2003, Kreiser, 2011); and the outcomes are integrated into building dynamic capabilities. Method: This study is distinct from previous research as it employs a quantitative method and constructs a new multidimensional dynamic capability measurement by aggregating definitions, analysis and suggestions from previous literature to establish and test hypotheses (Teece, 2014). This measurement is validated by using the confirmatory factor analysis method before being utilized to examine a research framework. While early literature perceived social capital to be a unidimensional concept (Burt, 1992) this paper takes a more multidimensional perspective as posited by Adler and Kwon (2002), and employs a three-dimension approach, measuring relational, structural and cognitive social capital; first introduced by Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998); and validated in later works (Karahanna and Preston, 2013, Huynh, 2016). To measure the bricolage of a management team, we employ a measurement constructed and validated by prior researchers (Davis et al., 2013, Senyard, Baker, Steffens and Davidsson, 2014). Hypotheses are tested and findings presented using data drawn from 274 SMEs in the UK. Structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to test the research hypotheses. This entails a two-stage approach; a measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the validity and reliability of measurements, and a structural model to test the relationships among latent variables (Byrne, 2010). Findings: The results indicate support for all hypotheses; the social capital of management teams has a significant positive impact on the dynamic capabilities of SMEs. There is a significant positive link between the bricolage of management teams and the dynamic capabilities of SMEs and the social capital of management teams has a significant positive influence upon the bricolage of management teams. The results show that the mutual connections between social capital and bricolage, bricolage and dynamic capabilities, and social capital and dynamic capabilities are significantly positive. Values: This study addresses the gap in the literature and examines the influence that the social capital and bricolage of management teams have upon the the development of dynamic capabilities witin SMEs. We build on insights into the antecedents of dynamic capabilities in the context of resource-constrained firms through the deployment of bricolage and social capital, (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998, Baker and Nelson, 2005) and enhance this using fine-grained analyses to analyse how SMEs and their management teams learn through bricolage and each element of social capital contribute to the generation and appropriation of all three sub-sets of of dynamic capabilities; sensing, seizing and reconfiguring.


The eight articles and dozens of photographs and drawings in this book introduce the reader to the ancient astronomers -- their observatories, their instruments, and their explorations of the awesome regularities (and shocking irregularities) that appear in the sky.The authors draw upon a wide range of disciplines -- history, archaeology, technology, even mythology in discussing their subjects. This book is one endeavor toward a reconstruction of the past of the human mind, using all available evidence: text, myth, spade; yet, there is a difference. That difference is that in the world of the heavens there are real phenomena, striking or subtle, enduring or transient, which can be invoked today to challenge or to support the inferences of the archeologist, epigrapher, historian, or mythologist.The authors go back to one sole source: real human beings watching the real sky; if we do so reflectively, we can share at every glance the roots of the power of human thought, the thought which once married science and literature, art and number, wonder and insight, when thoughtful people were still rather few under this ceaseless sky.


When planning to build an aircraft simulator, everyone faces the same difficult decision: what type of tool should be used to create the application? There are three different types (or categories) of tools on the market: game, shareware and professional tools. With hundreds of flight simulation tools available on the market, how does one decide which is best? The decision should be based on the users goals and specific needs. The purpose of this article is to help users in their selection by providing technical facts with which to base their decision. Three use cases are presented to help developers and end users come to their own conclusions about various aircraft simulation tools, and allow them to choose the most appropriate solution. The use cases are meant to help engineers avoid making premature decisions or imposing these on upper management.


In recent years, some trends have emerged that pertain both to mobile devices and the Web. On one side, mobile devices have transitioned from being simple wireless phones to become ubiquitous Web-enabled users' companions. On the other side, the Web has evolved from an online one-size-fits-all collection of interlinked documents to become an open platform of personalised services and content. It will not be long before these trends will converge and create a Seamless Web: an integrated environment where, besides traditional services delivered by powerful server machines accessible via wide area networks, new services and content will be offered by users to users via their portable devices. As a result, mobile users will soon be exposed - in addition to traditional "on-line" Web services/content - to a parallel universe of pervasive "off-line" services provided by devices in their surroundings. Such circumstances will raise new challenges when it comes to selecting the services to rely on, that will require solutions grounded on the characteristics of mobile environments. Two aspects will require particular attention: first, users will have access to a countless multitude of services impossible to explore; they will need assistance to identify, among this multitude, those services they are most likely to enjoy. Secondly, if today's services (and their providers) are always-on, `static' and aiming at Five 9s availability, tomorrow's pervasive services will be mobile (as devices move), fine-grained, increasingly composite (to provide richer functionalities) and so more unreliable by nature. Our research tackles the problem of service discovery in pervasive environments in two ways: on one hand, we support personalised discovery by means of a mobile recommender system, easing the discovery of pervasive services appealing to end-users. On the other hand, we enable reliable discovery, by reasoning on the composite nature of pervasive services and the physical availability of their component providers. Overall, we provide a discovery method that enables 'better' pervasive services, where by 'better' we mean both `more interesting' to the user and 'more reliable'.


A mathematical model, based on the kinematic wave (KW) theory, is developed for describing the evolution and movement of bed profiles in alluvial channels. The model employs a functional relation between sediment transport rate and concentration, a relation between flow velocity and depth and Velikanov's formula relating suspended sediment concentration to flow variables. Laboratory flume and field data are used to test the model. Transient bed profiles in alluvial channels are also simulated for several hypothetical cases involving different water flow and sediment concentration characteristics. The model‐simulated bed profiles are found to be in good agreement with what is observed in the laboratory, and they seem theoretically reasonable for hypothetical cases. The model results reveal that the mean particle velocity and maximum concentration (maximum bed form elevation) strongly affect transient bed profiles.


The euonymus scale Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a pest of spindle that exhibits a strong preference for Euonymus, although it has been detected on at least 18 genera in 13 plant families (Buxus, Camellia, Celastrus, Daphne, Eugenia, Euonymus, Hibiscus, Ilex, Jasminum, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Olea, Pachistima, Pachysandra, Perychmenum, Prunus and Syringa) (Salisbury et al., 2013). Heavy infestation by this pest may lead to the death of the host plant and consequential loss of income from the cultivation of ornamental plants (Kaygin et al., 2008). U. euonymi is an armored scale insect originally from mild Eastern Asia and probably introduced into Europe in the 20th century (Pellizzari & Germain, 2010). Its lifecycle, depending on climate conditions, comprises two-three generations a year and the control measures to limit its diffusion mainly rely on the use of insecticides or the growing of resistant cultivars. The insects can engage mutualistic interactions or symbioses with a variety of bacteria that can profoundly affect the host's biology. Apart from obligate symbionts (maternally transmitted), a growing number of facultative or secondary symbionts (that can be horizontally transmitted) have been identified (Sandstrom et al., 2001, Moran et al., 2008). Despite not being essential for the host's life cycle, this last type of symbiont can strongly influence their fitness (Oliver et al., 2003, Jaenike & Brekke, 2011). Additionally, the mutualistic association between insects and bacteria may play a role in the evolution of the latter as described for some groups of Entereobacteriaceae (Moran et al., 2005). A number of genomic and phylogenetic studies on mutualistic associations between Enterobacteriaceae and aphids, psyllids, scale insects, whiteflies, weevils and other insects have been reported (Lefevre et al., 2004, Thao & Baumann, 2004). Here we report the identification of Serratia symbiotica (strain UESS2016) in U. euonymi adult females collected from Sofia (Bulgaria) in 2013.


Duality theory and static multi-product technology have been applied to analyze aggregate agricultural data by Shumway; Weaver; and McKay, Lawrence and Vlastuin. Several studies (e.g., Antle; Binswanger; and Lopez, 1985a) have indexed technology with a time trend, but no study has attempted to investigate the effects of agricultural research, extension, and education in the multiple-output dual static framework. The objectives of this paper are (i) to assess the bias effects in cash-grain farmers' production decisions caused by public agricultural research, public extension, and farmers' schooling and (ii) to present new estimates of the shadow values of agricultural research, extension, and schooling obtained from the static dual model of agricultural production. The model is fitted to data for 42 states, pooled over Agricultural Census years 1949-74, containing the cash-grain farm type. The organization is as follows: The econometric model of production is first presented. Second, the empirical analyses, which contain a discussion of the data and empirical results, are presented. Conclusions and implications are in the final section.


Substitution of oxide anions (O2-) in a metal oxide for nitrogen (N3-) results in reduction of the band gap, which is attractive in heterogeneous photocatalysis; however, only a handful of two-dimensional layered perovskite oxynitrides have been reported, and thus, the structural effects of layered oxynitrides on photocatalytic activity have not been sufficiently examined. This study reports the synthesis of a Ruddlesden-Popper phase three-layer oxynitride perovskite of K2Ca2Ta3O9N·2H2O, and the photocatalytic activity is compared with an analogous two-layer perovskite, K2LaTa2O6N·1.6H2O. Topochemical ammonolysis reaction of a Dion-Jacobson phase oxide KCa2Ta3O10 at 1173 K in the presence of K2CO3 resulted in a single-phase layered perovskite, K2Ca2Ta3O9N·2H2O, which belongs to the tetragonal P4/mmm space group, as demonstrated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements, and elemental analysis. The synthesized K2Ca2Ta3O9N·2H2O has an absorption edge at around 460 nm, with an estimated band gap of ca. 2.7 eV. K2Ca2Ta3O9N·2H2O modified with a Pt cocatalyst generated H2 from an aqueous solution containing a dissolved NaI as a reversible electron donor under visible light (λ > 400 nm) with no noticeable change in the crystal structure and light absorption properties. However, the H2 evolution activity of K2Ca2Ta3O9N·2H2O was an order of magnitude lower than that of K2LaTa2O6N·1.6H2O. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the lifetime of photogenerated mobile electrons in K2Ca2Ta3O9N·2H2O was shorter than that in K2LaTa2O6N·1.6H2O, which could explain the low photocatalytic activity of K2Ca2Ta3O9N·2H2O.


The most important goals in developing solar cell technology are to achieve high power conversion efficiencies and lower costs of manufacturing. Solar cells based on crystalline silicon currently dominate the market because they can achieve high efficiency. However, conventional p-n junction solar cells require high-temperature diffusions of dopants, and conventional heterojunction cells based on amorphous silicon require plasma-enhanced deposition, both of which can add manufacturing costs. This dissertation investigates an alternative approach, which is to form crystallinesilicon-based solar cells using heterojunctions with materials that are easily deposited at low temperatures and without plasma enhancement, such as organic semiconductors and metal oxides. We demonstrate a heterojunction between the organic polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT), and crystalline silicon, which acts as a hole-selective contact and an alternative to a diffused p-n junction. We also present the use of a heterojunction between titanium dioxide and crystalline silicon as a passivating electron-selective contact. The Si/TiO2 heterojunction is demonstrated for the first time as a back-surface field in a crystalline silicon solar cell, and is incorporated into a PEDOT/Si device. The resulting PEDOT/Si/TiO2 solar cell represents an alternative to conventional silicon solar cells that rely on thermally-diffused junctions or plasma-deposited heterojunctions. Finally, we investigate the merits of using conductive networks of silver nanowires to enhance the photovoltaic performance of PEDOT/Si solar cells. The investigation of these materials and devices contributes to the growing body of work regarding crystalline silicon solar cells made with selective contacts.


The evolution of Open Science in France is almost completely the result of constant friction with the business models that drive major international publishing houses, where each party has adapted to developments introduced by the other, but also of practical steps taken to ensure that shared documents are efficiently collected and made accessible. This Chapter will provide several examples of the development of Open Science in France, such as the platform http://dissem.in. How Open Science principles are effectively implemented in the area of legal knowledge in France? What can be done to encourage law scholars to publish their work on a single common platform? And which platform should that be? Should it be improved, and, if so, in what way? Will dialogue resolve conflicts and pave the way for Open Science in a viable economic context?


During industrialization, Protestants were more literate than Catholics. This paper investigates whether this fact may be led back to the intrinsic motivation of Protestants to read the bible and whether other education motives were involved as well. We employ a historical data set from Switzerland which allows us to differentiate between different cognitive skills: reading, numeracy, essay writing and Swiss history. We develop an estimation strategy to examine whether the impact of religious denomination was particularly large with respect to reading capabilities. We find support for this hypothesis. However, Protestants' education motives went beyond acquiring reading skills.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate in the South African public health sector where the best services for rape survivors were provided, who provided them, what the providers' attitudes were towards women who had been raped and whether there were problems in delivering care for rape survivors.

METHODS
A cross-sectional study of facilities was carried out. Two district hospitals, a regional hospital and a tertiary hospital (where available) were randomly sampled in each of the nine provinces in South Africa. At each hospital, senior staff identified two doctors and two nurses who regularly provided care for women who had been raped. These doctors and nurses were interviewed using a questionnaire with both open-ended and closed questions. We interviewed 124 providers in 31 hospitals. A checklist that indicated what facilities were available for rape survivors was also completed for each hospital.

FINDINGS
A total of 32.6% of health workers in hospitals did not consider rape to be a serious medical condition. The mean number of rape survivors seen in the previous six months at each hospital was 27.9 (range = 9.3-46.5). A total of 30.3% of providers had received training in caring for rape survivors. More than three-quarters of regional hospitals (76.9%) had a private exam room designated for use in caring for rape survivors. Multiple regression analysis of practitioner factors associated with better quality of clinical care found these to be a practitioner being older than 40 years (parameter estimate = 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.7-5), having cared for a higher number of rape survivors before (parameter estimate = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.001-0.03), working in a facility that had a clinical management protocol for caring for rape survivors (parameter estimate = 2; 95% CI = 0.12-3.94), having worked for less time in the facility (parameter estimate = -0.2; 95% CI = -0.3 to -0.04) and perceiving rape to be a serious medical problem (parameter estimate = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.9-3.8).

CONCLUSION
There are many weaknesses in services for rape survivors in South Africa. Our findings suggest that care can be improved by disseminating clinical management guidelines and ensuring that care is provided by motivated providers who are designated to care for survivors.


J waves can commonly be seen in patients with severe hypothermia. Fig. 1 shows an ECG recording of a patient undergoing coronary artery revascularisation with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The purple recording shows the ECG with a small, existing J wave early during the initiation of cooling. The green overlay demonstrates the accentuation of the J wave as the patient was further cooled to 29°C.


Floodplains are composed of aquatic and terrestrial habitats that are frequently reshaped by hydrologic processes operating at various spatial and temporal scales. I hypothesized that floodplain habitat complexity is maximized at intermediate discharges because small changes in flow result in substantial aquatic habitat changes and extreme discharges are associated with a decreased habitat heterogeneity. Between April and September 2014, I collected ultra-high resolution digital multispectral imagery of the Clark Fork River, Montana taken on 6 dates between early spring and fall. Following image mosaicking into a single image, unsupervised classification of the spectral reflectance was used to identify and quantify different aquatic habitats observed in the main channel, parafluvial, and orthofluvial zones of the floodplain. Through the course of the seasonal flood pulse, I observed significant changes in the spatial abundance of many habitat cover types (riffles, runs, shallow shorelines, overbank flow), but not others (backwaters, springbrooks, pools, ponds), suggesting that discharge is only a partial driver of the abundance of aquatic habitats. Riffles and runs and the most common transitions from one habitat to another dominated the main channel over the hydrograph changes that occurred between these habitats. The dominance of these habitats among main channel habitats was reflected in the low alpha diversity of the main channel, which was least diverse during peak flow conditions. Additionally, the main channel generally had low beta diversity, indicating that plots were usually very similar in habitat composition. The parafluvial zone was dominated by cobbles at low flows, transitioned to isolated parafluvial flood channels at moderate discharges, and dominated the expanded main channel during peak flow conditions. The parafluvial was the most diverse zone with peaks in alpha diversity occurring at intermediate flows on both the rising and falling limbs of the hydrograph. Furthermore, the beta diversity of the parafluvial zone tended to be high, suggesting that parafluvial plots were often dissimilar from each other. The orthofluvial zone was dominated by herbaceous habitat; however, I did observe aquatic habitats in the orthofluvial as well. Orthofluvial springbrooks transitioned to flood channels during high discharge as their upstream end connected during elevated discharges and then returned to springbrooks after the flood. The orthofluvial zone had an intermediate level of alpha diversity with the largest habitat diversity observed during peak flow. The beta diversity values of this zone indicated that most plots had some habitat cover type in common. I concluded that there is a relationship between discharge and floodplain habitat complexity, however it is influenced by an interaction between location on the riverscape and discharge.


Since the mid 90´s there has been an increased focus in media on public scandals in Swedish municipalities. This essay sets out to eludicate if there are reasons to believe that public corruption in Swedish municipalities is in fact increasing. By applying instruments from the institutional rational-choice genre, and by illustrating the main argument with empirical illustrations, the author draws the conclusion that there are compelling reasons to believe that organizational reforms during the last two decades – i.e. new public management – have shaped an incentive-structure which favours corrupt actitivies, hence increasing their frequency. The author concludes with a discussion on reform-strategies to counteract increasing corruption, and calls for extensive research on this under-researched topic.


The idea of Victorian womanhood typically summons images of Coventry Patmore's "angel in the house," the domestic saint who formed the moral center of the middle-class family. My dissertation examines another kind of Victorian woman: the factory girl who was also influential in reinforcing dominant class and gender ideologies across nineteenth-century Britain, if only by unfavorable comparison. The factory girl epitomized unnatural womanhood and symbolized the collision of Victorian economic and sexual anxieties; as such, she was cast as a sexual / sentimental other in industrial discourse and was absent or replaced by less controversial female characters in middle-class literature. In this dissertation, I compare the "absented" factory girl of the mid-nineteenth century industrial novel with her revised image in the writing of female working-class authors. Working-class representation of the factory girl, I propose, generates "working identities" that re-imagine the narratives casting female factory workers as threatening or threatened figures. I also argue that genres central to working-class culture, like poetry and autobiography, offer these authors the literary authority to refuse to divide the woman from the worker, to describe their artistic and political aspirations, as well as to evoke, overturn, and pose alternatives to predominate views of working-class women as sexually and morally threatening. The chapters of Genres of Work set up the comparison between the image of the sentimental / sexualized factory girl of industrial novel and her representation (and revision) in working-class lyric poetry and working women's autobiographies. I begin with a study of Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton (1848), in which the peripheral treatment of factory girls or their replacement with other types of working women draws attention away from the economic and personal potential factory work could have for working women; I then examine the poetics of Ellen Johnston, a Scottish working-class writer who united labor, gender, and art by taking on the poetic name "the Factory Girl" through publication in popular working-class periodicals and her book collection Autobiography, Poems and Songs(1868, 1869); and I end my literary analysis with a reading of Kathleen Woodward's Jipping Street: Childhood in a London Slum(1928), an autobiography conscious of the limits of literary self-representation, a performance of the genre Woodward uses to critique the model of empowered female laborer that developed in and around life writing in the early twentieth century. I argue that in the space between literary constructions of factory girls by others and those they construct themselves, labor allows working women to question and re-imagine static categories of class and gender, marking spaces of change that facilitate a cultural renegotiation of what it means to be "working class" and "female" in Victorian and early twentieth century texts.


The management of these diseases has changed dramatically since publication of the first edition in 1999. The field continues to evolve rapidly and is becoming an increasingly complex, multifaceted practice of medicine and surgery. As such, retinal specialists are faced with increasingly sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to learn and master. Contributors to this completely updated reference are renowned experts in retinal disease and vitreous disorders.Divided into four essential sections, the book starts with a basic overview of posterior segment anatomy and physiology. The second section reviews the spectrum of diagnostic tools used in the field from relatively low technology such as the indirect ophthalmoscope to the latest, state-of-the-art optical coherence tomography test. The third and most comprehensive section covers disease states, subdivided into eight categories: retinovascular conditions, macular diseases, inherited vitreoretinal conditions, inflammatory conditions, intraocular tumors, vitreous and retinal detachments, trauma and toxicity, and fundus conditions. The text concludes with specific vitreoretinal procedures. Key Features New technologies including spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravitreal injections, and microincisional vitrectomyThe utilization of multifocal electroretinography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and fundus autofluorescenceAdvances in treatment of macular edema and age-related macular degeneration with anti-VEGF therapySummaries of the latest and most important clinical trialsRichly illustrated with more than 700 color state-of-the art retinal images and surgical procedure drawingsClinical pearls, controversies, and special considerations highlighted in color boxes in every chapter


OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of acute pressor and depressor blood pressure (BP) manipulation on 2-week death and dependency following acute stroke and investigate the safety and efficacy of such treatments.

DESIGN
A multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled titrated-dose trial.

SETTING
Five hospitals in England.

PARTICIPANTS
Patients over 18 years admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of suspected stroke and either (1) symptom onset < 36 hours and hypertension, defined as systolic BP (SBP) < 160 mmHg (depressor arm), or (2) symptom onset < 12 hours and hypotension, defined as SBP < or = 140 mmHg (pressor arm).

INTERVENTIONS
Patients were allocated to either the pressor or the depressor arm depending on blood pressure at randomisation. The ratio of allocation to active intervention versus matched placebo was 2:1 for the depressor arm and 1:1 for the pressor arm.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary end point was death and dependency at 2 weeks, with dependency defined as a modified Rankin score < 3. Secondary end points were the safety of acute pressor (0-12 hours post stroke) and depressor (0-36 hours post stroke) BP manipulation in stroke patients; whether effects of BP reduction are influenced by stroke type (ischaemic versus haemorrhagic); whether alternative routes for administration of antihypertensive therapy (including sublingual and intravenous) are effective in dysphagic stroke patients; whether effects of BP manipulation are influenced by the time to treatment; and the short- and medium-term cost-effectiveness of such therapy in the acute post-stroke period on subsequent disability or death.

RESULTS
180 patients were recruited over the 36-month trial period, 179 in the depressor arm and one in the pressor arm (who received placebo). No significant difference was found in death or dependency at 2 weeks between those receiving active depressor treatment with lisinopril or labetalol and those receiving placebo, although numbers recruited to the trial were lower than projected. Active treatment was not associated with an increase in early neurological deterioration despite significantly greater reductions in BP at 24 hours and 2 weeks with active therapy compared with placebo. Active treatment was generally well tolerated and treatment discontinuation rates were similar in active and placebo groups. Survival analysis showed that the active treatment group had a lower mortality at 3 months than the placebo group (p = 0.05). The pressor arm was closed early because of problems with recruitment, so no conclusions can be drawn regarding this therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Oral and sublingual lisinopril and oral and intravenous labetalol are effective BP-lowering agents in acute cerebral infarction and haemorrhage and do not increase the likelihood of early neurological deterioration. The study was not sufficiently powered to detect a difference in disability or death at 2 weeks. However, the 3-month difference in mortality in favour of active treatment is of interest, although care must be taken in interpretation of the results. Further work is needed to confirm this and to assess whether there are differences in the effectiveness of labetalol compared with lisinopril in terms of reducing death or dependency after acute stroke, and whether the introduction of treatment post stroke earlier than was achieved here would be of greater benefit.


This paper shows the impact of the atomic capabilities concept to include control-oriented knowledge of linear control systems in the decisions making structure of physical agents. These agents operate in a real environment managing physical objects (e.g. their physical bodies) in coordinated tasks. This approach is presented using an introspective reasoning approach and control theory based on the specific tasks of passing a ball and executing the offside manoeuvre between physical agents in the robotic soccer testbed. Experimental results and conclusions are presented, emphasising the advantages of our approach that improve the multi-agent performance in cooperative systems.


From the ancient Egyptian cat goddess, Bastet, to the prophet Muhammad's favorite cat, Muezza, and our contemporary obsession with online cat videos, felines have long held a place of honor in their human counterparts' homes and cultures. But the domestic cat is just one of many feline species, and in The Wild Cat Book cat experts Fiona and Mel Sunquist introduce us to the full panoply of the purring, roaring feline tribe. Illustrated throughout with Terry Whittaker's spectacular color photographs as well as unique photos from biologists in the field - some the only known images of the species pictured - The Wild Cat Book not only tantalizes with the beauty of cats, but also serves as a valuable and accessible reference on cat behavior and conservation. Comprehensive entries for each of the thirty-seven cat species include color distribution maps and up-to-date information related to the species' IUCN conservation and management statuses, while informative sidebars reveal why male lions have manes (and why dark manes are sexiest), how cats see with their whiskers, the truth behind our obsession with white lions and tigers, and why cats can't be vegetarians. The Wild Cat Book also highlights the grave threats faced by the world's wild cats - from habitat destruction to human persecution. From the extraordinary acrobatics of the arboreal margay, able to cling to a tree branch by a single paw thanks to its unusually flexible ankles, to modern declines in African lion populations, The Wild Cat Book is an instructive and revealing ode to felines of every size and color. Combining science, behavioral observations, and stunning photography, this book will captivate cat fanciers the world over.


The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS), along with astronomy's journals and data centers, has developed a distributed on-line digital library which has become the dominant means by which astronomers search, access and read their technical literature. By combining data from the text, citation, and reference databases with data from the ADS readership logs we have been able to create Second Order Bibliometric Operators, a customizable class of collaborative lters which permits substantially improved accuracy in literature queries. Using the ADS usage logs along with membership statistics from the International Astronomical Union and data on the population and gross domestic product (GDP) we develop an accurate model for world-wide basic research where the number of scientists in a country is proportional to the GDP of that country, and the amount of basic research done by a country is proportional to the number of scientists in that country times that country's per capita GDP. We examine the obsolescence function as measured by actual reads, and show that it can be well t by the sum of four exponentials with very di erent time constants. We compare the obsolescence function as measured by readership with the obsolescence function as measured by citations. We nd that the citation function is proportional to the sum of two of the components of the readership function. This proves that the normative theory of citation is true in the mean. We further examine in detail the similarities and di erences between the citation rate, the readership rate and the total citations for individual articles, and discuss some of the causes. Using the number of reads as a bibliometric measure for individuals, we introduce the readcite diagram to provide a two-dimensional view of an individual's scienti c productivity. We develop a simple model to account for an individual's reads and cites and use it to show that the position of a person in the read-cite diagram is a function of age, innate productivity, and work history. We show the age biases of both reads and cites, and develop two new bibliometric measures which have substantially less age bias than citations: SumProd, a weighted sum of total citations and the readership rate, intended to show the total productivity of an individual; and Read10, the readership rate for papers published in the last ten years, intended to show an individual's current productivity. We also discuss the e ect of normalization (dividing by the number of authors on a paper) on these statistics. We apply SumProd and Read10 using new, non-parametric techniques to rank and compare di erent astronomical research organizations. We then introduce the concept of utility time to measure the impact of the ADS and the electronic astronomical library on astronomical research. We nd that in 2002 it amounted to the equivalent of 736 FTE researchers, or $250 Million, or the astronomical research done in France. Subject headings: digital libraries; bibliometrics; sociology of science; information retrieval Submitted to The Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 2


Experiment and modeling show that the refractive index nonlinearity can significantly degrade the contrast of a chirped-pulse amplifier seeded with a pulse and a single postpulse. Multiple powerful non-equidistant pre- and postpulses are generated. For a Gaussian pulse and a hat-top beam, an incident postpulse of energy W results in a prepulse of energy 0.58B(2)W, where B is the nonlinear phase (B-integral) of the main pulse. Calculations show that level of satellites due to gain saturation is negligibly small. Experimental results for Ti:Sapphire regenerative and multipass amplifiers and prepulse generation in fused silica agree well with the theory.


This chapter analyses the recovery of the Danish economy from the crisis of the 1980s, its elevation to a bit of an 'economic miracle' or at least an 'employment miracle' from 1995 to 2005 and its subsequent decline during the financial crisis, which revealed more long-standing problems that precluded a quick recovery. The solution of Denmark's structural balance of payment problems in the early 1990s paved the way for long-term prosperity, and Denmark managed the challenges of globalisation and deindustrialisation almost without social costs. However, an accumulation of short-term policy failures and credit liberalisation facilitated a credit and housing bubble, a consumption-driven boom and declining competitiveness. In broad terms, the explanation is political; this includes not only vote- and office-seeking strategies of the incumbent government but also ideational factors such as agenda setting of economic policy. Somewhat unnoticed – partly because of preoccupation with long-term challenges of ageing and shortage of labour – productivity and economic growth rates had slowed down over several years. The Danish decline in GDP 2008–2009 was larger than in the 1930s, and after the bubble burst, there were few drivers of economic growth. Households consolidated and were reluctant to consume; public consumption had to be cut as well; exports increased rather slowly; and in this climate, there was little room for private investments. Financially, the Danish economy remained healthy, though. Current accounts revealed record-high surpluses after the financial crisis; state debt remained moderate, and if one were to include the enormous retained taxes in private pension funds, net state debt would de facto be positive. Still, around 2010–2011 there were few short-term drivers of economic growth, and rather unexpectedly, it turned out that unemployment problems were likely to prevail for several years.


The study focuses on Interim-Management as a so far rarely discussed phenomenon of the flexible firm. Contradicting popular leadership perception, the authors argue that Interim-Management does not constitute a leadership paradox but can be explained by established organization theory. In particular, transaction cost economics as well as resource-based view help explain the utilization of Interim-Management. Furthermore, the authors show that Interim-Management constitutes a response to reduced investments in human resources. Companies that have reduced the extent and the costs of training activities during the last years show a higher probability to utilize Interim-Managers. Key words: Interim-Management, Labor Flexibility, Transaction Cost, Economics, Resource-Based View, Strategic Human Resource Management Introduction For more than two decades by now, the flexible firm or, to put it differently, non-standard forms of employment have attracted the attention of academics and practitioners as well as policy makers (Bosch 2004, Kalleberg 2000). Starting off with the work of Atkinson (1984) who suggested the emergence of an organizational model comprising of a core and peripheral workforce, different forms of flexibility, its dissemination across national borders, as well as its impact on employee quality of life, on organizational performance and on industrial relations have been studied intensively.1 Past research, however, mainly focuses on flexible arrangements for blue-collar and white-collar workers, leaving out flexibility of management. Addressing this deficit, our study focuses on managerial flexibility, namely Interim-Management. Basically speaking, we analyze the determinants of InterimManagement from different theoretical lenses, testing hypotheses using a sample of German companies. In detail, we ask the question whether Interim-Management constitutes a leadership paradox, or whether Interim-Management may be explained by organization theory, decreased investments in human resources as well as short-term human resource planning. We start off with a definition of Interim-Management, followed by its delineation from permanent managerial staff and management consultancy. Arguments from transaction cost economics, resource-based view and strategic human resource management guide us through theoretical analysis. Hypotheses generated are tested using the German sample of the Cranet data set on International Human Resource Management. Interim-Management: Emergence, definition, and delineation Market forces, namely increasing international competition as well as decreasing halflife of knowledge, combined with the slow growth in industrialized economies put enterprises under high pressure not only as to the efficient utilization and flexible acquisition of non-managerial employees but the whole workforce, including executive employees. The temporary employment of an Interim-Manager represents a flexible option of supplementing the enterprise management - an option providing management resources just-in-time as well as for a limited period of time. Exceptional situations and tasks, which differ from management routine, seem to become more frequent and demand increasingly heterogeneous human resources for their solutions. Here the service of Interim-Managers offers a good option in balancing out criteria such as time, cost and quality. Thus, Interim-Managers allow for task performance at short notice, at comparatively low costs and with high quality and expertise (Bruns 2006). In principle, any management task can be taken on by an Interim-Manager. The Interim-Manager is temporarily tied to an enterprise by a service contract, which either the manager himself (direct acquisition of Interim-Manager) or a mediating agency (indirect acquisition of Interim-Manager) concludes with the enterprise. From the features of contract the authority to give instructions needs to be stressed. …


Although psychologists have generally conceptualized emotions in light of individual- and grouplevel approaches, in the current paper we propose that there are also system-level emotional events, including both system-based emotions (experienced as a direct or indirect consequence of system-level characteristics) and system-targeted emotions (reflecting evaluations that support or oppose the overarching social system). We begin by discussing how emotions are embedded in the social system and what system-level functions they serve. We draw on system justification theory to understand the reciprocal relations between emotional life and ideologies that justify or challenge social systems. We then focus on three empirical propositions concerning the dynamics of systemlevel emotions: (I) System-based emotions reflect one's subjective as well as objective standing in the social order; (II) System-based emotions reflect one's subjective appraisal of the social order; and (III) System-level emotions affect action tendencies and behaviors, including behaviors that promote system stability versus change. The investigation of system-level emotions promises to deepen our scientific understanding of the motivational dynamics of social stability and social change and to uncover the affective dimension of system justification processes. Extending the social psychological analysis of emotions to include contextual features at the level of social systems builds a much-needed bridge between emotion research in psychology and sociology.


Disk arrays provide the raw storage throughput needed to balance rapidly increasing processor performance. Unfortunately, many important, I/O-intensive applications have serial I/O workloads that do not benefit from array parallelism. The performance of a single disk remains a bottleneck on overall performance for these applications. In this dissertation, I present aggressive, proactive mechanisms that tailor file-system resource management to the needs of I/O-intensive applications. In particular, I will show how to use applicationdisclosed access patterns (hints) to expose and exploit I/O parallelism, and to dynamically allocate file buffers among three competing demands: prefetching hinted blocks, caching hinted blocks for reuse, and caching recently used data for unhinted accesses. My approach estimates the impact of alternative buffer allocations on application elapsed time and applies run-time cost-benefit analysis to allocate buffers where they will have the greatest impact. I implemented TIP, an informed prefetching and caching manager, in the Digital UNIX operating system and measured its performance on a 175 MHz Digital Alpha workstation equipped with up to 10 disks running a range of applications. Informed prefetching on a ten-disk array reduces the wall-clock elapsed time of computational physics, text search, scientific visualization, relational database queries, speech recognition, and object linking by 10-84% with an average of 63%. On a single disk, where storage parallelism is unavailable and avoiding disk accesses is most beneficial, informed caching reduces the elapsed time of these same applications by up to 36% with an average of 13% compared to informed prefetching alone. Moreover, applied to multiprogrammed, I/O-intensive workloads, TIP increases overall throughput.


A center frequency-tunable multi-tap bandpass microwave photonic filter (MPF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A specially designed multi-wavelength fiber ring laser, in which a windowed Fabry-Pérot (FP) filter is used as the wavelength selection and power control component, has been developed to serve as the optical source for the MPF. By adjusting the windowed FP filter, both the wavelength spacing and power profile of the multi-wavelength laser can be changed. The output of the optical source is phase modulated by a microwave signal. 25 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) is then used to act as a dispersive medium to introduce time delays between taps. Thus, a tunable bandpass response is obtained at the output of a high-speed photodetector (PD). In addition, the passband centered at DC is removed due to the use of phase modulation. The experimental results show that more than 45 wavelengths can be generated in the multi-wavelength ring laser. With the electronic tuning of the wavelength spacing, tuning of the passband center frequency of the MPF by 3 GHz is achieved.


The Baiyinnuo'er skarn deposit is one of the largest Zn-Pb deposits in northeastern China, with 32.74 million metric tons (Mt) resources averaging 5.44% Zn, 2.02% Pb, and 31.36 g/t Ag. The deposit formed in three stages: the preore stage (prograde skarn minerals with minor magnetite), the synore stage (sulfides and retrograde skarn minerals including calcite and minor quartz), and the postore stage (late veins composed of calcite, quartz, fluorite, and chlorite; cutting the above mineral assemblages). In this study we analyzed the composition of single fluid inclusions using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to (1) determine the composition of the fluids and the evolution through the stages, (2) infer the fluid and metal sources, and (3) explore the metal deposition mechanisms.

The preore fluids trapped in pyroxene have higher homogenization temperatures (432°–504°C), higher salinity (36.5–46.1 wt % NaCl equiv), and higher concentrations of Zn (~0.9 wt %), Pb (~1.4 wt %), and other elements (e.g., Na, K, Li, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Cl, and Br) than synore mineralizing fluids (<370°C, <10 wt % NaCl equiv, ~450 ppm Zn, and ~290 ppm Pb). The postore fluids show lower temperatures (<250°C) and a rather dilute composition (<4 wt % NaCl equiv, ~33 ppm Zn, and ~24 ppm Pb). Geochemically, the fluids of all paragenetic stages in Baiyinnuo'er have magmatic signatures based on the element mass ratios, including elevated K/Na, Zn/Na, and Rb/Na ratios, lower Ca/K ratios, and combined Cl/Br-Na/K ratios, which are distinctively different from basinal brines. Inclusion fluids in preore stage show little variation in composition between ~510° and ~430°C, indicative of a closed cooling system. In contrast, the major components of the syn- and postore fluids, including Cl, Na, and K, decrease and correlate with a drop of homogenization temperatures from ~370° to ~200°C, indicating a dilution by mixing with groundwater. The Baiyinnuo'er mineralizing fluids (trapped in sphalerite) have higher Ca/K mass ratios (avg ~0.78) than other proximal magmatic hydrothermal systems (0.06–0.52) but lower than that of the distal El Mochito skarn (avg ~6.4), probably reflecting a gradually weakened magmatic signal away from the causative intrusions.

The metal contents in preore fluids are significantly higher than those in synore fluids, but no mineralization occurred. This confirms that the early fluids were, although enriched in metals, not responsible for ore precipitation, most likely due to their high temperature and high salinities. One important factor controlling Zn-Pb mineralization was mixing with groundwater, which resulted in temperature decrease and dilution that significantly reduced the metal solubility, thereby promoting metal deposition. Another main driving force was the interaction with carbonate wall rock that buffered the acidity generated during the breakdown of Zn and (Pb)-Cl complexes and the precipitation of sulfides. Phase separation occurred in both the preore and the early part of the synore stages, but no evidence indicated that it caused metal deposition.

The prograde minerals and retrograde minerals (including ore minerals) coexisting in the same samples could have been caused by two (or more) successive pulses of hydrothermal fluids released from residual melts of a progressively downward crystallizing magma. Each fluid produced a series of proximal high-temperature prograde to distal low-temperature assemblages, with the lower temperature assemblages of later fluids overprinting the higher temperature assemblages at most locations.


Author(s): Morlighem, M; Rignot, E; Willis, JK | Abstract: © 2016 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has the potential to raise sea level by 7.36 m and is already contributing to global sea level rise at a rate higher than 1 mm yr–1. Computer models are our best tools to make projections of the mass balance of Greenland over the next centuries, but these models rely on bed topography data that remain poorly constrained near glacier termini. Accurate bed topography in the vicinity of calving fronts is critical for numerical models, as the shapes of the glacier bed and of the nearby bathymetry control both the ocean circulation in the fjord and the stability and response of the ice sheet to climate warming. NASA's Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG) mission is collecting bathymetry data along Greenland fjords at several glacier termini. Here, we show that these measurements are transforming our knowledge of fjord and glacier depths. Using a mass conservation approach, we combine OMG bathymetry with observations of ice velocity and thickness to produce estimates of bed depth and ice thickness across the ice-ocean boundary with unprecedented accuracy and reliability. Our results along the northwest coast of Greenland reveal complex structural features in bed elevation, such as valleys, ridges, bumps, and hollows. These features have important implications for both channeling ice flow toward the continental margin, and for controlling the amount of warm, salty Atlantic Water that reaches the glaciers.


Critical reflection involves the uncovering and understanding of the assumptions, which are made in the development of knowledge and the establishment and perception of facts. A capacity to understand the development of facts is proposed as an important outcome of social learning. The public perception of the facticity of expert scientific and technological knowledge is analysed in four sets of workshops conducted with publics who utilised recycled water, were within close proximity to water recycling schemes or lived in an area where planned water recycling schemes were to be implemented. The purpose of these workshops was to develop a social learning method, which could be utilised within public engagement about water reuse management. Jonathan Potter's concepts of offensive and defensive rhetoric and reifying and ironising discourse were used to describe how a public perceived expert knowledge as factual or resisted the facticity of expert pronouncements about water reuse, which were utilised in the workshops. Examples of this type of rhetoric and discourse were identified in the deliberative workshops developed in this study of social learning about water reuse and its implementation in public engagement.


This paper analyses the impact of trade liberalization in a model where heterogeneous firms can freely offshore their production. Firms choose whether to produce, and if so whether to sell on the domestic market only or on the export market as well. Simultaneously, they also choose where to locate their production. The paper shows that the interaction between heterogeneity in firm productivity and the possibility of offshoring production dramatically alters the impact of trade liberalization. Three main results emerge from this interaction: i) Intra-industry factor reallocation towards the most productive firms, which is induced by trade liberalization, operates at the world level, but not necessarily at the country level and thus trade liberalization can lead to average productivity losses in some countries; ii) Trade liberalization may reverse country specialization independently of any country size effect; iii) The relation between trade liberalization and trade growth is non-linear, even in the absence of trade in intermediate goods.


The end of Dennard Scaling has necessitated research into the adoption of specialized architectures for offloading specific code regions in applications. Recent works in accelerator architectures have chosen diverse workloads and even diverse code regions (within the same workload) to highlight the efficacy of specific accelerator architectures. However this makes it challenging to evaluate the power/performance benefits of each accelerator. It is unclear in the era of specialization whether it will be feasible to standardize a new set of kernels across different architectural ideas. We present an alternative vision where we identify and prepare "acceleratable" code regions from existing CPU-based benchmark suites that are widely used. We identify acceleratable paths by leveraging program analysis [1] to precisely identify directed acyclic paths that are frequently executed. We reconstruct the paths into a separate function within the original binary and demarcate the accelerator region to enable microarchitecture independent analysis and enable precise profiling when executing the program on an architecture simulator or instrumentation tool (e.g., Intel Pin). We extract "accelerator" offload targets from frequently executed paths for 29 workloads across SPEC2000, SPECCPU2006, PARSEC and PERFECT benchmark suites and demonstrate that characterization along paths is more precise than characterization at coarser granularities in prior work. Overall, we analyze 356K paths across 29 workloads and present statistics for the top 5 paths identified for offload in each application. We have also generated a workload suite with the acceleratable code paths to help computer architecture researchers.


Image congruity theory has received great interest by marketing academics over the decades. However, to date most of the research concerning image congruity is centred around consumer goods and based on the assumption that the greater the image similarity between consumer and brand, the more favourable the relationship between the two. This paper aims to investigate this issue and apply the long-standing theoretical concept of image congruence to tourism, and more specifically the Irish rural tourism product, through the development and testing of a conceptual model.

The author uses the metaphor of 'brand as person' to present a conceptual framework that illustrates the interrelationship between consumer (visitor), rural destination, and tourism service provider. This paper aims to illustrate how important the management of this interrelationship is in order to effectively market a destination to a target audience. The paper concludes with a discussion of research directions and implications for theory and managerial practice. A joint Irish / Welsh rural tourism marketing initiative based in the South East of Ireland will provide a context for the empirical work.