Of 178 patients with sclerosing cholangitis treated since 1950, 88 patients had associated inflammatory bowel disease, 72 had no such history, and 18 had iatrogenic injury or stone disease. A total of 233 biliary operations were performed, with a 75% rate of temporary improvement after initial operation. Subsequent operations resulted in a lower success rate and a higher mortality rate. Radiologic findings included predominant extrahepatic, intrahepatic, and diffuse disease in 29%, 28%, and 43% of patients, respectively; no survival differences were noted. Seventy-five of one hundred three deaths (73%) were related to liver failure, bleeding, or sepsis. Of 14 patients undergoing portosystemic shunt; 13 died of surgical complications or related disease. Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in 16 patients and resulted in eight deaths, mainly in patients who had previously, undergone extensive surgical treatment. No survival differences were seen between the patients with inflammatory bowel disease, those, without the condition, or those who had colectomy. Surgical treatment in patients with sclerosing cholangitis should be minimized. Orthotopic liver transplantation should be offered as the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension, refractory cholangitis, advanced cirrhosis, or progressive liver failure.


Staging a Shared Future argues that theatre provides vital insight into the construction and use of narratives in the Northern Ireland since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement (GFA). This document signaled the end of thirty years of violent conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but could not heal the distrust that remained. Thus, one of the goals of the ongoing peace process has been to replace old sectarian narratives emphasizing differences and grievances between the communities with newer narratives emphasizing similarity and shared purpose. I examine nine plays staged in Belfast since the GFA that have endorsed and interrogated these new narratives of progress and argue that theatre, as an inherently communal event, provides an excellent opportunity for residents of the state to collectively imagine what a "shared society" actually means. I conduct close readings of complete productions including script, direction, acting choices, venue, and marketing. I also compare these performances to other forms of public discourse including television, government policy documents, radio, and fiction. Chapter one provides an overview of Northern Irish theatre and public discourse; each subsequent chapter explores the ways theatre has tackled one particular issue facing the construction of a "shared future" narrative. Chapter two focuses on productions that staged meetings between Catholics and Protestants. The Wedding Community Play Project (1999), Two Roads West (2009), and National Anthem (2010) offered different visions of what it would take for these historical enemies to consider themselves equal partners in the state. Chapter three looks at the state's general discomfort with public discussions of Troubles-related traumas. Convictions (2000), The Chronicles of Long Kesh (2009), and The Sign of the Whale (2010) all advocated for ways of addressing trauma that did not depend on competitive grief or hierarchies of victims. Chapter four concentrates on representations of those who have been marginalized within Northern Ireland. To Be Sure (2007), This is What We Sang (2009), and God's Country (2010) all pointed to the need for Northern Ireland to think broadly about ideas of "belonging" and to create a more inclusive "shared future." Throughout, I argue that theatre will play an essential role in negotiating the continuing tensions within Northern Ireland.


The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei causes nagana in cattle and is a widely used model for human sleeping sickness. The major lysosomal cysteine proteinases (trypanopains) of African trypanosomes may contribute to pathogenesis by degrading proteins in the mammalian bloodstream and also appear to be essential for the viability of T. cruzi and T. congolense. This study describes the first purification to electrophoretic homogeneity of trypanopain-Tb from T. b. brucei and the first reported characterisation of its enzymatic properties. Trypanopain-Tb was purified from bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei by a combination of three phase partitioning (between ammonium sulfate and tertiary butanol), and chromatography on quaternary amine or pepstatin A-Sepharose resins. Trypanopain-Tb was found to be a typical cysteine proteinase, in that it is inhibited by typical cysteine proteinase inhibitors and requires reducing agents for full activity. Trypanopain has cathepsin L-like specificity for synthetic substrates and readily degrades various proteins. In vitro analysis of the kinetics of trypanopain interaction with cystatins suggested that these are likely to inhibit any trypanopain released into the mammalian bloodstream. Furthermore, no trypanopain-like activity was detectable in the blood of infected hosts, so it appears that trypanopain is unlikely to contribute directly to pathogenesis by degrading bloodstream host proteins. Antibodies against a peptide corresponding to a region of the trypanopain active site were produced in rabbits and chickens. Both enzyme activity-enhancing and enzyme activityinhibiting antibodies were produced and these effects varied with the substrate tested. Thus, the in vivo effects of anti-trypanopain antibodies will only become clearly understood once the physiological substrates of trypanopain have been identified. Various cysteine proteinase inhibitors, including peptidyl diazomethylketones, killed cultured bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei. Use of biotinylated derivatives of peptidyl diazomethylketone and fluoromethylketone inhibitors suggested that trypanopain is the likely intracellular target of these inhibitors, indicating that the enzyme is essential for parasite viability. Furthermore, chalcones (a class of reversible cysteine proteinase inhibitors) killed in vitro cultured parasites and also prolonged the life of T. b. brucei-infected mice. Thus, trypanopain-Tb seems to be a possible target for new anti-trypanosomal drugs.


French and Japanese Economic Relations With Vietnam Since 1975. By Heinrich Dahm. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press, 1999. Pp. 193. This book provides an evaluation of the strategies employed by France and Japan in conducting economic relations with Vietnam over the past 25 years. As a timely collection of facts and figures on Vietnam's relations with both its colonial masters, France, and Asia's powerhouse, Japan, it offers an in-depth understanding of Vietnam's experiences with the main foreigners who interacted with and ruled Vietnam. It will serve as a useful survey of existing literature and wealth of knowledge for scholars interested in Vietnam's historical perspectives, the reasoning underpinning its recent move towards the open market and how both countries are today exerting economic and political influence in the new Vietnam. In light of recent developments, it will also serve to shed light in understanding Vietnam's decision to halt foreign investment. The book comprises three distinct chapters beginning with an account of Vietnam's historical background. This in itself is an arduous task and it proves that exhaustive research was involved in order to construct a realistic impression of Vietnam's tumultuous history. It highlights the need for a sound understanding of Vietnam's history which is quintessential for any study of Vietnam's place in the world economy today. The chapter sets the stage for the later two chapters with a detailed analysis of ancient Vietnam history, the French conquest and so on. Throughout the book issues are penned with clarity and concise facts which aid the understanding of both a newcomer to Vietnamese affairs and experts alike. Following this, it also elucidates the reader on both Vietnam's domestic and foreign policies since 1975. It explains how domestic policies can be characterised as the leadership's determination to improve the livelihood of the people with an urgency unseen in other socialist environments. As Dahm explains: After a period of half-hearted economic reforms in the 1980s, the changes in recent years have been essential and profound. These changes were not motivated by new insights of the Vietnamese Communist Party but by the necessity to stay ahead of the people's dissatisfaction. Vietnam's foreign policy has been targeted primarily at ending the international isolation that it had subjected itself to after 1975. The future challenge resides in Vietnam's ability to establish stable international relations that will continue to support domestic reform and development. In sum, while foreigners are now welcomed in Vietnam, they are at the same time feared, given the past experiences. The next chapter gives an account of the roles played by the French and Japanese governments respectively in Vietnam. The chapter contains a detailed and fluid treatment of the motivations, activities and problems of both governments' relations in Vietnam. In essence, French governmental relations are motivated by colonial links and the attendant sentimentalities. France sees it as her post-colonial responsibility of continued assimilation to develop relations beyond trade and language. Relations with Vietnam are hence believed to be the starting point of recouping French losses from missing out on the Asian boom. One way that the French put their motivations into practice was by reaffirming their commitment of contact with the Vietnamese despite the U.S. policy of isolation and embargo. The chapter also shows how France helped Vietnam become an accepted member of the international community. In addition, it discusses France's aid policy with useful data and relevance. …


From the Publisher:
Kaplan, a well-known figure in the computer industry, founded GO Corporation in 1987, and for several years it was one of the hottest new ventures in the Valley. Startup tells the story of Kaplan's wild ride: how he assembled a brilliant but fractious team of engineers, software designers, and investors; pioneered the emerging market for hand-held computers operated with a pen instead of a keyboard; and careened from crisis to crisis without ever losing his passion for a revolutionary idea. Along the way, Kaplan vividly recreates his encounters with eccentric employees, risk-addicted venture capitalists, and industry giants such as Bill Gates, John Sculley, and Mitchell Kapor. And no one - including Kaplan himself - is spared his sharp wit and observant eye.


The characteristics of flow fields for a complete evolution of the non-breaking solitary wave, having a wave-height to water-depth ratio of 0.363 and propagating over a 1:5 sloping bottom, are investigated experimentally. This study mainly focuses on the occurrences of both flow separation on the boundary layer under an adverse pressure gradient and subsequent hydraulic jump with the abrupt rising of free surface during rundown motion of the shoaling wave, together with emphasis on the evolution of vortex structures underlying the separated shear layer and hydraulic jump. A flow visualization technique with particle trajectory method and a high-speed particle image velocimetry (HSPIV) system with a high-speed digital camera were used. Based on the instantaneous flow images visualized and/or the ensemble-averaged velocity fields measured, the following interesting features, which are unknown up-to-date, are presented and discussed in this study: (1) Flow bifurcation occurring on both offshore and onshore sides of the explicit demarcation curve and the stagnation point during runup motion; (2) The dependence of the diffuser-like flow field, being changed from the supercritical flow in the shallower region to the subcritical flow in the deeper counterpart, on the Froude number during the early and middle stages of rundown motion; (3) The positions and times for the occurrences of the incipient flow separation and the sudden rising of free surface of the hydraulic jump; (4) The associated movement and evolution of vortex structures under the separated shear layer, the hydraulic jump and/or the high-speed external main stream of the retreated flow; and (5) The entrainment of air bubbles from the free surface into the external main stream of the retreated flow.


Timescapes of Modernity explores the relationship between time and environmental and socio-cultural concerns. Using examples such as the BSE crisis, the Sea Empress oil pollution and the Chernobyl radiation Barbara Adam argues that environmental hazards are inescapably tied to the successes of the industrial way of life. Global markets and economic growth; large-scale production of food; the speed of transport and communication; the 24 hour society and even democratic politics are among the invisible hazards we face. With this unique 'timescape' perspective the author dislodges assumptions about environmental change, enables a rethinking of environmental problems and provides the potential for new strategies to deal with environmental hazards.


We undertake a replication of research conducted in China, The Impact of Trust, Guanxi Orientation and Face on the Intention of Chinese Employees and Managers to Engage in Peer-To-Peer Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Sharing, originally published in Information Systems Journal. The study explores how aspects of Guanxi affect the intention to share knowledge. Guanxi is the Chinese phenomenon of a tight network or relationship, and the original research found that it influences the intention to share both tacit and explicit knowledge. The original study explored Cognitive, Affect, Face-Saving, and Face-Gaining constructs in explaining the influences on the intention to share knowledge. We look at how this study translates to a US business school to find out if any of the original constructs apply outside of Chinese culture in regards to sharing knowledge. Our study did not demonstrate any relationship with the FaceSaving or Face-Gaining aspects of Guanxi on the intention to share knowledge. On the other hand, we did find that the Cognitive construct (skills) had a positive relationship with knowledge sharing, unlike the original. Last, both studies demonstrate a relationship between Affect and knowledge sharing, as well as Guanxi (or relationship) and knowledge sharing, indicating that people who get along well and like each other are more likely to share knowledge, regardless of Chinese or US cultural background.


ABSTRACT The production of larger high-value sawlogs from native forests or plantations requires removal of smaller and defective stems by thinning. This provides space for residual stems to grow into larger high-value forest products. An acceptable return on investment from growing hardwoods in plantations requires that some value is returned from thinned wood. Thus new markets are needed for small-diameter hardwood forest products. The production of fuel and energy from woody biomass offers one such opportunity. The potential value added by converting wood to high-energy liquid fuels such as petroleum or aviation fuel and the prospect of diminishing mineral oil supplies justifies research in this field. The Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis appears to offer substantial advantages in the capacity to break down biomass by thermal decay and chemical reformation to form a range of high energy/value fuels. In addition, these processes are exothermic, and create opportunities to produce process heat, electricity and fuels concurrently. The returns on electricity production are optimised where fuel costs are low and where the electricity produced can be used to displace retail purchasing (self-supply). The costs of harvest and transport of biomass prevent profitable production of electricity and sale at wholesale prices. The primary research goal relating to the development of biomass to fuel and electricity production is the adaption of known processes to scales dictated by biomass supplies. However, to self-supply and disconnect from the national grid implies that power plants must incorporate redundancy so energy supply can be secured. This must be achieved within acceptable capital cost limits.


We propose a model that involves breakoff of the east-dipping Eurasian slab beneath the Taiwan orogen to account for the flipping of subduction polarity in northern Taiwan. The breakoff was initiated in southern Ryukyu in the early Pliocene and then propagated southwestward into Taiwan, like an opening zipper. Detachment of the Eurasian slab has created a mantle window for the north-dipping Philippine Sea plate to move in laterally, causing a switch in the subduction polarity. Slab breakoff not only provides a testable model for the lithospheric structure of Taiwan, but also accounts for the high heat flow, rapid uplift, synorogenic extension, deep-focus earthquakes, and north-diminishing crustal contraction in the Taiwan mountain belt.


Mobile nodes in some challenging network scenarios suffer from intermittent connectivity and frequent partitions e.g. battlefield and disaster recovery scenarios. Disruption tolerant network (DTN) technologies are designed to enable nodes in such environments to communicate with one another. Several DTN routing schemes have been proposed. However, very few work has been done on providing information access in such challenging network scenarios. In an earlier work, we studied information retrieval schemes for single-attribute queries in DTNs. Our schemes disseminate replicated data copies and queries to local-neighborhood. To deploy such a system, security issues need to be dealt with. In this paper, we describe a data-centric security solution for opportunistic data retrievals in challenged environments. We first describe our solution, then we describe a preliminary implementation that we have built.


The present work is framed within tech mining and technology forecasting fields. It proposes an approach which combines a set of quantitative methods to completely describe an emerging technology, based on science, technology & innovation data. These methods are scientometrics, with which a customized and clean database is generated; hierarchical clustering to generate the ontology of the technology; principal component analysis, which is used to identify the main sub-technologies; time series analysis to quantitatively analyze the evolution of the technology, as well as future development; and technology roadmapping to integrate all the generated information in a single visual element. The results can be regarded as inputs for competitive technical intelligence activities, as they provide information about the past evolution of the technology, as well as potential future fields of application. The practical application of the approach, to BD technology, yields outcomes that allow conclusions to be drawn, such as how competitive intelligence, query processing and internet of things sub-technologies have been dominating the basic technology during the initial evolution, and how competitive intelligence and data communications systems will do so in the short-term future.


The use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has increased rapidly in the entire education sector and teaching process. Libyan universities, and most Libyan Higher Education Institutes (LHEIs), are trying to update their processes and to make Information Technology (IT) a major factor in their education systems. This paper will present an analysis of feedback from a group of Libyan students studying abroad, in response to questions about their attitude, awareness and motivation with regard to IT. It will then evaluate the ICT gap in Libya, using a SWOT analysis model, which indicates the main issues for Libyan HEIs and significant features of online teaching and learning. The paper also discusses some online learning activities that can be used in the design of many types of courses, modules and programmes. In addition, the effectiveness of different IT strategies, and the numerous requirements for the transition from traditional to online learning are addressed in the narrative, including a set of proposals that could contribute to the use of ICT and IT in achieving the goals of educational curricula in Libya. Finally, the authors suggest a number of recommendations for the effective design and successful implementation of IT strategies in Libyan HEIs


The bulk of evidence regarding firms' patent behaviour derives from institutional environments where a relatively strong protection can be obtained even if patents per se are imperfect protection mechanisms. Our knowledge as to the determinants of firms' propensities to patent in weak appropriability regimes is still unclear. Thus, this paper explores the effects of firms' innovation partnerships, ownership, and adoption of new management practices on the likelihood of using patents in Brazilian manufacturing. Our analysis derives from responses of firms to questions in the Brazilian Industrial Survey of Technological Innovation (Pintec) and is based upon logit model estimates indicating the likelihood that firms' various attributes make them more inclined to pursue patents. The findings indicate that firms that have adopted more sophisticated management practices are those less likely to use patents, and this runs against documented evidence from more developed settings where patents have become a prominent managerial device. In addition, the results reveal that domestic and foreign firms in Brazilian manufacturing have no dissimilarity as to their inclination to use patents. Finally, and counter-intuitively, despite the weakness of the Brazilian appropriability regime firms engaged in innovation-oriented collaborations rest on patenting to avoid unintended knowledge spillovers.


Human domination of our earth is now so complete that it is easy to forget how recently our role in the history of our planet began: the earliest apes evolved around 20 million years ago, yet homo sapiens has existed for a mere 160,000 years. In the intervening period, dozens of species of early ape and human have lived and died out, leaving behind the fossilized remains that have helped to build up the detailed picture of our evolution revealed in this book, which has been thoroughly revised throughout and is newly available in paperback. It explores every aspect of the study of ape and human evolution in three accessible sections, lavishly illustrated throughout with photographs, diagrams, timelines and specially commissioned drawings. This compelling and authoritative account is essential reading for anyone interested in, or studying, the story of human origins.


Significance Can entire societies become more or less depressed over time? Here, we look for the historical traces of cognitive distortions, thinking patterns that are strongly associated with internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety, in millions of books published over the course of the last two centuries in English, Spanish, and German. We find a pronounced "hockey stick" pattern: Over the past two decades the textual analogs of cognitive distortions surged well above historical levels, including those of World War I and II, after declining or stabilizing for most of the 20th century. Our results point to the possibility that recent socioeconomic changes, new technology, and social media are associated with a surge of cognitive distortions. Individuals with depression are prone to maladaptive patterns of thinking, known as cognitive distortions, whereby they think about themselves, the world, and the future in overly negative and inaccurate ways. These distortions are associated with marked changes in an individual's mood, behavior, and language. We hypothesize that societies can undergo similar changes in their collective psychology that are reflected in historical records of language use. Here, we investigate the prevalence of textual markers of cognitive distortions in over 14 million books for the past 125 y and observe a surge of their prevalence since the 1980s, to levels exceeding those of the Great Depression and both World Wars. This pattern does not seem to be driven by changes in word meaning, publishing and writing standards, or the Google Books sample. Our results suggest a recent societal shift toward language associated with cognitive distortions and internalizing disorders.


Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a widely distributed polymorphic Old-World perennial forage legume found in wild and naturalized populations throughout temperate regions of Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and North and South America. Exotic birdsfoot trefoil germplasm has rarely been used for birdsfoot trefoil genetic enhancement, and information about its crossing ability with other exotics and commercial quality germplasm is not available. The objectives of this research were to (i) characterize the crossing ability of 27 exotic birdsfoot trefoil genotypes with two genetically diverse hybridization testers, and (ii) determine if crossing ability among genotypes was related to their genetic background measured by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and their ecogeographic origins. Crossing ability was determined using reciprocal crosses with one commercial-quality germplasm and one exotic genotype tester. All possible crossing combinations for an eight-genotype subset were also determined. Crossing ability was measured as the percentage of pollinated flowers that set pods, F₁ progeny pollen viability, pod length, and seeds per pod. Self-genotype pod set and pollen viability were not correlated. Intermediate bridge crosses were identified that could potentially overcome specific cross incompatibilities and be used to obtain progeny for any combination of genotypes. Genotype-crossing ability was associated with ecogeographic features of the collecting site, but not with morphologic characteristics. This differs from findings that other genotype morphologic characteristics are associated with ecogeographic origins and genetic similarities based on RAPD markers. Exotic birdsfoot trefoil genotypes can be utilized with commercial-quality germplasm using conventional crossing methods.


Large ships have always evoked awe and nostalgia among shiplovers, and none more so than the giant liners of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They sailed the oceans with a wide range of passengers long before any other mode of long-distance transport was available to the ordinary man. Their sheer size and opulence were genuinely admired and frequently amazed at around the world, and the romance and tragedy surrounding them has ensured an enduring place in the hearts and minds of those who served or travelled on them as well as those who have only ever seen their like in literature or on film. Here, for the first time, the history of these vessels is recounted with full exploration into their design, construction and development, along with a social history of those who worked and travelled on them. The well-known perennial favourites such as 'Mauretania', 'Olympic', and 'Titanic', 'Bremen', 'Europa' and the 'Cunard Queens' will be looked at in a fresh new light in the context of emerging and changing lifestyles. The book also offers detailed information on some of the lesser known but significant ships such as 'l'Atlantique', 'Empress of Britain', and 'Cap Arcona'. The story is brought full circle with a discussion of the liner's increasing influence on cruise ship design and what is foreseen as the ultimate triumph of the ocean liner, the new Cunard 'Queen Mary II' project to initiate a new liner era for the twenty-first century. With both original and contemporary illustrations in both colour and black-and-white, this will be an essential work for liner enthusiasts and maritime historians alike. The illustrations alone are a goldmine of period pieces, industrial splendour and style.


We study the class of multiround, multiproduct clock procurement auctions that reduce offered prices at each round. When prices stop declining, the remaining bidders become the winning sellers. For single-minded bidders, each such auction has five properties not shared by Vickrey auctions: each is obviously strategy-proof and group-strategy-proof, sets prices that are Nash equilibrium winning bids in the related first-price auction, preserves winner privacy about values, and can be extended to satisfy a budget constraint. In simulations of the US incentive auction, a heuristic clock auction from this class achieves quick computations, high efficiency, and low prices.


Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of changes in macro-economic conditions going forward, focusing on a change in interest policy, with regard to office letting and investment markets. Design/methodology/approach - – For this analysis, the authors constructed two vector-autoregressive models, measuring the response of office rents and capital values in Germany to economic impulses. The authors isolated effects of unique exogenous positive shocks (such as economic growth or interest leaps) on the basis of impulse-response functions in order to understand the complex dynamic interdependence between several economic factors and office performance changes. Findings - – The authors initially find a moderately positive development of both office performance components even although supposing an increase in interest level. In terms of capital values, the authors find that they do not drop before 1.5 years after the interest impulse and the negative effect peaks after approximately nine quarters. Furthermore, the reaction to a change in GDP is significantly lower than a reaction to the interest rate, but impulses in other macro-economic factors provoke stronger reactions. Finally, the authors find that a positive interest shock leads to a comparably robust development and economic sustainability in office rents throughout a consideration horizon of 24 quarters. Research limitations/implications - – Estimations are based on observations from a time period containing two rather extraordinary market phases. As they included bubble growth and the low-interest environment, the authors find that certain patterns in both phases neutralize each other when looking at the total time frame. The authors constructed sub-samples to compensate for this. However, the research does not provide to what extent the measured impulse-responses stay forecast-proof, if the market moves into a phase of short-term normalization. Practical implications - – This paper provides insights into estimated impulse-response patterns on a hypothetical sudden increase of several macro-economic determinants. On this basis, the probable reaction to an increase in, for example, the interest rate level can be approximated. Also, the paper provides a fundamental understanding of the economic sustainability of German office properties in terms of their value and rent performance in the case of exogenous shocks. Originality/value - – This paper contains the first vector-autoregressive, impulse-response analysis of office markets in Germany in the context of several macro-economic drivers, including the interest level. It delivers insights into market reaction patterns on the basis of simulated one standard deviation shocks in all included variables.


The average shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 meters of a soil profile (Vs30) is a key indicator of site response dominating the ground-motion amplification. The primary purpose of this study is to map the distribution of Vs30 in Taiwan using available data and multivariate geostatistical techniques. Data from 230 boring and PS logging at soil and soft rock strong-motion station sites were used to establish the spatial relationship between the shear-wave velocity (Vs) and the N value of standard penetration test (SPT-N). The resultant model was then used to estimate the shear-wave velocity at each depth of a borehole from the Geo2005 database of the Central Geological Survey (CGS) of Taiwan. Finally, a geostatistical method called "kriging with varying local means" was applied to generate a Vs30 distribution map of Taiwan. The site classification results can be updated for Taiwan's strong-motion stations based on this new Vs30 map and actual site measurements.


In the civil aircraft industry there is a continuous drive to increase the aircraft production rate, particularly for single aisle aircraft where there is a large backlog of orders. One of the bottlenecks is the wing assembly process which is largely manual due to the complexity of the task and the limited accessibility. The presented work describes a general wing build approach for both structure and systems equipping operations. A modified build philosophy is then proposed, concerned with large component pre-equipping, such as skins, spars or ribs. The approach benefits from an offloading of the systems equipping phase and allowing for higher flexibility to organize the pre-equipping stations as separate entities from the overall production line. Its application is presented in the context of an industrial project focused on selecting feasible system candidates for a fixed wing design, based on assembly consideration risks for tooling, interference and access. Further industrial, human and cost factors are discussed to establish project competiveness. The main findings show a potential to reduce assembly time of systems equipping operations by 30% together with a lower ergonomic impact score. The paper also presents design rules derived from the case study towards a system design for a pre-equipping build philosophy. Primarily, cross component interfaces should be avoided as much as possible. Access for phase one structural operations need to be considered as well as major component jig pickup points. To increase system installation independence, layout considerations of components should lead to sufficient access to all components at any installation stage.


An atomistic model for the dependence on interface orientation and velocity v of the solute partition coefficient k during rapid solidification is developed in detail. Starting with a simple stepwise growth model, the simple continuous growth model result is obtained for k ( v ) when the growth steps are assumed to pass at random intervals rather than periodically. The model is applied to rapid solidification of silicon. Crystal growth at all orientations is assumed to occur by the rapid lateral passage of (111) steps at speeds determined by the interface velocity and orientation. Solute escape is parametrized by a diffusion coefficient at the edge of the moving step and a diffusion coefficient at the terrace, far from the step edge. The model results in an excellent fit to data for the velocity and orientation dependence of k of Bi in Si.


In contemporary U.S. law practice, attorney bilingualism is increasingly valued, primarily because it allows lawyers to work more efficiently and to pursue a broader range of professional opportunities. This purely functionalist conceptualization of attorney bilingualism, however, ignores the surprising ways in which multilingualism can enhance a lawyer's professional work and can strengthen and reshape relationships among actors in the U.S. legal milieu. Drawing upon research from psychology, linguistics, and other disciplines, this Article advances a theory of the transformative potential of attorney bilingualism. Looking first to the development of lawyers themselves, the Article posits that attorneys who operate bilingually may, over time, enjoy cognitive advantages such as enhanced creative thinking and problem-solving abilities, a more analytical orientation to language, and greater communicative sensitivity. Moreover, the existence of lawyers who are fully immersed in the bilingual practice of law will transform and invigorate interactions between attorneys and limited English proficient (LEP) clients and, more broadly, among attorneys, the parties to a proceeding, and legal decision makers. Although many U.S. lawyers possess non-English language ability, few are equipped with the complement of knowledge, skills, and values needed to utilize that language ability effectively in a professional setting. Therefore, the Article also calls upon the legal profession to adopt a more rigorous approach to bilingual training and instruction and outlines a set of competencies that underlie effective bilingual lawyering. These competencies relate broadly to cross-cultural interactions, knowledge of foreign legal systems, specialized and versatile language ability, and verbal and nonverbal communication skills.


Following the 2007-2009 Global Financial Crisis (GFC), some national governments have been pursuing a counter-reform of the public sector characterised by further policy centralisation and the 'hollowing out' of regional authorities. Public expenditure and sovereign public debt reductions have become the pretext for the implementation of hyperneoliberal development agendas aimed at the attraction of inward capitals and a further 'competitive' repositioning of major cities within a global market. Tourism and the visitor economy have been used as leverage for the attraction of capital and skilled people in the long-term development strategies of cities. This article illustrates how crises have led the way in the recent restructuring of the public sector and of destination management organisations (DMOs) in particular. Findings from national and urban development strategies recently implemented in New Zealand suggest a strong, market-driven agenda that follows a hyperneoliberal script.


The Graphical User Interface (GUI) – although developed in research laboratories in the late 1970s – is still the dominant interaction paradigm in Information Visualization. We propose a new interaction paradigm called Blended Interaction. It combines ideas of Embodied Cognition, Multimodal Interaction, Reality-Based Interaction & Ubiquitous Computing. This is intended to stress that a single increase in the reality aspect of the interaction cannot go far enough. The particular challenge – and from the user's standpoint, the key advantage – lies in a meaningful marriage between the tested real-world options and the digital world. As a minimum this marriage must exist on the levels of the interaction, communication, of the way we solve problems with conventional tools (workflows), and of the design of the space or the architecture of buildings and places. The digital world often offers entirely new possibilities and takes the form of interactive devices of various shapes but also of intelligent everyday objects (e.g. the 'Internet of things'). In our view, interaction concepts can indeed offer a new quality of interaction, but only when the design of the interaction includes all these domains at the same time and with equal weighting.

We test the suitability of our ideas of Blended Interaction concepts by using specific application examples that are being worked on as part of current research projects. Our experiences show that this new interaction paradigm has also great potential for interacting with visualization. For example, we have developed multi-touch scatter plots & facet maps for tangible user interfaces supporting the searching & browsing in Digital Libraries. We have embedded different visualizations into a Zoomable Object-oriented Information Landscape (ZOIL), which supports our vision of using visualizations on different displays of different size at the same time. We have developed specific kind of search tokens that supports collaborative search activities.

For example, we try to address the following research questions:
* How can future interactive InfoVis tools look like, especially in the light of the idea Blended Interaction?
* How can future interactive InfoVis tools benefit from Multi-Displays & Multimodal environments used by Multiple Users?
* What are the specific design requirements for multi-touch visualizations?
* How can we support the collaborative use visualization tools?


Ensembles of models often yield improvements in system performance. These ensemble approaches have also been empirically shown to yield robust measures of uncertainty, and are capable of distinguishing between different \emph{forms} of uncertainty. However, ensembles come at a computational and memory cost which may be prohibitive for many applications. There has been significant work done on the distillation of an ensemble into a single model. Such approaches decrease computational cost and allow a single model to achieve an accuracy comparable to that of an ensemble. However, information about the \emph{diversity} of the ensemble, which can yield estimates of different forms of uncertainty, is lost. This work considers the novel task of \emph{Ensemble Distribution Distillation} (EnD$^2$) --- distilling the distribution of the predictions from an ensemble, rather than just the average prediction, into a single model. EnD$^2$ enables a single model to retain both the improved classification performance of ensemble distillation as well as information about the diversity of the ensemble, which is useful for uncertainty estimation. A solution for EnD$^2$ based on Prior Networks, a class of models which allow a single neural network to explicitly model a distribution over output distributions, is proposed in this work. The properties of EnD$^2$ are investigated on both an artificial dataset, and on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and TinyImageNet datasets, where it is shown that EnD$^2$ can approach the classification performance of an ensemble, and outperforms both standard DNNs and Ensemble Distillation on the tasks of misclassification and out-of-distribution input detection.


Abstract This contribution focuses on the late Tithonian ammonite faunas belonging to the Family Himalayitidae Spath in the key-section of Le Chouet (Drôme, France). The great majority of specimens from the Mediterranean Tethys, previously referred to Durangites Burckhardt, are now interpreted as juveniles and/or microconchs of the highly variable species Protacanthodiscus andreaei (Kilian). Moreover, comparison between specimens from France, Spain and Bulgaria formerly assigned to Durangites astillerensis Imlay and the type material of this species, supports the introduction of Boughdiriella chouetensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. Further, the revision of the type specimens of D. astillerensis and Durangites of the D. vulgaris group shows that the former species deserves a new generic status, for which Parrasiella gen. nov. is erected. Toucasiella, previously only known from Spain and Tunisia, is also reported for the first time from south east France. The revision of the "Mediterranean Durangites" supports the rejection of a Durangites spp. Zone as part of the standard zonation for the upper Tithonian, and its replacement by the P. andreaei Zone ( = D. vulgaris Zone sensu Sarti, 1988).


Despite the envisaged benefits of BIM adoption for SMEs, BIM in SMEs has remained an underrepresented area within the available academic literature. This study proposes and draws upon a framework grounded on innovation diffusion theory (IDT) to provide an illuminating insight into the current state of BIM and the main barriers to BIM adoption within Australian SMEs. Based on analyses of 135 questionnaires completed by SMEs through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and grounded on the proposed framework, the current state of BIM adoption and barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs are discussed. The findings show that currently around 42% of Australian SMEs use BIM in Level 1 and Level 2 with only around 5% have tried Level 3. It comes to light that lack of knowledge within SMEs and across the construction supply chain is not a major barrier for Australian SMEs. In essence, the main barriers stem from the risks associated with an uncertain return on investment (ROI) for BIM as perceived by key players in SMEs. The findings also show the validity of the framework proposed for explaining BIM adoption in Australian SMEs.


Open access to information resources has opened up a new window for the libraries and their users to cope up with the shrinking budget of libraries and increasing cost of the information resources, especially in the case of health sciences, where the cost of information resources is too high, and it is difficult for a single library to afford all the health information resources and meet the emerging demands of health professionals. The conference provided a sharing platform for the library professionals to discuss various issues related to open access and other relevant hot topics like mobile applications in medical libraries, infrastructure to application of cloud technology, e-learning, open vs. subscribed journals, cost benefit analysis, total quality management, IPRs and role of social media tools in higher educational institutes. The aim of this report is to create awareness among the stakeholders who are working in this area, so that they may gain the necessary information for further development of the system for the benefits of library users. At the last of the report some recommendations have been put forth, so that the policy makers may do the needful for framing the policies for the development of library system in the country.


Background: The purpose of the present study was to determine the locations of the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen based on soft-tissue landmarks to facilitate prediction of the locations of these structures during facial surgery. Methods: Fifty embalmed cadavers (100 sides) of Koreans were dissected to expose the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen. The distances between the bilateral infraorbital foramina and between the mental foramina and the distances between the alae of the nose and between the corners of the mouth (cheilions) were measured directly on the cadavers, and the vertical and horizontal distances between the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen and the ala of the nose and cheilions, respectively, were measured indirectly on photographs. Results: The distance between the bilateral infraorbital foramina (54.9 ± 3.4 mm) was greater than that between the bilateral mental foramina (47.2 ± 5.5 mm). The infraorbital foramen was located 1.6 ± 2.7 mm lateral and 14.1 ± 2.8 mm superior to the ala of the nose. The distance between the ala of the nose and the infraorbital foramen was 15.9 ± 2.8 mm, and the horizontal angle between these structures was 64.1 ± 9.9 degrees laterosuperiorly. The mental foramen was located 20.4 ± 3.9 mm inferior and 3.3 ± 2.9 mm medial to the cheilions. The distance between the cheilions and mental foramen was 20.9 ± 3.8 mm, and the vertical angle between these structures was 9.2 ± 8.1 degrees inferomedially. Conclusions: This study provides data that will be useful in predicting the locations of the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen when used together with hard-tissue landmarks. These data may be particularly helpful for facial surgery in patients with missing teeth.


Throughout his career, the Impressionist artist Camille Pissarro produced a vast oeuvre of paintings, drawings, and prints inspired by his fascination with and commitment to politics. Many of these works reflect the tensions between his anarchist ideals and the realities of life in a capitalist society; however, most examinations of Pissarro have approached his art and politics as separate spheres. Published to accompany a major exhibition, this survey by a renowned expert on Impressionist painting offers a selection of canvases and works on paper that embody Pissarro's pictorial humanism at the highest level. Exhaustive archival study, interviews with surviving family members, and research drawn from thousands of newly discovered letters inform this rich and authoritative book, including individual portraits of each of the family members Pissarro so often inserted into his paintings it also examines his relationships with fellow artists, writers, neighbours, merchants, and domestic servants. The result is a refreshing and landmark reconsideration of the artist's magnificent body of work.


Reactive sintering as a simple and cost-effective method of preparation of bulk intermediary phases in the Ti-Al-Si system is presented. In this process, a pressed mixture of metal powders is transformed into the phases by thermally-activated chemical reactions. The alloys containing 10?20 wt.% of Si and 10?30 wt.% of Al were prepared by this technology. Pre-alloyed Al-Si powders are preferably used instead of Al and Si powders to improve the reactive sintering, reducing the product porosity. By optimization of the process parameters (temperature, heating rate, powder particle size), a porosity of less than 2 vol.% can be obtained. The material structure is formed by Ti5Si3 particles in the TiAl or Ti3Al matrix. The kinetics of the process is controlled by the formation of an intermediary phase. The materials exhibit very high hardness (up to 800 HV 10) due to hard Ti5Si3 particles. The oxidation stability of the materials at high temperatures is comparable with that of commercial Ni-based alloys, but is much better than that of Ti-Al alloys.


Donax hanleyanus (Philippi, 1845) is a free-spawning marine bivalve inhabiting exposed Atlantic intertidal sandy beaches from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22°51S) to Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°20S). The reproductive cycle of Argentinean D. hanleyanus was investigated monthly at Santa Teresita, Mar de las Pampas and Faro Querandi from November 2004 to September 2005. Gonadal development was monitored using histological sections (N = 978), condition indices, and numbers and sizes of oocytes. The latter are ripe when they achieve a diameter exceeding 36 µm (up to 83,5 µm). D. hanleyanus attains first maturity at 11 mm anterior-posterior length. The sex ratio was 1:1; hermaphroditism was not recorded. The gametogenic cycle can be divided into an active period from November to March and an inactive period from April to September. However, absolute gonadal inactivity was not ob-served. Rising sea surface temperature is a stimulant for gamete proliferation and spawning, however it remains unexplained why females showed an extended period of gonadal activity at Mar de las Pampas. The condition indices support the histo-logical result showing a positive correlation between the temperature and the inten-sity of reproductive activity. However a histological validation is always needed as unfavourable environmental conditions such as the lack of suitable food and thus starvation impacts the condition of the clams in the same way. The poster discusses further if recruitment is coupled to the spawning period and can thus be predicted from gonadal monitoring.


Abstract 1-(Trimethylsilyl)vinyl MIDA boronate — a trifunctional C2 building block — is prepared in only two laboratory steps and 54% overall yield starting from readily available trimethyl(vinyl)silane. The title compound undergoes orthogonal functionalization at either of the groups present in its structure, for example, iodination at the trimethylsilyl moiety, epoxidation at the double bond, and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling at the MIDA boronate.


In December 2012, the African National Congress (ANC) will decide whether to re-appoint its president, Jacob Zuma. Since the Republic of South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, the ANC President has, ex officio, been the president of the country; such is the party's electoral dominance, a dominance that withstands the system of proportional representation, which discourages political majorities. It would be extraordinary to see Zuma fail to be re-appointed; but would this be deserved? This article will examine Zuma's record in his first three years as president. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Four years ago, when Zuma was first chosen as the ANC's next president, it was easily the most controversial political moment in the history of the new South Africa. While the international press focused on his personal life--he is an avowed polygamist, and has been charged with rape--the more potent concerns about Zuma came from the South African and international business community. Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki, Zuma's predecessors, successfully balanced the demands from their party's left-wing for radical social change with the needs of business, earning South Africa a reputation as Africa's economic powerhouse. Yet despite steady growth and disciplined fiscal policies, Zuma inherited an economy with an unemployment rate of 25 percent, inequality, high levels of crime, and low levels of education. As Zuma had consistently voiced populist and socialist rhetoric before assuming office, many feared he would take the South African economy in a radically different direction. Three years later, it is clear that the initial fears about Jacob Zuma as an economic radical were unfounded. Whatever his prior views, as president, he has essentially been a pragmatist. In response to criticism from the left, Mbeki had largely abandoned the privatization campaign of his first term, and Zuma has not resumed it. But at the same time, there has been none of the sort of nationalization of private corporations that many business leaders feared Zuma might initiate. His finance minister, Pravin Gordhan, and his head of planning, Trevor Manuel (Finance minister from 1996-2009), have ensured fiscal prudence, with budget deficits contained to less than 5 percent of GDP. This has granted South Africa considerable credibility in capital markets, allowing it to borrow at rates that are favorable compared to those offered to other countries of a similar profile. While largely, this represents continuity from previous administrations, Zuma does deserve credit for South Africa's disciplined economic policies. The perception that Thabo Mbeki was excessively pro-business was a major factor in bringing down his reign in 2008, and Zuma has continually faced pressure from the ANC left. This last year, he had a showdown with Julius Malema, erstwhile president of the ANC youth wing and Zuma's own protege, which showcased the president's commitment to his economic course and served to burnish his credibility. Malema, the ANC's most visibly radical voice--he is an unstinting supporter of Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, and has called for the wholesale expropriation of assets owned by South Africa's whites--had proposed the nationalization of South Africa's mining industry, arguing that this immensely successful industry only benefits a tiny white elite. Zuma immediately sought to reassure mining companies that under no circumstances would this be carried out, and acted decisively and ruthlessly to suspend Malema from the party for serial indiscipline. Zuma's conduct in the Malema affair has served to establish him as a leader who is willing to take serious political risks to ensure stability. But the success Malema has enjoyed is representative of the profound economic and social problems that continue to plague South Africa, problems into which Zuma's government has made only limited inroads. …


This book is intended for those who are now, and those who intend to become, clinical teachers in the health professions. Its primary focus is the teaching of medical students and residents, but the principles discussed apply equally to teaching students in other health professions. The main focus is on the process of teaching--the strategies and tactics involved in helping others learn--and the authors discuss the generic steps, strategies, and principles of effective teaching that apply in any clinical setting. They do, however, draw numerous examples from clinical education in a variety of settings. The authors specifically stress the notion of collaboration, an issue closely related to the public's considerable dissatisfaction with the modern health care system. to create a more effective, responsive system, they argue, there is a need to change the ways that health care is provided and the way it is taught. A collaborative approach is needed in both health care and medical education, one that involves partnerships between clinicians and patients, and between teachers and learners. Also prominent throughout the book is the idea that clinical education can be planned and conducted in far more systematic ways than is now common. An overarching goal of the book is to provide readers with an enlarged set of options to consider using when faced with the inevitable multiciplicity of decisions confronting cllinical educators.


BACKGROUND
Children in the UK care system often face multiple disadvantages in terms of health, education and future employment. This is especially true of mental health where they present with greater mental health needs than other children. Although transition from care - the process of leaving the local authority as a child-in-care to independence - is a key juncture for young people, it is often experienced negatively with inconsistency in care and exacerbation of existing mental illness. Those receiving support from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), often experience an additional, concurrent transfer to adult services (AMHS), which are guided by different service models which can create a care gap between services.

METHOD
This qualitative study explored care-leavers' experiences of mental illness, and transition in social care and mental health services. Twelve care-leavers with mental health needs were interviewed and data analysed using framework analysis.

RESULTS
Sixteen individual themes were grouped into four superordinate themes: overarching attitudes towards the care journey, experience of social care, experience of mental health services and recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS
Existing social care and mental health teams can improve the care of care-leavers navigating multiple personal, practical and service transitions. Recommendations include effective Pathway Planning, multiagency coordination, and stating who is responsible for mental health care and its coordination. Participants asked that youth mental health services span the social care transition; and provide continuity of mental health provision when care-leavers are at risk of feeling abandoned and isolated, suffering deteriorating mental health and struggling to establish new relationships with professionals. Young people say that the key to successful transition and achieving independence is maintaining trust and support from services.


Optical flow is a valuable tool for motion analysis in autonomous navigation systems. A reliable application requires determining the accuracy of the computed optical flow. This is a main challenge given the absence of ground truth in real world sequences. This paper introduces a measure of optical flow accuracy for Lucas-Kanade based flows in terms of the numerical stability of the data-term. We call this measure optical flow condition number. A statistical analysis over ground-truth data show a good statistical correlation between the condition number and optical flow error. Experiments on driving sequences illustrate its potential for autonomous navigation systems.


Cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS) have a great role in chemical research, biotechnology and medicine. The present study mainly involves development of an efficient and environmental friendly method of synthesis of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method using green materials. Annona muricata leaf extract was used as a capping/reducing agent for the preparation of CdS nanoparticles. TEM, XRD, SEM with EDS and UVVis spectroscopy were used to study the morphology, distribution, crystallinity and size of the particle. Biological activity was studied using the bacterial strain staphylococcus aureus and aspergillus niger.


The 2019 trial of NXIVM founder and leader, Keith Raniere, detailed various forms and aspects of his exploitative practices, including those of a sexual nature. In this article I address a particular component of the sexual abuse process: the grooming of women for sexual exploitation. Many of Raniere's teachings and behaviors prepared—or groomed—female members of NXIVM for his increasingly coercive and humiliating sexual demands. In addition to forms of grooming directed through group teachings, Raniere also established personal relationships with numerous women, during which he groomed them on an individual basis. Using Grant Sinnamon's (2017) research on the grooming of adults for sexual abuse, in conjunction with Janja Lalich's (1997) work on the psychosexual exploitation of women in cults, I analyze the many ways that Raniere groomed women in NXIVM. Furthermore, I integrate Sinnamon's (2017) specific observations regarding narcissistic sexual predators to explore Raniere's probable narcissism and how this manifested in his grooming practices.


Abstract This article challenges the all-too-common assumption in the literature on Vietnam that Ho Chi Minh City's political economy has evolved differently from the rest of the country since the economic reforms of the late 1980s. Questioning the association of Ho Chi Minh City with reform, the article charts the rise of new state business interests and the growth of the "gatekeeping" state in the city during the 1990s, as party-state institutions moved to exploit new opportunities that emerged with the dismantling of the central plan and the growth of the market economy. In light of this characterization, the article argues that rather than seeing the city as set apart from the rest of Vietnam we can speak of a "common reform political economy." If correct, this position casts doubt on existing literature, which commonly explains Ho Chi Minh City's supposedly distinctive evolution under reform with reference to its unique pre-1975 history, especially the period from 1954 to 1975 when the country was divided along the seventeenth parallel. Asking how we might marry the fact ofHoChi Minh City's distinctive history with the reality of its un-distinctive evolution under reform, the article concludes by calling for a rethink not only of the legacy of 1954-75 for Ho Chi Minh City's latter-day development but also of the way in which the city's shorter period under central planning nevertheless left its mark.


In recent decades the EU has widened and deepened to such an extent that it now deals in almost all areas of policy-making. Its budget, however, has barely changed over this period. It thus needs to be radically reformed if it is to reflect the priorities of an expanding and deepening Union. Over 40% of spending still supports agriculture, a declining sector; spending for research and innovation, recognised as the main driving force of productivity growth, is too low, and there is no room in the budget for the new public goods of domestic and external security that the public demands. However, the budget is determined through an inter-governmental negotiation in which no entity defends the over-arching European interest since all countries (rationally) care only about their 'net balance'. Radical changes in budgetary decision-making procedures are no longer possible since the Reform Treaty, now in the ratification process, essentially cemented a procedure that combines the primacy of national interests with a very strong status quo bias. The latter arises because in the absence of a unanimous agreement on new priorities the old budget automatically continues to apply. If this status quo bias cannot be broken major reforms become virtually impossible. The forthcoming mid-term review of the budget should be used to achieve political agreement on breaking the status quo bias by introducing 'sunset' clauses, which stipulate that major spending programmes will be discontinued after a certain period of time unless their usefulness can be ascertained and a new agreement reached allowing their continuation. Movement in the right direction can thus start immediately, even within the present legal framework, especially if Parliament uses its influence to push for a better allocation of expenditure.


OBJECTIVES
The objective of the study was to test the applicability of abbreviated version of the oral impact on daily performance (OIDP) inventory among the adults visiting dental outreach centre in Karnataka, South India.

BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN
Cross sectional study.

CLINICAL SETTING
Dental outreach centre in Udupi District, Karnataka.

PARTICIPANTS
312 adults aged 35-44 years attending the centre.

INTERVENTIONS
Face-to-face interview followed by oral health examination. The questionnaire in Kannada version of OIDP, perceived general and oral health and satisfaction with dental appearance were used.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Reliability and Validity of OIDP instrument, Prevalence of oral impacts in study population.

RESULTS
Majority of the participants (71.2%) reported oral health problems affecting at least one daily performance in the 6 months preceding the survey. The performance most affected was 'eating' (52.2%) followed by 'cleaning teeth' (32.4%). Cronbach's alpha for the OIDP frequency items was 0.70. Construct validity was proved by significant association of OIDP scores and self-rated oral, general health status and perceived satisfaction with appearance of teeth; with those more satisfied having fewer oral impacts (p < 0.001). Criterion validity was demonstrated in that the OIDP scores increased significantly as the number of decayed and missing teeth increased (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
The Kannada version of OIDP had excellent psychometric properties for applicability among the adults in Karnataka. Thus, the study highlighted the limits of focusing exclusively on normative needs and suggested the incorporation of oral quality of life measures into the oral healthcare services.


This article draws on a subset of data from an empirical study supported by the National Science Foundation. The study explored how institutional review boards (IRBs) fulfill their obligations to oversee research that involves human subjects. The subset of data is used to discuss two themes that shed light on how IRBs approach issues that may have a bearing on protection of human subjects but that are not well covered by federal regulatory guidance. The authors conducted 40 semistructured, key informant interviews, over a 1-year period, with members of various types of IRBs, including independent, academic/university, hospital, medical school, and community/tribal IRBs. Among the 40 participants, there were 16 chairs (president, administrator) and 24 members, and 17 males and 23 females; most had served as IRB members for more than 5 years. The data from this study indicate that fulfillment of the IRBs' oversight responsibilities may be undermined by a lack of regulatory guidance as to how much information should be disclosed to the IRB and to research participants about: (a) the purpose of a study including commercial purposes and (b) researcher/institutional compensation. The data suggest that without adequate regulatory guidance, IRBs may be meeting the letter but not the spirit of the federal regulations. The lack of regulatory guidance with respect to these two issues limits the extent to which IRBs can assess the adequacy of the consent process, the effectiveness of the IRB in performing oversight responsibilities, and optimal protection of human subjects.


Recognition memory for fixated regions from briefly viewed full-screen natural images is examined. Low-level image statistics reveal that observers fixated, on average (pooled across images and observers), image regions that possessed greater visual saliency than non-fixated regions, a finding that is robust across multiple fixation indices. Recognition-memory performance indicates that, of the fixation loci tested, observers were adept at recognising those with a particular profile of image statistics; visual saliency was found to be attenuated for unrecognised loci, despite that all regions were freely fixated. Furthermore, although elevated luminance was the local image statistic found to discriminate least between human and random image locations, it was the greatest predictor of recognition-memory performance, demonstrating a dissociation between image features that draw fixations and those that support visual memory. An analysis of corresponding eye movements indicates that image regions fixated via short-distance saccades enjoyed better recognition-memory performance, alluding to a focal rather than ambient mode of processing. Recognised image regions were more likely to have originated from areas evaluated (a posteriori) to have higher fixation density, a numerical metric of local interest. Surprisingly, memory for image regions fixated later in the viewing period exhibited no recency advantage, despite (typically) also being longer in duration, a finding for which a number of explanations are posited.


This book is the Sunday Times Top Ten Bestseller. "[The book that] made headlines around the world." (Independent). He has lived his whole life in the public eye, yet he remains an enigma. He was born to be king, but he aims much higher. A landmark publication, Charles: The Heart of a King reveals Prince Charles in all his complexity: the passionate views that mean he will never be as remote and impartial as his mother; the compulsion to make a difference and the many and startling ways in which the heir to the throne of the United Kingdom and fifteen other realms has already made his mark. The book offers fresh and fascinating insights into the first marriage that did so much to define him and an assessment of his relationship with the woman he calls, with unintended accuracy, his 'dearest wife': Camilla. We see Charles as a father and a friend, a serious figure and a joker. Life at court turns out to be full of hidden dangers and unexpected comedy. Poignant, funny and often surprising, the first significant study of the Prince in over a decade reveals a man in sight of happiness yet still driven by anguish and a remarkable belief system, a charitable entrepreneur, activist, agitator and avatar of the Establishment who just as often tilts against it. Based on multiple interviews with his friends and courtiers, palace insiders and critics, and access to Charles himself during research lasting more than a year, this biography explores the Prince's philanthropy and his compulsive interventionism, his faith, his political leanings and the philosophy that means when he seeks harmony he sometimes creates controversy. Gripping, at times astonishing, often laugh-out-loud, this is a royal biography unlike any other.


We present an investigation of specialization when considering the execution of collaborative tasks by a robot swarm. Specifically, we consider the stick-pulling problem first proposed by Martinoli et al. [1], [2] and develop a macroscopic analytical model for the swarm executing a set of tasks that require the collaboration of two robots. We show, for constant external conditions, maximum productivity can be achieved by a single species swarm with carefully chosen operational parameters. While the same applies for a two species swarm, we show how specialization is a strategy best employed for changing external conditions.


This work shows in detail the emergence and consolidation of U.S. commercial broadcasting economically, politically, and ideologically. This process was met by organized opposition and a general level of public antipathy that has been almost entirely overlooked by previous scholarship. McChesney highlights the activities and arguments of this early broadcast reform movement of the 1930s. The reformers argued that commercial broadcasting was inimical to the communication requirements of a democratic society and that the only solution was to have a dominant role for nonprofit and noncommercial broadcasting. Although the movement failed, McChesney argues that it provides important lessons not only for communication historians and policymakers, but for those concerned with media and how they are used.


Abstract. This work treats reverse flood routing aiming at signal identification: inflows are inferred from observed outflows by orienting the Muskingum scheme against the wave propagation direction. Routing against the wave propagation is an ill-posed, inverse problem (small errors amplify, leading to large spurious responses); therefore, the reverse solution must be smoothness-constrained towards stability and uniqueness (regularised). Theoretical constrains on the coefficients of the reverse routing scheme assist in error control, but optimal grids are derived by numerical experimentation. Exact solutions of the convection-diffusion equation, for a single and a composite wave, are reverse-routed and in both instances the wave is backtracked well for a range of grid parameters. In the arduous test of a square pulse, the result is comparable to those of more complex methods. Seeding outflow data with random errors enhances instability; to cope with the spurious oscillations, the reversed solution is conditioned by smoothing via low-pass filtering or optimisation. Good-quality inflow hydrographs are recovered with either smoothing treatment, yet the computationally demanding optimisation is superior. Finally, the reverse Muskingum routing method is compared to a reverse-solution method of the St. Venant equations of flood wave motion and is found to perform equally well, at a fraction of the computing effort. This study leads us to conclude that the efficiently attained good inflow identification rests on the simplicity of the Muskingum reverse routing scheme that endows it with numerical robustness.


Insider trading may alleviate financing constraints by conveying value-relevant information to the market (the information effect) or may exacerbate financing constraints by impairing marke t liquidity and distorting insiders' incentives to disclose value-relevant information (the confidence effect). We examine the significance of these two contrasting effects by investigating the link between insider trading and financing constraints as measured by the investment-cash flow sensitivity. We find that, overall insider trading exacerbates financing constraints; however the information effect dominates the confidence effect for insider purchases. Only trades by executive directors are significantly related to financing constraints.


nation's economy and quality of life depends on the agricultural yield and the storage of food grains has been an age long practice with cultivators and traders. Good storage facilities are important to the farmers all over the world as they ensure household and community food security until the next harvest. Though considerable losses occur in the field, both before and during harvest, the greatest losses are noticed during storage. Considerable losses both in quality and quantity of food-grains take place in storage due to a number of factors. A Smart Sensor System is proposed to monitor grains in storage depots. The damage of grains can be controlled by monitoring the parameters like temperature, humidity and light which influence the storage of grains. The insects and fungus are the two prominent factors which damage and spoil the grains in the depot and are controlled by temperature, humidity and light. The low cost, low power smart wireless sensor network system is designed to monitor the parameters influencing the storage of grains in depot. The open source technology-ARDUINO (open electronics prototype and open source) is used to develop the system.


The Final Conference of the IIASA Project on Computer Integrated Manufacturing was held at the headquarters of IIASA in Laxenburg, Austria, on July 1-4, 1990. The Conference itself was co-sponsored by the Ford and Alfred P. Sloan Foundations, though much of the earlier research work owes its existence to funding by the Finnish Sitra Organization and the American National Science Foundation. In addition to these primary funders, much of the work carried out by individual researchers was funded by their own governments, research institutes, etc., this included major inputs from Japan and Czechoslovakia.

The aim of the research was to examine CIM from various perspectives including: technological characteristics, the diffusion process, managerial and organizational aspects, and the social and economic implications.

The Conference was attended by 105 people from 22 countries, including representatives from the OECD, UNIDO, the ECE, and the ILO. Of these participants 28 came from Eastern Europe and the rest from Japan or Western countries.

This Volume contains selected papers presented at the Conference, and transcripts of key parts of the policy discussion. The papers are organized in the following way: Part 1. Overviews; Part 2. Strategies and Models for CIM; Part 3. CIM Diffusion Studies; Part 4. CIM Technologies; Part 5. Organizational and Social Impacts; Part 6. Keynote Policy Panel Discussion; Part 7. CIM Implications for Industry and Government.


In this study, an efficient, simple, inexpensive and reversible adhesive bonding technology was developed to improved life cycle and recycling solutions for vehicle applications. For the purpose of remotely heating and melting the adhesive by subjecting the modified adhesive to an external electromagnetic fields, varying concentrations of commercially available nano-ferromagnetic particles were embedded in thermoplastic hot-melt adhesives using extrusion mixing process to investigate the thermal behavior and interaction with the electromagnetic field for this novel material. Furthermore, advanced deformation and temperature profile measurement techniques were used to monitor the temperature profiles of the substrates and nano-ferromagnetic particles modified adhesive film while subjected to the electromagnetic fields using infrared (IR) thermal camera and Fiber Bragg-grating (FBG) sensors. Results indicate that depending on the amount of nano-ferromagnetic particles and electromagnetic field exposure time, rapid temperature rise at targeted location (adhesive film) was observed, while the substrate/surrounding materials exhibited minimal temperature change. Overall, reversible adhesives such as the ones explored in this work show great promise in a wide range of multi-material joining applications.


Watersheds in tropical regions are frequently subjected to soil erosion and transportation of chemicals downstream. Any drastic change in land use and land cover would increase the process of land degradation. For this study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to predict the average annual soil loss. The prediction of annual nutrient (phosphorus, potassium and magnesium) loss caused by soil erosion processes using RUSLE was also conducted. Soil and nutrient movements associated with several alternative methods of land use were studied. The rainfall erosivity (R), topographic factor (LS), land cover (C) and management factor (P) values were calculated from rainfall data together with the use of topographic and land-use maps. Soil was analysed to obtain the soil erodibility factor (K). Physical properties, such as particle size distribution, texture, hydraulic conductivity and organic matter (OM) content, were analysed to support the erosion rate analysis. The mean soil erodibility factors varied from 0.03 to 0.30 ton h MJ–1 mm–1. The annual soil loss in the study area ranged from 0.10 to 180.49 ton ha–1. Nutrient losses of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium were investigated in the study. Run-off and sediments were also analysed for these elements. The annual loss of phosphorus ranged from 0.003 to 3.23 kg ha–1, potassium from 0.10 to 8.38 kg ha–1 and magnesium from 0.003 to 2.83 kg ha–1 in the study area. A small quantity of phosphorus was present in the soil, and thus, phosphorus losses were low. The findings of the present study will help in the formulation of better conservation and management options for future land-use patterns of the Lake Chini watershed.


In this invigorating new assessment of Anna Karenina, Gary Saul Morson overturns traditional interpretations of the classic novel and shows why readers have misunderstood Tolstoy's characters and intentions. Morson argues that Tolstoy's ideas are far more radical than has been thought: his masterpiece challenges deeply held conceptions of romantic love, the process of social reform, modernization, and the nature of good and evil. By investigating the ethical, philosophical, and social issues with which Tolstoy grappled, Morson finds in Anna Karenina powerful connections with the concerns of today. He proposes that Tolstoy's effort to see the world more wisely can deeply inform our own search for wisdom in the present day. The book offers brilliant analyses of Anna, Karenin, Dolly, Levin, and other characters, with a particularly subtle portrait of Anna's extremism and self-deception. Morson probes Tolstoy's important insights (evil is often the result of negligence; goodness derives from small, everyday deeds) and completes the volume with an irresistible, original list of One Hundred and Sixty-Three Tolstoyan Conclusions.


IP blocks and large macro cells are increasingly prevalent in physical design, actually causing an increase in the available free space for the dust logic. We observe that top-down placement based on recursive bisection with multilevel partitioning performs poorly on these porous designs. However, analytic solvers have the ability to find the natural distribution of cells in the layout. Consequently, we propose an enhancement to cut-based placement called Analytic Constraint Generation (ACG). ACG utilizes an analytic engine to set constraints for the multi-level partitioner. We show that for real industry designs, ACG significantly improves the performance of cut-based placement, as implemented within a state-of-the-art industrial placer.


Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) have recently become popular among many AI researchers because they serve as a natural model for planning under uncertainty. Value iteration is a well-known algorithm for finding optimal policies for POMDPs. It typically takes a large number of iterations to converge. This paper proposes a method for accelerating the convergence of value iteration. The method has been evaluated on an array of benchmark problems and was found to be very effective: It enabled value iteration to converge after only a few iterations on all the test problems.


ABSTRACT Over the last decades, scientists have questioned the origin of the exquisite human mastery of tools. Seminal studies in monkeys, healthy participants and brain-damaged patients have primarily focused on the plastic changes that tool-use induces on spatial representations. More recently, we focused on the modifications tool-use must exert on the sensorimotor system and highlighted plastic changes at the level of the body representation used by the brain to control our movements, i.e., the Body Schema. Evidence is emerging for tool-use to affect also more visually and conceptually based representations of the body, such as the Body Image. Here we offer a critical review of the way different tool-use paradigms have been, and should be, used to try disentangling the critical features that are responsible for tool incorporation into different body representations. We will conclude that tool-use may offer a very valuable means to investigate high-order body representations and their plasticity.


Accelerated Trinomial Trees (ATTs) are a derivatives pricing lattice method that circumvent the restrictive time step condition inherent in standard trinomial trees and explicit finite difference methods (FDMs) in which the time step must scale with the square of the spatial step. ATTs consist of L uniform supersteps each of which contains an inner lattice/trinomial tree with N non-uniform subtime steps. Similarly to implicit FDMs, the size of the superstep in ATTs, a function of N , are constrained primarily by accuracy demands. ATTs can price options up to N times faster than standard trinomial trees (explicit FDMs). ATTs can be interpreted as using risk neutral extended probabilities; extended in the sense that values can lie outside the range [0, 1] on the substep scale but aggregate to probabilities within the range [0, 1] on the superstep scale. Hence it is only strictly at the end of each superstep that a practically meaningful solution may be extracted from the tree. We demonstrate that ATTs with L supersteps are more efficient than competing implicit methods which use L time steps in pricing Black-Scholes American put options and 2-dimensional American basket options. Crucially this performance is achieved using an algorithm that requires only a modest modification of a standard trinomial tree. This is in contrast to implicit FDMs which may be relatively complex in their implementation. ∗E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com †E-mail: email@example.com


Abstract:  The effects of water level fluctuations on fish and other aquatic biota, with an emphasis on winter water withdrawal in northern regions is reviewed. Water demands for population growth and development are adding pressure on water reserves, particularly when coupled with changing climatic conditions. Water level fluctuations can have adverse effects on the environment, most notably to hydrologic and biotic processes ranging in magnitude from the micro‐scale to landscape level. Water level management of lakes and reservoirs can affect all forms of aquatic biota. The severity of effect is dependant on the magnitude, duration and timing of the fluctuation, and the species exposed. In northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, water is withdrawn from water bodies to construct ice‐roads and other winter based developments. Biota in small, isolated water bodies are particularly sensitive to reductions in winter water levels. Water withdrawals can reduce the oxygen available to overwintering fish, while reduced water levels can reduce habitat for fish and furbearers, and freeze littoral areas killing plants, invertebrates, and fish eggs. Regulatory winter water withdrawal thresholds have been developed in the Northwest Territories and Alaska and continue to be refined as new data becomes available. The use of thresholds can help minimize or avoid negative impacts to the environment, particularly fish, from winter water withdrawal activities. Many different factors may influence the effect that winter water withdrawal has on a water body, such as basin shape, substrate and location. More research is warranted to better understand the linkages between anthropogenic and natural water level fluctuations and their combined effect on aquatic ecosystems. A general decision support system is proposed for minimizing risk to aquatic life from winter water withdrawal activities.


Abstract:The power of large internet platforms to amplify or silence certain voices at a scale that can alter major political outcomes poses a grave threat to democracy. Approaches to reducing this power have thus far fallen into four main categories: 1) using antitrust legislation to break up companies such as Facebook and Google; 2) government regulation of content; 3) data portability, or empowering users to move their data between platforms; and 4) applying privacy legislation to limit how platforms can use the data they collect. Yet each of these four approaches is inadequate in its own way. A more promising solution lies in using both technology and regulation to outsource content curation from the dominant platforms to a competitive layer of "middleware companies."


The EU Kids Online II project built on the previous project's literature review and development of methods to generate detailed cross-national evidence about children's use, risks and harms online. The project aimed to provide comparable survey data that permit the joint elaboration of social policies for Internet use and protection for young people. It conducted in-home, face-to-face personal interviews with 9- to 16-year-olds and, separately, with one of their parents of each child interviewed, across 25 countries in Europe. Nationally representative survey samples were drawn in each country, resulting in just over 25,000 interviews with children (and parents) being carried out in total. The interviews were primarily closed-ended, with an open-ended (qualitative) element and with sensitive questions being asked privately in confidence. There are several key findings from the data collected. First, while higher use is positively correlated with higher risk online, this is not necessarily problematic as it can allow children to build resilience. Second, a majority of children are online and mobile already, making their online lives potentially as important as their offline lives. Finally, the project makes a series of recommendations for stakeholders with regard to online opportunities, awareness-raising, digital and safety skills, active and restrictive forms of parenting and children's coping strategies, all of which can positively or negatively affect a child's engagement with the online environment.


Community noise impact is an important factor in design of current generation aircraft, especially when considering projected trends in flight volume and urbanization. Simulation is a useful tool to evaluate the human annoyance response due to both current and proposed aircraft, and it has some advantages over field studies or playback of recordings. However, current simulation methods which are based on time-averaged prediction methods do not include short term fluctuations observed in recordings of real aircraft engines. Those fluctuations in both tonal and broadband sources provide psychoacoustic clues to listeners when evaluating flyover noise realism. When those short-term fluctuations are not included, simulation realism may suffer and evaluation results might not be applicable to real aircraft. This thesis presents work to analyze and model fluctuations in aircraft engine fan noise, using an existing set of static turbofan engine recordings. The inclusion of the observed fluctuations, which are unaccounted for in many current prediction and simulation routines, was expected to increase the perceived realism of simulated flyover events. The analysis of tonal fluctuations was performed by utilizing the complex-valued analytic signal to extract instantaneous amplitude and frequency. A simple parametric model was developed to represent each measured fluctuation using its spectral bandwidth and variance. The model was then used to generate new fluctuations which were perceptually similar to the original. Tonal synthesis was performed as the sum of many amplitudeand frequency-modulated tones. Analysis was also performed on the broadband fan noise component, which used output from the Short-Time Fourier Transform was used to characterize fluctuations in third-octave band SPL. Those fluctuations were not modeled as in the case of tonal fluctuations and were directly reproduced using an overlap-add synthesis tool. A subjective listening test was then conducted to evaluate the perceptual similarity between synthesized and recorded fan noise. That test concluded that synthesized tonal noise which included short-term fluctuations was perceived as more realistic than noise without. It also concluded that the addition of broadband fan noise components tended to mask tonal fluctuations.


The presence of air in a water pipeline may seriously affect the operation of such a pipeline, the most significant effect being the increase in friction head loss. The authors enumerate the various problems that have been encountered with air entrainment, discuss some of the previously proposed solutions, and summarize some of the more important research findings in this field.
Use was made of a laboratory pipeline model to study and quantify the effect of air entrainment on head loss. The experimental results were compared with an equation derived for the prediction of head loss, and found to agree.


Endogenous hyperinsulinemia and insulin receptor (IR)/IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) phosphorylation in tumors are associated with a worse prognosis in women with breast cancer. In vitro, insulin stimulation of the IR increases proliferation of breast cancer cells. However, in vivo studies demonstrating that IR activation increases tumor growth, independently of IGF-IR activation, are lacking. We hypothesized that endogenous hyperinsulinemia increases mammary tumor growth by directly activating the IR rather than the IGF-IR or hybrid receptors. We aimed to determine whether stimulating the IR with the insulin analog AspB10 could increase tumor growth independently of IGF-IR signaling. We induced orthotopic mammary tumors in control FVB/n and hyperinsulinemic MKR mice, and treated them with the insulin analog AspB10, recombinant human IGF-I, or vehicle. Tumors from mice with endogenous hyperinsulinemia were larger and had greater IR phosphorylation, but not IGF-IR phosphorylation, than those from control mice. Chronic AspB10 administration also increased tumor growth and IR (but not IGF-IR) phosphorylation in tumors. IGF-I led to activation of both the IGF-IR and IR and probably hybrid receptors. Our results demonstrate that IR phosphorylation increases tumor growth, independently of IGF-IR/hybrid receptor phosphorylation, and warrant consideration when developing therapeutics targeting the IGF-IR, but not the IR.


Property Rules, as famously described by Calabresi and Melamed, are remedial rules that place a prohibitively high penalty on violations of rights. This essay examines two aspects of property rules. In each case, the form of the rule is critically important. The first question addressed is the capacity of property rules to affect behavior that takes place outside the context of litigation. Most economic analysis assumes that when a right is protected by a property rule, the property rule will guide private decisionmaking at the time of a contemplated violation, and possibly before that time. Yet, to have this effect, property rules (and liability rules) must be embodied in a set of determinate legal rules defining not only the penalty imposed on violation, but also the entitlements protected and the conditions on which the property-rule remedy is available. Property rules, in other words, must be rules. In fact, "true property rules" that meet this description are scarce. This casts some doubt on the predictions made in literature on the subject. Theory and doctrine may or may not be reconcilable, depending on the desirability and feasibility of determinate rules in the area of remedies. In existing law, most true property rules protect property rights. This leads to the second question addressed here: what relationship, if any, do property rules bear to property? After examining several theories others have proposed to explain the association between property rules and property rights, I suggest that property rules are connected to property in two ways. First, deterrent property rules ensure the continuity that makes property rights valuable to owners and to society. Second, once property rights are securely in place, the value they generate makes property rules a more efficient response to the possibility of unilateral taking. To achieve these results, however, both property * Professor of Law, Cornell Law School. Thanks to Greg Alexander, Eduardo Penalver, Henry Smith, and Christopher Wonnell for helpful comments. Washington University Open Scholarship Jurisprudence Review [March 40 rights and property rules must be implemented by general, determinate, and authoritative legal rules.


Increasing calls for an African green revolution are being made so that Africa can increase its food production; thus enhancing its ability to feed its high population while exploiting emerging opportunities in developed country markets. This will involve an increased use of agro-chemicals. Use of agro-chemicals by sometimes lowly educated farmers in developing countries is associated with health and environmental degradation risks. Health risks to consumers manifest themselves through high levels of pesticide residues in food commodities; this led to development of the mandatory GLOBALGAP standards. Though primarily focused on consumer interests, compliance with GLOBALGAP standards is increasingly being associated with farmer level benefits. Besides conferring market access; studies show the existence of quantifiable health benefits which accrue to GLOBALGAP compliant farmers. Studies also allude to existence of environmental benefits of compliance. Through data obtained from farmers in Eastern and Central Kenya, this paper uses Contingent Valuation Approach to estimate the economic value of changes in soil quality to empirically analyze the environmental benefits of compliance with GLOBALGAP standards. Further, factors (including compliance) influencing the economic value of changes in soil quality are analyzed. Compliance is found to have quantifiable environmental benefits to smallholder farmers as seen by the higher economic value of changes in soil quality and the positive and significant influence of compliance on the economic value of changes in soil quality. Agri-regulation is thus a useful tool that can be applied to enhance sustainability in Africa's increasingly intensive agriculture.