An experimental investigation concerning the most energetic turbulent features of the flow exiting from an axisymmetric converging nozzle at Mach 0.85 and ambient temperature is discussed using planar optical measurement techniques. The arrangement of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) system allows for all three components of the velocity field to be captured along the (r, θ)-plane of the jet at discrete streamwise locations between x/D=3.0 and 8.0 in 0.25 diameter increments. The ensemble-averaged (time-suppressed) two-point full Reynolds stress matrix is constructed from which the integral eigenvalue problem of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied using both scalar and vector forms of the technique. A grid sensitivity study indicates that the POD eigenvalues converge safely to within 1% of their expected value when the discretization of the spatial grid is less than 30% of the integral length scale or 10% of the shear-layer width. The first POD eigenvalue from the scalar decomposition of the streamwise component is shown to agree with previous investigations for a range of Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers with a peak in azimuthal mode 5 at x/D=3.0, and a gradual shift to azimuthal mode 2 by x/D=8.0. The eigenvalues from the scalar POD of the radial and azimuthal components are shown to be much lower-dimensional with most of their energy residing in the first few azimuthal modes, that is modes 0, 1 and 2, with little change in the relative energies along the streamwise direction. From the vector decomposition, the azimuthal eigenspectra of the first two POD modes shift from a peak in azimuthal mode 5 at x/D=3.0, followed by a gradual decay to azimuthal mode 2 at x/D=8.0, the differences in the peak energies being very subtle. The conclusion from these findings is that when the Mach number is subsonic and the Reynolds number sufficiently large, the structure of the turbulent jet behaves independently of these factors.


Introduction: The incidence of craniofacial microsomia is 1 in 5600 live births. This is the second most common craniofacial anomaly after cleft lip and palate. Tessier cleft 7 is associated with 17% to 62% of cases of hemifacial microsomia. It begins on the labial commissure and may extend to the pre-auricular capillary line. Deformities of the external ear range from excessive pre-auricular skin to complete absence of the ear. Commissuroplasty is indicated in patients with macrostomia or true lateral facial cleft. The objective is to present two cases of macrostomia and perform a review of related literature. Methods: In this study, we describe two cases of macrostomia treated with mucous flaps and zetaplasty. Results: We obtained optimal repositioning of labial commissures in two patients, with excellent aesthetic results. Conclusion: The technique used is easily reproducible, and aesthetically and functionally corrects macrostomia. ■ ABSTRACT


Successional gradients are ubiquitous in nature, yet few studies have systematically examined the evolutionary origins of taxa that specialize at different successional stages. Here we quantify successional habitat specialization in Neotropical forest trees and evaluate its evolutionary lability along a precipitation gradient. Theoretically, successional habitat specialization should be more evolutionarily conserved in wet forests than in dry forests due to more extreme microenvironmental differentiation between early and late‐successional stages in wet forest. We applied a robust multinomial classification model to samples of primary and secondary forest trees from 14 Neotropical lowland forest sites spanning a precipitation gradient from 788 to 4000 mm annual rainfall, identifying species that are old‐growth specialists and secondary forest specialists in each site. We constructed phylogenies for the classified taxa at each site and for the entire set of classified taxa and tested whether successional habitat specialization is phylogenetically conserved. We further investigated differences in the functional traits of species specializing in secondary vs. old‐growth forest along the precipitation gradient, expecting different trait associations with secondary forest specialists in wet vs. dry forests since water availability is more limiting in dry forests and light availability more limiting in wet forests. Successional habitat specialization is non‐randomly distributed in the angiosperm phylogeny, with a tendency towards phylogenetic conservatism overall and a trend towards stronger conservatism in wet forests than in dry forests. However, the specialists come from all the major branches of the angiosperm phylogeny, and very few functional traits showed any consistent relationships with successional habitat specialization in either wet or dry forests. Synthesis. The niche conservatism evident in the habitat specialization of Neotropical trees suggests a role for radiation into different successional habitats in the evolution of species‐rich genera, though the diversity of functional traits that lead to success in different successional habitats complicates analyses at the community scale. Examining the distribution of particular lineages with respect to successional gradients may provide more insight into the role of successional habitat specialization in the evolution of species‐rich taxa.


We propose a new approach to graph compression by appeal to optimal transport. The transport problem is seeded with prior information about node importance, attributes, and edges in the graph. The transport formulation can be setup for either directed or undirected graphs, and its dual characterization is cast in terms of distributions over the nodes. The compression pertains to the support of node distributions and makes the problem challenging to solve directly. To this end, we introduce Boolean relaxations and specify conditions under which these relaxations are exact. The relaxations admit algorithms with provably fast convergence. Moreover, we provide an exact $O(d \log d)$ algorithm for the subproblem of projecting a $d$-dimensional vector to transformed simplex constraints. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art compression methods on graph classification.


Title of Document: Assessing the Cost of Risk for New Technology and Process Insertion Edwin Lillie, Master of Science, 2013 Directed By: Dr. Peter Sandborn, Professor of Mechanical Engineering Adoption and insertion of new technologies and processes into systems is inherently risky. A cost model that forecasts the cost of risk associated with inserting new technology into a system has been developed. The model projects the cost of inserting new processes, projects the impact of the processes on the cost of risk for the system, and performs a cost-benefit analysis on the adoption of proposed new processes. The projected cost of failure consequences (PCFC) is defined as the cost of all failure events (of varying severity) that are expected to occur over the service life of the system. The PCFC is uncertain, and the potential positive impact of adopting new technologies into the system is to reduce the cost of risk and/or reduce its uncertainty. A case study that assesses the adoption of a lead-free solder control plan into systems that previously used tin-lead solder has been performed. Assessing the Cost of Risk for New Technology and Process Insertion


This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the public policy framework's effect on the agricultural sector in Guyana using the OECD's Producer Support Estimate (PSE) methodology. The PSE approach focuses on two main elements of support: (i) the effect of government policy on prices received by agricultural producers, and (ii) the support provided through budgetary transfers to the sector. The result of the analysis is a set of indicators that allows for the comparison of support levels between years as well as commodities that can serve as a baseline against which the effects of agricultural policy reforms can be measured. In addition, the level of agricultural support in Guyana can be compared with that of other countries in the region. This is the first PSE report that has been prepared for Guyana.


Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, we conducted a systematic review of 58 public administration studies of organizational socialization. Organizational socialization is the process of mutual adaptation between an organization and its new members. Our findings demonstrate a growing but geographically disparate interest in this issue. Public administration studies contribute to this research area with novel insights into the determinants of organizational socialization and its effects on employees' public service motivation, Eurocrats' support of supranational institutions, person–organization fit, and differences in the socialization of male and female public employees. The review also shows that the effects of organizational socialization on the homogenization of employees' attitudes should not be exaggerated, especially relative to other homogenizing factors such as attraction or selection effects. The reviewed articles are methodologically eclectic, with a recent but growing interest in longitudinal designs. There are also weaknesses in the operationalization of organizational socialization. We conclude with an agenda for future studies on organizational socialization in public administration research.


On 14 July 2008, after much advance publicity and fanfare, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno-Ocampo, applied for a warrant of arrest against the president of Sudan, Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir, on charges that included conspiracy to commit genocide along with other war crimes. (1) The application charges President al-Bashir with the polarization of ethnic groups into two broadly racialized groups (Arab and Zurga or black), followed by a violent conflict from 2003 to 2005, leading to the ethnic cleansing of Zurga ethnic groups (in particular, the Fur, the Masalit and the Zaghawa) from their traditional tribal lands or dars, and a deceptively non-violent process whereby those forcibly expelled were left to die, either in the desert or from malnutrition, rape or torture, leading to "slow deaths" in the internally displaced persons (IDP) camps. The prosecutor argues that this process has gone on for five years, from 2003 to the time of the publication of the application in 2008. I will seek to place the prosecutor's account of these atrocities within a historical and regional context. Such an account raises important questions of fact and interpretation with reference to each of the three charges contained in the prosecutor's application: racialized polarization, dispossession of land and atrocities in the camps. This is how the prosecutor describes President al-Bashir's responsibility for the racialized polarization of the conflict in Darfur: In Darfur, AL BASHIR promoted the idea of a polarization between tribes aligned with him, whom he called 'Arabs,' and the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa, whom he called 'Zurgas' or 'Africans.' The image is only one of many used by AL BASHIR to disguise crimes. Both, victims and perpetrators are in fact 'Africans,' and speak 'Arabic.' (2) The racialization of identities in Darfur has its roots in the British colonial period. As early as the late 1920s, the British tried to organize two confederations in Darfur: one "Arab" the other "Zurga" or black. Racialized identities were incorporated in the census and provided the frame for government policy and administration. Despite official British policy, Arab was never a singular identity: Whereas the sedentary Arab tribes of riverain Sudan were identified with power, the nomadic tribes of western Sudan, in particular Darfur, were the most marginalized groups in a marginal province. If anything, the evidence shows that whereas successive Sudanese governments--al-Bashir's included--looked down on all Darfuris, non-Arab Zurga and Arab nomads, it is the Save Darfur Coalition, with the media in tow, that drove the portrayal of the conflict in Darfur as one between "Arabs" and "black Africans." The conflict over land is also more complex than the prosecutor's application describes. The spiral of land conflict and dispossession has been a consequence of four different if related causes: the land system, environmental degradation, the spillover of the four decade long civil war in Chad and the brutal counterinsurgency waged by the al-Bashir government from 2003 to 2004. The application submitted by the prosecutor is silent about the discriminatory nature of the colonial system that reorganized Darfur as a patchwork of tribal homelands, with several consequences. First, whereas peasant tribes were guaranteed a dar in the lands where they had historically settled, the camel pastoralists of northern Darfur with no settled villages were left without any dar. Second, a system of so-called native administration systematically distinguished between the supposedly native tribe and non-native tribes in each dar, privileging the former and discriminating against the latter when it came to access to land, participation in local administration and the resolution of local disputes. The prosecutor's application sanitizes this colonial legacy as traditional: The traditional division of the land into homelands called dar--which essentially are areas to which individual tribes can be said to have a historical claim--is crucial in the local self-perception of the population. …


Abstract Transformations from austenite to martensite or bainite in ferrous alloys have great technological importance, but some aspects remain elusive. The orientation relationship (OR), morphology and habit plane can vary considerably from one system to another. Much published work considers these OR in terms of their variation from named relationships such as Kurdjumov–Sachs and Nishiyama–Wassermann. We discuss here, instead, the use of a set of angular parameters based on the classic work of Kurdjumov and Sachs in the 1930s, that provide a unified and elegant description facilitating extraction and detailed statistical treatment of OR from large electron backscatter diffraction datasets, as well as straightforward comparison with named OR and with the predictions from the phenomenological theory. Spatially correlated mappings of OR parameters obtained using this approach suggest that the observed variations in OR are related to the martensitic morphology rather than being an experimental artefact.


The dynamical response of a soft X-ray emission profile to different external perturbations - gas feed, impurity injection, RF power, surface loop voltage - has been studied on the TCA tokamak and analysed using a single technique. The frequency dependence of the response has been exploited to distinguish between the dominant transport processes. Remarkably similar phase response profiles were obtained with different stimuli; they show a link with sawtooth activity. The model that most plausibly explains these experimental observations requires diffusive transport with a diffusive coefficient locally modulated by the perturbation


Swiss policy makers created a unique link between unemployment benefits and Active Labor Market Programs (ALMPs) by making benefit payments conditional on program attendance after 7 months of unemployment duration. We evaluate the effect of Active Labor Market Programs and benefit entitlement on the duration of unemployment in Switzerland. In the evaluation we allow for selectivity affecting the inflow into programs. Our results indicate that (i) After ALMP-participation the transition rate to jobs increases for Swiss women but not for Swiss men. However, the job hazard rate is strongly reduced during participation. Taken together, this leads to the conclusion that programs prolong unemployment duration for men, but tend to shorten durations for women. (ii) Once the unemployment spell approaches the expiration of unconditional benefit entitlement the job-hazard rate increases strongly, both for women and for men. (iii) There are important selectivity effects for Swiss females, but not for Swiss males.


In pressurized water reactors, new operating conditions (higher burnup, new chemistry, etc.) can have an effect on the dimensional stability of the fuel assembly skeleton. Previous studies have shown that the fuel assembly growth is, among others parameters (free growth, creep), strongly driven by corrosion. Oxide layer and hydrides precipitation could both induce an increase of the dimensional parameters. The scope of the present study is, regardless of irradiation effect, to quantify and to understand the separate effects of hydrogen and oxide layers on the Zircaloy-4 dimensional changes. Experimental works have been performed in laboratory on stress relieved annealed (SRA) and recrystallized (RXA) Zircaloy-4 strips. First, the hydrogen impact on dimensional changes has been studied without the effect of the oxide layer. The measurements were performed at room temperature on strips previously pre-hydrided by the gaseous charging method. The hydrogen content of the samples was between 100 ppm and 2000 ppm. Results indicate a linear correlation between hydrogen content and length variation. RXA material is more affected by the hydrogen effect than the SRA material. Nevertheless, in comparison with data issued from out-of-reactor measurement, the impact of hydrides is not sufficient (with irradiation growth) to explain the post-irradiation examinations (PIE) results. To understand these differences, the oxide layer contribution must be quantified. Second, the impact of the oxide layer was therefore studied on RXA Zircaloy-4 strips. Corrosion tests have been performed in autoclave at 360°C in primary water (2 ppm Li-1000 ppm B–H2) on as-received and pre-hydrided materials. To obtain thicker oxide layer within a shorter duration, samples have been also oxidized in furnace at 415°C. Moreover, as no significant hydriding occurs during oxidation in air, we are able to characterize properly the specific effect of the oxide layer. As for hydrides' effect, an increase of strain is observed as the oxide thickness becomes thicker. The contributions of hydrides and oxide layer are then discussed with regard to the metallurgical properties of the alloy. Finally, all these results are compared with PIE observations. Free growth, hydride precipitation, and oxide thickness seem to be the three main parameters to explain the dimensional changes in Zircaloy-4 observed in reactor.


An important way to make large training sets is to gather noisy labels from crowds of nonexperts. We propose a minimax entropy principle to improve the quality of these labels. Our method assumes that labels are generated by a probability distribution over workers, items, and labels. By maximizing the entropy of this distribution, the method naturally infers item confusability and worker expertise. We infer the ground truth by minimizing the entropy of this distribution, which we show minimizes the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the probability distribution and the unknown truth. We show that a simple coordinate descent scheme can optimize minimax entropy. Empirically, our results are substantially better than previously published methods for the same problem.


This Article identifies how the current spate of state and local regulation is changing the way elected officials, scholars, courts, and the public think about the constitutional dimensions of immigration law and governmental responsibility for immigration enforcement. Reinvigorating the theoretical possibilities left open by the Supreme Court in its 1875 Chy Lung v. Freeman decision, state and local offi- cials characterize their laws as unavoidable responses to the policy problems they face when they are squeezed between the challenges of unauthorized migration and the federal government's failure to fix a broken system. In the October 2012 term, in Arizona v. United States, the Court addressed, but did not settle, the difficult empirical, theoretical, and constitutional questions necessitated by these enactments and their attendant justifications. Our empirical investigation, however, discovered that most state and local immigration laws are not organic policy responses to pressing demographic challenges. Instead, such laws are the product of a more nuanced and politicized process in which demographic concerns are neither neces- sary nor sufficient factors and in which federal inactivity and subfederal activity are related phenomena, fomented by the same actors. This Article focuses on the con- stitutional and theoretical implications of these processes: It presents an evidence- based theory of state and local policy proliferation; it cautions legal scholars to rethink functionalist accounts for the rise of such laws; and it advises courts to reassess their use of traditional federalism frameworks to evaluate these sub federal enactments.


Printed on recycled paper The implementation of national fire management policies, such as the National Fire Plan and the Healthy Forest Restoration Act, requires geospatial data of vegetation types and structure, wildland fuels, fire risks, and ecosystem fire regime conditions. Presently, no such data sets are available that can meet these requirements. As a result, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and the Department of the Interior's land management bureaus (Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and National Park Service (NPS)) have jointly sponsored LANDFIRE, a new research and development project. The primary objective of the project is to develop an integrated and repeatable methodology and produce vegetation, fire, and ecosystem information and predictive models for cost-effective national land management applications. The project is conducted collaboratively by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the USDA Forest Service, and The Nature Conservancy.


ABSTRACT Based on a survey of 2010 citizens in four large metropolitan areas in Switzerland, the analysis presented in this article shows that spatial mobility of citizens across municipal borders leads to an upscaling of their territorial identities at the level of the city-region. On the one hand, this results in a favorable attitude towards encompassing institutions at the city-regional scale. On the other hand, given the high degree of institutional fragmentation prevailing in Swiss city-regions, strong city-regional orientations lead to a delegitimization of the local political system. Without adequate reforms of the territorial institutional framework, the ongoing growth and functional integration of city-regional spaces will lead to political alienation and increasingly challenge the democratic legitimacy of the local state in Switzerland. Beyond the Swiss case, the article shows that the long-running debate on metropolitan governance should focus, more thoroughly than in the past, on issues of citizenship and democratic legitimacy.


Composite systems composed of nanocrystalline apatites and oligolactide-based polymer networks were prepared resulting in malleable and even injectable formulations which can be cured to compact materials at body temperature. Porous devices with inter-connective porosity were obtained after addition of suitable foaming agents to the composite mixtures. Setting time, porosity and mechanical properties of the composites can be properly adjusted by varying the educt composition. The determined compressive strengths and Young's moduli of the porous composites perfectly match the mechanical characteristics of cancellous bone material. Preliminary in vitro cell culture experiments with compact composite materials demonstrated their good cytocompatibility. Based on these findings, the synthesized nano-structured composites represent promising candidates for the development of new biomaterials usable in hard tissue regeneration.


SUMMARY A palaeomagnetic study of 143 Ma serpentinized kimberlite dikes near Ithaca, New York, yields a dual-polarity, high unblocking temperature, and high coercivity magnetization which passes the reversal test and two baked contact tests. The mean pole position (58"N, 203"E; A95 = 3.8", N = 7) differs from published late Jurassicearly Cretaceous North American poles currently used to define the apparent polar wander path. The angular dispersion in mean directions (&=3.5") is low but the presence of reversals argues that the Ithaca kimberlites magnetization should represent sufficient time for averaging of palaeosecular variation. Similar findings apparently typify palaeomagnetic studies of other serpentinized kimberlite, supporting the suggestion that thermo-chemical remanent magnetization in this lithology prolongs the duration of magnetization acquisition sufficiently to average secular variation per dike. A consistent but weak foliation in anisotropy of ARM parallels the N-S and vertical orientation of the Ithaca dikes, but is apparently unrelated to the northwest-down or southeast-up remanence. The Ithaca kimberlites pole may therefore record a previously undocumented sharp bend or 'cusp' at -143Ma, and the initiation of a Cretaceous and Cenozoic interval of apparent polar wander that generally follows a great circle along the 200"E meridian to geographic north. A coeval (-145 Ma) kimberlite pole from southern Africa transferred to North America agrees with the Ithaca kimberlites pole position whereas reported poles from the Berriasian stratotype (southern France) and 144Ma Svalbard dolerites provide less diagnostic tests of the Ithaca kimberlites pole due in part to uncertainties in Europe-North America reconstructions.


Abstract The intake of added dietary sugars has escalated dramatically since the 1970s, mostly due to a global increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). This trend has sparked concerns among scientists and consumers alike regarding the safety of added dietary sugars. The popular media often accuse dietary sugars of being detrimental to health. However, when consumed in moderate amounts, current research does not support the premise that added dietary sugar has a detrimental effect on dental health, mental health and behaviour, weight management, chronic diseases of lifestyle, or the intake of micronutrients. However, SSBs represent concentrated and energy-dense forms of dietary sugars, easily consumed in large amounts. Not surprisingly, excessive consumption of these beverages is associated with weight gain and obesity. Intake of more than one to two drinks per day is also linked to the metabolic syndrome (MS), insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, gout and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Experimental studies suggest that excessive fructose intake may play a direct role in the metabolic changes that manifest as the MS, but further research into this is required. Current recommendations state that added sugars may be enjoyed in moderation as part of a balanced diet, with an appropriate energy intake to achieve or maintain healthy weight. However, excessive intake of added sugars, particularly fructose-containing sugars, should be avoided, and the energy intake from SSBs should be limited to less than 400–600 kJ per day.


Muzzle patterns of cattle are uneven features of their skin surface. They are different from each other like finger prints of human. Hence these muzzle patterns can be used to identify cattle. Noise is any unwanted component in an image. It is important to eliminate noise in the images before some subsequent processing such as edge detection, image segmentation and pattern recognition. This paper proposes a method for impulse noise removal based on mathematical methods using fuzzy rules from muzzle images. The proposed Fuzzy operator consists of two modules viz. Detection module and Adaptation module. For fuzzy reasoning, a triangular shaped fuzzy set described by a two parameter membership function is used. For each pixel element 13 fuzzy rules are applied and an output y is produced in detection module. In adaptation module y is further reduced and it is added with input pixel value to get output pixel value. The proposed method is able to perform a very strong noise cancellation while preserving muzzle image details. The Fuzzy Filter is compared with other non-linear filters such as Median Filter, SDROM Filter, PSM Filter and is getting better results in terms of PSNR values and SSIM Values.


Abstract Two new species of flying foxes (genus Pteropus) from the Samoan archipelago are described on the basis of modern museum specimens collected in the mid-19th century. A medium-sized species (P. allenorum, n. sp.) is introduced from the island of Upolu (Independent Samoa), based on a specimen collected in 1856 and deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It has not been collected again, and we regard it as almost certainly extinct. This species is smaller bodied and has much smaller teeth than both extant congeners recorded in the contemporary fauna of Samoa (Pteropus samoensis and P. tonganus). The closest relative of this new species may be Pteropus fundatus of northern Vanuatu. The disjunct historical distribution of these two small-toothed flying foxes (in Vanuatu and Samoa) suggests that similar species may have been more extensively distributed in the remote Pacific in the recent past. Another species, a very large flying fox with large teeth (P. coxi, n. sp.), is described from two skulls collected in Samoa in 1839–1841 during the U.S. Exploring Expedition; it too has not been collected since. This robust species resembles Pteropus samoensis and Pteropus anetianus of Vanuatu in craniodental conformation but is larger than other Polynesian Pteropus, and in some features it is ecomorphologically convergent on the Pacific monkey-faced bats (the pteropodid genera Pteralopex and Mirimiri). On the basis of eyewitness reports from the early 1980s, it is possible that this species survived until recent decades, or is still extant. These two new Samoan species join Pteropus tokudae of Guam, P. pilosus of Palau, P. subniger of the Mascarenes, and P. brunneus of coastal north-eastern Australia as flying foxes with limited insular distributions that survived at least until the 19th century but are now most likely extinct.


Integrated supply chain risk management (ISCRM) has become indispensable to the theory and practice of supply chain management. The economic and political realities of the modern world require not only a different approach to supply chain management, but also bold steps to secure supply chain performance and sustainable wealth creation. Integrated supply chain risk management provides supply chain organisations with a level of insight into their supply chains yet to be achieved. If correctly applied, this process may optimise management decision-making and assist in the protection and enhancement of shareholder value.


Longitudinal data analysis is a central piece of statistics. The data are curves and they are observed at random locations. This makes the construction of a simultaneous confidence corridor (SCC) (confidence band) for the mean function a challenging task on both the theoretical and the practical side. Here we propose a method based on local linear smoothing that is implemented in the sparse (i.e., low number of nonzero coefficients) modelling situation. An SCC is constructed based on recent results obtained in applied probability theory. The precision and performance is demonstrated in a spectrum of simulations and applied to growth curve data. Technically speaking, our paper intensively uses recent insights into extreme value theory that are also employed to construct a shoal of confidence intervals (SCI).


The Global Green Growth Forum (3GF) was initiated in 2011 with the aim of supporting a global transition to inclusive green growth through global alliance making and the promotion of public-private partnerships. This forum is a unique platform to catalyze partnerships that can rapidly bring to scale green growth opportunities bringing together governments from developed, developing and emerging economies along with the private sector. Realizing the potentials of green growth requires the effective mobilization at scale of financial, technological and human capital. This will only be possible if governments and the private sector collaborate at the local, national and the international levels to overcome barriers, and create the right incentives for actors to innovate and invest. This document is oriented towards stimulating the discussions, commitments and partnership building between governments and the private sector at the Forum. The commitments and insights derived from this first regional 3GF meeting will both benefit the LAC region and feed into the global 3GF meeting in Copenhagen on October 21-22, 2013.


In prediction with expert advice the goal is to design online prediction algorithms that achieve small regret (additional loss on the whole data) compared to a reference scheme. In the simplest such scheme one compares to the loss of the best expert in hindsight. A more ambitious goal is to split the data into segments and compare to the best expert on each segment. This is appropriate if the nature of the data changes between segments. The standard fixed-share algorithm is fast and achieves small regret compared to this scheme.
Fixed share treats the experts as black boxes: there are no assumptions about how they generate their predictions. But if the experts are learning, the following question arises: should the experts learn from all data or only from data in their own segment? The original algorithm naturally addresses the first case. Here we consider the second option, which is more appropriate exactly when the nature of the data changes between segments. In general extending fixed share to this second case will slow it down by a factor of T on T outcomes. We show, however, that no such slowdown is necessary if the experts are hidden Markov models.


Modeling soil thermal dynamics at high latitudes and altitudes requires representations of physical processes such as snow insulation, soil freezing and thawing and subsurface conditions like soil water/ice content and soil texture. We have compared six different land models: JSBACH, ORCHIDEE, JULES, COUP, HYBRID8 and LPJ-GUESS, at four different sites with distinct cold region landscape types, to identify the importance of physical processes in capturing observed temperature dynamics in soils. The sites include alpine, high Arctic, wet polygonal tundra and non-permafrost Arctic, thus showing how a range of models can represent distinct soil temperature regimes. For all sites, snow insulation is of major importance for estimating topsoil conditions. However, soil physics is essential for the subsoil temperature dynamics and thus the active layer thicknesses. This analysis shows that land models need more realistic surface processes, such as detailed snow dynamics and moss cover with changing thickness and wetness, along with better representations of subsoil thermal dynamics.


Previous studies have demonstrated that absolute pitch (AP) possessors can directly perceive the musical pitch quality (pitch class) of a tone presented in isolation. However, an isolated tone without musical context has no relevance to music, and AP ability should be examined in musically meaningful situations. In this study, AP possessors tried to identify the musical intervals between pairs of successive tones. The first tone (a reference) was either in-tune C according to the conventional pitch standard or out-of-tune C (a quarter-tone higher than standard C). The identification performance was less accurate and slower in the out-of-tune reference condition than in the in-tune condition. In contrast, AP nonpossessors showed no significant difference in performance in the two conditions, as predicted by the principle of equality under transposition. These results suggest that AP subjects tend to adhere to AP in relative pitch tasks, and that at least some AP listeners may have developed a strong dependence on AP at the sacrifice of relative pitch. AP may not have any advantage in music, in which relative pitch, not AP, is essential. Rather, AP may conflict with relative pitch and, in some cases, harm musical pitch processing.


In this paper we refer to the very important role of detailed and advanced planning, as well as to the optimization of radio network of the next generation wireless networks that offers multimedia traffic. Next generation mobile operators that are adapting 3G mobile technologies and beyond are facing more and more challenges connected to the design and planning of the factual multi service radio networks as WCDMA itself. These challenges are not independent and must be considered together with the user's demand and performance analyses as key factors of designing process, dimensioning and pre-operational optimization of the infrastructure of radio network.


ABSTRACT Biofilms are a protected niche for microorganisms, where they are safe from antibiotic treatment and can create a source of persistent infection. Using two clinically relevant Candida albicans biofilm models formed on bioprosthetic materials, we demonstrated that biofilm formation proceeds through three distinct developmental phases. These growth phases transform adherent blastospores to well-defined cellular communities encased in a polysaccharide matrix. Fluorescence and confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed that C. albicans biofilms have a highly heterogeneous architecture composed of cellular and noncellular elements. In both models, antifungal resistance of biofilm-grown cells increased in conjunction with biofilm formation. The expression of agglutinin-like (ALS) genes, which encode a family of proteins implicated in adhesion to host surfaces, was differentially regulated between planktonic and biofilm-grown cells. The ability ofC. albicans to form biofilms contrasts sharply with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which adhered to bioprosthetic surfaces but failed to form a mature biofilm. The studies described here form the basis for investigations into the molecular mechanisms of Candida biofilm biology and antifungal resistance and provide the means to design novel therapies for biofilm-based infections.


Abstract. Budyko (1974) postulated that long-term catchment water balance is controlled to first order by the available water and energy. This leads to the interesting question of how do landscape characteristics (soils, geology, vegetation) and climate properties (precipitation, potential evaporation, number of wet and dry days) interact at the catchment scale to produce such a simple and predictable outcome of hydrological partitioning? Here we use a physically-based hydrologic model separately parameterized in 12 US catchments across a climate gradient to decouple the impact of climate and landscape properties to gain insight into the role of climate-vegetation-soil interactions in long-term hydrologic partitioning. The 12 catchment models (with different paramterizations) are subjected to the 12 different climate forcings, resulting in 144 10 yr model simulations. The results are analyzed per catchment (one catchment model subjected to 12 climates) and per climate (one climate filtered by 12 different model parameterization), and compared to water balance predictions based on Budyko's hypothesis (E/P = ϕ (Ep/P); E: evaporation, P: precipitation, Ep: potential evaporation). We find significant anti-correlation between average deviations of the evaporation index (E/P) computed per catchment vs. per climate, compared to that predicted by Budyko. Catchments that on average produce more E/P have developed in climates that on average produce less E/P, when compared to Budyko's prediction. Water and energy seasonality could not explain these observations, confirming previous results reported by Potter et al. (2005). Next, we analyze which model (i.e., landscape filter) characteristics explain the catchment's tendency to produce more or less E/P. We find that the time scale that controls subsurface storage release explains the observed trend. This time scale combines several geomorphologic and hydraulic soil properties. Catchments with relatively longer subsurface storage release time scales produce significantly more E/P. Vegetation in these catchments have longer access to this additional groundwater source and thus are less prone to water stress. Further analysis reveals that climates that give rise to more (less) E/P are associated with catchments that have vegetation with less (more) efficient water use parameters. In particular, the climates with tendency to produce more E/P have catchments that have lower % root fraction and less light use efficiency. Our results suggest that their exists strong interactions between climate, vegetation and soil properties that lead to specific hydrologic partitioning at the catchment scale. This co-evolution of catchment vegetation and soils with climate needs to be further explored to improve our capabilities to predict hydrologic partitioning in ungauged basins.


Introduction A benefit of in-hospital cardiac arrest is the opportunity for rapid initiation of "high-quality" chest compressions as defined by current American Heart Association (AHA) adult guidelines as a depth 2–2.4 inches, full chest recoil, rate 100–120 per minute, and minimal interruptions with a chest compression fraction (CCF) ≥ 60%. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of audiovisual feedback on the ability to maintain high-quality chest compressions as per 2015 updated guidelines. Methods Ninety-eight participants were randomized into four groups. Participants were randomly assigned to perform chest compressions with or without use of audiovisual feedback (+/− AVF). Participants were further assigned to perform either standard compressions with a ventilation ratio of 30:2 to simulate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) without an advanced airway or continuous chest compressions to simulate CPR with an advanced airway. The primary outcome measured was ability to maintain high-quality chest compressions as defined by current 2015 AHA guidelines. Results Overall comparisons between continuous and standard chest compressions (n=98) were without significant differences in chest compression dynamics (p's >0.05). Overall comparisons between +/− AVF (n = 98) were significant for differences in average rate of compressions per minute (p= 0.0241) and proportion of chest compressions within guideline rate recommendations (p = 0.0084). There was a significant difference in the proportion of high quality-chest compressions favoring AVF (p = 0.0399). Comparisons between chest compression strategy groups +/− AVF were significant for differences in compression dynamics favoring AVF (p's < 0.05). Conclusion Overall, AVF is associated with greater ability to maintain high-quality chest compressions per most-recent AHA guidelines. Specifically, AVF was associated with a greater proportion of compressions within ideal rate with standard chest compressions while demonstrating a greater proportion of compressions with simultaneous ideal rate and depth with a continuous compression strategy.


A palladium-catalyzed tandem reaction of 2-(cyanomethyl)benzonitriles or 2-(2-carbonylphenyl)acetonitriles with arylboronic acids in water has been developed for the first time. This reaction features good functional group tolerance and provides a new strategy for the synthesis of diverse isoquinolines under mild conditions. The use of water as the reaction medium makes the synthesis process environmentally benign. Preliminary mechanistic experiments indicate that the major reaction pathway involves carbopalladation of the C(sp3)–cyano group and subsequent intramolecular cyclization findings that were further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.


In Two Bits, Christopher M. Kelty investigates the history and cultural significance of Free Software, revealing the people and practices that have transformed not only software but also music, film, science, and education. Free Software is a set of practices devoted to the collaborative creation of software source code that is made openly and freely available through an unconventional use of copyright law. Kelty explains how these specific practices have reoriented the relations of power around the creation, dissemination, and authorization of all kinds of knowledge. He also makes an important contribution to discussions of public spheres and social imaginaries by demonstrating how Free Software is a recursive publica public organized around the ability to build, modify, and maintain the very infrastructure that gives it life in the first place.Drawing on ethnographic research that took him from an Internet healthcare start-up company in Boston to media labs in Berlin to young entrepreneurs in Bangalore, Kelty describes the technologies and the moral vision that bind together hackers, geeks, lawyers, and other Free Software advocates. In each case, he shows how their practices and way of life include not only the sharing of software source code but also ways of conceptualizing openness, writing copyright licenses, coordinating collaboration, and proselytizing. By exploring in detail how these practices came together as the Free Software movement from the 1970s to the 1990s, Kelty also considers how it is possible to understand the new movements emerging from Free Software: projects such as Creative Commons, a nonprofit organization that creates copyright licenses, and Connexions, a project to create an online scholarly textbook commons.


Background: The human placenta metabolizes many endogenous substances, drugs, and xenobiotics. Cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1) is expressed in both early- and full-term placenta. The Thai medicinal plant Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (PM) is traditionally consumed for rejuvenation and has neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and antioxidant activities. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of PM and the CYP1A inducer β-naphthoflavone (BNF) on the expression of CYP1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT), and the transporter ABCG2. Materials and Methods: Human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells were treated with BNF (10 μM), ethanolic extract of PM (PM-EtOH), or column chromatographic fractions of PM-EtOH (F2, F4, and F6) at 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. The mRNA expression of target genes was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), a marker for CYP1, was measured at the RNA harvesting time point. Results and Discussion: PM-EtOH, F2, and F4 significantly induced EROD activity and expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 while CYP1B1 and AHR were slightly suppressed and ARNT was unchanged. ABCG2 was slightly induced by F2. Therefore, the expression of CYP1 in BeWo cells appears to be independent of the AHR/ARNT regulatory pathway. Conclusion: The use of PM-containing products at high quantities or for long periods during pregnancy is of concern due to likely herb–drug interactions and toxicological risks through activation of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 transcription.


Satellite and in-situ radiometric measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) together with conventional SST and meteorological parameters are used to provide a description of the ocean surface skin temperature deviation (skin temperature - bulk temperature, AT) for a transect made across the Atlantic ocean from 50°N 00°W to 23°S 35°W during September and October 1992. Methods of in-situ SST measurement are discussed and the errors associated with each technique are given. The principles of infra red radiometry are explained. The differences between the calibration strategies used to determine SST using infra-red radiometers from both in-situ and satellite platforms are reviewed and the errors associated with each technique are given. Differences between published in-situ infra red SST data indicate that there may be a bias in these data as a consequence of the calibration strategy adopted. The need for an inter calibration of in-situ infra red radiometer systems used for the validaion of satellite SST is highlighted. Satellite SST algorithms are discussed and the principles of atmospheric correction are explained. The difference between the radiometric 'skin' temperature of the ocean and the conventional 'bulk' temperature at depth is defined. A review of current observations of AT is given. Several theoretical treatments of AT are reviewed. The definitions of the surface fluxes of heat and momentum are given. A description of the collection of data and an analysis of the calibration of the infra-red radiometer used to measure the skin temperature is presented. Data have been processed to obtain AT and the surface fluxes of heat and momentum nave been evaluated according to the bulk aerodynamic formulae. The relationships between AT and the measurements made are presented for the entire data set and for day and night time observations separately. Four time series of observed data are presented and the local conditions during the time of measurement are used to discuss AT. AT has a mean value of 0.39°C ±0.3°C and is shown to be a persistent feature of the Atlantic ocean. Correlation analyses reveal the skin and bulk temperature fields to be correlated at length scales > 155 km. Night time correlations are consistently higher than the day time at all length scales. For this reason it is recommended that satellite validation data are only collected during the night. High sea states are shown to affect both in-situ and satellite observations of SST biasing these data warm. The regional nature of AT is presented which is related to the dominant atmosphere-ocean conditions for each region. AT is shown to be greatest at the higher latitudes and weak in the tropical regions. Several parameterisations of AT are used to obtain estimates of AT using the data collected. These are found to be inadequate to predict AT at small temporal scales. A regional dependence of AT is found in these parameterisations. The coefficient A, of the Saunders (1969) parameterisation has been evaluated and is shown to have a regional dependence on the local atmosphere ocean conditions. The coefficient Ci and Ci of the Hasse (1971) parameterisation have been evaluated using the data collected. These are Ci=4.74 and C2=1.22. A comparison between the Along Track Scanning Radiometer Average SST is presented. Satellite - in-situ bulk AT has been obtained and shown to be comparable to that observed in-situ. This comparison highlights the need to make skin SST validation measurements rather than bulk SST measurements. The ATSR ASST data are shown to return a SST accurate to better than 0.3°C.


Force/torque sensors compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are required to develop haptic interfaces for neuroscientific investigations and robotic tools for interventional MRI. In this paper, we analyze the mechanical structure of classical and MRI compatible sensors from literature and demonstrate the critical role of the mechanical design on the sensing performance. A simple and efficient torque sensor based on light intensity measurement over optical fibers is introduced, which allows to place the electronic components outside the scanner room. By using a self-guiding flexible structure and optimal mirror placement, the sensitivity to transverse torque is reduced to 0.03% of the desired output torque.


A 30 minute 'performed lecture', performed by Karoliina Sandstrom in Huddersfield, October 2007 and written and directed by Dr Deborah Middleton. 'Book Building' uses the analogy of boatbuilding to talk about creative writing. The performance arose out of Middleton's innovative work at the postgraduate Writing School at Manchester Metropolitan University (U.K) and the sailing of her sixteen foot classic wooden sloop, Ida-Rose. 'Book Building' is a playful characterisation of Middleton's approach to teaching creative writing practice.

The piece speaks poetically of the importance of books and of creative practises, such as writing, in our lives. It makes reference to a number of poems and poets, such as Ted Hughes and Seamus Heaney.

The 'lecture' is delivered by a character who has been described as 'an endearingly timid genius'. She is accompanied by a musician playing an accordion. The performance is both amusing and touching.

'Sometimes in this life you will find yourself becalmed, and sometimes turned upside down in a tempest. You will be glad, then, of a book, well-built; glad of the cosy little cabin and the big sails to catch the breath of life…'


Organisations such as mental health systems and universities can be places where violence is part of the business as usual and hence taken-for-granted functionality of the workplaces. The paper challenges dominant perceptions of who is mad and what is dangerous to unsettle the largely unquestioned legitimacy of indirect and mainly, but not always, non-coercive forms of organisational power. To enable this analysis the research and language of domestic violence is presented to help anchor the nature of organisational violence so that it doesn't get ignored or deferred as non-problematic, as something that just happens somehow separate from peoples' actions or non-actions. The discursive and material nature of violence in our human organisations can be addressed through tracing the maddening effects it can have on people and by addressing issues of harm, loss and injustice through dialogue, resistance and restorative justice work.


The thesis is based on a longitudinal study of the automobile industry
in the U.S.A. from its inception around the turn of the century, to the
1950s. Charting the changes in methods of production, organisational
structure, demography and skill configurations among the workforce, and
institutional and political formations at the workplace, the study focuses
upon the meaning of these developments in terms of the control of work and
the personnel directly involved in that control - the changing role of
foremen in 20th century industry.
Using a range of sources including contemporary governmental and
industrial surveys, company and trade union records and oral histories, a
picture is built up of the way in which methods of production, and the
control of that production, are mediated through a series of social,
demographic, spatial and ideological factors, in all of which the foreman
is a central character.
In examining the role of shop floor supervision in shaping workers
experience and actual structures of control at the workplace, and showing
how the experience of foremen, individually and as a group, in turn are
affected by changing patterns of work, the thesis constructs a historical
modification to accounts of the labour process which stress a progressive,
teleological exodus of control from the shop floor. The study points out
for example, that the role of shop-floor supervisor during the inter-war
period, largely supposed to have been proscribed and marginalised by
technological and bureaucratic developments, remained in fact the focal
point of control over hiring, firing, wage levels, production levels and
methods of work, in short almost all aspects of the industrial workers'
experience of factory life.
Having established the boundaries of power and control surrounding the
foreman in pre-war mass production, and discussed the meaning of these
boundaries in terms of class, ideology and divisions among the workforce,
the thesis then examines the origins and effects of unionisation on the
role of supervision. Following an account of the restructuring of power and
control which comes with the establishment of production workers unions in
the industry, the advent of the unionisation of foremen themselves is
examined. The Foremen's Association of America (FAA), which saw its genesis
and principal area of recruitment in the automobile industry, represented
the most serious attempt to organise supervisory workers in the USA this
century, and marks a pivotal point in the spread of unionisation,
managerial response and state intervention in industrial relations.
Building on earlier sections outlining the position of foremen in terms of
power and ideology, the thesis proposes a complex, multi-level dynamic
behind the formation, growth and decline of the FAA as a corrective to
previous accounts which stress the primacy of legislative and institutional
explanatory frameworks.
Finally the thesis charts the post-war response of management in the
industry to the threat of foremen's unionisation, locating ensuing attempts
to restructure the role, status and prestige of foremen in terms of the
historical impact and progress of competing managerial theory, in
particular that of the human relations school.


This paper analyzes the evolution and current profile of teacher unionization and estimate the impact of unionization on the quality of public education in Peru. The research uses data from a 1999 household survey (ENAHO) and from a recent evaluation of a public program oriented to improve the quality of Peruvian public education. Regarding the evolution of unionization, there is evidence compatible with the hypothesis that the rate of teacher unionization has dropped during the last three decades, but especially during the 1990s, due basically to the hiring of temporary teachers. For the impact of unionization on quality, the data indicate that unionization does not currently seem to be a major factor affecting the quality of educational services in the Peruvian public education system.


PURPOSE: To correlate optic disc size geometry, corneal architecture and biomechanics. METHODS: Optic disc area and geometry was accessed by HRT III (Heidelberg Retina Tomography - Heidelberg eng), Pentacam (Oculus) was used for accessing IOP and corneal parameters and ORA (Ocular Response Analyze - Reichert) was utilized to access corneal biomechanical properties. Classification based DDLS (Disc Damage Likelihood Scale) scale from retinography was performed. Settings: Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambrosio. RESULTS: 244 eyes of 122 patients (75 female) were included. The average age was 47,2 years (from 8 to 97 years). A significant negative correlation was found between disc optic size and CRF (r=0,1337, p=0,0263). A small trend was also found between optic nerve size and hysteresis (r=-0,1123, p=0,0625). A significant negative correlation was also found between disc optic size and thinnest point, maximal pachymetri progression, corneal volume at (1, 4 e 6mm) and difference from thinnest and central value (p<0,05). The highest negative correlation was with corneal volume within 4mm in diameter (r=-1,887; p=0,0017). A positive correlation between size of optic disc and cornea astigmatism (delta K), was found (r= 1,15; p=0,0129). CONCLUSION: There is a negative correlation between optic disc size and corneal thickness and biomechanical properties. These findings may help explaining susceptibility for the development of glaucoma neuropathy in some cases.


While most hair care formulations are developed on the basis of surfactants or polymers, we introduce self-assembly coating of micro and nanoparticles as the underlying principle for hair modification, protection and enhancement. Halloysite clay nanotubes formed by rolled sheets of aluminosilicate kaolin assemble on the surface of hair forming a robust multilayer coverage. Prior to the application, clay nanotubes were loaded with selected dyes or drug allowing for hair coloring or medical treatment. This facile process is based on a 3-minute application of 1 wt% aqueous dispersion of color/drug loaded halloysite resulting in a ca. 3 μm thick uniform hair surface coating. This technique, which employs a very safe, biocompatible and inexpensive material, is ubiquitous with respect to the species of source of hair and additives in solvent, making it viable as an excipient for conventional medical and veterinarian formulations.


This article seeks to explore the proposed notion of 'context-based composition' by examining the nature of 'real-world' context. It does this by studying the way in which listeners interpret sounds, working towards a deeper understanding of what it is that we mean by 'real-world' sound and context-based composition. These discussions are then utilised to explore the concept of what it means to compose context-based works and suggests that new potentials are opened up by a closer examination of the definition of context-based composition, one which liberates itself from a concern over an absolute physical nature of sounds and which embraces the use of both abstract and referential sounds. This journey highlights the importance of memory and experience within processes of interpretation and the creation of context-based compositions, and questions divisions between the virtual and the real.


In this paper we propose a method for reverse engineering the features of Ajax-enabled web applications. The method first collects instances of the DOM trees underlying the application web pages, using a state-of-the-art crawling framework. Then, it clusters these instances into groups, corresponding to distinct features of the application. The contribution of this paper lies in the novel DOM-tree similarity metric of the clustering step, which makes a distinction between simple and composite structural changes. We have evaluated our method on three real web applications. In all three cases, the proposed distance metric leads to a number of clusters that is closer to the actual number of features and classifies web page instances into these feature-specific clusters more accurately than other traditional distance metrics. We therefore conclude that it is a reliable distance metric for reverse engineering the features of Ajax-enabled web applications.


This paper examines the determinants of Italian intra-industry trade in horizontally and vertically differentiated products, using a dataset which eliminates the effects linked to the hypothesis of homogeneity both between countries - when specific industry characteristics are analysed - and between sectors - within the same country. In this way, within limits, we have tried to address an issue raised by Greenaway et al. in 1999 which, in the light of the current state of the literature on intra-industry trade, does not seem to have been explicitly dealt with. Our paper highlights how strong the impact of this hypothesis could be in the analyses of the determinants of intra-industry trade in the case of Italy.


A phenomenon is that which appears. In his phenomenology, Jean-Luc Marion shows how a phenomenon that appears in and out of itself evades the metaphysical demand of grounding. Classical philosophy has acknowledged phenomena only in so far as they can be sanctioned by the concepts of the intellect. This holds good also of Husserl's constitutive ego. Now, Marion distinguishes between such intuitively "poor phenomena" and the "saturated phenomena" that exceed the intentional consciousness; they are given not by the consciousness but to the consciousness in an excess of intuition. This "gift of appearance" is Marion's main concern, in the visible in general, and in painting in particular. But whereas idols only reflect our own desire to see and to be seen, icons surprise us by the gaze the saint directs on us. A picture is the scene of a possible revelation; and the revelation is nothing but the phenomenon taken in its fullest meaning: intuitive saturation at its maximum. A crucial question, nonetheless, remains: What is the relation between revelation as a phenomenological possibility, and Revelation as a theological dogma of the utmost importance?


Sexual divergence in foraging behavior exhibited by red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) should reduce intersexual competition for foraging sites. Males tend to forage at greater heights and on smaller stem diameters than females. It is well known that red-cockaded woodpeckers have an aversion to a well-developed stratum of midstory vegetation. Foraging areas with increased midstory vegetation may cause females to increase their foraging height, thus bringing them into greater competition with males. It has been suggested that female red-cockaded woodpeckers, to a greater extent than males, may suffer nutritional stress due to a reduction in foraging niche under certain conditions. In eastern Texas, we measured growth bars of red-cockaded woodpecker rectrices using the techniques of ptilochronology to obtain an index of nutritional status of individual woodpeckers during the period of feather growth. Total rectrix length and body mass were also obtained as additional measures of nutritional status. Data were acquired from 2 forest types determined by the dominant pine species in the overstory: (1) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) habitat which is relatively devoid of well-developed midstory vegetation, and (2) mixed loblolly pine (l? taeda)-shortleaf pine (l? echinata) habitat where midstory vegetation was generally well-developed. We compared width of 6 growth bars, rectrix length, and body mass between birds occupying these 2 pine habitats using 2-factor analyses of variance with pine habitat and molt year as the main effects. These were followed by a least significant-difference test. Adult males and adult females were tested separately. Width of 6 growth bars and rectrix length were similar for adult males in longleaf pine and loblolly-shortleaf pine habitats, but body mass was greater in the latter. Width of 6 growth bars, rectrix length, and body mass were all greater for adult females in loblolly-shortleaf pine habitat than in longleaf pine habitat. Our results indicate that red-cockaded woodpeckers are generally more nutritionally fit in loblolly-shortleaf pine than in longleaf pine habitat in eastern Texas despite more adverse midstory conditions in the former. They also suggest adult females may experience greater nutritional stress than adult males.


Educational Foundations offers insight into the value societies hold for educating youth. Examining global perspectives concerning the societal desire for education using the phenomenological idea of the Other leads to understanding the educative experience as a normative feature of teaching and learning. By communicating this normative feature with the theoretical notion of the "Golden Circle," educators develop a strong qualitative foundation for theorizing and interpreting results of quantitative educational research.


Metastatic plexopathy is often a disabling accompaniment of advanced systemic cancer, and may involve any of the peripheral nerve plexuses. Brachial plexopathy most commonly occurs in carcinoma of the breast and lung; lumbosacral plexopathy is most common with colorectal and gynecologic tumors, sarcomas, and lymphomas. Neoplastic plexopathy is often characterized initially by severe, unrelenting pain followed by development of weakness and focal sensory disturbances. In previously treated patients, the main differential diagnostic consideration is radiation-induced plexopathy, which can be difficult to distinguish from tumor plexopathy. Diagnosis is usually made following an analysis of the clinical, neuroimaging, and electrophysiologic features. Treatment of metastatic plexopathy has included surgical resection of tumor in selected cases, radiotherapy to the plexus, systemic chemotherapy, interventional pain management procedures, and symptomatic treatment. These measures often offer temporary (months) relief or improvement. Physicians treating these patients should focus on effective management of pain and prevention of complications of immobility produced by the neuromuscular dysfunction.


Colleges and universities are best understood as networks of departments working together to fulfill a mission of education, innovation, and community partnership. To better understand how these large and complex institutions function, scholars can apply organizational and strategic planning concepts made familiar by business management. This book follows that model and explores the new and emerging ways by which organizational theories address major contemporary concerns in higher education. The contributors to this volume are both influenced and inspired by the pioneering work of Marvin Peterson and his four-decade career researching higher education organization. Comprising a serious re-examination of the field, the essays review past and current thinking, address the field's core theoretical traditions, and pursue exciting new lines of inquiry, including the organizational dynamics of diversity and social movement organizations. Ideal for courses in administration and theory, this book reinvigorates the study of higher education as an organization and encourages scholars to rediscover the value of organizational principles in all areas of higher education research. Contributors include: Michael N. Bastedo, University of Michigan; Patricia J. Gumport, Stanford University; James C. Hearn, University of Georgia; Adrianna Kezar, University of Southern California; Jason Lane, State University of New York at Albany; Simon Marginson, University of Melbourne; Michael K. McLendon, Vanderbilt University; Anna Neumann, Columbia University; Brian Pusser, University of Virginia; Fabio Rojas, Indiana University; Daryl G. Smith, Claremont Graduate University; William G. Tierney, University of Southern California; and the late J. Douglas Toma, University of Georgia.


OBJECTIVES
Blood pressure (BP) variability is associated with hypertensive (HT) target organ damage and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and BP variability in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.

STUDY DESIGN
In this cross-sectional study, 150 subjects (63 male, mean age 52.1±5.2 years) were enrolled. In all patients, blood samples and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring were obtained. According to 24-hour ambulatory BP results, participants were divided into four investigation categories. Group 1= Normotensive dipper (ND), Group 2= Normotensive non-dipper (NN), Group 3= HT dipper (HD), Group 4= HT non-dipper (HN).

RESULTS
Highest NLR values were determined in the HN group (p=0.005 vs. ND, p=0.046 vs. NN and p<0.01 vs. HD). NLR values were similar among the ND, NN and HD groups (p>0.05, for all). NLR was correlated with night systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r=0.178, p=0.031), night diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r=0.176, p=0.032) and BP variation rate (r=-0.246, p=0.003). Multiple linear regression analysis showed BP variation rate to be an independent predictor of high NLR value (ß=0.186, 95% CI=0.918-0.982, p=0.044). In ROC analysis, a level of NLR>2.7 predicted non-dipper HT with 83% sensitivity and 65% specificity (ROC area under curve: 0.653, 95% CI=0.565-0.741, p=0.001).

CONCLUSION
In the present study, we found that NLR levels were significantly correlated with BP variability. The measurement of NLR may be used to indicate increased risk of HT-related adverse cardiovascular events.


We study the connection between the cumulants of a time-integrated observable of a quantum system and the PT-symmetry properties of the non-Hermitian deformation of the Hamiltonian from which the generating function of these cumulants is obtained. This non-Hermitian Hamiltonian can display regimes of broken and of unbroken PT-symmetry, depending on the parameters of the problem and on the counting field that sets the strength of the non-Hermitian perturbation. This in turn determines the analytic structure of the long-time cumulant generating function (CGF) for the time-integrated observable. We consider in particular the case of the time-integrated (longitudinal) magnetisation in the one-dimensional Ising model in a transverse field. We show that its long-time CGF is singular on a curve in the magnetic field/counting field plane that delimits a regime where PT-symmetry is spontaneously broken (which includes the static ferromagnetic phase), from one where it is preserved (which includes the static paramagnetic phase). In the paramagnetic phase, conservation of PT -symmetry implies that all cumulants are sub-linear in time, a behaviour usually associated to the absence of decorrelation.


The difficulty of POMDP planning depends on the size of the search space involved. Heuristics are often used to reduce the search space size and improve computational efficiency; however, there are few theoretical bounds on their effectiveness. In this paper, we use the covering number to characterize the size of the search space reachable under heuristics and connect the complexity of POMDP planning to the effectiveness of heuristics. With insights from the theoretical analysis, we have developed a practical POMDP algorithm, Packing-Guided Value Iteration (PGVI). Empirically, PGVI is competitive with the state-of-the-art point-based POMDP algorithms on 65 small benchmark problems and outperforms them on 4 larger problems.


Abstract Improvement of the lattice code component related to resonance self-shielding calculations is described. The proposed self-shielding model is based on a subgroup flux equation with probability tables, as implemented in the CALENDF approach of P. Ribon. A new type of correlated two-dimensional probability table is introduced for the representation of the slowing-down effect in the resolved energy domain. The resulting formalism makes possible a better representation of distributed self-shielding effects. A new numerical scheme is also proposed to represent the mutual shielding effect of overlapping resonances between different isotopes in the context of the Ribon subgroup equations. The interference effects between two resonant isotopes are represented by a correlated weight matrix also computed using a CALENDF approach. The model was designed with the primary goal of allowing the straightforward replacement of legacy self-shielding components in typical lattice codes to gain improved accuracy without any noticeable increase in CPU resources. Finally, a validation is presented where the absorption rates are compared with exact values obtained using a fine-group elastic slowing-down calculation in the resolved energy domain. Other results, relative to Rowland's pin-cell benchmarks, are also presented. The need to represent mutual shielding effects, at least for mixed-oxide fuel is demonstrated.


This paper treats real-time tracking of a human head using an analysis by synthesis approach. The work is based on the Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm from Azarbayejani and Pentland (1995). We will analyze the convergence properties of the SfM algorithm for planar objects, and extend it to handle new points. The extended algorithm is then used for head tracking. The system tracks feature points in the image using a texture mapped three-dimensional model of the head. The texture is updated adaptively so that points in the ear region can be tracked when the user′s head is rotated far, allowing out-of-plane rotation of up to without losing track. The covariance of the- and the-coordinates are estimated and forwarded to the Kalman filter, making the tracker robust to occlusion. The system automatically detects tracking failure and reinitializes the algorithm using information gathered in the original initialization process.


We consider the problem of computing the solution of large-scale discrete ill-posed problems when there is noise in the data. These problems arise in important areas such as seismic inversion, medical imaging and signal processing. We pose the problem as a quadratically constrained least squares problem and develop a method for the solution of such problem. Our method does not require factorization of the coefficient matrix, it has very low storage requirements and handles the high degree of singularities arising in discrete ill-posed problems. We present numerical results on test problems and an application of the method to a practical problem with real data.


Coarse woody debris (CWD) is vital within forest ecosystems for an array of fauna. Forest management practices, such as prescribed burning and logging, influence the creation or loss of CWD. We examined the effect of long-term prescribed burning and logging on (i) the abundance of hollow-bearing CWD, (ii) the volume of CWD in different decay classes, (iii) the probability of hollow presence, and (iv) the size of hollows at a long-term (28 years) experimental site. Volume of CWD in moderate and advanced stages of decomposition decreased with increasing fire frequency while moderately decomposed material was higher in logged plots. The likelihood of a hollow being present increased with diameter and decreased when CWD was extensively charred. Hollow size was smaller when material was externally charred but larger when charring affected a pre-existing hollow. Increases in moderately decayed CWD reflect a pulse input of unmerchantable timber following the one-off logging event 28 years ago, though future loss of mature trees may lead to reduced input rates of woody debris in the future. Charring effects on hollow formation, increasing hollow size but decreasing overall presence, demonstrate the complex effect of fire on this resource. Our research highlights the need to develop a fundamental understanding of CWD input and loss dynamics in response to fire and logging in order to predict changes to this resource under a broad range of management scenarios.


Impairments in attention are commonly seen in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). While visual attention assessment measurements have been rigorously developed and frequently used in cognitive neurorehabilitation, there is a paucity of auditory attention assessment measurements for patients with TBI. The purpose of this study was to field test a researcher-developed Music-based Attention Assessment (MAA), a melodic contour identification test designed to assess three different types of attention (i.e., sustained attention, selective attention, and divided attention), for patients with TBI. Additionally, this study aimed to evaluate the readability and comprehensibility of the test items and to examine the preliminary psychometric properties of the scale and test items. Fifteen patients diagnosed with TBI completed 3 different series of tasks in which they were required to identify melodic contours. The resulting data showed that (a) test items in each of the 3 subtests were found to have an easy to moderate level of item difficulty and an acceptable to high level of item discrimination, and (b) the musical characteristics (i.e., contour, congruence, and pitch interference) were found to be associated with the level of item difficulty, and (c) the internal consistency of the MAA as computed by Cronbach's alpha was .95. Subsequent studies using a larger sample of typical participants, along with individuals with TBI, are needed to confirm construct validity and internal consistency of the MAA. In addition, the authors recommend examination of criterion validity of the MAA as correlated with current neuropsychological attention assessment measurements.


Get the Big Picture of Medical Microbiology-and zero-in on what your really need to know to ace the course and board exams and prepare for clinical rotations! A Doody's Core Title! 4 STAR DOODY'S REVIEW! "This is in a league of its own, encompassing aspects of a textbook, an atlas,and a high yield quick-reference...For medical studentsand residents looking for a book that emphasizes the clinical presentation andtreatment of human pathogens, this is highly recommended. Overall, this is abeautifully bound workbook-style text, with high-gloss pages and well orientedcolor pictures, tables, and diagrams. This is the book that will help newmedical practitioners to see the forest for the trees of infectious disease." -- Doody's Review Service Medical Microbiology: The Big Picture is a different kind of resource. With an emphasis on what you "need to know" versus "what's nice to know," and featuring 300 full-color illustrations, it offers a focused, streamlined overview of clinical microbiology and immunology. You'll find a succinct, user-friendly presentation designed to make even the most complex concepts understandable in a short amount of time. With just the right balance of information to give you the edge at exam time, Medical Microbiology: The Big Picture features: A "Big Picture" perspective on precisely what you need to know Clinically oriented coverage of infections of the central nervous system, eyes and ears, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic/lymphoreticular system, bone and joints, and more 300 labeled and fully-explained full-color illustrations Numerous summary tables and figures Key concepts at the end of each chapter 100 USMLE-type questions, answers, and explanations to help you prepare for the exams


HOW TO INTEGRATE SOFTWARE WITHOUT A HITCH In today's complex business world, accountants increasingly are called on to help plan and install computerized business systems. In this article, Ira R. Weiss, CPA, PhD, dean of the Madrid Business School, Madrid, Spain, and Durairaj Asaithambi, CPA, an accounting systems project supervisor at Houston Lighting & Power Co., Houston, out-line guidelines for a successful installation. The authors acknowledge the contribution of Thomas J. Farfell, manager, Houston Lighting & Power Co., to this article. Most businesses rely heavily on computer software to handle accounting, purchasing, inventory and other operations. But often they are not satisfied with stand-alone software because they want to integrate it with other, complementary programs to do more complex jobs. For example, if the accounting department's software could "talk" to purchasing's and the sales department's software, much data-entry duplication could be eliminated. In addition, with such a link, data on materials ordered by purchasing instantly could be incorporated into accounting's computer to produce up-to-the-minute information on cash flow and other financial and inventory information. Linking discrete and diverse programs so they work seamlessly--that is, as if there is no apparent separation between them--takes considerable planning. But once the integration is accomplished, the resuiting software system is cost-effective and should pay for itself within one to six years. GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESS Following are practical guidelines for senior management, project teams and accountants involved in the design and implementation of integrated systems: 1. Management commitment. An organizational change as major as this one requires the full support of senior management. If management fails to communicate the importance of the project to the staff, chances are it will fail no matter how well it is planned. 2. Project team. Many integrated software projects fail, or are only no better than marginally successful, because key people are left out of the development loop and the responsibility for designing the system is given exclusively to management information systems professionals. These technical experts may know software integration and management techniques, but probably not the detailed needs of the users and the environment in which the system will operate. As a result, the project team should include representatives of the user groups. In addition, a steering committee comprising the managers of each user department and chaired by the highest-ranking manager should oversee the project. It should consider cost-benefit priorities, staffing, changes the system will require in the work environment, as well as changes in the business environment affected by the system. It also should be able to resolve interdepartmental problems that cannot be solved by the project team. 3. Evaluation of platforms, tools and methods. A complex project requires careful evaluation of more than just the specific software under consideration. The team also must look at the choice of computers, the operating system and the network to be sure they can accommodate the jobs envisioned for them. …


Description: A Practical Guide to the Histology of the Mouse provides a full–colour atlas of mouse histology. Mouse models of disease are used extensively in biomedical research with many hundreds of new models being generated each year. Complete phenotypic analysis of all of these models can benefit from histologic review of the tissues. This book is aimed at veterinary and medical pathologists who are unfamiliar with mouse tissues and scientists who wish to evaluate their own mouse models. It provides practical guidance on the collection, sampling and analysis of mouse tissue samples in order to maximize the information that can be gained from these tissues. As well as illustrating the normal microscopic anatomy of the mouse, the book also describes and explains the common anatomic variations, artefacts associated with tissue collection and background lesions to help the scientist to distinguish these changes from experimentally– induced lesions. This will be an essential bench–side companion for researchers and practitioners looking for an accessible and well–illustrated guide to mouse pathology. Written by experienced pathologists and specifically tailored to the needs of scientists and histologists Full colour throughout Provides advice on sampling tissues, necropsy and recording data Includes common anatomic variations, background lesions and artefacts which will help non–experts understand whether histologic variations seen are part of the normal background or related to their experimental manipulation


Food, clothing, and shelter are basic needs of humans. Some members of society are not having their basic needs met. The homeless population lacks these fundamental necessities. It is of public health importance to assist those with the greatest need for health improvement; one of these groups is the homeless population. When asked to picture a person who is homeless, the first thought is usually the street homeless: dirty and violent and living under a bridge with an open garbage can with fire. Different types of homelessness exist such as absolute homeless, relative homeless, and unstable housing. Issues faced by homeless men, interventions, and discussions regarding the homeless population are addressed in the literature. How can public health professionals and the general community better help with the issue of the health and social effects on the homeless population? The main points examined in this were health problems, addictions, incarceration, homeless veterans, housing-first treatment, and the interventions designed for homeless men. Public health programs exist to help the homeless including supportive housing, shelters, and programs for veterans. It is possible to get homeless individuals off the streets and back onto their feet. Reducing disease and crime improves the whole community and benefits everyone.


In this article, the coupling of a UV-fs-LA system with a sector-field ICP-MS for isotopic analysis of individual sub micrometric and micrometric uranium particles, especially for the measurement of minor isotopes (234U and 236U), is discussed. Ablation of uranium particles results in short (a few seconds) and highly noisy signals with sudden and extremely brief (<1 ms) increases in intensity (referred to as 'spikes'), making the precise determination of isotope ratios very challenging. Uranium particles were located beforehand by means of suitable techniques. Three isotope ratio calculation methods are evaluated. The influence of signal spikes on the accuracy and precision of the isotope ratios is discussed. Thanks to the implementation of a 'spike rejection filter', the measurement of uranium isotope ratios in particles from an isotopically certified reference material (NBS U010) is greatly improved. Measured ratios are in acceptable agreement with the reference values although a systematic bias was observed. Limits of detection of a few tens of attograms for minor isotopes are achieved. Isotopic mapping in the area around the initial ablation crater allows the observation of the deposition of debris. No isotope ratio bias is observed when analyzing uranium particles mixed with lead particles, showing that no significant lead-based polyatomic interference is produced. Results, including minor isotope ratios, obtained with particles of sizes from 0.3 to 1.5 μm sampled in a nuclear facility, are in good agreement with the values obtained by another well-established method for such analysis.


The fairly young and entirely alive Mrs Shamefoot wants nothing more than to have a memorial stained-glass window erected in her honour in an English cathedral. From this premise, the inimitable Ronald Firbank extends his witty, eccentric "Vainglory", with a crowded cast of hilariously drawn characters - Winsome Brooks, Lady Anne Pantry, Miss Wookie, Mrs Barrow of Dawn and Mrs Steeple - a riot of parties, and a bottomless sense of the ridiculous. Admired by Auden, Forster and Waugh, Firbank's fine comic skill, quick-fire dialogue and descriptive flights of fancy are perfectly captured in "Vainglory", his first and longest novel, as well as in two novellas included here: "Inclinations" and "Caprice".


This paper describes the application of horizontal well geochemistry for the first time. Closely spaced samples, taken along a horizontal or deviated well path, allow the identification of reservoir compartments. Significant variations in geochemical parameters are related to the field filling and, if they persist over geological time and over tens of metres, should reflect barriers to diffusion and, by inference, possibly also to fluid flow. Two different approaches have been chosen: (a) closely spaced head space gas samples; (b) wet cuttings-based techniques. Case studies are presented documenting the detection of sealing faults between different reservoir compartments at the time of sampling. This novel approach has several advantages: (i) the need for costly pressure measurements is reduced; (ii) high sample density allows better spacial definition of barriers compared to both seismic and pressure measurements; (iii) detection of sub-seismic barriers; (iv) it allows detection of compartments even in cases where no pressure differences exist; (v) the technique works in wells drilled with oil-based mud systems. The strong variations in the geochemical signal over short distances has implications for the filling of reservoirs. The data suggest that reservoir filling is far more complex than previously envisaged.


Review Number: 1747 Publish date: Thursday, 26 March, 2015 Author: Andy Wood ISBN: 9780521896108 Date of Publication: 2013 Price: £55.00 Pages: 408pp. Publisher: Cambridge University Press Publisher url: http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/history/british-history-after-1450/memory-people-customand-popular-senses-past-early-modern-england?format=HB Place of Publication: Cambridge Reviewer: Brodie Waddell


Abstract Food supply chains are receiving increased attention due to rapid depletion of natural resources, increasing quality standards and rising food safety and security concerns. Implementing sustainability practices in food supply chains is believed to overcome such emerging challenges. However, limited studies address sustainability implementation concerns, particularly in cold food supply chains. Thus, this study attempts to identify factors hindering sustainability implementation in cold food chain networks by considering a case of UK artisan cheese producers. Survey data is utilised to identify and prioritise barriers for implementing sustainability following fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and sensitivity analysis. The analysis identified several key barriers, including initial investment cost, firm size and unawareness of government regulations. The internal barriers significantly dominate the implementation of sustainability practices in comparison to external barriers. Lack of consensus regarding the concept of sustainability by different stakeholders is observed to be an issue negatively affecting the level of integration in SMEs. Findings will help food and dairy SME's in gaining competitive advantage through the successful implementation of sustainability practices.


This study examines the role of accruals in the pricing of financial statement audits. We posit that both large positive and large negative accruals represent increases in the auditor's inherent risk, resulting in a nonlinear relation between accruals and audit fees. Consistent with our expectations, we find that both large negative and large positive total accruals are associated with higher audit fees. Further, the nonlinear relation between total accruals and audit fees is asymmetric, with a steeper slope on positive total accruals than negative total accruals. We next partition total accruals into specific asset accruals using an approach developed by Casey, Gao, Kirschenheiter, Li, and Pandit (2016, 2017) and find that accruals originating from different transactions exhibit predictably nonlinear relations with audit fees. On the whole, our results suggest that auditors respond asymmetrically to accruals based on the magnitude and source of the accrual.


How does an Italian become Italian? Or an Englishman English, for that matter? Are foreigners born, or made? In An Italian Education Tim Parks focuses on his own young children in the small village near Verona where he lives, building a fascinating picture of the contemporary Italian family at school, at home, at work and at play. The result is a delight: at once a family book and a travel book, not quite enamoured with either children or Italy, but always affectionate, always amused and always amusing.


The aim of this study was to explore the effect of think pair share method and students' creativity toward students' learning outcome. This research was begun by doing the related surveys for current situation of social science in the history subject where teaching the subject did not provide yet the expected learning outcome. For that reason, it needed a think pair share method to strengthen students' creativity in order to improve student's learning outcome as well as their self-evaluation in enhancing their creativity and learning competence. This research used quantitative approach with survey method. The collection of the data used questionnaires, interviews, documentary studies, and field notes. Quantitative data were analyzed by using an experimental method. Data analysis used multiple linear regression and correlation test. The experimental results on the three classes showed that think pair share method and students' creativity can improve students' learning outcomebetter than conventional class, but there is no interaction between the think pair share method and creativity with the eighth grade students' learning outcomes. Teacher could use this model to Junior High School students' level for improving students' learning outcome in the lesson of social science.


Before 1885, nearly all of the nutritional studies had been carried out in Western Europe and most were concerned with the need for either protein or energy. These lines of work continued in the 1880s but in the next 25 y, and in many more parts of the world, important new lines of work were being developed that would, in the long run, greatly broaden our understanding of nutritional requirements.


A series of Adriamycin-resistant human breast MCF-7 and human colon DLD-1 cancer cell lines were established by stepwise selection. The concentration of Adriamycin required to inhibit cell proliferation by 50% (IC50) in the parent breast line (MCF-7), Adriamycin-resistant lines (MCF-Ad5 and MCF-Ad10), and a 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-revertant line (MCF-R) was 0.005, 3.3, 6, and 4.9 microM, respectively. The Adriamycin IC50 value for the resistant colon line (DLD-Ad) was 8.2 microM, 68-fold higher than that for its parent line (DLD-1) (IC50 = 0.12 microM). The MCF-Ad5 and MCF-Ad10 cells were cross-resistant to 5-FU, with respective 5-FU IC50 values of 11.7 and 22.5 microM, or 7.3- and 14-fold less sensitive than their parent MCF-7 (IC50 = 1.6 microM) line. The MCF-R line completely reverted in sensitivity to 5-FU, with an IC50 of 1.7 microM. The resistant DLD-Ad line was 3.5-fold more resistant to 5-FU than was the parent DLD-1 line. Using both the 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate binding and catalytic assays for measurement of thymidylate synthase (TS) activity, there was significantly increased TS activity in the resistant MCF-Ad5 (2.4- and 2.5-fold), MCF-Ad10 (11.5- and 6.8-fold), and DLD-Ad (4.8- and 10.7-fold) lines, for binding and catalytic assays, respectively, compared with their parent MCF-7 and DLD-1 lines. The level of TS in cytosolic extracts, as determined by Western immunoblot analysis, was markedly increased for the resistant MCF-Ad5 (31-fold), MCF-Ad10 (46-fold), and DLD-Ad (52-fold) cells. Measurement of TS mRNA levels by Northern analysis revealed elevation of TS mRNA in the resistant MCF-AD5 (16.7-fold), MCF-Ad10 (31-fold), and DLD-Ad (55-fold) cells. Southern analysis showed that this increase in TS mRNA was not accompanied by any major rearrangements or amplification of the TS gene. Incorporation of 5-FU into the RNA and DNA of the resistant MCF-Ad10 cells was not significantly different, compared with that for parent MCF-7 cells. These studies suggest that exposure of human breast and human colon cancer cells to Adriamycin leads to overexpression of TS, with concomitant development of resistance to 5-FU.