The current approval procedure for wind farm proposals in the German EEZ only considers site specific conflict analysis between the wind farm and fisheries. Due to the relatively small spatial coverage of single sites potential opportunity losses to the fisheries are always considered as low or negligible. Cumulative effects on fisheries that will occur once all proposed wind farms are in place are not yet considered adequately. However, those cumulative effects will be quite substantial because, in particular, opportunities to catch such valuable species as flatfish will be considerably reduced.


There are concerns that local people will not be genuinely involved in initiatives to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). We analyzed local participation in the design of one REDD+ project in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and assessed local hopes, worries and recommendations for the project through four community focus groups and interviews with 137 households at the site. Our results showed that only one-third of households interviewed (31%) had enough information about the project to describe it accurately. Of those, the majority (60%) hoped that the project would improve their incomes, followed by improving their agricultural production (33%) and helping protect forests (26%). While increasing household incomes was the dominant hope, people's recommendations revealed that they favored non-monetary forms of compensation over the direct cash payments included in the proponents' package of incentives. Their main recommendation was that the project should help improve their production systems through access to technical assistance, machinery and training, while valuing local production systems (46%). Our study highlights the need for participation that goes beyond passive consultation with local people to develop REDD+ interventions that best reflect local knowledge, land use practices and aspirations.


Abstract Cranial nerve palsies after gunshot injury are not uncommon. We report the mechanism of isolated hypoglossal nerve paralysis caused by a gunshot. We report a 74 years old patient in whom a bullet entered through the right nostril and then ended up right occipital condyle. The only neurologic deficit was tongue deviation which resolved in one week. The bullet was not removed. The effect of clival slope may have an importance in this type of injury.


In the Anthropocene, amphibians must not only cope with natural
stressors but also a suite of human-made stressors that have been experienced
relatively recently within their evolutionary history. Because it has become
increasingly common for natural and anthropogenic stressors to co-occur in aquatic
ecosystems, the study of their separate and combined effects on ecosystems and
their component species is increasingly necessary. This is especially important for amphibians,
which have experienced global declines and can be highly sensitive to both
natural and anthropogenic stressors. Pesticides and parasites are two commonly
co-occurring stressors that can have complex individual and synergistic
detrimental effects in amphibian populations. Here, I conducted three studies
to broadly assess the separate and interactive effects of pesticides and
parasites on amphibians. More specifically, I explored: 1) the underlying physiological
mechanism allowing amphibians to induce increased tolerance to a pesticide
within a single generation, 2) the effects of exposure timing to two
functionally similar cryptic parasite species on infection outcomes, and 3) population-level
variation in susceptibility to parasites and whether prior exposure to
pesticides influenced the outcome of host-parasite interactions. First, to test
the hypothesis that
induced pesticide tolerance is the result of a generalized stress response, I
exposed tadpoles to an anthropogenic stressor (sublethal pesticide dose), a
natural stressor (cues from a caged predator), or a simulated stressor via
exogenous exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT). I then exposed
the larvae to a lethal carbaryl treatment to assess how the stressor exposures
influenced survival. I found that prior exposure to exogenous CORT and predator
cues induced tolerance to a lethal concentration of carbaryl, providing
evidence that pesticide tolerance can be induced by a generalized stress
response both in the presence and absence (exogenous CORT) of specific cues. Second,
I explored how the timing of host exposure to two co-occurring cryptic
echinostome species influences infection outcomes. I found that echinostome infection success in
larval anurans can differ significantly based on the parasite species makeup,
density, and exposure timing. I also found that priority effects can occur even
between functionally similar cryptic species, with an early exposure to Echinoparyphium
lineage 3 reducing the infection success of Echinostoma trivolvis three
days later. Finally, I assessed the influence of pesticide exposure on
host-parasite interactions and population-level variation in these responses.
This was accomplished by exposing wood frog larvae from eight
populations to one of two treatments (a
sublethal carbaryl concentration or a pesticide-free control) followed by controlled
parasite exposures to either echinostome trematodes or ranavirus. Then, I
assessed how pesticide exposure influenced infection loads, infection
prevalence, and survival in each population. I found significant population-level
variation in infection outcomes. Interestingly, however, I found no significant
effects of pesticide exposure on disease outcomes. Together, these three
studies demonstrate the wide-ranging and surprising outcomes that can result
from interactions among and between natural and anthropogenic stressors.


Late Quaternary (c. 11,400 [sup]14 C years BP) palaeoclimates were reconstructed from the sediments of closed lake basins in the western (Laguna de Cuitzeo) and eastern (Laguna de Zempoala) trans-Mexican volcanic belt (TMVB). Climate was separated out as a distinct agent of environmental change from the influence of anthropogenic, tectonic and volcanic activity by the use of a range of complementary techniques. These included mineral magnetic, geochemical, ostracod species assemblages, organic carbon, C/N, and authigenic [delta][sup]18 O and [delta][sup]13 C analyses, the establishment of independent chronologies and synthesis with previous work.
At Laguna de Cuitzeo (core length, c. 11,400 BP) the Late Glacial was cold and wet with the Early Holocene (c. 1O,400-8,500 BP) arid. Wetter conditions established in the Mid Holocene (c. 7,500-1,300 BP) peaked with a period of methanogenesis (c. 6,600 BP). Drier conditions were recorded from c. 1,800 BP. An arid event c. 1,300 BP coincides with a peak in aridity identified in many records across the Sub-Tropics.
At Laguna de Zempoala (core length c. 3,000 BP) the Late Holocene was wet before c. 2,600 BP with a drier phase between c. 2,600-2,000 BP before the return of wetter conditions until c. 600 BP. A 'Mega-Drought' recorded between c. 600-300 BP, coincides with a historically documented event. Wetter conditions existed from c. 300 BP until present.
The high altitude closed lake basins of the TMVB provide high-resolution records of climate change. Mexico experienced a transition from a cold wet Late Glacial to an arid Early Holocene probably as a result of a northerly positioned Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) displacing the north Atlantic subtropical high and weakening the easterly trade winds. Wetter conditions were established from c. 8,500 BP possibly because of orbital forcing extending the monsoon period. A transition occurred c. 1,800 BP into a period of apparent aridity (peaking c. 1,300-1,000 BP) probably resulting from solar forced variations, the periodicity of which modifies the intensity of the annual precipitation cycle leading to periods of drought and heavy rainfall on a bicentennial scale across the Sub-Tropics.


After almost a decade of high growth, Vietnam's growth rate fell during 2011–13. Since 2001, the country has also experienced two bouts of high inflation, booms and busts in equity and real estate markets, and episodes of large capital inflows and outflows. Against the backdrop of the global economy, this paper provides an account of macroeconomic developments in Vietnam during 2011 to 2013, examines the imbalances that came to a head in 2011, the macroeconomic stabilization achieved during 2012 to 2014, and the outlook and challenges going forward. The paper concludes that successfully designing and implementing a broad set of policies — staying the course on macroeconomic stabilization, while accelerating the pace of structural reform significantly, and integrating into the global economy — will allow Vietnam to further advance the remarkable gains that it has already made in poverty alleviation and achieving its Millenium Development Goals.


Abstract : The volume is one of a series of handbooks prepared by Foreign Area Studies (FAS) of The American University, designed to be useful to military and other personnel who need a convenient compilation of basic facts about the social, economic, political, and military institutions and practices of various countries. The emphasis is on objective description of the nation's present society and the kinds of possible or probable changes that might be expected in the future. (Author)


Fine particle concentrations were measured simultaneously at three locations: a regional monitoring site in Fresno, California, a backyard of an unoccupied residence in Clovis, California located 6 km northeast of the regional site; and indoors at the same residence. Measurements included 10-min determination of PM{sub 2.5} nitrate, sulfate and carbon using an automated collection and vaporization system, and black carbon measured by light attenuation through a filter deposit. Specific outdoor PM{sub 2.5} constituents were compared to assess the appropriateness of using regional data to model indoor concentrations from outdoor sources. The outdoor data show that, in general, the regional results provide a good representation of the concentrations seen at the building exterior. The indoor concentrations showed considerable attenuation as well as a broadening and time-lag for the concentration peaks. The concentration reduction was the largest for PM{sub 2.5} nitrate, which appears to undergo phase changes in addition to indoor deposition and penetration losses.


Over the last ten years Agile Software Development (ASD) has received much attention from researchers and practitioners as an approach for dealing with change. However, the proper application area and the use of a mixed agile and traditional, more plan-driven -approach are still much debated. In this paper, we report from a mission critical project that was considered agile by the involved staff, but which actually employed a mixed agile and plan-driven strategy. We introduce a framework, which allows for (1) descriptive analysis of the project, (2) its discussion against the agile values as presented in the agile manifesto, and (3) a comparison of findings to Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) theory. We contribute to the debate with rich insight about: which work practices were applied in practice? which of the applied work practices were agile and/or which were more plan-driven in nature? and which of the applied practices fit with CAS theory and/or with a more plan-driven perspective? The analysis of our case shows that some of the agile practices were used in a way that supported both agile values and a traditional focus on processes, documentation, and planning. Moreover, certain traditional practices were in line with CAS theory, while some agile practices fit both CAS and traditional concepts. We suggest that to understand ASD in practice it is relevant to investigate how the applied practices are actually used in the particular case and that the agile manifesto and CAS theory are useful, complementary lenses for doing so.


Researchers still further have a morphological interest in sympathetic ganglia. Functionally, paravertebral ganglia are involved in many physiological and pathological aspects of neuropathic, vascular, visceral pain syndromes, the Raynaud's syndrome and hyperhydrosis. Several interventions on ganglia as surgical and chemical sympathectomy, the ganglion block, and the chemical or thermal sympatholysis are applied for treatment of the pathological conditions. Accurate knowledge about the structure and the location of ganglia is required for a successful aftereffect of these procedures. In scientific literature there are many facts about the structural variations of the sympathetic ganglia related to development, age, pathology, lateral asymmetry and gender. The last one is the indeterminate factor, and the data about it are few and controversial. Still we were missing the information about the gender role on morphometry of human sympathetic ganglia and particularly of the cervicothoracic ganglion. The goal of our present study was to evaluate gender differences in the human ganglia. In our study we found that male cervicothoracic ganglia were longer than female ganglia, 21.33±4.74 mm vs. 14.87±1.84 mm, wider 9.51±1.48 mm vs. 8.76±1.14 mm, and thicker than female ganglia 5.19±0.77 vs. 4.29±0.36 mm. The dissected ganglia exhibited the three main distinguishable shapes: spindle, dumbbell and inverted "L". We defined gender differences: the female ganglia were mainly of spindle shape (78%), whereas the male ones equally expressed all the three types of the shape (35%, 30%, and 35%). In summary, we determined the gender differences in human cervicothoracic ganglia. We note that these differences are important for interventions on ganglia.


The first successful demonstration that effective T cell depletion can enable immune reconstitution without causing graft versus host disease (GVHD) was achieved in 1980 using lectin-separated hematopoietic stem cells. In leukemia patients undergoing supralethal radio- and chemotherapy, T cell-depleted transplants are vigorously rejected by residual host T cells; this barrier was first overcome in 1993 by the use of megadose stem cell transplants. This clinical observation can be explained, in part, by the demonstration that cells within the CD34 compartments, as well as their immediate early myeloid progeny, are endowed with veto activity. Engraftment of mismatched hematopoietic stem cells following reduced intensity conditioning, still represents a major challenge. Progress has been made recently by using anti-3rd party veto CTLs and T regulatory cells.


The nondelegation doctrine has roots that extend as far back as three centuries, or so most of us suppose. In The Second Treatise of Government, John Locke listed four constraints on the legislative power, the last that the power, being derived from the People by a positive voluntary Grant and Institution, can be no other, than what that positive Grant conveyed, which being only to make Laws, and not to make Legislators, the Legislative can have no power to transfer their Authority of making Laws, and place it in other hands.Most contemporary readers have assumed two things about Locke's statement: First, that the legislative power was the power to make rules for society. Second, that this delegated power to make laws could not be transferred to third parties because the people had never authorized their agents to further delegate. These two principles underlay the conventional nondelegation doctrine, which maintains that if a statutory delegation of discretion to third parties sweeps too broadly, it will constitute an impermissible delegation of legislative power.In their recent article, Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine, Professors Eric Posner and Adrian Vermeule reconsider the meaning of Locke's epigram and reassess the foundations of the nondelegation doctrine. In their view, the "legislative power" generally references the right to vote on bills in a legislature along with the other de jure powers of legislators. Moreover, Locke's maxim means no more than that the legislature cannot make third parties "legislators" by giving them the power to vote in the legislature. So when Article I of the Constitution speaks of "legislative Powers," it refers to those powers individually held by federal legislators, including most prominently the right to vote on bills. Furthermore, under their "naive" nondelegation doctrine, these are the legislative powers that cannot be delegated to third parties. Under their view, neither Locke's epigram nor the federal Constitution go further and prohibit broad delegations of discretion to third parties because such delegations do not create legislators and hence cannot delegate legislative power. Accordingly, should Congress delegate to some third party its entire power to "regulate Commerce," Congress has not delegated legislative power at all in either a Lockean or a constitutional sense.Professors Posner and Vermeule deserve praise for reexamining fundamental assumptions about the nature and meaning of legislative power and of the nondelegation doctrine. When scholars don't periodically reconsider conventional wisdom, scholarship stagnates and shibboleths are unreflectively accepted as constitutional gospel.Having said this, we doubt that they truly have laid to rest either the traditional understanding of legislative power or the conventional nondelegation doctrine. Our disagreements are both normative and descriptive. We cannot discern (and they do not advance) a plausible rationale for simultaneously permitting Congress to delegate large amounts of lawmaking or rulemaking discretion to third parties while strictly forbidding delegations of the right to vote in Congress. Moreover, as an original matter, we believe that Locke and the Constitution used the phrase "the legislative power" to refer to the power to make rules for society and not the ability to exercise the de jure powers of legislators. Hence, if one concludes that Congress cannot delegate legislative powers (either because such grants are not authorized or, alternatively, are implicitly forbidden), one must be worried that at some point, the delegation of large amounts of discretion might constitute a delegation of legislative power.Furthermore, whatever meaning one should ascribe to the phrase "legislative Powers" found in the Article I Vesting Clause, we think that Posner and Vermeule too quickly reject the conventional reading of Locke's nondelegation principle. Their revisionist reading simply cannot make sense of Locke's repeated claims that only those whom the people have appointed as legislators can make rules for the people. Locke denied that the legislative power entailed the power to make third parties into legislators by delegating to them the right to make laws. He was not merely claiming that those with the legislative power could not cede votes in the legislature.Finally, we conclude that if Posner and Vermeule applied the relentless criticism that they visit upon the conventional nondelegation doctrine to the naive prohibition on the delegation of legislative voting rights, the naive prohibition would seem equally dead. The "heavy burden" that they insist applies to the conventional nondelegation doctrine makes all implicit constraints extremely dubious. Perhaps we should prepare for two interments rather than one.Although we have sympathy for the conventional nondelegation doctrine, space considerations prevent us from mounting an adequate defense of it here. Hence, all we claim is that if one concludes that the delegation of legislative power is impermissible (for whatever reason), one must have in mind a prohibition akin to the conventional nondelegation doctrine. If, as Posner and Vermeule claim and as many others believe, the Constitution prohibits the delegation of legislative power, the nondelegation doctrine is alive and kicking.


We observed chemical contrast with subwavelength resolution on a III-V heterostructure by a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) working in the external reflection mode and coupled with a Free Electron Laser (FEL). SNOM reflectivity images revealed features that were not present in the corresponding shear-force (topology) images and are due to localized lateral changes in the optical properties of the sample. The data indicate an optical spatial resolution well below the diffraction limit of lambda/2 with most optical images having better lateral resolution than topographic images.


The city of Basel is situated in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, in the geographic triangle of three countries: France, Germany and Switzerland. Everyday urban life is characterised by the presence of Standard German and Swiss German as well as diverse migrant languages. Swiss German is 'an umbrella term for several Alemannic dialects' (Stepkowska 2012, 202) which differ from Standard German in terms of phonetics, semantics, lexis, and grammar and has no standard written form. Swiss German is predominantly used in oral forms, and Standard German in written communication. Furthermore, an amalgamation of bilingualism and diglossia (Stepkowska 2012, 208) distinguishes the specific linguistic situation, which indicates amongst other things the high prestige of Swiss German in everyday life. To explore the visibility and vitality of Swiss German in the public display of written language, we examined the linguistic landscape of a superdiverse neighbourhood of Basel, and investigated language power and the story beyond the sign – 'stories about the cultural, historical, political and social backgrounds of a certain space' (Blommaert 2013, 41). Our exploration was guided by the question: How do linguistic artefacts – such as official, commercial, and private signs – represent the diglossic situation and the relation between language and identity in Kleinbasel? Based on a longitudinal ethnographic study, a corpus was compiled comprising 300 digital images of written artefacts in Kleinbasel. Participant observation and focus group discussions about particular images were conducted and analysed using grounded theory (Charmaz 2006) and visual ethnography (Pink 2006). In our paper, we focus on signs in Swiss German and focus group discussions on these images. Initial analyses have produced two surprising findings; firstly, the visibility and the perception of Swiss German as a marker of local identity; secondly, the specific context of their display.


Repeatedly Shakespeare dramatizes one who prays when no one is listening, interested, or even there. This study reads the scenario parallel to early modern anxieties surrounding prayer itself, suggesting a vision of religious syncretism Shakespeare imagines for his world.


Banished for centuries, as punishment for trying to measure time, the inventor of the world's first clock is finally granted his freedom, along with a mission: a chance to redeem himself by teaching two people the true meaning of time. He returns to our world and embarks on a journey with two unlikely partners: a teenage girl who is about to give up on life and a wealthy, ageing businessman who wants to live for ever. To save himself, he must save them both. Gripping, and filled with deep human truth, this unforgettable story will inspire readers everywhere to reconsider their own notions of time and just how precious it truly is.


The institutional development of American legislatures, beginning with the first colonial assembly of 1619, has been marked by continuity as well as change. Peverill Squire draws upon a wealth of primary sources to document this institutional history. Beginning with the ways in which colonial assemblies followed the precedents of British institutions, Squire traces the fundamental ways they evolved to become distinct. He next charts the formation of the first state legislatures and the Constitutional Congress, describes the creation of territorial and new state legislatures, and examines the institutionalization of state legislatures in the nineteenth century and their professionalization since 1900. With his conclusion, Squire discusses the historical trajectory of American legislatures and suggests how they might further develop over the coming decades. While Squire's approach will appeal to historians, his focus on the evolution of rules, procedures, and standing committee systems, as well as member salaries, legislative sessions, staff, and facilities, will be valuable to political scientists and legislative scholars.


The quartz-K-feldspar-cemented breccia of Berglia-Glassberget in the Lierne municipality in central Norway forms an ellipsoid structure 250 m × 500 m in size. The hydrothermal breccia is barren in terms of economic commodities but famous among mineral collectors for being a large and rich site of crystal quartz of various colours and habits. Despite being a famous collector site, the mineralization is rather unique in respect to its geological setting. It occurs within Late Palaeoproterozoic metarhyolites of the Lower Allochthon of the Norwegian Caledonides regionally isolated from any other contemporaneous hydrothermal or magmatic event. In order to understand better the formation of the Berglia-Glassberget breccia, the chemistry, fluid inclusion petrography and age of the breccia cement were determined. Structural features indicate that the Berglia-Glassberget is a fault-related, fluid-assisted, hydraulic breccia which formed by single pulse stress released by a seismic event. 40Ar-39Ar dating of K-feldspar cement revealed a middle Triassic age (240.3 ± 0.4 Ma) for this event. The influx into the fault zone of an aqueous CO2-bearing fluid triggered the sudden fault movement. The high percentage of open space in the breccia fractures with cavities up 3 m × 3 m × 4 m in size, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and trace element chemistry of quartz suggests that the breccia was formed at depths between 4 and 0.5 km (1.1 to 0.1 kbar). The origin of the breccia-cementing, CO2-bearing Na-HCO3-SO4 fluid may have been predominantly of metamorphic origin due to decarbonation reactions (T > 200 °C) of limestones of the underlying Olden Nappe. The decarbonation reactions were initiated by deeply derived, hot fluids channelled to sub-surface levels by a major fault zone, implying that the breccia is situated on a deep-seated structure. Regionally, the Berglia-Glassberget occurs at a supposed triple junction of long-lived fault zones belonging to the More-Trondelag, Laerdal-Gjende and the Kollstraumen fault complexes. These fault systems and the associated Berglia-Glassberget earthquake are the expression of rifting and faulting in northern Europe during the middle/late Triassic.


Dengue viruses (DENV) are the most common cause of mosquito-borne viral illness in the world, affecting approximately 400 million people annually. Symptomatic illness ranges from a mild, self-limiting febrile illness to one manifested by plasma leakage that can lead to vascular collapse and death. In this issue of the JCI, Rathore et al. report that DENV can cause mast cell degranulation independently of mast cell infection, resulting in the release of the vasoactive mediators chymase and tryptase. The authors showed that recombinant chymase and tryptase increased endothelial permeability in a dose-dependent manner in human microvascular endothelial cells. They went on to evaluate the tryptase inhibitor nafamostat mesylate in a mouse model for severe DENV viremia. Strikingly, the potential therapeutic prevented and reversed the tryptase-induced vascular permeability. As there are currently no licensed drugs for the treatment of dengue, these findings present a possible treatment modality for severe disease.


The study considered safety on the hard shoulders of the M25 on behalf of the Highways Agency. When a vehicle breaks down on the motorway, the advice in the Highway Code is for the vehicle occupants to get out of the vehicle and wait in a safe place. There has been concern about the advice that should be given to those who break down where there is a physical barrier, for example a bridge abutment or parapet or a retaining wall, at the back of the hard shoulder, as this will prevent the vehicle occupants from moving to safety away from the running lanes. The case for provision of vehicle or pedestrian refuges which are protected by a safety fence was investigated using video recordings of part of the dual four-lane sections of the M25. Accident risk on the hard shoulder was estimated and compared with that when driving along the motorway.


We propose that for all situated agents, the process of task learning has many elements in common. A better understanding of these elements would be beneficial to both engineers attempting to design new agents for task learning and completion, and also to scientists seeking to better understand natural task learning. Therefore, this dissertation sets out our characterisation of agent-independent task learning, and explores its grounding in nature and utility in practise. We achieve this chiefly through the construction and demonstration of two novel task learning systems. Cross-Channel Observation and Imitation Learning (COIL; Wood and Bryson, 2007a,b) is our adaptation of Deb Roy's Cross-Channel Early Lexical Learning System (CELL; Roy, 1999; Roy and Pentland, 2002) for agent-independent task learning by imitation. The General Task Learning Framework (GTLF) is built upon many of the principles learned through the development of COIL, and can additionally facilitate multi-modal, lifelong learning of complex skills and skill hierarchies. Both systems are validated through experiments conducted in the virtual reality-style game domain of Unreal Tournament (Digital Extremes, 1999). By applying agent-independent learning processes to virtual agents of this kind, we hope that researchers will be more inclined to consider them on a par with robots as tools for learning research.


This essay is a contribution to the forthcoming Oxford University Press Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance edited by Jeffery Gordon and Georg Ringe. In the 1960s and 1970s, corporate law and finance scholars recognized that neither discipline was doing a very good job of explaining how corporations were really structured and performed. For legal scholars, Yale Law School professor and then Stanford Law School dean Bayless Manning confessed that corporate law has "nothing left but our great empty corporation statutes – towering skyscrapers of rusted girders, internally welded together and containing nothing but wind." Michael Jensen and William Meckling made a similar comment with respect to finance. The theory of the firm was an "empty box" or a "black box" that provided no theory about "how the conflicting objectives of the individual participants are brought into equilibrium." The result of Jensen and Meckling's seminal reframing of corporate law in agency cost terms, and so into something far broader than disputes over statutory language, was that both Manning's empty skyscrapers and Jensen and Meckling's empty box began to be filled.The essay proceeds by tracking how corporate law became corporate governance – from legal rules standing alone to legal rules interacting with non-legal processes and institutions – through three somewhat idiosyncratically chosen but nonetheless related examples of how we have come to usefully complicate the inquiry into the structures that bear on corporate decision-making and performance. Part I frames the first level of complication in moving from law to governance by defining governance broadly as the company's operating system, a braided framework encompassing legal and non-legal elements. Part II then adds a second level of complication by treating corporate governance dynamically: corporate governance becomes a path dependent outcome of the tools available when a national governance system begins taking shape, and the process by which elements are added to the governance system going forward – driven by what Paul Milgrom and John Roberts call "supermodularity." That characteristic reads importantly on both the difficulty of corporate governance, as opposed to corporate law, reform and the non-intuitive pattern of the results of reform: significant reform leads to things getting worse before they get better. Part II then further complicates corporate governance by expanding it beyond the boundaries of the corporation, treating particular governance regimes as complementary to other social structures – for example, the labor market, the capital market and the political structure – that together define different varieties of capitalism. Next, Part III considers commonplace, but I will suggest misguided, efforts to take a different tack from Parts I and II: to simplify rather than complicate corporate governance analysis by recourse to now familiar single factor analytic models: stakeholder theory, team production, director primacy, and shareholder primacy. Part III suggests that these reductions are neither models nor particularly helpful; they neither bridge the contextual specificity of most corporate governance analysis nor address the necessary interaction in allocating responsibilities among shareholders, teams and directors. As well, these "models" are static rather than dynamic, a serious failing in an era in which the second derivative of change is positive in many business environments and Schumpeter seems to be getting the better of Burke. Part IV concludes by examining the importance of a corporate governance system's capacity to respond to changes in the business environment: the greater the rate of change, the more important is a governance system's capacity to adapt and the less important its ability to support long-term firm-specific investment.


Statutory shareholder protection : judicial evaluation of oppressive and unreasonably prejudicial directors' decisions
The decision in Visser Sitrus (Edms) Bpk v Goede Hoop Sitrus (Edms) Bpk 2014 5 SA 179 (WCC) dealt with the relationship between the statutory business judgment rule in section 76(4) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the oppression remedy in section 163. The court considered and confirmed the validity of a restriction on the transfer of shares in a memorandum of incorporation of a private company in South African company law. The court also confirmed the important principle that although a director has the duty to report what he or she has done, it does not include providing reasons for those actions to shareholders. The nature and scope of the discretion of directors to act bona fide and in the best interest of the company are (were??) considered, and and the court held that a director's discretion is limited only by these two considerations. This is also the first decision where a court had to apply the business judgment rule as enacted in section 76(4) of the Companies Act. The court also established the general principle that an applicant seeking relief in terms of section 163 will seldom be successful with such an application if he or she fails to prove a breach of duty by a director or directors. The reluctance of the judiciary to interfere with internal company matters and affairs was also discussed and confirmed. In this case note the judicial approach taken by the court is critically analysed in the context of the established common law principles.


The aim of this thesis was to identify risk factors for the onset of adult asthma. Other objectives were to study determinants of smoking habits and the association between sensitization and outcome of asthma. In 1990, a questionnaire was distributed to 12,732 individuals from three age groups (16, 30-39 and 60-69 years) in two counties of Sweden. In a second phase, 2538 subjects who had reported respiratory symptoms and 600 controls were invited to clinical investigations, 81% participated. At the follow-up in 2003 subjects of the remaining cohort (11,282) were re-invited. Analyses are based on the 67% (n=7563) who responded to both questionnaires 1990 and 2003. In 2003, 17.2% of the young adults, 11.4% of the middle-aged and 10.3% of the elderly reported having, or having had, asthma. A total of 791 subjects reported onset of asthma during the 13-year study period. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, hard physical training and a low consumption of fruit and fish were constant risk factors for onset of asthma after adjusting for socioeconomic group. A smoker's risk of asthma onset was increased by 37%. The impact of risk factors differed between the age-groups. BMI had a significantly higher impact in the middle-aged and elderly. In subjects participating in the clinical investigations in 1990, sensitization to pets, were determinants of both persistent asthma and onset of asthma in 2003. The risk for persistent asthma was threefold. The risk for onset of asthma was more than doubled. Smoking at baseline in 1990 was the strongest determinant of being a smoker in 2003. Allergic sensitization and clinically verified asthma were not associated with smoking habits in 2003. No differences in changing smoking habits could be identified between smokers with or without asthma. In conclusion, modifiable lifestyle factors are important risk factors for adult onset asthma. The co-occurrence and interplay between asthma and cigarette smoking is still puzzling.


Coral-associated invertebrates dominate the biodiversity of coral reefs. Some of the associations involving symbiotic invertebrates remain unknown or little studied. This holds true even for relatively well-studied coral reefs, like those in the Caribbean Sea. Coral gall crabs (Cryptochiridae), obligate symbionts of stony corals, form a much-overlooked component of coral reef communities. Most recent studies on the Atlantic members of Cryptochiridae have been conducted off Brazil and little recent data have become available from the Caribbean region. During fieldwork off Curacao (southern Caribbean Sea), eight new host coral species, belonging to four coral families, were recorded for three cryptochirid species. Kroppcarcinus siderastreicola Badaro, Neves, Castro and Johnsson, 2012, previously only known from Brazil, and Opecarcinus hypostegus (Shaw and Hopkins, 1977) are new additions to the fauna of Curacao. Besides the new hosts and geographic range extensions, a free-living male Troglocarcinus corallicola Verrill, 1908 was observed visiting a female of the same species lodged in her gall in an Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) colony. This is the first photodocumented record of the "visiting" mating system in Cryptochiridae.


This thesis describes a systematic and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Cichorium. Cichorium is a small genus within the Asteraceae family (tribe Lactuceae) and is well known because of its two widely cultivated species: C. endivia (endive) and C. intybus (chicory). The genus occurs in the Old World and has been introduced in temperate and semi-arid regions elsewhere. An important diagnostic character at the genus and species level is the unique structure of the pappus, which, at the same time, causes difficulties regarding the relationship of Cichorium with other Lactuceae genera because of the unknown homology of it with other pappus structures. From a morphological point of view the genus is thus rather isolated. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast (RFLP and sequence data) and nuclear ribosomal (ITS sequence data) DNA of Cichorium and nine other genera ( Agoseris, Catananche, Chondrilla, Lactuca, Microseris, Prenanthes, Scolymus, Scorzonera and Taraxacum) confirm the isolated position of Cichorium within the Lactuceae. Besides the two cultivated species C. endivia and C. intybus, four wild species are recognised here: C. pumilum, C. calvum, C. bottae, and C. spinosum. The latter two species are easily distinguished by their cushionlike growth form and spiny terminal branches, respectively. The remaining two wild species are morphologically very similar to the two cultivated species C. endivia and C. intybus, because they differ primarily in quantitative features. However, in a multivariate analysis of morphological characters the species do not extensively overlap. The most important morphological character for species delimitation is the pappus, but the differences in life span and reproductive system help to distinguish C. intybus (selfincompatible perennial) from C. endivia, C. pumilum, and C. calvum (all selfcompatible annuals). The results of the phylogenetic analysis of Cichorium based on both chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA agree with the genetic relationships among the species determined with AFLP markers. The most important results are (1) C. bottae is sister to the remaining Cichorium species, (2) C. spinosum is the closest relative of C. intybus, and (3) C. endivia is sister to C. pumilum and C. calvum in the chloroplast based phylogeny, but the relationships among these three species are unresolved in the phylogeny based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Based on the congruence between phylogenetic and genetic analysis, unique markers were expected for all species. Surprisingly, species-specific markers are nearly absent except for C. bottae which proved to have seven unique markers. Apart from that, a single speciesspecific marker has been found for C. endivia and one diagnostic marker has been found for C. intybus and C. spinosum together, confirming their close relationship. In addition to the species analysis, the genetic relationships among the cultivar groups of C. intybus (Root Chicory Group, Witloof Group, Pain de Sucre Group, and Radicchio Group) and C. endivia (Scarole Group, Frise Group, and Endivia Group) are established using AFLP markers. The analysis of C. intybus cultivar groups resembles the species analysis in two respects: (1) grouping of cultivars according to cultivar groups, and (2) lack of markers unique to cultivar groups. In contrast to C. intybus, the cultivar groups of C. endivia do not form distinct groups, which reflects that crosses have been made among the various cultivar groups. The relationships among Cichorium species and cultivars will be useful for setting up a core genebank collection of Cichorium. The importance of inclusion of the wild species in such a collection is emphasised. Despite the high morphological resemblance of C. endivia and C. intybus, all three DNA-based analytical methods (chloroplast and nuclear DNA based phylogenetic analysis and the multivariate analysis based on AFLP markers) do not support a close relation between the two. The wild progenitor of C. endivia remains uncertain. It is usually suggested that C. pumilum is C. endivia's wild progenitor, but also the poorly known species C. calvum should be taken into consideration. As yet the proper phylogenetic relationships between the three species is not clear. Finally it is concluded that genetically modified organisms of both C. intybus and C. endivia have very high Dpdf-codes, which means that field experiments with genetically modified endive and chicory plants are to be treated with great caution.


Abstract: The 2013 elections were Kenya's fifth since the country returned to multiparty politics and the direct election of its president in 1992. Three of the preceding four elections were marked by violence. But in only one—the 2007 presidential contest—was the violence triggered by deep dissatisfaction with the electoral process and the electoral commission that administered the balloting. In an effort to avoid repeating the 2007 electoral debacle, Kenya's election commission turned to technology, but its high-tech voter-registration and vote-count processes fell short. Its experience has important lessons both for emerging democracies and for international donors.


On the 13th of October 1940 I found in the vicinity of a wool- and skinwork in Tilburg (The Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant) a sterile grasstuft, striking me by its peculiar habit. I transplanted it into my garden in Dordrecht and there it was flowering for the first time in June 1941, and in July it was collected to be dried. On the 4th of July 1941 I gathered one more fructifying specimen at the same locality in Tilburg. Doubtless the plant was a Deschampsia and my provisory identification was D. media R. et Sch.. Sending the material with this name to Dr P. Jansen in Amsterdam I got his reply: "Certainly not D. media. It is a species, unknown to me or, more probably, a variety of D. flexuosa". This conclusion, however, seemed unacceptable to me. The habit of the sterile as well as the fertile plant differs strongly from that of D. flexuosa. The tuft is denser and harder, with thicker and shorter leaves. The panicle is longer, wider and more diffuse, the branchlets less flexuous, the culms are relatively short, as long as the panicle or at most 1½—2 times the length of the panicle (in D. flexuosa 4—5 times). The characteristics of the flower are decisive. The lower glume is 5 mm long, the upper one 6 mm, both of them overtop the lemma and palea of the enclosed flower (in D. flexuosa the glumes are little different in length and equaling or overtopped by the flowers). The stipe of the upper flower, remaining attached to the lower one, when the spikelet falls asunder, is densily pencilshapedly hirsute and 1.5 mm long (in D. flexuosa 0.6—0.8 mm). The upper flower bears a similar stipe of a fully rudimental third flower, in other words: the rachilla is produced behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle. These properties sooner recall D. setacea than D. flexuosa, but the anthers are very small, 0.3—0.5 mm long, on much longer filaments (D. setacea has anthers, 1.5 mm long, filaments 0.5 mm, D. flexuosa: anthers 1.8 mm, filaments very short). All this: the habit, the pale green spikelets without any touch of purple, brown or blue, and the small anthers on long filaments justifies a specific differentiation of the Tilburgian wooladventive. I propose to name it, in honour of Dr J. Th. Henrard, whom I owe so much in the field of adventives in general and of Gramineae in particular: Deschampsia Henrardii nov. spec.


Aim: The study was designed to elucidate the relationships between cultural values, contact level, differential nursing practices and stigma towards mental illness among General and Psychiatric Nurses (N = 208) from Anglo and Chinese backgrounds in Australia. The study results aimed at informing education disciplines, health care providers and policy makers to examine strategies that seek to diminish stigma of mental illness and to reflect on cultural sensitive issues associated with mental illness. This paper reports analyses conducted with AMOS-5 within the Chinese sample (n = 84). Method: A cross-sectional survey explored a number of factors such as contact factor, cultural values (Individualism (IND), In group Role Concern (IRC) and In group Interdependence (INT)), "General Stigma" measured by the Social Distancing (STPP) and Negative Stereotyped (DISL) Scales and how these factors might translate into nurses' endorsement of differential care practices between two vignettes (diabetes versus mental illness), which was termed "Practice Stigma". "Practice Stigma" was measured by Caring Approach (CARE), Nursing Satisfaction (SATI), Authoritarian Stance (AUTH) and Negativity (NEGA) Scales. Differential practices (DIF_CARE, DIF_SATI, DIF_AUTH and DIF_NEGA) were obtained by subtracting the diabetes case from the mental illness case. Findings: Chinese nurses endorsed more highly collectivist values measured by the variables "In group Interdependence" and "In group Role Concern" when compared with Anglo-Australian nurses, but there was no difference in individualist values measured by "Individualism". Chinese nurses endorsed more highly general stigma towards mental illness than Anglo nurses when statistically controlled for differences in background demographics and contact factors. Chinese nurses endorsed more care/support and authoritarianism in their clinical approaches than Anglo-Australian nurses, although there was no significant interaction effect between ethnicity and patient type on care and authoritarianism. Chinese nurses endorsed more highly differential negativity than Anglo nurses for the mental illness case than the diabetes case, an effect mediated by differences in general stigma between these two ethnic groups. Within the Chinese sample, higher contact was related to lower differential negativity for the mental illness case than the diabetes case. Several path analyses suggested that Chinese values influenced differential negativity, mediated by general stigma and prior diversified contact with people having a mental illness.


Emerging technologies and shared standards have opened up new avenues for the curation and presentation of data in archives and published research. Among their many benefits, these developments have made collections across archives more accessible, and have vastly improved the visual experience for users. This paper focuses on the next step in applying technical development and standards to digital collections: improving discoverability and providing a visual product that is simultaneously informative and experiential. The cases presented here focus on new approaches in these areas, with an emphasis on the utilization of visual search and discovery across a research archive and the integration of data and image into an augmented reality (AR) experience, with discussion of how these approaches can improve the usability of visual material while broadening the user's experience from the purely visual into the realm of the immersive.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of use of mental health services for children across Europe, with a specific focus on differences in the availability of mental health resources.

METHODS
Data were drawn from the School Children Mental Health in Europe Project. Parent- and teacher-reported child mental health status was based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics of parents and children, as well as academic performance and use of mental health services in the previous 12 months, were collected. Countries were categorized as having high versus low mental health resources. The sample comprised 4,894 schoolchildren in seven countries.

RESULTS
Across Europe, only 25.6% of children with a mental disorder had received mental health services in the previous 12 months, including 31.5% in high-resources countries and 18.9% in low-resources countries (p=.001) (N=4,867). The presence of any mental disorder, maternal psychological distress, gender, living in a single-parent home, and low academic performance were determinants of service use. The effect of resources group on the likelihood of receiving services remained significant when the analyses controlled for all predictors (odds ratio=1.41, p<.01). Determinants differed between groups-maternal psychological distress was associated with service use in high-resources countries, and gender was associated with service use in low-resources countries.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings point to a substantial portion of unmet need across Europe and to major differences in access to care in low- versus high-resources countries. Efforts are needed to address unmet need among children with mental disorders, especially in low-resources countries.


The contribution encapsulates a legal discussion on the controversial figure of the agency workers, from the judicial debate blossomed during the last decade in the British courts, as regards their legal characterization, until the most recent developments, particularly the legislative framework passed in Britain, the Agency Workers Regulations. On such footings, the investigation focuses on the main law provisions of the recent British legislation, including the most crucial limbs of the domestic statute.
Additionally and against the backdrop of a comparative analysis, where the Italian jurisdiction is adopted as the "comparator", criticism is expressed by the authors as regards the way the "harmonisation" of EU inspiration (the Temporary Agency Work Directive) has been brought about in this strategic and increasingly important sector of the job market. Particularly, it is adumbrated the view that Britain, with its rigorous and rigid implementation of the Directive, may be currently damaging its own businesses with its irrationality of harsh rules, whereas a country like Italy, where the pertinent EU piece of legislation is applied with an indirect technique - i.e. the tolerance towards the already existing legislation of the fornitura di servizi (provision of services) - may de facto be dodging the constraints of the legislator in Brussels. These findings, of comparative law flavour, with the prominent example of Italy highlighted as a tenuous background, may confirm the sceptical view that, since the beginning, some scholars had expressed towards the Directive and its nebulous teleology.


Informal place-based environmental education is a proven approach for increasing environmental awareness for students in urban cities. This article describes and qualitatively evaluates the first two academic years of the EnvironMentors program at Louisiana State University (LSU-EM), which is part of a national network of EnvironMentors programs. Despite its short history, LSU-EM has already proven successful as an after-school science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) mentoring and college-access program predicated on a nearby campus and community partnerships. LSU-EM partners with the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs (Gear Up) in the College of Education and the Louisiana Sea Grant program for support and to foster the relationships among scientists, educators, and high school students. Each high school student is paired with two science mentors from the university. Students and their mentors spend the school year conducting an environmental science-based research project to be presented at the LSU-EM Science Fair. Program evaluations indicated students enjoyed forming a bond with their mentors, increased their environmental awareness, and had a better understanding of the scientific method after participating in LSU-EM. Mentors improved their science communication skills, benefited personally by giving back to the community, and took pride in their student's work. Program success was also measured based on the number of students completing their EnvironMentors projects, graduating high school and enrolling in postsecondary educational institutions.


The ability to model time-varying natures is essential to many database applications such as data warehousing and mining. However, the temporal aspects provide many unique characteristics and challenges for query processing and optimization. Among the challenges is computing temporal aggregates, which is complicated by having to compute temporal grouping. In this paper, we introduce a variety of temporal aggregation algorithms that overcome major drawbacks of previous work. First, for small-scale aggregations, both the worst-case and average-case processing time have been improved signi cantly. Second, for large-scale aggregations, the proposed algorithms can deal with a database that is substantially larger than the size of available memory. Third, the parallel algorithm designed on a shared-nothing architecture achieves scalable performance by delivering nearly linear scale-up and speed-up. The contributions made in this paper are particularly important because the rate of increase in database size and response time requirements has out-paced advancements in processor and mass storage technology.


Recommender systems represent valuable marketing tools in e-commerce. No wonder that this field has enjoyed quite some attention from the scientific community that seeks to develop algorithms that optimize the performance of recommender systems based on the analysis of historical data. In the research reported here, we experimented with a mechanism that combines traditional collaborative filtering approaches with explicit rating. This paper describes the technique and illustrates its behavior in a test-bed we created from real-world data. The results are promising.


Nicos Poulantzas was one of the leading Marxist theorists of the twentieth century, developing seminal analyses of the state and social classes during the crisis of monopoly capitalism. This volume brings together a wide selection of Poulantzas' key writings in legal philosophy and political sociology, including some important pieces translated here for the first time. Articles include his early pieces on law, his studies of hegemony, authoritarianism, and social classes, and his debate on the state with Ralph Miliband and Ernesto Laclau.


In this book leading scholars and practitioners from both sides of the Atlantic discuss crucial developments in the field of migration and integration. They pay particular attention to security and economic challenges as Western countries struggle with upheavals in neighboring countries, terrorism, and fiscal and financial crises. Contributors include Cawo Abdi, Alicia Allgauer, Sina Arnold, Sonja Aziz, Elizabeth Collett, Vedran Dzihic, Katherine Fennelly, Donna Gabaccia, Angela Huemer, Timothy Kaldas, Mary Kreutzer, Jonathan Laurence, Philip Lewis, Bernhard Perchinig, Aleksander Prvulovic, Thomas Schmidinger, Kristine Sinclair, and Meropi Tzanetakis.


The Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award is sponsored jointly by Psi Chi, the national honor society in psychology, and the APA. The award is presented annually to the psychology graduate student who submits the best research paper that was published or presented at a national, regional, or state psychological association conference during the past calendar year. The Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award was established in 1979. The award was established to recognize young researchers at the beginning of their professional lives and to commemorate both the 50th anniversary of Psi Chi and the 100th anniversary of psychology as a science (dating from the founding of Wundt's laboratory). It was named for Dr. Edwin B. Newman, the first national president of Psi Chi (1929) and one of its founders. He was a prolific researcher and a long-time chair of the Department of Psychology at Harvard University. Newman was a member of APA's Board of Directors, served as recording secretary of the board from 1962 to 1967, and was parliamentarian for the APA Council of Representatives for many years. He served both Psi Chi and APA in a distinguished manner for half a century. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).


The aim of the research was to determine the effects of globalization on the international business Serbia, as well as the contribution of FDI to the current socio-economic development of Serbia in the process of joining the European Union and anticipating numerous challenges. The entire research is based on the simultaneous use of different methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and synthesis and comparison. Analysis of the situation in the domestic economy, it was concluded that met only some of the prerequisites for a higher level of foreign direct investment because foreign direct investments in Serbia have not yielded the expected results. The results show that the process of priva-tization contributed to the revival of several forms of investment: domestic investors, foreign direct investment, loans and capital mar-kets. To unapredula and improve the investment climate, it is necessary to remove administrative barriers to foreign investment through amen-dments to existing legislation, the establishment and strengthening of relevant institutions, as well as the further development of infrastructu-re. With this in mind it is necessary to develop new comparative advan-tages in exports, based on technological modernization of the economy and improving the concept of education, management and organizatio-nal knowledge and experience. The results provide the identification of all the advantages and disadvantages inherent in the globalization of the economy and foreign direct investment.


Objective: To determine the frequency of adherence of laparoscopic appendectomy operative notes with the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) guidelines at the tertiary care centre.  Study Design: A clinical audit report.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi between January and June 2018.

METHODOLOGY
Operative notes of laparoscopic appendectomy, written by residents of general surgery from trainee levels R1 to R5 during the study period, were included in the study. Each component from RCS guidelines, was assessed. The response to every question in proforma was marked either as Y=Yes or N=No. Overall score of more than 70% was chosen arbitrarily as a qualifying standard for an adequate operative note. Data were analysed by using SPSS (version 21). A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS
A total of 74 operative notes relating to laparoscopic appendectomy were reviewed during the study period. Most of these, i.e. 46% notes, were written by year one residents; 47.1% operative notes showed adequacy of practice in concordance with RCS guidelines. The most lacking component in operative notes was mentioning of the operative time, port sites, intraoperative complications and details of specimen removed. Stratified analysis of operative notes did not reveal any association between age, gender and level of training of residents to affect the adequacy of operative note documentation.    Conclusion: Only a quarter of the studied documentation fulfilled the criteria for adequacy of practice. Residents need to be educated and familiarised with these guidelines to improve documentation of operative procedures. Strategies need to be formulated and tested to improve the performance.           Key Words: Operative notes, Good medical practice, Acute appendicitis, Laparoscopic appendectomy, RCS guidelines.


Hybrid nano-devices that encompass organic and inorganic components offer truly unique and flexible functionalities. With integrated biomolecules and active proteins, it is plausible to envision seamless interfacing with nastive biological environments. The ability to incorporate inorganic features not only enables the synthesis of complex systems, it provides a myriad of options in custom tailoring devices to pertinent biomedical applications as well. This is especially true with the advent of more advanced nano-fabrication technologies in recent years. F1-ATPase is a motor protein whose rotary motion has been well characterised [1,2]. The biomolecular motor hydrolyses ATP to generate forces compatible with currently fabricated nano-mechanical structures. We have fabricated and operated a hybrid organic-inorganic nano-device powered by the F1-ATPase biomolecular motor [3–5]. The scope of the hybrid device developments was manifold including the local movement of surrounding suspended particles by functional organic-inorganic devices and in other efforts, the capability of implementing control mechanisms [6]. In addition, a renewable biological fuel (ATP) source has recently been developed through sol–gel encapsulation of proteoliposomes in an effort towards creating a self-sustaining device. The following paper is a review of the knowledge that has transpired upon developing hybrid organic-inorganic nano-devices to hopefully elicit future advancements of bio-nano-systems.


Rare-earth silylamides of type [Ln{N(SiHMe2)2}3(thf)x] (Ln = Sc, Y, La, Nd, Er or Lu) have been prepared in high yield by reaction of 2.9 equivalents of Li[N(SiHMe2)2] with [LnCl3(thf)x] in n-hexane or thf, depending on the solubility of the rare-earth halide precursor. The complexes [Ln{N(SiHMe2)2}3(thf)2] (Ln = Y, La to Lu) are isostructural in the solid state, adopting the preferred (3 + 2, distorted) trigonal bipyramidal geometry, whilst [Sc{N(SiHMe2)2}3(thf)] has a distorted tetrahedral co-ordination geometry and short Sc· · ·Si contacts in the solid state. The reaction of [Y{N(SiHMe2)2}3(thf)2] with varying amounts of AlMe3 resulted in desolvation and alkylation with formation of AlMe3(thf), {AlMe2[µ-N(SiHMe2]2}2 and heterobimetallic (Y/Al) species. The generation of surface-bonded '(SiO)xY[N(SiHMe2)2]y' and 'SiOSiHMe2' moieties via the grafting of [Y{N(SiHMe2)2}3(thf)2] onto the mesoporous silicate MCM-41 is described in detail. Consideration is given to the factors governing the siloxide formation and silylation reactions, and the thermal stability of the surface species.


The headspace gas detection tube (HS-GDT) method to measure molecular and free sulfur dioxide (SO2) in wine is a simple and inexpensive procedure using commercial industrial safety colorimetric tubes. A syringe is used to sample a wine and to create a closed headspace, which is expelled through the GDT after equilibrium is obtained. The vapor-phase concentration of SO2 (PSO2) is determined from the manufacturer's printed markings and then related to the molecular SO2 concentration in the wine based on Henry's law coefficients or, more accurately, on calibration curves. Typical wine ethanol concentrations had a significant effect on the pKa of SO2, as previously reported, but no effect on Henry's law coefficients. Calibration curves in model wine and aqueous buffer yielded indistinguishable results when appropriate pKa values were used. Best results for calibration curves were achieved with 200 mL headspace of model wines (5 to 40 mg/L free SO2, equivalent to 0.14 to 1.12 mg/L molecular SO2), which yielded satisfactory linearity (r2 = .99), reproducibility (mean CV = 8% for molecular SO2 >0.4 mg/L), and detection limits (0.21 mg/L molecular SO2). Molecular SO2 measured by HS-GDT and by aeration-oxidation (A-O) showed a strong correlation between methods for white and blush wines (r2 = 0.97) and a poor correlation for red wines (r2 = 0.72). A-O values averaged double the HS-GDT values in red wines. The difference in molecular SO2 values by A-O and HS-GDT correlated well with the estimated molecular SO2 decrease due to formation of anthocyanin-bisulfite adduct (r2 = 0.936), supporting the hypothesis that dissociation of anthocyanin-bisulfite adducts occurs during A-O analysis. By not perturbing this equilibrium, HS-GDT accurately reports free and molecular SO2 values.


Purpose A remote haploscopic photorefractor, designed for assessment of accommodation and convergence in infants and clinical groups, was used to determine heterophoria accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios in normal naïve adults. These were compared with conventional clinical measures. Methods Twenty-one naïve subjects were used to compare occluded and unoccluded prism cover test responses with the remote haploscopic photorefractor using a text and picture target. Results Although luminance was generally low for both targets, binocular vergences were appropriate for target demand in both studies. Binocular accommodation showed greater lag for the highest target accommodative demand and the less demanding target. Occlusion not only reduced vergence response, but also frequently caused a marked reduction in accommodation, especially to the picture target. Normal mean AC/A values were found, but with wide variations between individual subjects. Conclusions Although mean accommodation, vergence, and AC/A values were comparable with published data, we suggest that in these conditions using naïve subjects, accommodation is frequently inaccurate, especially on occlusion, without concomitant loss of vergence, at least at low light levels. Accommodative convergence may play a less important part in, and other cues contribute more to, the near reflex than has been previously suggested.


In the context of supervised tensor learning, preserving the structural information and exploiting the discriminative nonlinear relationships of tensor data are crucial for improving the performance of learning tasks. Based on tensor factorization theory and kernel methods, we propose a novel Kernelized Support Tensor Machine (KSTM) which integrates kernelized tensor factorization with maximum-margin criterion. Specifically, the kernelized factorization technique is introduced to approximate the tensor data in kernel space such that the complex nonlinear relationships within tensor data can be explored. Further, dual structural preserving kernels are devised to learn the nonlinear boundary between tensor data. As a result of joint optimization, the kernels obtained in KSTM exhibit better generalization power to discriminative analysis. The experimental results on realworld neuroimaging datasets show the superiority of KSTM over the state-of-the-art techniques.


We are taught that the Constitution guarantees us certain civil liberties, such as the freedoms of religion and assembly and the right to bear arms. We are not taught that none of these rights are absolute and that the government can regulate these rights. We are also not taught that the government has the power to infringe on people's civil liberties, subject to varying levels of judicial review. The protection of civil liberties is especially important when there is an emergency or crisis, raising the question of whether or not we need an emergency constitution. While this question has been raised when there is a national disaster, it is also a significant issue when there is a regional or state-based emergency, such as the one that resulted from Hurricane Katrina.Following an increasing number of emergencies throughout the country, including Hurricane Sandy, the Ferguson, Missouri, unrest, and the Ebola outbreak, there is a need to assess whether our civil liberties are protected in these circumstances. On the tenth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, this book explores how state emergency laws impact constitutional civil liberties by examining the experiences of Hurricane Katrina's "involuntary heroes," those whose civil liberties were infringed upon by the government and who ultimately received little to no redress in the judicial system for their suffering. It is essential reading for constitutional scholars and for members of the general public who truly want to understand constitutional rights within the context of this historic crisis.


Recently, the number of journals adopting an open data policy has been rapidly increasing. A common form of this policy requires authors to provide the raw data for the presented results and make it available in a public domain. An obvious benefit of making scientific data open is that it will enhance the transparency of the results and suppress research frauds. Furthermore, by allowing open data to be reanalyzed and reused freely without any restrictions, one can also help the verification and reinterpretation of the original results. We believe these benefits are sufficiently large and support the basic ideas of the open data movement. Therefore, we have introduced the following open data policy to Science Editing: "For clarification on result accuracy and reproducibility of the results, raw data or analysis data will be deposited to a public repository, for example, Harvard Dataverse (https://dataverse.harvard.edu) after acceptance of the manuscript. Therefore, submission of the raw data or analysis data is mandatory. If the data is already a public one, its URL site or sources should be disclosed. If data cannot be publicized, it can be negotiated with the editor. If there are any inquiries on depositing data, authors should contact the editorial office." This policy can be found on our web page about Best Practice (https://www.escienceediting. org/about/best_practice.php) and will be effective from the next issue (volume 6, number 1, February 2019). We hope our policy can help making the results published in Science Editing more transparent and more open.


In organizing the second edition of the Graduate Conference of the PhD programme in Literary, Linguistics and Comparative Studies at the University of Naples "L'Orientale", which took place in the splendid setting of Palazzo Du Mesnil on 20-21 October 2016, the members of the organizing committee – in full accordance with the PhD coordinator, prof. Carlo Vecce, and the Board of Professors – continued the path traced by their predecessors, remaining faithful to the interdisciplinary dialogue that has characterized our PhD training programme for years.
The conference debate was devoted to investigating the concept of limen in its various meanings: limen as threshold, textual and meta-textual margin; limen as border, boundary; limen as extreme limit; limen as in-betweenness, the threshold of consciousness and perception. The concept of limen is referable to what defines, separates, combines, allows the crossing and contamination, the identification or differentiation. It can be fixed, variable, incorporated or invented and is understood as an object in its literal meaning or as a metaphorical concept. The richness of ambivalent meanings linked to this concept has allowed a wide discussion panorama, in which marginal forms and boundary discourses have been analyzed in a multicentric and multidisciplinary perspective.
Given the many submissions (almost three times more than the tight constraints), the committee had the delicate and unenviable task of selecting them; the choices were based on the pre-established themes – marginality in literature, linguistics and in the arts – without favouring any kind of approach and remaining open to innovative proposals that could demonstrate the arbitrariness of superficial and hasty 'labels' present in today's cultural landscape.
While aware of the inadequacy of any subdivision for an event such as this one, characterized by a constant strive for interdisciplinary contact, it was decided to place the essays gathered together in this volume in three sections: even if corresponding to distinct research areas, they all share the same field of inquiry in a broader sense.
The first section of the volume focuses on Textual Crossings. In this part, we find papers analyzing the relationship between text and 'paratext', those describing the processes of rewriting (understood as evolution of a text according to the different wills of the author, both as a re-use and as transfer to different cultural, chronological and linguistic contexts) and those focusing on innovative solutions adopted in some Italian literary texts at linguistic and stylistic levels.
In the second section, Boundaries between Arts and Culture, there is room for contributions that deal with literary works relegated to the margins of the canon (for a rate of originality that is too high compared to current trends or because they are considered to be ancillary in some ways). There are also essays that deal with the theme of socio-anthropological margins, particular notions of the concept of limen and those on different artistic and cultural expressions in motion. Finally, we find studies that make an in-depth examination of issues related to cultural crosses and the loss of collective and individual identity.
The third section, Linguistic Marginality, focuses on the contacts between different linguistic systems, on the varieties that arise from those contacts, on speakers' perception of those varieties, on the ways in which the concept of 'crossing a border' is expressed in different linguistic codes, and, not least, about variations related to unusual communication situations (such as, for example, telematic events).
A more detailed description of the essays is provided in the abstracts preceding each paper. Before dismissing this volume, we would like to thank all those who made its realization possible: the speakers, who participated in the Graduate Conference and decided to commit themselves by sending their proposals for the publication of its proceedings; the session chairs, who enthusiastically accepted our invitation, enriching the debate with precious insights; the scientific committee members, who meticulously reviewed the papers, guaranteeing the achievement of the standards required for such a publication, and finally Professor Carlo Vecce, for the constant and discreet support at all stages of our work.


This study examined the extent to which project managers' personality determines project success through the mediating mechanism of transformational leadership. The context of the study was nongovernmental projects that focused on education and health. Data were collected from 170 project managers who were engaged in 10 different programs in various areas of Pakistan. Based on the post-positivism approach and a specific deductive design, the results of the study indicated that Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness to Experience were direct positive predictors of project success, whereas transformational leadership acted as a mediator of these relations. One of the personality dimensions (i.e., Conscientiousness) had only an indirect effect on project success through transformational leadership. No relation was found between Neuroticism and project success. The theoretical and practical implications for project management are also discussed.


We consider a class of semilinear elliptic problems in two- and three-dimensional domains with conical points. We introduce Sobolev spaces with detached asymptotics generated by the asymptotical behaviour of solutions of corresponding linearized problems near conical boundary points. We show that the corresponding nonlinear operator acting between these spaces is Frechet differentiable. Applying the local invertibility theorem we prove that the solution of the semilinear problem has the same asymptotic behaviour near the conical points as the solution of the linearized problem if the norms of the given right hand sides are small enough. Estimates for the difference between the solution of the semilinear and of the linearized problem are derived.


This article explores possible mechanisms for ensuring that the innovation goal of the patent system is achieved by facilitating better use of patented inventions in biotechnology, taking into account the complex relationships between owners and users. We argue that a measured approach is necessary, reflecting the delicate balance of innovation. The patent system itself already provides some mechanisms, discussed briefly in the first part of this article. However, we see a benefit in expanding patent owners' repertoire to include industry-driven mechanisms that may be more finely tuned to the needs of particular industry participants or groups of participants. Examples include patent pooling, clearinghouse mechanisms and open source licensing. Such mechanisms may be adjusted to take account of trial and error learning in specific industry contexts, and may engender greater commitment on the part of industry than involuntary, 'top down' regulation. Such private mechanisms for ordering transactions among intellectual property holders would complement rather than displace existing public mechanisms. The law is necessarily a blunt instrument; where applicable, the methods we canvass in this article promise greater efficiency through superior flexibility and specificity.


GROZDANOV, A. P. and N. D. TZАNKOV, 2014. Analysis and comparison of sexual size dimorphism in two lacertid species in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., Supplement 1: 139–142 Sexual size dimorphism or SSD is widespread among many species of reptiles. The present research aims to analyze and compare the SSD in two lacertid lizards in Bulgaria – the Green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and the lowland subspecies of the Sand Lizard (Lacerta agilis chersonensis). Ten experimental territories were selected in Sofi a and Plovdiv plains and neighboring areas. A total of 68 sand lizards and 65 green lizards were analyzed. For every individual were measured or counted 8 metric traits (transformed in to 12 indexes) and 12 meristic traits. Data scores were analyzed by mean of uni- and multivariate statistical technique. Investigating the meristic traits, we found statistically signifi cant differences only in the number of horizontal lines of ventral shields between sexes in both species. Concerning the metric traits and indexes, we found statistically signifi cant tendencies for larger absolute and relative head size in male sand lizards in comparison with females. In green lizard we stated similar signifi cant tendency for larger head size and larger absolute and relative size of legs in male individuals. The presented results could be explained with the different roles of the sexes of those two species. SSD is more prominent in green lizard in comparison with sand lizard. In conclusion all that factors lead to bigger morphological differences between sexes in green lizards.


Implantable closed-loop neuromodulation devices for use in long-term chronic studies in a lab or clinical trial are expensive to acquire and difficult to modify for specific use cases. This article documents the design and fabrication of a wireless implantable device using only commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) components. This device, called the Bionode, can record and transmit up to four channels of biopotential data while simultaneously providing biphasic constant-current stimulation. The Bionode is a viable, low-cost, reusable, and easily modifiable research tool with clinical implications that has gained widespread use in various research projects at Purdue University.


The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial was a major contribution to the understanding of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women. Further analyses of the results of the WHI trial and a seminal review by Kuhl and Stevenson have put a new perspective on the benefits and risks of HT.1 It is suggested that
(A) Breast cancer
(i) Body mass and prior HT are important factors in determining the risk of breast cancer associated with HT.
(ii) The increased risk of breast cancer with CEE+MPA in the WHI trial is an artefact due to the low incidence of breast cancer in the placebo group of women.
(iii) The, so far, unexplained reduction in risk of breast cancer with CEE only in women age 50-59 could be due to the estrogen-induced reduction in insulin levels in the women who were overweight or obese, the majority of whom probably had the "metabolic syndrome" and hyperinsulinaemia.
(B) Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
(i) CEE only in younger healthy postmenopausal women decreases the incidence of CHD but CEE+MPA in older women increases the incidence of CHD.
(ii) Addition of MPA to CEE in postmenopausal women increases the risk of CHD possibly due to an MPAinduced upregulation of thrombin receptors in the coronary arteries.
(iii) The effect of HT on the incidence of CHD is determined by age and by time since menopause on initiating HT. It is hypothesised that "HT in younger postmenopausal women prevents atherosclerosis and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease BUT in older postmenopausal women increases the risk of thrombosis and inflammation and of cardiovascular disease in women with atherosclerotic plaques".
(C)Stroke and Total Mortality
(i) The increased incidence of stroke in women over age 60 with both the CEE+MPA and CEE only arms of the WHI trial is the main reason for caution in the use of HT in older postmenopausal women
(ii) The reduction in total mortality in women under 60 with both CEE+MPA and CEE only is an important new finding and requires further investigation.
(iii) The significant reduction in total mortality provides reassurance, if any is needed, of the safety and benefits of HT in younger postmenopausal women


When you're in training, what you eat makes a real difference to your performance. This is the book every athlete needs to fuel their training - a practical, enjoyable, food guide that fits in with your everyday life.To help you achieve your goals, prevent injuries and keep your body working efficiently and effectively. Training Food provides everyday meal plans tailored around your sport. These include nutrient-packed breakfasts, energy-boosting lunches, recovery dinners and snacks to eat on the go. Whether you're looking for the right performance nutrition for cycling, running, triathlons or team sports, this book shows you how to achieve the results you want.* Translates the science of sports nutrition into practical eating advice* Decodes the claims of commercial sports products and gives healthy homemade alternatives* Over 100 delicious and easy to make recipes to enhance your performance


This study aimed to investigate drink driving in a sample of general drivers and convicted drunk driving offenders in Guangzhou, China. The study also aimed to explore some potential factors that impact on alcohol-related driving behaviour. Samples of 406 general drivers and 101 drunk driving offenders were recruited between May and October 2012. A survey was used to collect information about demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices related to drink driving.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess possible drinking problems. The average age reported for starting to drink alcohol for both groups of participants was around 19 years old. The mean AUDIT score of general drivers was 7.4 (SD = 5.4) representing a low level of alcohol problems, and for convicted drunk driving offenders was 11.1 (SD = 5.9) representing a medium level of alcohol problems (significant difference between means, t = 5.75, p < 0.001). AUDIT scores indicated that a substantial proportion (65%) of the offenders had medium to high levels of alcohol use disorders, compared with 38.5% among general drivers.

Offenders who knew the drunk driving legal limit had a lower AUDIT score (M = 9.8, SD = 5.16) than those who did not know it (M = 12.2, SD = 6.257, t = -1.987. p = 0.05). In addition, offenders who were novice drivers (licensed less than 2 years) had a higher AUDIT score (M = 16.4, SD = 7.6) than the other three driver experience categories used.


1. The length of muscle fibres in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle of the anaesthetized cat was measured using ultrasound techniques. During the course of 'isometric' contractions, the muscle fibres shortened by stretching the compliant tendons, until the muscle fibres could no longer produce enough force to stretch the tendons further. At optimal muscle length (Lo) the maximal shortening of muscle fibres was 28%. 2. At muscle lengths much longer than Lo, 'isometric' contractions produced a slow shortening of the muscle fibres as the tendons were stretched and this resulted in a slow rise in tension. This phenomenon, usually referred to as 'creep', is due to low power at long muscle fibre length. This study shows that the series compliance present in the tendons is the major contributor to 'creep' in the cat MG muscle. As the tendons stretched during the course of the contraction, the average sarcomere length became shorter providing greater filament overlap and increasing power. 3. Slow to medium speed stretches applied shortly after the onset of contraction, as occurs in cat MG during walking and trotting, were entirely taken up in the tendons and the muscle fibres actually shortened throughout the imposed muscle stretch. 4. When early stretches were applied at muscle lengths longer than Lo, stretch of the muscle resulted in a peak force that was less than if the stretch had not been applied. This was the reverse of the situation for stretches at lengths less than Lo. When stretch was applied after attaining peak force, the force was greatly enhanced and the muscle fibres were also stretched. 5. Using the same techniques in a freely walking cat, the muscle fibres shortened by 1.0 +/‐ 0.3 mm during the stance phase of the step‐cycle when the muscle was being stretched, in 198 consecutive step‐cycles. 6. The tendons act as a mechanical buffer to protect muscle fibres from damage during eccentric contractions. 7. Since stretches of the MG muscle are not faithfully imposed on the muscle fibres, studies of muscle spindle function during locomotion need to take into consideration these effects of tendon compliance. The dominant view, when the foot lands on the ground during normal locomotion, is that muscle spindles are stretched along with the muscle resulting in reflex enhancement of contractile force. This study shows that the muscle fibres do not stretch under these circumstances, except at high speeds of locomotion when the stretch rate is also high.


Americans' indebtedness has increased dramatically since the 1980s – a trend likely to have important implications for retirement security. This study finds that older adults with debt are 8 percentage points more likely to work and 2 percentage points less likely to receive Social Security benefits than those without debt. Not only does the presence of debt influence older adults' behavior, but so do the amount and type of debt – particularly outstanding mortgages. Increasingly, retirement security will depend on having enough income and assets to pay for basic living expenses and to service debt.


Tanzania is already in advanced stage of drafting a new legal framework for water resources management, aimed at attaining the objectives of the National Water Policy of 2002. These objectives include the development of a comprehensive framework for promoting the optimal, sustainable and equitable development and use of water resources for the benefit of all Tanzanians; and separation of water resources management legislation from those of service provision. Three separate pieces of legislation will result from the proposed legal framework to cover water resources management, rural water supply and urban water supply and sewerage. In light of proposed framework, this paper surveys the increasing pressure on water resources, the efforts of the government in Tanzania trying to fix property regimes and formalizing informal arrangements related to the use of this resource. The paper starts with a brief discussion of the link between property rights and water resources management. This is the theoretical framework under which the discussion is based. The paper then presents four case studies that display interactions between traditional water management systems and the modern, formal systems. The paper then concludes with a discussion of the proposed policy and legal changes, focusing on the extent to which the proposed legislative dispensation will protect the existing traditional or customary water rights.


Bitcoin has been identified as capable of providing a feasible solution to transfer money 'home' safely in a cost-effective manner for many, including migrant workers. Notwithstanding the potential perks (efficiency, low cost, absence of foreign exchange problems), there are many pitfalls for potential users of bitcoin for this purpose, given the general absence of regulatory protections. Providing protection for users of bitcoin for this purpose is complicated by broader regulatory concerns such as money-laundering and terrorism-financing. This paper will point to the perks and pitfalls of the use of Bitcoin in remittance and concludes that it has rich potential in that arena, and that the regulatory framework for the use of Bitcoin in the remittance sector provides moderate protection for Australian users.


The purpose of the book is to advance in the understanding of brain function by defining a general framework for representation based on category theory. The idea is to bring this mathematical formalism into the domain of neural representation of physical spaces, setting the basis for a theory of mental representation, able to relate empirical findings, uniting them into a sound theoretical corpus. The innovative approach presented in the book provides a horizon of interdisciplinary collaboration that aims to set up a common agenda that synthesizes mathematical formalization and empirical procedures in a systemic way. Category theory has been successfully applied to qualitative analysis, mainly in theoretical computer science to deal with programming language semantics. Nevertheless, the potential of category theoretic tools for quantitative analysis of networks has not been tackled so far. Statistical methods to investigate graph structure typically rely on network parameters. Category theory can be seen as an abstraction of graph theory. Thus, new categorical properties can be added into network analysis and graph theoretic constructs can be accordingly extended in more fundamental basis. By generalizing networks using category theory we can address questions and elaborate answers in a more fundamental way without waiving graph theoretic tools. The vital issue is to establish a new framework for quantitative analysis of networks using the theory of categories, in which computational neuroscientists and network theorists may tackle in more efficient ways the dynamics of brain cognitive networks. The intended audience of the book is researchers who wish to explore the validity of mathematical principles in the understanding of cognitive systems. All the actors in cognitive science: philosophers, engineers, neurobiologists, cognitive psychologists, computer scientists etc. are akin to discover along its pages new unforeseen connections through the development of concepts and formal theories described in the book. Practitioners of both pure and applied mathematics e.g., network theorists, will be delighted with the mapping of abstract mathematical concepts in the terra incognita of cognition.


For the first time, stunning images of the women of the burlesque stage are gathered together in one great volume. In period photographs the timeless beauty of those exotic women who titillated, teased, and sometimes tortured their audiences is captured and celebrated. These memorable images make it clear that, when it comes to a beautiful body and a gorgeous face, tastes change very little. And just as in the past, the imagination is encouraged to run wild and ponder what might have been. This is a book to relax with and enjoy over and over again. Its rich, nostalgic view of a bygone era in American entertainment will please everyone, men and women alike. A "revealing" piece of Americana!


OBJECTIVE
Clinicians caring for children rely on measures of linear growth as a biomarker of development and overall health. Current reference ranges for height velocity (HV) for US children are unable to provide HV percentiles or Z-scores for early maturing and late maturing children at ages other than age at peak velocity. We present empirically acquired, age-specific reference ranges for HV from a contemporary sample of US youth.

STUDY DESIGN
Subjects were enrolled in the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study, a large, multicenter, multiethnic, contemporary cohort of children (aged 5-19 y at enrollment) from the United States followed for up to 7 years. More than 4000 annual (12 ± 1 mo) HV measurements from approximately 1500 children were available. Pubertal status was determined by breast stage or testicular volume assessed by experienced health providers. Age-specific reference ranges were determined using the LMS method.

RESULTS
Reference ranges (third to 97th percentiles) were generated for the entire cohort and for subgroups whose pubertal timing was defined as "earlier," "average," or "later." African American girls experienced earlier pubertal onset and had greater HV at younger ages and lower HV at older ages, compared to non-African American girls; differences did not persist after adjustment for pubertal timing. These differences were not observed for males.

CONCLUSIONS
These reference ranges for annual HV can be used to assess growth relative to peers of the same age and sex, with consideration of pubertal timing. Z-scores and exact percentiles for HV can also be determined for population studies.


Dust radiative effects and atmospheric heating rates are investigated for a Saharan dust storm on 21 June 2007 using a combination of multiple satellite data sets and ground and aircraft observations as input into a delta‐four stream radiative transfer model (RTM). This combines the strengths of the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations and CloudSat satellites and in situ aircraft data to characterize the vertical structure of the dust layers (5 km in height with optical depths between 1.5 and 2.0) and underlying low‐level water clouds. These observations were used, along with Aerosol Robotic Network retrievals of aerosol optical properties, as input to the RTM to assess the surface, atmosphere, and top of atmosphere (TOA) shortwave aerosol radiative effects (SWAREs). Our results show that the dust TOA SWARE per unit aerosol optical depth was −56 W m−2 in cloud‐free conditions over ocean and +74 W m−2 where the dust overlay low‐level clouds, and show heating rates greater than 10 K/d. Additional case studies also confirm the results of the 21 June case. This study shows the importance of identifying clouds beneath dust as they can have a significant impact on the radiative effects of dust, and hence assessments of the role of dust aerosol on the energy budget and climate.


Many developing countries now assemble most of the final products they use, but they still need to import most inputs. To escape this dependence, developing countries are focusing on ways to make more intermediate inputs domestically. But very expensive dies, moulds and castings patterns are required to make most rubber, glass, plastic or metalic components used as intermediate inputs. On the other hand, the machinery and equipment used together with the dies, moulds and patterns can make a aide range to products but are often underutilized. So, often only the dies, moulds, or patterns are needed to begin the production of various components. But, to protect their financial interests, multinational corporations (MNCs) often will not allow a developing country to use these key pieces of equipment without a comprehensive transfer of technology agreement. Hence, often either the developing countries remain import dependent for the components or cannot compete internationally due to their small domestic markets and the high cost of the dies, moulds and patterns, and hence high per-unit product ion eosts. So, the costs for DMPs must be lowered to economically enable LDCs to deepen import substitution for currently imported intermediate components. These costs might be lowered by: (1) better negotiation with MNCs; (2) joint SouthSouth purchase of DMPs; (3) aid supported guarantees to encourage firms to lend DMPs to LDCs (4) decreasing the number of makes, models, and designs for products; and, (5) improving and subsidizing the facilities to make DMPs locally. However, to implement these programmes, third world governments would need to perceive their objectives clearly and firmly confront the resistance from internal and external vested interests which benefit from the LLCs' continuing Import dependence.