The Reformation thinker John Calvin had significant and unusual things to say about life in public encounter, things which both anticipate modern thinking and, says William Stevenson, can serve as important antidotes to some of modern thinking's broader pretensions. This study attempts to give a coherent picture of Calvin's political theory by following the stream that flows from Calvin's fascinating short essay "On Christian Freedom," which constitutes one coherent chapter in Book Three of the Institutes of the Christian Religion. Stevenson argues that a full examination of this essay yields not only a more thorough explication of Calvin's political ideas proper but also a more complete and coherent picture of their theological underpinnings.


Topological shape optimization refers to the problem of finding the optimal shape of a mechanical structure by using a process for removing or inserting new holes or parts, it is to say, using a process which produces topological changes.This article introduces a method for automated topological optimization via an Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (EDA) with a suitable representation of the optimization variables. The optimum structure is such with the minimum weight which does not exceed a maximum von Mises stress and displacement. The contributions of this proposal resides in the definition of a candidate solution and the optimization method. The candidate solution representation is independent of the finer discretization used for analyzing candidate structures using the finite element method. Given a domain, which corresponds to the physical space where candidate structures reside, a vector φ=[φ1,φ2,...,φm] is used to define a smooth function φ(x,y) on Ω. If φ(x,y) is less than 0.5, such region does not have material, otherwise, it has.The smooth function φ(x,y) provides the advantage of having continuous regions with or without material while it depends on few optimization parameters φ, in addition, we can define an arbitrary number of parts or gaps as thinner or larger as needed. The EDA benefits from this representation, sampling random arbitrary structures and using probabilistic learning to determine whether a region must have material. The EDA is a global optimizer which can propose different topologies without the need of a priori knowledge neither initial solutions. In addition it uses a probabilistic model which smoothly evolve through generations. In consequence, at the beginning of the optimization process it arbitrarily proposes topologically different structures, while at the convergence phase it performs similar to a local search algorithm. The EDA uses few parameters which can be set in a straight forward manner. We report several study cases from the specialized literature, showing that our proposal outperforms reported results from up-to-date well performed algorithms.


Achieving a practical and productive balance in collaborative research between partners from high and lower income countries (North-South Collaborations) requires seeking win-win solutions. This issue requires time to engage each other and to understand each participant's research priorities and to identify areas of mutual interest. In SACTRC's experience, key elements include; building research capacity that is closely linked to the research being conducted by the partners, establishing a clear research identity for the group that facilitates further funding and publishing in accessible (open access) high impact journals (1). The preparation of any research paper requires a significant effort and time. Publishing in high impact journals allows both young researchers to be more competitive in career advancement and established researchers to be able to get further funding to support collaborative research. The challenge for any new journal such as the APJMT is to build a reputation that will impress both readers and funders (2). While the flaws of publication metrics such as h-index and journal impact factors are recognised, they remain important factors when seeking competitive grants. Although the importance of translational research is increasingly recognised by granting bodies in funding decisions, the metrics for measuring this are not well defined (3).


To reconstruct an indigenous language known solely from historical wordlists, the linguist needs to decide which source wordlists are most relevant, i.e. which sources are most likely to be attestations of the language to be reconstructed. There is little published research on methods appropriate to this task, and yet there is increasing attention to indigenous language reconstruction in support of language revival and revitalisation in education and community contexts. This paper1 describes a replicable and relatively objective method for comparing lexical similarity within a set of historical sources. The method described draws on the use of measures of lexical similarity in linguistics and the use of measures of endemism in biogeography. The method is illustrated via an analysis of historical sources for Aboriginal languages from the greater Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia. The sample is used to describe the overall similarity and difference between wordlists from this region, and to identify which wordlists are most similar to the wordlist recorded by the surveyor R. H. Mathews (e.g. 1903) as Darkinyung language.


This article addresses the role of threat in explanations of ethnic and other inter-group conflict and examines two issues in particular. First, it explains how security threats work by providing micro-level evidence of the psychological causal mechanisms behind them. Second, it contributes to two longstanding meta-theoretical debates in security studies on the causes of ethnic warfare. It asks how important are emotions – such as fear, resentment, and hostility - compared first with structural and materialist factors in explanations of ethnic conflict, and compared second with rationalist approaches. On the first issue, the article identifies four psycho-social mechanisms at work when an ethnic in-group faces a security threat: boundary activation, out-group derogation, out-group homogenization; and in-group cohesion. I show that the greater the threat, the stronger each of these psychological effects. Addressing the two meta-theoretical debates, the article suggests they present a false theoretical choice. Both emotions and material opportunities matter in ethnic conflict, and emotion and rationality are not opposing alternatives. I propose then two simple but fundamental precepts to refine existing theories. First, I distinguish between support for violence - which I term ethnic mobilization – and participation in violence - which I term ethnic violence.
Emotions matter for mobilization, but material opportunities matter more for violence. Second, I apply an axiom in social psychology - that emotion and reason interact in numerous ways in individual judgement and decision-making - and illustrate these psychological mechanisms using micro-data. The article draws inter-regional and inter-temporal comparisons from within the case of Rwanda's civil war (1990-94). The war culminated in a genocide that involved one of the most rapid and deadly mobilizations of a civilian population in world history. It uses a combination of survey data of ordinary Rwandans, content analysis of national radio broadcasts, and micro-case studies of four Rwandan communities.


Abstract. This paper describes the application and testing of a method for deriving spatial estimates of albedo from multi-angle remote sensing data. Linear kernel-driven models of surface bi-directional reflectance have been inverted against high spatial resolution multi-angular, multi- spectral airborne data of the principal cover types within the HAPEX-Sahel study site in Niger, West Africa. The airborne data are obtained from the NASA Airborne Solid-state Imaging Spectrometer (ASAS) instrument, flown in Niger in September and October 1992. The maps of model parameters produced are used to estimate integrated reflectance properties related to spectral albedo. Broadband albedo has been estimated from this by weighting the spectral albedo for each pixel within the map as a function of the appropriate spectral solar irradiance and proportion of direct and diffuse illumination. Partial validation of the results was performed by comparing ASAS reflectance and derived directional-hemispherical reflectance with simulations of a millet canopy made with a complex geometric canopy reflectance model, the Botanical Plant Modelling System (BPMS). Both were found to agree well in magnitude. Broadband albedo values derived from the ASAS data were compared with ground-based (point sample) albedo measurements and found to agree extremely well. These results indicate that the linear kernel-driven modelling approach, which is to be used operationally to produce global 16 day, 1 km albedo maps from forthcoming NASA Earth Observing System spaceborne data, is both sound and practical for the estimation of angle-integrated spectral reflectance quantities related to albedo. Results for broadband albedo are dependent on spectral sampling and on obtaining the correct spectral weigthings.


Abstract : D-LADDER (DIAMOND-based Language Access to Distributed Data with Error Recovery) is a computer system designed to provide answers to questions posed at the terminal in a subset of natural language regarding a distributed data base of naval command and control information. The system accepts natural-language questions about the data. For each question D-LADDER plans a sequence of appropriate queries to the data base management system, determines on which machines the queries are to be processed, establishes links to those machines over the ARPANET, monitors the processing of the queries and recovers from certain errors in execution, and prepares a relevant answer to the original question. This user's guide is intended for the person who knows how to log in to the host operating system, as well as how to enter and edit a line of text. It does not explain how D-LADDER works, but rather how to use it on a demonstration basis.


The requirement for improved dimensional accuracy to achieve ever tightening tolerances in manufactured parts increases the need for high precision machine tools. Machine tool accuracy is affected by various errors from which thermal errors have been identified as one of the largest contributors. These are primarily caused by heat generated by the machine as it operates and exogenous influences, mainly in the form of varying environmental temperature, that result in deformation of the machine structure.

There is a complex interaction between the structural components having different heat sources, thermal time constants and thermal expansions and therefore the combined effect on tool position accuracy is often non-linear and difficult to correct easily. There has been considerable research effort to model this behaviour, usually based on temperature information, to compensate the induced errors. The methods and techniques have proved their capabilities with excellent thermal prediction and compensation results but they often require significant effort for effective implementation constraints for complexity, robustness, cost and time consumption.

One of the most significant resources required is thermal testing on the machine and can be the main obstacle for the implementation of many of such methods for industries where production machine availability cannot be compromised.

This research provides a method where the machine downtime can be reduced significantly using offline simulation techniques for extended and complex real world machine operations. In this research FEA is used to simulate the thermal behaviour of the entire structure of a small milling machine using Abaqus/CAE Standard FEA software.

In order to ensure accurate simulations, heat source parameters need to be obtained for which an efficient methodology was created to calculate body heat flux values from a short test. Additionally, a study was conducted to understand the heat flow mechanism across structural joints requiring Thermal Contact Conductance (TCC) values. This research contributes experimentally obtained, and therefore accurate, TCC values for structural interface conditions compatible with CNC machine tool joints not previously available. This was followed by the investigation of the thermal behaviour of the machine due to both internal heat and external environmental fluctuations.

A broad range of operating and static stability tests were conducted to validate the FEA modelling strategy for simulating the thermal behaviour of the machine for internal heating and environmental temperature fluctuations. The simulated and experimental movement of the tool matched by more than 60% in all cases; and by more than 70% in most cases. The most significant cost benefits from this project may result from understanding behaviour during the long and very long term simulations that are impractical or unfeasible to complete experimentally. This information facilitates capability assessment and model development.

Within this research, simple linear models compatible with existing compensation capabilities in modern NC systems was targeted. Extracted FEA data is used to identify temperature-displacement sensitive areas within the full machine structure. The identification method locates structural nodes whose temperature change correlates with error at the tool to effectively install temperature sensors permanently at those positions for simple linearly correlated thermal error compensation.


This article draws on income surveys from the last two decades to report on trends in earnings disparities and household income inequality in the Czech Republic. Education has been the main axis of change in this area, having acquired a much greater role in the entire process of collecting and distributing income. First, an increasing influence of education is evident in the personal earnings of employees, returns to education having doubled. Second, in couples, education has an important impact on both women's employment and their earnings. Third, the importance of marital partners' education levels on household income grew even more than its effect on earnings.


Group A Streptococcus (GAS) M and M-like proteins are essential virulence factors and represent the primary epidemiological marker of this pathogen. Protein sequences encoding 1054 M, Mrp and Enn proteins, from 1668 GAS genomes, were analysed by SplitsTree4, partitioning around medoids and co-occurrence. The splits network and groups-based analysis of all M and M-like proteins revealed four large protein groupings, with multiple evolutionary histories as represented by multiple edges for most splits, leading to 'M-family-groups' (FG) of protein sequences: FG I, Mrp; FG II, M protein and Protein H; FG III, Enn; and FG IV, M protein. M and Enn proteins formed two groups with nine sub-groups and Mrp proteins formed four groups with ten sub-groups. Discrete co-occurrence of M and M-like proteins were identified suggesting that while dynamic, evolution may be constrained by a combination of functional and virulence attributes. At a granular level, four distinct family-groups of M, Enn and Mrp proteins are observable, with Mrp representing the most genetically distinct of the family-group of proteins. While M and Enn protein families generally group into three distinct family-groups, horizontal and vertical gene flow between distinct GAS strains is ongoing.


Objective: In our study, we focus on particular brain neurons
and their axonal connections within the brainstem and spinal
cord, which regulate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
functions, involved in the regulation of blood pressure.
Processes of neuromodulation are mentioned to take place within
these neural connections of central nervous system. The target
group for analysis is represented by patients with
hypertension. Design and method: We analysed the descending
nervous fascicle in patients with hypertension and in healthy
controls. All probands (16 patients with hypertension, 12
healthy controls) of our pilot study underwent the
non-invasive, one-time magnetic resonance imaging scanning. For
the central nervous system structures mapping, we have used the
non-invasive Magnetic Resonance imaging techniques (3T MR
system Discovery MR750 GE, software DV24.0_R01_1344.a),
combined with specific software processing (Philips working
station, MR Diffusion + MR FiberTrack analysis). Received data
were analyzed by using statistics (Mann-Whitney test for
comparison of parameters between groups). Results: For the oral
presentation, the results are presented as very visual MRI -
tractography images and clear Gauss curves comparisons too.


This paper presents a novel fiber fault-monitoring system for long-reach optical access networks based on a transmission–reflection analysis approach. By launching an unmodulated continuous-wave optical signal into the feeder ring and measuring the transmitted and reflected/backscattered optical powers, the proposed monitoring scheme is able to detect, identify, and localize any major fault (covering both reflective and nonreflective events) with a good spatial accuracy (≤10 m) and a high detection speed (3 s). Both experimental and simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed system provides fiber monitoring functionality better than that obtained by the conventional methods.


Monopolies over many life-saving drugs have led to high prices that remain out of reach for patients in the developing world, leading to a crisis of access over these essential medicines. High intellectual property barriers harm not only access to medicines, but can also impact future innovation. In order to address this problem, a proposal for a "patent pool" emerged that would rely on voluntary licenses by patent holder to enable the production of more affordable generic medicines. This article briefly describes the history of patent pools before focusing specifically on the UNITAID-supported Medicines Patent Pool. It analyzes the specific licenses of the Medicines Patent Pool, noting both the positive aspects and areas where future licenses could be improved. In addition to identifying areas for improvement, this article explores the mechanisms, including those that de-link innovation from monopoly pricing, that can be used to achieve these goals and encourage greater participation in the Medicines Patent Pool.


The Rehnquist Court's so-called "Federalism Revolution�? has received no shortage of scholarly attention. Under the conventional narrative, the Court pushed back against the encroaching tide of federal power in three spheres: it limited the scope of Congress's Commerce Clause authority, struck down laws infringing upon state sovereignty under the Tenth Amendment, and expanded the doctrine of state sovereign immunity to curtail federal power to subject unwilling states to private lawsuits. Yet in late 2010, the Court issued a decision that confirms the muted impact of the Rehnquist Court's rulings in the last of the three spheres. In Sossamon v. Texas, the Court acknowledged that even though state sovereign immunity prevents Congress from unilaterally subjecting states to private suits without their consent, Congress retains substantial power to purchase the states' consent under the Spending Clause. The Court in Sossamon proceeded to disallow a private damages action against Texas on different grounds, however. The Court held that even though the state had consented to be sued as a condition of its acceptance of certain federal funds, such a general waiver of immunity from suit was not enough to allow a damages action to proceed because the state had not expressly consented to be sued for monetary relief. This "double immunity�? requirement — that a sovereign must not only waive its immunity expressly from suit but also from monetary claims — is of recent and undocumented vintage. Yet already it has had an enormous impact, barring private litigants from obtaining remedies for injuries visited upon them by a sovereign defendant even though the sovereign has already agreed to be sued. The rule's impact is trans-substantive too, insulating sovereign entities from monetary judgments in a wide spectrum of cases involving religious liberties, statutory privacy rights, discrimination on the basis of disability, and government destruction of private property. This article explores the origins and effects of the Court's new double immunity rule, and ultimately proposes a new approach to determining whether a private party may sue a sovereign defendant for monetary relief.


M A Ware

Dr M A Ware, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; firstname.lastname@example.com

Is medical use of cannabis associated with an increased risk of adverse effects?

Studies selected reported adverse events associated with medical use of cannabis for pain or chemotherapy-induced nausea in patients with chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, or cancer. Outcomes were serious and non-serious adverse events.

Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, and EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (to Oct 2007), and reference lists were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and case reports. 23 RCTs (n = 2087) and 8 observational studies met the selection criteria. …


Learning Management Systems (LMSs) track and store vast quantities of data on student engagement with course content. Research shows that Higher Education Institutes can harness the power of this data to build a better understanding of student learning. This study is an exploratory Learning Analytics initiative to evaluate the inbuilt analytic features available within Blackboards LMS solution namely Blackboard Learn 9.1 to determine if it informs academic staff on student engagement. The two analytic features analysed in this study are Module Reports and Blackboard's inbuilt early warning system called the "Retention Center". Analysis of LMS variables extracted from these analytic features established a statistically significant weakly positive correlation between hit activity, login activity and student examination results. A statistically significant weakly positive correlation was also established between Multiple Choice Quiz (MQQ) score and examination results. These findings suggest that activity within LMS, measured by logins, hit activity and results in MCQs provide indicators of student academic performance. Lecturers involved in the study felt the analytic features provided them with a sense of student engagement with course modules and better understanding of their student cohorts.


Software development kits (SDKs) and supporting tools for Graphics Processor Units (GPUs) have matured and they now enable the implementation of complex middleware that takes advantage of the additional processing power. Working in synergy with CPUs, GPUs are suitable for executing highly parallelized tasks on streams of data. In this paper, we investigate the realization of effective operations on streams of data using GPU resources. We suggest a model for computing basic SQL-like queries that include unary/binary logical operators, membership queries as well as joins based on nested-loops. We also propose a framework that exploits the above core operations to offer a generalized computing environment for managing streams of data. Through experimentation with the NVIDIA CUDA SDK, we show sizable benefits in obtaining shorter response times not only for simple operations but also for more complex queries on streams.


In May, 2010 ITIF and the Center on Labor and Community Outreach co-hosted a meeting in Chicago of innovation economists, social justice activists from a range of organizations, and thinkers from the environmental movement to explore how technology and innovation are linked to everyday concerns about justice, human rights, economic opportunity, and environmental initiatives. The summary of that meeting provides useful insights on the common ground as well as the differences among today's creative thinkers from these varied communities.


In recent years, Sweden has adopted a criterion-referenced grading system, where the grade outcome is used for several purposes, but foremost for educational evaluation on student- and school levels as well as for selection to higher education. This thesis investigates the consequences of using criterion-referenced measurement for both educational evaluation and selection purposes. The thesis comprises an introduction and four papers that empirically investigate school grades and grading practices in Swedish upper secondary schools. The first paper investigates the effect of school competition on the school grades. The analysis focuses on how students in schools with and without competition are ranked, based on their grades and SweSAT scores. The results show that schools that are exposed to competition tend to grade their students higher than other schools. This effect is found to be related to the use of grades as quality indicators for the schools, which means that schools that compete for their students tend to be more lenient, hence inflating the grades. The second paper investigates grade averages over a six-year period, starting with the first cohort who graduated from upper secondary school with a GPA based on criterion-referenced grades. The results show that grades have increased every year since the new grading system was introduced, which cannot be explained by improved performances, selection effects or strategic course choices. The conclusion is that the increasing pressure for high grading has led to grade inflation over time. The third paper investigates if grading practices are related to school size. The study is based on a similar model as paper I, but with data from graduates over a six-year period, and with school size as the main focus. The results show small but significant size effects, suggesting that the smallest schools ( 1000 students) are lower grading than other schools. This is assumed to be an effect of varying assessment practices, in combination with external and internal pressure for high grading. The fourth and final paper investigates if grading practices differ among upper secondary programmes, and how the course compositions in the programmes affect how students are ranked in the process of selection to higher education. The results show that students in vocationally oriented programmes are higher graded than other students, and also favoured by their programmes' course compositions, which have a positive effect on their competitive strength in the selection to higher education. In the introductory part of the thesis, these results are discussed from the perspective of a theoretical framework, with special attention to validity issues in a broad perspective. The conclusion is that the criterion-referenced grades, both in terms of being used for educational evaluation, and as an instrument for selection to higher education, are wanting both in reliability and in validity. This is related to the conflicting purposes of the instruments, in combination with few control mechanisms, which affects how grades are interpreted and used, hence leading to consequences for students, schools and society in general.


One of the main challenges in tapping the full potential of modern educational software is to devise mechanisms to automatically analyze and adaptively support students' problem solving and learning. A number of such approaches have been developed to teach argumentation skills in domains as diverse as science, the Law, and ethics. Yet, imbuing educational software with effective intelligent tutoring functions requires considerable time and effort. We present a highly configurable software framework, "Configurable Argumentation Support Engine" (CASE), designed to reduce effort and development costs considerably when building tutorial agents for graphical argumentation learning systems. CASE detects pedagogically relevant patterns in argument diagrams and provides feedback and hints in response. A wide variety of patterns are supported, including ones sensitive to students' understanding of the domain, problem-solving processes, and collaboration processes. Teachers and researchers can configure the behavior of tutorial agents on three levels: patterns, tutorial actions, and tutorial strategies. The paper discusses design concerns, the architecture, and the configuration mechanisms of CASE. As a proof of concept, four showcases are presented each showing different aspects of CASE and thus demonstrating the flexibility and breadth of applicability of the CASE approach in supporting single user and collaborative scenarios across different argumentation domains.


The extent of recovery from stroke is dependent on the survival of neurons, particularly in peri-infarcted regions. Angiogenesis is critical for the development of new microvessels and leads to re-formation of collateral circulation, reperfusion and better recovery. Hyaluronan (HA) is an important component of the brain extracellular matrix and a regulator of cellular differentiation, migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. We have found that the production of total HA and low molecular mass 3-10 disaccharides of HA (o-HA) was increased in post-mortem tissue and in the serum of patients 1, 3, 7 and 14 days (peaking at 7 days) after ischaemic stroke. Hyaluronidase activity was also increased in serum samples (peaking after 3 days), which might explain the subsequent increase in o-HA. Affinity-histochemical staining was performed using a HA-specific biotinylated binding protein, and it showed enhanced deposition of HA in blood vessels and intracellularly as well as in the nuclei of peri-infarcted neurons. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry demonstrated upregulation of HA synthases (HAS1 and 2) and hyaluronidases (HYAL1 and 2) in inflammatory cells from both stroke and peri-infarcted regions of the brain. HYAL1 was upregulated in microvesssels and intracellularly in neurons, whilst HAS2 became translocated into the nuclei of neurons in peri-infarcted areas. Receptor for HA-mediated motility was observed intracellularly and in the nuclei of neurons, in the tunica media of larger blood vessels and in the endothelial cells of microvessels in stroke-affected tissue, whilst expression of other receptors for HA, CD44 and tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) were mainly increased in infiltrating mononuclear cells from inflammatory regions. The data presented here demonstrate that HA breakdown is a feature of the acute stage of stroke injury. Increased o-HA production soon after stroke may be detrimental through enhancement of the inflammatory response, whilst activation of HA and/or o-HA-induced cellular signalling pathways in neurons and microvessels may impact on the remodelling process by stimulating angiogenesis and revascularization, as well as the survival of susceptible neurons.


With the emergence and development of Islamic banking industry, the need to cater operational risks issues has attracted the attention of academics in recent years. Such studies commonly agree that operational risk is relatively higher and serious than credit risk and market risk for Islamic banks. However, there is not any single research in the context of Islamic banking which thoroughly tackles the issue of operational risks by tackling it in three main aspects: theoretical, methodological, and empirical. This may be due to the fact that operational risk is relatively new area, which requires further research to understand the complexities it carries. This is the sources of motivation for the research, which aims to fill this observed gap in the literature by responding to the mentioned three aspects.
This research, hence, aims to develop a new measurement model of operational risk exposures in Islamic banking with the objective of theoretically determining the underlying features of operational risk exposures and its measurement particularly for Islamic banks.
In its attempt to develop a theoretical framework of the proposed model, the research provides a classification of operational risks in major Islamic financial contracts. In addition, rather than adopting the existing operational risk measurement methods, this research develops a proposed measurement model attributed as Delta Gamma Sensitivity Analysis- Extreme Value Theory (DGSA-EVT) model. DGSA-EVT is a model to measure high frequency-low severity (HF-LS) and low frequency-high severity (LF-HS) type of operational risks. This is the core of this research's methodological contribution.
As regards to the empirical contributions, in analysing operational value at risk (opVaR), this research carefully analyses the behaviour of the data by taking into account volatility, skewness and kurtosis of the variables. In the modelling, volatility analysis employs two models: constant-variance model and exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) model. Results of the empirical tests show that the operational risk variables in this research are non-normal; thus, non-normality involving skewness and kurtosis as well as volatility has to be taken into account in the estimation of VaR. In doing so, this research employs Cornish-Fisher expansion upon which the confidence interval of operational variables is an explicit function of the skewness and kurtosis as well as the volatility.
Empirical findings by deploying a set of econometrics tests reveal that for financing activities, the role of maintaining operational efficiency as part of an Islamic bank's fiduciary responsibilities is immensely high. However, people risk is enormous and plays a dominant role in affecting the level of operational risk exposures in Islamic banks in investment activities.


Solar energy is a vast and inexhaustible source of energy.
However, solar radiation approaching the earth's surface is variable.
Efficient use of this radiation is complicated by this variable nature.
The work described in this thesis deals mainly with the use of solar
energy for absorption cooling systems.
Basic cooling and heat pump systems are described in brief.
A literature survey of the absorption cooling systems is given and the
scope for research work in this area is discussed.
The effect of variations of the parameters in the closed cycle
and open cycle absorption cooling systems has been analysed in order
to optimise the performance of the systems. Experimental verification
of the above analysis for a closed cycle system using water-lithium
bromide as a working pair is presented along with some typical
characteristic performance data for certain conditions. These
conditions are lower generator temperatures, which lead to more
efficient solar energy collection systems and higher absorber/condenser
temperatures providing the feasibility of air cooling. Computer
programs for the above analyses are given.
A closed cycle absorption system using water-lithium bromide
has also been theoretically analysed for simultaneous cooling and
heating. A computer program developed for the above analysis is
presented.
A modification in the practical cycle to achieve high
temperature lifts for simultaneous heating and cooling appears to be
very attractive. An expression for coefficient of performance of an
ideal absorption cycle system, when condensing temperature is not equal
to absorber temperature, has been derived. Experimental verification
of the above concept in a single stage cycle is also reported.
An experimental unit to generate design data for a solar
generator, of an open cycle absorption cooling system has been designed
and installed. This unit is described in detail. Solar simulation
has been done in two ways. The first way is by a radiation source
consisting of CSI lamps and the second way is by providing an
equivalent electrical heat flux. The relationship between the two is
discussed. Based on the experimental data obtained, correlations in
conventional forms for heat and mass transfer operations in the
generator are presented.
A mathematical model of the solar generator incorporating the
above correlations is discussed. A computer program for the
prediction of the performance of the generator is presented. The
experimental results are compared with the predicted results and
optimum conditions for various situations are discussed.


This article examines the experimental research-creation platform the Maraya Project, initiated by Vancouver artists M Simon Levin, Glen Lowry and Henry Tsang to critique the parallel urban mega-developments in Vancouver and Dubai. Germane to the inquiry is the exportation of the city-planning model of Vancouverism to the Middle East that has resulted in a look-alike urban waterfront promenade by the same architects of Concord Pacific Place in Vancouver's False Creek for the Dubai Marina development in the United Arab Emirates. The article traces ways in which the six-year interdisciplinary project, which included exhibitions, walking tours and sea-walk interventions, public talks, transit-shelter posters, a social media campaign and a commissioned interactive website, brought forward considerations of the implications of citation and inter-referencing in inter-Asian contexts. It concludes by considering the Maraya Project as a kind of imaginative worlding research-creation practice that potentially embodies postcolonial urbanism as a critical transnational methodology.


Corpus linguistics has been promoted as a new tool for legal interpretation that provides an alternative to dictionaries. But that is not its only significance. In addition to providing new methodologies, corpus linguistics (and in particular corpus-based lexicography) provides important insights about the nature of word meaning, and about the interpretation of words in context. These insights (by linguists and lexicographers such as John Sinclair, Patrick Hanks, Sue Atkins, and Adam Kilgarriff) challenge the assumptions that underlie the lawyers' and judges' analyses of word meaning. As one might expect given the centrality of dictionaries in disputes over word meaning, legal interpretation presupposes a view of word meaning that is essentially the same as the view that is fostered by dictionaries. Under this view, individual words are the basic units of meaning from which the meanings of sentences are built. Word meanings are seen as discrete entities with (in most cases) clear boundaries. But corpus linguistics and corpus-based lexicography have shown that the reality is different. Clear boundaries between the meanings of different words, or between the different senses of the same word, often do not exist. Drawing lines between different word senses often has an unavoidable element of arbitrariness, as is shown by the fact that the lines are often drawn differently by different dictionaries. These differences raise questions about the validity of legal interpreters' relying on dictionaries at all, and at a minimum suggest the need for changes in how dictionaries are used. Corpus linguistics and corpus-based lexicography have also cast doubt on the view (which most people would regard as simple common sense) that words are the basic unit of meaning, and that the meaning of a sentence can be computed by applying the rules of grammar to the meaning of the individual words. It turns out that in many cases, it makes more sense to regard multiword expressions as the basic units of meaning. The meaning of the whole often differs from the sum of the meanings of the words, in part because a word's meaning in context can be affected by the words it co-occurs with and the grammatical constructions it is part of. As a result of these insights, corpus linguistics opens up new ways of thinking about word meaning—which translates into new modes of argumentation and analysis. To illustrate the possibilities, I will take a fresh look at Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125 (1998), which presented the question whether driving a car or truck with a firearm in the trunk or glove compartment amounted to "carrying" the firearm. Although Muscarello has already been the subject of a corpus-based analysis by Steven Mouritsen, his analysis focused on which of two dictionary senses of the word carry was more common, and therefore assumed the conception of word meaning that is generally reflected in legal interpretation. My approach will differ from Mouritsen's in two respects. First, rather than look only at which one of two senses is more common, I will ask a more open-ended question: when viewed without preconceptions, what does the corpus data tell us about how the word carry behaves? Second, I will look at the data through the lens of Corpus Pattern Analysis, a corpus-driven lexicographic approach that focuses on multiword patterns rather than on individual word meanings.


We consider a model in which dealers need to raise external financing to provide immediacy to their clients, and also exert unobservable effort to improve the chance of closing their positions at a profit. This moral hazard problem reduces the amount of external finance dealers can raise, and therefore reduces intermediation volume, softens competition between dealers, and widens bid-ask spreads, and in this sense has a negative effect on the market liquidity of intermediated assets. When dealers suffer losses, the problem becomes worse. Effects are stronger for riskier assets. Endogenous correlations and liquidity spillovers arise between otherwise unrelated assets. As the optimal financing arrangement involves debt, regulations that limits the leverage of bank-affiliated dealers can have adverse effects on market liquidity.


In this paper I will describe an intelligent multi-modal interface for a large workforce management system called the smart work manager. The main characteristics of the smart work manager are that it can process speech, text, face images, gaze information and simulated gestures using the mouse as input modalities, and its output is in the form of speech, text or graphics. The main components of the system are a reasoner, a speech system, a vision system, an integration platform and an application interface. The overall architecture of the system will be described together with the integration platform and the components of the system which include a non-intrusive neural network based gaze tracking system. Fuzzy and probabilistic techniques have been used in the reasoner to establish temporal relationships and learn interaction sequences.


Utilisation of medical sources other than the modern Western medicine (Allopathy) is characteristic of most societies. Health-care utilisation studies, in medically pluralistic societies, fall short of providing adequate explanation of how and why different medical sources are used. The present thesis is an attempt to delineate the social psychology of the health-care utilisation behaviour of people in Bombay by concentrating on the interplay between the individual, the social environment and the culture. It, therefore, benefits from disciplines both within and outside mainstream psychology like societal psychology, sociology, anthropology and medicine. The study addresses a twofold question: how are treatment related decisions made and what are their determinants. To answer these questions, an understanding of variables pertaining to the person as well as a consideration of the societal context is necessary. Following a quantitative pilot study, the research involved retrospective data collected with the help of a partially structured questionnaire using a quota sample of 480 Gujarati-speaking adults. The quotas were set for sex, income and illness types. The survey instrument elicited information on predisposing (demographic, social structural, belief and social), enabling (family resources and prior access) and illness (type and manifestation) variables as well as the process of seeking care. The results, highlight that health-care utilisation behaviour in a medically pluralistic setting is not a singular act but a continuously evolving decision-making process wherein sources are used differentially. Typically, the treatment-seeking process began with the use of non-formal sources, followed by an entry into the professional sector, invariably through an Allopathic family doctor. Subsequently, the individuals either revert back to non-formal sources, continue to remain within Allopathy or exhibit an irreversible shift to non-Allopathic formal sources. Accordingly, there exists a need to redefine health-care utilisation behaviour in terms of sequential patterns of usage. These patterns, are determined by individually based variables belonging to all three categories as mentioned above. However, in contrast to certain trends, the effect of demographic, social structural and income variable was very small. Between 18-42% of the respondents within each illness cluster, used two or more formal medical systems. Compared to their counterparts who used only one formal system, the multiple users were more likely to suffer from chronic illnesses, rely on lay advice, prefer non-Allopathic systems and already have an access to non-Allopathic sources of care.


The effect of excitation frequency and state of aggregation on the sensitivity obtained in ultratrace analysis using colloidal suspensions of silver nanoparticles and surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) detection is explored to define suitable conditions for quantitative analysis. Two structurally similar dyes, only one of which causes aggregation, were used as analytes without the use of external aggregating agents, thus simplifying the surface chemistry and removing a major source of error. Addition of the nonaggregating dye caused no change in particle charge or size and no time-dependent aggregation as measured by zeta potential and particle size analysis. The most intense single-particle scattering was obtained using excitation at the wavelength of the plasmon resonance. Molecular resonance added approximately 2 orders of magnitude in sensitivity. Addition of the aggregating dye caused a reduction in surface charge of the particles and initiated a time-dependent aggregation process. However, constant SERRS with time is obtained at some excitation wavelengths probably because a constant number of clusters active at these wavelengths is maintained in the dynamic aggregation process. The additional enhancement caused by aggregation and molecular resonance is spread over a range of excitation frequencies. However, electronic spectra suggested that plasmon resonance enhancement would be effective at the longest wavelength of excitation used (785 nm), but there was a significant drop in intensity this far away from the absorbance maximum of the dye (429 nm). Thus, sensitive analysis using suspensions of single nanoparticles is feasible provided the excitation frequency used is close to that of the plasmon resonance frequency. Aggregation adds only an enhancement of approximately 6 in the experiments performed since only some particles in aggregates will have an active plasmon at any one wavelength, but the range of excitation wavelengths at which good enhancement is obtained is wider giving more flexibility if more complexity.


Recent work has shown that deep generative models can assign higher likelihood to out-of-distribution data sets than to their training data (Nalisnick et al., 2019; Choi et al., 2019). We posit that this phenomenon is caused by a mismatch between the model's typical set and its areas of high probability density. In-distribution inputs should reside in the former but not necessarily in the latter, as previous work has presumed. To determine whether or not inputs reside in the typical set, we propose a statistically principled, easy-to-implement test using the empirical distribution of model likelihoods. The test is model agnostic and widely applicable, only requiring that the likelihood can be computed or closely approximated. We report experiments showing that our procedure can successfully detect the out-of-distribution sets in several of the challenging cases reported by Nalisnick et al. (2019).


Quercygale angustidens is a small, early carnivoramorphan from the upper Eocene of northwest Europe including the Phosphorites du Quercy, France. Although there is extensive material of the genus, very little has been published on the auditory region which is an important character complex for taxonomy and phylogenetic studies. This paper presents a detailed description of the basicranium of an undistorted partial skull of Quercygale. The new data form the basis for a phylogenetic analysis of Quercygale in the context of basal carnivoramorphan interrelationships. Quercygale has a mix of derived and plesiomorphic characters. The promontorium is highly derived, and unlike that of any other "miacoid". Yet, based on the evidence from surrounding bones the bulla does not appear to be as expanded as in other closely related miacids. In the phylogenetic analysis Quercygale is the sister−taxon to Nimravidae and crown−group Carnivora, and it appears to be the most derived of the stem−group Miacidae. We discuss the implications that the position of Quercygale has on carnivoramorphan phylogenetics.


Abortion was first legalised in Czechoslovakia at a relatively early date – in 1957. However, unlike in Western Europe, this did not occur as a result of pressure from civil society and the feminist movement. While attempting to explain the continuity and change of abortion institutions in the former Czechoslovakia /Czech Republic, the article focuses on the framing of the debates that preceded the changes in abortion legislation in the Czech Republic since the 1950s. Discourse analysis of media and expert articles, parliamentary debates, and other documents shows that abortion in the Czech Republic was framed as a medical issue since the 1950s, not an issue of women's rights or bodily citizenship. Gynaecologists were the most important actors in the abortion debates. The effect of this medicalised discourse of abortion was the construction of a specific knowledge on abortion. In spite of existing alternative discourses, this original discourse now hinders the possibility of reframing abortion in terms of women's reproductive rights and this is reflected in the status quo of the abortion legislation. The continuity of dominant discourse therefore reflects and reinforces the path-dependency of the institutions.


O'GORMAN, E.C., KAVANAGH, B. and ROCHFORD,J.: HOME RANGE AND HABITAT USE BY THE ENDANGERED GREY PARTRIDGE (Perdix perdix) IN THE IRISH MIDLANDS: The last potentially viable population of native Irish Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix) is located over a 25 km area at Boora bog, Co. Offaly, in the Irish midlands. The habitat is a mosaic of cutaway bogland, coniferous forestry, newly created farmland and wetlands. Since 1996 a combination of predation control and the provision of habitat strips has been the focus of conservation efforts in Boora in an attempt to increase partridge numbers in the short-term. The aim of this study is to provide baseline information on partridge movements and habitat use in the conservation site. The result of two years fieldwork is presented. An area of 18 km was mapped during the course of fielwork. Nine male birds were radio-tracked. The biological time periods (B.T.P.) calculated for breeding pairs were Exploration, Prelay, Lay, Incubation, Brood rearing, Primary and Secondqary covey movements. The home range varied in size and location from one B.T.P. to the next. This was linked to habitat availability. Breeding attempts occurred in young forestry plantations and newly created habitat strips within the cutaway bog area. The coveys left the cutaway bog area in late summer to feed on nerby pasture. A second movement in late Autumn was made to utilise winter stubbles on adjacent farmland. Birds returned to breeding sites in the cutaway bog area the following spring. The practical applications of the findings to the conservation effort are discussed.


A semi-empirical model is described which predicts traffic noise levels near roads with adjoining structures which give rise to both screening and reflection of traffic noise such as retained cuttings, multiple barrier configurations and structures which involve a combination of these features. In particular, the model provides a means of examining the insertion loss performance of different designs and the benefits of acoustical absorbent materials placed on the faces of barriers and walls. The modelling philosophy adopted covers the location and directivity of the source, scattering by reflecting elements and attenuation with distance over different surfaces. The techniques of ray acoustics and image source modelling have been employed to account for both single and multiple reflections of noise, absorption by surfaces and diffraction by the edges of barriers and screening walls. The results of a validation study, where model predictions were compared with both real site and scale model measurements, showed that the model gave accurate predictions for a broad range of propagation conditions. Included in the Report are illustrations of the use of the model to examine the noise benefits to be derived from fitting absorbent material to barriers and the walls of cuttings (A).


CTLA-4 cells between different tumor entities. Materials and Methods To quantify CTLA-4 cells, 4,582 tumor samples from 90 different tumor entities as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Two different antibody clones (MSVA-152R and CAL49) were validated and quantified using a deep learning framework for automated exclusion of unspecific immunostaining. Results Comparing both CTLA-4 antibodies revealed a clone dependent unspecific staining pattern in adrenal cortical adenoma (63%) for MSVA-152R and in pheochromocytoma (67%) as well as hepatocellular carcinoma (36%) for CAL49. After automated exclusion of non-specific staining reaction (3.6%), a strong correlation was observed for the densities of CTLA-4 lymphocytes obtained by both antibodies (r=0.87; p<0.0001). The mean density of CTLA-4 cells was 674 ±1482 cells/mm and ranged from 71±175 cells/mm in leiomyoma to 5916±3826 cells/mm in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Within epithelial tumors, the density of CTLA-4 lymphocytes were higher in squamous cell (421±467 cells/ mm) and urothelial carcinomas (419±347 cells/mm) than in adenocarcinomas (269±375 cells/mm) and renal cell neoplasms (256±269 cells/mm). A high CTLA-4 cell density was linked to low pT category (p<0.0001), absent lymph node metastases (p=0.0354), and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells or inflammatory cells (p<0.0001 each). A high CTLA-4/ CD3-ratio was linked to absent lymph node metastases (p=0.0295) and to PD-L1 positivity on immune cells (p<0.0026). Conclusions Marked differences exist in the number of CTLA4+ lymphocytes between tumors. Analyzing two independent antibodies by a deep learning framework can facilitate automated quantification of immunohistochemically analyzed target proteins such as CTLA-4.


Photographic artists have a continuing desire to express intimately aspects of their social world through the genre of portraiture. However, in attempting to make known the lives of those around them, portraitists encounter a range of complexities inherent in the representation of the human subject in a twoMdimensional visual field. Portraits were initially an indicator of social class until the introduction of photography, when more and more people became involved in their production and ownership. It was at its inception that the photographic portrait assumed conventions consistent with those of the painted portrait in Western art and its social use. These conventions have persisted and, along with the accumulation of conventions specific to the medium, have come to define photographic portraiture as a genre. It is either from within the limitations of the genre, or through the challenging of its authority, that artists seek to portray issues relevant to contemporary life. This endeavour is affected by certain concerns associated with a person's photographic representation. These include issues pertaining to notions of likeness, identity, subjectivity, and realism. A photographic image of someone has traditionally been perceived to convey a realistic impression of that person's identity, however, concepts of identity and realism have come under increasing scrutiny, contesting the authority of the photographic representation. The portrait's verisimilitude is rtlso undennined b}' ]imitations in photographic processes and technology, and the manipulation and control exercised by the photographer who can frame, filter, crop, and enlarge the image at will. In considering the inadequacies of the medium, the fragmentation of identity and subjectivity, and threats concerning the demise of the genre, a further concern to contemporary portraiture is the status of the psychological interaction between photographer and subject. For many participants this exchange is an important aspect of the portrait transaction in which rituals of pose and perfonnance are enacted, and feeling states or emotional truths are sought out. Kozloff ( 1994, p. 4) considers stilt portraits to be scanty objects in which the intricacies of human experience are inadequately represented, yet they remain as a site for the documentation of experiences that are to become memories. The increasing influence of digital media in photography presents an opportunity for the re-evaluation of these concerns, and new creative and expressive possibilities.


The reintroduction of large mammals is often considered a priority conservation action in highly industrialized countries in which many of these species have been depleted. However, species reintroduction after decades of absence may involve important risks for human activities and ecological communities, such as favoring the spread of diseases. An example of a potentially troublesome reintroduction is the wild boar, which may act as a reservoir of diseases, e.g., classical swine fever, and cause high economic losses, and has become a species of concern in several European countries for both ecological and recreational reasons. Failure to prevent the disease consequences of species restoration can negate its conservation benefits. Here we evaluated the probability of both successfully reintroducing wild boar into Denmark and limiting their contact with domestic pig farms to which they might spread disease. For this purpose, we developed a spatially explicit, individual-based population model that incorporates information on boar habitat and demography information from Central European populations. We then compared model predictions with the spatial distribution of farms to achieve a spatial assessment of the contact risk. The most restrictive model scenario predicted that nearly 6% of Denmark provides habitat conditions that would allow wild boar to reproduce. The best habitats for reintroduction were aggregated in seven different areas throughout the country in which the extinction probability was < 5%. However, the expected population expansion was very limited in most of these areas. Both the number of suitable areas and the potential for population expansion greatly increased when we relaxed our habitat assumptions about boar forest requirements; this provided a more conservative scenario for a cautious risk analysis. We additionally found that part of the risk of contact with piggeries was associated with the magnitude of the expansion, although the nonrandom spatial pattern of farm distribution also had a strong influence. The partitioning of risks into those related to population expansion and those related to farm distribution allowed us to identify trade-offs between restoring boar populations and minimizing risks in different potential areas and under different risk scenarios; as a result, we rejected some of the particularly high-risk areas for potential reintroduction of the species. Our approach illustrates how the joint quantification of anticipated reintroduction success and associated risks can guide efforts aimed at reconciling species recovery and the affected health and economic interests.


Motivation: Recent breakthroughs in protein residue–residue contact prediction have made reliable de novo prediction of protein structures possible. The key was to apply statistical methods that can distinguish direct couplings between pairs of columns in a multiple sequence alignment from merely correlated pairs, i.e. to separate direct from indirect effects. Two classes of such methods exist, either relying on regularized inversion of the covariance matrix or on pseudo-likelihood maximization (PLM). Although PLM-based methods offer clearly higher precision, available tools are not sufficiently optimized and are written in interpreted languages that introduce additional overheads. This impedes the runtime and large-scale contact prediction for larger protein families, multi-domain proteins and protein–protein interactions. Results: Here we introduce CCMpred, our performance-optimized PLM implementation in C and CUDA C. Using graphics cards in the price range of current six-core processors, CCMpred can predict contacts for typical alignments 35–113 times faster and with the same precision as the most accurate published methods. For users without a CUDA-capable graphics card, CCMpred can also run in a CPU mode that is still 4–14 times faster. Thanks to our speed-ups (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/speed-up) contacts for typical protein families can be predicted in 15–60 s on a consumer-grade GPU and 1–6 min on a six-core CPU. Availability and implementation: CCMpred is free and open-source software under the GNU Affero General Public License v3 (or later) available at https://bitbucket.org/soedinglab/ccmpred Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


This report presents the results of measurements of pressure distribution conducted in the propeller-research wind tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics on a 1/40-scale model of the U. S. Airship "Akron" (ZRS-4). The pressures, which were measured simultaneously at nearly 400 orifices located at 26 stations along one side of the hull, were recorded by two photographic multiple manometers placed inside the model. The hull pressures were measured both with and without the tail surfaces and the control car for eight angles of pitch varying from 0 degree to 20 degrees and at air speeds of approximately 70 and 100 miles per hour. The pressures were also measured at approximately 160 orifices on one horizontal fin for the above speeds and pitch angles and for nine elevator angles.


Throughout the present century historians of Christian asceticism, especially in the Syriac-speaking area, have returned repeatedly to the problem posed by a passage in Aphrahat's seventh Demonstration, the natural implication of which seems to be that in his day baptism was reserved for those who consecrated themselves to Christ in virginity or by renouncing marital intercourse, to become members of the 'Covenant' (qyāmâ) which was evidently regarded as the core or heart of the Church. The question was raised provocatively by F. C. Burkitt (1899, 1904) and taken up by R. H. Connolly, with an intervening reply by Burkitt, in 1905–7. Connolly rightly argued that by Aphrahat's time (fl. 336–45) married people must have been regarded as members of the Church, and that the 'penitents' discussed by Aphrahat were Christians who had 'fallen' after baptism, but he overplayed his hand in identifying the Bnay Qyāmâ simply as 'monks'. An undertone of denominational controversy remained throughout the subsequent discussion, continued by (among others) H. Koch (1911), K. Müller (1927) and E.J. Duncan (1945). It was A. Vööbus who showed the way out of the impasse by his perceptive suggestion that the exhortation in Dem. VII is a liturgical text which had survived into Aphrahat's day but whose restrictive implications were no longer in force. At the same time, under the powerful impetus of the discoveries of the Qumran, Nag Hammadi and Manichaean documents, with consequently increasing understanding of early Jewish Christianity in its many varieties, and realization that Syrian asceticism was not derivative from Egypt but probably earlier, the basic concepts and terminology of asceticism were being studied anew by A. Adam, E. Beck, G. Kretschmar, P. Nagel, M. Black, J. Gribomont, A. Guillaumont and others. Study of early Syriac asceticism continues, as is shown by G. Nedungatt's recent articles but there still remains more to be done to follow up Vööbus's hint about the genre of the exhortation quoted by Aphrahat in Dem. VII.


GDP is one of the main indicators determining the level of economic growth in countries and regions across the globe, therefore, its calculation should be based on the advanced methodology. In the present context, the existing methods of the GDP calculation do not fully meet the fineness criterion subject to certain objective and subjective reasons. Hence, the development of more perfect methodology that takes into account the disadvantages of the existing techniques and is based on economic and mathematical modeling is an urgent national task for Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to assess the GDP calculation methodology used in Ukraine. To achieve this purpose, the relevant methods of GDP calculation, which are valid in Ukraine, have been analyzed, their specifics, certain drawbacks, problems of use and application scenarios have been also revealed. According to the analysis results, an advanced methodology based on an economic and mathematical model with the use of dynamic programming is proposed. The developed methodology for calculating the GDP takes into account the peculiarities of social development in Ukraine and the tendencies of world economic processes and contributes to obtaining more reliable GDP values. It will be useful for experts in financial institutions, including international ones, and scholars working in the macroeconomic modeling area.


The purpose of this research is to determine a regression equation for estimation of stature from sitting height measurements. This research was carried out on 1623 subjects (830 male and 793 female) among the population of Kosovan adolescents. The stature and sitting height measurements were taken according to the ISAK protocol, and the data were analyzed statistically; the relationships between stature and sitting height measurements were derived using simple correlation. A comparison of the means of sitting height measurements between sexes was performed using a t-test, while a linear regression analysis was employedto examine the extent to which sitting height measurements can reliably predict stature. The results of this research study confirmed that sitting height reliably predicts stature in both genders of Kosovan adolescents and revealed a very useful finding for physical anthropologists and experts from related fields.


The paper reconsiders the conflicting results in the debate connected to the effects of technology shocks on hours worked in the bivariate system. Given major dissatisfaction with the just-identifying long-run restrictions, I analyze whether the restrictions used in the literature are consistent with the data. Modeling volatility of shocks using Markov switching structure allows to obtain additional identifying information and perform tests of the restrictions that were just-identifying in classical structural vector autoregression analysis. Using four datasets where hours worked are modeled differently, I find that the standard restriction, identifying the technology shocks as the only sources of variation in labor productivity, has major support by the data. Taking into account important low frequency movements in the hours worked series yields a result consistent with the recent findings: hours decline in response to a positive technology shock. I also show that the use of a standard Hodrick-Prescott filter may be problematic in the context.


This article investigates the nature and use of tourism codes of conduct in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region within the context of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy and the recently created Arctic Council. The article also considers tourism codes in relation to the World Wide Fund for Nature initiative to develop Arctic tourism guidelines. The scale and nature of tourism activities in the region and the environmental and socio-cultural impacts of tourism are discussed. A selection of Arctic and sub-Arctic tourism codes of conduct is reviewed with particular reference to aims, authorship, audience and content. There is particular focus on visitor codes for Svalbard and visitor regulations in Canadas Yukon and Northwest Territories and tourism industry codes produced for use in Finland and Sweden. Comparisons are also drawn between the Arctic and Antarctic. A number of issues are highlighted in relation to the use, limitations and potential for codes of conduct and the article makes suggestions o...


This review essay is an attempt to read Jasbir K. Puar9s The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability in Palestine studies. It argues that by revealing how settler power, colonial violence, and imperial havoc shape the mechanisms, structures, and systems that target resistance, The Right to Maim both contributes to and disrupts the field of Palestine studies. Exploring the implications of Puar9s thesis about maiming as a tool of settler colonial violence within imperial frameworks, the book both disrupts the field of American studies and contributes to areas of inquiry around the study of Zionist violence against Palestine and Palestinians. This essay investigates the lines of Puar9s argument in relation to Palestine and as a challenge to discrete conceptualizations of field studies.


A central challenge of modern antitrust law is determining the extent to which U.S. antitrust law applies to actors in foreign countries. (1) Although foreign violations of U.S. antitrust law seem beyond the proper sphere of U.S. courts' subject matter jurisdiction, (2) anticompetitive behavior in foreign countries affects consumers in the U.S., (3) suggesting that the U.S. has an interest in adjudicating these issues. Last Term, in Roche v. Empagran, (4) the Supreme Court held that where antitrust violations cause similar but independent harms to domestic and international purchasers, those international purchasers cannot bring suit in U.S. courts. (5) However, the Court's assumption that the harms were independent was fallacious and thus the Court failed to establish a workable standard for determining when U.S. courts have jurisdiction over foreign antitrust violations. (6) Roche arose out of a class action filed on behalf of both domestic and foreign vitamin purchasers against vitamin manufacturers alleging a price-fixing conspiracy designed to raise prices for vitamins both domestically and abroad. (7) The manufacturers moved to dismiss the complaint of the foreign purchasers (8) because their vitamin purchases occurred outside the United States and thus were not part of U.S. commerce and did not fall under the ambit of U.S. antitrust law. (9) The district court agreed and dismissed the foreign claims. (10) The district court applied the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act of 1982, (11) which exempts commerce with foreign nations from U.S. antitrust jurisdiction when such actions do not injure domestic interests. (12) The court then found that none of the exceptions to the FTAIA applied and thus concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over the foreign purchasers' claims. (13) The domestic purchasers then separated their claims, leaving only the foreign purchasers to appeal. (14) The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed. (15) The appeals court agreed with the district court that the FTAIA applied, but held that these activities affected domestic commerce, thereby bringing these activities under an exception to the FTAIA. (16) The appeals court went through a two-step analysis, first determining that the conspiracy did in fact lead to higher domestic vitamin prices and then concluding that these higher prices gave rise to an antitrust claim because a domestic consumer could bring a suit under the Sherman Act for these higher prices. (17) The court concluded that the existence of the domestic claim satisfied the requirements of the FTAIA exception, (18) despite assuming that the effect on foreign vitamin prices was independent of the effect on domestic vitamin prices. (19) Then the court, reading the FTAIA broadly, held that the lack of a connection in the harmful effects did not matter because the FTAIA's goal was to deter price-fixing. (20) The dissent argued that for the FTAIA to apply the requisite harm must occur in the United States before U.S. antitrust law can be applied to foreign actors; the dissent would thus have affirmed the district court. (21) An en banc rehearing was denied. (22) The Supreme Court reversed, vacating the opinion and remanding for further proceedings. (23) Writing for the Court, (24) Justice Breyer began by explaining that the FTAIA excludes all non-import activity involving foreign commerce from the ambit of U.S. antitrust laws but brings some of that conduct back under U.S. jurisdiction if it has a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect" on American commerce and has a harmful effect as defined by antitrust law. (25) As a preliminary matter, the Court established that the FTAIA was meant to apply not only to export activity but also to wholly foreign commerce that might affect the U.S. (26) This meant that the FTAIA's limitations on Sherman Act subject matter jurisdiction also apply to purely foreign commerce. The Court then proceeded to the heart of the issue: whether the exception to the FTAIA's general exclusion applied in this case. …


In recent years, the South African higher education system has seen growing calls for broadened epistemic access, decolonised curricula and transformed institutions. Scholars across South Africa have taken up the challenge and are working on new theoretical approaches to teaching and learning in higher education. In this paper, we reflect on students' experiences of a multilingual, multimodal module called Reimagining Multilingualisms, which was jointly offered by the Universities of the Western Cape and Stellenbosch in April and May of 2018. In this paper, we provide an overview of the module and the different types of activities it involved. We reflect on these experiences using the theoretical lenses of decolonial scholar Mignolo (2009) on the 'locus of enunciation', and Stroud (2018) on 'Linguistic Citizenship'. We present extracts from focus group interviews with students from both campuses to illustrate the involvement of 'the body' in 'knowing' and the ways in which the module enabled different 'voices' to emerge. We focus particularly on the role played by students' perceived 'vulnerability' in the transformative benefits of the module and discuss this by way of conclusion. In sum, we suggest how the centring of multilingualism and diversity – not only as core pedagogic principles, but also as a methodology for transformation – may be used to enhance access and recapture voice in the building of a more integrated and just society.


The corona pandemic has exposed the interconnected, tightly coupled and vulnerable globalised world. This White Paper sets the scientific stage for understanding and responding to such crises for global sustainability and resilient societies. We provide a systemic overview of the current situation; where people and nature are dynamically intertwined and embedded in the biosphere, placing shocks and extreme events as part of this dynamic; where humanity has become the major force in shaping the future of the Earth system as a whole; and where the rapid expansion of the human dimension has caused climate change, simplification of life on earth, growing inequalities, and loss of resilience to deal with uncertainty and surprise. Taken together, human actions are challenging the biosphere foundation for a prosperous development of civilisations. The Anthropocene reality, of rising turbulence, calls for transformative change towards sustainable futures. Emerging technologies, social innovations, broader shifts in cultural repertoires, as well as a diverse portfolio of active stewardship of human actions in support of a resilient biosphere are highlighted as essential parts of such transformations.


One of the reasons why fuzzy methodology is successful is that fuzzy systems are universal approximators, i.e., we can approximate an arbitrary continuous function within any given accuracy by a fuzzy system. In some practical applications (e.g., in control), it is desirable to approximate not only the original function, but also its derivatives (so that, e.g., a fuzzy control approximating a smooth control will also be smooth). In our paper, we show that for any given accuracy, we can approximate an arbitrary smooth function by a fuzzy system so that not only the function is approximated within this accuracy, but its derivatives are approximated as well. In other words, we prove that fuzzy systems are universal approximators for smooth functions and their derivatives. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The present work evaluated the antibacterial effect of nanoemulsions from natural compounds d-limonene and nisin against Listeria monocytogenes in tryptic soy broth growth medium, chicken broth, and vegetable cream. Experiments were performed by means of optical density growth curves and studies of viability in culture media and foods. Stability of nanoemulsions was evaluated by a Mastersizer 2000 equipment. Results showed greater effectiveness when applying d-limonene in form of nanoemulsion than when applying it directly, and when using both compounds together, both directly and in the form of nanoemulsion. Concentration of L. monocytogenes decreased at least in three log cycles in all the culture media and foods used within the first 90 min after the addition of the natural antimicrobials combined in form of nanoemulsion. Moreover, the growth of L. monocytogenes was inhibited with the combination of antimicrobials in the four weeks that the experiment lasted. Nanoemulsion technology would solve present problems of solubility and stability of oily antimicrobials in the food industry.


Summary

1
Some studies have shown that mixed forest stands can develop more biomass or basal area than pure stands when the component species occupy different strata. It has been predicted that such additive effects are most likely in moist habitat sites where size-asymmetric competition controls stand development.

2
In south-central Chile, secondary succession often gives rise to vertically stratified mixed forest stands, with a Nothofagus overstorey overtopping lower tiers dominated by more shade-tolerant taxa. We examined the relationship between the degree of understorey development and total basal area accumulated by 83 second-growth Nothofagus stands aged 40–70 years. Basal area is defined as the cross-sectional area at breast height of all trees in a stand, per unit land area.

3
When age, overstorey leaf habit and geographical location were controlled by ancova, stands with a heavy understorey (> 6 m2 ha−1) yielded > 25% more total basal area on average than stands with little or no understorey. The average basal area of the Nothofagus component did not differ significantly between stand structure categories.

4
The total basal area of stands dominated by evergreen N. dombeyi was nearly 50% higher on average than that of stands of similar age dominated by deciduous N. obliqua and/or N. nervosa, reflecting denser stockings in the former as a result of allometric differences. Although the percentage of total stand basal area contributed by the understorey was higher on deciduous-dominant plots, mean absolute basal area of understorey associates was similar beneath evergreen and deciduous Nothofagus overstoreys.

5
Synthesis and applications. The results broaden the evidence for additive effects in mixtures of species with complementary light use, suggesting that no significant advantage to overstorey wood production will be gained by eliminating a woody understorey in Nothofagus second-growth stands on mesic sites. Despite the minor contribution of the understorey to merchantable timber volume, other benefits and ecosystem services associated with subcanopy species in these stands can be regarded as additive to benefits obtained from the Nothofagus overstorey. Our findings are also consistent with the proposal that size-asymmetric competition controls stand development after canopy closure on mesic sites.


Several studies have highlighted the high level of health need in looked-after children, which is not surprising given the backgrounds of neglect, poor parenting and chaotic lifestyles that many of these children have experienced. However, while there is strong evidence for high rates of mental health and developmental problems, evidence for the prevalence of physical disorders is conflicting, probably reflecting the different time points during a child's period of care at which studies are undertaken. The physical health of children at care entry is often poor,1 ,2 but many issues will resolve with appropriate intervention within a few months.3 ,4

A large national epidemiological survey was undertaken in 2003, the primary aim of which was to identify the prevalence and impact of mental health disorder in children looked after by local authorities.4 Data were also collected on a range of physical and developmental problems, to examine the extent to which these co-occurred with mental disorders. Martin et al 5 have selected the data pertaining to these carer-reported physical illnesses for further investigation, to compare the prevalence in looked-after children with children living in their own homes. They found excess reporting of cerebral palsy, epilepsy and cystic fibrosis, although additional analysis after comparison with a group of children from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds living in their own homes rendered a statistically significant difference only for cerebral palsy. This could be a reflection of the extra stress of coping with the disability as well as multiple medical needs in children with severe cerebral palsy. It would be interesting to know whether the children with epilepsy also had a comorbid neurodisability such as profound learning difficulty or autism. Furthermore, children with severe neurodisability, particularly older children …


Understanding water infiltration into frozen soil is important for preventing soil erosion and managing soil water and nutrients. In this study, we performed a column experiment on infiltration through frozen soil using a variably‐saturated silt loam. Three soil columns (7.8 cm i.d., 35 cm long), with three different initial soil water contents, were cooled from the top to form a frozen layer of the same thickness. The columns were instrumented with 34 thermocouples, seven time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, and seven tensiometers. Water at a temperature of 3.5°C was applied to the top of the columns with a 15‐cm constant head. We monitored ice and liquid water contents, temperatures, and the position of the infiltration front. Three phases of infiltration were observed: (i) no infiltration at the beginning, (ii) slow infiltration as the infiltration front advanced through the frozen layer, and (iii) increased infiltration as the infiltration front advanced through the unfrozen soil below the frozen layer. The duration of each phase became longer with increasing initial soil water content as the infiltration rate of each phase decreased. The volumetric ice content and thickness of the frozen layer controlled the infiltration process. We use a capillary bundle model to characterize the hydraulic conductivity as a function of ice content during infiltration. Based on our experimental data and results, we mechanistically describe the water infiltration into frozen soil.


SUMMARY Almost 1-2% of the all pregnancies implants in the ectopic localization. The incidence of primary ovarian pregnancy is reported to be one in 7000 to 40000 pregnancies. We aimed to evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition. A 32 years-old Caucasian woman, gravida 2, parity 2, was referred to our clinic with the complaint of pelvic pain started suddenly with vomiting and nausea. There was a painful fullness at the right adnexal region in the gynecologic examination of the patient. A live embryo in size of 4x3 cm was detected in right adnexal region and within a hypoechoic soft tissue field. Embryo was almost 7 weeks. Serum beta hCG (ß-hCG) level was 50885 IU/ml. The patient underwent an urgent laparoscopy. The ruptured right ovarian ectopic pregnancy was detected during laparoscopy. Cystectomy was performed by right ovarian wedge resection. The diagnosis is usually made with the pathologic examination of the specimen. Therefore, Spiegelberg's criteria are very important for diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. The basic principle in the medical and surgical treatment is to preserve the fertility of the patient.


Junctions are important features for image analysis and form a critical aspect of image understanding tasks such as object recognition. We present a unified approach to detecting (location of the center of the junction), classifying (by the number of wedges—lines, corners, three-junctions such as T or Y junctions, or four-junctions such as X-junctions), and reconstructing junctions (in terms of radius size, the angles of each wedge and the intensity in each of the wedges) in images. Our main contribution is a modeling of the junction which is complex enough to handle all these issues and yet simple enough to admit an effective dynamic programming solution. Broadly, we use a template deformation framework along with a gradient criterium to detect radial partitions of the template. We use the minimum description length principle to obtain the optimal number of partitions that best describes the junction. Kona [27] is an implementation of this model. We (quantitatively) demonstrate the stability and robustness of the detector by analyzing its behavior in the presence of noise, using synthetic/controlled apparatus. We also present a qualitative study of its behavior on real images.


Title of Document: INSTRUMENT TO EVIDENCE TO ARGUMENT: VISUAL MEDIATION OF INVISIBLE PHENOMENA IN SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Jonathan Daniel Buehl, PhD, 2008 Directed By: Professor Jeanne Fahnestock, Department of English This dissertation examines how scientists and scientific editors have approached specific problems related to visualization and visual argumentation in scientific texts. These problems are related to the following research questions: (1) How are new visualization practices established as scientifically credible? (2) How do scientists modify existing instrument output to make new visual arguments? (3) How do scientists use verbal and visual means to transform problematic data into acceptable support for novel claims? (4) What are the practical and ethical boundaries of modifying visual artifacts for scientific arguments? (5) How do scientists refute established (but incorrect) visualizations that have been widely accepted as accurate representations of reality? This project considers these issues rhetorically by examining a number of recent and historical cases. The first three case studies explore how scientists created both compelling and uncompelling visual arguments by mediating the visual output of instruments with rhetorical strategies. These case studies focus on visualizations from physical science: x-ray diffraction photographs, graphics establishing the theory of plate tectonics, and visualizations of atmospheric phenomena. In each case, visualizations articulated invisible phenomena in new ways, transforming unclear or seemingly unremarkable data into convincing knowledge claims. My analysis of these cases explores how scientists integrate visuals into the analogical, causal, transitive, symmetrical, and dissociation arguments that are so essential to the practice of science. The later case studies examine broader concerns regarding ethics, persuasion, and modern scientific visualization. I examine recent issues related to the digital generation and manipulation of scientific images and rhetorical issues related to scientists' increasing dependence on complicated computer algorithms for creating visual arguments. INSTRUMENT TO EVIDENCE TO ARGUMENT: VISUAL MEDIATION OF INVISIBLE PHENOMENA IN SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE


Widely used in the power and mining industry, cast Hadfield steel is resistant to wear, but only when operating under impact loads. Components made from this alloy exposed to the effect of abrasion under load-free conditions are known to suffer rapid and premature wear. To increase the abrasion resistance of cast high-manganese steel under the conditions where no dynamic loads are operating, primary titanium carbides are formed in the process of cast steel melting, to obtain in the alloy after solidification and heat treatment, the microstructure composed of very hard primary carbides uniformly distributed in the austenitic matrix of a hardness superior to the hardness of common cast Hadfield steel. Hard titanium carbides ultimately improve the wear resistance of components operating under shear conditions. The measured microhardness of the as-cast matrix in samples tested was observed to increase with the increasing content of titanium and was 380 HV0.02 for the content of 0.4%, 410 HV0.02 for the content of 1.5% and 510 HV0.02 for the content of 2 and 2.5%. After solution heat treatment, the microhardness of the matrix was 460÷480 HV0.02 for melts T2, T3 and T6, and 580 HV0.02 for melt T4, and was higher than the values obtained in common cast Hadfield steel (370 HV0.02 in as-cast state and 340÷370 HV0.02 after solution heat treatment). The measured microhardness of alloyed cementite was 1030÷1270 HV0.02; the microhardness of carbides reached even 2650÷4000 HV0.02.


Sudbury breccia is an impactite situated in the footwall of the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure, situated in Ontario. Developing exploration vectors towards Sudbury brecciahosted Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization is inhibited by an insufficient understanding of the relative contributions of footwall lithologies versus impact melt. By combining whole-rock geochemistry, field observations, statistical modelling and petrography, this study has determined that Sudbury breccia is a parautochthonous shock melt, which does not require a melt sheet contribution. Furthermore, the trace metal content of the breccia is largely controlled by the assimilation of mafic footwall lithologies, the exception being breccia proximal to mineralization, where a hydrothermally remobilized component is identified. Mineral chemistries demonstrate that some metal remobilization in breccia from both the North and South Range is associated with shear zones and hydrothermal-metamorphic activity. Biotites, amphiboles, chlorites and titanites have geochemical signatures consistent with increased pressure and/or temperatures conditions towards deformation structures hosting sulfide ores.


A series of free-radical catalysts have been discovered that increase the yield of highly valuable olefins from the cracking of low molecular weight paraffins. For example, catalytic cracking of n-butane, isobutane, and propane over manganese or iron supported on magnesium oxide (MgO) gave product distributions different from those given by thermal (free-radical) cracking or cracking over traditional acid catalysts. With n-butane and propane feeds, the products from catalytic cracking included large amounts of ethylene and ethane; with isobutane feed, propylene was the major product. Physical characterization of the MgO-supported catalyst showed the manganese to be in a 2+ oxidation state in the reduced catalyst and a 4+ oxidation state in the fully oxidized catalyst. Manganese was also shown to be uniformly distributed in the support material with very little enrichment at the surface. Matrix isolation of the gasphase radicals from n-butane feed showed that ethyl and methyl radicals were produced over the active catalysts. In the thermal process, only methyl radicals were produced. The mechanism of the catalytic reaction appears to be selective formation of primary carbanions at the catalyst surface followed by electron transfer and release of primary hydrocarbon radicals to the gas phase.


OBJECTIVE
To develop a reliable method for converting cultured equine skin-derived fibroblasts into muscle cells.

SAMPLE POPULATION
Equine skin-derived fibroblasts.

PROCEDURES
The equine myogenic differentiation 1 (eqMyoD) genomic sequence was obtained by use of equine bacterial artificial chromosome screening and PCR sequencing. Total mRNA was extracted from foal skeletal muscle, and eqMyoD cDNA was cloned into a plasmid vector with an internal ribosomal entry site to express bicistronic eqMyoD or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Transient expression was confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis and western immunoblots in equine fibroblasts and fibroblasts from National Institutes of Health Swiss mouse embryos, prior to generation of a lentiviral vector containing the same coding sequences. Transformation of equine skin-derived cells into skeletal myotubes was examined by use of immunohistochemical analysis, western immunoblotting, and periodic acid-Schiff staining.

RESULTS
eqMyoD mRNA consists of 960 bp and shares high homology with myogenic differentiation 1 from other mammals. Transfection confirmed the expression of a 53-kd protein with mainly nuclear localization. Lentiviral transduction was efficient, with approximately 80% of EGFP-positive cells transformed into multinucleated myotubes during 15 days, as determined by expression of the muscle-specific proteins desmin, troponin-T, and sarcomeric myosin and by cytoplasmic storage of glycogen.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Equine primary fibroblasts were transformed by lentiviral transduction of eqMyoD into fusion-competent myoblasts. This may offer a preferable alternative to primary myoblast cultures for the investigation of cellular defects associated with muscle diseases of horses, such as recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and polysaccharide storage myopathy.


We analyse the effects of pension reforms on the planned retirement age of women by exploiting within country variation in pension wealth across cohorts of workers in Italy after the Amato and Dini reforms of the early 1990s, which introduced a "notionally defined contribution" (NDC) method for calculating pension benefits. The effect of the change in the pension regime on retirement decisions is affected by the presence of gaps in careers of women. Binding constraints related to eligibility to pensions indeed reduce the responsiveness of women to changes in pension rules. This explains why, contrary to a priori expectations, men are often found to be more reactive than women to changes in pension rules.


Objective: To investigate differential intestinal gene expression in patients with ulcerative colitis and in controls. Design: Genome-wide expression study (41 058 expression sequence tags, 215 biopsies). Setting: Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK, and Genentech, San Francisco, USA. Patients: 67 patients with ulcerative colitis and 31 control subjects (23 normal subjects and 8 patients with inflamed non-inflammatory bowel disease biopsies). Interventions: Paired endoscopic biopsies were taken from 5 specific anatomical locations for RNA extraction and histology. The Agilent microarray platform was used and confirmation of results was undertaken by real time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results: In healthy control biopsies, cluster analysis showed differences in gene expression between the right and left colon. (χ2 = 25.1, p<0.0001). Developmental genes, homeobox protein A13 (HOXA13), (p = 2.3×10−16), HOXB13 (p<1×10−45), glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) (p = 4.0×10−24), and GLI3 (p = 2.1×10−28) primarily drove this separation. When all ulcerative colitis biopsies and control biopsies were compared, 143 sequences had a fold change of >1.5 in the ulcerative colitis biopsies (0.01>p>10−45) and 54 sequences had a fold change of <−1.5 (0.01>p>10−20). Differentially upregulated genes in ulcerative colitis included serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) (p<10−45) the alpha defensins 5 and 6 (DEFA5 and 6) (p = 0.00003 and p = 6.95×10−7, respectively), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) (p = 5.6×10−10) and MMP7 (p = 2.3×10−7). Increased DEFA5 and 6 expression was further characterised to Paneth cell metaplasia by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. Sub-analysis of the inflammatory bowel disease 2 (IBD2) and IBD5 loci, and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes revealed a number of differentially regulated genes in the ulcerative colitis biopsies. Conclusions: Key findings are the expression gradient in the healthy adult colon and the involvement of novel gene families, as well as established candidate genes in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.


In 1899 an American could open a newspaper and find outrageous images, such as an American soldier being injected with leprosy by Filipino insurgents. These kinds of hyperbolic accounts, David Brody argues in this illuminating book, were just one element of the visual and material culture that played an integral role in debates about empire in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America. "Visualizing American Empire" explores the ways visual imagery and design shaped the political and cultural landscape. Drawing on a myriad of sources - including photographs, tattoos, the decorative arts, the popular press, maps, parades, and material from world's fairs and urban planners - Brody offers a distinctive perspective on American imperialism. Exploring the period leading up to the Spanish-American War, as well as beyond it, Brody argues that the way Americans visualized the Orient greatly influenced the fantasies of colonial domestication that would play out in the Philippines. Throughout, Brody insightfully examines visual culture's integral role in the machinery that runs the colonial engine. The result is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of the United States, art, design, or empire.