Thermoforming simulations are an essential part in engineering design of components made of
Continuous Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) with thermoplastic matrix known as Organic
Sheets (OS). Through the simulations, the post-deformed fiber orientation can be calculated,
which is essential for the determination of the mechanical properties of the component.
Furthermore, draping problems can be detected, which may be corrected by adjusting the
geometry of the tools or reinforcing some sections of the component. This thermoforming
simulation would help to avoid unexpected failure of thermoformed components.
The challenge of the thesis is the implementation of a suitable material model using Finite
Element Software (FES). ABAQUS is one of the leading software programs in non-linear
simulations, which has an open architecture that allows a scientific study of complex material
models. Finished material models for OS are not stored in the program. However, these
material models can be incorporated through the ABAQUS fabric material behavior, using either
the test data based fabric or a VFABRIC subroutine.
The aim of this thesis is modeling the thermoforming Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of OS using
ABAQUS. Therefore, the following objectives are outlined.
The first objective is the definition of the boundary condition and the deformation mechanisms
that are displayed in the thermoforming simulation. The second objective is to implement a
preliminary thermoforming process in ABAQUS, modeling the die, the stamp, the holder as
analytical rigid components, and modeling the blank as a flat surface made of a "Dummy
Material" such as Aluminum. The third objective is to do a deep research of the different
possibilities of defining a material model in ABAQUS, and the necessary software requirements
to run the thermoforming simulation with user defined material models. The fourth objective is to
implement a macro-scale material model for OS in ABAQUS. Probably, shear force
dependence against shear angle of the material angle can be mapped. Further post-processing
operations unknown for now are done, such as the possibility of evaluating the shear angle, the
fiber orientations and any component folds. The fifth and last objective is to document all the
research done and create a tutorial guide that would help future researchers to refine de model
by mapping more deformation mechanisms or more adjusted material models.
A sensibility analysis to capture the influence of the geometry tools (holder dimensions, blank
dimensions), fabric material test data (uniaxial tensile tests and picture frame tests) and
boundary conditions (punch speed, holder load, friction coefficient) with shear angles is
performed.


This paper extends GMM and information theoretic estimation to settings where the conditional moment restrictions are either uniform (i.e. valid for any value of the conditioning variable), or local (i.e. valid for a particular value of the conditioning variable only). The parameter of interest can be either a structural parameter, or a local conditional moment. This is the framework for option pricing based on both historical data on the underlying asset and cross-sectional data on derivative assets, as a consequence of the rather small traded volumes on derivatives. We derive the asymptotic properties of the estimators and a kernel efficiency bound. The asymptotic behavior is not standard since the speed of convergence depends on the type of parameter considered. The results are applied to the derivative pricing problem using a factor model that is parametric in the stochastic discount factor and nonparametric in the conditional distribution of the observed factors. The extended method of moments is compared with the cross-sectional calibration approach used on the market for pricing S&P 500 options.


General semantics, a process-oriented, problem-solving system, helps individuals better evaluate and understand the world and therefore make more intelligent decisions. It was originally formulated by Alfred Korzybski, a Polish engineer and intellectual who came to the United States during World War I. Since then, many thinkers, educators, therapists, and other professionals have contributed to the system and general semantics ideas and formulations have been taught in many college courses throughout the world. From the beginning, Korzybski and his students considered general semantics a pragmatic discipline, to be used by individuals, groups, and organizations to solve problems. The first two popular books on the subject, The Tyranny of Words (1938) by Stuart Chase and Language in Action (1941) by S. I. Hayakawa (later titled Language in Thought and Action) reflected the practical approach as each author used general semantics to examine and assess the influence of language on thought and behavior. Subsequent individuals have employed general semantics to analyze and solve problems in a wide variety of fields, including the areas of education, communication, negotiation, management, social science, journalism, and personal adjustment. Over the years, numerous articles on the benefits of general semantics have appeared in the General Semantics Bulletin and ETC: A Review of General Semantics and more than 150 doctoral- and master's-degree theses have demonstrated its efficacy. As the following quotations show, general semantics is a highly useful methodology with a wide range of applicability in diverse areas of human endeavor. General Semantics and Education From "General Semantics and the Future of Education" by Rachel Lauer: General semantics has made a great contribution toward freeing the human race to be fully human. I believe our educational system can and will increasingly use general semantics toward that end because general semantics has features that make it acceptable to educators. It is academic enough for the most bookish scholars, scientific enough for the most critical rationalists, and realistic enough for the most down-to-earth pragmatists. (1) General Semantics and Teacher Training From Introductory Lectures on General Semantics by Francis P. Chisholm: Training in general semantics is especially important for teachers; it should result in increased efficiency of instruction. ... Among the improvements, which might reasonably be predicated (from learning GS) are: 1. Increased awareness by teachers of "mental" blockages and difficulties in learning by students and improved techniques for removing them. 2. Increased awareness by teachers of the importance of language habits in learning and personality. 3. Better measurement of individual differences. 4. Better understanding of the relationship between subject-matters which are traditionally kept too separate in graduate school training. 5. Better adjustment and understanding of their own (linguistically conditioned) problems by the teachers themselves. (2) General Semantics and Journalism From Journalism Ethics by John C. Merrill: Journalists work in the field of language; words are the basic tools of their craft. Along with other communicative symbols, such as pictures, words construct the "maps" of the territory of reality. Since language affects thought, and thought affects action, it is easy to see how the meanings we attach to words relate to the field of journalistic ethics. The orientation, called general semantics, expounded by the Polish philosopher, Alfred Korzybski, provides seminal concepts related to words, their meanings, and their implications. An orientation to general semantics will raise the linguistic consciousness of journalists, bring them to a higher level of sophistication, instill in them a recognition of the weakness and the power of words, and generally help them overcome the enslaving tendencies of language. …


This project explores the correlation between female creative writers and self-destruction. Self-destruction encompasses a constellation of disorders such as alcoholism, self-harm, mental illness and eating disorders- all of which interfere with a woman's ability to function in daily life. History gives us many examples of mentally ill female writers such as Sylvia Plath and Virginia Woolf. There is extensive research on these authors and their struggles with mental illness. Yet, little has been written about healing and recovery. In a Prozac Nation where one in ten people take anti-depressants, it is increasingly important that the traditional view of mental illness evolves beyond a pathological model, towards a more holistic, healing model. As such, my creative non-fiction piece is written in the best form to convey its complex message. It is a fractured Deconstructionist narrative that juggles three different voices. The first layer is a narrative voice, consisting of biographical information, writing, and research about women writers such as Sylvia Plath and Virginia Woolf and self-destruction. Another layer will be my creative non-fiction writing. Lastly, I will use a metaphor comparing self-destruction to stars, using Carl Sagan's Cosmos as a guide to astronomy.


Abstract By critically reviewing different strands of literature on institutional change and development, this essay argues that, in order to fully understand subnational economic development, we need to move away from ?good governance' explanations in which geography-specific analyses of power structures and elite interests are largely absent. Using findings for Colombia and insights from economic geography and heterodox political economy theories, this essay gives theoretical and conceptual guidelines and approximations for future studies on regional economic development. The contribution provides a place-based discussion of how the historically evolved distribution of power balances, context-specific elite interests, and the interaction between place-bound actors and place-less dynamics affect subnational institutional arrangements shaping policies and development outcomes. The conclusions drawn are not limited to Colombia and will prove beneficial to researchers studying regional economic development in subnational contexts elsewhere in the world.


This study qualitatively explores the embeddedness of the innovation process of South African microbusinesses by investigating how small local entrepreneurs in the Greater Johannesburg area utilise their social networks to source entrepreneurial value. A comparative grounded theory analysis enabled the original conceptualisation of Network Diversity Structure and formulates the central proposition that the network dimensions of diversity and closeness enable the innovation process among manufacturing microbusinesses more so than in service microbusinesses. Furthermore, the study proposes that both a structural and relational/experiential dimension of closeness, enables micro-entrepreneurs to create meaning and knowledge collaboratively with other entrepreneurs and actors. This socially facilitated process of exchanging ideas, information, and resources is central to the innovation process of firms traditionally limited by both their size and historical social institutions.


Cryoturbation in high‐latitude soils is crucial for the long‐term cycling of elements, but the rates of soil motion are poorly constrained. Here, we test whether the rate of frost creep, soil erosion and vertical soil mixing in frost boils can be estimated using short‐lived radionuclides (137Cs and 210Pb). We find a small‐scale variation in 137Cs and 210Pb inventories in the lower levels of the eroding regions of frost boils in comparison to the expected depositional sites; hence, the distribution of the radionuclides appears to reflect a lateral transport of atmospheric fallout from the centre of the boil (inner domain) towards the surrounding soil (outer domain). 14C dating of the soil indicates that fallout of 137Cs was mobile in the soil and that 210Pb moved with the soil matrix. A soil creep model and a surface soil erosion model are derived and applied to the lateral and vertical distributions of 210Pb in the frost boil. Both models predict the expected trajectories of soil motion and provide rates of creep, erosion and mixing at a mm yr−1 to cm yr−1 scale. The distribution of 210Pb provides new insights about the processes and rates of soil mass movement in frost boils, if sound mass‐balance models are applied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We live in an era of unprecedented growth in the use and impact of data. While large institutions are using data about individuals to drive decision-making, small organizations and civic hackers are using open and public data to innovate for social good. Meanwhile, the educational and informational resources to enable individuals to understand this data remain scarce. Individuals and communities are often unaware of the data being collected about them, the data they are contributing, and the ways in which that data is being used. Although the Open Data movement has given some individuals a new opportunity to interface with data directly, the public at large lacks the skills and knowledge to take advantage of this opportunity. This thesis argues that we need to support the public — especially youth — in developing data literacy, so that they are equipped to think critically and ethically about data. I make this case in four ways. First, I contextualize the need for data literacy by describing the historical evolution of institutional data collection practices, contemporary uses of data that have had a profound impact on institutions and individuals, and the potentially problematic consequences of data modeling. Second, I propose a definition of "data literacy," situate the concept within the landscape of new media literacies, and describe settings, methodologies, and tools that can be used to support it. Third, I analyze two data literacy initiatives that enable youth to use data to investigate and address real-world issues: one in an informal learning environment, Young Rewired State's Festival of Code, and the other in a public school, City Digits: Local Lotto. Fourth, I analyze the challenges facing data literacy initiatives — from the constraints of the public school environment, to the challenges of reaching diverse audiences and supporting open-ended learning. I propose three design principles to guide researchers, educators, and practitioners in shaping future data literacy initiatives.


Purpose
Few studies have explored the correlates of police responses to the crime of stalking. The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of nine specific police actions (no action, multiple actions, took a report, talked to perpetrator, arrested perpetrator, recommended PO or RO, recommended self-protection, referred to prosecutor's office and referred to social services) to this type of crime. This study found three of the four incident measures (victim-offender relationship, intimidation and physical injury) and three of the four victim demographic measures (age, gender and marital status) significantly predicted seven of the nine police actions.

Design/methodology/approach
Data for this study came from the 2006 Stalking Victimization Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The sample included stalking cases that were reported to the police and all measures were constructed using victims' responses to survey questionnaires. Nine logistic regression models were estimated and in each model, four incident characteristic variables and four victim demographic variables were regressed on each of the nine police actions.

Findings
This study found three of the four incident characteristic measures (victim-offender relationship, intimidation, and physical injury) and three of the four victim demographic variables (age, gender and marital status) were significantly related to seven of the nine specific police actions (no action, multiple actions, arrested perpetrator, recommended PO or RO, recommended self-protection, referred to prosecutor's office and referred to social services). None of the incident characteristic and victim demographic measures were related to two of the nine specific police actions (took a report and talked to perpetrator).

Research limitations/implications
This study possesses the same shortcomings associated with the NCVS. The current study involves cross-sectional, official data that are over 10 years old. The measures employed in the current study are victims' perceptions of how the officers acted. The study does not include information regarding how many times the victim contacted the police or the nature of the stalking episode. The study excludes other variables (suspect's demeanor, the presence of witnesses) that may be relevant in examining subsequent police responses to stalking.

Practical implications
Frontline offices should be required to undertake stalking training. Further, stalking training needs to be conducted independently from domestic violence training. Mandatory stalking training for law enforcement officers will lead to a greater comprehension of existing stalking statute for the officers as well as help increase the number of offenders being identified and charged with this crime by the officers.

Social implications
Police inaction to reported stalking not only dissuade victims from reporting future victimizations, it will also result in stalking being an under-reported crime. Police inaction could potentially compromise victim safety and/or offender accountability. Police inaction also undermines the legitimacy of law enforcement and attenuates the relationship between citizens and police agencies.

Originality/value
To date, only one study has examined the correlates of subsequent police responses to the crime of stalking. However, this study employed broad measures of police actions (formal and informal). The current study involves specific police actions (e.g. taking a report, referring the victim to social service agencies). Contrary to the prior study that found none of the incident and victim characteristics was related to two broad measures of subsequent police responses, this study found several incident and victim measures significantly predicted seven specific police actions.


Mixed-line-rate (MLR) networks have been proposed recently to support emerging traffic demands with diverse capacity requirements. In such networks, wavelength channels of the optical paths can have a variety of capacities (10/40/100 Gbps). It has been shown that this feature enables new paradigms for protection in optical wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks. In this paper, we propose to design transparent MLR networks with shared subconnection protection (SSP). SSP in an MLR network, compared with other more classical approaches (dedicated or shared protection), can also address the cost-versus-capacity trade-off in providing shared protection in a transparent network. The design problem is solved by a two-step approach that formulates part of the problem as an integer linear program (ILP). Our results show that SSP enables higher sharing of backup capacityin an MLR network in that the design cost is up to 37% less than a single-line-rate network with SSP and around 40% less than MLR with dedicated protection.


In this ground-breaking work, the distinguished anthropological theorist, Michael Brian Schiffer, presents a profound challenge to the social sciences. Through a broad range of examples, he demonstrates how theories of behaviour and communication have too often ignored the fundamental importance of objects in human life. In The Material Life of Human Beings, the author builds upon the premise that the most important feature of human life is not language but the relationships which take place between people and objects. The author shows that artifacts are involved in all modes of human communication - be they visual, auditory or tactile. By creatively folding elements of postmodernist thought into a scientific framework, he creates new concepts and models for understanding and analysing communication and behavior. Challenging established theories within the social sciences, Michael Brian Schiffer offers a reassessment of the centrality of materiality to everyday life.


A 9-day-old girl had, on prenatal ultrasound, brain and cardiac lesions suspicious for tuberous sclerosis. Brain MRI demonstrated a large intraventricular and intraparenchymal mass centered on the foramen of Monro, which had unusual imaging findings: a homogeneous T1-hyperintense and T2-hypointense signal (figure 1, A and B) related to scarce myelination; remarkable venous drainage on susceptibility-weighted imaging (figure 1C); and apparent diffusion coefficient hypointensity, corresponding to blackout T2 effect (figure 2, A and B). Spectroscopy showed increased choline and myo-Inositol peaks (figure 2C). These findings are consistent with neonatal subependymal giant astrocytoma.1,2 Subependymal nodules, cortical tubers, and radial bands were also atypically T1-hyperintense and T2-hypointense (figure 1, A and B).


In his monograph Wesmael (1838) made a survey of 48 Bracon Fabricius species occurring in Belgium. Out of the 48 species 37 have been described by Wesmael himself as new species, the rest of the species, 11 ones, divides among three authors: seven species by Nees, three species by Fabricius and one species by Spinola. Type (holo-, lecto-, paralectotype) designations of Wesmael's species and neotype designations of Nees sensu Wesmael's species are accomplished accompanied with their redescriptions, distributions and taxonomic positions.  The Bracon material studied by Wesmael is deposited in Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles. Palpibracon new subgenus is established for four Bracon species with long maxillar palp in the Holarctic Region. Fourteen species names proved to be junior synonyms. The species Bracon turolus Papp is revalidated. The subgeneric division of the Bracon species is briefly discussed.


Is there a cultural logic of what we have come to call the information age? Have the technologies and techniques centered on the computer provided not only tools but also the metaphors through which we now understand the social and economic formation of our world? In Control, Seb Franklin addresses the conditions of knowledge that make the concept of the "information economy" possible while at the same time obscuring its deleterious effects on material social spaces. In so doing, Franklin traces three intertwined threads: the relationships among information, labor, and social management that emerged in the nineteenth century; the mid-twentieth-century diffusion of computational metaphors; and the appearance of informatic principles in certain contemporary socioeconomic and cultural practices. Drawing on critical theory, media theory, and the history of science, Franklin names control as the episteme grounding late capitalism. Beyond any specific device or set of technically mediated practices, digitality functions within this episteme as the logical basis for reshaped concepts of labor, subjectivity, and collectivity, as well as for the intensification of older modes of exclusion and dispossession. In tracking the pervasiveness of this logical mode into the present, Franklin locates the cultural traces of control across a diverse body of objects and practices, from cybernetics to economic theory and management styles, and from concepts of language and subjectivity to literary texts, films, and video games.


Many polymers, including polyethylene, feature a relatively low melting point and hence must be cross-linked to make them viable for applications that demand a high stiffness and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. The resulting thermoset plastics cannot be recycled, and therefore alternative materials with a reconfigurable internal network structure are in high demand. Here, we establish that such a thermoset-like yet recyclable material can be realized through the addition of a nanocellulose reinforcing agent. A network consisting of cellulose nanocrystals, nano- or microfibrils imparts many of the characteristics that are usually achieved through chemical cross-linking. For instance, the addition of only 7.5 wt % of either nanocellulose material significantly enhances the melt stiffness of an otherwise molten ethylene-acrylate copolymer by at least 1 order of magnitude. At the same time, the nanocellulose network reduces the melt creep elongation to less than 10%, whereas the neat molten matrix would rupture. At high shear rates, however, the molten composites do not display a significantly higher viscosity than the copolymer matrix, and therefore retain the processability of a thermoplastic material. Repeated re-extrusion at 140 °C does not compromise the thermomechanical properties, which indicates a high degree of recyclability. The versatility of dynamic nanocellulose networks is illustrated by 3D printing of a cellulose composite, where the high melt stiffness improves the printability of the resin.


We demonstrate that channel spacing can be reduced to values smaller than the Nyquist channel spacing over transoceanic distance. Modulation memory induced by constrained transmitter bandwidth together with multisymbol detection can reduce intersymbol interference for systems with sub-Nyquist channel spacing. We transmit 198 × 100 G bandwidth constrained polarization-division-multiplexed return-to-zero quaternary phase shift keying channels with 400% spectral efficiency over 6860 km using 52 km spans of 150 μ m2 fiber and simple single-stage erbium-doped fiber amplifiers without any Raman amplification. We also show that 100 G coherent nonlinear performance scales differently with distance on uncompensated dispersion maps compared with direct detection transmission.


In this article we show how Optimality Theory yields a highly general Constraint Demotion principle for grammar learning. The resulting learning procedure specifically exploits the grammatical structure of Optimality Theory, independent of the content of substantive constraints defining any given grammatical module. We decompose the learning problem and present formal results for a central subproblem, deducing the constraint ranking particular to a target language, given structural descriptions of positive examples. The structure imposed on the space of possible grammars by Optimality Theory allows efficient convergence to a correct grammar. We discuss implications for learning from overt data only, as well as other learning issues. We argue that Optimality Theory promotes confluence of the demands of more effective learnability and deeper linguistic explanation.


Background: Amyloidogenic D76N β2m variant escapes the intracellular quality control despite its instability. Results: We show tridimensional structure and stability of D76N β2m assembled within MHCI compared with the wild type protein. Conclusion: Assembly of D76N β2m within the MHCI totally masks its misfolding propensity. Significance: The MHCI-mediated stabilization of amyloidogenic D76N β2m explains the failure of quality control in preventing its secretion. To form extracellular aggregates, amyloidogenic proteins bypass the intracellular quality control, which normally targets unfolded/aggregated polypeptides. Human D76N β2-microglobulin (β2m) variant is the prototype of unstable and amyloidogenic protein that forms abundant extracellular fibrillar deposits. Here we focus on the role of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHCI) in the intracellular stabilization of D76N β2m. Using biophysical and structural approaches, we show that the MHCI containing D76N β2m (MHCI76) displays stability, dissociation patterns, and crystal structure comparable with those of the MHCI with wild type β2m. Conversely, limited proteolysis experiments show a reduced protease susceptibility for D76N β2m within the MHCI76 as compared with the free variant, suggesting that the MHCI has a chaperone-like activity in preventing D76N β2m degradation within the cell. Accordingly, D76N β2m is normally assembled in the MHCI and circulates as free plasma species in a transgenic mouse model.


Once all ALA-accredited schools had special libraries. Only a few exist today. This preliminary study traces the rise and fall of the library science library and presents data on collections, staffing, budgets, services, and organizational structures. Based on primary sources, including school catalogs, surveys, and directories, as well as an analysis of the scant literature on the topic, a set of questions are developed for further research. Keywords: Library science libraries, academic branch libraries, historical research Introduction For sixty-six years, starting in 1943, a separate, full-service Library & Information Science Library existed within the Main Library building at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Before that time, a study room in the library school's quarters housed an ever-growing collection of professional literature as well as a "demonstration collection" for student use (Stenstrom, 1992). By 2009 the LIS Library held some 30,000 volumes, including a sizeable reference section and course reserves. Cataloging manuals, exemplary subject thesauri, and library-related fiction were shelved in designated areas. Nearly twenty drawers of vertical files contained newsletters, pamphlets, brochures, preprints, bulletins from other schools, and more. The LIS Library subscribed to hundreds of current journals and newsletters in print and housed small collections of other formats, including microforms, CD-ROMs, audiocassettes, DVDs, and blueprints. The library also licensed a rapidly growing collection of electronic journals, e-books, and reference databases. A full-time librarian and two full-time staff members kept it running, along with student hourly employees and a quarter-time graduate assistant. In short, it was a substantial and well supported collection, oriented toward current teaching and practice and supplemented by the deeper historical collection in the nearby central book stacks. A photograph from the 1940s shows a large, sunlit room rimmed with shelves full of bound volumes. Students crowd around tables and desks, reading, writing, and fingering card files (University of Illinois Library School, 1944). Another photo from the 1950s shows a student browsing the new books display, while other students relax in easy chairs and peruse magazines ("A corner in the Library School Library," 1950-51). Despite the presence of computers and copiers, the LIS Library in the first years of the 2 1 st century was not much different either in purpose or appearance than it had been fifty years earlier. However, the crowds of students had vanished. Many hours of the day and evening, the study tables and the comfortable armchairs sat empty. In a very real sense, the library was a victim of its own success. Its staff had aggressively acquired electronic resources and developed web-based services for LEEP, the distance education option that began in 1996. Unsurprisingly, even local users preferred to search and find information online, from the comfort of their home or office, so on-site library usage dwindled. When the University Library launched its New Service Models Program in late 2007 - an initiative that would eventually close or merge several departmental libraries - the LIS Library was among the first service points to be reviewed (University Library, 2012). In May 2009, the LIS Library closed its doors forever. It was replaced by a service configuration that includes a virtual library, librarians embedded part-time at the GSLIS building, and an increased reliance on general reference and centralized collection services. The print collection was distributed among the central book stacks, other departmental libraries, and the library's storage facility. The materials budget was not cut - indeed, supplemental funding was allocated during the transition - and newly purchased books continue to be placed in the most relevant library location. Staff levels were reduced, but the library personnel dedicated to LIS still includes a full-time faculty member and an almost-full-time staff member, both of whom hold MLIS degrees. …


Significance Migratory activity is a critical factor in shaping processes of biological and cultural change through time. We introduce a method to estimate changes in underlying migratory activity that can be applied to genetic, morphological, or cultural data and is well-suited to samples that are sparsely distributed in space and through time. By applying this method to ancient genome data, we infer a number of changes in human mobility in Western Eurasia, including higher mobility in pre- than post-Last Glacial Maximum hunter–gatherers, and oscillations in Holocene mobility with peaks centering on the Neolithic transition and the beginnings of the Bronze Age and the Late Iron Age. Mobility is one of the most important processes shaping spatiotemporal patterns of variation in genetic, morphological, and cultural traits. However, current approaches for inferring past migration episodes in the fields of archaeology and population genetics lack either temporal resolution or formal quantification of the underlying mobility, are poorly suited to spatially and temporally sparsely sampled data, and permit only limited systematic comparison between different time periods or geographic regions. Here we present an estimator of past mobility that addresses these issues by explicitly linking trait differentiation in space and time. We demonstrate the efficacy of this estimator using spatiotemporally explicit simulations and apply it to a large set of ancient genomic data from Western Eurasia. We identify a sequence of changes in human mobility from the Late Pleistocene to the Iron Age. We find that mobility among European Holocene farmers was significantly higher than among European hunter–gatherers both pre- and postdating the Last Glacial Maximum. We also infer that this Holocene rise in mobility occurred in at least three distinct stages: the first centering on the well-known population expansion at the beginning of the Neolithic, and the second and third centering on the beginning of the Bronze Age and the late Iron Age, respectively. These findings suggest a strong link between technological change and human mobility in Holocene Western Eurasia and demonstrate the utility of this framework for exploring changes in mobility through space and time.


Although supervision is recognized as a significant tenant of professional growth for counseling and psychotherapy students, the variability of the effectiveness, or ineffectiveness, of supervision has come under scrutiny in recent times. Our sample of 128 participants shed light on the most effective (e.g., encouraged autonomy, strengthened the supervisory relationship, and facilitated open discussion) and most ineffective (e.g., depreciated supervision, performed ineffective client conceptualization and treatment, and weakened the supervisory relationship) supervisor skills, techniques, and behaviors. Moreover, effective and ineffective behaviors, along with best and worst supervisors, were significantly differentiated based on the supervisory working alliance, supervisor style, supervisor self-disclosure, supervisee nondisclosure, and supervisee evaluation. Implications for supervision competencies and supervisor accountability are discussed.


Synopsis

This dissertation examines the erosion of minority rights in Malaysia through the implementation of special measures in favour of the majority Malays. This dissertation will consider the appropriateness, effectiveness and legitimacy of these special measures under current international law standards. This involves a comparison of Malaysia's constitutional, legislative and statutory provisions with international principles of customary and treaty law, and applicable regional declarations. This dissertation will conclude by recommending appropriate policy and legislative reform, if such measures are found to be appropriate in the circumstances.

Preamble

Malaysia achieved independence from Britain on 31 August 1957. The Merdeka Independence Proclamation declared that the nation was to be 'founded upon the principle of liberty and justice and ever seeking the welfare and happiness of its people'. Insightful words for a nation built upon by racial, cultural and religious separatism, as the term 'its people' was presumably meant to encompass both the majority Malays as well as all ethnic minorities.' Unfortunately, the sentiment expressed in the Merdeka proclamation was marred by ethnic polarisation and its resultant ethnocentric legal and political system.

The reasons for this will be explored in chapter one, which considers Malaysia's historical and cultural development and the eventual mass pluralisation of Malaysia without a unifying national identity. An understanding of the formation of Malaysia's cultural hegemony, and its subsequent ethnic polarisation, is required to appreciate the current status of Malaysia's ethnic minorities. Part A will consider in detail the preferential policies in favour of Malays introduced by the government following the 1969 race riots and the resulting effect this had on the economic, social and cultural rights of non-Malays. The introduction of these policies also led to the implementation of race based quota systems in the education, employment and business sectors. Correspondingly, the socio-economic position of non-Malay minorities have been affected. The legal implications of these policies are discussed in the proceeding chapters and the reasonableness of these policies will be measured against international law standards.

To undertake this assessment, Part B discusses the role of international law and examines its implications to Malaysia. It should be noted from the outset that although Malaysia is a member State of the United Nations, it has elected not to ratify significant human rights treaties. Given this, chapter two considers the role of customary law as a part of international law and its implications to the observance of fundamental human rights. This chapter aims to establish that Malaysia as a member of the United Nations, and by virtue of customary law, is bound to recognise fundamental human rights.

As this dissertation discusses Malaysia's observance of minority rights at international law, part C examines the availability of fundamental human rights to Malaysia's minorities. Part C reconciles Malaysia's pro-Malay preferential policies with minority rights and considers whether minority rights in Malaysia have been eroded through such policies pursuant to international law standards. Chapter four determines whether the language rights of Malaysia's non-bahasa speakers, who also constitute the ethnic minorities, are recognised and protected by Malaysia's national language policy. This chapter also assesses the impact of Malaysia's national language policy and planning on the education and employment rights of non-Malays given the introduction of language based quota systems in both sectors. Chapter five examines the role of Islam in Malaysia and considers the extent of religious freedom available to non-Muslims in Malaysia Chapter six deals with Malaysia's restrictive laws and how these laws were relied on to revise and modify Malaysia's legal system and policies to benefit Malays whilst simultaneously impacting on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of non-Malay minorities. Chapter six also considers the potential risks associated with the government's continued reliance on these restrictive laws to 'control' interethnic tensions.

On the assumption that Malaysia has breached relevant international law standards in some instances, part D recommends possible methods of legislative and policy reform which may be adopted by the government to remedy these breaches. Part D is the concluding chapter of this dissertation. In concluding, this dissertation examines the impact of ethnic divisions on social and political policies in Malaysia and considers the extent of government intervention in the economy based on race which has ultimately impacted on the protection and implementation of minority rights in Malaysia. It is the writer's opinion that the source of ethnic conflict lies within the introduction of legal doctrines which are purposely detrimental to the rights of minorities. Accordingly, the concluding chapter recommends reforms to Malaysia's legal system and policies to minimise the risk of an eruption of inter-ethnic tensions.

The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that Malaysia's politicisation of competing ethnic interests has resulted in the maintenance of preferential policies detrimental to minority rights and contrary to international law.


Background: Lacerations and trauma are one of the leading reasons for visits to the Emergency Room. Treatment of a laceration depends on the location and complexity of the wound. When a trauma involves a joint(especially the knee), determining whether a laceration penetrates the joint capsule has been compromised is an important aspect of the diagnostic process. This review will evaluate the efficacy of the saline load test(SLT) in determining traumatic arthrotomy of the knee. Methods: An exhaustive search of available medical literature was performed using Medline-OVID, Pubmed, American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), Journal of Bone and Joint Surgeons, and Google Scholar using the keywords: laceration; trauma; joint capsule; saline load test; arthrotomy; knee. Studies were assessed for quality GRADE Results: Six articles were reviewed for relevancy and validity. Two studies were chosen from the six based on eligibility criteria. One of the studies is a prospective study and the other a retrospective study; both studies evaluate the SLT as a diagnostic tool. Conclusion: The SLT is an effective diagnostic tool for diagnosing traumatic arthrotomy of the knee. In order to achieve maximum specificity and sensitivity of the SLT the maximum amount of volume tolerated must be injected.


The noninvasive measurement of variations in absorption that are due to changes in concentrations of biochemically relevant compounds in tissue is important in many clinical settings. One problem with such measurements is that the path length traveled by the collected light through the tissue depends on the scattering properties of the tissue. We demonstrate, using both Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements, that for an appropriate separation between light-delivery and light-collection fibers the path length of the collected photons does not depend on scattering parameters for the range of parameters typically found in tissue. This is important for developing rapid, noninvasive, and inexpensive methods for measuring absorption changes in tissue.


In Ideas That Shaped Buildings, Fil Hearn identifies and codifies into theoretical systems the operative tenets of architectural theory from ancient Rome to the present. With this strikingly original synthesis of architectural history and theory, he constructs an intellectual armature on which virtually any architectural concept, past or present, can be positioned. Dealing mainly with the treatises that have been highly influential historically, he organizes their concepts thematically and analyzes their development through time. Straightforward and concise, Ideas That Shaped Buildings is readily accessible to architecture students, practicing architects, and the general public -- indeed anyone interested in understanding the design rationale of buildings. Its overarching message is that, far from being constricting, proper knowledge and application of architectural theory is enabling and inspiring, and makes creative freedom possible by providing the conceptual awareness needed to devise a design. After an introductory history of the development of architectural theory, the text is divided into four parts. The first deals with issues relevant to all theories of architecture. The second, treating theory from antiquity to 1800, focuses on the prescriptive conventions inherent in the classical tradition. The third, treating theory after 1800, focuses on the inspirational principles prompted by rationalist perceptions of the Gothic tradition. The fourth, treating theory since 1965, deals with rationales beyond rationalism and the influence of computers on design method and design formulation. The concepts discussed are illustrated with theoretical drawings and images of actual buildings.


The sensitivity of involuntary attention to top-down modulation was tested using an auditory-visual distraction task and a working memory (WM) load manipulation in subjects performing a simple visual classification task while ignoring contingent auditory stimulation. The sounds were repetitive standard tones (80%) and environmental novel sounds (20%). Distraction caused by the novel sounds was compared across a 1-back WM condition and a no-memory control condition, both involving the comparison of two digits. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to the sounds were recorded, and the N1/MMN (mismatch negativity), novelty-P3, and RON components were identified in the novel minus standard difference waveforms. Distraction was reduced in the WM condition, both behaviorally and as indexed by an attenuation of the late phase of the novelty-P3. The transient/change detection mechanism indexed by MMN was not affected by the WM manipulation. Sustained, slow frontal and parietal waveforms related to WM processes were found on the standard ERPs. The present results indicate that distraction caused by irrelevant novel sounds is reduced when a WM component is involved in the task, and that this modulation by WM load takes place at a late stage of the orienting response, all in all confirming that involuntary attention is under the control of top-down mechanisms. Moreover, as these results contradict predictions of the load theory of selective attention and cognitive control, it is suggested that the WM load effects on distraction depend on the nature of the distractor-target relationships.


Modern depositional environment are mainly investigated in terms of internal sedimentary structures and associated grain-size characteristics. The latter are an intrinsic feature of sediments and hence essential for quantitative descriptions. It is therefore useful to have a tool available which allows direct and rapid calculation of numerous statistical parameters for a large number of samples. The G2Sd package gives full descriptive statistics and a physical description of sediments based on grain-size distributions derived from sieve analyses using a decadic log-transformation of the millimeter scale. Statistics are calculated either by using arithmetic and geometric methods of moments, or the graphic procedure of R.L. Folk and W.C. Ward (1957) to calculate mean grain-size, standard-deviation, skewness, and kurtosis based on the binary log-transformation of the mm scale. Numerical results are thus provided both in metric and phi units. The mode can be determined graphically by the user. Several percentiles and two common indices are calculated: D10, D50, D90, D90/D10, D90-D10, D75/D25, D75-D25, Trask Index (So) and Krumbein Index (Qd). A physical description of texture, sorting, skewness and kurtosis parameters is provided, based on the sediment nomenclature described in R.L. Folk (1966). The weight percentage of particles falling into each predefined size fraction is also included in the results. This package runs within the CRAN R-project.


The medical profession, more than any other, has had to constantly gaze at itself in the mirror of "ethics", whether in praxis or in the haloed (often antiquated) oaths taken, even as it grapples with being a sustainable industry and business. A constant, willful, collective neglect of realistically addressing this paradox has created deep fault-lines in the medical profession, and this becomes the discursive topography inhabited and explored by Dr Kamal Kumar Mahawar in The ethical doctor.


Abstract When deciding whether to provide job-matching assistance to formerly incarcerated job seekers, which factors do individuals with job information and influence privilege? Drawing from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 126 ethnoracially diverse jobholders at one large, public sector employer, I show that jobholders' assistance relied on the cultural frames for action they deployed. Two frames dominated discussion—the second chance frame and the signaling change frame. Through the former, jobholders argued that all individuals were capable of change and entitled to more chances to prove themselves. These jobholders were strongly inclined to help. Through the latter, jobholders either referenced the nature of offenses for which job seekers were punished, a proxy for their ability to change, or they referenced evidence that job seekers had changed, a proxy for former prisoners' commitment to do better. These jobholders tended to be noncommittal. Two frames were mentioned significantly less often—the rigid structures and the opportunities to assist frames. Neither implicated the former prisoners' essential attributes but instead identified factors outside of job seekers' control. A significant minority of jobholders also offered some combination of these four frames. Importantly, ethnoracial background, which informed the extent, nature and quality of jobholders' experiences with the formerly incarcerated, also shaped which frame or set of frames jobholders deployed.


The sinonasal microbiome remains poorly defined, with our current knowledge based on a few cohort studies whose findings are inconsistent. Furthermore, the variability of the sinus microbiome across geographical divides remains unexplored. We characterize the sinonasal microbiome and its geographical variations in both health and disease using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 410 individuals from across the world. Although the sinus microbial ecology is highly variable between individuals, we identify a core microbiome comprised of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus and Moraxella species in both healthy and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) cohorts. Corynebacterium (mean relative abundance = 44.02%) and Staphylococcus (mean relative abundance = 27.34%) appear particularly dominant in the majority of patients sampled. Amongst patients suffering from CRS with nasal polyps, a statistically significant reduction in relative abundance of Corynebacterium (40.29% vs 50.43%; P = .02) was identified. Despite some measured differences in microbiome composition and diversity between some of the participating centres in our cohort, these differences would not alter the general pattern of core organisms described. Nevertheless, atypical or unusual organisms reported in short‐read amplicon sequencing studies and that are not part of the core microbiome should be interpreted with caution. The delineation of the sinonasal microbiome and standardized methodology described within our study will enable further characterization and translational application of the sinus microbiota.


Facilities have become an important part of any organisation's strategic plan including educational. Facilities in an educational organisation may differ to others whereas the aim is to provide a comfortable learning environment in which to cultivate students. To ensure thatquality of facility is provided in schools, facilities management (FM) plays a major role. Smart school intends to make a radical transformation to the education system in Malaysia by adapting innovative technologies in the learning method. Thus, sufficient facilities are essential to optimise the reliability and consistency of smart learning method. To investigate the current FM of smart school in Malaysia, a study of the needs of the end-users (students and teachers) was conducted. The dissertation objectives were to identifying the major FM components by investigating the relationship between the identified FM components and overall satisfaction of facilities provided in smart school by adapting into four common locations within smart secondary school where as classroom, science and computer labs and library. Secondly, a suggestion on basic conceptual FM framework as for optimize and sustain the educational system initiatives. The explanations were made in each chapter with brief explanations of the topic chapter in the form of the chronicles structure. A questionnaire survey of 1200 respondents from ten (10) numbers of smart schools was conducted to evaluate the performance of school facilities, as well as to establish the relationship between the levels of satisfaction with each FM components and overall satisfaction with FM. A number of formal interviews with others professional involved in smart school project were also conducted to ensured the gap between end-users needs and the creator considerations could be identified by cross-checking the differences between the data gathered from the questionnaires and the interviews. The study revealed that different locations within smart schools emphasises different FM components (e.g. flexibility, lighting, temperature, safety and security, hygiene, allocation and sufficiency in classrooms; allocation, density, lighting, technical support, hygiene, flexibility, safety and security, temperature and sufficient in IT and science labs; allocation, lighting, temperature, safety and security and sufficiency for library). Sufficiency, safety and security, hygiene, temperature, lighting, flexibility and allocation were found to be key components in all four locations in smart schools. By the end of this study, a conceptual framework was created as recommendation to the improvement on facilities in smart school through the identification of facilities management components respectively.


Although found more than 130 years ago and thought to be lost in the Bulgarian science, this votive monument from Nicopolis ad Nestum was "re-discovered" by the author in the exposition of the museum in Drama, Greece. The votive with the represented on it gods from the Graeco-Roman Pantheon is devoted to Pluto. The iconography of the monument is of the type Pluto on the throne. According to the inscription, Pluto is not only a chthonic deity of the Underworld, but also as "Πλούτος"–"Plutos" is the god of fertility, abundance and richness. Hermes is also depicted as "Ploutodotes"/"Κeρδώος", while Asclepius is represented as healer, giving strength and restoring, also of possibility of abundance and richness. The dedicators of the votive descent from a rich Thracian family and probably are part of the elite of Nicopolis ad Nestum. Their names reveal that these people have received Roman citizenship with the Constitutio Antoniniana after 212. The votive relief is made of a local marble, and is a work of the local masters, knowing well the iconography of the Graeco-Roman deities and the one of the imperial portraits of Julia Domna and Caracalla from the Severan dynasty.


Some chemical reactions, such as the detonation of explosives, can be initiated by mechanical forces. In his Perspective, Gilman discusses the microscopic story behind such reactions. Unlike liquids or gases, solids can experience shear forces, and these in turn can cause bending of atomic bonds in molecules. The energy levels of these bent molecules can change in such a way as to lead to bond breaking and rearrangement.


We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section is devoted to 'bottom up' approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section covers 'top down' techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers' and modified Hummers' methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aerogels. The assembly of flakes into 3d structures can provide improved mechanical properties. Aerogels with a highly open structure, with interconnected hierarchical pores, can enhance the accessibility to the whole surface area, as relevant for a number of applications, such as energy storage. The main recipes to yield graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are also discussed. GICs are suitable precursors for covalent functionalization of graphene, but can also be used for the synthesis of uncharged graphene in solution. Degradation of the molecules intercalated in GICs can be triggered by high temperature treatment or microwave irradiation, creating a gas pressure surge in graphite and exfoliation. Electrochemical exfoliation by applying a voltage in an electrolyte to a graphite electrode can be tuned by varying precursors, electrolytes and potential. Graphite electrodes can be either negatively or positively intercalated to obtain GICs that are subsequently exfoliated. We also discuss the materials that can be amenable to exfoliation, by employing a theoretical data-mining approach. The exfoliation of LMs usually results in a heterogeneous dispersion of flakes with different lateral size and thickness. This is a critical bottleneck for applications, and hinders the full exploitation of GRMs produced by solution processing. The establishment of procedures to control the morphological properties of exfoliated GRMs, which also need to be industrially scalable, is one of the key needs. Section deals with the processing of flakes. (Ultra)centrifugation techniques have thus far been the most investigated to sort GRMs following ultrasonication, shear mixing, ball milling, microfluidization, and wet-jet milling. It allows sorting by size and thickness. Inks formulated from GRM dispersions can be printed using a number of processes, from inkjet to screen printing. Each technique has specific rheological requirements, as well as geometrical constraints. The solvent choice is critical, not only for the GRM stability, but also in terms of optimizing printing on different substrates, such as glass, Si, plastic, paper, etc, all with different surface energies. Chemical modifications of such substrates is also a key step. Sections – are devoted to the growth of GRMs on various substrates and their processing after growth to place them on the surface of choice for specific applications. The substrate for graphene growth is a key determinant of the nature and quality of the resultant film. The lattice mismatch between graphene and substrate influences the resulting crystallinity. Growth on insulators, such as SiO2, typically results in films with small crystallites, whereas growth on the close-packed surfaces of metals yields highly crystalline films. Section outlines the growth of graphene on SiC substrates. This satisfies the requirements for electronic applications, with well-defined graphene-substrate interface, low trapped impurities and no need for transfer. It also allows graphene structures and devices to be measured directly on the growth substrate. The flatness of the substrate results in graphene with minimal strain and ripples on large areas, allowing spectroscopies and surface science to be performed. We also discuss the surface engineering by intercalation of the resulting graphene, its integration with Si-wafers and the production of nanostructures with the desired shape, with no need for patterning. Section deals with chemical vapour deposition (CVD) onto various transition metals and on insulators. Growth on Ni results in graphitized polycrystalline films. While the thickness of these films can be optimized by controlling the deposition parameters, such as the type of hydrocarbon precursor and temperature, it is difficult to attain single layer graphene (SLG) across large areas, owing to the simultaneous nucleation/growth and solution/precipitation mechanisms. The differing characteristics of polycrystalline Ni films facilitate the growth of graphitic layers at different rates, resulting in regions with differing numbers of graphitic layers. High-quality films can be grown on Cu. Cu is available in a variety of shapes and forms, such as foils, bulks, foams, thin films on other materials and powders, making it attractive for industrial production of large area graphene films. The push to use CVD graphene in applications has also triggered a research line for the direct growth on insulators. The quality of the resulting films is lower than possible to date on metals, but enough, in terms of transmittance and resistivity, for many applications as described in section . Transfer technologies are the focus of section . CVD synthesis of graphene on metals and bottom up molecular approaches require SLG to be transferred to the final target substrates. To have technological impact, the advances in production of high-quality large-area CVD graphene must be commensurate with those on transfer and placement on the final substrates. This is a prerequisite for most applications, such as touch panels, anticorrosion coatings, transparent electrodes and gas sensors etc. New strategies have improved the transferred graphene quality, making CVD graphene a feasible option for CMOS foundries. Methods based on complete etching of the metal substrate in suitable etchants, typically iron chloride, ammonium persulfate, or hydrogen chloride although reliable, are time- and resource-consuming, with damage to graphene and production of metal and etchant residues. Electrochemical delamination in a low-concentration aqueous solution is an alternative. In this case metallic substrates can be reused. Dry transfer is less detrimental for the SLG quality, enabling a deterministic transfer. There is a large range of layered materials (LMs) beyond graphite. Only few of them have been already exfoliated and fully characterized. Section deals with the growth of some of these materials. Amongst them, h-BN, transition metal tri- and di-chalcogenides are of paramount importance. The growth of h-BN is at present considered essential for the development of graphene in (opto) electronic applications, as h-BN is ideal as capping layer or substrate. The interesting optical and electronic properties of TMDs also require the development of scalable methods for their production. Large scale growth using chemical/physical vapour deposition or thermal assisted conversion has been thus far limited to a small set, such as h-BN or some TMDs. Heterostructures could also be directly grown. Section discusses advances in GRM functionalization. A broad range of organic molecules can be anchored to the sp2 basal plane by reductive functionalization. Negatively charged graphene can be prepared in liquid phase (e.g. via intercalation chemistry or electrochemically) and can react with electrophiles. This can be achieved both in dispersion or on substrate. The functional groups of GO can be further derivatized. Graphene can also be noncovalently functionalized, in particular with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that assemble on the sp2 carbon network by π–π stacking. In the liquid phase, this can enhance the colloidal stability of SLG/FLG. Approaches to achieve noncovalent on-substrate functionalization are also discussed, which can chemically dope graphene. Research efforts to derivatize CNMs are also summarized, as well as novel routes to selectively address defect sites. In dispersion, edges are the most dominant defects and can be covalently modified. This enhances colloidal stability without modifying the graphene basal plane. Basal plane point defects can also be modified, passivated and healed in ultra-high vacuum. The decoration of graphene with metal nanoparticles (NPs) has also received considerable attention, as it allows to exploit synergistic effects between NPs and graphene. Decoration can be either achieved chemically or in the gas phase. All LMs, can be functionalized and we summarize emer


Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 322 is part of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTro- SEIZE) and was designed to document characteristics of incoming sedimentary strata and upper igneous basement prior to their arrival at the subduction front. To accomplish these objectives, coring was conducted at two sites in the Shikoku Basin on the subducting Philippine Sea plate. Site C0011 is located on the northwest flank of a prominent bathymetric high (the Kashinosaki Knoll), whereas Site C0012 is located near the crest of the knoll. The resulting data, which include logging while drilling during IODP Expedition 319, provide a wealth of new information on presubduction equivalents of the seismogenic zone. Unfortunately, coring at Site C0011 began at 340 m core depth below seafloor (CSF) and failed to reach the total depth target because of premature destruction of the drill bit at 876 m CSF. Coring at Site C0012, however, penetrated almost 38 m into igneous basement and recovered the sediment/basalt interface intact at 537.81 m CSF. The age of basal sediment (reddish brown pelagic claystone) is >18.9 Ma. This recovery of basement was a major achievement, as was the comprehensive integration of core-logseismic data at Site C0011. The correlation of lithofacies and agedepth models from the two sites within the Shikoku Basin shows changes from an expanded section (Site C0011) to a condensed section (Site C0012) and captures all of the important ingredients of basin evolution, including a previously unrecognized interval of late Miocene tuffaceous and volcaniclastic sandstone designated the middle Shikoku Basin facies. An older (early to middle Miocene) turbidite sandstone/siltstone facies with mixed detrital provenance occurs in the lower Shikoku Basin; this unit may be broadly correlative with superficially similar Miocene turbidites on the western side of the basin. When viewed together, the two sites around the Kashinosaki Knoll not only demonstrate how basement relief influenced rates of hemipelagic and turbidite sedimentation in the Shikoku Basin, but also build the complete lithostratigraphic template on which all of the postexpedition laboratory results can be placed. Those forthcoming details will include mineral and volcanic ash composition, geotechnical properties, frictional properties, and hydrological properties. Another triumph came from geochemical analyses of interstitial water and hydrocarbons at Site C0012. Unlike other so-called reference sites in the Nankai Trough, interstitial water on top of the basement high is largely unchanged by the effects of focused bedding-parallel flow and/or in situ reactions associated with rapid burial beneath the trench wedge and frontal accretionary prism. Thus, Site C0012 finally provides a reliable geochemical reference site for the subduction zone. In addition, geochemical evidence points to the presence of a seawater-like fluid within the upper basaltic crust, which is actively exchanging with the ocean and altering the interstitial water composition of the deep sediments by diffusional exchange.


During the Radiative Heating in Underexplored Bands Campaign (RHUBC), held in February-March 2007, three millimeter-wave radiometers were operated at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's site in Barrow, Alaska. These radiometers contain several channels located around the strong 183.31-GHz water vapor line, which is crucial for ground-based water-vapor measurements in very dry conditions, typical of the Arctic. Simultaneous radiosonde observations were carried out during conditions with very low integrated-water-vapor (IWV) content (< 2 mm). Observations from the three instruments are compared, accounting for their different design characteristics. The overall agreement during RHUBC among the three instruments and between instruments and forward model is discussed quantitatively. In general, the instrument cross-validation performed for sets of channel pairs showed agreement within the total expected uncertainty. The consistency between instruments allows the determination of the IWV to within around 2% for these dry conditions. Comparisons between these data sets and forward-model simulations using radiosondes as input show spectral features in the brightness-temperature residuals, indicating some degree of inconsistency between the instruments and the forward model. The most likely cause of forward-model error is systematic errors in the radiosonde humidity profiles.


Abstract This paper aims at contributing to the evolving debate over the rights of the dead by providing it with concrete empirical socio-legal context. A pioneering study of succession disputes, conducted in Israel, exposes a gap between a prominent judicial promise to respect the wishes and guard the dignity of the deceased testator, and the actual action taking place behind this rhetoric. The findings reveal that the testator's dignity and wishes are trampled during testamentary procedures, when demeaning allegations about his or her mental and physical competence are allowed, and personal and medical information is exposed, and when the judge approves settlements that diverge from the testator's last will in the name of familial reconciliation, even though in most cases there are no nuclear family ties between the rival parties. These findings are discussed in the light of an original typology mapping the theoretical controversies over posthumous rights, to highlight some of the possible normative implications of the project for the law on the books and law in action related to property division after death.


This essay describes a vision of social class–sensitive pedagogy aimed at disrupting endemic classism in schools. We argue persistent upward mobility discourses construct classist hierarchies in schools and classroom practice and are founded on misunderstandings of work, lived experiences of social class, and the broader social and economic context of the United States and the world. Educators may unwittingly alienate the very students they hope to inspire, cause for serious inquiry into what a social class–sensitive pedagogy might entail. The manuscript highlights five interrelated principles that provide insights to what research tells us and how it can be used in K–12 and teacher education.


Ultra small gold nanoparticles supported by porous silica (Au–SiO2) were successfully synthesized. Due to enrichment of reactants by silica, the Au–SiO2 particles functioned as nanoreactors for catalytic etherification of silanes with high selectivity and reusability. The reaction kinetics indicated that the catalysis operated by a zero order reaction mechanism, which is contrary to previously reported homogeneous catalysts, as well as Au–Al2O3 and Au–FeOx prepared by the same method. The mechanism of the reaction was described by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, with the rate determining step being the surface reaction on the gold nanoparticles.


ABSTRACT Aim: AZD9291 is a potent, selective, oral irreversible EGFR-TKI effective against the EGFR-TKI-sensitising (EGFRm+) and resistance T790M mutations. We researched the potential efficacy of AZD9291 against EGFRm+ NSCLC BM. Methods: Preclinical brain exposure of AZD9291 and an active circulating metabolite (AZ5104) were evaluated in mouse models. In vivo efficacy of AZD9291 was assessed in a mouse EGFRm+ (exon 19 deletion) BM xenograft (PC9) model. Human doses that could potentially deliver BM efficacy were predicted using a preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) mathematical model, adapted to account for the differential exposure and binding of AZD9291 and AZ5104 in brain compared with plasma. Selected case reports of clinical activity in EGFRm+ NSCLC BM were available from a Phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study of AZD9291 (AURA; NCT01802632). Collection of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma PK samples are ongoing. Results: In preclinical studies, AZD9291 showed significant exposure in the brain. Concentrations in mouse brain tissue compared with plasma were 5–25-fold higher for AZD9291 and approximately equivalent for AZ5104. At clinically relevant doses, AZD9291 distribution to the brain is ∼10-fold higher than gefitinib. In the PC9 BM model, AZD9291 5 mg/kg/day showed tumour growth inhibition of BM. Using an adapted preclinical PK/PD model, simulations with clinical AZD9291/AZ5104 PK data predicted that a human dose of 80 mg would be sufficient to target EGFRm+ BM. In AURA, extracranial objective responses according to RECIST were observed at all dose levels (20–240 mg) and for some patients shrinkage in BM was reported. Clinical cases will be presented. Conclusions: Preclinical studies indicate AZD9291 has significant exposure in the brain and activity against EGFRm+ BM. In light of early clinical evidence of AZD9291 activity in patients with EGFRm+ NSCLC BM, further investigation into the potential benefit of AZD9291 in patients with EGFRm+ NSCLC and BM is warranted. Disclosure: J. Yang: Advisory boards: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Roche/Genentech, AstraZeneca, Merck, Bayer, Clovis Oncology. Corporate-sponsored research: Boehringer Ingelheim; D. Cross, P. Ballard, P. Yang, J. Yates, M. Cantarini and S. Ghiorghiu: Employment and stock ownership: AstraZeneca; L. Xie: Employment: AstraZeneca; P.A. Janne: Consultant or advisory role: AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clovis Oncology, Pfizer, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Chugai, Immunogen. Stock ownership: Gatekeeper. Other: Lab Corp. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


A novel technique has been developed to prepare refractory grade magnesia from sea bittern, which is a heterogeneous precipitation method to precipitate magnesium as double salt by a suitable career reagent. Prepared double salt is converted to magnesium carbonate, which on further calcination gives rise to MgO. The powdered samples of prepared magnesium carbonate and magnesium oxide are characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, IR, TG/DTA, Particle size analyser and SEM. Commercially available Fluka magnesium carbonate and its calcined product have also been simultaneously characterised for comparison. Prepared boron free magnesia shows high purity of 99.08%, which can be used as basic refractory material.


This volume offers the first critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of seven astrological treatises by Abraham Ibn Ezra: the Book of Elections (3 versions); the Book of Interrogations (3 versions); and the Book of the Luminaries.


The increased globalisation over the last 20 years has made effective global economic governance more important than ever. This period has witnessed the rise of a number of new international governance actors, such as the Group of Twenty (G-20) and the Financial Stability Board. The paper proposes a five-part test to evaluate how the existing global governance actors serve the interests of all stakeholders in the global economy. The test is based on five factors indicating good global governance. These are the goals relating to global economic governance being followed by the governance entity, respect for applicable international legal principles, good administrative practice, comprehensive coverage of all relevant issues and all affected stakeholders, and coordinated specialization. The paper uses these five factors to develop a framework for assessing the responsiveness of the G-20 to African issues and concerns. The final part of the paper applies this framework to the documentary outputs of the seven G-20 summits held during 2008-2012 to assess their responsiveness to Africa. It looks at how the communiques and other key documents from each of the summits address the issues arising from each part of the test and then makes an assessment of how well the G-20 has satisfied that part of the test over the course of the period from 2008-2012. The paper concludes that the G-20 is not fully satisfying any of the five parts of the test, and therefore fails to reach its full potential as a global economic governance actor.


This paper examines the issues and challenges in Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) towards the successful implementation of Supply Chain Management (SCM). This paper has abo highlighted the importance of SMEs in improving their current business practices and quality of products, in order to ensure long term survival and competitiveness. There were three phases of data collection in this study. In the first phase, 11 SME companies were involved and followed by another 5 large-sized companies. The study consisted of semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with senior managers of each company. The study was further continued with 158 SME companies through postal questionnaire. It has been found in this study that there are many problems and challenges that arise in relation to the implementation of SCM. Results have shown that lack of resources including time, manpower and financial, technological tools, and lack of knowledge, skill and expertise were considered the main problems faced by the SMEs when trying to implement SCM. In the implementation and integration of the SCM within a company, the key factor that contributes to the success of a company is a belief and trust in the system and in the workers involved. This allows smooth application of the SCM and hence meets the objectives of the company concerned. It is vital to improve the quality competence of SMEs, and the only way to achieve this is by adopting SCM through a proper approach of quality improvement practices in SMEs. For these reasons the four main components that lead to the success of a company in the SCM are: supplier, transportation, customer and inventory. Introduction Malaysia is a small open economy, with a population of more than 23 million and is a filli member of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN). During the past 40 years Malaysia has industrialised rapidly, transforming itself from a commodity-based economy (e.g. agricultural products) into an economy dominated by manufacturing and services. Now it is one of the world's biggest exporters of electronic components and electrical appliances. Foreign investment has played a significant role in the transformation of Malaysia's economy, and the USA continues to be the largest investor in Malaysia, followed by Japan and Singapore. The Proton and the Produa Project are the most significant joint-venture projects, which the Japanese helped Malaysia to realise the dream of making a national car. With considerably low labour costs, Malaysia is a popular production centre for Japanese, American, Singaporean and European multinational and joint-venture companies, which export electronic goods and other products, made in Malaysia to all parts of the world. Malaysia aims to become a fully developed industrial nation by 2020. Hence, effort is now being focused on transforming Malaysia into a truly industrialised economy, strengthening and widening the industrial base and maintaining competitiveness of manufactured products in the world market. To reduce its dependence on electrical and electronic industry, Malaysia is now moving its development priorities to another business sectors, such as the automotive sector, the agricultural sector, the services sector (e.g. tourism) and knowledge-based economy (e.g. multimedia and Information Technology (IT)). Prior to 1997, Malaysia, enjoyed a period of strong economic growth, led largely by the growth of the manufacturing sector. The Malaysian economy was then affected for several years by the impact of the Asian economic crisis. Now that growth has returned, Malaysian business and government are again focussing on the development of a competitive and effective manufacturing sector. Malaysian wages and standards of living are rising, like those of many newly-industrialised countries. In order to compete globally and to be more secure in times of economic crisis, Malaysian manufacturing industry, especially Small Medium Entrepreneurs (SMEs) must develop effective management practices covering all aspects of the organisation, to help achieve lasting competitive advantage, based on high quality and not only on price. …


This paper revives the notion that professionalism and the legal profession can serve as a mechanism for immigrants and those who are not born into wealth or privilege to achieve status. I draw on the example of Cohen, a Jewish lawyer who achieved a great deal of success within the profession in the early 20th Century, to argue that the rhetoric surrounding the professions allows immigrants and others to use professional success to find their way to full inclusion and citizenship. While acknowledging the merits of the critiques of the professions as rent-seeking cartels, I argue that professionalism is an elastic concept that has allowed many uses, some of which have been useful and beneficial in the past.


We develop a simple dynamic economic model of epidemic transmission designed to be consistent with widely used SIR biological models of the transmission of epidemics, while incorporating economic benefits and costs as well. Our main finding is that targeted testing and isolation policies deliver large welfare gains relative to optimal policies when these tools are not used. Specifically, we find that when testing and isolation are not used, optimal policy delivers a welfare gain equivalent to a 0.6% permanent increase in consumption relative to no intervention. The welfare gain arises because under the optimal policy, the planner engineers a sharp recession that reduces aggregate output by about 40% for about 3 months. This sharp contraction in economic activity reduces the rate of transmission and reduces cumulative deaths by about 0.1%. When testing policies are used, optimal policy delivers a welfare gain equivalent to a 3% permanent increase in consumption. The associated recession is milder in that aggregate output declines by about 15% and cumulative deaths are reduced by .3%. Much of this welfare gain comes from isolating infected individuals. When individuals who are suspected to be infected are isolated without any testing, optimal policy delivers a welfare gain equivalent to a 2% increase in permanent consumption.


We consider deep policy learning with only batched historical trajectories. The main challenge of this problem is that the learner no longer has a simulator or ``environment oracle'' as in most reinforcement learning settings. To solve this problem, we propose a monotonic advantage reweighted imitation learning strategy that is applicable to problems with complex nonlinear function approximation and works well with hybrid (discrete and continuous) action space. The method does not rely on the knowledge of the behavior policy, thus can be used to learn from data generated by an unknown policy. Under mild conditions, our algorithm, though surprisingly simple, has a policy improvement bound and outperforms most competing methods empirically. Thorough numerical results are also provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology.


Recovering from the severe economic downturn during the currency crisis, East Asian countries have shown considerable economic growth again and regional integration appears to be accelerating. Such a deepening integration process recalls to us an interesting question as to whether a regional monetary union or a common currency unit can be established in East Asia. While the ongoing economic integration suggests the feasibility of regional monetary arrangements, a rigorous empirical investigation of this issue will be very necessary. In this paper we employ a structural VAR model with block exogeneity to comparatively investigate if external shocks originated from the US play a dominant role in influencing the macroeconomic fluctuations in East Asia during the sample period from 1978 to 2007. Our results indicate that the real output variable and inflation rate are highly correlated and statistically significant among the Asian NIEs and during both the whole sample period and the period after the financial crisis. The US real output growth was correlated significantly with that in Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia and Thailand during the period 1978-1987, but maintained significant correlation only with that of Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan during the post-crisis period. The real GDP growth in Japan has a significant correlation with the Asian NIEs and China during the post-crisis period, while the latter has only one significant correlation. This finding is consistent with the results from the correlation analysis of structural shocks using the conventional Blanchard and Quah (1989) technique. The results from the structural VAR model with block exogeneity show that the US shock and the Japanese shock are the dominant sources of disturbance in the region before the financial crisis, especially during the 1978-1987 period, both in terms of short run and long run, During the post-crisis period, it is found that the US shock has become the dominant source of the disturbance in most economies with the exception of the Chinese economy, while the Japanese influence has become decreased. The Chinese shock influence shows an increasing trend over time, but the size is still small and not compatible with that of the US shock. The world oil price shock has become increasingly important in influencing the stability of the real output growth in the region, most notably in the economies of China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. This indicates their increasing reliance on the world oil supply associated with their industrialization. The results also indicate that most of the East Asian economies have positive impulse responses to the external shocks originated from the United States through the different time periods, with the only exception of Indonesia during the post-crisis period. The impulse responses to the regional shock originated from China and Japan show an increasing trend, especially during the post crisis period, but the sizes are smaller and not compatible with that of the United States in all the time horizons. These findings imply that even though the regional integration appears to be deepening and accelerating especially after the recent financial crisis, the influence of the US shock is still playing a dominant role in real output fluctuations in the East Asian region. It is often pointed out that Japanese firms have been building a production network in East Asia through trade and investment, and also that China has grown rapidly and become a candidate of a regional key country. However, our result implies that the US influence in the region is still asymmetric and strong, and it is hard to conclude that shocks to the East Asian economies have become more regionally originated.


We present precision radial velocity data that reveal a multiple exoplanet system orbiting the bright nearby G5V star 61 Virginis. Our 4.6 years of combined Keck/HIRES and Anglo-Australian Telescope precision radial velocities indicate the hitherto unknown presence of at least three planets orbiting this well-studied star. These planets are all on low-eccentricity orbits with periods of 4.2, 38.0, and 124.0 days, and projected masses (Msin i) of 5.1, 18.2, and 24.0 M⊕, respectively. Test integrations of systems consistent with the radial velocity data suggest that the configuration is dynamically stable. Depending on the effectiveness of tidal dissipation within the inner planet, the inner two planets may have evolved into an eccentricity fixed-point configuration in which the apsidal lines of all three planets corotate. This conjecture can be tested with additional observations. We present a 16-year time series of photometric observations of 61 Virginis, which comprise 1194 individual measurements, and indicate that it has excellent photometric stability. No significant photometric variations at the periods of the proposed planets have been detected. This new system is the first known example of a G-type Sun-like star hosting a Super-Earth mass planet. It joins HD 75732 (55 Cnc), HD 69830, GJ 581, HD 40307, and GJ 876 in a growing group of exoplanet systems that have multiple planets orbiting with periods less than an Earth-year. The ubiquity of such systems portends that space-based transit-search missions such as Kepler and CoRoT will find many multi-transiting systems.


Summary Regulation and maximization of lipase production in a mutant derivative of R. oligosporus has been investigated using different substrates, inoculum sizes, pH of the medium, temperature, and nitrogen sources in shake flask experiments and batch fermentation in a fermentor. The production of intracellular lipase was improved 3 times following medium optimization involving one-at-a-time approach and aeration in the fermentor. Interestingly, intracellular lipase was poorly induced by oils, instead its production was induced by sugars, mainly starch, lactose, sucrose, xylose, glucose and glycerol. Dependent variables studied were cell mass, lipase activity, lipase yield, lipase specific and volumetric rate of formation. It was confirmed that lipase production in the derepressed mutant is sufficiently uncoupled from catabolite repression. The results of average specific productivities at various temperatures worked out according to the Arrhenius equation revealed that mutation decreased the magnitude of enthalpy and entropy demand in the inactivation equilibrium during product formation, suggesting that mutation made the metabolic network of the organism thermally more stable. The highest magnitudes of volumetric productivity (QP=490 IU/(L·h)) and other product attributes of lipase formation occurring on optimized medium in the fermentor are greater than the values reported by other workers. The purified enzyme is monomeric in nature and exhibits stability up to 80 °C and pH=6.0–8.0. Activation energy, enthalpy and entropy of catalysis at 50 °C, and magnitudes of Gibbs free energy for substrate binding, transition state stabilization and melting point indicated that this lipase is highly thermostable.


State of Indonesia is Body politic which pursuant to Five Principles and of UUD 1945. By respect human right and guarantee rights entire/all Indonesia citizen having to domicile and also is same obligation in law. Related to effort of[is straightening of law in Indonesia, one of [the] important organ in civil law and arrange the effort state is existence of attorney or attorney as public prosecutions having very big role in realizing dreamed of justice with. Dimiciling attorney don't only as publik prosecutor, but in handling civil dispute and Arrange the Effort State attorney act as power punish or governmental proxy as legal body ( rechtpersoon) by letter special full power executing its duty better in and also is extrajudical is for and on behalf of State or government as formulated in rule of section 30 article 2 UU Number 16 year 2004 about Public attorney of Republic Of Indonesia.
To know do attorney as public prosecutions have executed its duty hence in this research of problems which emerge is: How practice handling of civil dispute and arrange the effort State by attorney as public prosecutions and natural constraints by public prosecutions attorney in handling civil dispute and arrange the effort state.
While research method the used is sosiologis yuridis which replying problems through viewpoint punish pursuant to attributed to law and regulation the condition of field reality or objective which it's target is to reply/answer told problems. Research location in territory of jurisdiction Public attorney of Sidoarjo, data collecting technique pass/through interview with Kasi Datun in Public attorney of Country of Sidoarjo and Documentation, Method Analyse data by using descriptive method qualitative, that is in data processing of data and primary of sekunder processed by as a study to expressed problems.
Pursuant to result of research there are 5 civil case, arrange the effort State and cure and protection of rights, that is : in the year 2006 there are 1 just civil case, in the year 2007 there are 2 civil dispute case, 1 case case arrange the effort State and 1 cure case and protection of rights.
From cases that happened Public attorney of Sidoarjo efforts that is effort of preventif effort and of represif, the efforts conducted to prevent and overcome civil dispute and case arrange the effort State. Strive done/conducted preventif that is socialization about Law Public attorney about attorney authority and duty in civil area and arrange the effort state, while effort of represif done/conducted that is by doing/conducting suing to governmental institution or harmed by State is its finance and defence to governmental functionary or drawee State of administrative affair in court arrange the effort State
conducted by efforts Public attorney of good Sidoarjo of effort of preventif effort and also of represif still not yet is correct its meaning of conducted socialization not yet totally at public specially governance institution or State/ BUMN/ BUMD as principal full power. Proven still lack of attorney as public prosecutions enforced by institution of State or. Public attorney of Grand Ought to in general and Public attorney of Sidoarjo especially do socialization by totally at governmental institution or State do not only in each;every High Public attorney and Country but entire/all High Public attorney and regional Country of Indonesia.


The inflammatory response contributes importantly to secondary tissue damage and functional deficits after spinal cord injury (SCI). In this work, we identified mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), a downstream substrate of p38 MAPK, as a potential target using microarray analysis of contused spinal cord tissue taken at the peak of the inflammatory response. There was increased expression and phosphorylation of MK2 after SCI, with phospho-MK2 expressed in microglia/macrophages, neurons and astrocytes. We examined the role of MK2 in spinal cord contusion injury using MK2−/− mice. These results show that locomotor recovery was significantly improved in MK2−/− mice, compared with wild-type controls. MK2−/− mice showed reduced neuron and myelin loss, and increased sparing of serotonergic fibers in the ventral horn caudal to the injury site. We also found differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in MK2−/− and wild-type mice after SCI. Significant reduction was also seen in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and protein nitrosylation in the injured spinal cord of MK2−/− mice. Our previous work has shown that macrophages lacking MK2 have an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We now show that there is no difference in the number of macrophages in the injured spinal cord between the two mouse strains and little if any difference in their phagocytic capacity, suggesting that macrophages lacking MK2 have a beneficial phenotype. These findings suggest that a lack of MK2 can reduce tissue damage after SCI and improve locomotor recovery. MK2 may therefore be a useful target to treat acute SCI.


Background Although their eyes are pointing in different directions, people with long-standing strabismic amblyopia typically do not experience double-vision or indeed any visual symptoms arising from their condition. It is generally believed that the phenomenon of suppression plays a major role in dealing with the consequences of amblyopia and strabismus, by preventing images from the weaker/deviating eye from reaching conscious awareness. Suppression is thus a highly sophisticated coping mechanism. Although suppression has been studied for over 100 years the literature is equivocal in relation to the extent of the retina that is suppressed, though the method used to investigate suppression is crucial to the outcome. There is growing evidence that some measurement methods lead to artefactual claims that suppression exists when it does not. Methodology/Results Here we present the results of an experiment conducted with a new method to examine the prevalence, depth and extent of suppression in ten individuals with strabismic amblyopia. Seven subjects (70%) showed no evidence whatsoever for suppression and in the three individuals who did (30%), the depth and extent of suppression was small. Conclusions Suppression may play a much smaller role in dealing with the negative consequences of strabismic amblyopia than previously thought. Whereas recent claims of this nature have been made only in those with micro-strabismus our results show extremely limited evidence for suppression across the central visual field in strabismic amblyopes more generally. Instead of suppressing the image from the weaker/deviating eye, we suggest the visual system of individuals with strabismic amblyopia may act to maximise the possibilities for binocular co-operation. This is consistent with recent evidence from strabismic and amblyopic individuals that their binocular mechanisms are intact, and that, just as in visual normals, performance with two eyes is better than with the better eye alone in these individuals.