The Rule of 4 on the U.S. Supreme Court is one of the only positive powers held by a minority coalition in our federal government (other minority powers are largely negative, such as the filibuster). In this paper we provide a formal model that explores the conditions under which we would expect the Rule of 4 to be invoked by a minority of justices on the Court. We also model the conditions under which such a vote under this rule will be successful. These models lead to explicit hypotheses about each part of the Court's agenda setting process. Using data from 1953 to 1985 we then empirically test our hypotheses. The results indicate that when the pivotal certiorari justice has preferences close to the status quo and when this pivot is ideologically close to the Court median she is more likely to vote to grant certiorari. Finally, our results indicate that such a vote can and is successful when the median justice is ideologically close to the status quo.


The thesis outlines the major problems in the design of high level programming languages. The complexity of these languages has caused the user problems in intellectual manageability. Part of this complexity is caused by lack of generality which also causes loss of power. The maxim of power through simplicity, simplicity through generality is established. To achieve this simplicity a number of ground rules, the principle of abstraction, the principle of correspondence and the principle of data type completeness are discussed and used to form a methodology for programming language design. The methodology is then put into practice and the language S-algol is designed as the first member of a family of languages. The second part of the thesis describes the implementation of the S-algol language. In particular a simple and effective method of compiler construction based on the technique of recursive descent is developed. The method uses a hierarchy of abstractions which are implemented as layers to define the compiler. The simplicity and success of the technique depends on the structuring of the layers and the choice of abstractions. The compiler is itself written in S-algol. An abstract machine to support the S-algol language is then proposed and implemented. This machine, the S-code machine, has two stacks and a heap with a garbage collector and a unique method of procedure entry and exit. A detailed description of the S-code machine for the PDP11 computer is given in the Appendices. The thesis then describes the measurement tools used to aid the implementor and the user. The results of improvements in efficiency when these tools are used on the compiler itself are discussed. Finally, the research is evaluated and a discussion of how it may be extended is given.


ABSTRACT: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an inflammatory bone disease that occurs primarily in childhood. The clinical picture often is confused with bacterial osteomyelitis. Awareness of CRMO as a clinical entity helps avoid diagnosis and treatment delays. Our patient, an 8-year-old girl, presented with acute left hip pain. One month after presentation, a lytic lesion was seen on plain radiographs; biopsy revealed nonspecific inflammation. It was not until more than 2 years later, when multifocal bone lesions and psoriasis developed, that the diagnosis became clear. Our patient's case demonstrates several key points: not all children with CRMO present with multifocal disease, patients frequently have comorbid inflammatory conditions, and there are no diagnostic laboratory studies. The optimal treatments remain unknown.


Introduction: Mechanical tooth cleaning is arguably the most common plaque control procedure. However, due to complex bacterial etiology of periodontal diseases and caries and unreliability of mechanical plaque control procedures chemical agents to control microbial agents have attracted a lot of attention as useful adjunctive methods. The aim of the present study was to review the effect of mouthwashes and chewing gums on orodental health. Materials and Methods: In this review the protective role of mouthwashes and chewing gums in dental and oral health was evaluated by a comprehensive search in electronic databases such as ISI and Pubmed and a hand search of relevant journals and books from 1980 until 2011. Results : Mouthwashes are known as the simplest system for the delivery of antiplaque and antimicrobial agents. Mouthwashes, similar to toothpastes, should have some characteristics, including the potential to remove enamel and dentin microbial plaques, cleaning properties, good taste, chemical stability and low cost. Common claims for the effects of chewing gums in regular users of xylitol-containing gums include removal of food debris and plaque from tooth surfaces, stimulation of salivary flow, increasing the pH of saliva and plaque, decreasing caries rate, and decreasing the incidence of gingivitis and periodontitis. The use of chewing gums to deliver fluoride and bicarbonate, and minerals such as calcium and phosphate into the oral cavity enhances acid-buffering capacity and decreases demineralization rate. Conclusion : Use of mouthwashes and sugar-free chewing gums, especially xylitol-containing chewing gums, alone or in combination with other dental-protective substances with optimal doses and time periods can be considered effective programs for high-risk populations to achieve oral health. Key words: Chewing gum, Mouthwash, Oral health.


Published: Bridgette Baldwin, Black, White, and Blue: Bias, Profiling, and Policing in the Age of Black Lives Matter, 40 W. NEW ENG. L. REV. 431 (2018).The United States has experienced a series of murders at the hands of the police in recent years, from Michael Brown to Tamir Rice to Eric Garner. The brutalization of Black people at the hands of the police is not new, but many are being introduced to the concept of police brutality through the channels of social media. Hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #TakeAKnee have revolutionized the conversation about racism and policing, bringing these incidents into mainstream media and common conversation. This movement has led to a deeper discussion on the following questions: (1) Why are Black people viewed as violent by the police?; (2) Why are these murders and acts of brutality being seen so regularly?; and (3) What has the criminalization of communities of color done to damage the public's perception of Black communities? This Article attempts to answer all of these questions, coming to the conclusion that while the police brutality of Black people is not new, our understanding of why these incidents occur has developed into a deeper understanding of the institutional racism behind police brutality.


The gruesome events in East Bengal since March 25, 1971 and their repercussions on India easily constitute the most appalling experience of the society of nations since the end of the Second World War; and the refugee problem is the largest and the worst during the present century. It has few parallels in history. This is all the more shocking because of the context and background in which it happened.


Identifying suitable reference points is critical for effective monitoring of any natural system.
Here we utilize a comparative approach where putative impacts within two estuaries are
determined via comparison with two reference estuaries deemed to be relatively free of
human impacts. The two putatively impacted estuaries considered in this study were the Duck
and Montagu River estuaries situated on the NW coast of Tasmania. The river catchments of
these estuaries are typical of the region in that their catchments have become highly modified
through the clearance of native vegetation and subsequent replacement with intensive
agriculture, in particular dairy farming. Nutrient loadings (nitrogen and phosphorous) for
these catchments are amongst the highest in Tasmania. The catchments for the Black and
Detention estuaries, by comparison, are located for the most part in State Forest with limited
grazing in the lower catchment.
This study considered a range of water-column and sediment (benthos) based variables
commonly used to monitor estuaries. These included: salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity,
nutrient and chlorophyll a levels for the water-column; and sediment redox, organic carbon
content, chlorophyll a and macroinvertebrate community structure amongst the benthos. In
addition to comparing reference with impacted estuaries, comparisons were also made across
seasons, commensurate with seasonal changes in freshwater river input, and between regions
within estuaries (upper and lower reaches) - previously identified in Hirst et al. (2005). This
design enabled us to examine whether the detection of impacts (i.e. differences between
reference and impacted systems) was contingent on the time and location of sampling or
independent of these factors. Previous work had indicated that impacts may only be
manifested at certain times, and in certain regions, within these estuaries.


Buoy drifts and current meter records between January 1987 and April 1992 are used to investigate the seasonal variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean currents at a depth of 15 m. The buoy drifts and current meter data are well correlated, and their differences are small, although slightly larger currents may be given by the buoy drifts. The seasonal cycle in the currents is analyzed between 20°N and 20°S on a 1°×5° grid using a function-fitting algorithm which somewhat smoothes the zonal structure but retains the meridional structure. The analysis captures a large, zonally coherent seasonal variability of the currents within 15° of the equator, which significantly exceeds the estimated errors that originate from the limited sampling of the interannual, intraseasonal, and higher-frequency fluctuations of the currents. Many features of the new climatology are shared with other analyses of the surface currents in the equatorial Pacific, particularly the timing of the seasonal cycle of the main currents. There are, however, differences in the current velocities that are illustrated by a comparison with the ship drift data, which are analyzed here with the same spatial resolution. The analysis of the ship drifts presents larger meridional scales which are probably the result of the spatial smoothing involved in estimating a ship drift. The ship drifts are noticeably downwind of the 15-m currents. At the equator, they are also more westward than in the analysis of the 15-m currents between November and March near the date line and in January and July in the eastern Pacific which at least partially results from differences in the climatic conditions sampled in the two data sets.


Abstract Purpose: This research study aimed to explore the lived experience of individuals with essential tremor. Method: This study was qualitative in nature and informed by interpretative phenomenological analysis methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a relatively homogenous sample of nine individuals with a diagnosis of essential tremor. Results: Three major themes were constructed: "But they often look at you like you're some drug addict or smackhead": Social attitudes to difference; "I just couldn't do it anymore": The restrictive nature of essential tremor; and "You've got to cope; you've got to learn to fight different ways": Rescuing some normality amid physical deterioration. Conclusion: This study offers much needed experiential understanding and interpretation of one of the most prevalent neurological conditions with regard to the emotions associated with specific day-to-day experiences, the restrictions placed upon everyday practicalities and the coping strategies employed. This study has highlighted the need for health care professionals to provide individuals with information regarding psychological support, and a need for more public awareness campaigns centred around essential tremor. Implications for rehabilitation Judgements of others and being unable to conform to social norms results in social embarrassment and anxiety for people with essential tremor. Public awareness campaigns could help reduce the stigma experienced by people with essential tremor. The emotional response to the physical limitations of essential tremor can also be complex and particular to the individual and signposting to psychological support may be helpful.


A helical filament of Rad51 on single-strand DNA (ssDNA), called the presynaptic filament, catalyzes DNA joint formation during homologous recombination. Rad52 facilitates presynaptic filament assembly, and this recombination mediator activity is thought to rely on the interactions of Rad52 with Rad51, the ssDNA-binding protein RPA, and ssDNA. The N-terminal region of Rad52, which has DNA binding activity and an oligomeric structure, is thought to be crucial for mediator activity and recombination. Unexpectedly, we find that the C-terminal region of Rad52 also harbors a DNA binding function. Importantly, the Rad52 C-terminal portion alone can promote Rad51 presynaptic filament assembly. The middle portion of Rad52 associates with DNA-bound RPA and contributes to the recombination mediator activity. Accordingly, expression of a protein species that harbors the middle and C-terminal regions of Rad52 in the rad52 Δ327 background enhances the association of Rad51 protein with a HO-made DNA double-strand break and partially complements the methylmethane sulfonate sensitivity of the mutant cells. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for rationalizing the multi-faceted role of Rad52 in recombination and DNA repair.


Unique in Canada, is a university based movement program offered to children aged 1-12 which is diverse and inclusive in its design to foster healthy physical, cognitive, affective and social development. The purpose of this study is to investigate how children's involvement in a weekly movement education program influences their social development. The primary-aged children involved in this research are participants in the university based Saturday morning program, The Children's Movement Program (CMP), in which creative dance, educational gymnastics and developmental games are employed to enhance optimal development. The 15 participants were systematically observed for 8 weeks as they naturally engaged in the program's activities. Interviews were conducted with both children and their caregivers throughout the duration of the program. Particular attention was paid to the perceptions of caregivers regarding the advantages of a program based upon principles of movement education. Results indicate that participation in the program increases children's opportunity to interact socially and address ways in which program content, pedagogy and context encourage social development. A figure was developed with these components to assist teachers in creating inclusive and meaningful movement experiences. 'Content' is referred to as the material to be learned or the desired outcome for the learner. 'Pedagogy' refers to the process in which the student will engage and 'Context' refers to the environment in which the experience occurs (eg. skating rink with playground balls). It is recommended that each is thoroughly addressed individually for its potential in lesson design.


In today's digitalized word, it is inevitable that customers interact with each other and affect each other's behavior. Therefore e-wom has become an important subject in digital marketing literature. The rise of the social media has affected consumer behavior in a significant way and e-wom is one of the most captious elements (Ng. et. al. 2015). Increasing competition, globalization, and digitalization have made e-wom a subject that both academic literature and practitioners should take into account. As a member of a society, an individual has a tendency to tell good or bad experiences, feelings and information to other individuals and this tendency is often a natural necessity. Since individuals shape their purchase decisions according to the information and experience they gained, word of mouth concept has become one of the most influential factor in forming attitudes and behavior (Turker, 2014). Fashion has become an industry which is influenced by opinion leaders more than magazines or designers and therefore it is accepted that those people have strenght to effect the perception of a brand. Fashion brands take the advantage of visual influencers' network effects and therefore online visual platforms have become another marketing channel for them. However the important point is to balance the increased empowerment of customers to speak about the brand while at the same controlling the strategic brand management purposes. (Wolny - Mueller,2013) As a consequence of having specific features such as having short lifecycles and being dynamic, the fashion industry has become one of the influential communication strategies that fashion brands place emphasis on. In this study, e-wom behavior of customers in the fashion industry is explored from the perspective of personality traits. This study examines the impacts of personality traits on customers' e-wom and purchase behavior. Furthermore, the relationship between e-wom and purchase behavior behavior in fashion industry was also examined. A survey was conducted to collect the data. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness and advice seeking, and there is a significant relationship between conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience and opinion giving and passing. Another result showed that all personality traits included in the study except conscientiousness have a significant relationship with purchase behavior. Also, opinion passing, opinion giving and passing have a significant relationship with purchase behavior. It is aimed that e-wom behavior is studied from a large perspective and thus, the study will have both academic and practical suggestions.


Uneven changes in the global urban hierarchy have given way to new forms of relationships between urban and rural areas based on complementarities, cooperative and specialized exchange of services and goods, abandoning the additive processes of growth guided by industrialization and urbanization. Representing a distant notion from traditional concepts in regional studies such as 'compact cities' or 'suburbs', 'gravitation' or 'hierarchy', the 'city-region' paradigm has stimulated different visions to be recomposed within the 'sustainability' framework. With global changes, the 'mega-city region' model has starting to take the lead in the development of contemporary urban agglomeration. In this study, considerations over the emergence of this urban model in the Mediterranean region will be presented to investigate the relationship between dispersed urbanization and consolidating southern European city-regions. While Mediterranean cities have been considered for long time as 'ordinary' cities, rather distant from the 'globalized' northern urban models, most of these cities are characterized by distinctive socioeconomic traits possibly open to competition and globalization. The present contribution describes the emergence of a Mediterranean urban area, Athens, as a new 'city-region' in the context of urbanization processes in Greece and in the Mediterranean basin as a whole. One of the clearest indications of urban competitiveness amongst emerging and established large city-regions is the fight for hosting mega-events. The final objective of the study is to understand how the efforts for increasing urban competitiveness are impacting new forms of city-regions, mainly based on low-density settlements reflecting discontinuous urbanization.


With the globalization and trade wars of the 21st century, it has inevitably led to an increase in technological innovations and the emergence of the industrial 4.0 revolution. With Industry 4.0, socio-economy, culture, medicine, all areas of science, living spaces, and everyday activities are somehow linked to technology. The idea that the new popular movements, with the emergence of non-governmental organizations or trade unions by workers' actions, is undoubtedly far from the influence of the 1960-1980 period. Particularly in authoritarian regimes, the suppression of free thinking limits the scope of political activity. For individuals who cannot express their opinions freely or cannot declare their ideas under the roof of any non-governmental organization, the internet is undoubtedly one of the new fields of activity. Individuals can express their thoughts with virtual identities, especially through virtual environments where they can hide through vpn networks, organize and call for unification in areas where necessary. In addition, it is possible to carry out activities against the authority or companies by virtual activists who can use the internet at an advanced level. In this study, first of all, a historical explanation is given to the concept of industry 4.0 to point out the point of the virtual world, and then to draw attention to the effects of cyber-attacks within the OECD countries, it is emphasized that global cyber security index GCI and it is intended to draw attention that cyber area will turn into a new political war zone in the 4.0 years of the industry.


Many discussions about current macroeconomic events are based on the premise that inflation must accelerate after unemployment falls below a certain value. That value, called the nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment, or NAIRU, is believed to be around 6 percent, suggesting that recent unemployment rates are too low for stable inflation. But in fact inflation has been low and stable for several years. ; This article argues that the concept of the NAIRU is of very limited use for predicting inflation, understanding its causes, or forming policy. Such is the implication of empirical evidence showing that the NAIRU is highly variable and that its location cannot be estimated with sufficient precision to know whether unemployment is above or below it. In addition, contemporary economic theory implies that a fall in unemployment may or may not be associated with higher inflation, depending on the fundamental causes of unemployment movements. Those fundamental causes can be identified, but then a comparison between observed unemployment and the NAIRU provides no additional useful information about future changes in inflation.


Abstract C-PODs are static passive acoustic monitoring devices used to detect odontocete vocalizations in the range of 20–160 kHz. However, falsely classified detections may be an issue, particularly with broadband species (i.e. many dolphin species) due to anthropogenic and other noise occurring at the same frequency. While porpoise detections are verified using species-specific acoustic parameters, the equivalent does not currently exist for verifying dolphin detections. Development of such parameters would increase the accuracy of dolphin detections and eliminate the need for additional monitoring techniques or devices, reducing the cost of monitoring programmes. Herein, we present parameters based on acoustic characteristics of bottlenose (n = 29), common (n = 19) and Risso's (n = 99) dolphin click trains, sighted within 1 km of C-PODs during land-based surveys, for in-software verification. Overlap of click train parameters among dolphin species prevented robust species identification; therefore, parameters were devised for these dolphin species collectively using frequency, inter-click interval and click train duration. A data set of 4898 Detection Positive Hours was visually verified using these parameters. The temporal and spatial patterns in the visually verified data were similar to land-based observations, suggesting the parameters operate at an acceptable accuracy. However, 68% of high-, moderate- and low-quality KERNO detections were false-positive. Our results suggest that the accuracy of classifiers and quality class weightings are site-specific, and we highlight the importance of data exploration to make the most appropriate software choices based on the aims of a study.


To identify patients with T-lymphocyte--mediated granulopoietic failure, we compared clonal growth of unfractionated bone-marrow cells with that of autologous marrow cells from which T lymphocytes had been removed, in a group of 234 patients. We also attempted to identify prednisone-responsive patients by culturing both unfractionated and T-depleted cells with and without glucocorticoids in vitro. Ninety-three patients were treated with prednisone for two to four weeks. Neutropenia resolved in 24 of 25 patients whose colony growth was enhanced by glucocorticoids in vitro, but in none of 68 whose cultures showed no response (P = 10(-10). Hemopoietic inhibitory T cells were found in 21 of the 24 prednisone-responsive patients. When these 21 patients were restudied during steroid treatment, the hemopoietic inhibitory cells were undetectable in steroid-responsive patients but were present in steroid-resistant patients. T lymphocytes can mediate granulopoietic failure in a variety of conditions, and in vitro studies identify most of the patients with these conditions. Hemopoietic inhibitory T cells are often steroid-sensitive, and in vitro study accurately predicts responses to steroid therapy.


Stimuli flashed briefly around the time of saccadic eye movements are subject to complex distortions: compression of space and time; underestimate of numerosity. Here we show that saccadic distortions extend to abstract quantities, affecting the representation of symbolic numerical magnitude. Subjects consistently underestimated the results of rapidly computed mental additions and subtractions, when the operands were briefly displayed before a saccade. However, the recognition of the number symbols was unimpaired. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a common, abstract metric encoding magnitude along multiple dimensions. They suggest that a surprising link exists between the preparation of action and the representation of abstract quantities.


The physico-chemical characteristics of cocoa butter (CB) , palm midfraction
(PMF) and palm kernel stearin (PKS) in fat-based chocolate
formulation in the presence of sorbitan tristearate (STS) have been
studied. Triacylglycerols (TAGs), fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs),
thermal behaviour, polymorphic form, solid fat content (SFC),
hardness / texture properties, rheological behaviour, microstructure
properties, bloom test, and sensory properties were determined to
evaluate quality properties of palm-based chocolate. The results show
that the addition of STS into fat system could significantly inhibit the
polymorphic transformation during temperature transition. It is due
to the significant influence in increasing the crystal stability.This study showed that the melting profiles of fat mixtures with the
presence of STS were different due to the rapid melting at room
temperature (30°C) , so resulting in the softness of chocolate
products. Most of CB, PKS and STS mixtures have a strong tendency
to produce two distinctive β and β' polymorphs. These results provide
strong evidence to indicate incompatibility between those fats, which
causes softness in chocolate and confectionery products. By using
response surface methodology (RSM), it was found that a ratio of
90CB: I 0PMF:2.5STS was the optimum formulation for the best
physical and chemical characteristics of fat system.
The concentrations of TAGs of chocolate's fat were changed, causing
the polymorphic transformation to take place during storage.
However, only the composition of the main TAGs (POP, POS, SOS)
significantly influence the type of polymorphic form, whereas fatty
acids composition determined the type of TAGs formed. Chocolate
containing CB (control) consisted of only β crystals at all times.
However, chocolates containing CB and PMF mixtures were found to
strive both β' and β during storage period. The existing of two crystal
forms (β' + β) and the transition of W into the more stable β crystal
had caused bloom formation. STS at 1.25% and 2.5% were found to inhibit effectively bloom formation during storage. The sensory
evaluation of palm-based chocolates showed that texture score was
significantly affected by both PMF concentration and onset of melt,
but STS did not have any significant effect on each sensory attribute.


Macrocylclic complexes axially bonded with cyano and thiocyanato ligands, synthesized and characterized using FR, UVVisible Spectra. Macrocyclic ligand find their importance uses as model for protein-metal binding sites in biological system and selective metal extrants in hydrometallergy and study host-guest interactions (8). The Macrocyclic molecules are also widely used as catalyst for industrial application (9). Macrocylic complex show greater biocidial effect as they are potentially active against few bacteria and fungi. Recently a large number of macrocylic ligands have been synthesized using Mass spectroscopy (15-20). Curtius (23) demonstrated the case of inter conversion of a series of complex containing different degree of unsaturation. A number of membrane were prepared with ionophore, PVC, anion excluder (STB) and solvent mediators (DBP and DOP) and were equilibrated with various metal ions. The sensor assembly was used as an indicator electrode in the potentionmetric titration of Co(II) with EDTA. The practical utility of the proposed sensor was investigated in partially non-Aquous media 30% water-methanol and water ethanol mixtures. 2,6- dichloropyridine (0.01 mol, 1.42g) was dissolved in minimum amount (20 ml) of methanol and tetraethylenepentaamine (1.26 ml, 0.01 mol) was added to it. To this mixture a methanol solution of metal salt (chloride /nitrate) (0.01 mol) was added with constant stirring and heating. The mixture was refluxed for 8 h and coloured precipitate thus formed, was filtered in sintered crucible, washed with methanol and dried vacuum. The magnetic and electronic spectral values given in Table are entirely consistent with the octahedral geometry for the complexes of these metals. All the complexes are paramagnetic. 1 H NMR spectrum of Fe (III) complex shows a multiplet in the region 6.287.89 ppm due to pyridine ring protons (3H) multiplet in the region 8.22-8.42 ppm corresponds to secondary amine protons (5H) and a broad multiplet in the region 2.64-4.32 ppm due to methylene protons (16H).


The main purpose of the System Fidelity Factor (SFF) is to incorporate frequency and time domain characteristics of an antenna system into a comparison method for ultrawideband (UWB) antennas. The SFF is an interesting tool because both simulations and measurements can be done in a simple and straight-forward manner. Simulations of a single antenna are combined into a two-antennas system analysis by means of a simple post-processing, where the transfer function of the transmitting and receiving antennas are calculated. Measurements of the SFF are done using a two port Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The polar representation of the SFF allows an equitable comparison between antennas. The procedure to derive the SFF is described in detail in the paper. Two examples are given where the UWB performance of three antenna systems are compared. In the first example antenna systems of two identical monopoles are studied. In the second example the transmitting antenna is a Vivaldi and the receiving antenna a monopole.


With the aid of a geographical information system, our paper constructs a three stage least squares simultaneous equation model to investigate the interrelationships between the interregional flows of human capital, and the innovation dynamism of a region. In order to do this, we model the interregional migration behaviour of high quality British university graduates from university into first employment, and we relate these human capital flows to both the labour market characteristics and the knowledge characteristics of the employment regions. This is done for all industries and separately for just high technology industries. Our results indicate that for England and Wales there is a two-way causality between the interregional human-capital employment-migration flows of recent university graduates and the innovation performance of regions. However, the results for Great Britain as a whole depend on whether London is included and Scotland is excluded. We find little or no support for the argument that the presence of local universities or small firms promotes regional innovation.


There is a growing gap between the need for effective global governance and the ability of intergovernmental institutions to provide it. In Gridlock: Why Multilateralism Is Failing when We Need It Most, published in 2013, we argued that self‐reinforcing interdependence, rooted in the extraordinary success of the post‐war multilateral order, has created a range of 'second‐order problems' that are threatening to undermine our ability to engage in further global cooperation. As we show in this article, gridlock is itself reinforcing and structurally embedded in global politics. The corrosive effect of unmanaged globalization on domestic politics is provoking anti‐global backlashes that further erode the capacity of intergovernmental institutions to provide solutions to global problems. It is possible, however, to detect a number of significant counter‐trends and exceptions to global governance dysfunction. We set out seven pathways 'through' and 'beyond' gridlock, explain their significance, and provide examples of how these pathways can effect positive change. While none of these pathways alone offer a silver bullet, they all highlight possible ways of moving towards a more resilient, adaptive, and innovative global governance arrangement.


The study connects urban history and event history to discuss the memory in contemporary societies. The research analyzes the fire of the Gran Circus Norte-Americano in December 17, 1961, in the city of Niteroi, when it still was the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The fact is known as one of the biggest fires in history in terms of fatal victims' number, and that has been established in the city memory. The work is based on press sources and oral sources. The analysis shows how the event is established between history and memory, and defines the city as feeling.


The Industry Foundation Classes IFC are the only comprehensive, open and truly international standard to describe all major facets of building information. Development started back in 1996 with the release IFC1.0 and since 2005 the current and widely used release IFC2x3 has been published. IFC2x3 represents a quality assured and improved makeover of the previous IFC2x2 release completed in 2003. Meanwhile the longest and most intensive release work to define the basis of IFC for the years to come has been undertaken by buildingSMART Model Support Group MSG, an international team of experts that takes responsibility to combine all external contributions and performs the core work of IFC schema enhancements and improvements. The upcoming IFC2x4 release, scheduled for final publication by end of 2010, is the first major enhancement release since 6 years and extends the capabilities of the IFC schemas into new areas of high demand, like GIS connection, 4D and 5D models, thermal simulations, environmental impact, completing element catalogs for design, commissioning and facility management, base quantities, and many others.Recent publications, including those within previous proceedings of CIB W78 have shown that many research works are based on openBIM definitions following the IFC standard. The author is convinced that IFC2x4 will provide a much better base for such work, particularly in areas that involve the non-geometric aspects of building information modeling. The paper highlights these major areas of new and better coverage and provides examples from early prototypes. Special emphasis is given also to the quality and readability of the IFC schema and the paper will demonstrate new catalogs and search options to find the relevant information.The main focus of the paper is to highlight what had been achieved so far with IFC based interoperability, where the current IFC schema had limitations and how upcoming IFC2x4 addresses those. IFC2x4 will be presented as an enabler for openBIM development work both for the research community and for the construction industry within the next years.


In this paper, we consider a novel approach to control the timing of motions when these are encoded with autonomous dynamical systems (DS). Accurate timing of motion is crucial if a robot must synchronize its movement with that of a fast moving object. In previous work of ours [1], we developed an approach to encode robot motion into DS. Such a time-independent encoding is advantageous in that it offers robustness against violent perturbation by adapting on the fly the trajectory while ensuring high accuracy at the target. We propose here an extension of the system that allows to control the timing of the motion while still benefitting from all the robustness properties deriving from the time-independent encoding of the DS. We validate the approach in experiments where the iCub robot learns from human demonstrations to catch a ball on the fly.


Abstract. Mixing ratio measurements of atmospheric tracers like CO 2 can be used to estimate regional surface-air tracer fluxes using inverse methods, involving a numerical transport model. Currently available transport models are either global but rather coarse, or more accurate but only over a limited spatial and temporal domain. To obtain higher-resolution flux estimates within a region of interest, existing studies use zoomed or coupled models. The two-step scheme developed here uses global and regional models sequentially in separate inversion steps, coupled only via the data vector. This provides a nested atmospheric inversion scheme without the necessity of a direct coupled model implementation. For example, the scheme allows an easy nesting of Lagrangian models with their potential of very high resolution into global inversions based on Eulerian models.


This research dissertation examines the approach taken by the Land Registry to integrate a strategic approach to Human Resource Management since the launch of Strategic Management Initiative in 1994 and Delivering Better Government in 1996. In particular it examines the role and re-orientation of the Human Resource unit in the Land Registry to take account of more developmental and strategic focus as envisaged in the Civil Service Modernisation Programme.

The methodology chosen for this dissertation is a case study methodology. The case study method is a qualitative approach, which is found useful for social science research
and studies. The case study method will allowed me to look in depth at a complex and single instance phenomenon in the Land Registry. I will analyse the Land Registry's human resource practices critically and determine the extent to which the human resource activities are integrated and aligned with the strategic needs of the organisation. A multi-method approach using both primary and secondary research data was used in this dissertation.

The launch of the Strategic Management Initiative in 1994 set the scene for reform in the civil service with significant emphasis on developing greater strategic capacity for departments to help the government facilitate economic and social development. The policy document Delivering Better Government in 1996 sought to develop this capability further by setting out the vision and road map for change in the civil service. It proposed reforms consistent with matching the skills of individuals with the needs of departments, and the creation of a more flexible workforce. In particular the Delivering Better Government proposed a number of reforms for Human Resource Management in the Irish Civil Service such as developing greater autonomy and responsibility for HR units, reorienting HR unit's activities and focus to take a more strategic/developmental approach and devolve responsibility for day-to-day human resource issues to line management. The
development by each department of a human resource strategy linked to the overall strategy for the organisation and reforming arrangements for the recruitment, placement, tenure, promotion and development of staff was also proposed.

It can be concluded from the research that an overall strategic management framework in which Human Resource Management can evolve is in place within the Land Registry. However, in terms of human resource policy and practices, there has been only been individual development and innovations, rather than a more integrated strategic approach to Human Resource Management. However, the Land Registry like all civil service departments must adhere to centralised policy. This is creating a lack of flexibility to recruit and retain competent staff and deal with under-performance. There is evidence among those interviewed for a considerable level of continuing commitment for change. However, within the Irish Civil Service, an often repeated criticism of Strategic Management Initiative and Delivering Better Government is that it has lead to reform fatigue. It is therefore important that the Human Resource unit in the Land Registry identify, support and communicate the case for civil service reform and modernisation.


This article aims at an examination of the colonial career of the modern construction of race and its traces in post-coloniality. It locates race in regimes of legality and illegality attendant to British colonial rule over India to underscore the defining role of colonialism in modern constructions of race. The first part recounts the modern grammar of racial difference rooted in the colonial encounter between modern Europe and its colonies. The second part identifies three specific sites of deployment of colonial racial stereotypes in colonial India, namely, "martial races," "criminal tribes," and indentured labor. The last part traces the shadow of the colonial discourse of race on anti-colonial nationalism and post-colonial designs of governance in South Asia.


In modern democracies, governmental transparency is thought to have great value. When it comes to addressing administrative corruption and mismanagement, many would agree with Justice Brandeis's observation that sunlight is the best disinfectant. Beyond this, many credit transparency with enabling meaningful citizen participation.

But even though transparency appears highly correlated with successful governance in developed democracies, assumptions about administrative transparency have remained empirically untested. Testing effects of transparency would prove particularly helpful in developing democracies where transparency norms have not taken hold or only have done so slowly. In these contexts, does administrative transparency really create the sorts of benefits attributed to it? Transparency might grease the gears of developed democracies, but what good is grease when many of the gears seem to be broken or missing entirely?

This Article presents empirical results from a first-of-its-kind field study that tested two major promises of administrative transparency in a developing democracy: that transparency increases public participation in government affairs and that it increases government accountability. To test these hypotheses, we used two randomized controlled trials.

Surprisingly, we found transparency had no significant effect in almost any of our quantitative measurements, although our qualitative results suggested that when transparency interventions exposed corruption, some limited oversight could result. Our findings are particularly significant for developing democracies and show, at least in this context, that Justice Brandeis may have oversold the cleansing effects of transparency. A few rays of transparency shining light on government action do not disinfect the system and cure government corruption and mismanagement. Once corruption and mismanagement are identified, it takes effective government institutions and action from civil society to successfully act as a disinfectant.


Background: Oral contraceptive formulations have changed over time, making it relevant to assess the effect of more recent formulations on breast cancer risk. In addition, some studies have found stronger positive associations of oral contraceptive use with estrogen receptor–negative (ER−) than with ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer. We carried out the first assessment of the effect of oral contraceptive use on the incidence of breast cancer classified by receptor status among African American women, a group disproportionately affected by ER− cancer. Methods: We followed 53,848 Black Women's Health Study participants from 1995 to 2007 through biennial health questionnaires, in which participants reported information about incident breast cancer, oral contraceptive use, and breast cancer risk factors. Pathology information was obtained on receptor status for 789 incident cases. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived from Cox regression models with control for confounding factors. Results: Ever use of oral contraceptives was more strongly associated with ER−PR− breast cancer (279 cases; IRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.19-2.30) than with ER+PR+ cancer (386 cases; IRR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.86-1.42). The risk of ER−PR− breast cancer increased with increasing duration of use among recent users. Conclusions: These results indicate that the oral contraceptive formulations used in recent decades increase breast cancer risk in African American women, with a greater effect for ER− than ER+ cancer. Impact: Mechanisms to explain the adverse influence of oral contraceptive use on ER− breast cancer need to be elucidated. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(8); 2073–9. ©2010 AACR.


Lack of access to appropriate credit services has been recognized as one of the major obstacles in transforming the subsistence-oriented smallholder agriculture sector. Focusing on individual farm households and SMEs, various studies attempted to examine farmers' and small firms' loan demand and access and influencing factors. Research on the level of access and demand for credit and its determinants among farmers' co-operatives in the African context is scanty. This article aims to address this information gap particularly in relation to the Ethiopian smallholder farmer cooperatives context. The paper is based both on critical review of existing literature and empirical study from Ethiopia. The findings reveal the presence of appreciable gaps not only between credit demand and access, but also between potential and revealed demands. The study argues that apart from the supply side gaps, demand side constraints and other external factors also play an important role in influencing farmers'/cooperatives' access to and demand for credit services. The paper finally draws lessons and implications for policy and research.


Raising concerns about the effectiveness of the energy poverty policy actions in Poland, such as Clean Air and Stop Smog, brings forward the need to apply different strategies to identify the energy poor. More than 13.7% of Polish households were energy poor in 2018 according to the ability-to-keep-home-warm indicator. This study proposes enhancing the model-based approach to measure households' energy poverty. Our goal is to assess regional vulnerability to energy poverty in Poland. The study relies on three national datasets and is conducted in two steps. The Energy Consumption Survey (2018) and the Household Budget Survey (2018) provide data for modeling household's energy poverty in the first step. The Local Data Bank (2019) gives information on the potential factors increasing regional vulnerability to energy poverty evaluated in the second step. We apply multiple linear regression to identify energy-poor households and principal components analysis to examine the regions' vulnerability factors. As a result, we produce several maps showing the spatial distribution of vulnerability to energy poverty in 380 Polish districts. Our results indicate that some northern, southern and eastern districts in Poland are primary targets of energy poverty policy actions.


Dear readers, students, fellow scholars,
welcome to this ninth instalment of Mutual Images.

Say goodbye to 2020, say goodbye to my baby

This issue is a peculiar one, for three reasons. The first: it is the second and last of 2020, and we know how difficult a year this has been. When you will read these lines, it will most likely be 2021 already, and even though some most relevant improvements in our lives may be still yet to come — such as being vaccinated, travelling freely, jumping into the caressing sea waters, and storing inside a drawer all the unused masks, hopefully forever — at least we will have this nasty creature, 2020, behind us. The double-twenties has been a difficult object to handle also for Mutual Images, both the association and the journal. We had to [...]


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Messenger RNA localization occurs in the cytoplasm and allows temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression. In yeast, the localization of ASH1 mRNA to the tip of budding cells allows the asymmetric sorting of Ash1 protein, which has a key function in the regulation of mating-type switching. After cell division, asymmetric distribution of Ash1p restricts mating type switching to only the mother cell. The cytoplasmic transport of ASH1 mRNA to the bud tip depends on the myosin Myo4p, its adaptor She3p, and the specific RNA binding protein She2p. Three additional trans-acting factors Khd1p, Puf6p and Loc1p are involved in this process. All known RNA-binding proteins of ASH1 mRNA have revealed a nuclear connection, when following their cellular distribution by indirect immunofluorescence. Thus, an early step in the localization pathway might be the early recruitment of specific trans-acting factors to the mRNA already in the nucleus. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how nuclear key events such as early binding to localized transcripts and the subsequent assembly into a nuclear RNP can account for effective RNA localization. Following the route of She2p, it was possible to show nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of this RNA binding protein. Moreover, ASH1 mRNA and She2p were found accumulated within the nucleolus upon arrest of mRNA export. Interestingly, two additional trans-acting factors, Loc1 and Puf6p, both involved in ASH1 mRNA localization are also nucleolar proteins. Moreover, She2's nuclear history seems to be important for an effective sorting of Ash1p. When restricting ASH1-She2p association to the cytoplasmic compartment artificially, the ASH1 mRNA was still localized but was prematurely translated during its transport. This suggests that nuclear RNP assembly has an influence on the later stages of cytoplasmic translational control. The nucleolus might represent the appropriate cellular compartment to provide the spatial framework for the assembly of localization competent RNPs since many RNPs are assembled in this region.


The marked cellular changes during feeding site formation of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) indicate major changes in soybean gene expression. We used differential display of mRNA to detect host gene expression changes during the early compatible interaction between soybean and H. glycines. Fifteen cDNA clones corresponding to mRNAs with different abundances in H. glycines-infected versus uninfected roots were identified. Differential display results indicated that abundances of five mRNAs increased in infected roots, whereas abundances of 10 mRNAs decreased. Transcripts for nine of these 15 cDNAs could be detected on RNA blots, and their hybridization signals confirmed the differential display results for eight of these nine cDNAs. Sequence analyses identified five cDNAs with decreased mRNA levels in infected roots as corresponding to two putative aldolase genes, a transcription-factor TFIIA homologue, the soybean small GTP-binding protein gene sra1, and the soybean auxin down-regulated gene ADR12. RNA blot analyses of other auxin down-regulated genes revealed a decrease in their mRNA abundances in H. glycinesinfected roots as well. Additional keyword: syncytium.


Chiral induction in self-assembled monolayers has garnered considerable attention in the recent past, not only due to its importance in chiral resolution and enantioselective heterogeneous catalysis but also because of its relevance to the origin of homochirality in life. Here, we demonstrate the emergence of homochirality in a supramolecular low-density network formed by achiral molecules at the interface of a chiral solvent and an atomically-flat achiral substrate. We focus on the impact of structure and functionality of the adsorbate and the chiral solvent on the chiral induction efficiency in self-assembled physisorbed monolayers, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Different induction mechanisms are proposed and evaluated, with the assistance of advanced molecular modeling simulations.


BACKGROUND
The relationships between self-reported Approaches to Studying and Self-concept, Self-capability and Studying and Learning Behaviour are usually studied by measuring the variables separately (using factor analysis and Cronbach Alphas) and then using various correlation techniques (such as multiple regression and path analysis). This procedure has measurement problems and is called into question.

AIMS
To create a single scale of Studying and Learning using a model with subsets of ordered stem-items based on a Deep Approach, a Surface Approach and a Strategic Approach, integrated with three self-reported aspects (an Ideal Self-view, a Capability Self-view and a Studying and Learning Behaviour Self-view).

SAMPLES
The stem-item sample was 33, all answered in three aspects, that produced an effective item sample of 99. The person convenience sample was 431 students in education (1(st) to 4(th) year) at an Australian university during 2000.

METHOD
The latest Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Model Computer Program (Andrich, Lyne, Sheridan, & Luo, 2000) was used to analyse the data and create a single scale of Studying and Learning.

RESULTS
Altogether 77 items fitted a Rasch Measurement Model and formed a scale in which the 'difficulties' of the items were ordered from 'easy' to 'hard' and the student measures of Studying and Learning were ordered from 'low' to 'high'. The proportion of observed student variance considered true was 0.96. The response categories were answered consistently and logically and the results supported many, but not all, the conceptualised ordering of the subscales. Students found it 'easy' to report a high Ideal Self-view, 'much harder' to report a high Capability Self-view, and 'harder still' to report a high Studying and Learning Behaviour for the stem-items, in accordance with the model, where items fit the measurement model. The Ideal Self-view Surface Approach items provided the most non-fit to the model.

CONCLUSION
This method was highly successful in producing a single scale of Studying and Learning from self-reported Self-concepts, Self-capabilities, and Studying and Learning Behaviours, based on a Deep Approach, a Surface Approach and a Strategic Approach.


The food and feeding habits of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata , from drainage canal systems in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria, was investigated over a period of 24 months. Fish samples were collected monthly from 15 study sites. A total of 2400 fish stomachs were analyzed using the numerical and frequency of occurrence methods. P. reticulata fed mainly on algae, organic detritus, diatoms, mosquito larvae parts, protozoan, zooplankton and fish parts while algae form the most abundant and important food item, constituting 79.03% of food items by numerical and 33.17% by occurrence of stomachs examined. Amongst the algae, Ulothrix sp. was the most preferred, constituting 33.17% by numerical and 20.82% by occurrence. The least eaten food item was fish parts constituting 4.46% by numerical and 1.19% by occurrence. There was a significant difference (P 0.05) in the number of other food items consumed for both seasons. However, by occurrence method there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in food items consumed for both seasons. The three size classes of P. reticulata exhibited similar food habits with the presence of eight categories of food items in their stomachs. The largest size class ate more of algae, organic detritus and fish parts, followed by the medium size class while the small size class ate less of these food items. The species is an opportunistic benthopelagic omnivores, whose preference for food fluctuates with season, with a peak in diversity of food types occurring in the rainy season.


Audio or video podcasts can be a useful tool to supplement practical exercises such as business simulations. In this paper, we discuss a case study in which different types of podcast were utilised to support the delivery of a course in international business. The students work in groups and run a fictional company using business simulation software, which gives them the opportunity to evaluate their decision making skills. A number of podcasts were used as reusable learning objects for different student cohorts.

Faculty members produced visually enhanced audio podcasts offered tutor discussions of key elements of the computer-assisted business simulation used by the students. The podcasts were made available via the virtual learning environment (Blackboard Vista), as well as for subscription by web browser-based RSS readers, such as Google and downloadable RSS readers, such as iTunes.

Our evaluation of this approach to using podcasts takes into account pedagogic and technical issues. Firstly, faculty members involved in this case study were interviewed to obtain their views and experiences on the process of producing podcasts as well as the suitability of podcasts to support their teaching. Secondly, students were surveyed and interviewed about the value of the podcasts and the way in which they were used.

This work is on-going and initial informal student feedback indicates that the podcasts engaged the students and supported their understanding of the international business module. This paper presents a snapshot of the current findings which generally support the value of this innovative way of using podcasting for learning and teaching.


Physical exercise is an activity whose health-related benefits have been promoted by health professionals and social institutions. However, given that the levels of practice are not ideal, the subjective variables – that give meaning, provide continuity and may increase exercise adherence – need to be studied in depth. In this sense, fitness training is analyzed as a form of serious leisure, a body-centered hobby – a way to practice and relate to the activity that leads its practitioners to adhere more to it, orienting them towards a career in acquiring and expressing skills, knowledge and experience. In total, 1,134 people (588 men, 546 women) doing fitness training, aged between 18 and 70 years old (M = 34.7, SD = 13.06), answered a questionnaire about time dedicated to exercise as serious leisure and its derived and complementary benefits. Student's t Coefficient and ANOVA were used to show the significance of the differences among the scores obtained for the rewards related to exercise and the other variables of the study. The results highlight that exercise as serious leisure is an activity whose weekly time investment makes it to acquire a central role when rewarded by sense of accomplishment, contact with others, improved health and being outdoors with the family. To conclude, this study enhances that characterizing fitness training as a body-centered hobby – which shares the principles of serious leisure – implies a new approach to the analysis of exercise while also suggesting new ways of promoting it.


There are important intergenerational differences behind aggregate shifts away from manual jobs towards cognitive jobs, and away from routine work towards non-routine work. We study these age and cohort patterns in tasks and skills in European countries. Changes in the task composition were happening much faster among workers born in the 1970s and 1980s than among those born before 1970. The most routine occupations aged faster, while the least routine jobs slower than the average. Changes in the cohort-specific growth in the intensity of non-routine cognitive tasks and in the decline of the intensity of manual tasks can be attributed to changes in workforce upgrading – the rise in tertiary attainment was embodied in younger cohorts. By the 2010s, older workers across Europe were significantly less likely to be highly proficient in various skills, and significantly more likely to have low proficiency. These effects were visible among workers as young as 45 years, and were the most pronounced in the case of problems solving skills.


Natural disasters have long-term implications on sustainable development. They mainly destroy the built environment thereby hindering economic and social development, and causing environment degradation. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into the built environment is therefore critical for ensuring sustainable development. Improving the resilience of humans who live in the built environment, particularly the more vulnerable is a significant component of accomplishing overall disaster risk reduction in the built environment (DRR in the BE). Having observed women to be a group of humans more vulnerable to natural disasters due to social, economic, biological conditions and processes and their roles and responsibilities, it was recognised that it is important to mainstream them into disaster risk reduction within the context of the built environment. In this context, this doctoral research investigates the process of mainstreaming women, i.e. how the knowledge and needs of women, which help to reduce their disaster vulnerability, can be identified and integrated into the built environment. The research design of the study incorporates a social constructivism view point and associates with constructionism ontology and interpretivism epistemology. A literature review and a pilot round of interviews with experts in DRR in the BE were undertaken to improve the knowledge of the associated concepts pertaining to the research. Empirical investigation of the study incorporates a single case, mono method research which deploys qualitative, in-depth interviews for data collection. Sri Lanka is the case study for the research whilst the interview respondents are a group of professionals involved in DRR in the BE of the country. Data analysis for the study follows thematic analysis and combines inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning in order to build systematic, explanatory accounts from concepts and meanings embedded in the interview responses. The study reveals the importance of the process of mainstreaming women into DRR in the BE whilst demonstrating the various types of DRR knowledge and needs of women and, methods that facilitate identification of the needs and knowledge, and the ways of integrating them into the built environment. A set of guidelines is developed to inform the process of mainstreaming, identifying the existing barriers, ways of promoting the process, parties responsible, relevant protocols and suggestions for good practice in implementing the process. Improvements to the regulatory framework, enhancement of essential resources and awareness building of all relevant parties are considered to be the main ways towards process improvement.


PURPOSE
After a report from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in 2002, a precipitous decline in menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT) use in the United States was linked to a decline in breast cancer incidence rates. Given that MHT use is also associated with increased ovarian cancer risk, we tested whether ovarian cancer incidence rates changed after 2002.

METHODS
Using the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries database (1995 to 2008; N = 171,142 incident ovarian cancers), we applied standard analytic approaches and age-period-cohort (APC) models to estimate ovarian cancer incidence rate changes before (1995 to 2002) and after (2003 to 2008) the WHI report.

RESULTS
Among women age ≥ 50 years, age-standardized ovarian cancer incidence declined by 0.8% per year (95% CI, -1.8% to -0.5% per year) before the WHI announcement; after the WHI report, the rate declined by 2.4% per year (95% CI, -2.5% to -2.2% per year). APC models confirmed an accelerated decline in ovarian cancer incidence after the WHI report, adjusted for age and birth cohort effects. This sudden change was notable among women most likely to have used MHT (ie, women age 50 to 69 years, white women, and residents of regions with highest MHT prescription frequency). The largest changes were found for the endometrioid histologic subtype.

CONCLUSION
After a marked reduction in MHT use around 2002, ovarian cancer incidence rates demonstrated an accelerated decline, with the largest changes for endometrioid carcinomas. This strong temporal association, although not proving a causal role of hormones in ovarian carcinogenesis, suggests that future analytic research supporting cancer control efforts should clarify the role of hormonal exposures on the development and behavior of subtypes of ovarian cancer.


Since the days of Sputnik, 1, Transit and Early Bird, satellite communications and navigation have followed separate development paths. Now with the development of the INMARSAT Standard-C and Enhanced Group Call systems the two will be drawn more closely together. Standard-C will provide a simple low cost satellite solution for ships to send and receive data and messages throughout the world in any weather 24 hours a day. For the mariner this will mark a significant advancement over existing conventional services. The Enhanced Group Call (EGC) system uses the basic Standard-C system architecture to broadcast Marine Safety Information (SafetyNET) and commercial calls (FleetNET) to defined geographic areas or groups of ships. The EGC system therefore brings the mariner an optimal way to automatically receive shore-to-ship distress alerts, routine weather forecasts and NAVAREA and storm warnings applicable to the area in which he is sailing. For the commercial user it offers a means to provide news, stock, commodity market and other business information to a selected group of recipients. In the future it may also provide the means for automatically updating data bases containing electronic charts, light lists, tide tables, hazardous cargo and other information currently carried in printed form. The ability to advise ships in near real-time of pertinent Marine Safety Information will be demonstrated during sea trials of the EGC system in the North Atlantic during 1987. A successful trial is expected to lead to IMO making an EGC receiver capability a part of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) carriage requirements which, together with 518 KHz NAVTEX, will enable the mariner to receive crucial Marine Safety Information automatically anywhere he sails.

The Standard-C ship earth station (SES) will have the ability to transmit the vessel's position automatically when connected to an electronic positioning system, either at pre-assigned intervals or on demand when polled. The same capability may also be used to transmit meteorological observations as well as cargo and engine monitoring/performance data. Starting in 1987, INMARSAT will test and demonstrate position determination through its satellites by using ranging techniques. It is planned that some of these tests will be conducted using modified Standard-C SESs.

Sea Trials of Standard-C will begin in the latter part of 1987 with commercial service from 1988. The multifunctional capabilities of this small, lightweight, low-cost SES with omnidirectional antenna are remarkable. Standard-C will therefore have a significant impact on navigation and communications practice and thinking by the marine community into the 21st Century.


One feature of Japanese urban areas in the 21st century that is bound to strike any Western visitor is the extensive spread of its suburbs with their varied mixing of land-uses. It is almost impossible to pinpoint precisely where the city begins and where it ends. During the post-War period, this characteristic pattern of land-use sprawled over the countryside, seemingly unimpeded by planning restrictions. The number of studies that highlight the problems of Japanese planning outweighs the research that explores its underlying causes. This paper aims to partly redress this imbalance by describing a case study of the failed implementation of the green belt around Tokyo and to link this with the Allied Occupation's postwar land reforms and drafting of a new constitution in the period 1946-1951. Overall, we aim to highlight how the ostensible benefits and aims of a land reform programme can entail substantial disbenefits or unforeseen outcomes in terms of land-use planning..


Abstract. Recent experimental findings indicate that HSO5 radicals may play a key role in the nucleation of atmospheric SO2 oxidation products. HSO5 radicals are metastable intermediates formed in the SO2 oxidation process, and their stability and lifetime are, at present, highly uncertain. Previous high-level computational studies have predicted rather low stabilities for HSO5 with respect to dissociation into SO3+HO2, and have predicted the net reaction HSO3+OH→SO3+HO2 to be slightly exothermal. However, these studies have not accounted for hydration of HSO5 or its precursor HSO3. In this study, we have estimated the effect of hydration on the stability and lifetime of HSO5 using the advanced quantum chemical methods CCSD(T) and G3B3. We have computed formation energies and free energies for mono- and dihydrates of OH, HSO3, HSO5, SO3 and HO2, and also reanalyzed the individual steps of the HSO3+O2→HSO5→SO3+HO2 reaction at a higher level of theory than previously published. Our results indicate that hydration is likely to significantly prolong the lifetime of the HSO5 intermediate in atmospheric conditions, thus increasing the probability of reactions that form products with more than one sulfur atom. Kinetic modeling indicates that these results may help explain the experimental observations that a mixture of sulfur-containing products formed from SO2 oxidation by OH radicals nucleates much more effectively than sulfuric acid taken from a liquid reservoir.


We investigated the impact of both hexavalent and trivalent chromium on mycelial growth and metal accumulation in the wilt pathogen of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici). Experiments were conducted in liquid growth medium amended with 19 concentrations of either Cr(III) or Cr(VI). Metal-amended medium was inoculated with the pathogen and incubated for 15 days at 25±3 °C, 50 rpm, and at pH 5. Generally, the fungal dry biomass was significantly inhibited by 14–64% and 30–95% with increase in concentrations (5–350 ppm) of Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. The fungus was unable to grow at metal concentrations higher than 400 ppm. The metal accumulation by the fungus decreased with an increase in metal concentration. The fungal biomass exhibited the greater accumulation capacity (0.01–2.6 mg/g) for Cr(VI) than that of Cr(III) (0.01–1.86 mg/g). The bioaccumulation factor of the fungus for both oxidation states of Cr ranged between 0.7 and 0.9.


While lexical bundles research identifies continuous sequences (e.g. the end of the, I don't know if), researchers have also been interested in discontinuous sequences in which words form a 'frame' surrounding a variable slot (e.g. I don't * to, it is * to). To date, most research has focused on a few intuitively-selected frames, or has begun with frequent continuous sequences and then analyzed those to identify associated frames. Few previous studies have attempted to directly identify the full set of discontinuous sequences in a corpus. In the present study, we work towards that goal, using a corpus-driven approach to identify the set of recurrent four-word continuous and discontinuous patterns in corpora of conversation and academic writing. This direct computational analysis of the corpora reveals a more complete set of frames than alternative approaches, resulting in the documentation of highly frequent frames that have not been identified in previous research.


Beginning in 1878, the United States government funded the establishment of offreservation industrial training schools for Native American youth. Much has been written about the histories of the schools, but information is limited about the students recruited to them. This research examines enrollment and recruitment policies established by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and people like Richard Henry Pratt, the man responsible for creating and developing the off-reservation boarding school system. The 1900 United States Census is used to create maps of student distributions, graphs, and tables detailing the student population demographics, and to compare these data to expected values based on recruitment/enrollment criteria. Although there is wide variation in student demographics among the individual schools, the results indicate that a large number of students enrolled at these schools did not meet the attendance requirements with regard to age limits, gender proportions, the degree of Indian ancestry and the tribal region from where the students came.


The effectiveness of hyperbaric and anoxic radiation therapy has been analysed in relaton to local control of malignant disease. Pilot schemes have led to the adoption of two basic treatment regimes which have similar morbidity to conventional regimens, but within their limitations are shown here to greatly increase the response rate of the malignancies treated. The limitations of each method are established. It is the lack of appreciation of limitations which have prejudiced much opinion against such methods; this article attempts to put their true place in perspective.


We analyse the potential of intensive exploitation to have caused evolutionary changes in the age and length at maturation in North Sea plaice Pleuronectes platessa. Such evolutionary change in the onset of maturation is expected given that fishing mortality is more than four times higher than natural mortality. In order to disentangle phenotypic plasticity from evolutionary change, we employ the probabilistic reactionnorm approach. This technique allows us to estimate the probabilities of maturing at each relevant age and size, and to disentangle the plasticity in age and size at maturation that results from changes in growth rates from evolutionary changes in maturation propensities themselves. This recently developed method is here applied to females of 41 cohorts (1955-1995) of North Sea plaice. We focus on trends in fishing mortality, in growth rates, and in the probabilities of maturing, and test the hypothesis that the decrease in age and length at maturation is partly caused by fisheries-induced adaptive change. We find that the reaction norm for age and length at maturation has indeed significantly shifted towards younger age and smaller length. The reactionnorm analysis suggests a picture in which short-term fluctuations originating from plastic responses are superimposed on a persistent long-term trend resulting from genetic responses.


This paper evaluates how efficient US futures prices have predicted future spot prices since 2006. It uses cointegration and causality methods to assess the efficiency of US commodity futures markets. The cointegration between the spot and futures price is a necessary condition for our definition of market efficiency. It ensures that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between the two prices (Ali and Gupta 2011). Causality assists in examining the existence of lead or lag relationships between futures and spot prices in order to make inferences on the directions (unidirectional or bidirectional) of information flow.


Analog to digital converters (ADCs) are indispensable nowadays. Analog signals are digitized earlier and earlier in the processing chain to reduce the need for complex analog signal processing. For this reason, ADCs are often integrated directly into field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or microprocessors. However, such ADCs are designed for a specific set of requirements with limited flexibility. In this paper, a new structure of an FPGA-based ADC is proposed. The ADC is based on the slope ADC, where a time-to-digital converter (TDC) measures the time from the beginning of a reference slope until the slope reaches the voltage-to-be-measured. Only FPGA-internal elements are used to build the ADC. It is fully reconfigurable and does not require any external components. This innovation offers the flexibility to convert almost any digital input/output (I/O) into an ADC. Considering the very high number of digital I/O ports available in today's FPGA systems, this enables the construction of a massive and powerful ADC array directly on a standard FPGA. The proposed ADC has a resolution of 9.3 bit and achieves an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 7 at a sample rate of 600 MSample/s. The differential nonlinearity (DNL) ranges from -0.9 to 0.9 bit, and the integral nonlinearity (INL) is in the range between -1.1 and 0.9 bit. An alternative version of the ADC operates at 1.2 GSample/s and achieves an ENOB of 5.3.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the use of sucrose permeability testing to detect ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa of horses.

ANIMALS
13 adult horses ranging from 5 to 19 years of age.

PROCEDURE
Following induction of gastric ulcers by intermittent feed deprivation, horses underwent sucrose permeability testing (administration of sucrose by nasogastric intubation followed by collection of urine at 2 and 4 hours after intubation) and gastric endoscopy. Squamous ulcers were assigned a severity score (range, 0 to 3) by use of an established scoring system. Horses were subsequently administered omeprazole for 21 days, and sucrose testing and endoscopy were repeated. Pair-wise comparisons of urine sucrose concentration were made between horses with induced ulcers before and after omeprazole treatment. Urine sucrose concentrations also were compared on the basis of ulcer severity score.

RESULTS
Urine sucrose concentrations and ulcer severity scores were significantly higher in horses with induced ulcers before omeprazole treatment than after treatment. Urine sucrose concentrations were significantly higher for horses with ulcer severity scores > 1. Use of a cut-point value of 0.7 mg/mL revealed that the apparent sensitivity and specificity of sucrose permeability testing to detect ulcers with severity scores > 1 was 83% and 90%, respectively. Results were similar after adjusting sucrose concentrations for urine osmolality.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Urine sucrose concentration appears to be a reliable but imperfect indicator of gastric squamous ulcers in horses. Sucrose permeability testing may provide a simple, noninvasive test to detect and monitor gastric ulcers in horses.


This article reviews the literature analysing the importance of infrastructure for economic growth, and performs an econometric estimation to discover the relation between the two variables in the case of Peru. Different estimators are used with panel data from the 24 regions of Peru for the period 1980-2009. The econometric results confirm that public-service infrastructures (roads, electricity and telecommunications) are important in explaining temporary differences in regional output, in keeping with neoclassical exogenous growth theories. Evidence is also found of significant differences in the repercussions of the different infrastructures on per capita gdp in each region. Consequently, the policy authorities should streamline the development of projects that help to reduce the infrastructure disparities that hinder the development of Peru's regions.


Medievalists have long considered topics of cultural contact such as antagonism or exchange between western Europe and the Islamic world, the west's debts to Byzantium, European expansion during the Crusades, and Mediterranean trade. Medieval Cultures in Contact grows out of such traditional themes of European identity and its relations with others, but its essays pose new questions and view the topic from different perspectives. In recent generations, the study of non-European cultures for their effects on the west has changed to consideration of diverse medieval cultures as separate and worth studying on their own. The change is due in part to the influences of other disciplines, such as comparative literature, the social sciences, and subaltern studies. With the increased interest in such groups, cultures in contact is no longer necessarily European contact with one group or another, with Europeans the common ground in each encounter; it now extends to a much wider range of cultures and their interactions.The approach to cultures in contact running through many essays of this volume is that the meeting of cultures promotes historical change in the original societies and creates new societies at the point of contact. The medieval world was rich in the meeting of cultures that created new circumstances and results, some based on borders between cultures, others on internal reactions to contact. The essays in Medieval Cultures in Contact consider many diverse locales, periods, and protagonists in which or on whom the meeting of cultures was formative. The topics include the origin of western Christian culture in Bede's England, the contact of east and west in the Islamic and Asian worlds, the western perceptions of the east in German literature, and cross-cultural influences in several Mediterranean regions. The relations between the Christian majority and the culture of the Jewish minority in northwestern Europe, and the interaction between the occupational cultures of minstrels and clerics are related issues. The second section of the volume presents two models for teaching cultural contacts in the middle ages: one discusses the need to recognize such interactions as part of medieval history, and two linked essays show how literary diversity has been treated in practice.


In explaining such phenomena as the redshift and even the fact that we can see stars and planets, the effect of wave packet spreading (WPS) of the photon wave function is not taken into account. Probably the main reason is a belief that WPS is not important since a considerable WPS would blur the images more than what is seen. However, WPS is an inevitable consequence of quantum theory and moreover this effect is also known in classical electrodynamics. So it is not sufficient to just say that a considerable WPS is excluded by observations. One should try to estimate the importance of WPS and to understand whether our intuition is correct or not. We explicitly demonstrate that a standard relativistic quantum-mechanical calculation shows that spreading in the direction perpendicular to the photon momentum is very important and cannot be neglected. Hence the physics of the above phenomena is not well understood yet. Possible approaches for solving the problem are discussed.


Technological imaginaries underpinning computing and technoscientific practices and pedagogies are predominantly entrenched in cisheteropatriarchal, imperialist, and militaristic ideologies. A critical, intersectional queer and trans phenomenological analysis of computing education offers an epistemological and axiological reimagining by centering the analysis of gender and sexuality through the lens of marginalized people's experiences (queer, trans, and intersecting marginalities). It analyzes how systems of domination and liberation occur through relationships between objects, people, and their environments and how these systems of power multiply in effect when people are situated at multiple axes of oppression (such as gender, sexuality, race, and disability).
 Complexity, heterogeneity, and fluidity are at the core of queer and trans imaginaries and challenge the assumed naturalness of biological categories that underpin much of the cisheteronormative harm and violence in K-16 education, STEM (science, technological, engineering and medical) disciplinary practices, and technological innovations. Foregrounding complexity, heterogeneity, and fluidity supports the critique, construction, and transformation of computational objects, worlds, and learning environments so that queer and trans perspectives, narratives, and experiences are centered and valued. In doing so, ambiguity, fluidity, and body becoming are centered in virtual spaces, thereby offering emancipatory possibilities for supporting critical literacies of gender and sexuality. Methodologically, approaches rooted in active solidarity with queer and trans people and a commitment to listening to intersectional experiences of gender and sexuality-based marginalization and resilience reorient computing learning environments towards liberatory, justice-oriented practices.
 Computing scholars and educators have identified data science (more broadly) and algorithmic bias (in particular) as an essential domain for furthering education research and practice. Histories of erasure, exclusion, and violence on queer and trans people, both by carceral technologies and algorithmic bias, and as part of the computing profession, are enacted on individual people and reflected in societal biases that inform and shape public experiences of computing and technologies. Overall, queering computing education and computing education research directs attention towards a multifaceted problem: the historical and ongoing hegemonic, cisheteropatriarchal control over programming; the limitations to representation by code that a computer can recognize; the possibilities to queer code and computer architectures; the technological regulation of identity and bodies; and the limits and affordances of technological representation of gender and sexual identity. A queer, trans, intersectional, justice-oriented approach to computing education attends to the structural, socio-historical context in teaching and learning computer science and coding, including the dominant cultures of the technology workforce and the everyday disciplining interactions with technology that shape who we can become.


Epithelial ovarian malignant growth is ordinarily analyzed at a propelled stage. The better current class of chemotherapy treatments result in the high frequency of full reductions, however, the repetition rate is also higher. The infection eventually is a cycle of free moments and repetitive scenes in most cases. Distinctive focused on treatment draws near and natural medications, as of now being worked on, bring the guarantee of transforming ovarian malignant growth into a sensible ceaseless ailment. In this survey, we examine the present standard in the treatment for ovarian malignancy, significant late examinations on the new variations of regular treatments, and new remedial methodologies, as of late endorsed as well as in clinical preliminaries. The following also have an opponent in angiogenic drugs, polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), developmental factor flagging inhibitors or folate receptor inhibitors. They also address the cost-effectiveness of certain new treatments and the question of best option for personalized therapy.


This thesis investigates Holocaust commemoration at the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, Germany. Completed in Mitte in May 2005, the Mahnmal has come to be understood as Germany's central Holocaust Memorial. It is, however, dedicated exclusively to the Jewish victims of Nazi crimes. During the Memorial's 17 year-long genesis, many criticized those responsible for the project for institutionalizing a hierarchy of the victims of National Socialism. Discontent about how a new memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe would centralize a diverse landscape of memory---both physically, by eclipsing numerous memorial institutions and historical sites in Germany, and interpretively, by establishing that the Nazi persecution of Jews overshadows that of other victim groups---fuelled the long debate over the Mahnmal . Pointing to aspects of the Mahnmal 's history, its current tourist literature, the presentation at its attached Information Centre and the programme of its governing body, this study counters such criticism. I contend that the Mahnmal is a site where a determined attempt to integrate the memorialization of European Jews murdered during the Holocaust---into the landscape of the capital, into the network of historical and memorial sites pertaining to National Socialism and the Third Reich, and into other histories of suffering during that period---emerged as a predominant theme, and a clear goal of the memorial-Makers. The project, I demonstrate, engenders such integrated commemoration, and fosters dynamic opportunities for ongoing Holocaust commemoration in Germany.