Limitations in the chemical characterization of tropospheric organic aerosol (OA) continue to impede attempts to fully understand its chemical sources and sinks. To assess the role of organic nitrates in OA, we used a new thermal dissociation‐laser induced fluorescence‐based (TD‐LIF) technique to obtain a high‐time‐resolution record of total aerosol organic nitrates (hereafter ΣANsaer) at the Bakersfield, CA supersite during the 2010 CalNex campaign. The TD‐LIF measurements compare well with Fourier transform infrared measurements from collocated filter samples. These measurements show that ΣANs are a ubiquitous component of the OA with the –ONO2 subunit comprising on average 4.8% of the OA mass. Scaling this fraction by an estimate of the organic backbone mass yields an estimate that 17–23% of OA molecules contain nitrate functional groups. Measurements of both total ΣAN (gas + aerosol) and ΣANaer show that on average 21% of ΣANs are in the condensed phase, suggesting atmospheric organic nitrates have similar volatilities to analogous non‐nitrate oxidized organic compounds. The fraction of ΣAN that is in the condensed phase increases with total OA concentration, providing direct evidence from the atmosphere that absorptive partitioning into OA has some control over the ΣAN phase partitioning. The specific molecular identity of the ΣAN is incompletely understood. Both biogenic hydrocarbons and long chain alkanes are calculated to be significant sources of low volatility nitrates in Bakersfield, and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization high‐resolution quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer measurements confirm the existence of particulate nitrooxy organosulfates derived from gas‐phase oxidation of both isoprene and monoterpenes.


Objective A pilot study to examine accrual rates, efficiency of data capture approaches, study design and genotyping capacity for a future genetic validation study was undertaken. Design The process pilot evaluated feasibility of applying a matched case-control design to validate association of two candidate estrogen receptor (ER) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with incidence of venothromboembolic events (VTE) in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen where criteria included frequency matching by age, number of years diagnosed with breast cancer within 4-year intervals, and geographic residency. Setting The study was conducted at Marshfield Clinic, in central Wisconsin. Participants Study-eligible cases with a breast cancer diagnosis between 1994 and 2006 who experienced a VTE within 5 years of last tamoxifen exposure were matched at a ratio of 1:4 to controls with a breast cancer diagnosed between 1994 and 2006 with no VTE history following tamoxifen exposure for ≥2 years. Methods Feasibility of enrolling, phenotyping, and genotyping 20% of the total number of validated eligible cases and controls was tested in order to project enrollment rates and assess probability of enrolling the projected sample size for the prospective validation study and adequacy of planned data capture. Conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted for the matched case-control study design. Results Enrollment accruals included 19 of 24 targeted cases (79%), and 74 of 96 (77%) targeted controls. Electronic data capture for most variables was nearly 100%. No unexpected statistically significant differences were observed between cases and controls. Capacity to conduct in-house screening for rs2234689 (ER1 PvuII), rs9340799 (ER1 XbaI), rs13146272 (CYP4V2), rs2227589 (SERPINC 1) and rs1613662 (GP6) was successfully established. Association of GP6 with VTE was further validated (P=0.0403; OR, 0.19). Conclusion Accrual rates to the larger prospective study will require a multi-center design to ensure enrollment of adequate numbers of cases and controls for achieving the projected sample size required to validate association of the ER SNPs. To prevent study failure due to poor accrual, the importance of conducting feasibility studies before launching large scale validation studies of genetic association and adverse drug events, is discussed.


The potential for biogas production with residues of a slaughter house in the climatic conditions of LaPaz has been determined during the master's thesis. The project was carried out at a pilot plantconsisting of three tubular biodigesters made of polyethylene. The study showed that there is strong potential for biogas and biofertilizer production from residues ofslaughter houses at high altitude and cold climate in Bolivia, even by using blood which is the majorcomponent responsible of the water contamination. This production led to avoid water contamination,to limit the greenhouse effect by limiting the methane release into the atmosphere due to uncontrolledwaste management, and to improve the agriculture yields through the use of organic fertilizer. After afirst period of investigation, new parameters of operation of the pilot plant were defined in order tooptimize the biogas and biofertilizer production. But the tubular biodigesters made of polyethylenecould difficultly be further developed at industrial scale. Thus the final part of the project consisted in the design of a new type of low-cost pilot plant whichcould solve the environmental burden caused by slaughter houses residues in all Bolivia, whilegenerating more economical benefits from the biogas and biofertilizer production. This pilot plant wasintended to be further scaled-up and developed in all Bolivia if the new investigation carried out afterthe master's thesis would give satisfactory results. The estimations of industrial plants based on theresults of the pilot plant of Achachicala showed that the slaughter houses could work only by usingbiogas resulting from the anaerobic digestion of their residues, while generating important amounts ofbiofertilizer which would be a source of important economical benefits.


"How to become better parents?" is a programme addressed to foster parents which purpose is to present alternatives and options in educating their children, as well as to develop a social network between parents. The advantage of this parental education programme is that they can learn from each other's experiences, they can see different points of view and ways of dealing with extreme situations. It is interesting to observe how the programme achieves its objectives, which are the evaluation methods of what they teach (checking "the homework", analyzing the behaviour of the foster parents, through the examples they give). An important aspect that can be taken into consideration in obtaining the expected results is to establish the discussion themes with the parents. There maybe subjects of great importance which are not presented; a foster parent has another view over the child, and is confronted with different situation, like confessing to the child the fact that he/ she is adopted, fear of the possible rejection or lack of communication of the child.


Over the next 25 years, outdoor water use will be a major factor in escalating water demand in California. The demand will be aggravated by the dominant land-use pattern in inland areas: single-family homes with lush lawns. Without efforts aimed specifically at reducing outdoor urban water use, the demand will pose significant financial and environmental challenges for California. In this issue of CEP, the authors analyze population growth and housing trends in the state's major climactic regions, estimate residential lot and yard sizes, and examine the water needs of cool-season turf grass lawns. They also evaluate several outdoor water conservation programs.


We present DIP, a deep learning based framework to learn structural properties of the Internet, such as node clustering or distance between nodes. Existing embedding-based approaches use linear algorithms on a single source of data, such as latency or hop count information, to approximate the position of a node in the Internet. In contrast, DIP computes low-dimensional representations of nodes that preserve structural properties and non-linear relationships across multiple, heterogeneous sources of structural information, such as IP, routing, and distance information. Using a large real-world data set, we show that DIP learns representations that preserve the real-world clustering of the associated nodes and predicts distance between them more than 30% better than a mean-based approach. Furthermore, DIP accurately imputes hop count distance to unknown hosts (i.e., not used in training) given only their IP addresses and routable prefixes. Our framework is extensible to new data sources and applicable to a wide range of problems in network monitoring and security.


Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is adapted for use in dryland and irrigated cropping systems on the southern High Plains. Irrigation in this region relies on the declining Ogallala aquifer, and applications are transitioning from full to deficit evapotranspiration replacement. Our objective was to identify optimum planting date, population, row spacing, and cultivar maturity combinations to maximize grain sorghum yield using the SORKAM model and long-term (1958–1999) weather records at Bushland, TX, for a Pullman soil (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) with reduced irrigation. Grain sorghum growth and yield was simulated under dryland and deficit- or full-irrigation conditions (rain 1 irrigation 5 2.5 or 5.0 mm d 21 ) for all combinations of planting date (15 May, 5 June, 25 June), cultivar maturity (early, 95 d; medium, 105 d; late, 120 d), population (12 and 16 plants m 22 ), and row spacing (0.38 and 0.76 m). Simulated grain yield was unaffected by planting population but increased 7% for narrow compared with wide row spacing independent of other treatment effects. Results suggest two alternative management practices to optimize yield for the southern High Plains depending on potential irrigation capacity: (i) where rain plus supplemental irrigation was ,0.2.5 mm d 21 , plant early-maturing cultivars during June and (ii) where rain plus supplemental irrigation approaches 5.0 mm d 21 , plant late-maturing cultivars on 15 May. Earlymaturity cultivars planted on 5 June were better adapted to dryland and deficit irrigation for optimum grain yield on a southern High Plains Pullman soil.


This paper presents the development of a bimorph piezoelectric cymbal energy harvester that is particularly useful for extracting energy from the vibrating systems of relatively high compressive load. The bimorph cymbal harvester can be used to charge a capacitor or a battery through the piezoelectric layers fitted within the metal end caps under repeated compression or deformation.In this work, feasibility of a bimorph piezoelectric cymbal harvester in series operation is investigated through theoretical analysis and experimental validation. The bimorph cymbal uses a composite disc of two piezoelectric layers and a steel substrate between metal end caps.Theoretical modeling to quantify the generated energy by using bimorph cymbal design is first conducted. A parametric study is then performed to optimize generated energy with the dominant design parameters influencing energy harvesting performance for the cymbal structure. The parameters such as thickness of the end caps, radius ratio of the apex to the cavity of the end caps, cavity depth, and thickness ratio of the piezoelectric to the steel substrate are considered. Based on the optimized dimension, a cymbal harvester was fabricated and tested to validate analytically predicted open-circuit voltage on a hand jack type test rig.Experimental result indicates that the measured open-circuit voltage from the bimorph cymbal harvester is less than that of analytically predicted. However, it shows that the bimorph piezoelectric cymbal structure is an alternative cymbal design that is useful for harvesting energy from the source of relatively high load.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Purified preparations of the tRNA methylase deficient in supK strains of Salmonella typhimurium transfer methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to at least two tRNA species, an alanine tRNA and a serine tRNA. The identity of the tRNA substrates for this enzyme was determined by a change in the elution position of the methyl-labeled tRNA from BND-cellulose columns before and after aminoacylation with a specific amino acid followed by derivatization of the free primary amino group with phenoxy- or naphthoxyacetate. The radioactive methyl group enzymatically added to these tRNAs is both acid and base labile and can be hydrolyzed to a volatile product at pHs above 7.5 and also at pH 1. The methylated 3'-nucleotide isolated from digested tRNA is a pyrimidine derivative and chromatographs like a modified uridylic acid. Its identity has not been established, but it is likely that it corresponds to the methyl ester of V, uridin-5-oxyacetic acid.


The member states of the European Union have given up sovereignty in quite a number of policy areas and subjected themselves to joint decisionmaking at the European level. Policy instruments are no longer available nationally in many policy areas, including monetary policy, trade policy, the more important part of competition policy, subsidy control, and a large number of the regulations in the product market, the environmental arena, and the capital market. The maneuvering space for national economic policy-makers has been reduced considerably. In quite a few areas in which decisions are taken with a qualified majority, the member countries can be outvoted and have to accept the decisions taken by others. This paper surveys the new decision space of economic policy of a member state including the latest constitutional arrangement.


Background: In the United States, 2.3% of women of childbearing age seek treatment for infertility, many of which require the use of in vitro fertilization. Women beginning this therapy are highly motivated to improve their overall health and often engage in diet and exercise modifications. It is well studied that women who engage in strenuous exercise regimens encounter anovulation, hormonal fluctuations, and disturbed energy balance, all of which decrease fertility. Alternately, overweight and obese women who do not exercise also experience infertility and an increased rate of miscarriage, which decrease with weight loss from improved diet and exercise. New research suggests that exercise intensity and duration are important considerations for women preparing for IVF, as strenuous exercise has the potential to reduce the success of IVF outcomes in all women, regardless of BMI. Method: An exhaustive search was conducted using Medline-OVID, CINAHL (EBSCO Host), and Web of Science using the keywords: "Fertilization in Vitro," "exercise," "infertility," "obesity," and "lifestyle." The reference list of each relevant article was scanned for additional pertinent studies. Each selected article was assessed for quality using GRADE. Results: Two studies met inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. A randomized controlled pilot trial with 38 participants demonstrated an increase in live birth and decrease in pregnancy loss among overweight women undergoing IVF who engaged in mild to moderate walking based exercise program. A prospective observational study with 2232 participants demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in live births and increase in pregnancy loss, fertilization failure, implantation failure and cycle cancellation in women who engaged in cardiovascular exercise for greater than four hours per week for one to nine years prior to their first IVF intervention. Conclusion: Mild to moderate exercise in overweight individuals is shown to improve the outcome of an IVF cycle. Conversely, strenuous cardiovascular exercise may show a decrease in live births and increase in pregnancy loss in all BMI categories. Women preparing for IVF should not initiate a new cardiovascular exercise program close in time to initiation of an IVF cycle, but mild to moderate walking based programs are not observed to cause harm. A weak recommendation that providers should caution against strenuous exercise for women who are preparing for IVF cycles is offered.


The West-Germanic, c.q. Dutch, complex predicate appears as a series of verbs in predicate-final position. They were considered as a kind of separate unit (a field) in structuralist grammar (Bech 1955; Paardekooper 1955). A direct generative phrasing of that view follows from a head-to-head raising applied to a left- branching VP-stack consisting of the separate head-final predicates. This headraising accounts easily for the strict adjacency of the verbs and for dialectical variations in their linear order. However, beyond its descriptive efficiency, the rule has little to recommend itself in present-day syntax, due to its properties of rightward movement, extracting heads and tugging heads in. Yet, suppose there are SOV languages due to lexical frames with a predicate- final position of the V0. VPs stacked for a complex predicate in such environment would lack separately PF identifiable left edges to define their hierarchy and their subjects. Suppose this disqualifies the preservation of VP-stacks in SOV languages despite the hierarchy of predicates to be PF present given a predicate-final headcluster of verbs. In this paper it is argued that V-to-V Raising is aimed at just that outcome and represents a general and obligatory variant of the V-to-I raising in SVO languages.


BACKGROUND
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is common in older adults and affects bone metabolism, but its effects on fracture risk have not been reported. We sought to determine prospectively whether older men and women with subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism have an increased risk of hip fracture.

METHODS
Prospective cohort of 3567 US community-dwelling adults, 65 years or older, with biochemically defined subclinical thyroid dysfunction or euthyroidism was enrolled from June 10, 1989, through May 30, 1990, and followed up through 2004. Main outcome measures included incidence and hazard ratios (HRs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), of confirmed incident hip fractures for groups with subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and euthyroidism as defined at baseline.

RESULTS
During 39 952 person-years (median follow-up, 13 years), hip fracture incidence (per 1000 men-years) was 13.65 in men with subclinical hyperthyroidism (n = 29) and 10.27 in men with subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 184), both greater than 5.0 in men with euthyroidism (n = 1159). Men with subclinical hypothyroidism had a multivariable-adjusted HR of 2.31 (95% CI, 1.25-4.27); those with subclinical hyperthyroidism, 3.27 (0.99-11.30). After excluding those with baseline use of thyroid-altering medications, men with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism had a higher HR of 4.91 (95% CI, 1.13-21.27), as did men with endogenous subclinical hypothyroidism (2.45, 1.27-4.73). Hip fracture incidence (per 1000 women-years) was 8.93 in women with subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 359) and 10.90 in women with subclinical hyperthyroidism (n = 142) compared with 10.18 in women with euthyroidism (n = 1694). No clear association between subclinical dysfunction and fracture was observed in women.

CONCLUSIONS
Older men with subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism are at increased risk for hip fracture. Whether treatment of the subclinical syndrome reduces this risk is unknown.


This article explores the notions of spirituality, democracy, social cohesion and public theology briefly. Whilst these notions seem unrelated to each other, the article finds that they are indeed very much related especially in a conversation pertaining to the role of theology in democratic South Africa today. It argues that these notions are particularly important if one seeks the unity of a dislocated people. The word dislocation here refers to more than merely those who were dispossessed of their wealth and land, but speaks especially also to a spiritual dislocation which happened as a result of that material dislocation. Black liberation theology which has always been public must be seen to incorporate issues of the spiritual in its reflections. All this, it is argued, has pertinent repercussions for social cohesion in South Africa today.


The role of K+ channels on the pressor effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on vascular resistance and compliance in the canine pulmonary circulation was studied by using three different K+ channel inhibitors in isolated blood-perfused dog lungs when vascular tone was elevated with U-46619: 1) 10(-6) M glibenclamide, a potent and selective blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channels; 2) 1 mM tetraethylammonium ions (TEA), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels; and 3) 10(-4) M 4-aminopyridine, a nonspecific inhibitor of K+ channels. The results of the present study showed that under control vascular tone, 10(-8) M ET-1 increased total vascular resistance and capillary pressure by increasing postcapillary resistance. In addition, ET-1 decreased total vascular compliance. When vascular tone was elevated, ET-1 elicited an initial transient vasodilation followed by a sustained mild vasoconstriction that was lesser in magnitude than that observed under normal vascular tone. In addition, the increases in postcapillary resistance and capillary pressure and the decrease in vascular compliance that was observed with ET-1 at normal vascular tone was not present. Pretreatment with glibenclamide, TEA, and 4-aminopyridine at elevated vascular tone significantly potentiated the pressor effect of ET-1, and TEA blocked the transient vasodilation to ET-1. These data indicate that when pulmonary vasomotor tone is elevated with U-46619, Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels may play a significant role in mediating the vasodilator response to ET-1 while ATP-sensitive, Ca(2+)-dependent, and other voltage-activated K+ channels attenuate the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to ET-1.


and Implications Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH, GnRH) is a 10-amino acid peptide produced in the brain that regulates the release of LH from the pituitary gland. LH is crucial for initiating the successful ovulation of mature ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles) and transforming the ovulated follicle into a steroid-secreting corpus luteum. In the male, LH causes Leydig cells in the testis to secrete testosterone, a hormone essential for male sexual behavior, secretory activity of accessory glands of the reproductive tract, muscle accretion, and spermatogenesis. The focus of this study was to determine the prepubertal ontogeny of LHRH-like immunoreactivity (LHRH-IR) in the male Chinese Meishan pig. The Meishan breed is known for reproductive traits, including increased litter size and precocious puberty, but slow growth and obesity. Brains of animals from gestational day (g) 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 and postnatal day (pn) 1, 10, 20, and 50 (duration of pregnancy averages 114 days) were processed by a standard immunohistochemical technique utilizing a commercially available rabbit anti-LHRH antibody. Coronal sections of the brain revealed LHRH-IR in cell bodies and fibers at g30 entering the brain via the terminal nerve and in the septal region of the basal telencephalon. The numbers of LHRH-IR cells increased at g50 and cells were localized to the septum, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, optic area, and lateral hypothalamus whereas immunoreactive fibers were present throughout the septum and hypothalamus and had reached the median eminence, the lowest connecting link to the anterior pituitary gland. Results from this study indicate that LHRH may be present in the Meishan brain earlier during development and fibers containing LHRH-IR appear in the median eminence (lower part of the hypothalamus near the pituitary gland) earlier than previously reported for the domestic pig. These results suggest a breed difference in the ontogeny of reproductive control systems in the pig. An understanding of the LHRH neuronal network within the brain and hormones and exteroceptive factors that affect its secretion of LHRH that, in turn, causes gonadotropin (luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone) secretion by the pituitary gland will reveal neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating reproduction in the pig.


Climate change processes are warming, acidifying, and promoting a reduction of plankton biomass within World oceans. While the effects of these stressors on marine fish have been studied individually, their combined and interactive impacts remain unclear. Here we present experiments investigating the interactive effects of increased pCO2, temperature, and food-limitation on the early life history traits of two species of marine schooling fish native to Northeast US estuaries, Menidia beryllina (inland silverside) and Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow). While each stressor significantly altered hatching times, growth rates, and/or survival of fish, significant interactions between stressors resulted in impacts that could not have been predicted based upon exposures to individual stressors. Fish that were unaffected by high pCO2 when reared at ideal temperatures experienced significant declines in survivorship when exposed to elevated pCO2 at temperatures above or below their thermal optimum. Similarly, fish provided with less food were more vulnerable to elevated pCO2 than fish provided with adequate nutrition. These findings highlight the significance of incorporating multiple stressors in studies investigating the impacts of climate change stressors on marine life. Collectively, these results suggest that climate change stressors may interact to synergistically suppress the productivity of fisheries in coastal ecosystems and that these effects may intensify as climate changes continue.


It has been a while now since his untimely passing on the 25th September,2003. Edward Said was one of the most prolific public intellectuals of the 20th century and his model of the intellectual is still a source of inspiration and respect. The present thesis engages in the debate around the intellectual and his/her relationship to the public sphere. It argues that Said's thoughts in 'Traveling Theory' provide not only a theory of critical consciousness but also a politically empowering tool by use of which intellectuals are able penetrate spheres. Political public spheres have always been the defining spheres of intellectual figures throughout history. This triggers the starting point of connection; it suggests that Said's model of the public intellectual represents a residual figure of the man of letters. It argues that both the man of letters and public intellectuals, in different epochs, were made to suffer the consequences of the transformations of the public spheres. Yet, Said's model strikes a balance between the professional and the amateur. The political tool in the traveling theory acts here as a defining element of the intellectuals' practice in achieving some form of balance between those spheres. Said's theatre of thought has shown an indefatigable commitment to a connection between spheres; academic, public and political. It is through his politics of humanism that he beautifully conflates ideas and ideals. His politics in the struggle for Palestine is in fact a politics of truth, coexistence and reconciliation. This also manifested itself in his political writings, beginning from Question of Palestine and continuing until Freud and the non-European. Finally, it is his intellectual legacy and his legacy as a public intellectual that makes him so relevant to the recent Arab Spring. Having looked back at two years of his life (1967-1993) and recalled his spirit when looking at Arab intellectuals' interventions in the Arab Spring, one can clearly glimpse Said's underlying alternatives, which reverberated in some of the Arab intellectuals as a model of the intellectual who can act beyond ideology.


This study aims at concluding the general debt impact on economic growth for two different groups of countries during the period (1993-2013). Results showed negative impact of public debt on economic growth on short and long terms. Impact percentage differs according to countries and interpretive variables that interpret the relationship. Negative impact of debt starts from levels between 60-90% of gross domestic product on long term; its impact becomes bigger on long and short terms when percentage is higher than 90% of gross domestic product, whereas raise of public debt by 10% leads into decreasing economic growth by 1-2% in average. Results showed that the variables which affect the economic growth the most are savings/ investment, population growth, long and short terms of nominal interest rate, current account balance, private credit, inflation, Government budget primary balance, and debt service. Study results also revealed that banking crisis and double crisis are the most negatively reflecting crisis on the economic growth.


An alternative perspective is provided on the existence of a ripple effect in the UK housing market. In contrast to previous studies, the analysis involves consideration of information on the changes in house prices to which the hypothesis of house price diffusion posited by the ripple effect relates, rather than their levels. In an examination of changes in house prices in London relative to other regions of the UK, directional forecasting methods are employed to establish the extent of the relationship between geographical proximity and comovement across the three month window provided by quarterly data. Consequently, the analysis provides a direct examination of the ripple effect which refers to changes in prices rather than the convergence of levels which has become a feature of the empirical literature. The literature is extended further by both the application of dating techniques to perform the analysis across cycles and phases of cycles (recovery and recessionary periods) in the UK housing market, and the use of data from two alternative house price index providers. Striking results in support of the presence of a ripple effect are noted, particularly for the less commonly considered Halifax price index where the most significant results for comovement with London are exhibited by its contiguous regions. In addition, the cyclical subsamples considered indicate comovement to be greater during upturns, rather than downturns in the market. This is consistent with previous research showing London to correct – that is, exhibit differing behaviour to other regions – during downturns.


AlN films are employed in RF filters for wireless communication. We report on enhanced coupling factors kt2 obtained by partial substitution of Al by Sc. Al0.88Sc0.12N films were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering from an Al0.9Sc0.1 alloy target. They grew in the piezoelectric wurtzite phase with a similar microstructure as pure AlN films. The clamped d33,f increased considerably from 5.1 to 7.8 pm/V. The admittance measured at thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators was fitted to an equivalent circuit model and to 2-dimensional finite element simulation, yielding a kt2 of 7.3% and a quality factor of 650. The material softens considerably.


WALLACE, GEORGE ALEXANDER LEROY (22 Feb. 1848-3 Aug. 1940), CLEVELAND FIRE DEPT. member 62 years, and chief from 1901-31, was born in Erie, Pa. to Geo. A. and Margaret Hendrickson Wallace, came to Cleveland with his family in 1854, and at 14 left school to work as a railroad brakeman. Wallace joined the Cleveland Fire Dept. as a 2d-class fireman in June 1869, acquired a reputation as a fine hoseman and troubleshooter, rising through the ranks to hoseman, then hosecart driver, then captain of Hook & Ladder Co. No. 4 in 1873. In 1883, Wallace was appointed 5th assistant chief, and in 1901, after rising to 4th, then 3d assistant, he was appointed chief by Mayor JOHN FARLEY, commanding 1,040 officers and men at 63 engine houses and stations. Throughout his tenure, Wallace fought to keep out politics and make the department's operations a matter of fitness and faithfulness. He displayed executive and leadership ability, maintaining discipline and inspiring respect. At the scene of a fire, Wallace was the boss, demanding strict obedience from his men and any crowds standing by. Many times he risked his life entering burning buildings to save victims, family pets, or heirlooms. Among the memorable fires at which Wallace directed firefighting efforts were the COLLINWOOD SCHOOL FIRE of 1908 and the CLEVELAND CLINIC FIRE of 1929. Wallace married Emma Stanhope in 1874 and had 2 sons, George and Stanhope.


Topic modeling has been commonly used to discover topics from document collections. However, unsupervised models can generate many incoherent topics. To address this problem, several knowledge-based topic models have been proposed to incorporate prior domain knowledge from the user. This work advances this research much further and shows that without any user input, we can mine the prior knowledge automatically and dynamically from topics already found from a large number of domains. This paper first proposes a novel method to mine such prior knowledge dynamically in the modeling process, and then a new topic model to use the knowledge to guide the model inference. What is also interesting is that this approach offers a novel lifelong learning algorithm for topic discovery, which exploits the big (past) data and knowledge gained from such data for subsequent modeling. Our experimental results using product reviews from 50 domains demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


The value of sport extends beyond its physical challenges, health benefits or competitive expression, it is known to hold an integral social value with the potential to bring together disparate groups, dispel stigmatizing myths and promote community cohesion. In 2007 the European Commission highlighted the importance of Sport as a vehicle for generating a shared sense of belonging and participation and as a valuable tool in the development of social inclusion, particularly amongst marginalized groups (European Commission on Sport 2007). People with disabilities represent one such marginalized group. The Commission recommends that sports organizations should adapt their infrastructure to take account of the needs of people with disabilities. Primarily this is in terms of ensuring the accessibility of buildings, and providing training to volunteers and staff in sports clubs so that they are able to welcome people with disabilities. (http://ec.europa.eu/sport/white-paper/index_en.htm?cs_mid=116)This chapter will discuss a programme hosted by Special Olympics that aims to promote the inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities through sport, namely the Unified Sports Programme. During 2009-10, an evaluation of this programme, as a model for social inclusion, was carried out by the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland, in association with Special Olympics Europe-Eurasia This chapter will draw on data (using quotations from participants) from this evaluation as it examines the organisation of the Unified Sports programme, both at a structural and practical level. The chapter will also discuss the critical role of programme leaders in delivering the Unified concept. First, following a brief summary of the evaluation methods, and by way of context, this discussion will highlight the common forms of marginalisation experienced by people with intellectual disabilities, and the known benefits to this group of participation in sport whilst it will also provide some background on the Special Olympics movement in a broader sense.


From previous research on spatial variation of topsoil carbon concentrations, variance components based on loss-on-ignition analysis increased by an order of magnitude from i) analytical plus subsampling, to ii) short-scale (20 metre: paired samples), to iii) medium-scale (>1000m). There is little knowledge concerning the scales over which subsoil (35 to 50 cm depth) organic carbon (SSOC) concentrations – and their biogeochemical fractions – vary. We measured total SSOC concentration by combustion (elemental analysis) based on the <150 micron aggregate size fractions for samples collected from a total of 122 grassland or arable sites. We measured other soil properties (total Ca, pH and dithionite iron (Fe(d)) concentrations, clay) for each sample which may account – through various mechanisms – for preservation of SSOC. We subjected half of the paired samples to thermal analysis to estimate labile and resistant biogeochemical fractions.
SSOC variance components i) and ii) were of the same magnitude; the difference [to that observed for topsoil] is likely due to the quantity of subsample used in the two analytical methods. As for topsoil, variance in SSOC increased by an order of magnitude between components ii) and iii). Soil Group accounted for a statistically significant component of the variance in SSOC. Three soil properties (total Ca, pH and Fe(d)) concentrations accounted for 30% of the variance in log SSOC; clay content was not significant. The linear correlation of log SSOC concentration between paired sites was substantially weaker (r=0.39) than the log ratio of two thermal fractions for the same paired samples (r=0.62). This finding has implications for understanding SSOC turnover and sequestration.


Understanding how DNA polymerases process lesions remains fundamental to determining the molecular origins of mutagenic translesion bypass. We have investigated how a benzo[a]pyrene-derived N(2)-dG adduct, 10S-(+)-trans-anti-[BP]-N(2)-dG ([BP]G*), is processed in Dpo4, the well-characterized Y-family bypass DNA polymerase. This polymerase has a slippage-prone spacious active site region. Experimental results in a 5'-C[BP]G*G-3' sequence context reveal significant selectivity for dGTP insertion that predominantly yields -1 deletion extension products. A less pronounced error-prone nonslippage pathway that leads to full extension products with insertion of A > C > G opposite the lesion is also observed. Molecular modeling and dynamics simulations follow the bypass of [BP]G* through an entire replication cycle for the first time in Dpo4, providing structural interpretations for the experimental observations. The preference for dGTP insertion is explained by a 5'-slippage pattern in which the unmodified G rather than G* is skipped, the incoming dGTP pairs with the C on the 5'-side of G*, and the -1 deletion is produced upon further primer extension which is more facile than nucleotide insertion. In addition, the simulations suggest that the [BP]G* may undergo an anti/syn conformational rearrangement during the stages of the replication cycle. In the minor nonslippage pathway, the nucleotide insertion preferences opposite the lesion are explained by relative distortions to the active site region. These structural insights, provided by the modeling and dynamics studies, augment kinetic and limited available crystallographic investigations with bulky lesions, by providing molecular explanations for lesion bypass activities over an entire replication cycle.


Probabilistic syntactic parsing has made rapid progress, but is reaching a performance ceiling. More semantic resources need to be included. We exploit a number of semantic resources to improve parsing accuracy of a dependency parser. We compare semantic lexica on this task, then we extend the back-off chain by punishing underspecified decisions. Further, a simple distributional semantics approach is tested. Selectional restrictions are employed to boost interpretations that are semantically plausible. We also show that self-training can improve parsing even without needing a re-ranker, as we can rely on a sufficiently good estimation of parsing accuracy. Parsing large amounts of data and using it in self-training allows us to learn world knowledge from the distribution of syntactic relation. We show that the performance of the parser considerably improves due to our extensions.


Protein localization mechanisms dictate the functional and structural specialization of cells. Of the four polar surface organelles featured by the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, the stalk, a cylindrical extension of all cell envelope layers, is the least well characterized at the molecular level. Here we apply a powerful experimental scheme that integrates genetics with high-throughput localization to discover StpX, an uncharacterized bitopic membrane protein that modulates stalk elongation and is sequestered to the stalk. In stalkless mutants StpX is dispersed. Two populations of StpX were discernible within the stalk with different mobilities: an immobile one near the stalk base and a mobile one near the stalk tip. Molecular anatomy provides evidence that (i) the StpX transmembrane domain enables access to the stalk organelle, (ii) the N-terminal periplasmic domain mediates retention in the stalk, and (iii) the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain enhances diffusion within the stalk. Moreover, the accumulation of StpX and an N-terminally truncated isoform is differentially coordinated with the cell cycle. Thus, at the submicron scale the localization and the mobility of a protein are precisely regulated in space and time and are important for the correct organization of a subcellular compartment or organelle such as the stalk.


This chapter analyses the persuasive power of metaphors used in the Portuguese press to justify the implementation of harsh austerity policies. The analysis relies on a corpus of news and opinion articles published in June-July 2011, after the entry of the Troika, and May 2013, when protests against the austerity policies intensified. The study adopts a socio-cognitive view of language following the promising convergence between Cognitive Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, and the corpus-based and critical discourse-based approach to conceptual metaphor. Using the target-domain method for corpus-based metaphor identification, 1,151 austerity-related metaphorical expressions associated with eight target lexemes were gathered, which include great chain of being, image schemas, and event/action metaphors. The analysis reveals the persuasive and manipulative force of certain specific metaphors, such as obesity/diet, indebted family, good student, and sacrifice. These socially-embodied metaphors are grounding in moral cultural models and serve ideological, emotional and moral purposes.


(Fock A. Health status and diving practices of a technical diving expedition. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2006; 36: 179-85.) The author participated in a technical diving expedition to the South China Sea primarily to dive several deep World War Two wrecks. During the expedition, diving practices and diver health were observed, and a diver health survey was completed by six of the seven divers at the end of each diving day. This survey showed a slight worsening of health scores during the fi rst half of the expedition, which then returned to baseline levels. However, no diver reached a health score of a level (six) associated with clinical decompression sickness (DCS) in a previous study. No clinical DCS was detected or treated; however, a high level of pre-existing musculoskeletal complaints prevalent in this group made clinical diagnosis diffi cult for marginal symptoms. A high proportion (50%) of divers reported symptoms consistent with pulmonary and ocular oxygen toxicity. The use of closed-circuit rebreathers for 74 dives in the depth range of 50 to 70 metres' sea water, with total dive time 100.4 hours, was associated with few technical problems for a suitably trained and experienced group of technical divers.


The purpose of this paper is to estimate, by using the recent econometric techniques of unit root testing and Johansen-Juselius cointegration technique (1990), the impact of foreign capital inflow on the volume and efficiency of domestic investment in the United States during the period, 1973–1999. A battery of diagnostic tests is employed to check the validity and robustness of the estimated results. Evidence suggests that capital inflows have had a significant positive effect on the volume of US investment, but the effect on the efficiency of investment has been minimal. These findings imply that, while achieving current account balance is important, it is equally important to sustain and augment the beneficial impact of capital inflow by creating a more conducive investment climate. Given our limited ability to influence current account balance, this seems to be a more pragmatic policy option for dealing with the US current account imbalance.


Children with life-limiting neurodevelopmental disabilities are a small but unique and important group within the paediatric population. While current policy discussions acknowledge that children with developmental disabilities are a heterogeneous group, policy prescriptions and legislation are aimed at the group as a whole which may not account for the exceptional needs of these children and their families. As a diagnostic group children with complex disabilities were identified as potentially benefiting from a comprehensive palliative care service, particularly where the child's condition involves susceptibility to health complications and the likelihood of premature death. Despite this there is relatively little known about the morbidity experienced by this particular group of children and their families, or how well current services meet their needs.

This mixed methods study explored the palliative care needs of young children with lifelimiting neurodevelopmental disabilities and their families and the services that are currently available to them. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used to explore families experiences of providing care and engaging with services. Families participated in a postal survey (n=63) and interviews (n=12). A Delphi design, consisting of three individual interviews and a panel of 13 service providers, explored expert opinion on current services and the changes required to improve service delivery to this population of children and their families.

The findings suggest that although the children experience considerable morbidity associated with their condition, access to specialist palliative care services is not routinely required, and this group of children may be better served by improving access and frequency of the mainstream services that are currently available. The morbidity experienced by the family rivals that experienced by the child, yet families suggest that this is under acknowledged and that their engagement with services often acts to exacerbate rather than ameliorate the stress they experience. Both parents and service providers identify that current services are underresourced and insufficient to meet the needs of this population of children. However, they do not agree issues related to how services currently function, or on the factors that would best act to improve these services.

The need to amend current practice in order to better meet the needs of this population of children and their families is evident in the findings of this study. The amendments required relate to several aspects of current practice including greater support for families caring for young children with life-limiting neurodevelopmental disabilities, improving the process of service delivery, and improving the services themselves.


By 1990 there were approximately 200 million guns in private hands in the United States, and around half of American households contained a gun. Over 30,000 people a year are killed with guns in suicides, homicides, and accidents, and Americans use guns for defensive purposes as many as a million times a year. There is little doubt that gun violence and control are issues of vital importance, and they continue to inspire national debate. It is doubtful, however, that most gun debates are worth listening to. Not surprisingly, they generally leave their participants exactly where they began, with their biases intact, and onlookers perplexed. Written deliberately to counter an atmosphere of hysteria and extremism, Point Blank, now in paperback, offers logical argument supported by empirical information. It confronts fundamental questions head-on. On its initial publication in 1993, Point Black won the Michael J. Hindelang Award of the American Society of Criminology for the book that "made the most outstanding contribution to criminology," Point Blank reports both original research and assesses existing evidence drawn from a wide variety of academic disciplines, including criminology, sociology, law, and medicine.


The central Kalahari of Botswana straddles the major ecotone between the broad-leafed and microphyllous (fine-leafed) savanna communities. Except in the immediate vicinity of the relatively small number of permanent settlements, this extensive tract of land is sparsely inhabited, and thus ideal for evaluating various determinants of savanna structure under conditions of minimal human disturbance. This study summarizes textural and mineralogical data for the central Kalahari cover sands, and links these to vegetation distribution patterns. The overall distribution of woody species within the central Kalahari is consistent with precipitation as the dominant determinant, but also shows a significant correlation with sand grain size and heavy-mineral content. However, sand grain size and heavy-mineral content per se do not play a major role in influencing species distribution. Both increase towards the margin of the Kalahari basin, reflecting shallower bedrock, and it is inferred that depth to bedrock exerts a secondary influence on species distribution near the extremes of their rainfall-defined distribution ranges. With shallower bedrock, deeper-rooting species, able to exploit sub-Kalahari aquifers, will displace those with well-developed lateral root systems, adapted to exploit near-surface water. The available evidence indicates that soil nutrient content does not have a major effect on vegetation communities in the sandveld environment of the central Kalahari. However, further work is required to substantiate this conclusion. There is also a significant correlation between savanna structure and grain size. Extremely fine-grained soils favour a shrub savanna, while tree savannas are associated with coarser-grained soils. This is consistent with deeper penetration of moisture in the latter, in line with classical models for savanna structure. However, an alternative explanation for this relationship is that variations in grain size mirror changes in nutrient content, which is the ultimate control on vegetation structure. Further work is also needed to test these contrasting models.


We examined the role of Si limitation in mediating the response of siliceous biomass and silica production to mesoscale Fe fertilization in the high‐silicic acid high‐nitrate waters of the Antarctic and in the low‐silicic acid high‐nitrate waters of the Subantarctic during austral summer. Iron fertilization stimulated biogenic silica production and silicic acid depletion in both regions. Si limitation significantly curtailed the response of silica production to Fe in the Subantarctic, but not in the Antarctic. Additions of silicic acid to Fe‐enriched waters of the Subantarctic more than doubled specific silica production rates beyond the increase caused by Fe alone. This result, combined with the presence of Si limitation both inside and outside of the fertilized patch in the Subantarctic, indicates that silica production in the Subantarctic is regulated by both Fe and Si during austral summer. Fe increased the ability of Subantarctic diatom assemblages to take up low concentrations of Si over an order of magnitude by increasing maximum uptake rates and lowering half‐saturation constants for silicic acid uptake. Our observations indicate that the dramatic gradient in Si availability across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current exerts a strong control on the contribution of diatoms to new production following Fe enrichment in the Southern Ocean during austral summer. With sufficient Fe to allow nitrate depletion, the abundant silicic acid in the Antarctic would allow diatoms to dominate nitrate use; however, low silicic acid concentrations in the Subantarctic would restrict the fraction of available nitrate that would be consumed by diatoms to ca. 5%.


For the first time PIV has been applied simultaneously with acetone-PLIF in the freeboard of a fluidized bed. Here, the eruption profile of single bubbles and a continuous stream of bubbles were studied. As stereoscopic PIV was applied the out-of-plane component of the velocity was also measured. The out-of-plane component is not negligible. The observed bubble eruption patterns were in general agreement with the bubble model of Levy and Lockwood,24 Yorquez-Ramirez and Duursma5 and Solimene et al.1 No qualitative difference between the eruption of a single bubble and a stream of bubbles was observed. Based on the calculated vorticity of the gas in the freeboard, it was found that the bubble induced turbulence decays fairly rapidly. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009


Voice and data traffic growth over the last several years has become a major challenge for cellular operators with a direct impact on revenues, infrastructure investments, and end-user performance. The economics of these operators depend on various incentives used to attract users in the form of unlimited, buffet-like voice/sms/data packages. However, our understanding of the effects of user behavior under these offerings on operator revenues/costs remains poor. Using two years of detailed usage information of ~1 million users across three services, voice, sms and data, combined with payment and cost information, we study how user behavior affects the economics of cellular operators. We discover that around 20% of the users consume more resources than what they pay for and hence are non-profitable. In addition to the individual user behavior, we study how the user interactions in the call graph affect the operator's revenues and cost, drawing on tools from social network analysis. We develop a framework that incorporates both the individual and social user behavior for studying how volume caps influence the revenues and the traffic costs. Using this framework we empirically show that volume caps can increase the difference between the revenues and the traffic costs of the studied operator by a factor of 2, while affecting only 16% of the existing user base.


The aim of this paper is to computationally compare several algorithms for the Minimum Cost Perfect Matching Problem on an undirected graph. Our work is motivated by the need to solve large instances of the Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) arising in the optimization of garbage collection in Denmark. Common heuristics for the CARP involve the computation of matchings of the odd-degree nodes of a graph. The algorithms used in the comparison include the CPLEX solution of an exact formulation, a recent implementation of the Blossom algorithm, as well as six constructive heuristics. The Blossom algorithm works well on graphs containing fewer than 4000 nodes and outperforms CPLEX in terms of computing time. For larger instances, we found that one of the constructive heuristics consistently exhibits the best behavior compared with the other five.


The majority of Americans receive their health insurance for themselves and their families through their job. The employee pays a portion of the premium but the employer chooses the type and amount of coverage offered as well as administers the plan. This book addresses the question: Who really pays for employer-arranged health insurance? Are premiums paid from company profits or do employees bear the cost through lower wages? Pauly suggests that this confusion has complicated the debate on public policy and needs to be alleviated.This work first shows how views taken by business and political leaders during the Clinton health reform proposal debate were affected by this confusion and did not follow the economic view. It then provides a novel, intuitive, but comprehensive outline of the economic theory that bears on this question. Empirical evidence consistent with the economic view is summarized, and the implications of the view for some important issues in health policy and in practical health benefits management are discussed in detail."Health Benefits at Work" explores the political economy of health policy when the stakeholders have an uncertain and possibly incorrect understanding of their actual interests. For the benefits specialist, it provides an accessible treatment of the complex and often counterintuitive economics of health benefits. This will appeal to the health policy community as well as economists and anyone concerned with issues surrounding health insurance in employment settings."This book is refreshing . . . clean and intuitive; the logic devastating." --Michael A. MorrisseyMark V. Pauly is Professor of Health Care Systems and Insurance and Risk Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.


The Peace Community of San Jose de Apartado is a self-governing community of peasant farmers ('campesinos') in Uraba, one of the regions of Colombia where violence by the State, leftist guerrillas and right-wing paramilitaries has been most intense. It is based on a rejection of all violence and on autonomy from, and neutrality between, the State, paramilitaries and guerrillas. Drawing on interviews with community members by the first author, this paper considers how far the Peace Community has succeeded in establishing a radical alternative to the State legal and penal systems in pursuit of what could be called a 'real utopia' (Wright 2010).2


Background/Aims: Cognitive decline is a defining feature of dementia. We sought to determine if a single baseline cognitive test score or change in test score over time is more strongly associated with risk of dementia hospitalization. We also sought to compare short- and long-term dementia risk. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 9,399 individuals from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (median 10 years of follow-up). Cognition was assessed at two time points (6 years apart) using three tests: Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Word Fluency Test. Dementia hospitalizations were determined using ICD-9 codes. Results: Baseline cognitive test scores were associated with both short-term and long-term risk of dementia. The association of 6-year change in cognitive test score with dementia risk was stronger than that of individual test scores at a single visit [change from highest to lowest tertile, DWRT: hazard ratio = 6.45 (95% confidence interval = 1.80–23.08); DSST: hazard ratio = 10.94 (95% confidence interval = 3.07–38.97)]. Conclusions: In this community-based population, 6-year changes in cognitive scores were more strongly associated with risk of incident dementia hospitalization than baseline scores, although single DWRT and DSST scores were predictive. Our findings support the contention that cognitive changes may precede clinical dementia by a decade or more.


Over the past several decades developing countries have attracted and relied on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to supply their economies with the investment needed to maintain high economic growth and development. In their pursuit of FDI, many developing countries have passed policies and regulations aimed at attracting inward FDI. Because of the high growth rates and high returns on investment in many of these economies they have experience a large increase in FDI inflow over the past few decades. As these economies have grown and investment has increased, the financial services sector in the developing world has grown to service the increased demand. In 2011 the World Bank and IMF's Financial Sector Assessment Program on China found that between 2005 and 2010 total bank assets had grown nearly 19%, while the total assets of non-bank financial institutions had grown 35.1% from 2007 to 2010 (World Bank and IMF Financial Sector Assessment Program, 2011, p.25 & 27). With this massive growth in the financial services sector it is important to understand the effects of financial sector development on FDI's relationship to economic growth in host countries. Keeping this in mind, as policy makers continue to attract FDI it is imperative they know not only its effects on growth but what policies they can enact at a provincial level to maximize positive effects. This study uses both national and provincial level data to assess the effects of financial sector development on FDI's relationship to economic growth. While the scholarly literature on FDI is fairly well established, literature focusing specifically on financial sector development's effect on FDI's and growth is less robust. Many studies such as Carkovic and Levine (2002) find that the effect of FDI interacted with financial sector development on growth to be positive, but not robust. My research utilizes variation in financial sector development between provinces in China to determine the effect financial sector development has on FDI led growth.


There is increased emphasis internationally on ethically sound research, and on good training for research supervisors. Researching with Integrity aims to identify what and how research can be undertaken ethically and with 'virtue' from initial conception of ideas through to dissemination. It outlines the context in which academics engage in research, considering the impact of discipline and institutional culture, the influence of government audit of research 'quality', the role of government and quangos, professional organisations and business sponsors, and examines the effects of the increasing power and influence of funding bodies, university ethics committees and codes of practice. Based on the notion of 'virtue' ethics, this book proposes an alternative approach to research, which focuses not only on ethical rules and protocol to avoid unethical research, but encourages academic, professional and character development and allows for the exercise of personal judgement. Themes considered include: Increased competitiveness between academics and concentration of funding in fewer universities Increasingly bureaucratic approval of processes focused on the treatment of human and animals in research Meeting the expectations of research sponsors 'Taboo' research topics and methods Exposing findings to the scrutiny of peers, taking credit for the work of others and self-citation Bullying of junior researchers and plagiarism Power and influence of institutional, discipline-based and professional organisations.


This paper presents findings from a year-long study of pair work and bilingual development in a hybrid developmental bilingual pre-kindergarten classroom. Grounded in sociocultural theory and developed using ethnographic approaches to data collection and analysis, the researchers analyzed how a master bilingual teacher scaffolded pair work and peer teaching. Findings revealed an association between teacher modeling of language use and behavior, and student language use and behavior in pair work. How the teacher scaffolded both the structure and processes of pair work and the resulting student interaction and peer scaffolding contributes both practical teacher strategies and a deeper theoretical understanding of how teachers can create spaces for young students to engage in their non-dominant language.


Three new sympatric species of remipede crustaceans, Speleonectes tanumekes, Speleonectes parabenjamini and Speleonectes minnsi, are described from an anchihaline cave on Great Exuma Island in the central Bahamas. Speleonectes tanumekes is a comparatively long and slender species distinguished by the largest number of trunk segments found in remipedes to date. Speleonectes parabenjamini is morphologically closely related to Speleonectes benjamini, but differs from the latter species by several distinct autapomorphies. Speleonectes minnsi is characterized by comparatively robust maxillules. The occurrence of three sympatric species is a remarkable record for the Remipedia adding to a total of 10 sympatric taxa. We discuss the high diversity of remipedes in the larger West Indian region with regard to their evolutionary history and origin.


Positive-ion bombardment of a graphite cathode in a low-pressure glow discharge is used to heat the cathode to temperatures in excess of 2000°C. A magnetic field of a few hundred Gauss used in a magnetron configuration reduces lamp voltage and permits operation at less than 1 kV with cathode current densities greater than 350 mA/cm2. A solution residue sample deposited on the 1.6-mm-diameter graphite cathode is atomized in about one second. The atomic vapor is excited in the glow discharge near the cathode surface. The effects of pressure and magnetic field strength on furnace performance are described. At low furnace temperature, plasma current conduction is by electrons produced by positive ion bombardment of the cathode surface. At higher temperatures, current conduction is largely by thermionic electrons.


Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex disease driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, several lines of evidence suggest that circadian disruption and sleep loss contribute to disease pathogenesis. Epidemiologic studies indicate that shift work is associated with an increased risk of T2D (1,2). Shift work is a prime example of circadian disruption, altering the timing of light exposure, meals, activity, and sleep. In many ways, the shift workers serve as early indicators, or "canaries in a coal mine," of the long-term consequences of the circadian disruption experienced by a much broader segment of the population. A number of studies have concluded that genetic variation in melatonin receptors (notably expressed in pancreatic β-cells) is associated with impaired insulin secretion and increased risk for T2D (3,4). Similarly, genetic variation in the genes responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms has been linked to metabolic, endocrine, and behavioral changes that could push a patient toward development of T2D (5,6). This type of population study has been complimented by laboratory studies demonstrating that short duration of sleep adversely impacts glucose tolerance (7,8). More recently, laboratory studies where healthy participants were exposed to circadian misalignment using a forced desynchrony protocol provided causative evidence for a deleterious impact on diabetes risk and cardiovascular function (9,10). Sleep and circadian disruption have even been found to hinder the …


Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PTP4A3/PRL-3) is a dual-specificity phosphatase that is upregulated in various types of cancers and is related to poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior. The expression level of PRL-3 is elevated in response to several antiapoptotic cytokines, including IL6, in cancer cells from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and can promote survival and migration. Here, it is demonstrated that PRL-3 activates Src kinase in the IL6-dependent MM cell line INA-6. Inhibition of PRL-3 by a small-molecule inhibitor of PRL-3 or by shRNA resulted in inactivation of Src. In addition to activation of Src, PRL-3 also activated the Src family kinase (SFK) members LYN and HCK in INA-6 cells. Forced expression of catalytically inactive mutant PRL-3 decreased the activation of these three SFK members while the total level of HCK and FYN remained elevated. Inhibitors of Src increased sensitivity of cells overexpressing PRL-3 to the PRL-3 inhibitor through joint downregulation of both PRL-3 and Mcl-1. In conclusion, PRL-3 protected MM cells against apoptosis by dysregulating both the total levels and the activation levels of specific SFK members that are important for IL6 signal transduction in MM cells. Eventually, this led to increased levels of Mcl-1. Implications: This study suggests PRL-3 and SFKs are key mediators of the IL6-driven signaling events and points to both PRL-3 and SFK members as potential targets for treatment of MM. Mol Cancer Res; 15(1); 69–77. ©2016 AACR.


Oxidation of TRPM2 by ROS at sites of inflammation may limit tissue damage caused by neutrophils. Upon reaching sites of infection or injury, neutrophils must stop migrating and start producing inflammatory responses, one of which involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). TRPM2 is a cation channel that is involved in inflammatory responses and that can be activated by ROS. Wang et al. determined the role of TRPM2 in migrating neutrophils. Inflammatory responses and neutrophil accumulation were greater in skin lesions induced by application of the bacterial molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) in Trpm2–/– mice than in those induced in wild-type mice. Similarly, in response to intratracheal injection of a bacterial formyl peptide [fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF)], neutrophils accumulated to a greater extent in the lungs of Trpm2–/– mice than in those of wild-type mice. Compared with wild-type neutrophils, Trpm2–/– neutrophils showed enhanced directed migration in response to a gradient of formylMet-Ile-Phe-Leu (fMILF), as well as those of other attractants, such as complement component C5a and interleukin-8. The enhanced directed migration in Trpm2–/– neutrophils in response to the fMILF gradient did not require the channel function of TRPM2 or involve changes in Ca2+ signaling. fMLF induced the internalization of its receptor FPR1 in wild-type neutrophils, as expected, but not in Trpm2–/– neutrophils. FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) analysis indicated that, in unstimulated cells, overexpressed FPR1 and TRPM2 colocalized at the plasma membrane and that fMLF stimulation triggered the translocation of these proteins to the cytoplasm, an effect that required ROS production and Cys549 in TRPM2. Mass spectrometry indicated that exposing purified TRPM2 to H2O2 triggered the dioxidation and trioxidation of Cys549. Overexpression of a C549A TRPM2 mutant in HL60 cells (a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line) resulted in enhanced migration compared with those expressing wild-type TRPM2. Thus, ROS-mediated oxidation of Cys549 in TRPM2 appears to trigger the internalization of both this modified form of TRPM2 and receptors that respond to attractant signals to attenuate migration in neutrophils, which may enable migrating neutrophils to switch from migrating to producing inflammatory responses. In the associated commentary, Renkawitz and Sixt note that ROS are an attractive autoregulatory mechanism for attenuating inflammation because ROS generate much of the local tissue damage caused by inflammation. G. Wang, L. Cao, X. Liu, N. A. Sieracki, A. Di, X. Wen, Y. Chen, S. Taylor, X. Huang, C. Tiruppathi, Y.-y. Zhao, Y. Song, X. Gao, T. Jin, C. Bai, A. B. Malik, J. Xu, Oxidant sensing by TRPM2 inhibits neutrophil migration and mitigates inflammation. Dev. Cell 38, 453–462 (2016). [PubMed] J. Renkawitz, M. Sixt, A radical break: Restraining neutrophil migration. Dev. Cell 38, 448–450 (2016). [PubMed]


[1] This study characterizes the seasonal cycle of the Catalan inner-shelf circulation using observations and complementary numerical results. The relation between seasonal circulation and forcing mechanisms is explored through the depth-averaged momentum balance, for the period between May 2010 and April 2011, when velocity observations were partially available. The monthly-mean along-shelf flow is mainly controlled by the along-shelf pressure gradient and by surface and bottom stresses. During summer, fall, and winter, the along-shelf momentum balance is dominated by the barotropic pressure gradient and local winds. During spring, both wind stress and pressure gradient act in the same direction and are compensated by bottom stress. In the cross-shelf direction the dominant forces are in geostrophic balance, consistent with dynamic altimetry data.


Space is always situated in time, and time defines space. Therefore, in contemporary global geo-political time one could perhaps define space as contested space. European space is con-tested, NATO is contested, the world is being reconfigured into new spaces and blocs (for exam-ple BRICS). We are living in a time of post-and de-colonial thought, which is trying to re-define space or create space for alternatively defined and identified bodies and bodies of knowledge. Time-spaces are filled with bodies, and they give to those bodies an identity and place. On the other hand, bodies carry out time-spaces and thereby, in a sense create, such time-spaces as a place or rather a home of and for these bodies, or else the place serves as a place of exclusion and marginalisation. One could say that there is a close connection between bodies and spaces and the consequent identity politics of those spaces, as they become places of either belonging or of not-belonging and exclusion.


Lagenaria vulgaris (LV) shell was used as a biosorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, from aqueous solutions. Experiments were carried out under batch conditions. The effects of contact time, initial pH, temperature and stirring speed on removal efficiency are presented. Sorption of the investigated metals was fast, reaching equilibrium after about 5 to 10 min, depending on the metal. Biosorption was highly pH-dependent, and the optimal pH for investigated metals was in the range of 4.5 to 6.0. The effects of temperature demonstrated that biosorption of the metals is a chemical process. SEM analysis revealed interesting morphological changes after acid refinement of the raw biosorbent and metal uptake that is related to the chemical nature of the biosorption process. EDX analysis of Lagenaria vulgaris biosorbent (LVB) before and after metal sorption revealed that the ion exchange mechanism was the principal sorption process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis has shown that major functional groups (carboxyl and hydroxyl) on the biosorbent surface took part in the metal ion uptake process as active sites. The results obtained showed that Lagenaria vulgaris based biosorbent could be used as an effective and low-cost pre-treatment step for removal of toxic metals from wastewaters.


Steel is a material which is in line with sustainable development as it can be recycled over and over again. Steel Industries believe that the sustainability through balanced development of society, environment and economy contributes to the heightened corporate value and ultimately enhances the benefits for stakeholders. There has been a growing interest in the industry to embrace the system based sustainability management. This paper discusses the development of Sustainability Management System (SMS) for a large steel plant, aimed to integrate sustainability considerations into the decision-making processes of steel company. The various elements of sustainability requirements and its methodology for implementation are discussed. A simple methodology for evaluation of sustainability aspects has been suggested. This work also aims to prepare a platform to develop a specific standard for SMS.


The mRNA expression of cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) and its clinicopathological significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues were investigated. CADM1 mRNA and protein expression were detected in tissue samples from 50 patients with ESCC by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemistry; adjacent tissues served as controls. The average CADM1 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in the cancer tissues (0.522 ± 0.247) than in the controls (0.871 ± 0.192), (t = 7.882, P < 0.05). CADM1 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in ESCC patients with positive lymph node metastasis than in those with negative lymph node metastasis (t = 3.207, P < 0.05). There was a correlation between CADM1 mRNA expression and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (t = 2.673, P < 0.050), but not with age, gender, and histological grade (P > 0.05). The positive expression rate of CADM1 protein in the 50 cases of ESCC was significantly lower than that of the control group (χ2 = 29.87, P < 0.01). Out of 28 patients with non-lymph node metastasis, 20 (71.43%) positively expressed CADM1; out of 22 patients with lymph node metastasis, only 7 (31.82%) positively expressed CADM1. There was a significant difference in the positive protein expression rates of CADM1 between the two groups (χ2 = 7.782, P < 0.01). CADM1 mRNA expression was highly upregulated in normal tissues compared to ESCC tissues, indicating that the loss of CADM1 expression influenced the pathogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of ESCC, and allowing for the prognosis of the disease in patients with ESCC after treatment.


Purpose: The aim of this paper is to diagnose and evaluate local spatial policy in Poland regarding the development of industrial activities. Design/Methodology/Approach: Legal and economic instruments currently used in local governments at their lowest level (commune) have been analyzed. The study used methods typical of social sciences, i.e., methods of empirical cognition, descriptive analysis, and deductive and inductive reasoning. In addition, the legal and dogmatic method was used in legal regulations analysis. The key tools of spatial policy were also analyzed: studies of spatial development conditions and directions as well as local spatial development plans in communes covered in the industrial use to the highest degree in these plans. Findings: Analysis of the instruments used by communes in Poland as part of industrial policy shows that they are not always adequate and keep up with the growing needs associated with strong changes in the organization of industry. Industrial policy at the local level in Poland is a relatively new phenomenon. Therefore, there is a lack of experience that would allow developing long-term legal and economic solutions. This would give communes the basis to develop stable plans and take action to develop Industry 4.0. The state should implement a program to help communes related to stimulation of desirable, i.e. modern industries. Practical Implications: Results of the analyses carried out should serve as the basis for verifying the legal regulations and economic instruments used by communes regarding industrial policy. Appropriate suggestions have been made in this regard. Originality/Value: This is the first comprehensive study for Poland, and its value is because this country before 1989 developed in the conditions of a centrally controlled economy and socialist, accelerated industrialization. After 1989, industrial policy was considered a "communist survival" with great disadvantage to the development of the country. It has only been in recent years in public debate and top-level government documents that this issue has been restored to its due rank.


The aim of this study is to investigate the adjustment speed towards target capital structures of the publicly-traded firms in Turkey for the period 2003-2016. To observe the impact of the 2007-2009 global financial crisis on the adjustment speed, additional estimations for the sub-periods are also employed. Consistent with the dynamic trade-off theory, Turkish firms adjust their capital structures to reach the target but the adjustment speed is relatively slow. The findings reveal that firms tend to close the gap between their current and target level of leverage by approximately 12% - 14%, each year. However, the adjustment speed is significantly lower for the post-crisis period (9% - 10%) than the crisis and pre-crisis periods (14%-16%). Additional findings also show that over-levered firms tend to adjust their capital structures more quickly than the under-levered firms. The findings are robust to different methods of estimations and also different considerations of the time periods.


9,9′-Bifluorenylidene (BFN) derivatives, in which the two fluorene moieties are connected via a CC double bond at the 9-position, are expected to show singlet fission (SF) character in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Due to steric repulsion between the hydrogen atoms at the 1,8- and 1′,8′-positions, the two fluorene planes of BFN are twisted by 31° with respect to each other. DFT calculations suggest that this deviation from coplanarity lowers the T1 energy level of BFN to approximately half that of S1. We synthesized a molecular alkylbithiophene-substituted BFN and a copolymer of diketopyrrolopyrrole and BFN. The optoelectronic properties of these compounds were investigated, and OPV devices using these BFNs as a p-type material were fabricated. The device composed of the polymeric BFN derivative achieved a power conversion efficiency of 4.9%. The observed negative dependence of the photocurrent on the magnetic field suggested that the triplet excitons of the molecular BFN derivatives contribute to the photocurrent in these OPV devices.


This paper discusses a method of constructing television cameras that use image stabilization based on a direct method of measuring the image displacement relative to a photodetector array by means of two supplementary orthogonal linear photodetectors. It is shown that the proposed approach makes it possible in the parabolic approximation of the correlation function to substantially expand the range of velocities of the viewing axis for which motion distortions are masked by noise.


Ethics is not a substantial subject restricted to the area of philosophical debates. The ethical process related to advertising begins when individuals and groups believe that advertising is harmful. Such beliefs may prove valid, depending on the target audience of the marketers and the intentions of the advertisers. One area of concern which has recently generated major consideration arises from children being the focus of marketing and advertising. Concerns about children"s ability to fully understand advertising messages, as well as the discourse of consumer sovereignty, has by now permeated and motivated extensive research and has prompted authors in various countries to explore the contextual factors and issues associated with advertising to children.


Fluctuations in the volume and the value of financial remittances received from abroad affect the livelihood of households in developing economies across the world. Yet, political scientists have little to say about how changes in remittances, as opposed to the receipt of remittance payments alone, affect recipients' political attitudes. Relying on a unique four-wave panel study of Kyrgyz citizens between 2010–2013 and a cross-sectional sample of 28 countries in Central Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, we show that when people experience a decrease (increase) in remittances, they become less (more) satisfied about their household economic situation and misattribute responsibility to the incumbent at home. Our findings advance the literature on the political consequences of remittance payments and suggest that far from exclusively being an international risk-sharing mechanism for developing countries, remittances can also drive fluctuations in incumbent approval and compromise rudimentary accountability mechanisms in the developing world.


Graph embedding, which represents real-world entities in a mathematical space, has enabled numerous applications such as analyzing natural languages, social networks, biochemical networks, and knowledge bases. It has been experimentally shown that graph embedding in hyperbolic space can represent hierarchical tree-like data more effectively than embedding in linear space, owing to hyperbolic space's exponential growth property. However, since the theoretical comparison has been limited to ideal noiseless settings, the potential for the hyperbolic space's property to worsen the generalization error for practical data has not been analyzed. In this paper, we provide a generalization error bound applicable for graph embedding both in linear and hyperbolic spaces under various negative sampling settings that appear in graph embedding. Our bound states that error is polynomial and exponential with respect to the embedding space's radius in linear and hyperbolic spaces, respectively, which implies that hyperbolic space's exponential growth property worsens the error. Using our bound, we clarify the data size condition on which graph embedding in hyperbolic space can represent a tree better than in Euclidean space by discussing the bias-variance trade-off. Our bound also shows that imbalanced data distribution, which often appears in graph embedding, can worsen the error.


Data from the 1998 survey "Divorce in the Netherlands" (N = 2,223) are used to analyze differences in loneliness among divorced and married men and women. The results indicate that it makes sense to distinguish social from emotional loneliness. This is consistent with the deficit perspective, which posits that the absence of specific types of relationships is associated with specific forms of loneliness. Whereas social loneliness is largely attributable to support network deficits, emotional loneliness is associated with the absence of a partner. In line with the cognitive perspective, the results show that greater insight into loneliness is obtained when discrepancies in relationships are considered. Divorcees who attach great importance to having a partner and people whose marriages are conflict ridden tend to have the highest levels of emotional loneliness. Our study shows that to explain loneliness, one should take not only characteristics of people's relationships into consideration, but also their relationship preferences. The investment hypothesis, which also follows from the cognitive perspective, is not supported by the data. There is no indication that those who attach greater importance to having a partner invest less in relationships with friends, relatives, and colleagues and therefore show high levels of social loneliness. Consistent gender differences are observed: Men, regardless of partner status, tend to attach greater importance to having a partner than do women, and they tend to have smaller support networks and higher levels of social loneliness. Among the divorced, men are more apt to suffer from emotional loneliness than are women.


The central principle of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, now incorporated into the rules of the World Trade Organization, is the prohibition of discriminatory restrictions on international trade. However, some scholars contend that GATT applies only to trade restrictions adopted to protect domestic industry from foreign competition or for other economic purposes, and not to restrictions adopted for non-economic foreign policy reasons. While this purported foreign policy exception has been endorsed by the Restatement, it has received little critical attention from commentators. Recent developments in the WTO have made the legitimacy of the exception a matter of pressing concern not just to scholars of international trade law but to the free trade system itself. Saudi Arabia is expected to be admitted into the organization in the next few years. However, Saudi Arabia maintains a total boycott of Israel and a secondary and tertiary boycott of firms and individuals in the United States and elsewhere that trade with Israel. The boycott is part of the Arab League Boycott of Israel. This Article uses the occasion of Saudi Arabia's accession bid to examine the unresolved issue of whether GATT applies to trade restrictions imposed for purely foreign policy purposes. It finds that such an exception would be inconsistent with the language, structure, usage, purpose, and history of GATT. This in turn shows that Saudi Arabia's secondary and tertiary boycott violates WTO rules. Thus the accession of nations, like Saudi Arabia, that maintain the secondary and tertiary prongs of the Arab League Boycott would undermine the WTO's commitment to free trade and injure existing members. The Article concludes that these harms could not be redressed within the WTO framework, and thus the best way to avoid them is to condition accession on a termination of the secondary and tertiary boycott.


OBJECTIVE. To describe our experience with the endoscopic management of intraventricular tumors, analyzing biopsy effectiveness, and to compare our results with those obtained from an extensive literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between 2003 and 2010, 31 patients aged between 7 months and 77 years, diagnosed of solid and/or cystic intra and/or periventricular tumors, underwent neuroendoscopic biopsy. We analyze operative technique, pathological result, management of associated hydrocephalus, rate of complications and postoperative technique. RESULTS. 32 endoscopic procedures were done and biopsy was successfully performed in 28 cases, with positive histological result in 25 of them (78% success rate per procedure and 89% success rate per biopsy). Most frequent pathological diagnosis was grade II astrocytoma. 30 patients had associated hydrocephalus that required endoscopic third ventriculostomy (19 cases, with 73.7% success rate) and/or septostomy (12 patients, 3 associated with ventriculostomy and 9 with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt). Frameless neuronavigation was used in three selected cases. During the surgery and the postoperative period the following complications appeared: intraventricular hemorrhage in four cases (two of them died), seizures in two patients, new neurological findings in three cases (Parinaud's sign, transient palsy of third cranial nerve and hemiparesis associated with palsy of third cranial nerve), and cerebrospinal fluid leak and infection in one case. 19 patients received subsequent treatment (microsurgical resection in 1, radiosurgery in 2, radiotherapy in 8, chemotherapy in 5 and chemo-radiotherapy in 3). CONCLUSIONS. Endoscopic management of intraventricular and/or periventricular brain tumors is effective, and allow diagnostic biopsy and simultaneous treatment of the associated hydrocephalus in many cases. So, it could be the treatment of choice in those tumors that are not suitable for microsurgical resection. Although this technique is not exempt of serious complications, morbimortality could be lower than conventional microsurgical approach.


Decentralized optimization is increasingly popular in machine learning for its scalability and efficiency. Intuitively, it should also provide better privacy guarantees, as nodes only observe the messages sent by their neighbors in the network graph. But formalizing and quantifying this gain is challenging: existing results are typically limited to Local Differential Privacy (LDP) guarantees that overlook the advantages of decentralization. In this work, we introduce pairwise network differential privacy, a relaxation of LDP that captures the fact that the privacy leakage from a node $u$ to a node $v$ may depend on their relative position in the graph. We then analyze the combination of local noise injection with (simple or randomized) gossip averaging protocols on fixed and random communication graphs. We also derive a differentially private decentralized optimization algorithm that alternates between local gradient descent steps and gossip averaging. Our results show that our algorithms amplify privacy guarantees as a function of the distance between nodes in the graph, matching the privacy-utility trade-off of the trusted curator, up to factors that explicitly depend on the graph topology. Finally, we illustrate our privacy gains with experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets.


Active database systems are systems that detect events and trigger actions as a result of this detection. Active capabilities are provided by a set of rules, such that each rule consists of three components (event, condition, and action). A major performance issue in active databases is the issue of relationships among rule components. Current implementations of triggers do not allow flexibility in the selection of transaction policies (partition of rules to transactions); the intertransaction timing policies of rules' components, the intratransaction policies of commit and abort dependencies, and synchronization issues. While these decisions have a substantial impact on the application performance, they are not provided as design primitives; one of the reasons for that is that it is very difficult to manually tune these decisions. In some research prototypes of active databases, these relationships are encapsulated into a set of coupling modes. Each coupling mode represents a combination of decisions about the partition of rule components to transactions, the relative timing within a transaction, and the interrelationships among these transactions. We describe a self-tuning model that operates on a general active database. The optimization model strives to minimize a programmable goal function that reflects the system designer's preferences and the system behavior and the applications' semantics through constraint definitions. The tuning model strives to optimize the mutual relationships among the system rules' components.


OBJECTIVES
The objective was to critically appraise and highlight rigorous education research study articles published in 2014 whose outcomes advance the science of emergency medicine (EM) education.

METHODS
A search of the English language literature in 2014 querying Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsychINFO, PubMed, and Scopus identified 243 EM-related articles using either quantitative (hypothesis-testing or observational investigations of educational interventions) or qualitative (exploring important phenomena in EM education) methods. Two reviewers independently screened all of the publications using previously established exclusion criteria. Six reviewers then independently scored the 25 selected publications using either a qualitative or a quantitative scoring system. Each scoring system consisted of nine criteria. Selected criteria were based on accepted educational review literature and chosen a priori. Both scoring systems use parallel scoring metrics and have been used previously within this annual review.

RESULTS
Twenty-five medical education research papers (22 quantitative, three qualitative) met the criteria for inclusion and were reviewed. Five quantitative and two qualitative studies were ranked most highly by the reviewers as exemplary and are summarized in this article.

CONCLUSIONS
This annual critical appraisal series highlights seven excellent EM education research studies, meeting a priori criteria and published in 2014. Methodologic strengths in the 2014 papers are noted, and current trends in medical education research in EM are discussed.