A multiple-fatality outdoor education event in New Zealand in 2008 revealed that a 'systems approach' towards managing risks and training staff, was widely considered to be normal and 'best practice'. This approach champions audit trails and economic efficiency, and one of its characteristics is the volume of paperwork required. One of the unacknowledged repercussions of this approach is a compartmentalization of knowledge and responsibility. But best practice was not always like this. A Foucauldian discourse analysis was employed to understand how best practice has changed and what the roots of those changes were. Disconcertingly, the 'systems approach' continues to dominate outdoor education organisations, and the conditions that appeared to play a part in the tragedy of 2008 are still considered 'normal'.


Several software projects are over budgeted or have to face failures during operations. One big reason of this is Software Company develops wrong software due to wrong interpretation of requirements. Requirements engineering is one of the well known discipline within Software engineering which deals with this problem. RE is the process of eliciting, analyzing and specifying requirements so that there won't be any ambiguity between the development company and the customers. Another emerging discipline within requirements engineering is requirements engineering for market driven projects. It deals with the requirements engineering of a product targeting a mass market. In this thesis, a maturity model is developed which can be used to assess the maturity of requirements engineering process for market driven projects. The objective of this model is to provide a quick assessment tool through which a company would be able to know what are the strengths and weaknesses of their requirements engineering process.


In Toward Camden, Mercy Romero writes about the relationships that make and sustain the largely African American and Puerto Rican Cramer Hill neighborhood in New Jersey where she grew up. She walks the city and writes outdoors to think about the collapse and transformation of property. She revisits lost and empty houses—her family's house, the Walt Whitman House, and the landscape of a vacant lot. Throughout, Romero engages with the aesthetics of fragment and ruin; her writing juts against idioms of redevelopment. She resists narratives of the city that are inextricable from crime and decline and witnesses everyday lives lived at the intersection of spatial and Puerto Rican diasporic memory. Toward Camden travels between what official reports say and what the city's vacant lots withhold.
 Duke University Press Scholars of Color First Book Award recipient


Community-produced spaces such as community gardens are attracting widespread scholarly interest for the potential of not only food production, but also for social, environmental, and educational benefits. Yet community gardens have also been scrutinized as sites of governmentality that produce neoliberal subjects. In this article, six case studies are analyzed as representative of three ways to organize and manage gardens—grassroots, externally-organized, and active nonprofit management. I use performativity theory to examine how definitions and enactments of community can be used to include, exclude, or bridge difference. The analysis highlights some of the specific moments in garden organizing and management that influence participation or resistance to community-oriented urban food production.


> 'A woman's gentle heart, but not acquainted with shifting change…'William Shakespeare, Sonnet 20

Elevated sympathetic activity, expressed as an increased release of cardioactive neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine, provides inotropic support to the heart and peripheral vasoconstriction, adapting cardiac performance to increased workload. Over time, however, the persistent and growing sympathetic efferent firing rate contributes to the adversities of cardiac remodelling, transitioning from compensation to heart failure (HF). Combined with defective neuronal catecholamine reuptake,1 this neurohormonal overdrive favours accumulation of large amounts of NE (and other monoamines) in the cardiac sympathetic neuroeffector junctions. Neuronal membrane transporters, such as NE transporter (NET), that display high affinity for NE recapture these mediators into the sympathetic terminals. In control subjects, the NET removes more than 90% of NE from the junction, while the remainder is cleared via extraneuronal carriers and circulatory dissipation.2 NET centrality is attested by the fact that animal1 or human3 HF is characterised by a loss in its function, leading to decreased NE stores,2 4 almost a doubling of NE extraneuronal clearance, and contractile impairment. Furthermore, NET−/− mice display excessive tachycardia and raised blood pressure with wakefulness and physical activity.5

Gender often imparts divergent autonomic nervous modulation to heart function. Women have greater parasympathetic tone and less sympathetic control of heart rate (HR), but with higher HR at rest. Men have increased catecholamine response and higher systolic and mean arterial pressure in response to exercise.6 After strenuous exercise, male triathletes have attenuated chronotropic/inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation compared with female triathletes,7 suggesting a greater reduction in cardiac β-receptor responsiveness in males. As a key carrier associated with sympathetic activity, NET is not immune from gender-sensitive issues. Testing the effects of NET inhibition with reboxetine in 12 healthy men and …


Scoliosis is a spinal deformity characterised by lateral curvatures of the spine. It typically occurs during adolescence, but in rare incidences can occur in young children. In adolescents, if severe or progressive, surgical treatment in the form of spinal fusion using screw and rod constructs may take place. However, in younger patients the spine and lungs are still growing, therefore, fusion is not recommended before the age of eight years. For early onset scoliosis fusionless techniques are used, with the current gold standard being traditional growing rods, incorporating pedicle screws and rods, which are periodically lengthened through frequent surgical interventions. Due to the number surgeries throughout the treatment period, this treatment suffers from high complication rates. As this treatment is far from ideal, alternative treatments are being explored to reduce these issues. This thesis describes the initial development of an alternative implant for the treatment of early onset scoliosis to alleviate the issues of traditional growing rods. The implant was based on a pedicle screw and rod system, but incorporated a bearing component to allow free extension of the construct without the need for further surgery. The development of the implant design was achieved through finite element analysis of individual components and of constructs using contact conditions. It was initially intended to use a UHMWPE bearing component incorporating a crosslink and Ti-6Al-4V sliding rod, with a commercially available pedicle screw. However, issues of the construct size lead to the development of a novel screw design incorporating an alumina bearing, a decoupled crosslink and CoCrMo sliding rod. The results of the finite element analysis show that an implant incorporating an alumina bearing component is a promising area for development, however, additional investigations of the construct are still required.


In the UK context, it is important to acknowledge that there are multiple change drivers in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) that result in a proliferation of foci. Gornitzka (1999) and Allen (2003) suggest that the distinctiveness of governance, professional autonomy and the tradition of academic freedom in HEIs should be reflected in change processes, and therefore traditional frameworks for change could be adapted in an attempt to research and manage change. This paper explores how theoretical and practical tools for managing and researching change can be integrated in order to support change, whilst reflecting on the methods used. The journey of the authors towards the development of a holistic framework for researching and supporting change in Higher Education (HE), with a focus on two HEIs, is explored. The synergies of Lean Management (Wincel and Krull, 2013), Appreciative Inquiry (Cooperrider and Srivastva 1987), and Participatory Action Research (Greenwood et al, 1993) are examined through three stages of practice-based fieldwork to establish their positioning within a holistic tripartite framework for researching and supporting organizational change. The benefits and challenges of this framework are discussed with attention to the importance of future research to provide more evidence of the impact of this framework.


The study of parent-child representations across cultures is important in order to obtain a proper understanding of the attributes, size and positioning of such figures as indicators of different interaction patterns across cultures. A thorough base of research evidence for the interpretation of children's drawings may facilitate work in multicultural educational settings and enhance our understanding of cultural diversity in schools. Italy provides an ideal context for the study of parent-child representations, as the country has witnessed increasing cultural diversity in recent years with the immigration of various ethnic groups. This study examined the extent to which this context influences children's representations in domains of Cohesion (interpersonal bonding), Similarity (affinity) and Value (spatial relevance) among parent-child figures because these domains inform important representational processes of interpersonal bonding with parents across specific cultures. The Pictorial Assessment of Interpersonal Relationships (PAIR) was used to codify drawings of 326 children with Albanian (n = 59), Serbian (n = 85) and Italian (n = 182) backgrounds. The results showed that in drawings made by Albanian and Serbian children parental figures were drawn similar to and close to the child figure representing their less independent reciprocal stance. The parental figures drawn by Italian children appear bigger and farther apart. Important implications may be derived from the results in facilitating work in multicultural educational settings, by enhancing knowledge regarding cultural diversity in schools.


Employee drug testing is an invasive and controversial new social control policy that burst into the American work place during the war on drugs of the 1980s. Workers, judges, and politicians divided over whether it was an unnecessary and unconstitutional program of surveillance or an effective and appropriate new weapon in the anti-drug arsenal. When the dust had settled, the new technique was widely used and had been strongly approved by the United States Supreme Court. This raises the fundamental question: Why was the momentum behind testing so strong and the opposition to testing so ineffective?Drawing on theories of ideological hegemony and legal mobilization, John Gilliom begins the search for answers with an examination of how the imagery of a national drug crisis served as the legitimating context for the introduction of testing. "Surveillance, Privacy, and the Law" then moves beyond the specific history of testing and frames the new policy within a broader transformation of social control policy seen by students of political economy, society, and culture. The book cites survey research among skilled workers and analyzes court opinions to highlight the sharply polarized opinions in the workplaces and courthouses of America. Although federal court decisions show massive and impassioned disagreement among judges, the new conservative Supreme Court comes down squarely behind testing. Its ruling embraces surveillance technology, rejects arguments against testing, and undermines future opposition to policies of general surveillance."Surveillance, Privacy, and the Law "portrays the apparent triumph of testing policies as a victory for the conservative law-and-order movement and a stark loss for the values of privacy and autonomy. As one episode in a broader move toward a surveillance society, the battle over employee drug testing raises disturbing questions about future struggles over revolutionary new means of surveillance and control.John Gilliom is Professor of Political Science, Ohio University.


Western life pattern which emphasize on freedom in all aspects, caused a new phenomena stroke on teenagers. One of them is nightHang Out Habit (dugem). The general causes made the teenagers choose this lifestyle was to fulfill the needs of teenagers. Every individual needs are different, it influenced by the background of family. Parents treatment also showed certain characteristic which influenced the child life in the future. From above statement, there explained that parental pattern and child characteristic has strong relationship, in other words, the
children's attitude in the next day would be influenced by the way parents keep, care, andeducating their children so that they chose to do nightHang Out activities as their way to satisfy their hope. The statement of problems from this research were how the family profile of adolescent with night hangout habit.
The method used was qualitative. Subject in the research were 5 families whose child did night hang out activity. Data collection method used in the research was interview. Data validation was done by triangulation. Result find in this research could be explained by two factors. They were
family interaction, where stated that family interaction of adolescent with nighthang out habit has some estrangement and improper communication, in the end there was conflict, especially parents with child or adolescent who did dugem activity. There was estrangement between parents and child, in the family there was perfunctory activity, and the worst, parents didn't pay attention to the child development who grew into adolescent. The second was parental pattern, where the family parental pattern has tendency to avoid their children. They never gave
responsibility, only fulfilling material needs, without thinking child needs, emotional care and support.


The aim of the paper is to analyse the territorial disparities of the drinking water infrastructure in the Oltenia Plain. The study focuses on the following main aspects, specific for the general dynamic of water infrastructure development in the last decade: - the increase in the number of human settlements connected to drinking water network; - quantitative aspects of drinking water production (cubic meters/ day) and different types of consumers (thousand cubic meters). The article intends to highlight the data-base on NUTS V level (TEMPO Online time series, National Institute of Statistics) and to map the main changes registered by the statistical indicators used for the analysis: the number of territorial-administrative units (ATU) connected to the drinking water network, the length of the drinking water infrastructure, the capacity of installations to produce drinking water, the consumption of water by the different types of consumers). In the Oltenia Plain the extension of the number of ATUs connected to the drinking water network was linked with the development of the regional operator in water management, Water Company Oltenia. Despite its weaknesses, this main actor on the watermarket of Oltenia will install workstations in two small towns (Băilesti and Calafat), assuring better water services in a relatively large area of the Oltenia Plain. During the last ten years, the water infrastructure became more accessible for the rural settlements and population. The production of drinking water decreased (the capacity of installations to produce drinking water in 2008 was smaller by 1.1% than in 2000) in the last decade, this dynamic being related to the negative evolution of total population (a decrease by 98,736 inhabitants between 1990 and 2009) in the Oltenia Plain, and to decline of agricultural and industrial activities. The two types of consumers (the householders and other consumers = economic actors) differ concerning the rate of the decrease in their consumption: the household type consumption drops only by 17%, compared with 49.2% specific for the other consumers. This dynamic should be explained by the reduction in economic activities, great water consumers (e.g. agriculture and industry).


A Survey of Metaphysics provides a systematic overview of modern metaphysics, covering all of the most important topics likely to be encountered on a metaphysics course. The conception of metaphysics underlying the book is the fairly traditional and widely-shared one that metaphysics deals with the deepest questions that can be raised concerning the fundamental structure of reality as a whole. The book is divided into six main parts, each relatively self-contained, focusing in turn on the following major themes: identity and change, necessity and essence, causation, agency and events, space and time, and universals and particulars. In an introductory chapter, the conception of metaphysics underlying the book is explained and defended against the many and varied opponents of metaphysics those students are likely to encounter. While the book makes reference when necessary to the history of metaphysics, its emphasis is on contemporary views and issues. The author's approach is not narrowly partisan, but avoids bland neutrality in matters of controversy.


We analyse a sample of funds and other securities each assigned a total rating score by an unknown expert entity. The scores are based on a number of risk and complexity factors, each assigned a category (factor score) of Low, Medium, or High by the expert entity. A principal component analysis of the data reveals that based on the chosen risk factors alone we cannot identify a single underlying latent source of risk in the data. Conversely, the chosen complexity factors are clearly related to one or two underlying sources of complexity. For the sample we find a clear positive relation between the first principal component and the total expert score. An attempt to match the securities' expert score by linear projection of their individual factor scores yields a best case correlation between expert score and projection of 0.9952. However, the sum of squared differences is, at 46.5552, still notable.


The incidence of diastolic heart failure increases dramatically with age. We investigated the impact of long-term exercise training on age-related diastolic dysfunction. Old (25-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats were studied after 12 weeks of treadmill exercise training or sedentary cage life (N=7, in each group). We determined cardiac performance using a pressure-volume conductance catheter and magnetic resonance imaging. Collagen volume fraction (CVF) and myocardial collagen solubility by pepsin as an index of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) cross-linked collagen were measured. The maximal slope of systolic pressure increment (+dP/dt) and the slope of end-systolic pressure-volume relation were higher, and end diastolic volume (EDV), ΔEDV (the percentage of the EDV increment-to-baseline EDV) and the slope of end-diastolic pressure-volume relation were lower in training group. The maximal slope of diastolic pressure decrement (-dP/dt) and time constant of LV pressure decay (τ) had no difference. AGEs cross-linked collagen, not CVF was reduced by exercise training. Long-term exercise training appears to attenuate age-related deterioration in cardiac systolic function and myocardial stiffness and could be reduce in pathologic AGEs cross-linked collagen in myocardium.


The results of geological mapping in the western part of the Northern Range of Trinidad are shown on 1:25,000 maps. The stratigraphy of the Caribbean group, low grade metamorphics more than 2500 m thick, has been revised. Type sections of the Maraval, Maracas and chancellor formations are established. Correlation with neighbouring area is suggested. The Maraval formation is the oldest in the area, probably Upper Jurassic; it consists of more than 500 m marbles and limestones. The base is not seen. The Maracas formation, also probably Upper Jurassic, lies above the marvel formation. It is approximately 1500 m thick and consists of slates, quartzites and phyllites. Rare volcanic ashes are found. Sedimentary structures suggest palaeocurrent directions from north to south and deposition as turbidites. The chancellor formation lies above the maracas formation and is probably lower cretaceous in age. It is approximately 500 m thick and consists of bedded limestones and phyllites with rare quartzites. It has been divided into four members. On the island of Monos it contains channels of conglomerates in the upper limestones member. The laventille formation, lower cretaceous, lies along the south flank of the Northern Range and is less metamorphosed than its equivalent the chancellor formation. There are two facies – massive limestones and a predominantly shale succession. Evaporates occur. Autobrecciation occurs in the limestones and a zone of contemporaneous dislocation lies along the eastern edge of the massive limestones. The morvant beds consist of shales, sandstones and exotic blocks. They are probably the extension of the upper cretaceous galera formation. Recumbent anticlines overturned to the north form the main part of the Northern Range. Three phases of folding can be recognised. Thrusting occurs parallel to the exes of the folds. The El Pilar fault and similar major E-W faults developed later. These have been described as wrenches but horizontal displacement is unclear, although major vertical movement is described. The main metamorphism is believed to be tectonic, contemporary with the major folding at the end of the Lower Cretaceous. Further deformation occurred in Upper Cretaceous time. Faulting continued through the Tertiary.


Your guide to nursing research at MSMU, including top nursing resources, as well as information on health statistics, evidence-based practice, drugs and toxicology, human anatomy, tests and measures, research support, and more.


We report source parameters for eight earthquakes in East Africa obtained using a number of techniques, including (1) inversion of long-pcriod P and SH waves for momcnt tcnsors and source-time functions, (2) forward modelling of first-motion polarities and P and p P amplitudes on short-period seismograms, and (3) determination of pP-P and sP-P differential traveltimes from short-period records. The foci of these earthquakes lie between depths of 24 and 34km in Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere, and all but one fault-plane solution indicates normal faulting (primarily E-W extension), consistent with the regional stress regime in East Africa. Because many of these earthquakes occurred in areas where the crust may have been thinned by rifting, it is difficult to ascertain whether or not their foci lie within the lower crust or upper mantle. Some of them, however, occurred away from rift structures in Proterozoic crust that is possibly 35-40 km thick or thicker. and thus they probably nucleated within the lower crust. Strength profile calcula-tions suggest that in order to account for seismogenic (i.e. brittle) behaviour at sufficient depths to explain lower crustal earthquakes in East Africa, the lower crust must not only be composed of mafic lithologies, as suggested by previous investigators, but also that significantly more heat (-100 per cent) must come from the upper crust than predicted by the crustal heat source distribution obtained from a 1-D interpretation of the linear relationship between heat flow and heat production observed in Proterozoic terrains within eastern and southern Africa. mafic swarms throughout East Africa provide evidence for magmatic events which could have dclivered large amounts of mafic material to the lower crust over a very broad area, thus explaining why the lower crust in East Africa might be mafic away from the volcanogenic rift valleys.


Abstract Focusing on a series of exhibitions of modern art from the 1950s to the early 1970s, this article traces the frictions between two related, yet separate endeavors during the first postwar decades: on the one hand, the historicizing of modernism as a specifically European story; and on the other, the constitution of an all-encompassing concept of "World Art" that would integrate all periods and cultures into a single narrative. The strategies devised by exhibition organizers, analyzed here, sought to maintain the distance between World Art and modernism, and thus deferred the possibility of a more geographically expansive view of twentieth-century art. Realist art from the Soviet bloc and elsewhere occupied an uneasy position in such articulations between World Art and modernism, and its inclusion in exhibitions of modern art often led to the destabilizing of their narratives. Such approaches are contrasted here with the prominent place given to both realism and non-Euro-American art from the twentieth century in the Soviet Universal History of Art, published from 1956 to 1965. Against the context of current efforts at a "global" perspective on modern art, this article foregrounds the instances when the inner contradictions of late modernism's universalist claims were first exposed.


RTCA Special Committee SC-159 is in the process of updating Minimum Operation Performance Standards (MOPS) for airborne GNSS equipment. Part of that process is to update the assessment of GPS C/A code signal self-interference, which is currently documented in RTCA DO-235B. At the same time, C/A code self-interference has been the subject of discussions in various forums and ION papers in the past few years. Some would like to see various applications, including aviation, switch to the future L1C signal. Because of the delays in satellites that will broadcast that signal, plus the time it takes to field new GNSS receivers in aviation, the aviation community will not make that switch any time soon. Thus, the assessment of C/A code signal self-interference is important, especially since other GNSS satellite signals, like Galileo, Beidou, QZSS and the GPS P(Y) code overlay, or will overlay, the C/A code frequency spectrum and will cause some interference to the GPS C/A code. Thus, the purpose of this new more-accurate assessment is to evaluate compatibility in order to accept interference from these other GPS and non-GPS GNSS signals.
There are two very important parts of this reassessment that will aid refining the interference margin characterization – a combination of more accurate spectral separation functions coupled with the evaluation of self-interference to critical satellites alone. In previous evaluations, spectral separation took on only one value (in dB/Hz) for each interfering signal. In the new evaluations discussed in this paper, spectral separation varies with Doppler and code phase differences between critical satellites and the interfering satellites.


The endocannabinoid system represents a potential therapeutic target in sepsis due to the presence of cannabinoid receptors (CB2) on immune cells. In this review we discuss how various targets within the endocannabinoid system can be manipulated to treat the immune consequences of sepsis. One of the targets outlined are the endocannabinoid receptors and modulation of their activity through pharmacological agonists and antagonists. Another therapeutic target covered in this review is the modulation of the endocannabinoid degradative enzyme's activity. Modulation of degradative enzyme activity can change the levels of endogenous cannabinoids thereby altering immune activity. Overall, activation of the CB2 receptors causes immunosuppression and can be beneficial during the hyperactivated immune state of sepsis, while suppression of the CB2 receptors may be beneficial during a hypoimmune septic state.


As of 2012, it was estimated that there were more than 30,000 active gangs in the United States with at least 850,000 members. Despite significant challenges that criminal justice agencies and personnel face in treating and supervising gang members, few studies have examined adult gang member outcomes and the effects of community supervision on gang-affiliated offenders. Recent research demonstrates mixed evidence that high-risk offenders have better outcomes in smaller problem-solving courts and programs, which have dual emphasis on rehabilitation and deterrence-based approaches to corrections. This study evaluates the efficacy of the Supervision with Immediate Enforcement (SWIFT) Court Program for young adult gang–affiliated probationers compared with non-SWIFT gang members and high-risk non-gang offenders. Findings indicated SWIFT had a moderate deterrent impact on offending compared with alternative probation sanctions. Results and discussion related to problem-solving courts and policy-related issues surrounding gang-affiliated and youthful violent offenders are offered.


Abstract This article aims to acknowledge and articulate the notion of "humanitarian experimentation". Whether through innovation or uncertain contexts, managing risk is a core component of the humanitarian initiative – but all risk is not created equal. There is a stark ethical and practical difference between managing risk and introducing it, which is mitigated in other fields through experimentation and regulation. This article identifies and historically contextualizes the concept of humanitarian experimentation, which is increasingly prescient, as a range of humanitarian subfields embark on projects of digitization and privatization. This trend is illustrated here through three contemporary examples of humanitarian innovations (biometrics, data modelling, cargo drones), with references to critical questions about adherence to the humanitarian "do no harm" imperative. This article outlines a broad taxonomy of harms, intended to serve as the starting point for a more comprehensive conversation about humanitarian action and the ethics of experimentation.


High-throughput experimental methods, such as DNA and protein microarrays, have become ubiquitous and indispensable tools in biology and biomedicine, and the number of high-throughput technologies is constantly increasing. They provide the power to measure thousands of properties of a biological system in a single experiment and have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of biology and medicine. However, the high expectations on high-throughput methods are challenged by the problem to statistically model the wealth of data in order to translate it into concrete biological knowledge, new drugs, and clinical practices. In particular, the huge number of properties measured in high-throughput experiments makes statistical model selection and assessment exigent. To use high-throughput data in critical applications, it must be warranted that the models we construct reflect the underlying biology and are not just hypotheses suggested by the data. We must furthermore have a clear picture of the risk of making incorrect decisions based on the models. The rapid improvements of computers and information technology have opened up new ways of how the problem of model selection and assessment can be approached. Specifically, eScience, i.e. computationally intensive science that is carried out in distributed network envi- ronments, provides computational power and means to efficiently access previously acquired scientific knowledge. This thesis investigates how we can use eScience to improve our chances of constructing biologically relevant models from high-throughput data. Novel methods for model selection and assessment that leverage on computational power and on prior scientific information to "guide" the model selection to models that a priori are likely to be relevant are proposed. In addition, a software system for deploying new methods and make them easily accessible to end users is presented.


The social, economic and environmental vulnerability of communities to natural hazards such as coastal inundation, riverine flooding and water security is increasing through the cumulative effect of different climatic and non-climatic factors. Formulating a basis upon which to make adaptation decisions (whether project or policy related) to strengthen community resilience to natural hazards is challenging, with uncertainty present in many data inputs. Sources of uncertainty include site-specific climatic projections, current economic and social cost-benefit valuation methodologies along with varying community preferences. Various adaptation 'frameworks' have been put forward in the published literature. However, practical guidance for decision-makers looking to adapt to the climatic hazards can be unclear, with many different information sets being used, various data sources available, ambiguity on risk ownership and the influence of local political environments. A further challenge faced by stakeholders in following adaptation frameworks is the variability in methodologies and assumption used to define inputs to cost-benefit analysis. This paper discusses established adaptation frameworks and considers how changing natural hazards could be accounted for in cost-benefit analysis using common methodologies. We construct synthetic damage curves for riverine flooding to illustrate how risk-based damage estimates can be determined from natural hazards in future climate scenarios and compared with the benefits of adaptation. The paper finishes by identifying key challenges and future directions towards a generalized adaptation framework to help build resilience and manage the risks against changing natural hazards.


Identity Management has been a serious problem since the establishment of the Internet. Yet little progress has been made toward an acceptable solution. Early Identity Management Systems (IdMS) were designed to control access to resources and match capabilities with people in well-defined situations, Today's computing environment involves a variety of user and machine centric forms of digital identities and fuzzy organizational boundaries. With the advent of interorganizational systems, social networks, e-commerce, m-commerce, service oriented computing, and automated agents, the characteristics of IdMS face a large number of technical and social challenges. The first part of the tutorial describes the history and conceptualization of IdMS, current trends and proposed paradigms, identity lifecycle, implementation challenges and social issues. The second part addresses standards, industry initia-tives, and vendor solutions. We conclude that there is disconnect between the need for a universal, seamless, trans-parent IdMS and current proposed standards and vendor solutions.


Automated bilateral negotiations are an important mechanism to realize efficient distributed matching in the Navy detailing system, and the presence of outside options is an outstanding feature of the negotiations. In this report we provide an extensive literature review on the research of bilateral negotiations in the fields of Economics and Artificial Intelligence. Three important dimensions are described to identify the negotiation environment and to build a research model. Preliminary considerations and suggestions are given in these dimensions on modelling the system. The review suggests that negotiations with outside options is a new and important research problem, yet it can be addressed, based on the existing work.


The 5-year-old social media Web site Twitter now claims that more than 100 million users post 230 million "tweets" (text messages up to 140 characters long) every day. In that torrent of data, some social scientists see an unprecedented opportunity to study human communication and social networks. On page [1878][1] of this week's issue of Science , researchers report their effort to use Twitter to study the collective moods of millions of people in diverse cultures around the world in real time. Their findings paint a portrait of humanity's mood swings.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/333/6051/1878


Novell NetWare 6.5 Administrators Handbook is the Novell-authorized quick reference for NetWare administration covering all of the new features of NetWare 6.5. The release of NetWare 6.5 continues to redefine NetWare as a powerful Web-oriented platform for delivering a consistent, location independent view of users data and systems. The new features in NetWare 6.5 were designed around 3 main value propositions; The Virtual Office, Maintaining Business Continuity, and Delivering powerful new Web Services.Novell NetWare 6.5 Administrators Handbook helps the IT Professional integrate the benefits of NetWare 6.5 into an existing environment.


In this analysis we estimate the impact of the changing relative size of the adult male population classified by age and education groups on the earnings of employed males living in 502 Brazilian local labor markets during four time periods between 1970 and 2000. The effects of shifts in the age distribution of the working age population have been studied in relation to the effect of the baby-boom generation on the earnings of different cohorts in the U.S. However the question has received little attention in the context of the countries of Asia and Latin America which are now experiencing substantial shifts in their age-education distributions. Taking advantage of the huge variation across Brazilian local labor markets our models suggest that age-education groups are not perfect substitutes so that own cohort-education size depresses earnings as expected by the theory. Compositional shifts are influential attesting that this approach represents a fruitful way of studying this central problem in economic development going beyond the effects normally analyzed by formal labor market equations. (authors)


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine whether exogenous nitric oxide could block permeability alterations induced by neutrophil-independent (histamine) and neutrophil-dependent (CINC/gro) inflammatory mediators.

METHODS
Intravital microscopy was used in the rat mesentery to examine leukocyte adhesion, transvascular FITC-albumin leakage, and perivascular mast cell activation (ruthenium red uptake) in response to local superfusion with histamine or the chemokine CINC/gro. The effects of the nitric oxide donor spermine-NO, or the cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP were examined.

RESULTS
Histamine superfusion increased vascular protein leakage within minutes, but did not increase firm adhesion above that seen in control preparations. The increase in albumin leakage could be prevented by co-administration of spermine-NO, but was not affected by 8-Br-cGMP. CINC/gro elicited a linear increase in vascular protein leakage and a profound increase in leukocyte adhesion. Treatment with spermine-NO or 8-Br-cGMP significantly attenuated increases in both adhesion and albumin leakage. The actions of spermine-NO and 8-Br-cGMP were not due to mast cell stabilization as neither histamine nor CINC/gro elicited mast cell activation.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that exogenous nitric oxide and 8-Br-cGMP could block adhesion dependent alterations in vascular permeability induced by CINC/gro, while adhesion-independent alterations in permeability induced by histamine could be blocked by exogenous NO but not 8-Br-cGMP. This suggests that different NO-dependent signalling pathways are important in modulating these two types of vascular protein leakage.


Traffic calming is now a well known concept in the UK and it has proved successful in reducing the number of accidents where schemes have been installed. This Literature Review identifies the most frequently implemented traffic calming measures in the UK. Road humps are still the most popular calming measures but other measures can provide acceptable speed reductions for higher flow roads. With the introduction of the National Air Quality Strategy, some authorities may have to take remedial action where air quality objectives are not likely to be met. Such action may include the better management of traffic. Traffic calming has been identified as an approach that may influence emissions from road vehicles, and the Review describes the main steps in the assessment of the impact of traffic calming on vehicle emissions. This includes an examination of the changes in driver behaviour imposed by schemes, and a summary of research on the changes in emissions associated with traffic calming. There is currently only limited agreement on the effects of traffic calming schemes on vehicle emissions. The problems that traffic calming can introduce for public service vehicle operators and the emergency services are also mentioned briefly. (A)


In this study, we polymerized a 1,4-bis(3-phenylquinoxalin-2-yl)benzene unit with DPP and isoindigo units to produce four new polymers and deeply investigated the influence of DPP and isoindigo units on the semiconductor characteristics, band gap, and orientation properties of these polymers. The semiconductor characteristics were measured through flexible organic field effect transistors OFET fabricated by a homemade desktop 3D printer. The polymer with thiophene-based DDP (P2) exhibits the narrowest band gap, both edge-on & face-on orientation, and the highest mobility up to 0.50 cm2 V−1 s−1. The results also prove our accomplishment of lowering the threshold of fabricating 3D printed OFET devices.


An algorithm is proposed for extracting an object boundary from a low-quality image obtained by infrared sensors. With the training data set, the global shape is modelled by incorporating the statistical curvature model into the point distribution model (PDM). Simulation results show better performance than the PDM in the sense of computation speed and distortion under noise, pose variation and some kinds of occlusions.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends in Korea of nursing research using animals. Methods: 45 articles were reviewed with descriptive statistics from 2000 to 2015. Results: Nearly 50% of the studies were supported by research funds. Most of the animal species in the studies were rats (81.1%) and mice (15.6%). The major animal models for human disease were cerebrovascular diseases (24.4%), skin problems (17.8%), and nerve injuries (15.5%). Immunohistochemistry (24.3%) was mainly used as an experimental technique. The main intervention and treatments used in the studies were chemical treatments, exercise and surgery. Conclusion: In this review, relevant results were described to identify the trends of nursing research using animal experimentation in Korea. Expansion of various nursing research using animal models can be required for gaining knowledge applicable to the same conditions in humans.


This paper was prepared to facilitate an informed group discussion about the efficacy of batter intervention programs (BIPs). As it would become obvious from the structure of the paper, I am of the opinion that BIPs should be viewed as part of a broader systemic response designed to curb and eliminate men's use of violence against their female partners. With this in mind, I review data from studies on the effectiveness of court orders of protection for abuse victims, pro-arrest policies, "no-drop" prosecution policies, educational programs for men who batter, and coordinated community response initiatives. A systemic view on the effectiveness of interventions for men who batter is presented here as an antidote to what I consider to be a misguided proclivity by some IPV researchers to approach interventions with men who batter as discrete medical procedures rather than as social policies and practices intended to respond to individual, domestic, and social needs.


We present ShapeNet: a richly-annotated, large-scale repository of shapes represented by 3D CAD models of objects. ShapeNet contains 3D models from a multitude of semantic categories and organizes them under the WordNet taxonomy. It is a collection of datasets providing many semantic annotations for each 3D model such as consistent rigid alignments, parts and bilateral symmetry planes, physical sizes, keywords, as well as other planned annotations. Annotations are made available through a public web-based interface to enable data visualization of object attributes, promote data-driven geometric analysis, and provide a large-scale quantitative benchmark for research in computer graphics and vision. At the time of this technical report, ShapeNet has indexed more than 3,000,000 models, 220,000 models out of which are classified into 3,135 categories (WordNet synsets). In this report we describe the ShapeNet effort as a whole, provide details for all currently available datasets, and summarize future plans.


This paper outlines a novel, comprehensive framework for geolocalization, that is, determining the physical location of Internet hosts based on network measurements. The core insight behind this framework is to pose the geolocalization problem formally as one of error-minimizing constraint satisfaction, to create a system of constraints by deriving them aggressively from network measurements, and to solve the system using cheap and accurate geometric methods. The framework is general and accommodates both positive and negative constraints, that is, constraints on where the node can or cannot be, respectively. It can reason in the presence of uncertainty, enabling it to gracefully cope with aggressively derived constraints that may contain errors. Since the solution space is represented geometrically as a region bounded by Bezier curves, the framework yields an accurate set of all points where the target may be located. Preliminary results on PlanetLab show promise; the framework can localize the median node to within 22 miles, a factor of three better than previous approaches, with little error.


The paper is about the problem of reducing the power consumption in Video Distribution Networks (VDNs) under the condition of best performance provision in terms of Quality of Experience (QoE) measured at the end user. Related to this, it has been observed that, given an end-to-end video distribution network, it is the last networking segment ending to terminal that has the dominant role in the provision of end-user performance. On the other hand, the rest of the video distribution chain can be optimized such to reduce the power consumption under the requirements of provision of specific Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. The paper first provides an overview of VDNs, which is followed by a short presentation of the CONVINcE project. The second part is focused on the problems of performance provision in VDN in terms of best possible Quality of Experience and minimum end-to-end power consumption.


This thesis contains the results of two investigations: one into the nature of stars with degenerate neutron cores and the other into the interpretation of the phenomenology of luminous low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) displaying slow
quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in their X-ray flux. A star with a degenerate neutron core would be a red giant or supergiant. In this thesis we investigate the structure of such a supergiant, particularly examining
the energy production and seeking an identifying observational signature. This star is convective from near the photosphere down to the base of the envelope just
outside the degenerate core (radius 10 km). The star's luminosity comes from the rp-process in a convective burning region within 100 km of the base of the envelope. The convection brings fuel for the rp-process into the burning region from throughout the envelope and deposits the products of rp-burning back into the envelope, including the photosphere. After about 10^5 years, the abundances of Br, Rb, Y, and Nb at the surface of the star will be about 200 times greater than their solar abundances, and that of Mo, over 1000 times solar. A suitable observational signature would be the strong enhancement of absorption lines for these elements in the star's spectrum. As many as 10 of the nearest 100 red
supergiants (those within 5 kpc) could have neutron cores. The other investigation concerns a model of rapid accretion onto an unmagnetized neutron star with radius somewhat less than 6GM/c^2. This model is applied to the phenomenology of a class of LMXBs displaying slow (∼ 6 Hz)
QPOs in X-ray flux. These sources are highly luminous (approximately Eddington) and display what appears to be three modes ("branches") of accretion. In this model, at low accretion rates, the neutron star lies within the inner edge of the accretion disk, and matter is dripped onto the neutron star from the inner edge. As the accretion rate increases, the transition from the "horizontal branch"
to the "normal branch" occurs when the disk thickens and its inner edge touches the star and forms a boundary layer. The formation of a boundary layer changes the structure of the inner disk and the spectral character of the escaping X-rays. The transition from the normal branch to the "flaring branch" occurs when the boundary layer covers the whole surface of the neutron star and radiation escapes
primarily through convective instabilities. This thesis presents an exploration of this model, with an emphasis on establishing the plausibility that a neutron star could indeed lie inside an accretion disk accreting at the observed rate and that a change of mass accretion rate could push the inner radius onto the surface of the
star.


Constitutional controversies over executive nonenforcement have emerged as a major theme of the Obama Presidency. Yet similar controversies arose in other recent administrations — and in past debates, the two political parties' positions on this issue were often reversed. Building on previous work addressing constitutional principles that properly govern executive enforcement discretion, this brief symposium contribution reflects on these principles in light of our current, highly polarized politics. It does so in three ways. First, Part I provides historical perspective on current debates by describing major enforcement-related controversies from the Reagan and George W. Bush Administrations. Second, Part II proposes criteria for assessing how faithful an agency's enforcement policy is to the agency's underlying statutory mandate. As Part II explains, several qualities — most importantly, transparency and clarity — that are generally considered virtues in administrative law are often counterproductive in the enforcement context. Finally, Part III tentatively explores possible practical, political implications of weakening norms of executive enforcement obligation.


Aesthete, sensualist, bookworm, politician of Machiavellian cunning: Francois Mitterrand was a man of exceptional gifts and exceptional flaws who, during his fourteen years as President, strove to drag his tradition-bound and change-averse country into the modern world. As a statesman and as a human being, he was the incarnation of the mercurial, contrarian France which Britain and America find so perennially frustrating. He embodied the ambiguities and the contradictions of a nation whose modern identity is founded on a stubborn refusal to fit into the Anglo-American scheme of things. Yet he changed France more profoundly than any of his recent predecessors, arguably including even his great rival, Charles de Gaulle. During the war he was both the leader of a resistance movement and decorated for services to the collaborationist regime in Vichy. After flirting with the far Right, he entered parliament with the backing of conservatives and the Catholic Church before becoming the undisputed leader of the Left. As President he brought the French Communists into the government the better to destroy them. And all the while he managed to find time for an extraordinarily complicated private life. This is a human as much as a political biography, and a captivating portrait of a life that mirrored Mitterrand's times.


"Modernism: Designing a New World" is the first book to explore Modernism in the designed world from a truly international perspective, and across all the arts. It offers a reassessment of the idea of Modernism and reveals the fundamental ways in which it has shaped our own world and its visual culture. Modernism flourished during the years 1914 to 1939. As a movement it was the key point of reference for 20th century architecture, design and art. Modernists had a Utopian desire to create a better world, frequently combined with social and political beliefs that design and art could transform society. The range of objects illustrated - including painting, sculpture, film, photography, prints and collage as well as architecture, interiors, furniture, manufactured products, graphic and fashion design - reflect the period's emphasis on the unity of the arts and the key role of the fine arts in shaping contemporary visual culture.Europe and America take centre stage but the reach of Modernism is demonstrated by selected works from around the world, including Russia, Palestine and Japan.


Many academics become teachers without the help of formal professional learning. This study explores how a small group of academics have done this. The research aims to uncover the informal, experiential means whereby participants have constructed the knowledge about teaching and learning that underpins their pedagogies. The research begins with the assumption that three key elements play a major role in supporting academics' informal learning about teaching. These are a person's previous experiences of learning, their experience of being part of a particular academic environment and their personal or 'private' theories about teaching and learning, which are experientially based.

Life narratives were collected from a small group of university teachers who participated in qualitative interviews and provided written evidence of their experiences, practices and philosophies of teaching. The research uses an ethnographic, interpretive approach to collect and analyse data in which participants' voices are foregrounded. The researcher's life narratives also form part of the final thesis, demonstrating an 'engaged' approach to research and providing explicit evidence of the researcher's positioning in relation to the subject matter of the thesis.

The research reveals the importance for participants of a 'teaching self' or consistent identity that develops in early life and continues through to the adult professional context. This identity forms a basis for participants' teaching practices. The challenges experienced by participants when institutional practices do not support or help maintain this identity are discussed, as are the processes whereby participants seek out like-minded colleagues with whom to engage in 'professional conversations' about teaching. The research reveals strong connections between participants' sense of 'self' and the principles underpinning their pedagogies, and the thesis concludes with some suggestions about how the concept of the 'teaching self' might be used to support all teachers engaged in professional learning. Finally, the research advocates 'reflexivity' on the part of teachers, whereby a critical awareness of biography helps locate practice in the cultural and social environment in which it develops.


Existing deep learning methods for solving mean-field games (MFGs) with common noise fix the sampling common noise paths and then solve the corresponding MFGs. This leads to a nested-loop structure with millions of simulations of common noise paths in order to produce accurate solutions, which results in prohibitive computational cost and limits the applications to a large extent. In this paper, based on the rough path theory, we propose a novel single-loop algorithm, named signatured deep fictitious play, by which we can work with the unfixed common noise setup to avoid the nested-loop structure and reduce the computational complexity significantly. The proposed algorithm can accurately capture the effect of common uncertainty changes on mean-field equilibria without further training of neural networks, as previously needed in the existing machine learning algorithms. The efficiency is supported by three applications, including linear-quadratic MFGs, mean-field portfolio game, and mean-field game of optimal consumption and investment. Overall, we provide a new point of view from the rough path theory to solve MFGs with common noise with significantly improved efficiency and an extensive range of applications. In addition, we report the first deep learning work to deal with extended MFGs (a mean-field interaction via both the states and controls) with common noise.


The three-dimensional structure of the insulin molecule has been determined by single crystal x-ray analysis. The two chains are compactly arranged with the A chain lying above a central helical region of the B chain. From each end of the helix the terminal residues extend as arms, and the A chain is enclosed between these. This limits the A chain to one surface of the molecule. Two surfaces, made up of B chain residues, are nonpolar and are buried by the aggregation of the molecule into a dimer and then into a hexamer. The insulin molecules of the 12,000 molecular weight dimer are related by an approximate twofold axis. Three such dimers can come together and in the presence of zinc ions form the stable 36,000 molecular weight hexamer. The three dimers have identical structures and are related by a threefold axis. The approximate twofold axis of the dimer is perpendicular to this. There is good evidence that insulin is stored in the granule as small crystals of this hexamer. The A chain terminal residues A1 glycine, A5 glutamine, A19 tyrosine and A21 asparagine are on the surface of the molecule. They are invariant and not involved in the aggregation of the molecule. Their deletion affects both the structure and activity of insulin. Substitution at A1 glycine, especially of bulky groups, reduces activity substantially but seems to affect the molecular structure less. In proinsulin the connecting peptide appears to cover these residues. Therefore the surface A chain terminal residues apparently are important to the molecule's activity.


Although the United States and Japan have similarly worded intellectual property statutes, significant differences in the stated statutory objectives as well as the substantive rights protected by those laws give rise to concern over the scope and quality of intellectual property protection offered in Japan. Collectivist values that frown upon personal gain have contributed to the less-than-adequate enforcement of individual intellectual property rights in Japan, and this socio-judicial ethic has been consistently reflected in the minimal damage awards granted by the courts. The courts' traditionally narrow construction of damage provisions in the intellectual property arena has resulted in the limitation of damage awards to a minimal lost-royalty amount, which in turn resulted in a lack of deterrence effect. A number of recent cases, however, indicate that Japanese courts may be in the process of re-assessing their traditional stance with respect to intellectual property enforcement. This Comment addresses the recent Michelin decision and considers whether this case may represent a shift in Japan's intellectual property jurisprudence.


This dissertation studies money in French comedy from the late Renaissance to the early eighteenth century. It examines how comic theater, by showing new forms of money, reflected and problematized concepts of value, credit, and trust at a moment when France's financial and monetary system was rapidly evolving. The first chapter provides an overview of money in Renaissance farces and comedies, and briefly examines treatments of the subject in other European literary traditions in this time period. It shows how farces presented a variety of simple currencies, and how comedy, with its more complex portrayals, developed out of this genre. The second chapter covers the period 1600-1670, when metallic currencies began to be portrayed in more detail, and comedies began to show interrogations of social and monetary value together. Chapter three focuses on 1670-1684, when a new generation of playwrights brought paper money onto the stage where it took on a new dramatic role as bearer of value. The fourth chapter examines the years 1685-1700, an increasingly difficult time for the French economy, when paper money was manipulated in concurrence with portrayals of "counterfeit" noblemen, the kind of dual counterfeiting that the stage was ideally suited to portray. The final chapter covers the years 1700-1720, the period just prior to the John Law affair, when the stage was used to show full-scale financial systems in the hands of individuals of common social origins. Comic theater in these years was simultaneously a reflection of monetary development and a venue for shaping perceptions of money and those who handled it. The dissertation aims to track the development of theatrical representations of evolving monetary concepts, particularly the passage from coin to paper. Focusing specifically on comedy, a genre whose subject had a unique relationship with the social milieu of its spectators, the goal of this work is to show how playwrights, at the same time as they helped define a literary genre, both reflected and contributed to the development of economic thought. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Romance Languages First Advisor Joan E. DeJean


A recent working paper by Pierre Crosson ("Resources, Technology and Environment in Agricultural Development." WP-79-103, October 1979) provides an intellectual background for research being undertaken by FAP on "Limits and Consequences of Food Production Technologies". The primary focus of this research effort will be on developing a set of models that will increase understanding of the short and long-run impacts of policies on the resources-technology-environment (R-T-E) system in agricultural production.

This paper briefly sketches two model specifications that could be used to analyze the R-T-E issues discussed by Crosson. One model is specified to determine the "socially" optimal allocation of resources over time under R-T-E constraints, while the second model is specified to trace out the temporal R-T-E effects of agricultural producers' decisions under various R-T-E policies and assumptions. Both models are rather ambitious from a computational viewpoint and in terms of data requirements. It is suggested that initial modeling efforts focus on a few regions or watersheds, rather than countries. Then, as experience is gained with these small area models and information developed about the extremely complex R-T-E constraints, the modeling effort could be expanded to country models. Finally, country models could be linked to form a world R-T-E model.


This paper analyses future trends for intrastate conflict in Africa up to 2050 using the International Futures (IFs) model. After reviewing the main post-Cold War patterns of conflict and instability on the continent, the paper discusses seven key correlations associated with intrastate conflict in Africa. It then points to a number of reasons for the changing outlook, including the continued salience of various 'structural' conditions that drive intrastate violence even during rapid economic growth, recent improvements in human development alongside a strengthened regional and international conflict prevention, conflict resolution and peacebuilding regime. Finally, the paper explores how multipolarity may impact on stability and forecasts trends for intrastate conflict in West, Southern, Horn/East and Central Africa. The authors expect large-scale violence to continue its steady decline, although the risk of instability and violence is likely to persist, and even increase in some instances.


An important practical problem for many managers is finding alternative processes for performing a desired task, for example, one that is more efficient, cheaper, or that is automated or enhanced by the use of information technology. Improving processes also poses theoretical challenges. Coordination theory provides an approach to the study of processes. In this view, the design of a process depends on the coordination mechanisms chosen to manage dependencies among tasks and resources involved in the process.In this paper, I use coordination theory to analyze the software change process of a large mini-computer manufacturer. Mechanisms analyzed include those for task assignment, resource sharing, and managing dependencies between modules of source code. For each, I suggest alternative mechanisms and thus alternative designs for the process. The organization assigned problem reports to engineers based on the module that appeared to be in error, since engineers only worked on particular modules. Alternative task assignment mechanisms include assignment to engineers based on workload or market-like bids. Modules of source code were not shared, but rather "owned" by one engineer, thus reducing the need for coordination. An alternative resource sharing mechanism would be needed to manage source code if multiple engineers could work on the same modules. Finally, engineers managed dependencies between modules informally, relying on their personal knowledge of which other engineers used their code; alternatives include formally defining the interfaces between modules and tracking their users.Software bug fixing provides a microcosm of coordination problems and solutions. Similar coordination problems arise in most processes and are managed by a similar range of mechanisms. For example, diagnosing bug reports and assigning them to engineers may have interesting parallels to diagnosing patients and assigning them to specialists.While the case presented does not formally test coordination theory, it does illustrate the potential of coordination theory for exploring the space of organizational processes. Future work includes developing more rigorous techniques for such analyses, applying the techniques to a broader range of processes, identifying additional coordination problems and mechanisms and developing tools for collecting and comparing processes and automatically suggesting potential alternatives.


Convectively influenced trajectory calculations are used to investigate the impact of different Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) transport pathways for establishing the distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) at 100 hPa as observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the Aura satellite. Carbon monoxide is a useful tracer for investigating TTL transport and convective influence because the CO lifetime (≃1–2 months) is comparable to the time required for slow ascent through the TTL. MERRA horizontal winds are used for the diabatic trajectories, and off‐line calculations of TTL radiative heating are used to determine the vertical motion field. The locations and times of convective influence events along the trajectories are determined from 3‐hourly, geostationary satellite measurements of convective clouds. The trajectory model reproduces most of the prominent features in the 100 hPa CO geographic distribution indicated by the MLS observations for the winter and summer 2007 periods simulated. CO concentrations and tendencies simulated with the Whole Atmosphere Climate Chemistry Model (WACCM) are used to specify boundary‐layer concentrations for convective influence and CO loss rates resulting from reaction with OH. The broad maximum in CO concentration over the Pacific during Boreal winter is primarily a result of the strong radiative heating (corresponding to upward vertical motion) associated with the abundant TTL cirrus in this region. Convection over the Pacific brings clean maritime air to the tropopause region and actually decreases the 100 hPa CO. The relative abundance of CO over the continental convective regions during wintertime is sensitive to small variations in convective cloud‐top height. Both the simulated and the observed summertime 100 hPa CO distributions are dominated by the maximum co‐located with the upper level anticyclone forced by the Asian monsoon convection. Sensitivity tests indicate that the summertime Asian monsoon anticyclone 100 hPa CO maximum is dominated by extreme convective systems with detrainment of polluted air above about 360–365 K potential temperature. This result stems directly from the fact that the heating rates are negative (downward motion) below 360–365 K during summertime through most of the tropics; therefore, air detrained from convection at lower levels will generally just sink back down into the middle troposphere. We find that most of the CO feeding into the Asian monsoon anticyclone comes from convection over the Tibetan Plateau and India, with relatively minor contributions from southeast Asia and eastern China.


We provide novel theoretical insights on structured prediction in the context of efficient convex surrogate loss minimization with consistency guarantees. For any task loss, we construct a convex surrogate that can be optimized via stochastic gradient descent and we prove tight bounds on the so-called "calibration function" relating the excess surrogate risk to the actual risk. In contrast to prior related work, we carefully monitor the effect of the exponential number of classes in the learning guarantees as well as on the optimization complexity. As an interesting consequence, we formalize the intuition that some task losses make learning harder than others, and that the classical 0-1 loss is ill-suited for structured prediction.


In cloud storage services, deduplication technology is commonly used to reduce the space and bandwidth requirements of services by eliminating redundant data and storing only a single copy of them. Deduplication is most effective when multiple users outsource the same data to the cloud storage, but it raises issues relating to security and ownership. Proof-of-ownership schemes allow any owner of the same data to prove to the cloud storage server that he owns the data in a robust way. However, many users are likely to encrypt their data before outsourcing them to the cloud storage to preserve privacy, but this hampers deduplication because of the randomization property of encryption. Recently, several deduplication schemes have been proposed to solve this problem by allowing each owner to share the same encryption key for the same data. However, most of the schemes suffer from security flaws, since they do not consider the dynamic changes in the ownership of outsourced data that occur frequently in a practical cloud storage service. In this paper, we propose a novel server-side deduplication scheme for encrypted data. It allows the cloud server to control access to outsourced data even when the ownership changes dynamically by exploiting randomized convergent encryption and secure ownership group key distribution. This prevents data leakage not only to revoked users even though they previously owned that data, but also to an honest-but-curious cloud storage server. In addition, the proposed scheme guarantees data integrity against any tag inconsistency attack. Thus, security is enhanced in the proposed scheme. The efficiency analysis results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is almost as efficient as the previous schemes, while the additional computational overhead is negligible.


Ad-hoc networks, due to their improvised nature, are frequently established insecure environments, which makes them susceptible to atta cks. These attacks are launched by participating malicious nodes against different network services. Routing protocols, which act as the binding force in these networks, are a common target of these nodes. Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) is a widely adopted network routing protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). Black hole attack is one of the severe security threats in ad-hoc networks which can be easily employed by exploiting vulnerability of on-demand routing protocols such as AODV. In this paper we proposed a solution for identifying the malicious node in AODV protocol suffering from black hole attack.


This book brings together a number of lectures given between 1993 and 1999 as part of a special series hosted by the Federal University of Pernambuco, in which internationally established researchers came to Recife, Brazil, to lecture on classical or celestial mechanics. Because of the high quality of the results and the general interest in the lecturers' topics, the editors have assembled nine of the lectures here in order to make them available to mathematicians and students around the world. The material presented includes a good balance of pure and applied research and of complete and incomplete results. Bringing together material that is otherwise quite scattered in the literature and including some important new results, it will serve graduate students and researchers interested in Hamiltonian dynamics and celestial mechanics. The contributors are Dieter Schmidt, Ernesto Perez-Chavela, Mark Levi, Placido Taboas and Jack Hale, Jair Koiller et al., Hildeberto Cabral, Florin Diacu, and Alain Albouy. The topics covered include central configurations and relative equilibria for the N-body problem, singularities of the N-body problem, the two-body problem, normal forms of Hamiltonian systems and stability of equilibria, applications to celestial mechanics of Poincare's compactification, the motion of the moon, geometrical methods in mechanics, momentum maps and geometric phases, holonomy for gyrostats, microswimming, and bifurcation from families of periodic solutions.


PURPOSE
Our objective was to examine the feasibility of rotating choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane (BM), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) through 180° on a vascular pedicle and to assess revascularization and tissue preservation postoperatively. Such an approach could be used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration where there is focal disease at the macula with healthy tissues located peripherally.

METHODS
Successful surgery was performed in six rhesus macaque monkeys, which have a very similar choroidal blood supply to humans. After inducing a retinal detachment, the recurrent branch of the long posterior ciliary artery was used as a pedicle around which a graft stretching to the temporal equator was rotated. Retina was reattached over the rotated graft and eyes were followed up for up to 6 months with repeated angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The morphology of retinal cells and BM were assessed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

RESULTS
Revascularization of the choroid was limited, with reestablishment of drainage to the vortex veins seen in only one case. There was a secondary loss of the RPE and outer retina evident on histological analysis three months after surgery. The underlying BM however remained intact.

CONCLUSIONS
Pedicled choroidal rotation surgery is technically feasible in vivo with intraoperative control of bleeding. However, lack of graft revascularization with the technique in its current form leads to neuroretinal and RPE tissue loss, and graft shrinkage. We found no evidence that rotational grafts are likely to improve the outcomes presently achieved with free graft techniques.


This is a critical review of Professor Marci A. Hamilton's book, God vs. The Gavel: Religion and the Rule of Law (Cambridge Univ. Press 2005). It focuses on Hamilton's conception of what she terms "the public good" and its application to the relationship between government and religious institutions and believers. The review offers several criticisms of Hamilton's public good and argues that the conception she advocates is ambiguous, unstable, and frequently merely a stand-in for her policy preferences on a variety of issues. The review considers the ways in which religion or religious interests could ever play a role in Hamilton's public good, concluding that Hamilton's profound disillusionment with religion has led her to vest an unjustifiably high degree of trust in the legislature to determine moral worth.


Drought and heat stress are the two leading abiotic stresses that limit crop productivity. Understanding the range of responses that a model crop like barley can exhibit in different environments to avoid or tolerate stress will be crucial in unraveling the basis of abiotic stress resistance. The objectives of the present study were to identify i) morphological and physiological traits associated with abiotic stress resistance, ii) genetic loci linked to agronomic performance traits under drought, and iii) proteins differentially regulated in response to heat and drought stress.
A barley recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the Syrian landrace Arta and the Australian cultivar Keel was grown in a greenhouse under well watered conditions and subjected to drought treatment that began at anthesis and persisted until maturity. Using genotyping data from over 700 genetic markers, a multi-environmental quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of morphological and physiological traits was performed. For the proteomic analysis, Arta and Keel were grown in a growth chamber under well watered conditions and subjected to drought, high temperature, or a combination of both treatments starting at anthesis. The leaf proteome of Arta and Keel were visualized and changes in protein spot abundance due to the stress treatments were quantified using difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE). Mass spectrometry was used to identify protein spots excised from the gels.
The drought treatment was characterized by morphological plasticity and stability on the physiological and proteomic level. In contrast, the heat treatment caused perturbations on the physiological and proteomic level which were more prominent than the morphological responses that occurred. The QTL analysis revealed nineteen loci for traits associated with agronomic and physiological performance under drought. The proteomic analysis identified 99 protein spots differentially regulated in response to the heat treatment, 14 of which were regulated in a genotype specific manner. Differentially regulated proteins with potential roles in the observed morphological and physiological changes under heat stress included photosynthetic proteins Rusbisco activase B and chlorophyll a-b binding proteins in addition to the glycolytic enzymes fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Of the stress responsive traits, significant differences in plant height, spike fertility, and photosynthetic performance were detected between Arta and Keel. Altogether, the detection of genetic variation in traits responsive to abiotic stress and in protein abundance represent unique stress adaption mechanisms which can be exploited in future crop breeding efforts.


A work zone bottleneck in a roadway network can cause traffic delays, emissions and safety issues. Accurate measurement and prediction of work zone travel time can help travelers make better routing decisions and therefore mitigate its impact. Historically, data used for travel time analyses comes from fixed loop detectors, which are expensive to install and maintain. With connected vehicle technology, such as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure, portable roadside unit (RSU) can be located in and around a work zone segment to communicate with the vehicles and collect traffic data. A PARAMICS simulation model for a prototypical freeway work zone in a connected vehicle environment was built to test this idea using traffic demand data from NY State Route 104. For the simulation, twelve RSUs were placed along the work zone segment and sixteen variables were extracted from the simulation results to explore travel time estimation and prediction. For the travel time analysis, four types of models were constructed, including linear regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), stepwise regression and elastic net. The results show that the modeling approaches under consideration have similar performance in terms of the Root of Mean Square Error (RMSE), which provides an opportunity for model selection based on additional factors including the number and locations of the RSUs according to the significant variables identified in the various models. Among the four approaches, the stepwise regression model only needs variables from two RSUs: one placed sufficiently upstream of the work zone and one at the end of the work zone.


1. Basal epidermal cells and their junction with the dermis, as revealed in thin sections of osmium-fixed human and rodent skin, were studied with the electron microscope. Phosphotungstic acid staining was occasionally used to increase the electron density of membranous and filamentous structures. 2. Along the dermo-epidermal junction in all skin specimens there is a sub-microscopic (∼350 A thick) membrane following the basal contours of the epidermal cells, but separated from them by an ∼300 A space. No epidermal or dermal filaments can be seen to cross it and except in embryonic skin it has no associated band of amorphous material. It is called the "dermal membrane" to distinguish it from the thicker membrane and associated material commonly called the "basement membrane." 3. In adult human skin the basal cell membrane facing the dermal membrane is continuous with, or adjacent to regularly spaced groups of small dense rodlets at which tonofilaments are attached and appear to terminate. Less dense spherical granules are also found in the cellular ectoplasm and are unattached to filaments. 4. The connective tissue fibers in the upper dermis were narrower (≧300 A) than, but displayed the same period (≧350 A) as the collagen fibers in the deeper dermis. The related fibers in embryonic human skin were even narrower (150 to 250 A). In accordance with the views of others that these are "young" collagen with great affinity for polysaccharide, they are called collagen fibers. 5. The same cytoplasmic components are found in all basal epidermal cells: mitochondria, many filaments, many submicroscopic particulates, and only very occasional vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum. Adult human cells possess pigment granules and intercellular bridges, in addition. Before keratinization is evident, no intercellular bridges and little or no cytoplasmic filaments are visible. The scarcity of vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum and the prevalence of submicroscopic particulates (80 to 150 A) distributed at random through the cytoplasm, support the view (19) that basophilia and cytoplasmic nucleoprotein are associated with the particulates. 6. Cytoplasmic filaments are <100 A wide and are directed toward the dermo-epidermal junction and to intercellular bridges (when they occur). Because of their obvious identity as the submicroscopic constituents of tonofibrils, they were called "tonofilaments" and believed to represent the keratin-like fibrous protein "epidermin" (29). Bundles of them appear identical with Herxheimer fibers when, particularly in thick skin, they extend from the outer nuclear membrane to the granules spaced along the dermo-epidermal junction. 7. In human skin, adjacent basal cells are separated by simple cell membranes and connected by intercellular bridges. The filaments of one cell are attached to dense elongate granules in these bridges which are separated by a narrow less electron-dense space from a matching granule to which the filaments of the neighboring cell are attached. No filaments have been observed to cross the space in these bridges. In between the bridges adjacent cell membranes may separate from each other leaving an intercellular space. Although occasional basal cells possess a large perinuclear area devoid of cytoplasmic filaments, none following the classical histological description of "clear" cells were noted. 8. Pigment granules are extremely electron-dense with irregular angular outline. Their smallest diameter was significantly greater in Negro than in white skin while the lengths also appeared greater in the former skin type.


Genetics has an important role in the risk stratification and management of the patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Molecular testing can't take the place of cytogenetic testing results, but has complementary role to help refine prognosis of the disease, especially within specific AML subgroups. Molecular genetic analysis of CEBPA, NPM1, and FLT3 is already the standard of care in AML patients, and mutations in several additional genes are assuming increasing importance. The French-American-British (FAB) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification are the most classifications for AML. The aim of this chapter is a review on the role of genetic analysis in new treatments of AML.


"It was a family in a situation where social authorities had taken their children into care. I was interpreting for them four or five times. It was a clear case of cultural clashes. In their country of origin there are no social authorities and the parents did not at all understand how serious the situation was. The man was a heavy drinker and the woman was offered a choice, to stay with her husband and lose her children or to leave her husband and keep the children. It was immensely difficult to interpret. And it is very important to keep in mind that I am interpreting for both the couple and the public officer."In many cases it is very difficult to meet the expectations from the persons you are interpreting for. The couple in the example did not have an understanding of the Swedish public officer's way of thinking and vice versa. The expectations projected on the community interpreter were also totally different. The interpreter moves from different perceptions of "normality" and is expected to facilitate communication between these understandings of the situation at hand. In our paper we will analyze different sociocultural expectations and realities the interpreter has to handle and what it means to understand the significance of perceived normality when performing an interpretation. The analysis is based on 50 interviews with community interpreters and a two year long fieldwork among interpreters in Sweden. Theoretically we will discuss the role of the community interpreter (one job or many?) and the issue of representation by using the academic discussion about self- reflection.


A thermal is a column of warm rising air triggered by differential heating on the ground. In recent studies UAVs were programmed to exploit this free atmospheric energy from thermals to improve their range and endurance. Researchers had successfully flown UAVs autonomously with thermal soaring method. Most research involved some form of flight simulation. Improvements to the aircraft and thermal models for simulation purpose would enable researchers to better design their UAVs and explore any potential flaws in their designs. An aircraft simulation with a thermal environment was created in Horizon Simulation Framework, a modeling and verification framework that was developed by Cal Poly Space Technologies and Applied Research laboratory. The objective of this study is to enhance the fidelity of existing modeling and simulation methods on autonomous thermal soaring, and to advance and demonstrate the capabilities of Horizon Simulation Framework through such implementation. The geometry of a small remote controlled glider was used in this simulation. Aerodynamic prediction programs DATCOM+ and AVL were used to obtained stability and control derivatives for this glider. The induced roll effect caused by the asymmetric vertical velocity distribution of a thermal was included in the aerodynamic roll moment calculation. The autonomous guidance algorithm for the glider included a turn logic which would determine the correct turn direction for the glider when a thermal is detected. The thermal model developed in this thesis included the capabilities to vary the time dependent location, height, radius, and vertical velocity characteristics of naturally occurring thermals.


Abstract. The shortening and extension of mechanically layered ductile rock generates folds and pinch-and-swell structures (also referred to as necks or continuous boudins), which result from mechanical instabilities termed folding and necking, respectively. Folding and necking are the preferred deformation modes in layered rock because the corresponding mechanical work involved is less than that associated with a homogeneous deformation. The effective viscosity of a layered rock decreases during folding and necking, even when all material parameters remain constant. This mechanical softening due to viscosity decrease is solely the result of fold and pinch-and-swell structure development and is hence termed structural softening (or geometric weakening). Folding and necking occur over the whole range of geological scales, from microscopic up to the size of lithospheric plates. Lithospheric folding and necking are evidence for significant deformation of continental plates, which contradicts the rigid-plate paradigm of plate tectonics. We review here some theoretical and experimental results on folding and necking, including the lithospheric scale, together with a short historical overview of research on folding and necking. We focus on theoretical studies and analytical solutions that provide the best insight into the fundamental parameters controlling folding and necking, although they invariably involve simplifications. To first order, the two essential parameters to quantify folding and necking are the dominant wavelength and the corresponding maximal amplification rate. This review also includes a short overview of experimental studies, a discussion of recent developments involving mainly numerical models, a presentation of some practical applications of theoretical results, and a summary of similarities and differences between folding and necking.


Governmental organizations in Ethiopia are implementing Business Process Management (BPM). As in other countries most of these projects are facing implementation challenges, some are even reported as failed. The objective of this work in progress paper is to identify the determinants of BPM project implementation success/failure factors. This study investigates the research question: What are the determinants for BPM project implementation and how are these factors influencing the successful implementation of BPM? From the extant literature we found two crucial factors for the success/failure of BPM project implementation: political risk and functional risk. This study proposes and empirically tests a model to observe the effect of theses determinants factors on BPM project implementation. To meet the objective of the study, structured questionnaire, interview guides as well as focus group discussion will be used to gather data from respondents. The lessons from this study will serve both academic and policy purposes. Academically, it would help in the identification of factors affecting BPM change implementation in federal civil service institutions. Policy wise, it will serve as an input in taking practical solution to the existing problems. Furthermore, the study may serve as a springboard for further study in other low-income countries.


Optically pumped passively modelocked semiconductor disk lasers (SDLs) provide superior performance in average output power, a broad range of operation wavelengths, and reduced complexity. Here, we present record performance with high average power and pulse durations as short as 100 fs with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) modelocked vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) at a center wavelength of 1034 nm. A comprehensive pulse characterization confirms fundamental modelocking with a close to transform-limited output pulse of 128 fs and with negatively chirped output pulses as short as 107 fs, which are externally compressed to 96 fs with a single path through a 2-mm-thick ZnSe plate. For the "96 fs result" the pulse repetition rate is 1.6 GHz, the average output power is 100 mW, and the pulse peak power is 560 W. The transform-limited optical spectrum could in principle support pulses as short as 65 fs with higher order dispersion compensation. We measured the most relevant spectral and nonlinear VECSEL and SESAM parameters and used them as input parameters for our pulse formation simulations. These simulations agree well with our experimental results and provide an outlook for further performance scaling of ultrafast SDL technology.


The purpose of this research is to analyze dissertations completed in the field of Curriculum and Instruction (2009-2014) in terms of various aspects. Out of 165 dissertations, totally 121 dissertations were included in detailed analysis because 44 of them were unauthorized. In this research, the dissertations were analyzed with document analysis in terms of variables such as  university, year, research topic, method, design, sample type, sample size, data collection methods and data analysis techniques. In addition, descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages were also used by using SPSS-18 program. As a result of the study, it was found that mostly preferred topics in dissertations in the field of Curriculum and Instruction between the dates 2009-2014 are teaching-learning approaches/models/ methods and techniques, evaluation of formal education curricula, teaching-learning strategies/styles and their instruction, evaluation of teacher education curricula and teacher development practices. Furthermore, curriculum evaluation studies were mostly descriptive in which target curricula were evaluated based on perceptions of teachers, students, academicians etc.  It was also found that in most of the dissertations between the dates 2009-2014 survey/descriptive design was mostly preferred, the most used research method is mixed method, mostly preferred sampling types [target sample] are teachers and undergraduate students, the most used data collection tools are scales and interview form. Considering the current state of Curriculum and Instruction field according to the results of the research, it can suggested that dissertations should be in a way that contributes to the theory of the field.


Welcome to the third and final issue of Volume 8 of the Journal of University Teaching and Learning (JUTLP) in 2011. As the year draws to a close we are seeing some striking changes to the higher education sector internationally. In England budget cuts have seen the closure of the twenty-four Higher Education Academy subject centres at the same time as the establishment of student fees. In Australia the cap has been lifted across the board on the number of students that can be enrolled in universities with the resultant projected increased student numbers. The focus in Australia is on social inclusion yet in England the concern for the introduction of fees is just the opposite, these will be the very students who may now be excluded. The changes in both countries see new measures of accountability and more complex regulations put in place. Will this cause people to rethink the way we teach and the way students learn? For the Higher Education Academy in the UK, new directions see the hosting of a summit on learning and teaching with a focus on flexible learning, an indicator of new directions for many institutions. In Australia, we see a renewed opportunity to investigate such changes through the opening of the Office of Learning and Teaching (OLT) and its role of recognising the importance of learning and teaching through grants and awards schemes. We hope in 2012 we'll hear more from our authors about the impact of these transformations, as well as those changes occurring in other countries around the world, on teaching practice in our universities.