I was asked to address the future of the field of learning disabilities (LD) from the perspective of a director of one of the five Institutes for Research on Learning Disabilities (IRLD) funded by the Office of Special Education Programs more than 25 years ago. The theme of each of the Institutes differed; the Minnesota IRLD focused on assessment and decision making. We conducted research on how school personnel sorted students who were achieving poorly in school into those who were and those who were not LD, and worked to develop improved ways to use assessment information to plan and adapt instructional interventions. We pointed to the considerable variability at that time (late 1970s and early '80s) in the kinds and numbers of students receiving LD services in different settings, and to the tremendous variability in criteria used by state and local education agencies. On many days in many ways, we asked this question: Who are students with learning disabilities and what is being done for them in special education? For five years we addressed a set of issues in assessment and decision making. We produced 144 research reports, and in 1983 (20 years ago) we (Ysseldyke et al., 1983) stated 14 generalizations based on the studies we conducted. An abridged version of these generalizations is found in Table 1. In the conclusions to the 1983 paper we indicated that an alternative to current practice was one of intervening at the point of referral and using data on student performance to make eligibility decisions (an early call for a prereferral intervention or "response-to-intervention" approach). On many occasions since that writing, I have argued that we spend far too much of our professional time making predictions about students' lives, and far too little time making a difference in their lives. Documenting then prevalent assessment and decision-making practices, we argued that there was much to be gained by abandoning much of what we were doing (Ysseldyke et al., 1983). Since our work more than 20 years ago, many have challenged our findings and the direction that they set. Yet, little has changed since we did our work or they did theirs. Certainly, there have been calls for change--some louder than others. Professional associations, advocacy groups, and government agencies have formed task forces and task forces on the task forces to study identification of students with LD. We have had mega-analyses of meta-analyses and syntheses of syntheses. Nearly all groups have reached the same conclusion: There is little empirical support for test-based discrepancy models in identification of students as LD. Most task forces have called for a response-to-intervention (variously called problem solving, intervention support team, intervention-based assessment) model (Burns, Appleton & Stehouwer, 2004; Fuchs, Mock, et al., 2003), even though "The RTIs differ in terms of the number of levels in the process; who delivers the interventions, and whether the process is viewed as a precursor to a formal evaluation for eligibility, or if RTI is itself the eligibility evaluation" (Fuchs, Mock et al., p. 159). Clearly there is a political push and political will to change (International Dyslexia Association, 2002; National Center for Learning Disabilities, 2002; National Research Council, 2002; Learning Disabilities Summit Majority Report, 2002; the President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education, 2002). Current legislation (IDEA 2004) gives states the option to move away from a discrepancy model in identification of students as LD and permission to move toward a response-to-intervention or problem-solving model. A remnant of test authors continue to argue for cognitive assessment, process assessment, and discrepancy-based identification (American Academy of School Psychology, 2004). Those who advocate for a response-to-intervention model (Gresham et al., 2004) argue for "Direct measurement of achievement, behavior and the instructional environment in relevant domains as the core loci of a comprehensive evaluation in SLD" (p. …


Effect handlers have been gathering momentum as a mechanism for modular programming with user-defined effects. Effect handlers allow for non-local control flow mechanisms such as generators, async/await, lightweight threads and coroutines to be composably expressed. We present a design and evaluate a full-fledged efficient implementation of effect handlers for OCaml, an industrial-strength multi-paradigm programming language. Our implementation strives to maintain the backwards compatibility and performance profile of existing OCaml code. Retrofitting effect handlers onto OCaml is challenging since OCaml does not currently have any non-local control flow mechanisms other than exceptions. Our implementation of effect handlers for OCaml: (i) imposes a mean 1% overhead on a comprehensive macro benchmark suite that does not use effect handlers; (ii) remains compatible with program analysis tools that inspect the stack; and (iii) is efficient for new code that makes use of effect handlers.


Background. Thioridazine has long been used as a first-line antipsychotic in South Africa without any apparent problems. Recently the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Novartis have warned of potentially lethal arrhythmias that may result from the use of thioridazine. Abnormal QT-interval prolongation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) seems to be the most reliable indicator of risk of arrhythmias, such as torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these warnings are of clinical relevance in a setting where there are already a limited number of antipsychotics available. Method. Thirty hospitalised subjects who required switching from a high-potency to a low-potency antipsychotic were included. All subjects were commenced on thioridazine 300 mg per day and had an ECG 1 week after initiation and 48 hours after each dose adjustment. QTc was determined using Bazett's formula. Results. Thioridazine induced a significant increase (p = 0.0001) in QTc interval from baseline values of 400.6 (± 27.3) milliseconds to 429.1 (± 44.2) milliseconds. The QTc interval increased to above 450 milliseconds in 7 subjects (23%) and thioridazine was discontinued in 2 subjects because of a QTc interval greater or equal to 500 milliseconds. Conclusion. Thioridazine caused a significant, although asymptomatic, increase in QTc interval in almost one-quarter of subjects who received the medication as second-line treatment. Thioridazine should no longer be used as a first-line treatment and if used it should be accompanied by regular ECG monitoring.


This study was designed to test the hypothesis that an immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin (CG)like substance is present in full-term dolphin placentas and to determine if CG immunoreactivity can be detected in corresponding serum and urine samples for potential application to diagnose pregnancy. Six placentas were collected immediately after parturition from four captive bottlenose dolphins in 2003, 2007 (Experiment 1), and 2011 (Experiment 2). Serum and urine were collected during early, middle, and late pregnancy from the same dolphins. In Experiment 1, an eCG radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to analyze dilutions of supernatants from the homogenates of each placenta for eCG immunoreactivity, and a commercial hCG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to analyze individual serum samples and dilutions of pools of serum and urine for hCG immunoreactivity. Specific CG immunoreactivity was not detected above assay sensitivities in any of the supernatants of respective placental homogenates, including the highest concentrate (100 mg/mL), nor in any of the individual samples and pools of serum and urine. In Experiment 2, the highest placental homogenate was increased five-fold (500 mg/mL), sensitivity of the eCG RIA was increased six-fold, and a different combination of hCG antibodies was used in an alternative commercial "sandwich"-type ELISA. Despite the optimization, specific CG immunoreactivity in placental tissue and individual serum and urine samples was not detected above assay sensitivities. In conclusion, the hypothesis that an immunoreactive CG-like substance is present in full-term dolphin placentas was not supported. In addition, non-immunoreactivity of a CG-like substance in serum and urine samples collected during various stages of pregnancy precluded the development and application of a CG-based immunoassay for diagnosing pregnancy status in dolphins.


The study aimed to determine whether knee height would be a more appropriate surrogate measurement than
armspan in determining height and body mass index (BMI) in a group of South African older people (􀁲 60 years).
A random sample of adults (older than 18 years) who attended selected clinics or who lived in selected old-age
homes in the Western Cape volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects were divided into a study group of
older people (􀁲 60 years of age, N = 1 233) and a comparative group of younger adults (18 - 59 years, N = 1 038).
Armspan, knee height, standing height and weight were measured using standardised techniques. The standing
height measurements were significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.0001), with a mean for adults
of 1.61 m (standard deviation (SD) 0.09) compared with that of older peole (1.57 m (SD 0.09)). Mean standing
height decreased with age. Knee-height measurements were not significantly different between the two groups,
but when used to calculate height, the adults were significantly taller (p = 0.0001), with a mean height of 1.67 m
(SD 0.06) compared with that of the older people (1.59 m (SD 0.08)). Mean armspan also decreased with age, and
derived standing height was significantly different (p = 0.0001) between the two groups, with adults being taller
(1.67 m (SD 0.11)) than the older people (1.63 m (SD 0.11)). In this study group, the knee-height measurements
were more closely related to the standing height than the armspan. The BMI calculated from armspan-derived
height tended to classify the older people towards underweight. Knee-height measurement would appear to be a
more accurate and appropriate method to determine height in older people in South Africa. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol. 20 (1) 2007: pp. 39-44


Existing capability models lack qualitative and quantitative means to compare business capabilities. This paper extends previous work and uses affordance theories to consistently model and analyse capabilities. We use the
concept of objective and subjective affordances to model capability as a tuple of a set of resource affordance system mechanisms and action paths, dependent on
one or more critical affordance factors. We identify an affordance chain of subjective affordances by which affordances work together to enable an action
and an affordance path that links action affordances to create a capability system. We define the mechanism and path underlying capability. We show how affordance modelling notation, AMN, can represent affordances
comprising a capability. We propose a method to quantitatively and qualitatively compare capabilities using efficiency, effectiveness and quality metrics. The method is demonstrated by a medical example comparing the
capability of syringe and needless anaesthetic systems.


Abstract : This dissertation research produces the experimental techniques required to evaluate mistuning in any rotor. Within operation, a rotor is subjected to a unique pattern of frequencies acting to excite the rotor. Utilizing traveling wave excitation, a rotor's critical frequencies and the respective excitation pattern are reproduced. Individual rotor blade frequency response functions are evaluated and statistically analyzed. The experimental results serve to not only verify the degree to which a rotor is mistuned, but also to provide an indication of the forced response amplification the mistuning induces. Within the experiment, definitive specifications were developed to ensure peak rotor responses. Numerical simulations of the experiment were performed in ANSYS using a model developed by way of structured light scanning. With experimental and numerical eigenvalue differences of less than 1%, the unique modeling technique, capturing a rotor's geometric mistuning, is a valid method to predict a rotor's natural frequencies. Furthermore these same numerical results serve to validate the experimental free boundary assumption.


Globally, genetic diversity of livestock populations is contracting. Knowing the true extent of the contraction is needed to develop effective conservation strategies. To accomplish this goal, pedigree records were obtained for: Duroc (n = 878,480), Hampshire (n = 744,270), Landrace (n = 126,566), and Yorkshire (n = 727,268) from NSR, and Berkshire (n = 116,758 American Berkshire Association). Number of registrations peaked in 1990 for all breeds except Berkshire and all have been declining in the current decade. Presently, more than 99% of all pigs are inbred with the majority having inbreeding less than 10%. The range for percent of animals that are more than 25% inbred ranged from 1.16% for Yorkshire to 6.09% for Berkshire. The highest inbreeding for all animals within a breed ranged from 51% for Landrace and 65% for Yorkshire. Sires were grouped into ten percentiles based on number of great-grandprogeny (GGP); the top percentile for all breeds accounted for more than 75% of all GGP. Sixty percent of all sires produced less than 1% of all GGP, indicating few males are responsible for the majority of future generations, thus narrowing the genetic base. Generation numbers were computed with the founders defined as having unknown parents, assigned as generation zero. Generations ranged from 17 to 19 per breed with a generation interval ranging from 1.65 yr for Berkshire to 2.21 yr for Yorkshire. Mean inbreeding (%) at generation 17, inbreeding rate of increase per generation, and effective population size were 12.3, 0.0065, and 77 for Berkshire, 11.8, 0.0044, and 113 for Duroc, 6.8, 0.0046, and 109 for Hampshire, 17.9, 0.0067, and 74 for Landrace, and 8.0, 0.0044, and 113 for Yorkshire, respectively. The two breeds with fewest registrations, Berkshire and Landrace, have a higher inbreeding rate and lower effective population sizes; these breeds need more aggressive conservation in order to maintain genetic diversity. This analysis provides a basis for future monitoring of the genetic diversity of pig breeds.


Abstract. Accessibility and inclusivity in field geology have become increasingly
important issues to address in geoscience education and have long been set
aside due to the tradition of field geology and the laborious task of making
it inclusive to all. Although a popular saying among geologists is "the
best geologists see the most rocks", field trips cost money, time, and are
only accessible to those who are physically able to stay outside for extended periods. With the availability of 3D block diagrams, an onslaught of virtual
learning environments is becoming increasingly viable. Strike and dip is at
the core of any field geologist's education and career; learning and
practicing these skills is fundamental to making geologic maps and
understanding the regional geology of an area. In this paper, we present the Strike and Dip virtual tool (SaD) with the
objective of teaching the principles of strike and dip for geologic mapping
to introductory geology students. We embedded the SaD tool into an
introductory geology course and recruited 147 students to participate in the
study. Participants completed two maps using the SaD tool and reported on
their experiences through a questionnaire. Students generally perceived the
SaD tool positively. Furthermore, some individual differences among students
proved to be important contributing factors to their experiences and
subjective assessments of learning. When controlling for participants' past
experience with similar software, our results indicate that students highly
familiar with navigating geographical software perceived the virtual
environment of the tool to be significantly more realistic and easier to use
compared with those with lower levels of familiarity. Our results are
corroborated by a qualitative assessment of participants' feedback to two
open-ended questions, highlighting both the overall effectiveness of the SaD
tool and the effect of geographical software familiarity on measures of
experience and learning.


The application of lithium to plasma-facing components (PFCs) has long been used as a technique for wall conditioning in magnetic confinement devices to improve plasma performance. Determining the characteristics of PFCs at the time of exposure to the plasma, however, is difficult because they can only be analyzed after venting the vacuum vessel and removing them at the end of an operational period. The Materials Analysis and Particle Probe (MAPP) addresses this problem by enabling PFC samples to be exposed to plasmas, and then withdrawn into an analysis chamber without breaking vacuum. The MAPP system was used to introduce samples that matched the metallic PFCs of the Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX). Lithium that was subsequently evaporated onto the walls also covered the MAPP samples, which were then subject to LTX discharges. In vacuo extraction and analysis of the samples indicated that lithium oxide formed on the PFCs, but improved plasma performance persisted in LTX. The reduced recycling this suggests is consistent with separate surface science experiments that demonstrated deuterium retention in the presence of lithium oxide films. Since oxygen decreases the thermal stability of the deuterium in the film, the release of deuterium was observed below the lithium deuteride dissociation temperature. This may explain what occurred when lithium was applied to the surface of the NSTX Liquid Lithium Divertor (LLD). The LLD had segments with individual heaters, and the deuterium-alpha emission was clearly lower in the cooler regions. The plan for NSTX-U is to replace the graphite tiles with high-Z PFCs, and apply lithium to their surfaces with lithium evaporation. Experiments with lithium coatings on such PFCs suggest that deuterium could still be retained if lithium compounds form, but limiting their surface temperatures may be necessary. Correspondence should be addressed to: R. Kaita Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory P. O. Box 451 Princeton, NJ 08543-0451 USA Tel: (609) 243-3275 E-mail: email@example.com


We propose several descriptive measures to characterize the arrangements of planetary masses, periods, and mutual inclinations within exoplanetary systems. These measures are based on complexity theory and capture the global, system-level trends of each architecture. Our approach considers all planets in a system simultaneously, facilitating both intrasystem and intersystem analysis. We find that based on these measures, Kepler's high-multiplicity (N ≥ 3) systems can be explained if most systems belong to a single intrinsic population, with a subset of high-multiplicity systems (∼20%) hosting additional, undetected planets intermediate in period between the known planets. We confirm prior findings that planets within a system tend to be roughly the same size and approximately coplanar. We find that forward modeling has not yet reproduced the high degree of spacing similarity (in log-period) actually seen in the Kepler data. Although our classification scheme was developed using compact Kepler multis as a test sample, our methods can be immediately applied to any other population of exoplanetary systems. We apply this classification scheme to (1) quantify the similarity between systems, (2) resolve observational biases from physical trends, and (3) identify which systems to search for additional planets and where to look for these planets.


While time and space form a classic duality in social science, this article demonstrates a perspective on time, space and materiality as a core trinity. As a prominent figure in contemporary discussions on materiality in the social sciences Science and Technology Studies (STS) emphasizes relational approaches. STS however lacks a clear relational definition of materiality and tends instead to focus on the agency of entities, on for instance material agency. The article suggests a relational definition of materiality and notes that this move implies turning the question of the time of materiality into an empirical question. It is argued that relational materiality must be studied spatially, and thus a spatial approach describing patterns of relations is presented. Based on field work in a primary school classroom and computer lab, three materials are analyzed: the blackboard, a bed-loft and an online 3D virtual environment. The empirical descriptions depict three different materialities, and it is shown how time is formed differently in each of them. Time, it is argued, is an emergent and characterizing aspect of materialities as spatial formations.


Over the last two decades the construction industry has made efforts to develop green building practices. Researchers within the field have provided theoretical knowledge on how to design green buildings and analytical environmental management tools have been developed to guide the practitioners. Information campaigns have raised the general environmental awareness among building practitioners. In spite of these efforts, building practices do not seem to have undergone any marked changes. This raises the question of how environmental issues actually are dealt with in construction. The aim of this thesis is to create an understanding of how environmental issues are managed in construction. The thesis consists of five papers exploring various aspects of the greening of construction. The research methods range from theoretical discussions of the usefulness of environmental management tools and a questionnaire study on environmental management in the construction industry, to text analytical studies of media's representation of green building and field studies on environmental management in construction projects. Findings show that project practices conflicts with the long-term principles of sustainable development and that environmental concerns have been narrowed down to a few targeted issues. Moreover, organisational structures and project practices of construction were found to be mismatched with centrally controlled and generic environmental management practices. It was also found that the way environmental issues were dealt with in construction projects depended on their legitimization in the organisation and how well interpretive and socio-cultural communication processes has created meaning and understanding for practitioners in relation to their specific situation and context. It is concluded that there is a need to go beyond the prevalent normative and rationalistic technological view by shifting to a perspective that integrates technical and social aspects of environmental management. To achieve green building it is necessary to take into account that individuals when acting take part in on-going processes of organising and social practice which influence the way they act. Such a change of perspective is metaphorically illustrated by shifting the product-centred Green Building to the process-centred Building Green and thereby emphasizing the importance of not neglecting the influence of on-going processes on the outcome of construction projects.


This thesis investigates the service delivery frameworks which support complex interventions for children and young people with conduct problems, and their families. Part 1, the literature review, evaluates existing measures and other literature in the field to inform the development of a fidelity measure for the service delivery frameworks supporting complex interventions. 35 papers are examined using an approach informed by narrative synthesis to bring together the emerging themes. The service delivery frameworks which underpin interventions are little evaluated in the literature, and the review concluded that there is scope for the development of a measure to examine the service delivery elements of interventions for children and young people with conduct problems, which might be best informed by drawing on existing measures and literature on effective delivery of complex interventions. Part 2, the empirical paper, describes the development and administration of the Children and Young People – Resource, Evaluation and Systems Schedule (CYPRESS) as part of the Systemic Therapy for At Risk Teens (START) randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing multisystemic therapy (MST) with management as usual (MAU). CYPRESS was developed on the basis of a review of existing measures in the field, as well as research into the central aspects of service delivery which support complex interventions, as an interview-based measure of the service delivery frameworks supporting complex interventions. CYPRESS was piloted with two non-START trial teams, and subsequently administered to 16 teams (8 MST and 8 MAU) taking part in the START trial. The results of these interviews were used to compare the service delivery elements supporting MST and MAU, and to characterise the MAU services in the trial. The importance of further development and testing of CYPRESS is noted. Part 3, the critical appraisal, addresses methodological considerations arising from the research, discusses implications of the work, and reflects on the process of carrying out the research, and the context in which research of this nature occurs.


Abstract This Article examines the regulatory state through the lens of evolving political economy, arguing that a significant reconstruction is now underway. The ongoing shift from an industrial mode of development to an informational one has created existential challenges for regulatory models and constructs developed in the context of the industrial economy. Contemporary contests over the substance of regulatory mandates and the shape of regulatory institutions are most usefully understood as moves within a larger struggle to chart a new direction for the regulatory state in the era of informational capitalism. A regulatory state optimized for the information economy must develop rubrics for responding to three problems that have confounded existing regulatory regimes: (1) platform power — the power to link facially separate markets and/or to constrain participation in markets by using technical protocols; (2) infoglut — unmanageably voluminous, mediated information flows that create information overload; and (3) systemic threat — nascent, probabilistically-defined harm to be realized at some point in the future. Additionally, it must develop institutions capable of exercising effective oversight of informationera activities. The information-era regulatory models that have begun to emerge are procedurally informal, mediated by networks of professional and technical expertise that define relevant standards, and financialized. Such models, however, also have tended to be both opaque to external observation and highly prone to capture. New institutional forms that might ensure their legal and political accountability have been slow to develop.


Signatures of nitric acid particles (NAP) in cold thick ice clouds have been derived from satellite observations. Most NAP are detected in the tropics (9 to 20% of clouds with T < 202.5 K). Higher occurrences were found in the rare midlatitudes very cold clouds. NAP occurrence increases as cloud temperature decreases, and NAP are more numerous in January than July. Comparisons of NAP and lightning distributions show that lightning seems to be the main source of the NOx, which forms NAP in cold clouds over continents. Qualitative comparisons of NAP with upper tropospheric humidity distributions suggest that NAP may play a role in the dehydration of the upper troposphere when the tropopause is colder than 195 K.


Using a Computable General Equilibrium model for Egypt based on data for 1991/92, this paper analyzes the short-run impact of removing price-distorting subsidies for oil products sold domestically and for commodities covered by the consumer subsidy program. The model merges neoclassical and structuralist features. Two sets of simulations are conducted. The first involves raising the price of domestic oil products to international levels; the second simulates the impact of removing consumer subsidies. Each policy gives rise to an increase in government savings. The analysis is focused on imposing alternative macro closures in order to explore trade-offs between alternative uses for these savings: foreign debt repayment (adding to Egypt's net foreign assets), domestic investment, and government transfers to the households. The results indicate that both policies are contractionary, across all macro closures. The strongest fall in real GDP and other indicators resulted from paying back foreign debt. For the other two cases, the savings were used in a manner which simulated the domestic economy, with a trade-off between investing and improving current household conditions. On the micro level, the oil policy simulations showed a decline in domestic oil use by 6-8 percent (with an accompanying reduction in air pollution) and larger exports. For the consumer subsidy cut, the household consumption fall was relatively limited for food due to low income and price elasticities; most of the consumption cut affected other industrial goods and services. Sensitivity analysis suggested that one structuralist feature mark-up pricing and excess capacity in much of the economy had a strong impact on the results; when profit maximization and no excess capacity was assumed for most sectors, the changes in real GDP and other variables were much smaller.


The percentage mass loss of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) wood cube specimens exposed to Gloeophyllum fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum) for increasing periods of time ranging from 1 to 12 weeks was recorded after being subjected to controlled decay following ASTM International standard ASTM D 1423-99. The specimens' corresponding volume loss due to decay and corresponding densities were calculated using X-ray computed tomography. Blocks decayed for 12 weeks experienced, on the average, the greatest loss of mass volume and density For each of the three principal material directions of these specimens with controlled decay, ultrasonic longitudinal and shear velocity values, along with the corresponding attenuation values, were measured using longitu dinal and shear ultrasonic transducers with a center frequency of 100 kHz. Because of the rela tively small size of the wooden specimens, a steel delay line was used, along with waveform averaging and the phase-comparison technique, to measure velocities. It was observed that the * Department of Industrial and Enterprising Systems Engineering, Univer sity of Illinois, 104 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801; (217) 333 1228; fax (217) 244-5705. † U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53726. ‡ University of California at Berkeley, Forest Products Laboratory, 1301 S. 46th St., Richmond, California 94804. § Department of Industrial and Enterprising Systems Engineering, Univer sity of Illinois, 104 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801; (217) 333 1228; fax (217) 244-5705; e-mail email@example.com. velocities increased with increasing frequency and decreased with increasing amount of decay, while the corresponding attenuation values increased with increasing frequency and amount of decay. Towards estimation of velocity and attenuation values, polynomial expressions fitted to the experi mentally obtained data are presented for the frequency band of 4.5 to 200 kHz and up to a mass


In this paper, we introduce a system of composite indicators developed by a research team in the E-equality Observatory at the Complutense University of Madrid. This tool, called Gender & ICT Indicators System (GICTIS), aids in the advancement of the measurement and analysis of the differences between men and women in the information society. It was designed to analyse data that may contribute to offering a clearer picture of the true reach of the gender digital divide, which has been largely underestimated to date. Its application allows us to: a
make inter-gender comparisons, determined by the degree of e-equality

b
carry out intra-gender analysis according to the degree of e-inclusion of each sex

c
contextualise the results for the corresponding 31 European countries.

By studying the data for several countries, we endeavor to provide a more international perspective. Countries have been ranked and classified under five categories of typologies according to the level of ICT use, combined with the degree of existing gender equality. Lastly, a brief analysis is made of the gender digital divide in each of the countries studied by comparing their respective data for the dimensions and variables that comprise the GICTIS.


Anthony Quinton's The Nature of Things covers competently a good deal of philosophical ground in hopeful pursuit of a coherent ontology de-scribable as 'a version of materialism'. He seems to discern two major difficulties for the enterprise: first, that of giving an acceptable account of ontology, and, secondly, that of reconciling his naturalism with his empiricist principles. 'Naturalism' is the view that man and his doings constitute a part of nature on the same ontological level as other natural things, and materialism is a naturalist philosophy. Of the second difficulty Quinton writes: …a naturalistic view of the world has had to find its chief philosophical expression through doctrines of a sceptical and subjectivist kind, such as Hume's, which have a tendency to undermine the naturalistic presumptions which inspired them. In this book I have tried to equip materialism with solid philosophical credentials.


Objective: To examine whether spouses of patients with severe sepsis are at increased risk for depression independent of the spouse's presepsis history, whether this risk differs by sex, and is associated with a sepsis patient's disability after hospitalization. Design: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Population-based cohort of U.S. adults over 50 yrs old interviewed as part of the Health and Retirement Study (1993–2008). Patients: Nine hundred twenty-nine patient-spouse dyads comprising 1,212 hospitalizations for severe sepsis. Measurements and Main Results: Severe sepsis was identified using a validated algorithm in Medicare claims. Depression was assessed with a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. All analyses were stratified by gender. The prevalence of substantial depressive symptoms in wives of patients with severe sepsis increased by 14 percentage points at the time of severe sepsis (from 20% at a median of 1.1 yrs presepsis to 34% at a median of 1 yr postsepsis) with an odds ratio of 3.74 (95% confidence interval: 2.20, 6.37), in multivariable regression. Husbands had an 8 percentage point increase in the prevalence of substantial depressive symptoms, which was not significant in multivariable regression (odds ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval 0.75, 4.71). The increase in depression was not explained by bereavement; women had greater odds of substantial depressive symptoms even when their spouse survived a severe sepsis hospitalization (odds ratio 2.86, 95% confidence interval 1.06, 7.73). Wives of sepsis survivors who were disabled were more likely to be depressed (odds ratio 1.35 per activities of daily living limitation of sepsis survivor, 95% confidence interval 1.12, 1.64); however, controlling for patient disability only slightly attenuated the association between sepsis and wives' depression (odds ratio 2.61, 95% confidence interval 0.93, 7.38). Conclusions: Older women may be at greater risk for depression if their spouse is hospitalized for severe sepsis. Spouses of patients with severe sepsis may benefit from greater support and depression screening, both when their loved one dies and when their loved one survives.


This short essay provides an overview of the career of Lee Dick, a female nonfiction film director and producer in the late 1930s and '40s. With a body of work that traverses documentary, industrial, and amateur production, Dick challenges perceived divisions between often overlapping spheres of nonfiction filmmaking and invokes tensions between personal and institutional authorship within a sponsored, and deeply collaborative, media context. Her largely unexamined career is a window into gendered labor and mid-twentieth-century media production.


Drawing on both folklore studies and literary analysis, this essay contends that the figure of the animal paramour in the Child ballads represents, in objectified form, the inherent animality and duality of human nature. Ballads featuring sexual relations between humans and anthropomorphic animals address the complex human interaction with the natural world. ********** Created anonymously, passed down orally through generations, recorded in ancient manuscripts or in broadsides, ballads are among the oldest and most universal forms of narrative. In what follows, I will be examining one particular group of ballads, which, for convenience I am calling the animal-paramour ballads. These ballads all feature a sexual relationship between a human being and an anthropomorphic supernatural animal, suggesting a complex interchange between the animal and the human states, the meaning of which will be my subject here. The ballads I will be discussing all derive from Francis James Child's canonical The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. This collection of 305 ballads, first published in five volumes between 1882 and 1898, has become the standard anthology for English-language balladry. Child was a scholar of mediaeval literature and the first Professor of English at Harvard University. He devoted the second part of his career to compiling as comprehensive a collection as possible of the traditional ballads of England and Scotland. Tragically, Child died two years before the last of his five volumes appeared in print. Nevertheless, as Sigrid Rieuwerts notes in her memorial essay: "Child's industry, judgement and accuracy ensured that ESPB [...] became the standard reference point for all subsequent work in the field of English-language traditional balladry" (23). The ballads that Child canonized are now internationally referred to as Child 1-305, and shall be so designated here. Furthermore, because I am treating the ballads as a single generic form, I shall be referring to them as if they were a monolithic creation, rather than distinguishing them by their national or historical provenance. The appearance of Child's collection in the late 1800s inspired the first wave of scholarship on the ballads in the twentieth century. This first wave, while often concerned with the insoluble debate over ballad origins--that is, whether ballads were created communally or individually--also focused attention on the folkloric underpinnings of balladry, especially as these relate to the supernatural. This line of investigation, begun by Child himself in his headnotes to the supernatural ballads in his collection, received its most extended consideration with the publication in 1928 of Lowry Charles Wimberly's classic, Folklore in the English and Scottish Ballads. Wimberly's book was reprinted in 1965, a decade that saw renewed interest in folk music and, especially, in balladry. Subsequent trends in ballad scholarship have focused on textual analysis--for instance, Fleming Andersen's important Commonplace and Creativity: The Role of Formulaic Diction in Anglo-Scottish Traditional Balladry--and, more recently, on sociology and gender analysis. (Deborah Symonds's Weep Not For Me: Women, Ballads and Infanticide in Early Modern Scotland is a good example of balladry used to illuminate a historical subject from a feminist point of view.) (1) At the same time, however, research into the supernatural aspects of the ballads has not been lacking. I will mention here three such studies that have some bearing on my subject: Irene Hansel Wood's essay on the folk medicine of childbirth, Sabine Wienker-Piepho's study of supernatural wives in the ballads, and Vic Gammon's essay on "Music, Charm and Seduction in British Traditional Songs and Ballads." (2) However, all of these studies fall within the realm of folklore scholarship rather than literary analysis. That is, they are concerned with the origins and permutations of specific beliefs and customs in the ballads, but they do not explore the literary or thematic implications of these beliefs. …


[1] GPS velocities in the vicinity of the Nankai Trough, southwest Japan, were inverted into three components: interplate loading due to Nankai Trough subduction, deformation associated with deep slip on the Median Tectonic Line (MTL), and the residual rigid plate motion. The results show a gradual decrease of interplate seismic coupling between 25 and 40 km depth on the Nankai Trough interface. This is consistent with the deep slip model, in which the fault extends as a ductile shear zone, with a depth-variable interplate strain accumulation rate. The top 20 km of the interface may not be fully coupled, although the resolution is poor there. The low coupling at shallow depths is consistent with the accretionary prism detected by seismic surveys. The MTL slip rate is estimated to be between 0.00 and 5.50 mm/yr if we assume a vertical fault and between 0.00 and 3.88 mm/yr if we assume a north dipping fault. Combining our results with a geological estimate (4–9 mm/yr) and a geodetic estimate with a denser network (∼5 mm/yr) suggests that the MTL slip rate may be near the upper bound of our geodetic estimate, that is, ∼4–5 mm/yr. The rigid plate motion with respect to the stable Eurasian craton was estimated to be very small, indicating that southwestern Japan is on the Eurasian plate rather than a separate plate.


Background: Chronic respiratory diseases are among the most common causes of mortality and comorbidity in the world. In the medical wards there are often inpatients with complex conditions, who cannot be admitted to a specialized unit due to their complex clinical and nursing needs. Nurses in this context play an important role and are responsible for the surveillance and prevention of complications in these inpatients. Aims: To describe the frequency and patterns of care left undone in medical wards in Italy. Methodology: Data were extracted from the RN4CAST@IT study, a larger cross-sectional observational study conducted in 2015, involving nurses, through convenience sampling of 40 hospitals. For this analysis we considered nurses involved (n=2082) in medical wards or similar. We surveyed which activities, from a list of 13, were necessary but left undone because of lack of time during the last shift worked. Results: The most frequent care left undone activity was 'oral hygiene' (47.6%), 'frequent mobilisation of bedridden patient' (47.3%), 'comforting and talking with patients' (45.8%), 'information and education' (45.1%). Conclusion: Care left undone is an error of omission that has a negative impact on patient outcomes. Omitting basic care, such as 'oral hygiene', leads to an increase of the workload for nurses and negative clinical outcomes in frail patients admitted to medical wards, especially when patients are affected by chronic respiratory diseases.


Contextual bandits serve as a fundamental model for many sequential decision making tasks. The most popular theoretically justified approaches are based on the optimism principle. While these algorithms can be practical, they are known to be suboptimal asymptotically (Lattimore and Szepesvari, 2017). On the other hand, existing asymptotically optimal algorithms for this problem do not exploit the linear structure in an optimal way and suffer from lower-order terms that dominate the regret in all practically interesting regimes. We start to bridge the gap by designing an algorithm that is asymptotically optimal and has good finite-time empirical performance. At the same time, we make connections to the recent literature on when exploration-free methods are effective. Indeed, if the distribution of contexts is well behaved, then our algorithm acts mostly greedily and enjoys sub-logarithmic regret. Furthermore, our approach is adaptive in the sense that it automatically detects the nice case. Numerical results demonstrate significant regret reductions by our method relative to several baselines.


Survey data provide a measure of exchange rate expectations that is superior to the commonly-used forward exchange rate in the respect that it does notinclude a risk premium. We use survey data and the technique of bootstrapping to test a number of propositions of interest. We are able to reject static or "randomwalk" expectations for both nominal and real exchange rates. Expected depreciation is large in magnitude. There is even statistically significant unconditional bias: during the 1981-85 "strong dollar period" the market persistently over estimated depreciation of the dollar. Expected depreciation is also variable, contrary to some recent claims. The expected future spot rate can be viewed as inelastic with respect to the contemporaneous spot rate, in that it also puts weight on other variables: the lagged expected spot rate (as in adaptive expectations), the lagged actual spot rate (distributed lag expectations), or a long-run equilibrium rate (regressive expectations). In one irnportant case, the relatively low weight that investors' expectations put on the contemporaneous spot rate constitutes a statistical rejection of rational expectations: we find that prediction errors are correlated with expected depreciation, so that investors would do better if they always reduced fractionally the magnitude of expected depreciation. This is the same result found by Bilson, Fama, and many others, except that it can no longer be attributed to a risk premium.


Although significant advances in the tailoring of nanocrystallite aggregates have been achieved, the synthesis of aggregates is strongly dependent on the use of templates, surfactants, and additives. Herein, direct rapid fabrication of ZnO nanoaggregates in a green and environmentally friendly polyol–H2O medium is developed. Remarkably, the rapidly formed ZnO nanoaggregates can be engineered by controlling the types of polyols as well as the volume ratio of polyol to water. The amount of water in the nonaqueous polyol solution is the key to inducing the desired structure and surface areas of ZnO nanoaggregates. The variations in the crystal structure of ZnO nanoaggregates are investigated in detail by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of different ZnO structures on the catalytic capability are evaluated through photodegradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic under simulated solar light irradiation. The nanoparticle aggregates show the highest photocatalytic performance, and the photoinduced h+ and ˙OH are the predominant active species in the photocatalytic degradation of CIP. The enhancement of the photocatalytic capability of the ZnO nanoparticle aggregates compared to other nanostructures is mainly attributed to their unique structure, efficient electron–hole separation, and faster charge carrier transport, on the basis of photoluminescence spectra, photocurrent measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The polyol-mediated engineering of ZnO nanoaggregates could provide insights into the synthesis of other nanoaggregate-based single and hybrid functional structures.


BACKGROUND
In the management of patients with anxiety and depression in general practice, the emphasis has been on improving detection and appropriate use of drug therapies by health professionals. Patients' own perceptions of their problems and what services they would prefer have not often been sought.

AIM
To explore patient perspectives in relation to their healthcare needs in anxiety and depression.

DESIGN OF STUDY
Semi-structured individual and focus group interviews.

SETTING
A total of 27 patients from an urban four-partner group general practice who were identified as having anxiety and depression by a practice population questionnaire survey.

METHOD
All interviews were transcribed and the major themes were summarised using grounded theory analysis.

RESULTS
Patients seek many different ways of coping with their problems but view their general practice as a focal point for help. Their experiences are dominated by the struggle to control unwelcome and intrusive thoughts and to live in a hostile and threatening world. They also have distinct preferences regarding their health needs and there is universal scepticism about drug therapies.

CONCLUSION
Patients describe personal and professional barriers to seeking help and have particular views on the treatment options. This perspective contrasts with the current professional emphasis on detection and drug use. This view is therefore central to informing the debate on management of neurotic disorders in primary care and on improving the care of these patients.


This contribution by CEPS Director Daniel Gros lays the blame for Italy's poor growth, which presently poses an existential threat to the entire eurozone, squarely on the country's abysmal record on such governance factors as corruption and the rule of law. Reversing this political decline will take years of national commitment – of which he sees little sign.


To increase understanding of the real world of the fund manager, the authors apply principles from emotional finance. They report their findings from analysing in-depth interviews of 52 traditional and quantitative-oriented equity managers. In particular, they examine the importance of storytelling in the managers' ability to act in the face of uncertainty. The nature of the fund managers' job requires them to cope with emotions that, particularly if denied, can threaten to overwhelm their thinking.


From the vantage point of normative political philosophy the preceding chapters in this volume offer several lessons and further research questions of how to assess and promote the legitimacy of these ICs. The following comments identify some of these. Several proposals amount to measures of constitutionalisation of ICs. Section I identifies some of the hitherto understudied arenas where the authors remind us that the perceived legitimacy of the ICs matters if they are to secure their various objectives. Section II addresses one central standard of legitimacy: the content of the concept of the Rule of Law, which remains contested both as an objective of ICs, and as a requirement on their operation. I stipulate that two central underlying values justify several if not all rule of law norms: non-domination and stable legitimate expectations. Respect for human rights is a further substantive value which many but not all contributors include in the concept. I then consider two main challenges to the legitimacy of ICs from rule of law standards. One is the possible fragmentation and the legal uncertainty that may ensue. Section III thus summarizes the chapters' insights about the alleged fragmentation wrought by so many ICs. Section IV considers some further challenges to the objectives and performance of ICs by these rule of law standards. Their multiple objectives require that the judges and arbitrators enjoy a wide berth of discretion in interpretation and adjudication – which raise the risk that states and individuals become subject to domination by the ICs themselves. Individuals may end up not living under the rule of law but under the rule of international lawyers. The following two sections gather several possible strands of responses to these fears. Section V elaborates how the power of ICs is constrained by their complex interrelationship with domestic authorities. Some such interdependence may be assessed by a further popular standard of legitimacy in addition to the rule of law, namely subsidiarity. This concept is often invoked in international law, explicitly so for the European Union4 and in debates concerning the European Convention on Human Rights.5 The section explores how several features of the authority of ICs presented by the authors may be explained and perhaps assessed by some standard of subsidiarity, to reduce the risks wrought by the ICs themselves. Appeals to subsidiarity may not so much lay issues to rest as stimulate more structured and systematic arguments concerning the legitimacy of ICs. Section VI considers several ways to regulate the discretion of the ICs to reduce the risks of fragmentation and domination, garnered from the contributions of this volume. Increased legitimacy of international courts requires perspectives and measures of constitutionalisation: Promote rule of law standards by better checks on the international courts, and channel and coordinate them better.


Integrated management of the marine environment requires a holistic understanding of marine ecosystems, rather than focusing on single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine ecosystem models are an important analytical approach to: integrate knowledge, data, and information; improve understanding on ecosystem functioning; and complement monitoring and observation efforts. They also offer the potential to predict the response of marine ecosystems to future scenarios and to support the implementation of ecosystem-based management of our seas and ocean.Europe has an excellent capability in Marine Ecosystem Modelling and these are being increasingly used as a tool for ecosystem management. However, there remains a mismatch between scientific research and what policy makers need to know. EMB Future Science Brief 4 examines current state-of-the-art in Europe and beyond and recommends key areas where marine ecosystem modelling capability could be strengthened, including ways to better connect models, observations and societal needs.


We present a strategic network formation model which is based on membership in clubs. Agents choose a set of clubs with which they wish to be affiliated. The set of all club memberships (an environment) induces a weighted network in which two agents are directly connected if they are members of the same club. Two agents may also be indirectly connected using the multiple memberships of third parties. Agents gain from their position in the induced network and pay membership fees. Thus, both clubs and the network are formed simultaneously. Using two specifications of the weighting function we introduce two models based upon congestion - one, the club congestion model wherein the weight of each link depends upon the size of the smallest shared club and the other, the individual congestion model wherein each link's weight depends on the number of affiliations maintained by the two agents. In the club congestion model we focus on the trade-off between the size of the club, depreciation due to indirect connections and membership fees. In the individual congestion model the Grand Club environment is the unique efficient environment. However, a coordination failure arises due to the wide externalities incurred by the formation of new affiliations. We believe that this framework may serve as a basis for an empirical examination of the role of linking platforms in shaping real-life social networks.


Background: Acute rejection of lung allografts is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in the transplant patient population, resulting in the dysfunction and destruction of the graft by the host's immune system via cellular or antibody-mediated mechanisms. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is more common and better characterized than antibody-mediated rejection, which to date lacks any widely agreed upon, standardized set of diagnostic criteria. We present a case of AMR attributable to a rare phenomenon, non-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. Case Report: A 50-year-old male underwent an uneventful single lung transplant for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Donor and recipient blood type was A positive. No pretransplant donor-specific antibodies were identified. Flow cytometric crossmatch was negative. The postoperative course was significant for a single-unit transfusion of packed red blood cells on postoperative day (POD) 1 and persistent asymptomatic Serratia marcescens in bronchial washes despite ongoing levofloxacin treatment. A surveillance biopsy (POD 34) showed no evidence of rejection. One week later (on POD 41), the patient presented with fever, shortness of breath, and imaging abnormalities of the grafted lung. Inpatient antibiotic escalation to cefepime, ertapenem, and meropenem resolved the positive cultures and fever, but the patient's respiratory function continued to decline, requiring intubation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. High-dose steroids and therapeutic plasma exchanges were initiated for suspected acute rejection. During the workup, a newly developed anti-A1 red blood cell antibody was identified. Despite supportive efforts, the patient died on POD 55, 14 days after symptomatic presentation. Conclusion: This case highlights the clinical significance of AMR in lung allografts, as well as the need to investigate both HLA and non-HLA antibody sources in pulmonary transplant rejection refractory to treatment.


Introduction: Equity in education is meant providing equal educational opportunities for students that often included the equality in professors' behaviors with their students. This form of justice can improve students' performance. So, considering the importance of educational equity and the its special position in medical education, this study was performed to investigate the situation of educational justice from the perspective of paramedical students in Kermanshah Faculty of Paramedical Sciences. Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, which was performed by stratified sampling method in 2014, the required information was collected by educational justice questionnaire. The reliability and validity of this questionnaire was confirmed. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: The average score of education justice was 53/48 ± 15/24. A significant relationship was found between the average scores of students educational justice with gender and their field of study (P<0.05). Conclusion: The research findings showed that the students' demographic characteristics are the influencing factors on the situation of education justice in Kermanshah Faculty of Paramedical Sciences. Therefore, the need to creating equal opportunities in education in a way that all students have access to the same facilities in the same environment, must be considered through the university and especially the professors.


We investigate the structure of cholesterol-containing membranes composed of either short-chain (diC14:1PC) or long-chain (diC22:1PC) monounsaturated phospholipids. Bilayer structural information is derived from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, which are validated via direct comparison to x-ray scattering experiments. We show that the addition of 40 mol % cholesterol results in a nearly identical increase in the thickness of the two different bilayers. In both cases, the chain ordering dominates over the hydrophobic matching between the length of the cholesterol molecule and the hydrocarbon thickness of the bilayer, which one would expect to cause a thinning of the diC22:1PC bilayer. For both bilayers there is substantial headgroup rearrangement for lipids directly in contact with cholesterol, supporting the so-called umbrella model. Importantly, in diC14:1PC bilayers, a dynamic network of hydrogen bonds stabilizes long-lived reorientations of some cholesterol molecules, during which they are found to lie perpendicular to the bilayer normal, deep within the bilayer's hydrophobic core. Additionally, the simulations show that the diC14:1PC bilayer is significantly more permeable to water. These differences may be correlated with faster cholesterol flip-flop between the leaflets of short-chain lipid bilayers, resulting in an asymmetric distribution of cholesterol molecules. This asymmetry was observed experimentally in a case of unilamellar vesicles (ULVs), and reproduced through a set of novel asymmetric simulations. In contrast to ULVs, experimental data for oriented multilamellar stacks does not show the asymmetry, suggesting that it results from the curvature of the ULV bilayers.


We study using laboratory experiments the impact on cooperation of allowing individuals to invest in group-specific, excludable public goods. We find that allowing different social groups to voluntarily contribute to such goods increases total contributions. However, a significant proportion of that contribution goes towards the group-specific club good, rather than the public good, even when the latter has higher financial returns to cooperation. We find significant evidence of in-group biases, which are manifested by positive in-group reciprocity. That is, club goods allow subjects to display their preferences for interaction with their in-group members, as well as in positive in-group reciprocity.


Motivated by the need for cyber-physical systems (CPS) to perform in dynamic and uncertain environments, smart CPS (sCPS) utilize self-adaptive capabilities to autonomously manage uncertainties at the intersection of the cyber and physical worlds. In this context, self-adaptation approaches face particular challenges, including (i) environment monitoring that is subject to sensing errors; (ii) adaptation actions that take time, sometimes due to physical movement; (iii) dire consequences for not adapting in a timely manner; and (iv) incomparable objectives that cannot be conflated into a single utility metric (e.g., avoiding an accident vs. providing good service). To enable researchers to evaluate and compare self-adaptation approaches aiming to address these unique challenges of sCPS, we introduce the DARTSim exemplar. DARTSim implements a high-level simulation of a team of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) performing a reconnaissance mission in a hostile and unknown environment. Designed to be easily used by researchers, DARTSim provides a TCP-based interface for easy integration with external adaptation managers, documentation, and a fast simulation capability.


This paper investigates the effects of mandatory seat belt laws on driver behavior and traffic fatalities. Using a unique panel data set on seat belt usage in all U.S. jurisdictions, we analyze how such laws, by influencing seat belt use, affect the incidence of traffic fatalities. Allowing for the endogeneity of seat belt usage, we find that such usage decreases overall traffic fatalities. The magnitude of this effect, however, is significantly smaller than the estimate used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In addition, we do not find significant support for the compensating-behavior theory, which suggests that seat belt use also has an indirect adverse effect on fatalities by encouraging careless driving. Finally, we identify factors, especially the type of enforcement used, that make seat belt laws more effective in increasing seat belt usage.


This article purpose is to analyze the insertion of the population aging theme in the training of professionals working in the Family Health Strategy and in the Family Health Support Center. This is a study with a qualitative approach and documentary type, carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, located in the Northeastern region of Brazil. To reach the objective, the pedagogical projects of the courses for the professions that work in the Family Health Strategy and in the Family Health Support Unit were searched. The documents analysis was based on the content analysis method, using the thematic analysis technique in three pre-established registration units: (i) skills and abilities; (ii) professional profile; and (iii) curricular structure. From the analysis of the pedagogical projects, two analytical categories emerged: discussion about aging and training for health care of the elderly. The research result was that the discussion about the thematic of the aging in the process of formation of human resources in health is still insipient. There is a clear necessity to prepare people to provide adequate attention to the elderly population, as well as to formulate and manage public policies for the mentioned population that benefits from Health Unic System (SUS)
Keywords: Aging; Health of the Elderly; Human Resources in Health; Health education; Primary Health Care.


Objective: To compare the efficacy of 20 mg of IV metoclopramide, given up to four times over 2 hours as needed for persistent headache, with 6 mg of subcutaneous sumatriptan for the emergency department treatment of migraine headaches. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial with two intervention arms. The primary endpoint was change in pain intensity as measured by an 11-point pain scale at 2 hours. Secondary endpoints included change in pain intensity at 24 hours and rates of pain-free headache relief at 2 and 24 hours. Results: Two hundred two patients were screened, and 78 of 91 eligible patients were randomized. The two groups had comparable pain scores at baseline. By 2 hours, the change in pain intensity for the metoclopramide group was 7.2 compared with 6.3 for the sumatriptan group (95% CI for difference: −0.2 to 2.2). When compared at 24 hours, the metoclopramide group had improved by 6.1 compared with baseline and the sumatriptan group had improved by 5.0 (95% CI for difference: −0.6 to 2.8). At 2 hours, pain-free rates were 59% in the metoclopramide arm and 35% in the sumatriptan arm (95% CI for difference of 24%: 2 to 46%). The most common side effects at both time points were weakness, dizziness, and drowsiness, which were distributed evenly between the two groups. There were no reports of chest pain within the first 2 hours. The incidence of restlessness, stiffness, and abnormal movements was distributed equally between the two groups. Conclusions: When compared at 2 and 24 hours, aggressive (20 mg dosed up to four times) IV metoclopramide and 6 mg of subcutaneous sumatriptan relieved migraine headache pain comparably. Some secondary endpoints suggest that metoclopramide may be the preferable therapy for migraines presenting to the emergency department.


The present thesis explores and discusses reading continuous text on small screens, namely on mobile devices, and aims at identifying a model capturing those factors that most influence the perceived experience of reading. The thesis also provides input for the user interface and content creation industries, offering them some direction as to what to focus on when producing interfaces intended for reading or text-based content that is likely to be read on a small display.

The thesis starts with an overview of the special characteristics of reading on small screens and identifies, through existing literature, issues that may affect fluency and ease of reading on mobile devices. The thesis then
presents six experiments and studies on reading performance and perceived experience when reading on small screens. The mixed-methods research presented in the thesis showed that reading performance and subjective perception of reading fluency and ease do not always correspond, and perceived experience can have a strong influence over an end-user's choice of whether to access text based content on a small display device or not. The research shows that it is important to measure interface quality not only in terms of functionality, but also for the user experience offered – and, ideally, to measure experience through more than one variable.

The thesis offers a factor model (mobile reading acceptance model) of those factors that collectively influence subjective experience when reading via small screens. The key factors in the model are visibility of text, overview of contents, navigation within the contents and interaction with the interface/device. Further contributions include methods for cost-efficient user experience testing: a modified critical incident technique and using an optical character recognition to gauge legibility user experience
at early design iterations.


The present study was the first to explore dreams with sexual imagery in relation to the following waking day characteristics: infidelity (partner cheating or the target cheating), relationship satisfaction, romantic jealousy, and intimacy. Questionnaires were completed by 98 female undergraduate students. As expected, significant correlations were found with those who reported having a partner cheat on them with cognitive, emotional, and behavioural jealousy, and, dream infidelity. Findings also reveal that people who scored high in romantic jealousy also had dream imagery of infidelity and dream meaning (discovery) associated with infidelity. Dream infidelity was also associated with low relationship intimacy in waking day. Findings imply that The Storytelling Method of Dream Interpretation is useful for linking the interpretation of sex dreams to relevant waking day romantic relationship issues. Research implications and future directions are discussed.


Background: The mammalian proprotein convertases (PCs) constitute a family of nine secretory serine proteases related to bacterial subtilisin and yeast kexin. Seven of them (PC1/3, PC2, furin, PC4, PC5/6, PACE4 and PC7) activate cellular and pathogen precursor proteins by cleavage at single or paired basic residues, while SKI-1/S1P and PCSK9 regulate cholesterol/lipid homeostasis via cleavage at non-basic residues or through induced degradation of receptors. PCs are now considered attractive targets for the development of powerful novel therapeutics. In this poster presentation, I will summarize the physiological functions and pathological implications of the PCs and discuss proposed strategies to control some of their activities, including their therapeutic application and validation in selected disease states. Objectives: The concept of the cleavage of precursor proteins to generate active products was born 47 years ago and the cognate convertases were identified during a 13-year period that ended in 2003 with the identification of PCSK9. Since the discovery of the PCs, efforts have been deployed to identify specific functions of PCs in animal models and humans in both health and disease and they have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes that regulate both body homeostasis and multiple disease states. While most PCs exert their functions through cleavage of substrates either at basic or non-basic amino acids, PCSK9 only requires its enzymatic activity to autocatalytically process its prosegment in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is secreted as an inactive protease. The challenging identification of safe orally active small molecule inhibitors of some of the convertases, especially PCSK9, is definitively a future goal that should be pursued vehemently. Conclusions: The use of biologics and desirable automated injection procedures or minimally invasive methods may be the future for effective PC-based therapies. The future is indeed bright and awaits innovative and practical approaches to target these exciting and multifunctional enzymes. The topics discussed here will encourage the investigation and development of potent and effective PC-inhibitors/silencers, and minimally invasive procedures for delivery to patients, which would be highly beneficial in the clinical treatment of diseases in which PCs play a key role.


The objective of this research was to find the effect of frequency by manually weeds control for growth and the production of paddy field (Oryza sativa L.) by SRI methode . This research was conducted in Balai Benih Induk Hortikultura at Kaharuddin Nasution street, Padang Marpoyan, Pekanbaru. This research held for 5 months, started in November 2011 until March 2012. This research use Randomized Block Design (RBD) that consists of 4 treatments and 3 replications. These treatments consist of once weeding ( 30 days after planted), twice weeding ( 20, 40 days after planted), third weeding (20, 30, 40 days after planted) and fourth weeding ( 10, 20, 30, 40 days after planted) manually. Parameters measured were plant height (cm), number of maximum nhymps (stem), the outgoing panicles (days), the number of productive tillers (seed), dried milled rice production per clump (g), 1000 seed weight (g). Data was analyzed by analysis of variance and further test by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the level of 5%.  The research showed that the treatment of frequency by manually weed  control were not significant to all parameters (parameters measured were plant high, number of maximum nhymps, the outgoing panicles, the number of productive tillers, 1000 seed weight ) except in parameter of dried milled rice production per clump and the manually weeding of once frequency (30 days after planted)  has yield 15,2 t/ha. Keyword: Paddy  field, SRI, weed control


In this presentation, we take an interest in practices relied upon by teachers and learners for coming to situated agreement of the level of student learning, and for adjusting teaching and instruction in different situations to these changing understandings, both within situations, and in and between subsequent situations occurring over longer periods of time. In particular, we are interested in explicit epistemic practices and epistemic topicalization as resources for cohesion and change. Within CA, there is a growing interest in the ubiquitous role that issues related to knowledge have in the interactive organization of human sociality. This interest has brought new insights about the diverse ways in which epistemic stance is utilized as a resource in interaction (c.f. Stivers, Mondada, & Steensig, 2011; Heritage, 2012b; 2012a; Goodwin, 2013; Koole, 2012). The focus on epistemics is at the core of a growing body of research on learning that within a CA framing explores new ways of conceptualizing learning as changed participation in interaction (Martin, 2004; Melander, 2009; Lee, 2010; Sahlstrom, 2011; Seedhouse, Walsh, & Jenks, 2010).The issue of cross-situational relevance has continued to to be a challenge for CA studies. Here, we explore how participants orient to learning processes across situations, by relying on epistemic topicalizations as resources for the shaping of cohesive learning trajectories. The analyzed material consists of data from three larger educational video- ethnographies on language and learning with data both from classroom settings and informal everyday settings. Within these materials, trajectories of learning have been traced, relying in particular on analysis of explications of epistemic orientation.In the analysis we show how the epistemic stance of the informants change through and between the interactions, as the students become more and more certain of how to orient to the learning content. By orienting to previous shared learning experiences, and by relying on epistemic explications such as epistemic topicalizations, the student's current epistemic status in relation to the learnable is established, and hence made available for situated change. In conclusion, the paper shows how epistemic topicalizations are relied upon in the learning trajectories for establishing and maintaining, in different ways, coherence in a certain constituted content through several learning situations, while at the same time making it possible for the teacher and the student to continuously change and differentiate their epistemic stance to this content in relation to successive changes in the student's epistemic status. Hence, epistemic topicalization is demonstrated to be a primary resource in establishing a shared understanding of the evolving epistemic status of the students, and a primary resource for adapting and changing teaching and instruction. Epistemic topicalizations represent crucial resources both for the contingent organization of learning as social action within and beyond situated interactions, and for the situated construction of differentiation and mutual adaption of teaching and learning in relation to displayed needs and requests from various students.


As the size of CMOS technology scales down to nanometers domain, fault-tolerant is becoming a challenge for NoC. Turn model provides a simple and efficient systematic approach to the development of deadlock-free routing algorithms. In this paper, we propose a pseudo-receiving mechanism based on the support of local processor's cache to enable prohibited turn, and meanwhile make it keep deadlock-free. We present a fault-tolerant routing algorithm based on pseudo-receiving mechanism for 2D mesh. The routing algorithm is livelock-free in the cost of disable a few un-faulty links or nodes. The algorithm is applied to a single-cycle fixed output-buffered router. Experimental results show that, it achieves high performance even under high faulty rate.


Duration: April 1999 - May 2000

This study looked at the needs of people with HIV using qualitative in-depth interviews with 47 people with HIV (29 men and 18 women). Respondents were a very diverse cross-section of people with HIV who were either on treatment or had been advised to go on to treatment but had decided not to do so. Some of the men and women interviewed had tried treatments but were no longer taking them.

The study demonstrated that combination therapy had affected everyone living with HIV, whether or not they were actually taking anti-HIV treatments. For those whose health had changed because of therapies, there had been immediate and often considerable changes in daily needs. For almost everyone, perceptions of the possibilities of life had shifted. The impact of these changed perceptions was highly individual, depending not only on personal circumstances, but also on the risks involved in change, including the risks of giving up current security; or of investing in a future when everything gained could be lost again. Consequently, needs were extremely diverse.

The needs which emerged could be classified under eleven main headings. In the report each broad need is described and illustrated with direct quotes from respondents. The report also demonstrates how people usually met most of their needs for themselves. When they did turn to others, their choices were based on many factors - who they trusted, who was around, who made a difference. These judgements were always open to change, so patterns of support were never predictable. Partners, friends, family and services were all prominent sources of support, but all played a part in creating needs as well as meeting them.

The central message of the study was that people's needs are very individual and should not be confused with their demand for any particular service.

The final report was called Proceeding with care. Phase 3 of an on-going study of the impact of combination therapies on the needs of people with HIV.


While there is growing interest in incorporating clients' spiritual beliefs
and values into social work practice, several studies have shown that social workers
lack the necessary training to address spiritual issues in a culturally competent
manner. This paper addresses this need by providing an annotated spirituality
training course for use in various settings. Topics or domains covered in the curriculum include
ethics and values, research and theory on spirituality, the nation's spiritual
demographics, the cultures of major spiritual traditions, value conflicts, spiritual
interventions, assessment approaches, and the rights of spiritual believers. A
number of potential assignments are offered,which are designed to promote practitioner
self-awareness, respect for spiritual diversity, and an enhanced ability to
assess and operationalize spiritual strengths to ameliorate problems in practice settings.


Objective To study the presence of 9p deletion and p16, cyclin D1 and Myc expression and their respective diagnostic and prognostic interest in oligodendrogliomas. Methods We analyzed a retrospective series of 40 consecutive anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (OIII) from a single institution and compared them to a control series of 10 low grade oligodendrogliomas (OII). Automated FISH analysis of chromosome 9p status and immunohistochemistry for p16, cyclin D1 and Myc was performed for all cases and correlated with clinical and histological data, event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Chromosome 9p deletion was observed in 55% of OIII (22/40) but not in OII. Deletion was highly correlated to EFS (median = 29 versus 53 months, p<0.0001) and OS (median = 48 versus 83 months, p<0.0001) in both the total cohort and the OIII population. In 9p non-deleted oligodendrogliomas, p16 hyperexpression correlated with a shorter OS (p = 0.02 in OII and p = 0.0001 in OIII) whereas lack of p16 expression was correlated to a shorter EFS and OS in 9p deleted OIII (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0002 respectively). Expression of Cyclin D1 was significantly higher in OIII (median expression 45% versus 14% for OII, p = 0.0006) and was correlated with MIB-1 expression (p<0.0001), vascular proliferation (p = 0.002), tumor necrosis (p = 0.04) and a shorter EFS in the total cohort (p = 0.05). Hyperexpression of Myc was correlated to grade (median expression 27% in OII versus 35% in OIII, p = 0.03), and to a shorter EFS in 9p non-deleted OIII (p = 0.01). Conclusion Chromosome 9p deletion identifies a subset of OIII with significantly worse prognosis. The combination of 9p status and p16 expression level identifies two distinct OIII populations with divergent prognosis. Hyperexpression of Bcl1 and Myc appears highly linked to anaplasia but the prognostic value is unclear and should be investigated further.


The oxidation of glucose is required for the secretion of insulin by pancreatic β-cells. The product of this oxidation, ATP, stimulates the closure of potassium channels and calcium-dependent exocytosis of insulin. This system is beautifully regulated such that the precise amount of insulin is delivered to the bloodstream to regulate whole-body glucose metabolism. On the other hand, when insulin fails to function properly or when the demand for insulin is greater than the levels released by β-cells, blood glucose concentrations rise and diabetes ensues. In a subset of individuals with type 2 diabetes, there is a significant loss of β-cell mass. The mechanisms by which β-cells are lost under conditions in which glucose levels are elevated have yet to be fully elucidated. Proposed mechanisms to explain β-cell toxicity to elevated glucose concentrations include (but are not limited to) the generation of free radicals in β-cells during oxidative metabolism of glucose (1), the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1, which are known to be toxic to β-cells (2), and the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in β-cells (3). It has been proposed that each of these damaging pathways results in loss of β-cells due to apoptosis. In the current issue of Diabetes , Chen et al. (4) provide evidence that the loss of β-cell mass in response to elevated concentrations of glucose is the results of enhanced expression of a single protein, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP).

TXNIP participates in control of the redox state of a cell by interacting and inhibiting thioredoxin (5). Thioredoxin contains conserved active-site cysteine …


The study aimed to develop an understanding of health visitor recruitment and retention by examining what existing staff and new recruits wanted from their job, their professional aspirations and what would encourage them to start and stay in employment. Following a period of steady decline in numbers, the health visitor workforce in England has recently been invested in and expanded to deliver universal child public health. To capitalise on this large investment, managers need an understanding of factors influencing workforce retention and continuing recruitment of health visitors. The study was designed using an interpretive approach and involved students (n = 17) and qualified health visitors (n = 22) from the north and south of England. Appreciative inquiry (AI) exercises were used as methods of data collection during 2012. During AI exercises students and health visitors wrote about 'a practice experience you have felt excited and motivated by and briefly describe the factors that contributed to this'. Participants were invited to discuss their written accounts of practice with a peer during an audio-recorded sharing session. Participants gave consent for written accounts and transcribed recordings to be used as study data, which was examined using framework analysis. In exploring personal meanings of health visiting, participants spoke about the common aspiration to make a difference to children and families. To achieve this, they expected their job to allow them to: connect with families; work with others; use their knowledge, skills and experience; use professional autonomy. The study offers new insights into health visitors' aspirations, showing consistency with conceptual explanations of optimal professional practice. Psychological contract theory illustrates connections between professional aspirations and work commitment. Managers can use these findings as part of workforce recruitment and retention strategies and for building on the health visitor commitment to making a difference to children and families.


Special purpose service robots have already entered the market and their users homes. Also the idea of the general purpose service robot or personal robot companion is increasingly discussed and investigated. To probe human-robot interaction with a mobile robot in arbitrary domestic settings, we conducted a study in eight different homes. Based on previous results from laboratory studies we identified particular interaction situations which should be studied thoroughly in real home settings. Based upon the collected sensory data from the robot we found that the different environments influenced the spatial management observable during our subjects' interaction with the robot. We also validated empirically that the concept of spatial prompting can aid spatial management and communication, and assume this concept to be helpful for Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) design. In this article we report on our exploratory field study and our findings regarding, in particular, the spatial management observed during show episodes and movement through narrow passages.


An inter-institutional and multi-disciplinary project to identify Brachiaria genotypes, which combine waterlogging tolerance with high forage yield and quality, for use in agricultural land in Latin America with poor drainage, is underway. The aim is to improve meat and milk production and mitigate the impacts of climate change in the humid areas of Latin America. Researchers at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) have developed a screening method to evaluate waterlogging in grasses. Using this method, 71 promising hybrids derived from the species, Brachiaria ruziziensis , B. brizantha and B. decumbens , were evaluated. Four hybrids with superior waterlogging tolerance were identified. Their superiority was based on greater: green-leaf biomass production, proportion of green leaf to total leaf biomass, green-leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency; and reduced dead-leaf biomass. These hybrids, together with previously selected hybrids and germplasm accessions, are being field-tested for waterlogging tolerance in collaboration with National Agricultural Research Institutions and farmers from Colombia, Nicaragua and Panama.


Multidiameter single fiber reflectance (MDSFR) spectroscopy is a method that allows the quantification of μs' and the phase-function-dependent parameter γ of a turbid medium by utilizing multiple fibers with different diameters. We have previously introduced the theory behind MDSFR and its limitations, and here we present an experimental validation of this method based on phantoms containing a fractal distribution of polystyrene spheres both in the absence and presence of the absorber Evans Blue.


This paper presents the results of a research project, which was launched in 1999 by the Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the ELTE. Our main goal was to create a register of Hungarian tell settlements. First we collected all available information on tell settlements from the archaeological literature and various museum archives. Following this preliminary data filtering, fifty of the initial 161 Neolithic sites and 116 of the 224 Bronze Age sites were classified as genuine tells or tell-like settlements. After that we determined the accurate location and co-ordinates of the sites using aerial photography called for the construction of a GIS database. The destruction (by erosion, by flood, etc.) of the tell settlements can be monitored virtually from one day to the other. In addition to a precise site condition assessment, the project yielded fresh information about settlement layouts, such as the presence of enclosures. At some sites, aerial photography was followed by a magnetometer survey.


This paper presents a theoretical and neurobiologically-grounded model of attention- and task-switching in response to novel stimuli. Within this framework, I show how key features of autism and of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be explained by simple "biases" (which can be alternatively interpreted as preference shifters) with regards to how agents value potential diversions in relation to a preoccurring task. Specifically, the theory suggests that diversions of this sort are systematically undervalued in autism and overvalued in ADHD, giving rise to the atypically low attention- and task-switching propensities observed in autism and the reverse in ADHD. While making a broader case for the potential value of economic theory as a lens through which to understand such psychiatric conditions, I draw on a range of formal economic concepts — opportunity cost, willingness-to-pay, risk aversion, time preferences, payoff/cost elasticities — to capture many other documented patterns in autism and in ADHD. In doing so, the model motivates a new classification of autism and ADHD as opposites in that their behavioral symptoms arise from opposite underlying biases. That said, the results also show how many of their symptoms — including some in the domain of social behavior — can overlap, if crudely defined, suggesting a potential clinical benefit from more precise diagnostic criteria.


The present study examines the association between coping behavior and their relationship satisfaction in older spousal dyads. We examined N = 132 couples (M age = 68 years) and found that their dyadic coping strategies – a prime indicator of functional adaptation to daily stress in marital context – were significantly linked to relationship satisfaction. Our findings suggest that the partners' subjective perception of their spouses' supportive behavior was more strongly linked to their relationship satisfaction than self-reported support. Furthermore, individual support perception was more important for marital satisfaction than coping congruency. Overall, the dyadic coping of older adults may serve as an effective tool to stabilize relationship satisfaction when facing the challenges of older age and long-term marriage.


In 1916 Einstein published his General Theory of Relativity, from which the existence of gravitational waves was predicted. Gravitational waves are considered to be ripples or fluctuations in the curvature of space-time, propagating isotropically from their source at the speed of light. However, due to the weak nature of gravity, observing this phenomenon presents a great challenge to the scientific community.

Small deviations in the apparent positions of stellar objects were measured by Eddington during a solar eclipse in 1919, which confirmed the curvature of space-time and its effect on light, and there have since been many astronomical observations of gravitational lenses. In 1993 Hulse and Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their observations of a pulsar in a binary system, providing strong evidence for energy loss by emission of gravitational waves. However, the quest for a direct detection of gravitational waves is ongoing through the development of ever more sensitive technology.

The development of laser interferometry, based on Michelson topologies, pro- vides the most encouraging route to observing gravitational radiation. There is currently a global network of first generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors in operation, including GEO600 (UK/Germany), Virgo (Italy/France) and TAMA (Japan) as well as several second generation detectors under construction such as Advanced LIGO (USA) and LIGO-Australia (Australia). In the coming years GEO600 will also undergo a series of small sequential upgrades to GEO-HF, while Virgo aims to become an order of magnitude more sensitive across the entire frequency band, as Advanced Virgo.

The Institute for Gravitational Research (IGR) at the University of Glasgow has for many years been in strong collaboration with the Albert Einstein Institute in Hanover and Golm, the University of Hanover, the University of Cardiff and the University of Birmingham. The Glasgow group have been involved with developments on GEO600 since its initial construction in 1995, from which a lot of technology has been subsequently adopted for use in other large baseline detectors. There is a 10m prototype interferometer housed in the JIF laboratory at Glasgow, which is utilised for testing new technology and optical configurations of interest to this and the wider collaboration.

The research contained in this thesis has been carried out on the Glasgow prototype to investigate novel technology of potential importance to future generations of gravitational wave detectors.
In Chapter 1 the history of gravitational radiation is discussed, along with a summary of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity to reveal the nature of gravitational radiation production. From this analysis several potential sources of astronomical origin are detailed for which the design of ground based detectors are optimised.

Various interferometric solutions for detecting gravitational waves are described in Chapter 2, beginning with the most fundamental Michelson topology and thereupon key enhancements, such as Fabry-Perot cavities, power recycling and signal recycling are outlined. The Pound-Drever-Hall scheme used to sense and control the relative distances between each optical component is detailed, including modifications to this technique for controlling significantly more complex systems with many optical elements.

The most important attribute in the overall design of an interferometric gravitational wave detector is the total noise limit to the sensitivity, which is comprised of both technical noise and fundamental noise. A summary is provided of the seismic, thermal, and laser noise contributing to technical noise as well as the fundamental quantum noise, consisting of photon shot noise and radiation pressure noise. From this discussion, the author introduces the current global network, and proposed future generations of ground-based detectors intended to open a new field of gravitational wave astronomy.

In all proposed upgrades and future detectors the input power must be increased to improve detector sensitivity. Two experiments were designed, con- structed and completed at the Glasgow prototype interferometer related to separate issues of concern for high power regimes.

In the first experiment, one of the arms of the Glasgow prototype was commissioned as an all-reflective optical cavity, whereby the partially transmissive input mirror was replaced with a three-port diffraction grating mounted on the bottom stage of a triple pendulum. This investigation was designed to characterise the performance of the grating compared to the conventional input mirror of a Fabry-Perot cavity, whilst revealing issues related to the dynamics of suspended grating input couplers on the control signals. The realisation of grating devices for use in interferometric systems would open a pathway to mitigating the otherwise limiting thermal noise associated to the mirror coatings.

The other arm of the Glasgow prototype was chosen to investigate the modified dynamic behaviour of suspended cavity mirrors when signifiant radiation pressure forces are incident. The experiment involved replacing one of the suspended cavity mirrors with a light-weight counterpart designed specifically to increase the overall sensitivity to radiation pressure. By probing the system response for different cavity detunings, it was possible to observe and char- acterise the opto-mechanical resonance, commonly termed an optical spring, which induces optical rigidity at lower frequencies and enhanced sensitivity around the resonant feature.
Although optical rigidity suppresses the system response, which is otherwise undesired within gravitational wave detectors, it does however enable systems, which under the right conditions can be self-locking, i.e. the mirror control turned off. Furthermore, the enhanced detector sensitivity at the optical spring frequency can be optimised for different frequencies of interest, and could potentially be used to beat the limit imposed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle for independent cavity mirrors.

Together, these experiments may provide information useful to the design of future interferometric gravitational wave detectors.