We propose a joint digital preequalization scheme for a Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing (N-WDM) system to compensate for the intersymbol interference caused by a limited channel bandwidth or aggressive prefiltering. A digital raised-cosine pulse filter is implemented before the reference-based preequalization scheme to enhance the tolerance of the signal to the crosstalk from adjacent channels. The experiment illustrates eight-channel digital-analog-converter generation of the polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keying system at 112 Gb/s per channel on a 25-GHz grid, adopting the reference-based digital preequalization considering narrow-band optical filtering effect at the transmitter. The experimental results show that the proposed preequalization scheme allows for an ultradense channel spacing of 0.89 times of the baud rate in the super N-WDM system with a as large as 5-dB optical signal-to-noise ratio improvement.


The gradual increase of human population in Indonesia caused the increasing of the primary need of clothing, resulted in the development of fashion businesses in Indonesia, especially in the DKI Jakarta as the Capital Region of Indonesia. Nesty Collection is a private label brand fashion firm that competes with the other private label fashion firms in Tanah Abang Trading Center to earn large profits from fashion marketing. This study aimed  to analyze the factors that might affect the purchasing decision of Nesty Collection's fashion products. This study used five variables, which are product design, product quality, competitive price, brand image, and purchase decision. This research hypothesis testing using the data of 102 respondents. The analysis technique used in this research is to use a software program Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 22. Results showed that the purchasing decision of Nesty Collection's fashion products was affected by brand image and competitive price. Brand image of Nesty Collection was affected by product design and product quality.


Peatlands contain a large belowground carbon (C) stock in the biosphere, and their dynamics have important implications for the global carbon cycle. However, there are still large uncertainties in C stock estimates and poor understanding of C dynamics across timescales. Here I review different approaches and associated uncertainties of C stock estimates in the literature, and on the basis of the literature review my best estimate of C stocks and uncertainty is 500±100 (approximate range) gigatons of C (Gt C) in northern peatlands. The greatest source of uncertainty for all the approaches is the lack or insufficient representation of data, including depth, bulk density and carbon accumulation data, especially from the world's large peatlands. Several ways to improve estimates of peat carbon stocks are also discussed in this paper, including the estimates of C stocks by regions and further utilizations of widely available basal peat ages. Changes in peatland carbon stocks over time, estimated usingSphagnum(peat moss) spore data and down-core peat accumulation records, show different patterns during the Holocene, and I argue that spore-based approach underestimates the abundance of peatlands in their early histories. Considering long-term peat decomposition using peat accumulation data allows estimates of net carbon sequestration rates by peatlands, or net (ecosystem) carbon balance (NECB), which indicates more than half of peat carbon (> 270 Gt C) was sequestrated before 7000 yr ago during the Holocene. Contemporary carbon flux studies at 5 peatland sites show much larger NECB during the last decade (32± 7.8 (S.E.) g C m−2 yr−1) than during the last 7000 yr (∼ 11 g C m−2 yr−1), as modeled from peat records across northern peatlands. This discrepancy highlights the urgent need for carbon accumulation data and process understanding, especially at decadal and centennial timescales, that would bridge current knowledge gaps and facilitate comparisons of NECB across all timescales.


The urinary excretion of sucrose, glucose, and fructose was measured in 9 healthy subjects consuming a common Italian diet and after 3 days of a low sucrose diet, in which the intake of sucrose was restricted but the other main nutrients were unmodified. After the low sucrose diet, we observed a significant drop in the average urinary excretion of sucrose, glucose, and fructose determined at four different times (8:00 and 10:00 a.m.; 3:00 and 10:00 p.m.). The average urinary excretion of fructose in the four urine samples was significantly correlated with dietary sucrose intake. We also found a significant correlation between the average urinary excretion of sucrose and dietary sucrose intake. Urinary fructose can be used as a marker of sucrose intake in dietary intervention studies aimed at studying the effect of variation of carbohydrate intake on specific cancers.


Land ownership in South Africa is a thorny issue. The magnitude of this challenge is so huge that we are like a country sitting on a time bomb which is already ticking and ready to explode. Whilst it remains a dream of every South African to own a piece of land, the government has been slow to deliver to its promise. This article seeks to explore the issue of land and dispossession from the perspectives of those in the margins, the homeless in the City of Tshwane. This is done by allowing them space to read and reflect on 1 Kings 21:1-16 and apply it in their context of landlessness. Emerging voices of ordinary readers of the text, as represented by the homeless in the City of Tshwane, suggest that land ownership is more than just a commercial issue; it involves such issues as culture, politics and religion, amongst others. Power dynamics are at play, especially with regard to the right to the City. There is also an issue of attachment, especially when issues of ancestry and birthrights are raised.


A 2-D computational analysis is carried out to assess the comparative performance of the absorber plate of a solar air heater with different roughness elements using commercial software package Fluent 6.1. The assessment is based on heat transfer enhancement with minimum pressure penalty. Ten different rib shapes (viz. Rectangular, Square, Chamfered, Triangular, Semicircle etc) are investigated at the Reynolds number range from about 3000–20000, in which solar air heaters normally operate. The SST kω turbulence model is selected by comparing the predictions of different turbulence models with experimental results available in the literature. Using the selected turbulence model a computational analysis is carried out to predict the heat transfer performance and flow friction characteristics of absorber plates with 10 different rib roughness elements. The analysis is carried out for both the flow regimes i.e. transitional flow regime (5 ≤ e ≤ 70) and fully rough regime (e ≥ 70).


Biogeography is the study of life on Earth - what kinds exist, what they look like and where they are found. Starting with the Age of Discovery in the 15 th century it became clear to early explorers that plants and animals differed from place to place and that certain distribution patterns typified certain areas of the planet. Two Europeans who took part in global exploration in the 1800's were Charles Darwin who sailed around the world on the Beagle (1831-1836) and Alfred Russel Wallace who explored South America and Oceanic Asia (1848-1862). Through observation of the kinds and distribution of animals on islands, Darwin (Galapagos) and Wallace (Indonesia) both arrived at the notion of natural selection as the force behind evolution. Biogeographic puzzles still intrigue evolutionary biologists today. How do species reach remote places (how did lemurs get to Madagascar or platyrrhine monkeys to South America)? How does isolation drive evolution to produce the wondrous array of biodiversity found on islands and what are the underlying mechanisms? Biogeography is at the heart of nearly every major evolutionary event ever recorded in the history of the Earth and it is nearly impossible to understand those events without its appreciation.


The New World Island Complex consists of chaotically mixed volcanic and sedimentary rocks in a 1 km wide belt that extends 30 km southwestward from Cobbs Arm, on eastern New World Island, centrally located in the Dunnage Zone of the Newfoundland Appalachians. The complex comprises four lithic units, locally preserved in partial stratigraphic sections: Squid Cove Volcanics - basalts (non-orogenic tholeiites), autoclastic breccias, red shale, limestone, pyroclastic breccias and tuffs (Arenigian to Llandeilian); Cobbs Arm Limestone (Llandeilian); Rodgers Cove Shale - interbedded black shale and chert (Caradocian); and Muddy Cove Clastics - quartzitic greywackes, shales, polymictic conglomerates, and shaly conglomeratic breccias (Ashgillian to Llandoverian). -- Imbricated slices of competent volcanic rocks over 3 km long are separated by mylonitic and clastic shear zones. Intervening sedimentary slices contain boudinaged interbeds (1 cm to 100 m across) and tight fold hinges. These pass laterally into melange with discrete blocks of volcanic rocks, sandstones, and locally black shale in a sedimentary matrix. The blocks have sheared margins in places, and one large slab of Ordovician limestone is deeply penetrated by Silurian shale. Angular fragments in shaly conglomeratic breccias include black shale and limestone derived from the local stratigraphic section in adjacent fault blocks; one limestone clast is inhomogeneously deformed. -- The New World Island Complex is followed to the northwest by sandstones and conglomerates (Crow Head Formation) of Upper Ordovician to Silurian age. These are locally continuous with Caradocian black shale and older rocks in the complex. Farther northwest, pre-Caradocian volcanic rocks like those in the New World Island Complex (Clarkes Cove Volcanics) are unconformably overlain by coarse Silurian conglomerates (Indian Cove Formation) in another structural slice. The New World Island Complex structurally overlies Silurian conglomerates (Milliners Arm Formation) to the southeast. Compared to sediments of the same age in the third slice to the northwest (Indian Cove Formation), these were deposited farthest from a source area that lay to the northwest. -- Steeply dipping faults in the New World Island Complex are locally folded by folds related to cleavage, and elsewhere truncate folds of the same generation. -- The New World Island Complex is viewed as having formed by syn-sedimentary thrusting which juxtaposed Ordovician rocks with unlithified Silurian sediments, incorporated them as blocks within sedimentary matrix, and telescoped a southeast-facing basin.


This Article draws attention to a conceptual point that has been overlooked in recent discussions about the theoretical foundations of contract law. I argue that, rather than enforcing the obligations of promises, contract law concerns complaints against promissory wrongs. This conceptual distinction is easy to miss. If one assumes that complaints arise whenever an obligation has been violated, then the distinction will not seem meaningful. I show, however, that an obligation can be breached without giving rise to a valid complaint. The Article illustrates the importance of this conceptual distinction by focusing first on the doctrine of substantive unconscionability. I claim that the doctrine can be best explained by the way in which a party that engages in exploitative behavior may lose his or her moral standing to complain. It is because such parties have lost their moral standing to complaint that the law, through unconscionaibility doctrine, bars them from bringing a legal complaint. This explanation avoids the oft-issued charge of paternalism, and it also offers benefits over an alternative state-oriented account developed recently by Seana Shiffrin. Using the conceptual distinction behind this account of unconscionability, the Article further argues that recent theoretical debates about the relationship between contract law and morality have been largely misconceived. Those debates have focused on whether contract law and morality impose parallel obligations. Once one appreciates the difference between imposing obligations and recognizing complaints, the comparison looks quite different. Contract law recognizes valid complaints against broken promises, much as morality recognizes moral complaints.


Polar amplification and paleoclimate sensitivity (S) have been the subject of many paleoclimate studies. While earlier studies inferred them as single constant parameters of the climate system, there are now indications that both are conditioned by the type of forcing. Moreover, they might be affected by fast feedback mechanisms that have different strengths depending on the background climate. Here we use the intermediate complexity climate model CLIMBER‐2 to study the influence of land ice and CO2 on polar amplification and S. We perform transient 5‐Myr simulations, forced by different combinations of insolation, land ice, and CO2. Our results provide evidence that land ice and CO2 changes have different effects on temperature, both on the global mean and the meridional distribution. Land ice changes are mainly manifested in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. They lead to higher northern polar amplification, lower southern polar amplification, and lower S than more homogeneously distributed CO2 forcing in CLIMBER‐2. Furthermore, toward colder climates northern polar amplification increases and consequently southern polar amplification decreases, due to the albedo‐temperature feedback. As an effect, a global average temperature change calculated from high‐latitude temperatures by using a constant polar amplification would lead to substantial errors in our model setup. We conclude that to constrain feedback strengths and climate sensitivity by paleoclimate data, the underlying forcing mechanisms and background climate states have to be taken into consideration.


Inflammatory cross talk between perivascular adipose tissue and the blood vessel wall has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We previously reported that human perivascular (PV) adipocytes exhibit a proinflammatory phenotype and less adipogenic differentiation than do subcutaneous (SQ) adipocytes. To gain a global view of the genomic basis of biologic differences between PV and SQ adipocytes, we performed genome-wide expression analyses to identify differentially expressed genes between adipocytes derived from human SQ vs. PV adipose tissues. Although >90% of well-expressed genes were similarly regulated, we identified a signature of 307 differentially expressed genes that were highly enriched for functions associated with the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular morphology, inflammation, and blood clotting. Of the 156 PV upregulated genes, 59 associate with angiogenesis, vascular biology, or inflammation, noteworthy of which include TNFRSF11B (osteoprotegerin), PLAT, TGFB1, THBS2, HIF1A, GATA6, and SERPINE1. Of 166 PV downregulated genes, 21 associated with vascular biology and inflammation, including ANGPT1, ANGPTL1, and VEGFC. Consistent with the emergent hypothesis that PV adipocytes differentially regulate angiogenesis and inflammation, cell culture-derived adipocyte-conditioned media from PV adipocytes strongly enhanced endothelial cell tubulogenesis and monocyte migration compared with media from SQ adipocytes. These findings demonstrate that PV adipocytes have the potential to significantly modulate vascular inflammatory crosstalk in the setting of atherosclerosis by their ability to signal to both endothelial and inflammatory cells.


Jimmy Carter was sworn in as president in 1977 amid high expectations. After the unprecedented damage inflicted on the presidency by the twin tragedies of the Vietnam war and the Watergate scandal, official lies and deceptions had left many Americans without confidence in the integrity of the occupant of the White House. The nation hoped that the former governor of Georgia would restore dignity and respect to the office. Although Carter had defeated Gerald Ford in a very competitive election, there seemed to be a consensus of support for an individual who had campaigned as an "outsider" against the discredited politics carried out in Washington. Four years later, Jimmy Carter's political career ended with an embarrassing landslide defeat at the hands of Ronald Reagan. The first incumbent president to be denied re-election in nearly fifty years, Carter left office with the reputation of a chief executive who had failed to exercise leadership at a time when the country faced new and severe challenges. Long after Carter's presidency had ended, the American public's recollection of his tenure remained sharply negative. A 1988 Harris poll showed that when asked to rate the nine presidents from Franklin Roosevelt to Ronald Reagan, Americans put Jimmy Carter last in "ability to get things done," next to last in "set the lowest moral standards," and second only to Richard Nixon as the "worst" president.(1) However, it is not unusual for the passage of time and the availability of primary documentation to give rise to assessments of historical events or periods which differ from judgments rendered by contemporary observers. In addition, students of the presidency have yet to agree on a uniform set of criteria by which to judge presidential performance; therefore, the assessments of an individual chief executive may vary depending on the guidelines being employed. And just as Dwight Eisenhower's reputation has benefitted from recent studies of his administration, some scholars have suggested that a similar wave of revisionism may lead to a gradual rehabilitation of Jimmy Carter.(2) This article seeks evidence of a trend toward improved evaluations of the Carter years in American government textbooks designed for college students. I have examined the treatment accorded to President Carter in forty-one introductory texts on the American political system.(3) Every reference to Carter and his administration was evaluated in terms of its qualitative assessment, if any, of the president. Specifically, I attempted to establish whether or not the texts provided any normative appraisals of the events and issues that were discussed as part of the Carter administration. Instead of a rehabilitation of President Carter, I found an overwhelmingly negative view of his administration. If a revisionist view of the Carter administration is indeed emerging among scholars of the presidency, it has yet to make an impact on the anti-Carter tone reflected in these books. The judgments of Carter were not only unfavorable, but they included numerous omissions and factual errors. The effect of these uneven or partial assessments was to invariably emphasize those developments that cast Carter in a negative light and to reduce the resonance of more favorable events. Such a lack of objectivity is particularly damaging when it is manifest in introductory texts explicitly tailored for an unsophisticated audience. A distorted accounting of events may be dismissed or challenged by readers who are aware of contradictory interpretations, but, regrettably, most college students are not discriminating consumers of the information dispensed to them in political science textbooks. Given the widely acknowledged inadequacy of their high school preparation, many of those enrolling in introductory American government courses do not bring firm opinions or factual knowledge about Jimmy Carter into their college classrooms. …


Professor Mark Scarberry has put forth a formidable critique of my empirical study of mortgage market sensitivity to bankruptcy modification risk. As this response shows, however, his critique does not hold up under scrutiny. Professor Scarberry argues that my study design is invalid because, as he reads the current state of the law, cramdown is virtually impossible. Therefore, he contends, we should not expect markets to exhibit sensitivity to cramdown risk, so no policy conclusions can be derived from my finding of market insensitivity. Regrettably, Professor Scarberry overreads the state of the law. The law is in fact unsettled, and that is all that is necessary to uphold the validity of my study's design because the market can be expected to price for uncertainty about the law, and the absence of such a premium is significant. This response article also challenges Professor Scarberry's contention that Chapter 13 relief should be limited lest it engender "resentment" of debtors. The article questions whether prevention of resentment even provides a sound basis for limiting bankruptcy relief, much less when relief would further an important macroeconomic goal of housing market stabilization. More broadly, the article takes issues with claims about the sanctity of secured credit. Debates about the efficiency of secured credit have all played out in the business context. In the consumer context, however, the inefficiency is manifest. Treating secured credit as inviolable would take us back to the unhappy future of Chapter XIII with higher costs for unsecured credit and the abusive consumer finance world of Williams v. Walker-Thomas.


Contemporary political theology often defines itself against Lutheran social ethics, which is portrayed as politically disengaged and overly deferential to state power. At the same time, contemporary political theology often embraces the Lutheran theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer as an exemplary political theologian. This incongruity is generally resolved by distancing Bonhoeffer from his tradition, at least on matters of political theology. But Bonhoeffer's political theology was thoroughly Lutheran. Throughout the years of his political-theological engagement, from the Nazi rise to power in 1932-33 to the drafting of Ethics and related writing in 1940-43, he participated in ongoing conversations within Lutheran social ethics on the issues of, among others, the two kingdoms and the orders. In the process, he critically appropriated these elements of Lutheran thinking into an especially dynamic and christocentric framework that in turn informed his positions on various issues such as the church's proclamation against the Nazi state and the ecumenical church's witness for peace. Bonhoeffer is an example of Lutheran political theology, one that suggests the need to revise at least the more sweeping judgments about Lutheran theology as inherently incompatible with political engagement.


For decades, scholars and judges have assumed that federal habeas corpus review of state court criminal convictions should focus on the individual rights of habeas petitioners and that the federal courts should ask whether a state prisoner is being unlawfully detained because the state violated his individual federal rights. This individualized approach to federal habeas review is expensive, time-consuming, and woefully ineffective in stopping states from violating defendants' federal rights. Indeed, many states systematically violate criminal defendants' federal rights with impunity. This Article proposes a new conception of federal habeas review under which the federal courts focus on states, not on individual petitioners. Federal habeas relief should be available when a state routinely violates its criminal defendants' federal rights as part of a systemic practice. Reconfiguring federal habeas corpus review to focus on states and systemic practices would reduce redundancy, increase efficiency, and be more respectful of state institutions while, at the same time, recovering one of the original and now lost purposes of federal habeas corpus review.


In "Neoliberal Frontiers", Brenda Chalfin presents an ethnographic examination of the day-to-day practices of the officials of Ghana's Customs Service, exploring the impact of neoliberal restructuring and integration into the global economy on Ghanaian sovereignty. From the revealing vantage point of the customs office, Chalfin discovers a fascinating inversion of our assumptions about neoliberal transformation: bureaucrats and local functionaries, government offices, checkpoints, and registries are typically held to be the targets of reform, but Chalfin finds that these figures and sites of authority act as the engine for changes in state sovereignty. Ghana has served as a model of reform for the neoliberal establishment, making it an ideal site for Chalfin to explore why the restructuring of a state on the global periphery portends shifts that occur in all corners of the world. At once a foray into international political economy, politics, and political anthropology, "Neoliberal Frontiers" is an innovative interdisciplinary leap forward for ethnographic writing, as well as an eloquent addition to the literature on postcolonial Africa.


A significant portion of the continental crust of northern Eurasia is thought to have formed during the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt at the time of accretion of continental terranes and island arcs. Records of this event are well preserved within the Siberian craton–Central Asian Orogenic Belt transition zone in Lake Baikal region, particularly in the Olkhon terrane. Our results establish granulite-facies conditions for peak metamorphism in the Olkhon terrane, and indicate that the granulites were derived from island arc mafic volcanic rocks and back-arc basin sediments. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe dating of metamorphic zircons from two mafic granulites yielded 238U/206Pb ages of 507 ± 8 and 498 ± 7 Ma, and magmatic zircons from syntectonic syenite yielded an age of 495 ± 6 Ma. The main metamorphic event occurred at about 500 Ma, and was probably related to collision of the Barguzin microcontinent with the Siberian craton. Ages from 535 to 2750 Ma for detrital zircon cores in early Palaeozoic metasediments of the Olhkon terrane were obtained. Archaean ages of detrital zircons in such metasediments suggest that the Barguzin microcontinent was originally part of the Aldan Province of the Siberian craton that was detached in late Mesoproterozoic, and reattached to the craton during early Palaeozoic collision.


In today's world of networks, communication without security is not reliable. Encryption Algorithm provides the security to the users in the network the main goal of this research is to provide the fair performance comparison of various Encryption Algorithms at different text data packets. This paper presents the comparison of various Algorithms or different text file sizes to evaluate the average speed of Encryption and Decryption process. Experimental results in visual basic language shows the superiority of blowfish Algorithm over the other Algorithm in terms of throughput.


A new rainfall framework is constructed to describe the complex probability distribution of southeastern United States (SE US) summer (June–July–August) rainfall, which cannot be well represented by traditional kernel fitting methods. The new framework is based on the configuration of a three-cluster finite normal mixture model and is realized by Bayesian inference and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The three rainfall clusters reflect the probability distribution of light, moderate, and heavy rainfall in summer, and are linked to different climate factors. The variation of light rainfall intensity is likely associated with the combined effects of La Niña and the tri-pole sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the North Atlantic. Heavy rainfall concurs with a 'horseshoe-like' SSTA over the North Atlantic. In contrast, moderate rainfall is less correlated with the SSTA and likely caused by atmospheric internal dynamics. Rainfall characteristics and their linkages with SSTAs help improve seasonal predictions of regional climate. Such a new framework has an important implication in understanding the response of regional hydrology to climate variability and climate change; and our study suggest that it can be extended to other regions and seasons with similar climate.


The importance of financial inclusion to a country in promoting inclusive growth cannot be over emphasised, but the role of education in fostering financial inclusion has not been well established in empirical literature. This is particular severe in Africa where only 34 per cent of the adult population have access to a bank account and about 14.8 per cent of the population aged 15 and above have no schooling. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and education levels in Africa. Financial inclusion indicators captured in the study are account ownership, savings and health insurance. Educational attainment was disaggregated into 'primary or less' and 'secondary or more' years of schooling, while financial inclusion data was sourced from the World Bank Global Financial Index. The empirical results pointed out that both measures of education, primary as well as secondary, have a significant influence on financial inclusion. After controlling for other factors that equally influence financial inclusion, education has a positive and statistically significant effect on financial inclusion in all the models estimated. The effect of education on account ownership, savings and health insurance is statistically significant at one per cent level. GDP per capita has a statistically positive effect on financial inclusion, and inflation, weak law, age dependency and overhead costs have a negative and statistically significant effect on financial inclusion in all models estimated. The results emphasised the importance of macroeconomic stability and having a good institutional framework in achieving financial inclusion in Africa. This, therefore, suggested that one reason why African countries have experienced less financial inclusion was poor institutional frameworks as well as macroeconomic instability. Key words


The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current climate in the activist shareholder space, with a primary focus on activist hedge funds aiming to financially benefit from their endeavors. It begins with a written timeline of the history of activist investing throughout the twentieth century and follows with a transition into the current climate. The current landscape of activist investing is then discussed, which includes both criticisms and compliments. This analysis of the current landscape includes a case study of eight well-known hedge funds, some of which operate as pure activist funds while others contain both active and passive positions, and the performance of their activist positions. The paper concludes with an analysis on potential measures that could be taken to limit the negative effects of shareholder activism while still retaining the positive effects that shareholder activism can provide.


Cantilevered concrete balcony slabs are being investigated in high-rise (MURBs) to control thermal bridging in terms of energy efficiency and thermal comfort where the use of a proprietary thermal break was the prime application as a solution to improving energy efficiency.

This MRP investigated the thermal performance of using a lower U-value framed glazing condition and an insulated curb condition and developed assemblies in scenarios that were simulated in THERM, and focused on the technical performance of thermal comfort benefit of insulated curb condition of 12.7 mm thick EPS.

Concrete surface temperatures were significantly increased in values from 4.8 °C to 9.6 °C and from 6.2 °C to 10.0 °C above balcony slab and from 6.7 °C to 10.8 °C below slab when an insulated curb condition was used in conventional scenarios and in a lower U-value framed condition scenario with no proprietary thermal break added.

U-values are reduced 10% to 18% for the upper surface of balcony slab and 4% reduction of the overall U-values when an insulated curb condition is incorporated.


The use of maize (Zea mays L.) stover as a feed-stock for cellulosic biofuels production will create demand for maize hybrids with greater stover yield. It is expected that grain yield will remain the most critical trait and continue to drive hybrid sales, requiring that any increases in stover yield be made without sacrificing grain yield potential. The objective of this review was to determine the relationship between grain yield, harvest index, and stover yield to illuminate the potential for increasing both grain and stover yield through breeding. In contrast to what has been observed in other crops, gains in maize grain yield over time in the U.S. Corn Belt have been accompanied by increases in stover yield. Where recurrent selection on grain yield has been most successful, stover yield also increased while harvest index has been relatively stable. The opposite situation has been observed in tropical germplasm, where gains in grain yield have been associated with increasing harvest index and relatively constant biomass yield. We expect that stover yield of Corn Belt hybrids will continue to increase along with grain yield, resulting in future hybrids capable of producing both more food and biofeedstock for energy production. If maize breeders pursue selection for increased stover yield, we found no evidence to suggest that breeding for stover yield will necessarily reduce rate of gain in grain yield.


Aggressive memory-level-parallelism techniques have provided significant performance gain in Distributed Share Memory Designs. In this paper, we reevaluate speculative memory ordering in the context of Chip Multi-Processors (CMPs) and power-limited computation. We evaluate relative performance between Sequential Consistency, Total Store Order and Relaxed Memory Order on a selection of modern workloads to predict the performance of the ARM weakly consistent memory model.


Summary. The modern theory of finance suggests that most investors should put part or all of their money into a "market portfolio" mixed with borrowing or lending. Empirical evidence generally supports the theory, but there are some unanswered questions about the composition of the best market portfolio, about the apparent attractiveness of low risk stocks relative to high risk stocks, and about ways of minimizing transaction costs. Attempts to create a fund based on these principles and to make it available to a large number of investors have uncovered some important problems. Legal costs due to government regulation, the costs of managing a fund, and especially the costs of selling it are all much higher than one might expect. Despite these problems, efforts to create such funds seem destined for eventual success.


The Positive Energy District (PED) concept has been pointed out as key for cities' energy system transformation toward carbon neutrality. The PED may be defined as an energy-efficient and flexible urban area with net-zero energy import and greenhouse gas emissions, aiming toward annual local surplus of renewable energy. Most of the studies and practical experiences about PEDs are based on newly built districts, where the planning and integration of innovative solutions are less complex and more cost-effective. However, to achieve Europe Union's 2050 carbon-neutral ambition, we argue that the transformation of the settled districts is essential, including historic districts, which present common challenges across European cities, such as degraded dwellings, low-income families, and gentrification processes due to massive tourism flows. This paper aims to discuss how the PED model can be an opportunity for historic districts to reduce their emissions and mitigate energy poverty. The historic district of Alfama, in the city of Lisbon (Portugal), is used as a case study to show the potential of energy renovation measures and solar PV production in households, cornerstones of a PED. The annual energy needs potential reduction due to building retrofit is 84 and 19% for space heating and cooling, respectively, while the integration of building-integrated PV technologies in rooftops and windows potentially generates up to 60 GWh/year. At the district scale, these two components of the PED concept could require an investment of 60M€ to 81M€ depending on the PV technologies in the rooftops, a sensitive aspect in historical districts. Unlike other mechanisms to tackle energy poverty, like the social tariffs, the adoption of structural measures like building energy efficiency retrofit and renewable energy integration will contribute to solve the energy poverty problem, which is significant in Alfama, in both the winter and summer. The highlighted investments require an innovative financial scheme to support not only buildings' owners but also tenants, as these are among the most vulnerable to energy poverty. However, the social benefits of that investment, on the health system, air quality, climate resilience, labor productivity, and social integration, would be invaluable.


The paper presents the results of a two-year study on the implementation of the complex of psychological means of the correction of age and sporting activities related fears in primary school aged swimmers. Two groups of young swimmers from the sports school «Dolphin», Saint-Petersburg took part in the first part of the study: 1) 28 athletes of primary school age (born in 2005) with average sporting experience 3.5 years; and 2) 31 teen aged athlete (born in 2003) with average sporting experience 6 years. The group of teen athletes was involved to identify the characteristics of fears with primary school aged children in swimming. 12 coaches of the sports school also took part in the survey. The efficiency of the complex of psychological correction of fears in young swimmers of primary school age was confirmed by: а) the fears intensity; b) the number of athletes in the risk group and in the groups with low and intermediate fears intensity; c) state-anxiety indicator (both for the whole group of athletes born in 2005, and separately for girls and boys); d) statistically higher skill level of young swimmers of UT-1 in 2016 compared to 2014 and 2015.


BACKGROUND
Little is known about coronary plaque in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women.

METHODS
Sixty HIV-infected and 30 non-HIV-infected women without symptoms or history of cardiovascular disease were recruited to assess coronary plaque with coronary computed tomographic angiography and immune activation. Data from 102 HIV-infected men and 41 non-HIV-infected male controls were compared.

RESULTS
HIV-infected women demonstrated significantly higher percentages of segments with noncalcified plaque (mean ± SD, 74% ± 28% vs 23% ± 39% compared to female control subjects; median [interquartile range], 75% [63%-100%] vs 0% [0%-56%]; P = .007) and more segments with noncalcified plaque (mean ± SD, 0.92 ± 1.48 vs 0.40 ± 1.44; median [interquartile range], 0 [0-2] vs 0 [0-0]; P = .04). Immune activation parameters, including soluble CD163 (sCD163; P = .006), CXCL10 (P = .002), and percentages of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes (P = .008), were higher in HIV-infected women than in female control subjects, but no differences were seen in general inflammatory markers. Among HIV-infected women with noncalcified coronary plaque, sCD163 levels were significantly higher than in HIV-infected women without noncalcified plaque (P = .04). In multivariate modeling for sCD163 levels among male and female subjects, significant effects of HIV (P < .0001), age (P = .002), and sex (P = .0002) were seen.

CONCLUSIONS
Young, asymptomatic, HIV-infected women, demonstrate increased noncalcified coronary plaque and increased immune activation, particularly monocyte activation. Independent effects of sex, HIV status, and aging on immune activation may contribute to cardiovascular disease in this population.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
NCT00455793.


We derive a simple model for the angular-intensity profiles of diffuse light transmitted from a turbid colloid into a transparent medium of higher refractive index (RI) near the critical angle. Adjusting this model to experimental profiles obtained with an Abbe-type refractometer offers a sensitive and robust way of measuring the complex effective RI of highly scattering media.


This article proposes a move away from the traditional methodologies of teaching translation that focus on text-typologies to an eclectic teacher and student oriented approach that involves a set of interdisciplinary skills with a view to improving students' translation quality. Here, a combination of the minimalist approach, revision vs. editing and discourse analysis is the proposed alternative in translation teaching. This combination brings together both teacherand student-centred approaches. As the validity of the approach proposed relies partially on instructors' competences and skills in teaching translation, universities, particularly in the Arab world, need to invest in recruiting expert practitioners instead of depending mainly on bilingual teachers to teach translation.


A computationally efficient simulation model for the drain current characteristics of long-channel amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) is developed. This model uses numerical solutions of the one-dimensional Poisson equation to significantly reduce the calculation time compared to a widely used two-dimensional approach. Moreover, for accurate simulation, the model takes into account the influence of trap states in the band gap, which makes it possible to reproduce the gradual increase of the drain current in the subthreshold region. The model also includes both drift and diffusion components of the drain current and so can describe the drain current in all regions of device operation, i.e., the subthreshold, linear, and saturation regions, by using a unified current equation without introducing the threshold voltage as an input parameter. Calculations using the model provide results that are in good agreement with the measured drain current characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs over a wide range of gate and drain voltages. The presented model is expected to enable faster and accurate characteristic analysis and structure design for a-IGZO TFTs.


Exposure of 32P-labelled isolated rat adipocytes or epididymal fat-pads to insulin resulted in an increase in the phosphorylation of a heat-stable acid-soluble protein of Mr 22 000. The phosphorylation of this protein was unaffected by isoprenaline (isoproterenol) in intact cells, nor was its phosphorylation catalysed by exposure in vitro to the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase or smooth-muscle myosin light-chain kinase. The properties of the Mr-22 000 protein include: heat-stability; solubility in 1% trichloroacetic acid; pI 4.9; elution at apparent Mr 37 500 on gel filtration; and it contains both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. It can be distinguished from the heat-stable phosphatase inhibitor 1 of adipose tissue (inhibitor 1A) and the phosphorylated form of adipose-tissue myosin light chain by several criteria. Its identity, and the possible functional significance of the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, remain problems for future study.


In the era of digital revolution, a huge amount of data is being generated from different networks on a daily basis. Security of this data is of utmost importance. Intrusion Detection Systems are found to be one the best solutions towards detecting intrusions. Network Intrusion Detection Systems are employed as a defence system to secure networks. Various techniques for the effective development of these defence systems have been proposed in the literature. However, the research on the development of datasets used for training and testing purpose of such defence systems is equally concerned. Better datasets improve the online and offline intrusion detection capability of detection model. Benchmark datasets like KDD 99 and NSL-KDD cup 99 obsolete and do not contain network traces of modern attacks like Denial of Service, hence are unsuitable for the evaluation purpose. In this work, a detailed analysis of CIDDS-001 dataset has been done and presented. We have used different well-known machine learning techniques for analysing the complexity of the dataset. Eminent evaluation metrics including Detection Rate, Accuracy, False Positive Rate, Kappa statistics, Root mean squared error have been used to show the performance of employed machine learning techniques.


The current study examined a large cohort of untreated Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients at initial assessment and at specific time points over a three-year period. Methods used in previous studies to assess patient health, were validated and used to assess recovery and improvement. Possible predictors of outcome would then be identified by assessing improvements in health status at specific follow-up points. The illness was also assessed in terms of recovery and improvement by using health related and psychosocial measures together with the aetiology of the illness. These were further used to investigate possible mechanisms influencing or predicting recovery or improvement. Two-hundred and twenty-six patients completed wide ranging questionnaires at initial assessment and again six and eighteen months and three years later. A current state of health score was used to measure recovery over time and analyses conducted to investigate the relationship between this and other health related measures. Regression analyses were conducted to assess predictors of improvement and recovery. Spontaneous recovery rates in the untreated patient at three-year follow-up were low (6%). The data suggested, however, that illness length, symptom severity and health status have an important role in recovery. Although there was no evidence to suggest an association between illness onset type and subsequent recovery or psychopathology scores at initial assessment and recovery, regression analyses did indicate that levels of anxiety, cognitive difficulties and social support at initial assessment predict a positive outcome. The state of health measure was validated as a method of accurately assessed the health status of patients and was used as an indicator of improvement and recovery within this group. Spontaneous recovery in the patient group was associated with several factors measured at initial assessment. However, further studies are necessary to more fully identify the factors which affect recovery or improvement and to investigate the exact nature of the mechanisms involved. The present study shows that spontaneous recovery of CFS patients is rare. Treatment or management is essential, and the efficacy of different approaches must be assessed.


Highly localized tribological contacts can modify the surface texture of rolling element bearing surfaces. The evolution of the surface texture generates modified subsurface stress fields within the contact and subsequently may alter the bearing rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life. In this present study, relationships between bearing surface topography and subsurface stress states are examined for their effects on bearing RCF life in the limiting case of boundary or dry contact. Results show that seemingly minor changes to surface topography may influence the stress distribution enough to affect RCF life under heavily loaded conditions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Although equal employment opportunity laws are often at the center of political debate, it has been difficult for students, teachers, and concerned citizens to learn about the controversy over EEO. Contributions to our understanding are scattered, this collection of writings is a broad interdisciplinary introduction to the struggle for EEO and its consequences. No other collection brings together articles on theories of dis-criminations; competing theories about the likely impact of EEO laws; analyses of the laws' impact on women, blacks, and other minorities; and debates about affirmative action.


The signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STAND) family of proteins can be subdivided, according to the characteristics of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), into three groups: the AP subfamily that includes APAF-1, an apoptotic mediator; the NACHT subfamily members that are involved in mammalian innate immunity; and the MalT subfamily of bacterial transcription factors. Although the presence of ATP is critical for the activation of these proteins, which are generally monomeric in the inactive state and oligomerize upon activation, it has been unclear what role ATP plays in this process and whether ATP hydrolysis was involved. Marquenet and Richet determined that the Escherichia coli MalT transcription factor cycles between an ADP-bound inactive form and an ATP-bound active form and that intrinsic ATP hydrolysis was required to return the protein to the inactive state. This is quite similar to the mechanism by which heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) function, except that the latter bind guanine nucleotides instead of adenosine nucleotides. Endogenous inhibitors of MalT--MalY, Aes, and MalK--bind and stabilize the monomeric form and, in the presence of ATP, maltotriose stimulates the oligomerization and formation of active MalT. The authors compared the activities of mutant MalT proteins that bound, but could not hydrolyze ATP, with the activity of wild-type MalT in vivo. MalT-D129A was most extensively studied. In vivo, MalT-D129A was hyperactive, stimulating transcription of a reporter to higher levels than the wild-type protein, and the activity of the ATP hydrolysis mutant was also not inhibited by MalK or MalY. Gel filtration assays showed that MalT-D129A did not bind effectively to MalY and that MalT-D129A existed in an oligomeric state with no detectable monomers in the presence or absence of added maltotriose or ATP. The wild-type protein bound MalY and existed as only monomers in the absence of maltotriose and ATP and as both oligomeric and monomeric forms in the presence of maltotriose and ATP. Assays to detect the bound nucleotide showed that MalT-D129A was bound to ATP in a 1:1 stoichometry, suggesting that it purified in an ATP-bound state. In contrast, wild-type MalT in the absence of ATP and maltotriose, either alone or when bound to MalY, was bound to ADP. Maltotriose stimulated the exchange of ADP for ATP on wild-type MalT, which was detected either using nonhydrolyzable analogs of ATP or with radiolabeled ATP. Thus, maltotriose appears to switch MalT from an inactive ADP-bound form to an activated ATP-bound form, and hydrolysis of ATP is necessary for MalT cycling and regulation. It will be interesting to see if other NOD proteins show similar adenine nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis as part of their signaling mechanism. E. Marquenet, E. Richet, How integration pf positive and negative regulatory signals by a STAND signaling protein depends on ATP hydrolysis. Mol. Cell 28, 187-199 (2007). [PubMed]


Abstract. In the present study, the classical description of diffusive convection is updated to interpret the instability of diffusive interfaces and the dynamical evolution of the bottom layer in the deep Arctic Ocean. In the new consideration of convective instability, both the background salinity stratification and rotation are involved. The critical Rayleigh number of diffusive convection is found to vary from 103 to 1011 in the deep Arctic Ocean as well as in other oceans and lakes. In such a wide range of conditions, the interface-induced thermal Rayleigh number is shown to be consistent with the critical Rayleigh number of diffusive convection. In most regions, background salinity stratification is found to be the main hindrance to the occurrence of convecting layers. With the new parameterization, it is predicted that the maximum thickness of the bottom layer is 1051 m in the deep Arctic Ocean, which is close to the observed value of 929 m. The evolution time of the bottom layer is predicted to be ~ 100 yr, which is on the same order as that based on 14C isolation age estimation.


Secondary use of exclusively licensed but inefficiently used spectrum bands has been proposed as a solution to make more efficient use of spectrum resources. An important requirement for such secondary usage is to ensure that the primary services and systems performance are not degraded due to the presence of the secondary system. In this report three licensed primary systems are studied, namely digital video broadcasting, radar and aeronautical systems. In this initial report, the odelled tolerance limits for the primary users are investigated and verified by means of measurements for the case of DVB systems and literature review for the cases of Radar and Aeronautical systems. The impact of interference is evaluated as a functionof Desired to Undesired Power level (D/U) ratio for DVB systems, the pulse detection error for Aeronautical systems and the maximum interference-to-noise ratio (INR) for Radar systems. The main conclusions are that co-channel and adjacent channel interference need to be taken into account when assessing the tolerance limits for secondary systems in the TV bands. Also, non-continuous bursty-type users do not cause any higher interference compared to continuous data traffic users; thus, same tolerance limits can be used for both traffic behaviours. For aeronautical systems, spatial separation and transmit power of the secondary system determine the feasibility of secondary usage of the L-band. For other radar systems e.g. in S band and C band, the INR value, the spatial separation, the transmit power of the secondary system and the IF separation effects determine the possibilities for secondary users. For DVB systems, multiple interferers cause accumulative interference effects on the co-channels and adjacent channels, and the total amount of interference caused by multiple interferers should be kept below the desired signal level.


Organization nowadays facing high competition. They need to provide best benefits to their employee in order to make they stay longer in their organization. No matter what type of industry, every organization will give benefits to their employee as recognition. By doing this, it can make the employee stay longer in the organization or in short they will be employee loyalty. Employee loyalty can be defined as employees being committed to the success of the organization and believing that working for this organization is their best option. They play vital role for the organization improvement. However, it is not easy to maintain the employee loyalty in an organization. There are several variables that influence the employee loyalty in the area of Shah Alam. There are employee motivation, compensation and rewards, job security, and workplace environment. Based on the four variables stated above, we conducting this research as the aim of the study is to find the factors that contribute employee loyalty in the organization in area of Shah Alam. This study also is to find whether the four variables have relationship between the employee loyalty. From this research, there are some evidence which can prove the reliability to the four variables as mentioned earlier. Thus, an organization need to focus more on employee motivation, compensation and rewards, job security, and workplace environment in order to make their employee become loyalty. In order to achieve the aim of study, questionnaire survey was used for this research project. The researcher had contributed the questionnaire to the employees who worked in the organization in area of Shah Alam. This will help the researcher to obtain accurate variable. Besides that, this research also will define the most reliable factors that contribute to employee loyalty. Apart from that, this research also has several recommendations as proposed in the last part of this research as it could generate employee loyalty in the organization in the area of Shah Alam. By recommendation, it could enhance the company profitability and operation.


While the global production of wind energy is increasing, there exists a significant gap in the academic and practice literature regarding the analysis of wind turbine accidents. This paper presents the results obtained from the analysis of 240 wind turbine accidents from around the world. The main focus of this paper is revealing the associations between several factors and deaths and injuries in wind turbine accidents. Specifically, the associations of death and injuries with the stage of the wind turbine's life cycle (transportation, construction, operation, and maintenance) and the main cause factor categories (human, system/equipment, and nature) were studied. To this end, we conducted a detailed investigation that integrates exploratory and statistical data analysis and data mining methods. This paper presents a multitude of insights regarding the accidents and discusses implications for wind turbine manufacturers, engineering and insurance companies, and government organizations.


The creation of a contour map of the water table in an unconfined aquifer based on head measurements is often the first step in any hydrogeological study. Geostatistical interpolation methods (e.g., kriging) may provide exact interpolated groundwater levels at the measurement locations but often fail to represent the hydrogeological flow system. A physically based, numerical groundwater model with spatially variable parameters and inputs is more adequate in representing a flow system. Because of the difficulty in parameterization and solving the inverse problem, however, a considerable difference between calculated and observed heads will often remain. In this study the water‐table interpolation methodology presented by Fasbender et al. (2008), in which the results of a kriging interpolation are combined with information from a drainage network and a digital elevation model (DEM), using the Bayesian data fusion framework, is extended to incorporate information from a tuned analytic element groundwater model. The resulting interpolation is exact at the measurement locations whereas the shape of the head contours is in accordance with the conceptual information incorporated in the groundwater‐flow model. The Bayesian data fusion methodology is applied to a regional, unconfined aquifer in central Belgium. A cross‐validation procedure shows that the predictive capability of the interpolation at unmeasured locations benefits from the Bayesian data fusion of the three data sources (kriging, DEM, and groundwater model), compared to the individual data sources or any combination of two data sources.


A sound synthesis algorithm for the harpsichord has been developed by applying the principles of digital waveguide modeling. A modification to the loss filter of the string model is introduced that allows more flexible control of decay rates of partials than is possible with a one-pole digital filter, which is a usual choice for the loss filter. A version of the commuted waveguide synthesis approach is used, where each tone is generated with a parallel combination of the string model and a second-order resonator that are excited with a common excitation signal. The second-order resonator, previously proposed for this purpose, approximately simulates the beating effect appearing in many harpsichord tones. The characteristic key-release thump terminating harpsichord tones is reproduced by triggering a sample that has been extracted from a recording. A digital filter model for the soundboard has been designed based on recorded bridge impulse responses of the harpsichord. The output of the string models is injected in the soundboard filter that imitates the reverberant nature of the soundbox and, particularly, the ringing of the short parts of the strings behind the bridge.


People who score high on intelligence tests are also good at keeping time, new Swedish research shows. The team that carried out the study also suspect that accuracy in timing is important to the brain process responsible for problem solving and reasoning. Research at the Karolinska Institutet and Umea University have now demonstrated a correlation between general intelligence and the ability to tap out a simple regular rhythm. They stress that the task subjects performed had nothing to do with any musical rhythmic sense but simply measured the capacity for rhythmic accuracy. Those who scored highest on intelligence tests also had lest variation in the regular rhythm they tapped out in the experiment. "It's interesting as the task didn't involve any kind of problem solving," says Fredrik Ullen at Karolinska Institutet, who led the study with Guy Madison at Umea University. "Irregularity of timing probably arises at a more fundamental biological level owing to a kind of noise in brain activity." According to Fredrik Ullen, the results suggest that the rhythmic accuracy in brain activity observable when the person just maintains a steady beat is also important to the problem-solving capacity that is measured with intelligence tests. "We know that accuracy at millisecond level in neuronal activity is critical to information processing and learning processes," he says. They also demonstrated a correlation between high intelligence, a good ability to keep time, and a high volume of white matter in the parts of the brain's frontal lobes involved in problem solving, planning and managing time. "All in all, this suggests that a factor of what we call intelligence has a biological basis in the number of nerve fibres in the prefrontal lobe and the stability of neuronal activity that this provides," says Fredrik Ullen. Their work was published in the Journal of Neuroscience, 16 April 2008


In What Happened to Equality? The Construction of the Right to Equal Treatment of Third-Country Nationals in European Union Law on Labour Migration, Friðriksdottir examines five European Union Directives on labour migration that were adopted based on a sectoral approach to labour migration management.


Caveolin is a key component of caveolae, cell surface invaginations involved in the internalization of a variety of signaling molecules and the uptake of certain viruses. Surprisingly enough, when caveolin knockout mice were generated a few years ago, they appeared to be healthy. Fernández et al. have now examined these mice in more detail and discovered a phenotype in these animals—a profound defect in liver regeneration leading to reduced survival after partial hepatectomy. Problems uncovered included changes in lipid metabolism and cell cycle progression. Treating mutant mice with glucose could circumvent the defect and improve survival after liver damage M. A. Fernández, C. Albor, M. Ingelmo-Torres, S. J. Nixon, C. Ferguson, T. Kurzchalia, F. Tebar, C. Enrich, R. G. Parton, A. Pol, Caveolin-1 is essential for liver regeneration. Science 313, 1628-1632 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text] D. L. Brasaemle, A metabolic push to proliferate. Science 313, 1581-1582 (2006). [Summary] [Full Text]


From the First World War Australian port administration came under criticism from exporters, shipping companies and the Commonwealth government, all of whom argued that port authorities charges imposed an excessive burden on exporters. They sought the replacement of public port authorities by trusts representative of business interests. The campaign for port administration reform also diverted farmers from criticism of shipping freights and to secure their acquiescence in anti-competitive practices in the shipping industry. The formation of the Australian Overseas Transport Association in 1929 was the culmination of this campaign. Elite conservative political support for such anti-competitive practices reflected a belief that competitive capitalism was inherently unstable. The Scullin Labor of 1929-31 government abandoned Labor's earlier hostility to shipping companies to support cartelisation. Conservative state governments, in a more competitive electoral position than their federal counterparts and under greater financial pressure, deflected business calls for port administration reform. Business groups expected the NSW conservative government elected in 1932 to reform port administration towards a representative model, but the Maritime Services Board established in 1935 merely rationalised existing administrative structures. In the 1980s international economic instability legitimated the project of microeconomic reform, particularly in the maritime sector, but in the interwar period a different balance of capital, labour and the state meant that economic isolationism rather than integration was the policy outcome.


In vitro clonal propagation of Piper longum is attempted for rapid multiplication using shoot tip explants. The explants regenerated micro shoots along with few callus and embryoids on the Murashige and Skoog (1962) supplemented with 1mg/l BAP and 0.1mg/l NAA. The NAA concentration of the same medium was lowered to 0.01 mg/l and added 10% coconut milk for subculture. For rooting, these regenerated microshoots were transferred to non-sterile sand, after acclimatization. They initiated roots within 15 to 20 days and transferred to polybags for further growth and for field transfer. Bulletin of the Department of Plant Resources Vol 30, 2008 pp 76-79


In this paper, a comparison study was conducted between two groups of children between one and twelve years of age exposed to passenger air bag deployment. Group 1 was composed of children fatally injured by passenger air bag exposure and investigated by the Special Crash Investigation Program of the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Group 2, the comparison group, was composed of children exposed to passenger air bgs, but suffering minor injury and was selected through the Partners for Child Passenger Safety Study, a unique mechanism for identifying children in crashes. The crash severity as measured by delta v was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.35). The most striking difference between the two groups was the pattern of restraint usage. Lap shoulder belt use was twelve times as high in group 2 than in group1. In addition,pre-impact braking was 2.5 times more comon in group 1. These results indicate the importance of pre-crash positioning as a risk factor in child exposure to air bag deployment. In addition, the average height and weight of the children in the group 2 correspond to at least a fifth percentile eleven-year-old. This relationship suggests that size and restraint status rather than age are important determinants of air bag injury risk. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD E103261.


Mobile devices are increasingly being used to augment learning activities that occur outside of the classroom. In particular, they are being used to help students discover more about the environment they are visiting, be it a forest, museum or urban site. Our research is concerned with how they can be used to facilitate collaborative inquiry processes. We propose that they can provide contextually-relevant information, represented in a variety of media, that can be accessed and acted upon at opportune times leading to the integration of observations and ideas. Instructors and facilitators can also provide guidance: directing their questions and probes so that students can answer them through comparing what they are observing in the world and via the device. Two case studies are presented that illustrate how these forms of mobile learning happen in situ. The first is Ambient Wood, where young children explored a woodland to learn about habitats, and the second is LillyPad, where older students assessed the state of an environmental restoration site.


Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterised by a concomitant high fat mass (FM) and low fat free mass (FFM) leading to an increased cardio‐metabolic risk. This analysis aims to estimate the SO prevalence in Iranian adults and evaluate the association of SO with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. This cross‐sectional analysis included 4296 subjects (age 35‐70 years, 55.2% females). Body composition parameters, measured by bioelectrical impedance included: FM, FFM, appendicular lean mass (ALM) and skeletal mass index. SO was classified according to five criteria: (1) FM%‐SMI; (2) FM%‐ALM/% weight (wt%); (3) FM%‐ALM/body mass index (BMI); (4) Residuals of ALM and FM and (5) FM/FFM Ratio. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to explore the association between SO models with MetS risk stratified by gender. Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the best FM/FFM ratio cut‐off value for detecting MetS cases in males and females. The prevalence of SO varied between 4% and 26% depending upon the classification method. The prevalence of MetS was 12.8% and 31.6% in males and females, respectively. SO models based on ALM/wt% and FM/FFM ratio showed the strongest association with MetS risk in males (OR: 11.5, 95%CI: 7.5‐17.7, p < 0.001 and OR: 10.1, 95%CI: 6.9‐14.7, p < 0.001, respectively) and females (OR: 4.1, 95%CI: 3.0‐5.6, p < 0.001 and OR: 4.6, 95%CI: 3.5‐5.9, p < 0.001, respectively). SO is a prevalent condition in an adult Iranian population and the ALM/wt% and the FM/FFM ratio models of SO appeared to be associated with higher MetS risk.


Last fall (1987), I was invited to give lectures at the Institute of Electromagnetic Radiation, Shanghai University of Technology (SUT), in China. It was a series of unforgettable, deeply impressive experiences for me (photo 1). Vice Director of the Institute, Professor Shuozhong Wang, published the Institute's progress in the Newsletter of Shanghai, Gongye Daxue, dated December 20, 1987. Of course, it is written in Chinese; Professor Wang translated into English as follows.


Alternative methods for controlling compaction using intelligent technologies have recently emerged. With these methods, the rollers can measure the modulus and adjust the energy imparted to the soil when the modulus is over or under a specified value. Although this novel method looks promising the effects of dry unit weight, moisture content, matric suction, and the energy used to compact the soil are still not understood very well. In this paper the soil modulus of compacted beach sand and a commercial mixture of kaolin soil were investigated. A non-destructive technique using Bender elements was used to determine the small-strain modulus, whereas the matric suction was evaluated using the filter paper method. The results of the test showed that while the influence of compaction energy on the low moisture content range was clearly evident, at higher moisture contents the role of matric suction seemed more significant.


Everyone is concerned about Internet security, yet most traffic is not cryptographically protected. Typical justification is that most attackers are off-path and cannot intercept traffic; hence, intuitively, challenge-response defenses should suffice to ensure authenticity. Often, the challenges re-use existing header fields to protect widelydeployed protocols such as TCP and DNS. We argue that this practice may often give an illusion of security. We review recent off-path TCP injection and DNS poisoning attacks, enabling attackers to circumvent existing challenge-response defenses. Both TCP and DNS attacks are nontrivial, yet practical. The attacks foil widely deployed security mechanisms, and allow a wide range of exploits, such as long-term caching of malicious objects and scripts. We hope that this review article will help improve defenses against off-path attackers. In particular, we hope to motivate, when feasible, adoption of cryptographic mechanisms such as SSL/TLS, IPsec and DNSSEC, providing security even against stronger Man-in-the-Middle


Players across the health ecosystem are initiating studies of thousands, even millions, of participants to gather diverse types of data, including biomedical, behavioral, and lifestyle in order to advance medical research. These efforts to collect multi-modal data sets on large cohorts coincide with the rise of broad activity and behavior tracking across industries, particularly in healthcare and the growing field of mobile health (mHealth). Government and pharmaceutical sponsored, as well as patient-driven group studies in this arena leverage the ability of mobile technology to continuously track behaviors and environmental factors with minimal participant burden. However, the adoption of mHealth has been constrained by the lack of robust solutions for large-scale data collection in free-living conditions and concerns around data quality. In this work, we describe the infrastructure Evidation Health has developed to collect mHealth data from millions of users through hundreds of different mobile devices and apps. Additionally, we provide evidence of the utility of the data for inferring individual traits pertaining to health, wellness, and behavior. To this end, we introduce and evaluate deep neural network models that achieve high prediction performance without requiring any feature engineering when trained directly on the densely sampled multivariate mHealth time series data. We believe that the present work substantiates both the feasibility and the utility of creating a very large mHealth research cohort, as envisioned by the many large cohort studies currently underway across therapeutic areas and conditions.


In clinical research, there has been an in-creasing need to titrate ethical, legal and insurance requirements to the type of study, so that higher-risk research receives necessary and appropriate detailed atten-tion, while low-risk studies can proceed more rapidly.Spontaneous Medically Advantageous Research Trials (SMART) are non-profit studies that carry minimal or no risk to pa-tients. This type of investigation, however, is currently hampered by the fact that, in many hospitals and jurisdictions it has to undergo the same bureaucratic proce-dures and safety assessments as high-risk, for-profit studies. We strongly believe that such practice of scientific research assess-ment should be radically modified. We advocate a new, specific research category for SMART investigations that grants them a preferential route from conception to ethics assessment to execution. In addi-tion, we argue that such low risk studies assessing common, often not evidence-based applied treatments or investigations should in fact be a mandatory component of modern medicine. All clinicians, scien-tists, patients, patient associations, politi-cians, scientific associations and common citizens should be involved in this process, as they all play a crucial role in its evolu-tion and success.We contend that modern medical research and entire health systems should transi-tion to a novel model of healthcare system where SMART execution is embedded into daily practice, in order to minimize anec-dotal practice and maximize evidence-based practice.


This paper tests the response of a cross section of U.S. households to a reduction in the tax cost of holding liquid assets by the 2003 Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act, whether that response was tax efficient, and the distribution of that response. Empirical results based on regression analyses of Survey of Consumer Finances data between 1998 and 2010 suggest that lower, middle, and high-income households responded to the enactment of the dividend preference in a tax-efficient manner, increasing allocations to liquid accounts and away from tax-preferred retirement accounts. Notwithstanding the conventional wisdom that behavioral responses to changes in the taxation of investments occur predominantly among the wealthy, the paper finds that the largest behavioral response to the 2003 dividend preference appears to have been among those households in the highest and lowest income groups, with the largest elasticity of response among the lowest income households. If household income is an important determinant to the value of liquidity, we might well understand that those with the highest need for liquidity might have the largest response to a reduction in the cost of that liquidity. Curiously, while middle-income households responded to the lower cost of liquidity in a tax-efficient manner, theirs was a distinctly smaller response, suggesting the possibility of a nonlinear relationship between taxation and liquidity response.


The goal of the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) initiative was to cultivate a comprehensive oral care program that placed current best practices into the organizational policy of the facility's palliative and end-of-life care unit. After preliminary unit assessments and root cause analysis, improvement opportunities affecting the consistency and accuracy of oral assessments and documentation were identified as being related to unit assessment forms' non-conducive formatting. This supported an assessment approach overlooking oral/dental assessments and thereby helped to maintain a perception that deemphasized the nurse's role in performing and documenting oral/dental assessments. This perception was further supported through academic and institutional oversight regarding the adequate education and training regarding oral/dental assessments. The CAMBRA balance concept, as illustrated by Hurlbutt & Young (2014), was introduced to staff members through a series of in-services designed to: describe the caries disease process, emphasize its relation to systemic health, explain the importance of consistent and accurate oral/dental documentation, introduce the CAMBRA balance concept, and offer recommendations for effective documentation. Appropriating the facility's strategic goal of using innovative excellence as means of building healthier lives in the post-acute setting, CAMRBA guidelines were selected for their demonstrable ability to statistically reduce both caries and their associated risk factors. While dental caries remains one of the most underreported chronic conditions in the U.S., we know that caries affects nearly 100% of the adult population globally, with studies further showing that elderly adults within long-term care facilities are at a heightened risk for both dental caries and their associated risk factors. Given CAMBRA's ability to determine therapeutic treatment options in 70% of cases, combined with its ability to reduce the development of new caries cases by 20%, its incorporation into practice has proven to be a vital component to quality patient-centered care. As nursing staff continue to incorporate CAMBRA guidelines into practice, as evident by consistent and accurate oral/dental assessments and documentation, over time we will see an increase in both early caries detection and improved caries management.


Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2001. 222 pp. ISBN 1-56639-865-7 (hardcover); ISBN 1-56639-866-5 (paper) The ten essays collected in this volume use literature, history, and the visual arts in Mexico to study the effects which the notion of nation has over cultural productions and artifacts in an age of globalization. The indefinite article of the title is important in as much as it signals the prospective reader that the current trend to globalization is neither new, nor the only one the world has witnessed to date. In "Notes on Globalization as a Philosophical Issue" (Fredric Jameson and Masao Miyoshi, eds., The Cultures of Globalization. [Durham: Duke UP, 1998] 56), Jameson identifies four possible positions with regards to globalization: 1. that there is no such thing as globalization; 2. that globalization is nothing new; 3. that globalization is related to the world market as the ultimate horizon of capitalista and that this relationship is new in degree but not in kind; 4. that globalization is an intrinsic feature in a new, multinational stage of capitalism. Of these four positions, the editors of The Effects of the Nation seem to subscribe, in part, to the second notion, that "something like globalism always has been at work. At the same time, following Jameson, the editors also acknowledge that this phenomenon, at present, has unique and new characteristics. Jameson defines globalization as "a communicational concept, which alternatively masks and transmits cultural or economic meanings" (Cultures 55). To the interaction between the local and the global, The Effects of the Nation adds the nation, which can be seen as being re-casted in globalism, at the same time that it is challenged by it. The essays in this volume inquire into and present the effects of the three terms in tension: the local, the global, and the national--in the cultural products and movements of a particular nation-state, Mexico. Thematically, the essays follow a chronological order examining Mexican art and literature throughout the twentieth century. According to the introduction, the essays can be divided in two groups. Those of the first half of the book (essays 1 through 4) look back in time, concentrating on aesthetic and critical issues associated with modernism of the twenties and thirties. The second group (essays 6 through l0) looks forward to themes related to postmodernism and contemporary points of reference. The fifth essay "occupies a liminal space" (15) between both halves. In the first chapter of this volume, "Mexican Art on Display," Olivier Debroise examines Mexican aesthetics and politics from the post-Revolutionary period to the Chiapas rebellion of the 1990s. Its focus is not Mexican art or art history but rather the depiction and production of the entity called "Mexico" as presented through art exhibitions both in the country and abroad. Debroise traces interesting parallels between the mestizaje in the visual arts and the modernization of crafts, the excavation of Teotihuacan and the rejection of neo-classical canons in aesthetic judgments from the 1920s onwards. The role that mestizaje or miscegenation played in the construction of a Mexican identity since that time was expressed in political terms illustrated in the peaceful coexistence of a modern nation built on an ancient past. The author finds a mixture of high-art and folk elements in Mexican visual production and, more importantly, in the visual display and presentations of Mexican art-works. The combination of high and folk elements meant that Mexican art was, and is, evaluated in sensual terms rather than intellectual or conceptual ones. The art was classified always as a mixture of modern and ancient myths and pre-Columbian aesthetic forms, not as a sophisticated manifestation of modern, urban, avant-garde movements. Debroise concludes with a pessimistic note, since even now-a-days, contemporary Mexican artists are still mixing both kinds of elements, thus perpetuating what the author calls "official cliches" (34). …


Carotid stenting has recently emerged as a potential alternative to surgical treatment. We report a case of a spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma in a patient who underwent anticoagulation therapy following carotid stenting. Computed tomography findings were consistent with active bleeding within the hematoma, and this was confirmed with selective angiography via right deep circumflex iliac artery injection. Transcatheter embolization of the right deep circumflex iliac artery with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate was successfully performed. To the best of our knowledge, spontaneous anterior abdominal wall hemorrhaging following carotid stenting has not been previously reported in the English language literature.


After receiving its federal banking charter in 1910, the Weyburn Security Bank shifted the aspirations of a group of pioneer prairie entrepreneurs into the more formally regulated environment of the Canadian banking fraternity from the pioneer environment inhabited by early private bankers in the prairie west. The early aspirations of these entrepreneurs were not entirely obliterated by this shift however; they simply attached themselves to a somewhat more stable vehicle. Until its demise, in 1931, the Weyburn Security Bank was a unique expression of those aspirations in the general context of the historical development of Canadian banking. Played out in the setting of the developing agricultural economy of western Canada, the attempt to carry those aspirations (influenced by American banking philosophy) to fruition reveals much about both the development of an agricultural community in southern Saskatchewan and the role that bankers played in that development. As well, the interplay between the Weyburn Security Bank, the federal government regulators, and the rest of the banking community provides an insight into the nature of relationships within the banking fraternity prior to the depression of the 1930s.


Can socially responsible investors, integrating environmental, social and ethical issues in their investment policy expect the same return as traditional investors? Analysis of the performance of five representative SRI indexes indicates that (on a style-adjusted basis) these SRI indexes have performed insignificantly better than traditional reference benchmarks. A more in-depth analysis that uses the sustainability ratings of the corporate social responsibility rating agency, Vigeo, confirms this result. The same result is found for four of the five subratings the sustainable rating is composed of, suggesting that sustainability is an essential component. The results also indicate that in vestors are ready to pay a premium for companies that do a good job of managing their relations with shareholders, clients, and suppliers.


Biocatalysis has attracted significant attention owing to its environmental-friendly nature, high efficiency, and remarkable selectivity for reactions. However, enzymes, which are powerful catalysts used in biocatalysis, suffer from low stability when used for long-term operations in solution and a gradual decrease in activity during storage. Microfluidic reactors are devices known for their smaller dimensions, large surface-to-volume ratios, and well-defined reaction times. Enzymes immobilized in such microfluidic reactors can exhibit distinct benefits, such as fast reaction rate, high storage stability, suppressed autolysis, and ease of use. The use of microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactors (μ-IMERs) offers several advantages over traditional technologies in performing biocatalytic reactions, such as low energy consumption, rapid heat exchange, fast mass transfer, high efficiency, and superior repeatability. In this review, the strategies of employing μ-IMERs for continuous biocatalysis have been investigated via a top-down approach. First, from the macroscopic perspective, the fabrication techniques of microfluidic reactors are presented encompassing materials, configurations, and technologies. Then, from the microscopic point of view, several strategies are discussed for the internal structural designs of microfluidic reactors. Moreover, when we move to the nanoscopic level, attention is paid to the choice of enzyme immobilization techniques for performance enhancement. Finally, the scalability of microfluidics that transfers biocatalysis from laboratory to industrial production was investigated. This review is intended to provide a guideline for using biocatalysis in microreactors and expediting the progress of this important research area.


The computation of scalar implicatures is sometimes costly relative to basic meanings. Among the costly computations are those that involve strengthening "some" to "not all" and strengthening inclusive disjunction to exclusive disjunction. The opposite is true for some other cases of strengthening, where the strengthened meaning is less costly than its corresponding basic meaning. These include conjunctive strengthenings of disjunctive sentences (e.g., free-choice inferences) and exactly-readings of numerals. Assuming that these are indeed all instances of strengthening via implicature/exhaustification, the puzzle is to explain why strengthening sometimes increases costs while at other times it decreases costs. I develop a theory of processing costs that makes no reference to the strengthening mechanism or to other aspects of the derivation of the sentence's form/meaning. Instead, costs are determined by domain-general considerations of the grammar's output, and in particular by aspects of the meanings of ambiguous sentences and particular ways they update the context. Specifically, I propose that when the hearer has to disambiguate between a sentence's basic and strengthened meaning, the processing cost of any particular choice is a function of (i) a measure of the semantic complexity of the chosen meaning and (ii) a measure of how much relevant uncertainty it leaves behind in the context. I measure semantic complexity with Boolean Complexity in the propositional case and with semantic automata in the quantificational case, both of which give a domain-general measure of the minimal representational complexity needed to express the given meaning. I measure relevant uncertainty with the information-theoretic notion of entropy; this domain-general measure formalizes how 'far' the meaning is from giving a complete answer to the question under discussion, and hence gives an indication of how much representational complexity is yet to come. Processing costs thus follow from domain-general considerations of current and anticipated representational complexity. The results might also speak to functional motivations for having strengthening mechanisms in the first place. Specifically, exhaustification allows language users to use simpler forms than would be available without it to both resolve relevant uncertainties and convey complex meanings.


Design approaches for oversampling complex-modulated analysis-synthesis filter bank systems (FBSs) have to control multirate disturbances due to down- and upsampling. Common design methods minimise multirate disturbances by optimising an objective function for arbitrarily given filter lengths. In contrast, approximate frequency-domain magnitude constraints are derived for FBS prototype filters such that a prescribed signal-to-distortion ratio of the FBS output signal is ensured. It is shown that these constraints can be met both by linear-phase equiripple and dedicated FBS filter design algorithms. Without the need of occupying the objective function of a (constrained) filter optimisation to minimise FBS disturbance, the resulting performance is close to that achieved with a current design method.


Migratory birds are one of the living organisms that should be protected. These birds from northern hemisphere fly as far as 26 000 km a year across the continent for survival during the winter season. In addition, the migratory birds have consistently stopped by at Malaysia during the roosting season from November to March every year because they are attracted to the richness of Matang Mangrove Forest. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks (Kuala Gula) has carried out observation on the arrival of these migratory birds. The process of data collection had started since 1993, however, there is still no analysis had been carried out on the trend of bird migration for the past decade. The aim of this study is to develop a GIS database for the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (Kuala Gula) in order to facilitate the study of biodiversity and sustainability of migratory birds. Meanwhile, the objectives of this study is to find out the requirement of Department of Wildlife and National Park (Kuala Gula) ; build a GIS database for the migratory birds and performed analysis on the observed data. The methodology flows from need assessment to data collection, database development and system integration, and finally results and analysis on trend of bird migration, ecosystem properties, environment sensitivity analysis, morphometrics analysis and spatial statistic analysis on the distribution of the migratory birds. Database for managing biodiversity and sustainability of migratory birds has been developed using ArcView 3.2, MapObject 2.0, Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, AutoCadMap 2.0 and S-Plus 2000. The result is a migratory bird's database with statistical results on the trend of bird migration. From the results of trend of bird migration, the endangered species of migratory birds can be identified. Subsequently, from the endangered species being classified, it can provide guidelines and procedures in maintenance of the mangrove areas.


This paper is structured on securing of storage, transmission and the traceability of digital images. It consists in the design of the cryptographic algorithms appropriate to the case of fixed and moving images. In this sense, we have introduced two approaches that is different in the synthesis of confusion and diffusion on using the principles of substitu-tion and/or transposition to secure JPEG and MPEG format.


Bacon discussed three different types of laws of nature: (1) particular laws governing one element or phenomenon (such as the law of the gravity of water); (2) the laws of the multiplication of species; and, (3) the universal law of nature. Each set of laws has its own explanatory function: (1) the particular laws account for the unique features of individuals and species; (2) the laws of multiplication explain the common features of matter and how individuals affect one another physically; and (3) the law of universal nature regulates these interactions and keep them in balance. Bacon's laws share common features with early modern conception of laws. For example, they can be restated as if/then sentences and cover future events; some support counterfactuals; and all are endowed with explanatory power and free from space-time limitations. When considered together, they form a system, ordered in hierarchical relations. The different levels of laws cover three aspects of Aristotelian causality: formal, efficient, and final. The law of universal nature is a metaphysical axiom, necessary for upholding the very idea of a nature governed by laws. This indicates that Bacon conceived of nature as orderly and predictable; he presented a conception of a lawful nature and showed an understanding of what it takes to be lawful to a degree that had not been seen before.


The growing complexity of modern computer architectures increasingly complicates the prediction of the run-time behavior of software. For real-time systems, where a safe estimation of the program's worst-case execution time is needed, time-predictable computer architectures promise to resolve this problem. The stack cache, for instance, allows the compiler to efficiently cache a program's stack, while static analysis of its behavior remains easy.

This work introduces an optimization of the stack cache that allows to anticipate memory transfers that might be initiated by future stack cache control instructions. These eager memory transfers thus allow to reduce the average-case latency of those control instructions, very similar to "prefetching" techniques known from conventional caches. However, the mechanism proposed here is guaranteed to have no impact on the worst-case execution time estimates computed by static analysis. Measurements on a dual-core platform using the Patmos processor and imedivision-multiplexing-based memory arbitration, show that our technique can eliminate up to 62% (7%) of the memory transfers from (respectively to) the stack cache on average over all programs of the MiBench benchmark suite.


Radical mediated thiol-yne polymerization reactions complement the more well-known thiol-ene radical polymerization processes, with the added advantage of increased functionality. In one system studied, the rate constant for the addition of the thiol to the vinyl sulfide created by the initial reaction of the thiol with the alkyne is three times faster than the initial reaction. When hydrocarbon based dialkynes and dithiols were copolymerized, the resulting thiol-alkyne networks containing only hydrocarbon and sulfide linking groups exhibited refractive index values tunable above 1.65, with the refractive index directly related to the sulfur content. The thiol-yne reaction was also found to be useful in functionalizing thiol-terminated polymer chain ends via sequential Michael thiol-ene addition followed by the thiol-yne reaction: the result is the dual functionalization of the polymer chain end. A thermally responsive polymer hydrogel network was formed when an yne terminated water-soluble homopolymer was polymerized with a tetrafunctional thiol.


Service function chaining (SFC) allows the instantiation of an ordered
set of service functions and subsequent "steering" of traffic through
them. In order to set up and maintain SFC instances, a control plane
is required, which typically is centralized. In certain environments,
such as fog computing ones, such centralized control might not be
feasible, calling for distributed SFC control solutions. This document
specifies several NSH extensions to provide in-band SFC control
signaling.


In "Who Says?", scholars of rhetoric, composition, and communications seek to revise the elitist "rhetorical tradition" by analyzing diverse topics such as settlement house movements and hip-hop culture to uncover how communities use discourse to construct working-class identity. The contributors examine the language of workers at a concrete pour, depictions of long-haul truckers, a comic book series published by the CIO, the transgressive "fat" bodies of Roseanne and Anna Nicole Smith, and even reality television to provide rich insights into working-class rhetorics. The chapters identify working-class tropes and discursive strategies and connect working-class identity to issues of race, gender, and sexuality. Using a variety of approaches including ethnography, research in historic archives, and analysis of case studies, "Who Says?" assembles an original and comprehensive collection that is accessible to both students and scholars of class studies and rhetoric.