to recapitulate old information's available and brings new information's that are with the fashion research on an atomic and nanometric scale in various fields by introducing several mathematical models to measure some parameters characterizing metals like the hydrodynamic elasticity coefficient, hardness, lubricant viscosity, viscosity coefficient, tensile strength .... It uses new measurement techniques very developed and nondestructive. Its principal distinctions of the other books, that it brings practical manners to model and to optimize the cutting process using various parameters and different techniques, namely, using water of high-velocity stream, tool with different form and radius, the cutting temperature effect, that can be measured with sufficient accuracy not only at a research lab and also with a theoretical forecast. This book aspire to minimize and eliminate the losses resulting from surfaces friction and wear which leads to a greater machining efficiency and to a better execution, fewer breakdowns and a significant saving. A great part is devoted to lubrication, of which the goal is to find the famous techniques using solid and liquid lubricant films applied for giving super low friction coefficients and improving the lubricant properties on surfaces.


To understand how the terra sigillata technology was transferred from Italy to Gaul, a large corpus of samples from various worskshops was studied by using standard laboratory techniques (Raman spectroscopy, SEM, electron microprobe analysis and colorimetry). Based on these results, a few representative samples were selected and investigated by synchrotron radiation at ALS on the 12.3.2 microdiffraction beamline. The beamline is very adapted to the crystallographic study of thin layers and allows us to determine precisely the mineral composition of the sigillata slips. The set of findings revealed significant differences between the Italic and Gallic slips, which suggest a modification in the manufacturing process. The transfer of the sigillata technique to Gaul is associated with an increase of the firing temperatures due to the use of more refractory clay. This change has no significant influence on their esthetic appearance (brilliance and color) but modify their mechanical properties, resulting in a stronger resistance for the Gallic slips. The implication of these results in archeological context is discussed. In particular, we will try to propose assumptions on the reason for the change in the manufacturing process.


In this study, we demonstrate that mid‐latitude surface measurements of diurnal temperature range (DTR) can be used to reconstruct decadal variability of regional‐scale terrestrial photosynthetic activity 1) during and prior to the period with satellite retrievals of land greenness and 2) without the need for moisture data. While the two relative maxima present in the seasonal evolution of DTR can determine the beginning and the end of the growing season, the summertime average DTR can be used as a proxy of summertime terrestrial photosynthesis. In a case study in the eastern United States (1966–1997), the DTR reconstructions indicate significant natural decadal variability in photosynthetic activity, but no secular, long‐term trend. The summertime photosynthesis was found to be controlled primarily by moisture availability. Also, contrary to existing model parameterizations, the timing of spring onset was found to depend on both temperature and moisture.


The dominant and unexpected feature in the first Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) maps is a ribbon of the enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions. Presenting the first results from IBEX, McComas et al. identified six possible mechanisms of ribbon formation. One of the mechanisms, the so-called secondary ENA mechanism, was already quantitatively elaborated by Heerikhuisen et al., and they successfully reproduced the main features of the ribbon. We further study the "secondary ENA" mechanism by quantifying a previously omitted stage of the proton evolution between two consecutive acts of the charge-exchange in the outer heliosheath (OHS). The main findings can be summarized as follows. (1) The neutrals supplied by the supersonic near-equatorial solar wind dominate the near-equatorial source of the keV ENAs in the OHS compared to the inner heliosheath contribution. (2) The ribbon of the observed width can be produced even if only the large-scale (∼102–104 AU) interstellar turbulence operates but the resulting pitch angle distribution functions (PADFs) are unstable with respect to the ion cyclotron wave generation around the locus where the line of sight from IBEX to the ribbon is perpendicular to the interstellar magnetic field beyond the heliopause. (3) A combination of the large-scale interstellar turbulence and a small-scale (∼10−5to10−4 AU) turbulence generated by an unstable PADF of the energetic protons is able to make PADF marginally stable. In this case, the ribbon is still narrow because only a small part of the proton phase space distribution function can resonate with a locally generated ion cyclotron turbulence. (4) A concurrent operation of the large-scale interstellar turbulence and the locally generated small-scale turbulence might be responsible for the localized emission structures observed in the IBEX ribbon.


Pronounced anisotropy of magnetic properties and complex magnetic order of a new oxi-halide compound Co-7(TeO3)(4)Br-6 has been investigated by powder and single-crystal neutron-diffraction, magnetization, and ac susceptibility techniques. Anisotropy of susceptibility extends far into the paramagnetic temperature range. A principal source of anisotropy are anisotropic properties of the involved octahedrally coordinated single Co2+ ions, as confirmed by angular-overlap-model calculations presented in this work. Incommensurate antiferromagnetic order sets in at T-N=34 K. The propagation vector is strongly temperature dependent reaching k(1)=[0.9458(6),0,0.6026(5)] at 30 K. A transition to a ferrimagnetic structure with k(2)=0 takes place at T-C=27 K. The magnetically ordered phase is characterized by very unusual anisotropy as well: while M-H scans along the b axis reveal spectacularly rectangular but otherwise standard ferromagnetic hysteresis loops, M-H studies along other two principal axes are perfectly reversible, revealing very sharp spin-flop (or spin-flip) transitions, such as in a standard antiferromagnet (or metamagnet). Altogether, the observed magnetic phenomenology is interpreted as an evidence of competing magnetic interactions permeating the system, in particular of the single-ion anisotropy energy and the exchange interactions. Different coordinations of the Co2+ ions involved in the low-symmetry C2/c structure of Co-7(TeO3)(4)Br-6 render the exchange-interaction network very complex by itself. Temperature-dependent changes in the magnetic structure, together with an abrupt emergence of a ferromagnetic component, are ascribed to continual spin reorientations described by a multicomponent, but yet unknown, spin Hamiltonian.


We investigate whether recoveries following normal recessions differ from recoveries following recessions that are associated with either banking crises or housing crises. Using a parametric panel framework that allows for a bounce-back in the level of output during the recovery, we find that normal recessions are followed by strong recoveries in advanced economies. This bounce-back is absent following recessions associated with banking crises and housing crises. Consequently, the permanent output losses of recessions associated with banking crises and housing crises are considerably larger than those of normal recessions.


In the last forty years federal courts have played a prominent role in reshaping our public institutions. From school desegregation to prisoners' rights, institutional reform in the shape of court judgments has become commonplace.1 While some scholars question the efficacy of these structural injunctions, arguing that legislative prerogative should not be usurped by judicially mandated budgetary priorities,2 the authority of federal courts to order such remedies is generally unquestioned. This authority arises out of the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which requires a state to do what is constitutionally commanded, despite any resulting violation of state law. As the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals noted, "[t]hat compliance with a decree enforcing federal law will have an ancillary effect on the state treasury is the inevitable and permissible consequence of Ex parte Young-lype suits."3 With this uncontroversial premise in mind, we now turn to an emerging and more controversial offshoot of judicially mandated structural reform-the use of settlement and consent decrees in bringing about such reform. A consent decree is a judicially approved settlement agreement that is based on an agreement between the parties, yet has the force and effect of a final judgment. Because of this dual nature, consent decrees have elements of both contracts and judicial orders.4 As the Supreme Court noted, a consent decree embodies the agreement of the parties and is enforceable as "a judicial decree that is subject to the rules generally applicable to other judgments and decrees."5 A federal consent decree "must spring from, and serve to resolve, a dispute within the court's subject-matter jurisdiction; must come within the general scope of the case made by the pleadings; and must further the objectives of the law upon which the complaint was based."6 Nothing controversial yet. What is controversial, and the subject of this article, is whether state officials can agree to a remedy they would not have had the authority to order themselves; and if so, to what extent must an underlying constitutional violation be proved so as to justify the remedy. To understand the issue, let us look at an example. We'll begin with the imaginary U.S. state of Transylvania, and its attorney general, Count Dracula. Transylvanians, it turns out, are proponents of small government, and many years ago they enacted an amendment to their state constitution requiring that all spending increases in the state budget be approved by two-thirds of the Transylvania state assembly. Because of this spending cap, Transylvania has always had only one prison. As the years went on, the prison grew more and more crowded, until one day a group of prisoners brought suit in federal court alleging that the overcrowding was so bad that it resulted in a violation of their federal constitutionally guaranteed right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. After a long and bitter legal battle, with both sides incurring hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal fees, the federal court agreed with the prisoners' allegations and ordered the state of Transylvania to build a new prison to resolve the overcrowding at a cost of twenty million dollars. Moreover, the court ordered the state of Transylvania to pay the plaintiffs' hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal fees, a not uncommon remedy in such suits.7 Let us assume that the remedy was necessary to cure the overcrowding and that it met all the requirements of a federal injunction. Clearly then, the fact that the judgment would cause the state to spend its funds to build the new prison cannot void the federal judgment. Because of the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, we know that a state law cannot prevent a federal court-ordered remedy that is necessary to cure a constitutional violation.8 Let us take this same example, except this time, Count Dracula, relying on his years of experience, realized that there was a good chance the state was going to lose the lawsuit. …


The theoretical construction of the "Rigid Unit Mode" model arose from asking a few simple questions about displacive phase transitions in silicates (Dove 1997a,b). The simplest of these was why displacive phase transitions are so common? Another was why Landau theory should seemingly be so successful in describing these phase transitions? As the construction developed, it became clear that the model is able to describe a wide range of properties of silicates, in spite of the gross over-simplifications that appear so early in the development of the approach. In this review, we will outline the basic principles of the Rigid Unit Mode model, the experimental evidence in support of the model, and some of the applications of the model.

The Rigid Unit Mode (RUM) model was developed to describe the behavior of materials with crystal structures that can be described as frameworks of linked polyhedra. In aluminosilicates, the polyhedra are the SiO4 or AlO4 tetrahedra, and in perovskites, these may be the TiO6 octahedra. At the heart of the RUM model is the observation that the SiO4 or AlO4 tetrahedra are very stiff. One measure of the stiffness of the tetrahedra might be that the vibrations involving significant distortions of the tetrahedra have squared frequency values above 1000 THz2 (Strauch and Dorner 1993), whereas vibrations in which there are only minimal distortions of the tetrahedra and a buckling of the framework have squared frequency values of around 1 THz2 (see later). The values of the squared frequency directly reflect the force constants associated with the motions of a vibration, so clearly the stiffness of a tetrahedron is 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than the stiffness of the framework against motions in which the tetrahedra can move without distorting. This large range …


Background: We investigated the contributing causes and factors leading to eye enucleation procedure among the patients referred to the ophthalmology clinic of the Center Eye Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of patients referred to the ophthalmology clinic of the Center Eye Hospital in Tehran, Iran, in the past 3 years. The data retrieved were analyzed. Results: A total of 313 patients underwent eye enucleation during the past 3 years. The average age of the patients was 36.7 years (range: 20–44 years). Two hundred and eight patients (66.5%) were males and 105 (33.5%) were females. One hundred and sixty-nine patients had the right eye enucleation while 144 patients had the left eye enucleation. The various procedures included enucleation (83%), evisceration (13.4%), and exantration (3.6%). The factors leading to these procedures included trauma (33.2%), phthisis bulbi (20.7%), tumors (15.7%), and infections (10.5%). Conclusion: In our study population, trauma was the main factor leading to eye enucleation. Hence, measures to increase social awareness and knowledge to reduce trauma cases are necessary as a preventive approach to reduce eye enucleation procedures. Concurrently, ophthalmologists should also pay more attention in early diagnoses and screening of eye health, especially detecting tumor cases such as retinoblastoma and postsurgical care to reduce secondary infections will be effective actions to reduce the overall rate of enucleation.


ABSTRACT Small rafts of floating sediment, predominantly of granule and small pebble size, were observed along a tidewater coast on James Ross Island, Antarctica. The sediment was lifted from the beach by the advancing tidewater and kept afloat by surface tension. The current transported the rafts at least 100-150 m off the beach, where the rafts broke up due to wind agitation of the sea surface and the gravel sank. This process can transport considerable volumes of sediment from the beach: it is estimated that flotation at the Naze launch ca. 500 kg per kilometer of shoreline per tidal cycle during calm and dry weather conditions, which for one summer season might end up in a total of 0.022 tons of sediment per meter of shoreline. The resulting sediments and sedimentary structures are conclud d to be similar to those resulting from iceberg-, sea ice-, and algae rafting, and sediment gravity flows. Floating can he an important way of rafting gravels into fine-grained sublittoral or shallow-marine facies, and should be included when dealing with processes related to sedimentation in the nearshore marine environment.


Results of a Phase I trial of the opiate antagonist naloxone for treatment of patients with acute spinal cord injury are reported. Naloxone was administered in doses ranging from 5 to 200 mg/sq m (0.14 to 5.4 mg/kg) for up to 48 hours. The patients ranged in age from 16 to 79 years (mean 37 years). Twenty patients received naloxone as a loading dose of 5 to 50 mg/sq m (0.14 to 1.43 mg/kg), followed by a maintenance dose of 20% of the loading dose given as a continuous infusion hourly for 47 hours (Group 1). Nine patients received a loading dose of 100 to 200 mg/sq m (2.7 to 5.4 mg/kg) and a maintenance dose of 75% of the initial dose hourly for 23 hours (Group 2). These higher doses (2.7 to 5.4 mg/kg) have been found to be effective in experimental spinal cord injury. Neurological examinations were performed and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's) were obtained as soon after admission as possible and again 1, 2, 3, and 7 days, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks to 6 months after admission. The 20 Group 1 patients who received 1.43 mg/kg or less of naloxone showed no improvement in neurological status or SEP's. All but three (15%) of these patients had a complete neurological deficit at the time of admission. Treatment was begun an average of 12.9 hours after injury. Among the nine Group 2 patients treated with 2.7 mg/kg or more, there were five patients (56%) with incomplete deficits. This group received naloxone an average of 6.6 hours after admission. Two of the five Group 2 patients with incomplete lesions showed improvement in their neurological condition and/or SEP's within 36 hours of receiving the drug. One of the four Group 2 patients with a complete lesion at the time of admission was able to localize pressure sensation in his legs 36 hours after completion of the drug infusion. Four Group 2 patients (two with complete and two with incomplete lesions) have shown improvement in their SEP's, suggesting recovery of SEP's in a dose-related fashion. Four patients experienced increased pain after administration of the loading dose and during the maintenance infusion; in only one patient was this severe enough to require discontinuation of the drug. Of the 29 patients treated with naloxone, four died within 6 weeks of admission, for a mortality rate of 13.8%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF BRIDGES USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS by Seyed Behrad Ghazi Sharyatpanahi Structural Health Monitoring, damage detection and localization of bridges using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are studied in this thesis. The continuous monitoring of bridges to detect damage is a very useful tools for preventing unnecessary costly and emergent maintenance. The optimal design aims to maximize the lifetime of the system, the accuracy of the sensed data, and the system reliability, and to minimize the system cost and complexity. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is carried out using LUSAS Bridge Plus software to determine sensor locations and measurement types and effectively minimize the number of sensors, data for transmission, and volume of data for processing. In order to verify the computer simulation outputs and evaluate the proposed optimal design and algorithms, a WSN system mounted on a simple reinforced concrete frame model is employed in the lab. A series of tests are carried out on the reinforced concrete frame mounted on the shaking table in order to simulate the existing extreme loading condition. Experimental methods which are based on modal analysis under ambient vibrational excitation are often employed to detect structural damages of mechanical systems, many of such frequency domain methods as first step use a Fast Fourier Transform estimate of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) associated with the response of the system. In this study it is also shown that higher order statistical estimators such as Spectral Kurtosis (SK) and Sample to Model Ratio (SMR) may be successfully employed to more reliably discriminate the response of the system against the ambient noise and better identify and separate contributions from closely spaced individual modes. Subsequently, the identified modal parameters are used for damage detection and Structural Health Monitoring. To evaluate the preliminary results of the project's prototype and quantify the current bridge response as well as demonstrate the ability of the SHM system to successfully perform on a bridge, the deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in an existing highway bridge in Qatar is implemented. The proposed technique will eventually be applied to the new stadium that State of Qatar will build in preparation for the 2022 World Cup. This monitoring system will help permanently record the vibration levels reached in all substructures during each event to evaluate the actual health state of the stadiums. This offers the opportunity to detect potentially dangerous situations before they become critical. STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF BRIDGES USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS by Seyed Behrad Ghazi Sharyatpanahi A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering John A. Reif Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering


Stories play a fundamental role in human culture. They provide a mechanism for sharing cultural identity, imparting knowledge, revealing beliefs, reinforcing social bonds and providing entertainment that is central to all human societies. Here we investigated the extent to which the delivery medium of a story (audio or visual) affected conscious and subconscious engagement with the narrative. Although participants self-reported greater involvement for watching video relative to listening to auditory scenes, stronger physiological responses were recorded for auditory stories. Sensors placed at their wrists showed higher and more variable heart rates, greater electrodermal activity, and even higher body temperatures. We interpret these findings as physiological evidence that the stories were more cognitively and emotionally engaging when presented in an auditory format. This may be because listening to a story, rather than watching a video, is a more active process of co-creation, and that this imaginative process in the listener's mind is detectable on the skin at their wrist.


In education and anti-racist politics in South Africa's Western Cape region, Richard (Dick or R.O.) Dudley was an exceptionally influential intellectual figure who was revered by those who knew him and enjoyed legendary status among many others who had simply heard of his towering reputation. In the school classroom, far more than just a gifted teacher, he was a probing and challenging educationist in the deepest philosophical sense. Likewise, in his left-wing political activism and caustic opposition to segregation and apartheid, Dudley was a true radical nonconformist, dismissing the politics of liberalism, African nationalism and Communism as either tepidly reformist, vacuously populist or slavishly Stalinist.


Building on Covenant and Eschatology: The Divine Drama, this volume is part two of a three-part project surveying essential topics of Christian theology through the lens of covenant. In Lord and Servant: A Covenant Christology, Michael Horton explores the topics that are generally grouped under the doctrines of God, humanity, and Christology. Rather than attempt a general systematic theology, Horton revisits these topics at the places where covenant and eschatology offer the most promising insight and where there is the most contemporary interest and debate.


High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging has been developed for improved visual representation by capturing a wide range of luminance values. Because of its properties, HDR content might lead to a larger privacy intrusion, requiring new methods for privacy protection. Previously, false colors were proven to be effective for assuring privacy protection for low dynamic range (LDR) images. In this work, the reliability of false colors when used for privacy protection of HDR images represented by tone mapping operators (TMOs) is studied. Two different TMO techniques are tested, a simple TMO based on the Gamma transform and a more complex local TMO. Moreover, two false color palettes are also tested, and are applied to images that result from both TMOs and also to an LDR image that represents the center exposure in the image sequence used to create the HDR image. The degree of privacy protection is analyzed through both a subjective test using crowdsourcing and an objective test using face recognition algorithms (FRAs). It is concluded that the application of the two studied false color palettes reduces the recognition accuracy with respect to both tests.


Coastal ecosystems are complex and species rich, but are vulnerable to degradation from a variety of anthropogenic activities. Nevertheless, information on inter-tidal community composition in the Caribbean Basin and at other oceanic sites is lacking. Such information is essential to developing a more comprehensive understanding of rocky inter-tidal systems and their responses to global change. The goals of this study were to determine the relative importance of environmental (wave power density, wave height), habitat (e.g. algal cover, slope, complexity of rock surfaces) and anthropogenic (distance to roads, population density) factors associated with the structure of local assemblages at multiple shore heights and the regional metacommunity of mobile invertebrates on oceanic rocky inter-tidal habitats. Environmental characteristics associated with habitat complexity (algal cover, rock surface complexity) and human population density were most strongly associated with abundance and biodiversity of invertebrates. Species richness was positively correlated with surface complexity, but abundance was negatively correlated with both surface complexity and per cent algal cover. By contrast, abundance of invertebrates was positively correlated with human population density, and diversity was negatively correlated with human population density. Abundance of invertebrates was greatest in the mid inter-tidal zone, whereas diversity was greatest in the lower inter-tidal zone. Metacommunity structure was Gleasonian, but the gradient along which species turnover occurred was correlated with measures of wave exposure, rather than anthropogenic activity. Unlike in previous studies, mostly at mainland sites, human activity primarily altered dominance patterns of communities, while having relatively little effect on species richness or composition.


Abstract To characterize the drying process in the Gol-E-Gohar pelletizing plant ball mill the material veiling profile (material showering) was studied by physical modeling and DEM. To simulate the trajectory of particles in the dryer in a reasonable period of time the GPU parallel processing was implemented in the DEM codes. After calibration of DEM parameters by using the model dryer, various flight designs were then employed in the simulation to find an appropriate veiling profile. It was found that by decreasing the release angle of flights from 70° to less than 40° the coverage of hot gas tunnel cross section by particles increases from 41.6% to 89.6%. The simulations also indicated that by changing the flight edge from the raised edge to the rectangular tooth-like type, the coverage of hot gas tunnel cross section could reach 97.1% and more uniform veiling profile could be obtained. Evaluation of the grinding performance over a period of 15 months showed an increase of 17 t/h in the throughput in the case of the new flights in mill No. 1 while for the same period, mill No.2 experienced a decrease of 7 t/h in the throughput with the original flights for the same feed.


We have studied the exchange corrections to linear electrostatic wave propagation in a plasma using a quantum kinetic formalism. Specifically, we have considered the zero-temperature limit. In order to simplify the calculations we have focused on the long-wavelength limit, i.e., wavelengths much longer than the de Broglie wavelength. For the case of ion-acoustic waves we have calculated the exchange correction both to the damping rate and the real part of the frequency. For Langmuir waves the frequency shift due to exchange effects is found. Our results are compared with the frequency shifts deduced from commonly used exchange potentials which are computed from density-functional theory.


We analyze the space of security policies that can be enforced by monitoring programs at runtime. Our program monitors are automata that examine the sequence of program actions and transform the sequence when it deviates from the specified policy. The simplest such automaton truncates the action sequence by terminating a program. Such automata are commonly known as security automata, and they enforce Schneider's EM class of security policies. We define automata with more powerful transformational abilities, including the ability to insert a sequence of actions into the event stream and to suppress actions in the event stream without terminating the program. We give a set-theoretic characterization of the policies these new automata are able to enforce and show that they are a superset of the EM policies.


Sediment delivery from upland fluvial systems in the UK is of considerable importance in catchment management. However, scarcity of detailed data on sediment sources, storage and linkages between geomorphic processes inhibits current understanding of such systems. A sediment budget for an un-gauged, upland catchment at Burnhope Reservoir (North Pennines, UK) has been developed that couples catchment sediment sources and suspended sediment dynamics to reservoir sedimentation and; quantifies historic and contemporary sediment yields. Stream-side scars and cut banks are the dominant catchment sediment sources with greatest connectivity in first order tributaries during high discharge events. The catchment sediment system is supply-limited and sediment exhaustion occurs on an intra and inter-storm event basis. Bathymetric surveys, core transects and aerial photographs were used to assess spatial variability in sediment accumulation in the reservoir. Physical and radiometric analysis ((^137)Cs) of core sediments provided estimates of dry bulk density, particle size variations and a sedimentation chronology. Total reservoir sedimentation over the 67 year period has been estimated at 592 t yr(^1) ± 10% (33.3 t km(^-2) yr(^1)) with average sedimentation rates of 1.24 and 0.77cm yr(^-1)calculated from the distal and proximal areas of the reservoir respectively. Inputs of fine suspended sediment from direct catchwater streams accounts for 54% of sediment supply to the reservoir (best estimate yield of 318 t yr(^-1) ± 129%), while inputs from the actively eroding reservoir slopes and shorelines contribute a gross yield of 328 t yr(^-1) + 92%. However, 70% of sediment from shoreline erosion is >2 mm diameter and is stored on the shoreline and toe slopes. The remaining 30% (98.41) of fine sediment is transferred to deep-water reservoir storage. This highlights the importance of shoreline erosion and sediment storage in the overall budget. Error analysis of the sediment balance equation enabled the residual sediment inputs from ungauged tributary streams to be estimated (232.6 t yr(^-1) ± 394.9%). The specific sediment yield of 33.3 t km(^-2) yr(^-1) to Burnhope Reservoir is relatively low. It is 40% lower than the average yield of 84 t km(^-2) yr(^-1) estimated from British storage reservoirs (DETR, 2001) and an order of magnitude lower than estimates from South Pennine reservoirs. Analysis of the particle size of core sediments showed abrupt increases in sand-sized particles in the top 20 cm of the cores (late 1970s onwards). This is related to the diverging trends in winter and summer-centred rainfall records and rapidly fluctuating reservoir levels. The sediment budget approach together with the chronology of reservoir sedimentation identifies the main sediment transfer pathways in the Burnhope catchment, and provides evidence of both extrinsic and intrinsic controls on sediment transfer and deposition.


The Confronting Racism in Communities project was designed to identify and address the variety of racisms experienced by Queenslanders from CALD backgrounds. The project arose in response to state and Commonwealth anti-discrimination agencies (ADCQ and HREOC) awareness of under-reporting of racist incidents. The project therefore attempted to encourage reporting of a more representative range of incidents and to develop appropriate training to support those working with people who have experienced racisms.

A training needs survey of workers was conducted and, along with a literature review, formed the basis for design of a reporting instrument and training for seventy selected people (Data Collection Points) who assisted those who have experienced racism to complete the questionnaire. Data collection was undertaken from January 1 2006 to December 31 2007, resulting in a total of 398 reports of incidents occurring in the last five years that were perceived as racism by those who experienced them.

Reported incidents involved a wide range of ethnic backgrounds and took diverse forms including physical violence, threats of physical violence, property damage, verbal, written and non-verbal harassment, social exclusion, discrimination and institutional racism. Racist incidents occurred most often in public places including the street, work, real estate agents, public transport, shops and educational institutions. Most of the reported instances involved total strangers with no prior warning. Other relationships to perpetrators included employers and work colleagues, public transport officials, real estate agents, government agencies, police and educational staff as well as neighbours. Perpetrators were reported as disproportionately male with more females involved in mixed groups rather than as single-sex offenders.

Those experiencing these incidents reported a wide range of emotions and reactions but especially reported feeling angry, upset, scared, anxious, excluded and not belonging, sad, depressed, disappointed, a loss of confidence, physical symptoms and shame, although some reported personal growth or were sorry for the perpetrators. It is significant that some of these responses persisted for years after the event. While the responses of those who witnessed these incidents varied widely, it is significant that many were reluctant to become involved with almost thirty percent apparently indifferent to what had occurred.

Seventy percent did not formally report their experiences, with nineteen percent having reported and eleven percent not specifying. Amongst those who did report the incidents there were two-thirds who were unsatisfied or very unsatisfied with the outcome, and only twenty percent satisfied or very satisfied. Main reasons for satisfaction with reporting outcomes included a speedy response, apologies, perpetrators being confronted, and apparent measures to avoid repetition. Key factors in dissatisfaction with reporting outcomes included trivialising reports, lack of action by reporting agencies, experiences not being validated, and future incidents not being prevented. Many of those who reported incidents to the Confronting Racism in Communities project expressed their appreciation of the opportunity to have their experiences validated and taken seriously by an external party even when they were not interested in making a formal complaint.

The main reasons for not reporting included not knowing the identity of the perpetrator, not having witnesses or other evidence, fear of further racism, fear of the consequences of reporting, not believing it would result in any useful outcome, not knowing where or how to report, negative feelings prolonged by reporting or that such events were so frequent as to be not worth bothering with.

Significant issues raised by the project include the difficulties in establishing that reported incidents constituted racism and in providing evidence. While those reporting their experiences were convinced of racist motivations, the nature of many events, especially not knowing the perpetrator, lack of witnesses, etc., makes it difficult to sustain a formal complaint. It is also extremely difficult in many cases to establish systemic or institutional forms of discrimination.

Existing government responses to racism (including the work of ADCQ, HREOC and MAQ) provide complaints mechanisms, education and community relations initiatives which have been valuable in supporting community cohesion and addressing the needs of particular communities. However, these strategies need to be supplemented by more targeted initiatives including a positive duty to minimise discrimination and unintended racism. On the basis of extensive international evidence the research suggests that interventions need to be directed at multiple levels of engagement including individual, inter-personal, institutional and societal, with appropriate coordination to ensure maximum effectiveness. Political commitment and leadership are particularly important in supporting sustainable initiatives. International evidence highlights the need for comprehensive training to support efforts by agencies and individuals to provide non-discriminatory services and organizational environments. The Confronting Racism in Communities project has developed and delivered such training to more than seventy groups of government and community workers over the life of the project.

Future directions recommended include the need to:
-develop an ongoing, evidence base for reporting racist incidents;
-examine the relationship between criminal offences and racist violence;
-use departmental Multicultural Action Plans to address systemic racism;
-provide comprehensive community education programs on anti-racism;
-develop victim-support programs and community worker training to provide assistance to those experiencing racism;
-develop guidelines for organizations wanting to implement effective antiracism;
-identify services to work with perpetrators of racism.


Direct solid state NMR observation of titanium opens up new possibilities for characterization of many chemical problems. Here, solid state 47,49Ti NMR spectra are reported for a large variety of crystalline ternary and quaternary titanates. A wide range of values for the NMR interaction parameters is observed, with chemical shifts covering ∼300 ppm and quadrupole interactions (CQ) up to 24 MHz. The isotropic chemical shift (δiso) ranges for TiO6, TiO5, and TiO4 deduced from these samples suggest that NMR can help to determine coordinations in materials where it is unknown, although the strong overlap of these ranges may not allow unequivocal identification in all cases. For TiO6 units, there is a good correlation of the shear strain of the local TiO6 unit to CQ. Similar correlations are found for the much rarer TiO4 coordination. The correlation of CQ is generalized through the concept of a distortion index of the local structural unit, which applies to all TiOx units, including TiO5. Static NMR data from several samples (e.g., PbTiO3, Sr2TiO4) show unequivocally that for some compounds titanium has a significant chemical shift anisotropy, which needs to be included for accurate simulations of static titanium NMR spectra. The electric field gradient determined by NMR does not agree with values previously obtained by perturbed angular correlation. Calculations of the quadrupole parameters using the WIEN97 code, based on the linearized augmented plane wave method, have been carried out for some perovskite- and ilmenite-structured titanates and agree well with the values determined from NMR (i.e., within a few percent), except for the ilmenite form of CdTiO3 where the current structure appears unreliable. The 43Ca NMR spectrum is reported for CaTiO3 showing that CQ = 2.15 ± 0.03 MHz, η = 0.70 ± 0.07, and δiso = 17.2 ± 1.0 ppm.


Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through a green method, using Heterotheca inuloides as a bioreducing agent. Moreover, catgut suture threads were decorated with those biogenic silver nanoparticles, and their antibacterial activity versus highly resistant pathogenic microorganisms was evaluated. The principles of green chemistry and nanotechnology allow us to obtain advanced materials, such as suture threads, which can reduce or avoid the prevalence of infectious processes in the medical field. Mexican medicinal plants, such as H. inuloides , represent an adequate alternative for biosynthesis; this plant species is known for its medicinal benefits and its antibacterial activity, and for that reason, it is being used in folk medicine.


This paper introduces a structured memory which can be easily integrated into a neural network. The memory is very large by design and significantly increases the capacity of the architecture, by up to a billion parameters with a negligible computational overhead. Its design and access pattern is based on product keys, which enable fast and exact nearest neighbor search. The ability to increase the number of parameters while keeping the same computational budget lets the overall system strike a better trade-off between prediction accuracy and computation efficiency both at training and test time. This memory layer allows us to tackle very large scale language modeling tasks. In our experiments we consider a dataset with up to 30 billion words, and we plug our memory layer in a state-of-the-art transformer-based architecture. In particular, we found that a memory augmented model with only 12 layers outperforms a baseline transformer model with 24 layers, while being twice faster at inference time. We release our code for reproducibility purposes.


Suppression of multiuser interference (MUI) and mitigation of multipath effects constitute major challenges in the design of third-generation wireless mobile systems. Most wide-band and multicarrier uplink code-division multiple-access (CDMA) schemes suppress MUI statistically in the presence of unknown multipath. For fading resistance, they all rely on transmit- or receive-diversity and multichannel equalization based on bandwidth-consuming training sequences or self-recovering techniques at the receiver end. Either way, they impose restrictive and difficult to check conditions on the finite-impulse response channel nulls. Relying on block-symbol spreading, we design a mutually-orthogonal usercode-receiver (AMOUR) system for quasi-synchronous blind CDMA that eliminates MUI deterministically and mitigates fading regardless of the unknown multipath and the adopted signal constellation. AMOUR converts a multiuser CDMA system into parallel single-user systems regardless of multipath and guarantees identifiability of users' symbols without restrictive conditions on channel nulls in both blind and nonblind setups. An alternative AMOUR design called Vandermonde-Lagrange AMOUR is derived to add flexibility in the code assignment procedure. Analytic evaluation and preliminary simulations reveal the generality, flexibility, and superior performance of AMOUR over competing alternatives.


Containing probiotic microorganisms, fermented products have biological functions such as health promoting benefits, preservation of perishable foods, enrichment of nutritional value, production of antioxidants, therapeutic factors and immunological effects. The potential availability of fermented products as ergogenic aids to improve performance, to speed up recovery or to treat muscle damage that occurs during exercise is a subject which evokes discussion. Within this context, this study investigated the effects of kefir and boza beverages on blood values of exercisers. The study was conducted with 36 participants aged 18-25 years. Study group is composed of male individuals who do not engage in regular physical activity and have no chronic diseases. 36 volunteer participants were randomly assigned into three groups. Volunteers in Group 1 (n:12) performed a 1 h aerobic exercise session for 15 days without making any changes in their daily practices and habits. Volunteers in Group 2 also participated in a 1 h aerobic exercise session and consumed 300 ml boza, which is a fermented beverage, every day. Volunteers in Group 3 participated in the same exercise session and consumed 300 ml kefir every day. Blood samples were taken before and after the study to carry out the intended measurements. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for comparison between groups and a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to compare each group. The analysis of pre-test and post-test values of kefir group reveals statistically significant results in ALT (p=0.047) and TOS (p=0.017) values. The analysis of pre-test and post-test values of boza group reveals statistically significant results in Triglyceride (p=0.017), VLDL (p=0.017), Cl (p=0.021) and Creatine (p=0.025) values (p 0.05). Based on the positive effects of fermented beverages on aerobic exercise, we suggest that natural products be preferred over chemical products or performance enhancing drugs in future exercise sessions.


A 8 year old boy presented with pain right lower abdomen, vomiting and fever .Abdominal examination revealing tenderness in right iliac fossa, with positive rebound tenderness and Rovsing's sign.Xray abdomen was normal. Ultrasonography showed a non compressible tube like structure in the right lower quadrant and the positive probe tenderness suggestive of appendicitis. The patient underwent appendectomy. There was large fecalith 4.1×1.2×1 centimeter present near base. Histopathology was consistent with appendicitis. Figure 1 Figure 1: showing appendix with fecalith Fecalith associated appendicitis is obstructive appendicitis. The appendicolith or coprolith are calcified deposits within lumen of appendix. About 30% of children having appendicitis have associated fecalith. Sometimes it is an incidental finding but when associated with abdominal pain ,there is a 90% probability of having appendicitis and 50% have increased risk of perforation of appendix. Giant fecaliths are rarely seen. CORRESPONDENCE TO Imtiaz Wani Post Graduate Scholar , Amira Kadal,Srinagar Kashmir, India ,190009 Cell.No 9419904864 e-mail: email@example.com


Studies taking a mediation perspective have highlighted how the actual impact of economic globalisation is mediated by institutions that include welfare regimes. Some have examined how the welfare systems of East Asian developmental states have changed and adapted since the Asian financial crisis of 1997/1998. Using Hong Kong as a case study, this article examines how the developmental state of Hong Kong mediated the impact of the global financial crisis of 2008, particularly on disadvantaged groups. Hong Kong's welfare regime has provided insufficient support to 'non-productive' groups despite incidents of social crisis. The government's welfare responses have been characterised by long-term strategies to improve the competitiveness of the economy, and short-term measures to boost the spending power of the general public. Measures targeted at disadvantaged groups have been piecemeal and minimal. The government's approach towards crisis management after 2008 has been similar to that taken after the 1997/1998 financial crisis.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical grounding on the management of inter-organizational roles in the delivery of mental health and psychosocial services (MHPSS) through the experiences of three disaster-stricken localities. It describes challenges in the provision of MHPSS, and offered implications to post-disaster management practices in a developing country context.

Design/methodology/approach
In total, 28 individual interviews and four focus group discussions were conducted among key informants in the three localities that experienced destructive typhoons. Thematic analysis, following the procedures of Braun and Clarke (2006), was used to examine patterns in the data.

Findings
The results surfaced disparate perspectives in the role and scope of MHPSS, lack of clarity in inter-organizational roles and service standards as well as contextual challenges in post-disaster MHPSS delivery. Specific issues pertaining to the absence of inter-organizational role clarity in MHPSS post-disaster response include varying perspectives on the role of local government employees as survivors and MHPSS providers; local government as facilitator of MHPSS efforts; the Department of Health as the lead agency for MHPSS; and standards on who can deliver MHPSS and train MHPSS responders.

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on community accounts of MHPSS delivery during disasters. Future studies may focus on capturing longitudinal data that can further refine and enable the institutionalization of effective and sustainable MHPSS response.

Practical implications
The results suggest the importance of improving systems and structures for MHPSS response to enable effective multi-organization support in disaster scenarios. Findings also highlight the need to have guidelines anchored on international standards of MHPSS delivery that will be used by the designated agency leading and advocating MHPSS efforts. This lead agency may be tasked to operationally define MHPSS in a disaster context, develop guideposts and standards in MHPSS delivery as well as clarify roles and accountabilities of different organizations.

Originality/value
Existing literature often relied on the analysis of secondary evidence such as expert-driven state or national guidelines. This study provided rich empirical data from key organizational actors involved in MHPSS provision in disaster-stricken communities.


Over the past decade, several environmental protests against hazardous projects have been mounted across China. Though extensive scholarship has been devoted to the outcomes of environmental contention, a significant distinction between local government's one-off decision change regarding the specific project and long-term, locked-in policy change towards better governance has largely been overlooked. Meanwhile, environmental contention in authoritarian China has largely been studied in terms of disparate episodes, making systematic observation and effective comparison difficult. Using crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA), this article investigates the effect of social contention on shaping environmental governance, analysing 20 influential cases of environmental protests in China from 2007 to 2014. It demonstrates that environmental contention efforts often yield different fruits in their "project battles" than in their "policy wars." Moreover, this study argues that environmental protests necessitate ample effort of public policy from a variety of social agents with multifaceted mechanisms and strategies, highlighting the significance of the protest–advocacy linkage in extracting better governance from local states in authoritarian settings.


We analyze capital flight from Eastern Europe in the 1990s, a problem that although was as significant, and possibly as detrimental to economic growth, as its 1980s Latin American predecessor, has received scant attention in the literature so far. Specifically, we employ five capital-flight measures used in earlier studies and apply a "general to specific" modeling approach in a panel of seventeen E. European countries, trying to uncover the main determinants of the problem. Though these determinants differ across the estimated models, three appear consistently significant: real exchange rate appreciation, inflation and budget deficits. Lastly, we discuss the implications of the empirical findings for the IMFsponsored economic stabilization programs.


Impaired emotional development is a problem faced by children and this can negatively impact on function, development and readiness of their school. Exclusive breastfeeding is able to meet brain development needs that affect child development. This study aimed to determine correlation between exclusive breastfeeding and emotional development of children aged 48-60 months. This study used historical cohort.The subjects of this study were 7-12-month old infants living in area of Borobudur Primary Health Care Primary Health Care, Central Java Province, Indonesia in 2011-2012. Independent variable of exclusive breastfeeding was when infants received only breast milk without any supplementary food or drink including water since birth until the age of 6 months. Data were obtained from medical records of children. The emotional development was assessed directly by using questionnaires on emotional and mental problems. Data analysis used cox regression. This study found that provision of exclusive breast milk was evidently correlated with child's emotional development. Infants who did not receive exclusive breastfeeding had 2.96 higher risk of having abnormal emotional development than infants who received exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding greatly influences emotional development of the child.


In this paper, the author depicts how the work of the instructional designers can be re-thought within the framework of information architecture. The paper briefly provides an overview of the main definitions of the information architect along with the major information architecture designs by describing the changing landscape in more detail from the perspective of the Articulation theory. It then moves into a discussion of the similarities between an information architect and an instructional designer. The paper concludes that the instructional designers should adopt a multidisciplinary perspective in order to design effective learning spaces and that there must be a link between the information architecture and the previously un-articulated disciplines in order to develop a disciplinary identity of instructional designers.


Abstract. A comprehensive European dataset on monthly atmospheric NH3, acid gases (HNO3, SO2, HCl) and aerosols (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) is presented and analyzed. Speciated measurements were made with a low-volume denuder and filter pack method (DELTA®) as part of the EU NitroEurope (NEU) integrated project. Altogether, there were 64 sites in 20 countries (2006–2010), coordinated between 7 European laboratories. Bulk wet deposition measurements were carried out at 16 co-located sites (2008–2010). Inter-comparisons of chemical analysis and DELTA® measurements allowed an assessment of comparability between laboratories. The form and concentrations of the different gas and aerosol components measured varied between individual sites and grouped sites according to country, European regions and 4 main ecosystem types (crops, grassland, forests and semi-natural). Smallest concentrations (with the exception of SO42- and Na+) were in Northern Europe (Scandinavia), with broad elevations of all components across other regions. SO2 concentrations were highest in Central and Eastern Europe with larger SO2 emissions, but particulate SO42- concentrations were more homogeneous between regions. Gas-phase NH3 was the most abundant single measured component at the majority of sites, with the largest variability in concentrations across the network. The largest concentrations of NH3, NH4+ and NO3- were at cropland sites in intensively managed agricultural areas (e.g. Borgo Cioffi in Italy), and smallest at remote semi-natural and forest sites (e.g. Lompolojänkkä, Finland), highlighting the potential for NH3 to drive the formation of both NH4+ and NO3- aerosol. In the aerosol phase, NH4+ was highly correlated with both NO3- and SO42-, with a near 1 : 1 relationship between the equivalent concentrations of NH4+ and sum (NO3- + SO42-), of which around 60 % was as NH4NO3. Distinct seasonality were also observed in the data, influenced by changes in emissions, chemical interactions and the influence of meteorology on partitioning between the main inorganic gases and aerosol species. Springtime maxima in NH3 were attributed to the main period of manure spreading, while the peak in summer and trough in winter were linked to the influence of temperature and rainfall on emissions, deposition and gas-aerosol phase equilibrium. Seasonality in SO2 were mainly driven by emissions (combustion), with concentrations peaking in winter, except in Southern Europe where the peak occurred in summer. Particulate SO42- showed large peaks in concentrations in summer in Southern and Eastern Europe, contrasting with much smaller peaks occurring in early spring in other regions. The peaks in particulate SO42- coincided with peaks in NH3 concentrations, attributed to the formation of the stable (NH4)2SO4. HNO3 concentrations were more complex, related to traffic and industrial emissions, photochemistry and HNO3 : NH4NO3 partitioning. While HNO3 concentrations were seen to peak in the summer in Eastern and Southern Europe (increased photochemistry), the absence of a spring peak in HNO3 in all regions may be explained by the depletion of HNO3 through reaction with surplus NH3 to form the semi-volatile aerosol NH4NO3. Cooler, wetter conditions in early spring favour the formation and persistence of NH4NO3 in the aerosol phase, consistent with the higher springtime concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. The seasonal profile of NO3- was mirrored by NH4+, illustrating the influence of gas : aerosol partitioning of NH4NO3 in the seasonality of these components. Gas-phase NH3 and aerosol NH4NO3 were the dominant species in the total inorganic gas and aerosol species measured in the NEU network. With the current and projected trends in SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions, concentrations of NH3 and NH4NO3 can be expected to continue to dominate the inorganic pollution load over the next decades, especially NH3 which is linked to substantial exceedances of ecological thresholds across Europe. The shift from (NH4)2SO4 to an atmosphere more abundant in NH4NO3 is expected to maintain a larger fraction of reactive N in the gas phase by partitioning to NH3 and HNO3 in warm weather, while NH4NO3 continues to contribute to exceedances of air quality limits for PM2.5.


Uncertainty over depositional paleoenvironments of the upper Miocene to lower Pliocene Bouse Formation obscures our understanding of the timing and magnitude of regional uplift as well as the conditions and processes that were active during integration and early evolution of the Colorado River (western United States). This paper presents new sedimentologic and quantitative evidence for a strong tidal influence on deposition of the basal carbonate member of the southern Bouse Formation. Lithofacies with tidal sedimentary structures include lime mudstone with reed and grass imprints; heterolithic facies with horizontal, flaser, wavy, and lenticular bedding; and cross-bedded grainstone with sigmoidal bundles, reactivation surfaces, and complex bedding. Systematic alternation of relatively thick and thin layers records a predominantly semidiurnal mixed-tidal depositional environment, and Fourier analysis highlights the cyclic, non-random nature of layer-thickness trends. These observations provide evidence that the southern Bouse Formation accumulated in a pre–Colorado River tide-dominated marine setting at the north end of the Gulf of California. Deposition at sea level requires ∼330 m of uplift in the lower Colorado River and western Colorado Plateau region during the past ∼5.0 m.y.


This published study, drawing on the 2007 technical report, shows that there is great disparity among research supervisors in education as to what research methods can be taught. However, there is strong agreement as to the teachability of those components relative to the competencies successful students require. This version is the author's submitted version. The paper was published as:Brown,
G. T. L. (2014). What supervisors
expect of education masters students before they engage in supervised research:
A Delphi study. International
Journal of Quantitative Research in Education, 2 (1), 69-88 . doi: 10.1504/IJQRE.2014.060983


ABSTRACT This research compares the effect of 9/11 on casino gaming revenues in Las Vegas and Mississippi. ARIMA models with intervention and transfer functions are used to estimate a time series model for each market. The models show a significant negative downturn in gaming revenues for Las Vegas post 9/11. A similar downturn in gaming revenues in Mississippi is not observed. Air travel is introduced as an explanatory variable for the negative intervention in Las Vegas. This research shows that air travel has significant explanatory power both pre and post 9/11 for Las Vegas gaming revenues. Implications for casino operators are then discussed. INTRODUCTION Since September 2001 there has been speculation about the effects of terrorism and changes in the airline industry on various segments of the US economy. In this paper we will show that a statistically significant drop in Las Vegas, Nevada casino gaming has occurred. The methodology used will clearly demonstrate that the decline is not attributable to seasonal shifts or pre-existing trends in gaming revenues. Additionally we will show that there has not been a corresponding drop in Mississippi casino gaming revenues since September 2001. Having established that Las Vegas gaming revenues have decreased significantly since 9/11, we introduce air travel as a possible explanatory variable. A relatively large percentage of Las Vegas gamblers arrive via commercial aircraft, while most Mississippi gamblers come from adjoining states and do not fly to the casinos. The airline industry and resorts that rely on airlines maybe some of the hardest hit by the economic effects of 9/11. In the two weeks following 9/11 some 240 conventions cancelled events in Las Vegas (Verhovek & Kaufman, 2001). By October of 2001 forecast national convention revenues had been adjusted downward from 96 billion to 76 billion. The drop in convention revenue is partially attributed to excessive media coverage of the airplane disasters of 9/11 (Barabosa, 2001). Early evidence shows that the decline in air travel may not be short lived. Nationally air travel was down 14.6% in December 2001 versus the prior year. A February, 2002 USA Today survey showed that 43% of respondents reported that they were afraid to fly, almost the same percent as the 44% reported in November of 2001 (Morrison, 2002). Prior to 9/11 only 10% of Americans reported that they were afraid to fly. In a 2003 survey the percentage of Americans afraid to fly was 40% (Fitzpatrick, 2003). If customers are unwilling to use commercial air service, this reluctance may explain, in part, a downward shift in Las Vegas gaming revenues. If Las Vegas gaming revenues are significantly affected by the general publics willingness to fly while other casino markets do not depend on air travel for their visitors then Las Vegas casinos face a significant threat to their ability to continue to grow and maintain their dominate market share. The same threat that Las Vegas faces may also be an opportunity for casino operators who can operate casinos in regional markets such as Mississippi. MISSISSIPPI CASINO INDUSTRY Mississippi ranks as the third largest casino market in the United States, with more than 50 million people visiting the state's casinos each year (Mississippi Gaming Commission, 2003; Meyer-Arendt, 1995). Additionally, operations in the state have been consistently regulated, facilitating analysis over time (Russell, 1997). Legislation in Mississippi authorizing gaming on navigable waterways was passed in 1990, and the first casino opened in mid-1992. While some have classified Mississippi casinos as a form of riverboat gambling (Roehl, 1994), large facilities with adjoining hotels, restaurants, and entertainment facilities generate most revenues today. During the period of 1992 to 2002, annual casino gaming revenues increased from $121 million to over $2. …


This study deals with the supposed paradox of why people engage with sad music if sadness is inherently a negative emotion usually avoided in everyday life. Using an online survey, we obtained comprehensive responses from a large multi-ethnic sample of participants (N = 772). The survey investigates the rewarding aspects of music-evoked sadness, as well as the relative contribution of listener characteristics and situational factors to the appreciation of sad music. The survey also examines the different principles through which sadness is evoked by music, and their interaction with personality traits. Four reward dimensions resulting from listening to sad music were identified: reward of imagination (i.e., pleasure derived from engaging imaginative processes), emotion regulation (i.e., pleasure derived from the achievement of different self-regulatory goals), empathy (i.e, pleasure associated with sharing the sadness portrayed by the music as an expression of another's emotion), and no "real-life" implications (i.e, pleasure that lacks any extra-musical or contextual implications). Moreover, appreciation of sad music increases in a sad mood compared to a positive mood and is greater among individuals with high empathy and low emotional stability. Surprisingly, nostalgia rather than sadness is the emotion listeners most frequently experience in response to sad music. Moreover, memory-related processes appear to be highly important in eliciting sadness. Finally, the trait empathy contributes to the evocation of sadness via contagion, appraisal, and by engaging social functions. The present findings indicate that emotional responses to sad music are multifaceted, are modulated by empathy, and are linked with a multidimensional experience of pleasure. These results were corroborated by a follow-up survey on happy music, which further showed that beneficial emotional effects such as regulation of negative emotion and mood as well as consolation are likely to be unique features of sad music compared to happy music. Such beneficial emotional effects constitute the prime motivations for engaging with sad music and may have important implications for the field of music therapy. Potential implications include the development of music interventions designed to improve health and well-being in healthy subjects as well as in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Keywords: music-evoked sadness, appreciation of sad music, reward, pleasure, empathy


The virtual ice Skates museum invites you to get acquainted with the history of ice skating in a contemporary way. Here you will find (almost) all about the enormous variety of ice skates that has been invented to please ice skaters in the course of the ages. The information covers countries as Holland, Belgium, Germany, Scandinavia, England, the United States and Canada.


It has long been appreciated that surface conditions exert significant influence on fatigue behavior. The new capabilities of identifying and measuring surface parameters together with the significant development in data analysis by computers have facilitated the establishment of analytical models to quantify this influence. This paper displays the effect of surface Amplitude, Spacing and Hybrid parameters on the number of cycles to failure of standard steel specimens subjected to pure bending fatigue tests. Specimens were polished to four different grades and surface texture was evaluated for each grade using a Rank Taylor Hobson-5 surface analyzer. High cycle fatigue (HCF) test were conducted at a constant stress level of (0. 75) of the yield stress with (10) replications for each surface grade. Results of the fatigue teststogether with all surface parameters and test conditions were fed into an SPSS computer package. Fatigue life of the steel specimens was significantly affected by the change in surface parameters and the number of cycles to failure could be mathematically predicted to a high level of confidence from those parameters.


The design of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) incorporating electroactive guest molecules in the pores has become a subject of great interest in order to install additional electrical functionalities within the framework while maintaining porosity. In this direction, understanding the charge-transfer (CT) process between the framework and the guest molecules is crucial towards the design of new electroactive MOFs. Herein, we present the encapsulation of fullerenes (C60) in a mesoporous tetrathiafulvalene(TTF)-based MOF. The CT process between the electron-acceptor C60 guest and the electron-donor TTF ligand is studied in detail by means of different spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory calculations. Importantly, gas sorption measurements demonstrate that sorption capacity is maintained after encapsulation of fullerenes, whereas the electrical conductivity is increased by two orders of magnitude due to the CT interactions between C60and the TTF-based framework.


Objective: One common problem affecting herbal remedies is the incorrect identification of plants due to almost similar morphological characters. A promising technique to ensure correct identification of herbal medicine is the use of DNA barcoding where the gene markers either from Chloroplast (cpDNA) or Nucleus (nrDNA) are commonly used to authenticate plants. In this study, three chloroplast barcodes; matK, rbcL and trnL-F were evaluated to authenticate 20 selected medicinal plants of Mt. Arayat National Park (MANP), Pampanga, The Philippines. Methods: The genetic materials from the 20 selected medicinal plants were isolated, amplified, sequenced and aligned. All generated DNA barcodes were subjected to Kimura two-parameter model to calculate intergeneric and intrageneric variations while discriminatory power was determined using BLAST, neighbour-joining (NJ) and Wilcoxon two-sample test. Results: The results show 19 plant samples were successfully amplified. However, rbcL gave the highest sequencing success rate and identification rate up to species level over matK and trnL-F. Though, the three-cpDNA barcodes produced monophyletic clades revealing distinct association among species. The intergeneric divergences of rbcL, matK and trnL-F are significantly higher than their respective intrageneric divergences. This means the threecpDNA barcodes can effectively discriminate one species from another. Conclusion: The order of efficiency among the DNA barcodes is rbcL>matK>trnL-F. Nevertheless, the three-plastid barcodes could be used for practical and accurate authentication of medicinal plants while the baseline data in this study can be used for proper conservation of medicinal plants. Key words: BLAST, DNA barcoding, Medicinal plants, Monophyletic, Phylogeny.


In Indian country, the expansion of self-governance, the growth of the gaming industry, and the increasing interdependence of Indian and non-Indian communities have intensified concern about the possible abuse of power by tribal governments. As tribes gain greater political and economic clout on the world stage, expectations have risen regarding the need for greater government accountability in Indian country. Despite these expectations, Indian tribes are largely immune from external accountability with respect to human rights. In fact, tribes have effectively slipped into a gap in the global system of human rights responsibility. The gap exists in the sense that tribal governments are not externally accountable in any broad sense for abuses of human rights that they commit. The failure of the legal system to provide for tribal accountability for human rights produces serious harms for Indian tribes and their polities. In this Article, I argue that the conventional understanding of tribal sovereignty must be reformed to reflect the transformative international law principle that all sovereigns are externally accountable for human rights violations. I then offer a proposal based on tribal accountability and respect for tribal sovereignty. I propose that tribes develop an intertribal human rights regime that includes the formation of an intertribal treaty recognizing tribal human rights obligations and establishing an intertribal institution with the capacity to enforce human rights violations. An intertribal human rights regime offers the best possible method for providing external accountability for tribal abuses of human rights. It allows tribes to address human rights violations without relying upon solutions supplied or imposed by the federal government. It also allows tribes to articulate and interpret universal human rights in light of their cultural, philosophical, spiritual, political, and social perspectives, and it allows them to develop effective and culturally appropriate institutional enforcement mechanisms.


The effect of solution temperature and cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming (LSF) Ti-6Al-4V alloy is investigated. The samples are solutions treated at 900, 950, and 1000 C, followed by water quenching, air cooling, and furnace cooling, respectively. It is found that the cooling rate of solution treatment has a more important effect on the microstructure in comparison with the solution temperature. The martensite \alpha' formed during water quenching results in the higher hardness and tensile strength but lower ductility of samples. With decreasing the cooling rate and increasing the solution temperature, the width of primary \alpha laths increases, and the aspect ratio and volume fraction decrease, which make the hardness and tensile strength decrease and the ductility increase.


Colonial nesting behavior has been inferred in a variety of non-avian dinosaurs based on high concentrations of nests preserved in an area, but sedimentologic and taphonomic evidence demonstrating the contemporaneity of the nests is often lacking. A new nesting site discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Javkhlant Formation of the eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia, preserves at least 15 egg clutches laid by a probable non-avian theropod, and provides strong evidence for colonial nesting in a non-avian dinosaur. The occurrence of the clutches at the top of a common paleosurface, the distribution of eggshell fragments within clutches, the presence of a consistent two-layer sediment infill within eggs, and a thin marker lithologic unit blanketing all the clutches indicate the clutches were laid and hatched in a single nesting season. Despite the absence of sedimentologic evidence indicative of nest structure, statistical analyses of egg characteristics and facies association reveal the clutches were likely incubated in covered or buried nests. Based on the number of hatched clutches, the hatching success rate of the colony was high (60%), similar to that of extant crocodylian populations and bird species that attend and/or protect their nests during the incubation period, which indicates nest attendance behavior in the Javkhlant theropods. Thus, colonial nesting with parental attendance, widespread in extant birds, likely evolved initially among non-brooding, non-avian dinosaurs to increase nesting success.


German grammar is constantly perceived as difficult, a strong disincentive to learning the language, yet the underlying principles are basically simple. If applied consistently, using uncomplicated techniques based on the concept of markedness, German of a high level of accuracy can be produced.
Starting with the unjustifiably much-feared adjective endings, this pilot scheme, funded with the help of the Challenge Fund of the University of Kent, demonstrates the principles of German word-order and the marking of case and gender and how, with some minor adjustment, the easily learnable der/die/das paradigm and the awareness that once this has been mastered and case and gender have already been marked, only one of the two unmarked endings -e or -en is required to give all the necessary patterns for producing correctly inflected adjective endings. If case and gender are not marked by an article the endings of der/ die/ das can with some slight modifications be added to the adjective. So with this easily acquired knowledge, adjective endings can be handled with confidence.
On this basis the program, still a work in progress, offers a theoretical grounding couched in understandable terms, a terminological glossary and an easily accessible expandable set of technologically based exercises with extensive linked help functions. These can be used serially as an entire learning unit or selectively to enable students to put their knowledge into practice and improve their skill and success in German.
Following this pilot, the approach is to be extended to other common grammatical problems, e. g. word order, passive (Zustands- vs. Vorgangspassiv), indirect speech, subordinate clauses, prepositions of movement and location, past tense forms and subjunctive use.


The harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena experiences high rates of incidental mortal- ity in commercial fisheries, and in some areas these rates are sufficiently high to justify concern over population sustainability. Given this high mortality, conservation efforts may be facilitated by an understanding of how present-day population structure has been shaped by historical demographic changes. To investigate the demographic history of porpoises in the eastern North Atlantic, variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of 115 porpoises was compared among 4 sampling locations (North Sea, France, Portugal, and West Africa). Genetic variation was investigated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). To put the present study in context within the eastern Atlantic, previously published sequence data from Norway (n = 87) and the Black Sea (n = 9) were included. All areas showed substantial geographic structure as indicated by AMOVA and SAMOVA, and there was significant isolation by distance among sampling areas. The haplotype network, mismatch distribution and Fu's FS test of population equilibrium suggest there has been a relatively recent range expansion into the northernmost area (Norway), probably as a result of re-colonisation into regions previously iced over during Quaternary glaciation events. In all, these results suggest that harbour porpoises within the eastern North Atlantic show geographic structuring as a consequence of limited gene flow along the coast, and their historical biogeography can be interpreted in light of demographic changes that have influenced the evolutionary patterns observed in the mtDNA sequences.


Background : The subjects' demographic characteristics are factors influencing their viewpoints about healthcare quality and have a positive association with the clients' satisfaction. This study aimed at investigating the role of demographic variables on medical tourists' viewpoints about service quality of hospitals in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 foreign patients who referred to Shiraz hospitals during the first six months of 2013. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of two parts. In the first part, medical tourists' information was collected and in the second part, their expectations and perceptions of services quality were measured using adapted SERVQUAL scale. The validity was checked out by experts and reliability confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha test for expectations and perceptions separately (90% and 89%). Finally, data analyzed through SPSS v.16 software using independent t-test and ANOVA. Result : According to the results, the mean score of the quality gap was estimated -0.26 for people over the age of 50 years, as it was lower than other groups. Also, the lowest total values of this quantity were related to the individuals with low level of literacy and those who stayed less than 7 days for treatment which were estimated -0.32 and -0.36 respectively. In addition, based on statistically significant dimensions, married tourists, people from Oman and those who had received eye surgery had lower gap mean score than the other patients as their total values were estimated -0.42, -0.21 and -0.22, respectively. Conclusion : medical tourism industry, the demographic characteristics of the subjects should be considered in policy making and service design which can be result in majority satisfaction.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to estimate the field efficacy of the first routine programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) initiated in South Africa, in the subdistrict of Khayelitsha.

METHODS
A consecutive sample of 658 mother-infant pairs, identified from the PMTCT register from 1 March to 30 November 2003, were identified for enrolment in this study. Details of the regimen received were established and HIV status of the infants at between 6 and 10 weeks of age was determined by qualitative DNA polymerase chain reaction. Zidovudine (AZT) was provided antenatally from week 34 of gestation and during labour. Infant formula milk was-offered to mothers who chose not to breastfeed. The protocol was amended in July 2003 such that women who had received < 2 weeks of treatment with AZT were given a single dose of nevirapine (NVP) at the onset of labour, and the infant received a weight-adjusted dose of NVP within 72 h of delivery.

RESULTS
Of the 535 mother-infant pairs (81%) eventually included in the study, 410 (77%) received an effective PMTCT intervention according to the protocol. The rate of transmission of HIV from mother to child was 8.8% (95% confidence interval (CI), 6.2-10.9). A maternal age of > 25 years was the only significant independent risk factor for transmission (odds ratio, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.14-4.07).

CONCLUSION
The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of a large-scale PMTCT programme in an urban public-sector setting.


The emergence and evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) offers great advantages to improve substantially the management over electricity consumption and distribution to the benefit of consumers, suppliers and grid operators. However, introducing IoT related devices and technologies in smart grids might lead to new security and privacy challenges. Though necessary technological innovations to ensure secure communication are being developed, more work is still required towards more secure standards for communication between devices and Smart Grids. This paper provides an overview about the security and privacy challenges of IoT applications in smart grids. Furthermore, we highlight and analyze some solutions and practices being used to cope with security and privacy requirements for IoT on deployment and management of smart grid. We address three types of challenge domains: customer domain, information and communication domain, and the grid domain.


Abstract: Humification plays an important role in stabilization of organic matter in soils of the cryolithic zone. In this context, the degree of organic matter stabilization has been assessed, using instrumental methods, for permafrost peat soils of the eastern European Arctic, based on selected plots from within the Komi Republic (Russian Federation). Humic substances (HSs) isolated from the mire permafrost peats of the forest-tundra subzone of the European Arctic have been characterized in terms of molecular composition. This was accomplished using elemental and amino acid fragments (AAFs) composition. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy was utilized to identify the structure of HSs. Changes in the molar x(H) : x(C) ratio, ratio of aromatic to paraffin fragments and ratio of hydroxy AAFs to heterocyclic AAFs along the peat profiles have been revealed. They are due to the activation of cryogenic processes in the upper part of the seasonally thawing layer, the natural selection of condensed humic molecules, the botanical composition and degree of degradation of peat, which reflect the climatic features of the area in the Holocene. Humic acids and fulvic acids of the peat soils showed the prevalence of compounds with a low degree of condensation and a low portion of aromatic fragments. The aromaticity degree showed the trend to increase within the depth. Changes of quantitative and qualitative parameters of specific organic compounds occur at the permafrost boundary of peatlands, which can serve as an indicator of recent climate changes in environments from the high latitudes. The presented data can be useful in the evaluation of soil organic matter stabilization degree in the active layer and below the permafrost table.


The identification of parental burnout syndrome in families with chronically ill children has become a problem of interest given that the burnout syndrome can lead to loss of interest for the wellbeing of the child. There is no recommended tool to determine parental burnout. The aim of this study is to validate the Maslach Burnout Inventory Health Services Survey (MBI-HSS; Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996) in a population of parents of children with Down syndrome. We performed a confirmatory factor analysis and validation of the MBI-HSS in 103 Colombian parental couples of children with trisomy 21. In the confirmatory factor analysis, we found a coefficient of .82 in the intercorrelation of all the items, indicating that the three factors did not explain the construct. We found differences between the expected and observed covariance matrices with goodness-of-fit test LR = 423.758 (p < .001). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index was .80. In the subsequent exploratory factor analysis (EFA), we found that two factors explained 83% of the variance. Our findings suggest that the items of the original construct are not able to diagnose the tridimensional burnout syndrome in parents and that a construct of two dimensions could be enough to diagnose parental burnout.


Three key conceptual issues related to educational management development demand the immediate attention of South African policymakers. First, apartheid engendered a particular understanding of education and educational management among school administrators; second, movement toward a democratic educational system requires policies that enable rapid transformation; and third, successful transformation requires new approaches. This article critiques recent educational management policy reports, highlighting the possibilities and constraints of their recommendations. It considers whether the current thinking about educational management at the legislative level accurately assesses the legacy of apartheid and offers a viable alternative framework for reconceptualizing educational management development in South Africa. INTRODUCTION In 1994, voters in South Africa elected a democratic government. The majority of the nation's population had long regarded the formerly entrenched apartheid system as illegitimate, hierarchical, and authoritarian. A key demand of the antiapartheid movement inside and outside South Africa was that officials democratize both the system of educational governance and the management of schools. Thus, among its first initiatives, the newly elected democratic government reviewed educational governance in South Africa and made key recommendations. This committee's work laid the foundation for the new Republic of South Africa Department of Education's [RSADE] (1996a) White Paper 2 on educational transformation; for the passage in 1996 of the South African Schools Act (SASA), which declared public schools open to all citizens (RSADE, 1996c); and for the National Education Policy Act (NEPA) (RSADE, 1996b). In addition to various committee reports, other policy proposals and legislation focused more on planning and management of the educational system. The government appointed the National Task Team on Education Management Development (NTTEMD) (1996), which recommended in its Changing Management to Manage Change in Education document a framework for fostering professional management development in South African schools. As South Africa enters a period of rapid political and social transformation, renewed focus on educational management development is especially crucial. Inherent in this statement are three key conceptual issues: (a) apartheid engendered a particular understanding of education and educational management among school administrators; (b) movement away from the apartheid system toward a democratic system of education demands policies that enable rapid transformation; and (c) a successful transformation process requires development of a new educational management approach. The present article addresses each of these issues and critiques the Department of Education and NTTEMD reports, highlighting the possibilities and constraints of their recommendations as they affect primary and secondary education. Specifically, this article addresses two questions: (1) Does the current thinking about educational management at the legislative level take into account the legacy of apartheid upon education management development? and (2) Does the NTTEMD report offer a viable alternative framework for reconceptualizing educational management development in South Africa? EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA: AN OVERVIEW The South African educational system during apartheid employed a highly centralized decision-making process and well-developed decentralized structures through which to implement policy. Critics have argued, however, that the apartheid-era system's "topdown" administration typically proceeded without the consultation or participation of those who implemented the decisions. Principals, for example, particularly those in schools serving Black students, were viewed merely as implementers of decisions, not as administrators with "the opportunity to formulate or construct their own school policies, vision or mission" (Gallie, 1996, p. …


Worldwide computer crimes cost organizations and governments billions of dollars each year. In response, organizations use a plethora of heterogeneous security devices and software such as firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) to monitor networks in conjunction with Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRT) that are responsible for ensuring availability, integrity, and confidentiality of network services.Situational Awareness in Computer Network Defense: Principles, Methods and Applications provides academia and organizations insights into practical and applied solutions, frameworks, technologies, and implementations for situational awareness in computer networks. This book presents situational awareness solutions in Computer Network Defense (CND) currently being researched or deployed. The key objective is to fill a gap that exists in the way CND and security are being approached by formalizing the use of situational awareness in computer network security and defense.


We perform a large number of simulations over a wide range of system parameters to approximate the basins of attraction of steady oscillating solutions. We find that the basins of attraction vary as a function of system parameters and initial conditions. For large equilibrium separations, the basin of attraction is dominated by the low-amplitude solution. The location of the fixed point is shifted toward the higher values of instantaneous displacement and velocity for larger equilibrium separations. We show that the basin of attraction in the neighborhood of the fixed point is dominated by low-amplitude solutions as relative humidity is increased.


A new instrument for Raman spectroscopy has been constructed with the use of a cw or mode-locked argon-ion laser as the excitation source and a microwave spectrum analyzer for discrimination between fluorescence and Raman scatter. To demonstrate the new instrument's capability, the weak Raman scatter of water was resolved from the intense fluorescence from rhodamine 6G. Theoretically predicted relative errors in the new procedure are calculated and experimental results are shown to be in good agreement with theory.


Noise and vibration engineering faces increasing demands of customers such as noise limits or comfort issues and also requires cost-efficient and adaptable design engineering methods due to shorter product life cycles. Taking advantage of similitudes of designs can address these needs by using scaled prototypes in experimental investigations or by designing size ranges and kits. However, a reliable prognosis of noise and vibration of an original design requires scaling laws that transfer the measurement results from the scaled prototype to the original design or from one design to another one within a size range. Similitude analysis lacks efficient and straightforward methods to derive scaling laws, thus, contradicting the demand for cost-efficient design engineering methods. Furthermore, scaling laws are often limited to complete similitude conditions such as equal damping values of the scaled prototype and of the original design or perfect geometrical similitude of a size range, which are hardly fulfilled in practice.

This thesis aims at developing a procedure to straightforwardly derive scaling laws of mechanical structures by combining similitude analysis with sensitivity analysis, which determines the effect of design parameters on the vibration behavior of a mechanical structure. From this, the noise and vibration behavior of mechanical structures can be predicted even if incomplete similitude conditions persist. Similitude analysis and sensitivity analysis methods are first illustrated by potential applications in noise and vibration engineering using a double mass oscillator as a comprehensible example of a mechanical structure. A new scaling method is developed that combines similitude analyses with sensitivity analyses. This allows for deriving scaling laws, which incorporate sensitivities as coefficients. The scaling laws of rectangular plates in complete similitude are directly derived from analytical and finite element calculations for global and local vibration responses such as surface-averaged frequency response functions or vibration velocities at a local receiver point. These scaling laws match those derived from state-of-the-art similitude analysis methods, which verifies the new scaling method. Applying the new scaling method to plate-like structures in complete similitude demonstrates that scaling laws can be straightforwardly derived, whereas state-of-the-art similitude analysis methods would be too time-consuming. The scaling laws derived from the new scaling method accurately predict the vibration responses of scaled structures using the vibration responses of an original structure, which are obtained from numerical calculations or experimental measurements. The new scaling method even replicates the vibration responses of structures in geometrically incomplete similitude sufficiently well by using another scaled structure, which is in complete similitude to the original structure. In order to assess the accuracy of the scaled vibration responses an error measure is developed and validated in a-posteriori analyses. Finally, a size range of gear boxes in geometrically incomplete similitude demonstrates that the natural frequencies of an entire size range can be predicted with a sufficient accuracy by the new scaling method. The new scaling method can be enhanced towards kits since the natural frequencies of the gear boxes with various lumped masses attached can be replicated sufficiently well.


In recent years, bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS) have come to replace bisphenol A in food packaging and food containers, since bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to leach into food and water, causing numerous negative health effects. Unfortunately, little or no research was done to determine the safety of these BPA-free products before they were marketed to the public as a healthier alternative. The latest studies have shown that some of these bisphenol analogues may be even more harmful than the original BPA in some situations. This article used a literature survey to investigate the bisphenol analogue BPS and compare it to BPA and other analogues with regards to increased obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, and reproductive defects; among others. It was found that BPS works via different pathways than does BPA while causing equivalent obesogenic effects, such as activating preadipocytes, and that BPS was correlated with metabolic disorders, such as gestational diabetes, that BPA was not correlated with. BPS was also shown to be more toxic to the reproductive system than BPA and was shown to hormonally promote certain breast cancers at the same rate as BPA. Therefore, a strong argument may be made to regulate BPS in exactly the same manner as BPA.


This working paper provides general guidelines for policies for access and licensing spatial data held by the public sector, using the example of the OneGeology-Europe project. It presents the legal grounds that should be used for constructing a list of requirements for these data policies, i.e. the Aarhus directive, the PSI directive, and the INSPIRE directive. Next,it addresses some challenges for the harmonization of public bodies' data policy and how these challenges can be tackled. Finally, the role of model licences is examined and some proposals for simplifying licences for spatial data are made.