Design great Facebook, iOS, and Web games and learn from the experts what makes a game a hit!This invaluable resource shows how to put into action the proven design and marketing techniques from the industry's best game designers, who all started on a small scale. The book walks novice and experienced game designers through the step-by-step process of conceptualizing, designing, launching, and managing a winning game on platforms including Facebook, iOS, and the Web. The book is filled with examples that highlight key design features, explain how to market your game, and illustrate how to turn your design into a money-making venture.Provides an overview of the most popular game platforms and shows how to design games for each Contains the basic principles of game design that will help promote growth and potential to generate revenue Includes interviews with top independent game developers who reveal their success secrets Offers an analysis of future trends that can open (or close) opportunities for game designersGame Design Secrets provides aspiring game designers a process for planning, designing, marketing, and ultimately making money from new games.


Due to health problems and the negative externalities associated with cigarette consumption, many governments try to discourage cigarette consumption by increasing its price through taxation. However, cigarette, like the other addictive goods, is viewed as that it is not sensitive to demand rules and the market forces. This study analyses the effect of price increase on cigarette consumption. We used Swedish time series data from 1970 to 2010.Our results reveal that though cigarette is addictive substance its demand is sensitive to changes in the price. Estimates from this study indicate short-run price-elasticity of -0.29 and the long run price elasticity of -0.47.


Increasing awareness of the myriad risk factors and dangers related to a sedentary lifestyle is not always a sufficient catalyst to motivate behavior change. Even with the knowledge of the health-related benefits, 51.2% of the U.S. population currently leads a lifestyle that is either sedentary or insufficient in physical activity. Researchers interested in understanding how to increase exercise behaviors may benefit from examining the role of motivation directly. In particular, recent behavioral research has illustrated a connection between the personal meaning of doing a task and the resultant performance of that task. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to explore the possible effects of the meaning/purpose for exercising on the self-selected duration of a cycling task. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three different treatment conditions (health, wealth, charity). Participants in each treatment condition watched a short video about the health benefits of exercise. Those in the health condition did not receive any additional information. Those in the wealth condition were informed that they would earn money for every two kilometers (KM) cycled. Those in the Charity condition were informed that they would earn money for a charity for every two KM cycled. Analyses using current physical activity as a covariate revealed that for total KM cycled there was a nearly significant difference between groups such that the wealth and charity groups cycled approximately two times as far as did the health group. The results for this sample thus suggest that immediate intrinsic or immediate extrinsic rewards may have a clinically meaningful effect on the number of KM cycled compared to delayed extrinsic rewards.


Bach Remedies for Women is the complete guide to using the Bach Flower Remedies to improve women's health and wellbeing. Written by a consultant at the Dr Edward Bach Centre, the guide explains how the Bach healing system works and its incredible potential benefits for women during the course of their lives. It looks at using the natural remedies to help cope with period pain, pregnancy, infertility and the menopause, as well as the trials and tribulations that can be experienced by women in society, such as dealing with issues of self-esteem, the demands of families and work, emotional balance and physical wellbeing.


Article History: Received 29.09.2011 Received in revised form 01.03.2012 Accepted 11.03.2012 Available online 02.04.2012 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the self-efficacy beliefs toward biology of the students studying in the department of biology and studying in the department of biology teaching. Also in this study biology self-efficacy beliefs of students were examined according to variables of grade and department. The study was done through survey method. The research was held in 2008-2009 spring semester Faculty of Education Biology Teaching Program 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th grade students and Faculty of Science Department of Biology 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th grade students-478 students in total. As a tool of data collection, biology self-efficacy scale was used in this study. Findings indicate that biology self-efficacy beliefs of students are at the mid-level. In addition, in this study it was identified that biology self-efficacy of students studying in department of biology teaching is higher than the self-efficacy of students studying in the department of biology. Also, at the end of eta-square correlation coefficient analysis it was determined that variable of department affected self-efficacy towards biology at a low level (μ=.01). On the other hand, it was identified that variable of grade did not affect the biology self-efficacy beliefs. © 2012 IOJES. All rights reserved


Multiphoton imaging of genetically encoded calcium indicators is routinely used to report activity from populations of spatially resolved neurons in vivo. However, since the relationship between fluorescence and action potentials (APs) is nonlinear and varies over neurons, quantitatively inferring AP discharge is problematic. To address this we developed a biophysical model of calcium binding kinetics for the indicator GCaMP6s that accurately describes AP-evoked fluorescence changes in vivo. The model's physical interpretation allowed the same parameters to describe GCaMP6s binding kinetics for both in vitro binding assays and in vivo imaging. Using this model, we developed an algorithm to infer APs from fluorescence and measured its accuracy with cell-attached electrical recordings. This approach consistently inferred more accurate AP counts and times than alternative methods for firing rates from 0 to >20 Hz, while requiring less training data. These results demonstrate the utility of quantitative, biophysically grounded models for complex biological data.


Solid waste management in India is an emerging and engaging area of study. However, the picture is often confusing and solutions fuzzy as information available in public domain is either scanty or scattered. This paper
attempts to put together available information and analyse macro-tissues facing the Indian Techno-managers.
Though core of the paper is built around urban solid wastes, a comparison with rural wastes is also provided. The comparison serves to highlight inherent strength of traditional knowledge systems in coping with rural wastes but also outlines the scope for modern S & T
inputs. A separate section also outlines specificities of solid waste management in the Himalayan region. A series of conclusions and recommendations are reached after analysing the urban solid waste scenario.


Human DNA varies across geographic regions, with most variation observed so far reflecting distant ancestry differences. Here, we investigate the geographic clustering of genetic variants that influence complex traits and disease risk in a sample of ~450,000 individuals from Great Britain. Out of 30 traits analyzed, 16 show significant geographic clustering at the genetic level after controlling for ancestry, likely reflecting recent migration driven by socio-economic status (SES). Alleles associated with educational attainment (EA) show most clustering, with EA-decreasing alleles clustering in lower SES areas such as coal mining areas. Individuals that leave coal mining areas carry more EA-increasing alleles on average than the rest of Great Britain. In addition, we leveraged the geographic clustering of complex trait variation to further disentangle regional differences in socio-economic and cultural outcomes through genome-wide association studies on publicly available regional measures, namely coal mining, religiousness, 1970/2015 general election outcomes, and Brexit referendum results.


Objectives Palliative care summaries are used by general practices to provide structured anticipatory care information to those providing care during the out-of-hours period. We hypothesised that the availability of a palliative care summary for individuals with established cancer would influence emergency hospital admission during the out-of-hours period. Methods Each consultation with Grampian Medical Emergency Department (GMED) is recorded on the ADASTRA software system and the nature of the consultation is Read coded. We retrospectively reviewed consultations between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2011 which had been coded as 'neoplasm' or 'terminal care'. The availability of a palliative care summary on ADASTRA and admission status were recorded. χ2 Test of association was performed. Binary logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis exploring the effect of a palliative care summary on admission, while adjusting for important confounders. Results 401 patients with established cancer were identified who had presented to GMED in 2011. 35.7% had a palliative care summary available on ADASTRA. Of the 401 contacts, 100 patients were admitted to hospital. Not having a palliative care summary made admission significantly more likely; χ2=12.480, p=0.001. (OR 2.425, 95% CI 1.412 to 4.165). Conclusions Availability of a structured palliative care plan can aid decision making in the out-of-hours period and prevent unplanned hospital admissions.


Surfaces which are structured on the micro- and nanoscale to resist wetting are being considered for internal flows due to their drag reducing properties in applications such as electronics cooling and lab-on-chip. Here, an expression is developed to characterize the hydrodynamic slip in a laminar flow which occurs near the surface for the case when positive meniscus curvature is present. The surfaces considered are composed of ridges oriented parallel to the flow. Curvature of the meniscus, which resides between the liquid in the Cassie state and the gas trapped in cavities between the ridges, results from the pressure difference between the liquid and the gas. The meniscus is considered shear free. The no slip condition exists at the tips of the ridges. Conformal maps from the literature are used to derive an expression which is a function of cavity fraction of the surface. The positive protrusion angle is 90 degrees. Cavity fractions range from 0 to 75%.


The upcoming launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) combined with the unique features of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system should enable the young field of exoplanetology to enter into the realm of temperate Earth-sized worlds. Indeed, the proximity of the system (12pc) and the small size (0.12 Rsun) and luminosity (0.05 Lsun) of its host star should make the comparative atmospheric characterization of its seven transiting planets within reach of an ambitious JWST program. Given the limited lifetime of JWST, the ecliptic location of the star that limits its visibility to 100d per year, the large number of observational time required by this study, and the numerous observational and theoretical challenges awaiting it, its full success will critically depend on a large level of coordination between the involved teams and on the support of a large community. In this context, we present here a community initiative aiming to develop a well-defined sequential structure for the study of the system with JWST and to coordinate on every aspect of its preparation and implementation, both on the observational (e.g. study of the instrumental limitations, data analysis techniques, complementary space-based and ground-based observations) and theoretical levels (e.g. model developments and comparison, retrieval techniques, inferences). Depending on the outcome of the first phase of JWST observations of the planets, this initiative could become the seed of a major JWST Legacy Program devoted to the study of TRAPPIST-1.


The kinetics of oxidation of aliphatic alcohols by pyridinium dichromate (PDC) in non- aqueous medium at 303 K leads to the formation of corresponding aldehydes. In this oxidation reaction Cr(VI) acts as two electron oxidizing agent. The reaction is first order with respect to each (oxidant), (TsOH) and (Alcohol) The reaction mixture failed to induce the polymerization of added acrylonitrile. The reaction is catalysed by hydrogen ions. The decrease in dielectric constant of the medium increases the rate of the reaction or low dielectric constant of the medium favours the reactivity. The reaction has been conducted at five different temperature and the activation parameters were calculated. The observed experimental data have been rationalized as follows: the intramolecular proton transfer occurs after the prior formation of a dichromate ester in the rate determining step. Negative ∆S # values indicate a structured transition state.


Spain is an acute example of severe yet permissive border control where institutional frameworks ensure that migrant labour inexpensively fills existing labour shortages and highly exploitative "niches," while aiding a broader flexibilization strategy. Through a review of mainly Spanish research by trade union, industrial relations, and immigration specialists on three major migrant employment sectors, the article shows that impacts on employment and wage levels have been limited, despite claims to the contrary, although they have been deeper in those employment sectors with reduced legal protection and union organization. It concludes that while the Spanish case gives support to the No Borders position, it also exposes the need for greater engagement with migrant workers by the trade unions and rejects the major Spanish union federations' recent advocacy of "controlled immigration."


"In this paper, we develop a theoretical farm household model of food crop production and marketing decisions, derive testable hypotheses concerning the determinants of these decisions, and test these hypotheses, using data on cereal production and marketing collected from a nationally representative survey of 7,186 farm households in Ethiopia. Focusing on production and marketing decisions for teff and maize, the two most important crops in Ethiopia, we find that most producers of these crops are either autarkic or net buyers (especially for maize) and that net buyers and autarkic households are poorer in many respects than net sellers. This implies that interventions to increase cereal productivity will favorably affect distribution for most producers. The econometric analysis shows that increasing production of teff and maize is the most important factor contributing to increased sales, and that increased smallholder access to roads, land, livestock, farm equipment, and traders is key to enabling increased smallholder production and commercialization of these crops." from Authors' Abstract


The recent escalation of conflicts in the periphery of the European Union and the changes in transatlantic foreign policy can be understood partially as the result of a reorganization of the global energy policy. After the financial crisis of 2008, the new US administration pursued a strategy of lowering the energy costs. The necessary surpluses were created by new production technologies of oil and natural gas (fracking). Part of this successful strategy was a partial military withdrawal from conflict regions and a reduction of the direct involvement in the Greater Middle East. Starting from a highly productive heartland, the American Empire opens up world markets and secures global trade routes. The Transatlantic and Transpacific Free Trade Agreements (TTIP and TPP) are supposed to trigger a new economic stimulus with North America at its center: America's T-Strategy. Analyzing the development of energy policies and foreign policy discussions within elite networks, the article argues that this strategy is directed mainly against the rising powers Russia and China.


The gastrointestinal tract holds a very complex and diverse microbial community which is predominantly bacterial. This human gut microbiota is believed to consist of at least 1014 bacteria, composed of more than 1000 species. Their microbial inhabitants play a major role in metabolic processes, for example, energy extraction from food, and can nowadays be considered as probably the major environmental factor linking dietary factors with the host.1 The association between the microbiota and metabolic inflammation as observed in obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes is becoming clearer and increasingly also supported by clinical evidence.2 ,3 Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that when consumed in sufficient amounts selectively modulate growth and activity of certain members of the microbiota.4 Certain prebiotics such as inulin or trans-galacto-oligosaccharides which are resistant to gastric digestion and hydrolysis are able to positively affect the microbiota. Most effects of prebiotics on metabolic functions have so far been gained from various animal studies.5

Targeting the gut microbiota may be a promising treatment concept in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Dewulf and colleagues address such an aspect by studying the prebiotic composition dietary inulin-type fructans (ITF) …


This thesis investigates the spaces of interaction between Portuguese and Brazilian modernists. Relocations and transfigurations of the Ulysses myth are the main threads reconceptualizing the nation in the works analysed. In this respect, 'Portuguese Ulyssism' is an axial cultural construct, which this thesis partially absorbs but also departs from, in order to assert mutating literary experiences referring to the Camonean version of the myth in the Renaissance epic Os Lusíadas/The Lusiads. The research, therefore, suggests a Ulyssian voyaging of the mind in Pessoa's and the brothers Campos's works. For this, it reveals a dialogue between the modernists of both countries who, outside of their respective national literatures, open a space of interaction beyond the territories of nation-states through texts on exile, national identity, and colonialism. This thesis suggests that Portugal's Modernism is evidence of the double-writing on the nation of the country's leading modernists: Fernando Pessoa, Mário de SáCarneiro, and António Ferro. The research focuses on Pessoa's 'Ulisses' in Mensagem; his meditations in Os Portugueses/The Portuguese (1928), and the writer's 'invisible translator' in Pessoa's heteronymic performance. It also analyses correspondence between Portuguese and Brazilian modernists, including between Pessoa and Brazilian Ronald de Carvalho, and an unpublished letter between António Ferro and Brazil's Oswald de Andrade. The two issues of the Luso-Brazilian quarterly Orpheu, 1915, and Ferro's contributions to Brazil's Klaxon, 1922 (celebrating the centenary of Brazil's political independence from Portugal), are also examined, as are Brazilian Haroldo de Campos's later poems Galáxias/Galaxies (1984) and his 'Finismundo a última viagem'/'World's end, the last voyage' (1997), where Haroldo's intertext engages in dialogue with Pessoa and Camões.


A new two layer hierarchical routing protocol called Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol (CBHRP) is proposed in this paper. It is an extension of LEACH routing protocol. We introduce cluster head-set idea for cluster-based routing where several clusters are formed with the deployed sensors to collect information from target field. On rotation basis, a head-set member receives data from the neighbor nodes and transmits the aggregated results to the distance base station. This protocol reduces energy consumption quite significantly and prolongs the life time of sensor network. It is found that CBHRP performs better than other well accepted hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH in term of energy consumption and time requirement .


Electromagnetic inspection has been used for steel wire rope nondestructive testing (NDT) for many decades. Today, this NDT area is rather wide and significant. The inspection technology varies widely as rope constructions and functions in different applications vary too. The state-of-the-art technology is based on modern materials, electronics, microcomputers, computer simulation of electromagnetic field and loss of rope strength process. Standards and norms play an important role in regulating the technology application during the entire rope lifetime, as do the inspection personnel training and their skill. New challenges come from offshore mining, suspended bridges, construction, high voltage overhead transmission lines, oil and gas drilling and so forth. On the other hand, the experience accumulated by design and application of magnetic and electromagnetic rope flaw detectors enables them to meet the challenges. Requests for rope monitoring come from the oil and gas industry as well as from mining now. This creates a need to automate process identification and evaluation of the rather big data volumes gathered.


This report looks at some steps parents are taking to observe, discuss, and check up on their children's digital footprints. Most parents of teenagers are concerned about what their teenage children do online and how their behavior could be monitored by others. 81% of parents of online teens say they are concerned about how much information advertisers can learn about their child's online behavior, with some 46% being "very" concerned. 72% of parents of online teens are concerned about how their child interacts online with people they do not know, with some 53% of parents being "very" concerned.


In recent years the chemical industry has undergone considerable changes due to increased environmental regulations and energy costs. This master thesis has evaluated three different design considerations of the methanol synthesis loop using Honeywell's general purpose process simulator UniSim Design (R380 Build 14027) combined with MathWorks programming language MATLAB. The three configurations are Lurgis methanol reactor loop as built on Tjeldbergodden, the use of interstage methanol removal by the means of condensation and Lurgis MegaMethanol configuration. It was shown that the base case simulation of Lurgis reactor loop, using kinetics from Vanden Bussche and Froment (1996), gave reasonable results compared to Tjeldbergodden methanol plant. For the interstage methanol removal configuration it was found that the two reactors should be of equal length, 7.25 m, and that a cooling water temperature of 250◦C in the first reactor and 255◦C in the second reactor produced the highest amount of methanol. When operating with a recycle ratio of 2, this configuration had the potential of a net present worth of 47 million dollars compared to the base case over a 10 year horizon. The addition of a gas cooled reactor for the MegaMethanol process only increased the methanol production by 0.2 tonne/h, making the project unfeasible.


Annette Jäckle and Stephen Pudney, ''Survey Response Behaviour and the Dynamics of Self-reported Health and Disability An Experimental Analysis'' (No 2015-05, ISER Working Paper). Disability research often uses survey questions asking whether respondents have a long-standing health problem, but longitudinal repetition of such questions produces implausibly high empirical transition rates into and out of ill-health. We exploit a repeated experiment in the Understanding Society Innovation Panel to identify reasons for these high transition rates, and to assess the common practice of using such questions to control who is asked further questions on difficulties with daily activities. Our results reveal ambiguity in the concept of a long-standing health problem and indicate significant biases in commonly used measures and multivariate analyses of health dynamics and disability.


The dynamics of driven interfaces in the random-field Ising model (RFIM) is investigated by the use of Monte Carlo simulations. Interfaces in the RFIM separate regions of opposite spin orientation. By applying an external field one orientation is energetically favored. This may yield an interface motion which is hindered by the random-field. Without thermal fluctuations the competition between the driving field and the random-field leads to a so-called depinning transition. A permanent interface motion is found only if the driving field exceeds a threshold field H_c. At the transition point the interface velocity vanishes continuously, characterized by a critical exponent beta. The values of beta found in the RFIM for the dimensions d=3,4,5,6 support the assumption that the depinning transition in the RFIM belongs to the universality class of the Edwards-Wilkinson equation with quenched disorder. The energy barriers which cause a pinning of the interface at temperature T=0 can be overcome due to the energy provided by thermal fluctuations. This yields a permanent interface motion. For sufficient small driving fields a so-called creep regime is found in the random-field Ising model. This creep regime is predicted by phenomenological theories, functional renormalization group calculations, and has been observed in experiments. The field dependence of the energy barrier in the RFIM is investigated and the results are compared with those known in the literature. Furthermore, it is investigated whether the influence of temperature on the depinning transition can be understood within the theory of critical phenomena. It is assumed that the interface velocity can be expressed as a generalized homogenous function in the vicinity of the transition point (H=H_c|T=0). This assumption is supported by the results of simulations in the dimensions d=3,4,6, yielding an algebraic decay v(H=H_c) proportional T^(1/psi) with an exponent psi>0. The assumption of the interface velocity being a generalized homogenous function is also validated by simulations of magnetic films. From these simulations it can additionally be concluded that the depinning transition in magnetic films is characterized by the two dimensional exponents. The investigations of the five dimensional model show the occurrence of logarithmic correction revealing that d_c=5 is the upper critical dimension of the depinning transition in the RFIM.


In 2016 the Polish government introduced a large new child benefit, called "Family 500+", with the aim to increase fertility from a low level and reduce child poverty. The benefit is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. Increasing out-of-work income significantly, the transfer can reduce incentives to participate in the labour market. We study the impact of the new benefit on female labour supply, using Polish Labour Force Survey data. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology we find that the labour market participation rates of women with children decreased after the introduction of the benefit compared to childless women. The estimates suggest that by mid-2017 the labour force participation rate of mothers dropped by 2-3 percentage points, depending on the estimation specification, as a result of the "Family 500+" benefit. The effect was higher among women with lower levels of education and living in small towns.


The first seventeen years of the People's Republic of China (PRC, 1949–1966) was a critical period for the newly established nation to gain international recognition. The period witnessed a unique translation activity, i.e. SL-generated translation of a large number of classical and modern Chinese literature into English and other foreign languages. These state-sponsored translations were mainly undertaken by teams of Chinese and foreign translators in the Foreign Languages Press (FLP) in Beijing. This paper aims to explore how literary translation was used for nation branding and promoting Chinese communism abroad. It reveals the political agenda behind the outward translation activity. It goes on to probe into the patronage of the FLP to disclose the relationship between the translating institution and the political discourse on the nation. Lastly, the study of the English translation of Linhai Xueyuan ( 林海雪原 ), i.e. Tracks in the Snowy Forest , a bestseller representative of the 'revolutionary novel' of the time, will show that the adaptations aim at recasting revolutionary characters as "perfect" heroes so as to project an ideal image of the modern Chinese nation. The paper concludes with a call to integrate outward translation into TS. Based on Luhmann's sociology of communication it provides a preliminary observation on the reception of the PRC's export enterprise, which, more often than not, turned out to be counterproductive.


We extend the search-matching model of the marriage market of Shimer and Smith (200) to allow for labor supply and home production. We characterise the steady-state equilibrium when exogenous divorce is the only source of risk. We study nonparametric identification using cross-section data on wages and hours worked, and we develop a nonparametric estimator. The estimated matching probabilities that can be derived from the steady-state flow conditions are strongly increasing in male and female wages. We estimate the expected share of marriage surplus appropriated by each spouse as a function of wages. The model allows to infer the specialisation of female spouses in home production from observations on wages and hours worked.


The environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is metabolized to reactive diol epoxides that bind to cellular DNA by predominantly forming N2-guanine adducts (G*). Mutation hotspots for these adducts are frequently found in 5′- ··· GG ··· dinucleotide sequences, but their origins are poorly understood. Here we used high resolution NMR and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate differences in G* adduct conformations in 5′- ··· CG*GC ··· and 5′- ··· CGG* C··· sequence contexts in otherwise identical 12-mer duplexes. The BP rings are positioned 5′ along the modified strand in the minor groove in both cases. However, subtle orientational differences cause strong distinctions in structural distortions of the DNA duplexes, because the exocyclic amino groups of flanking guanines on both strands compete for space with the BP rings in the minor groove, acting as guideposts for placement of the BP. In the 5′- ··· CGG* C ··· case, the 5′-flanking G · C base pair is severely untwisted, concomitant with a bend deduced from electrophoretic mobility. In the 5′- ··· CG*GC ··· context, there is no untwisting, but there is significant destabilization of the 5′-flanking Watson–Crick base pair. The minor groove width opens near the lesion in both cases, but more for 5′- ··· CGG*C···. Differential sequence-dependent removal rates of this lesion result and may contribute to the mutation hotspot phenomenon.


Education cannot be discharged in human life. All requiring education to realize what have been created. Education which have been woke up and designed have to be sturdy and do not be groggy easy to, education building have to tighten with strong pillars. UNESCO as institute of PBB which active in education, science, and culture have formulated four education pillar, this matter is meant to be target of education earn form. In education of Islam also have education foundation which also strength which is often referred as by three education pillar. Integrate between both the pillar building can make education in indonesia specially education of Islam can walk better and as according to teachings of Islam and nation aspiration. Keywords: integration, four education pillars, three pillars of Islamic education


The potential economic benefits of Bt brinjal hybrids in terms of yield gain, reduction in insecticide-use, and increase in net returns per hectare have been reported in this study. Results have shown that adoption of Bt brinjal hybrids would provide yield gain of 37 per cent and reduction in total insecticide-use of about 42 per cent over non-Bt hybrids. Other benefits like increase in additional brinjal production (30 thousand tonnes), savings from insecticides (` 47 crore) against Fruit and Shoot Borer (FSB), increase in net returns (` 11029/ha), and reduction in price of brinjal output (3%), etc. would be at 15 per cent adoption level. With increased adoption level of 60 per cent of Bt brinjal hybrids would provide, additional production of 119 thousand tonnes, savings from insecticides against FSB Rs 187 crore, increase in net returns ` 44117/ha and likely reduction in brinjal price by 15 per cent. Simulation of gains adopting Bt brinjal hybrids has shown that country may gain aggregate direct economic benefits between ` 577 crore and ` 2387 crore annually at 15 per cent and 60 per cent adoption levels of bt brinjal hybrids, respectively. The major gains will accrue to consumers (66% of total) and rest would go to the farmers. In brief, Bt brinjal offers a large scope to increase income of farmers, reduce its cost to consumers, improve food safety and reduce health hazards and environmental pollution. The results of study may be helpful in policy decision on Bt brinjal adoption in the context of smallholders agriculture.


The 2004 Gender Equity Education Act (GEEA) sought to challenge gender and sexual discrimination in Taiwan by focusing on the importance of spaces of education as sites where gender and sexual identities are normalized and reproduced. This thesis explores the production of the GEEA and its subsequent implementation in two schools in Taipei City. Through reviewing geographical literature on education, children/young people, gender and sexualities, this thesis explores four research questions: (1) how the aims of the GEEA are shaped in Taiwanese policy context; (2) how the GEEA is implemented in schools; (3) how teachers shape young people's gender and sexual identities; (4) how young people's experiences of teaching practices and peer cultures affect their understandings of gender and sexual identities. Methods including discourse analysis, semi-structured interviews, and observation are adopted to answer the above questions. The research aims to challenge the dichotomy of inward- and outward-looking approaches in geographies of education, to expand the construction of childhood and the gender model in existing geographical research in Western contexts, and to further the conceptualisation of different forms of heterosexuality. Consequently, based on empirical findings, the thesis argues that the objective of the GEEA, which is to enable the performance of diverse gender and sexual identities in educational spaces, has not been achieved yet because of the contradictory practices evident within school spaces. In conclusion, the thesis relates the research findings to some of the key debates within contemporary geographical literatures by highlighting the importance of combing inward- and outward-looking approaches to study education, the complex nature of young people's gender identities formation, and the age-dependent form of heterosexuality. Ultimately, this thesis demonstrates the crucial role of education spaces in shaping young people's identities in an East Asian context.


During its mission around the poles of the Sun, the Ulysses spacecraft encountered a number of well-developed corotating interaction regions (CIRs) at midlatitudes. In this paper we discuss the character of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence within defined regions of these CIRs. We examine magnetic field power spectra at a fixed wave number, and the normalized cross helicity, in order to describe solar wind fluctuations. We find that each CIR has a complicated turbulent signature. Magnetic field power spectra show evidence for the turbulent mixing of plasma at large distances from the Sun, and there are possible signs of instabilities arising at stream interfaces. Statistical analyses of our data set show that there does not appear to be any clear dependence of turbulence in the CIRs upon heliographic latitude but that there is a clear trend in magnetic field power and Alfvenicity with CIR structure. We also find that the variation of the solar cycle during Ulysses observations of these CIRs has a clear effect upon the turbulent character of the solar wind and thus provides further evidence that the source of the majority of turbulent fluctuations in the solar wind is the Sun.


As fast development in communication field, sub-6 GHz spectrum band becomes ultra crowd. Even though Carrier Aggregation (CA) and higher order modulation used, available spectrum is still the bottleneck of communication speed and network latency. Nowadays, more and more companies and institutes are paying more attention to over 6GHz communication system research. Recently released news indicate frequency points are mainly on 12GHz, 15GHz, 28GHz, 38GHz even 70GHz, and accompanied working bandwidth is about 400MHz to 1GHz. As working band goes higher, antenna conceptions will also be updated. A CPW-Fed monopole antenna working in KU-band with more than 20% relative bandwidth is hereby introduced, which might be a good candidate for future 5G cellular networks and also satellite based DBS reception system. Proposed antenna has small profile lower than λg /4 with dual-polarization, which is thus suitable for base station and mobile device conceptions.


We present evidence about the ways that school superintendents add value in Israel's primary and middle schools. Superintendents are the CEOs of a cluster of schools with powers to affect the quality of schooling, and we extend the approach used in recent literature to measure teachers' value added, to assess school superintendents. We exploit a quasi-random matching of superintendent and schools, and estimate that superintendent value added has positive and significant effects on primary and middle school students' test scores in math, Hebrew, and English. One standard deviation improvement in superintendent value added increases test scores by about 0.04 of a standard deviation in the test score distribution. The effect doesn't vary with students' socio-economic background, is highly non-linear, increases sharply for superintendents in the highest-quartile of the value added distribution, and is larger for female superintendents. We explore several mechanisms for these effects and find that superintendents with higher value added are associated with more focused school priorities and more clearly defined working procedures, but no effect on school resources and no effect on total teachers' on the job and external training, although there is a significant effect on the composition of the former. Another important effect is that schools with higher quality superintendents are more likely to address school climate, violence and bullying, and implement related interventions which lead to lower violence in school. A new superintendent is also associated with a higher likelihood that the school principal is replaced.


In symbiosis, 2 taxonomically different organisms co-exist, each pursuing their own agenda and yet, they are linked in one entity. A mutualistic symbiosis may break up if it is no longer beneficial to either one of the partners. Changing needs over time or changing environmental condi- tions may prompt symbiont switching. For example, corals may survive elevated temperatures by switching their algal symbionts. If switching occurs, the new combination of host and symbiont geno- types may perform better. Conversely, the partners may be fixed for life, with the degree to which the mutualism responds to changing selection pressures dictated by the existing partners. Understand- ing the genotypic dynamics of a mutualism is important for predicting the potential resilience of a mutualism over time and in the face of environmental perturbations. Although mutualisms tend to be characterized at the species level or higher, host-symbiont dynamics is an individual-level question, requiring individual-level analysis. We used multilocus DNA fingerprinting to examine long-term temporal and spatial symbiont change in the mutualism between the octocoral Plexaura kuna and its algal symbionts (zooxanthellae). We monitored zooxanthella genotypes within a colony for up to 10 yr, among P. kuna clonemates, across different habitats and in colonies transplanted to novel envi- ronments. In all instances, the prominent zooxanthella genotype within a P. kuna colony remained unchanged although zooxanthella genotypes varied among genetically distinct P. kuna colonies. Such tremendous temporal and spatial stability may occur in other coral hosts, influencing the reaction and survival of mutualisms during environmental change.


Graphics processing units (GPUs) provide a low cost platform for accelerating high performance computations. The introduction of new programming languages, such as CUDA and OpenCL, makes GPU programming attractive to a wide variety of programmers. However, programming GPUs is still a cumbersome task for two primary reasons: tedious performance optimizations and lack of portability. First, optimizing an algorithm for a specific GPU is a time-consuming task that requires a thorough understanding of both the algorithm and the underlying hardware. Unoptimized CUDA programs typically only achieve a small fraction of the peak GPU performance. Second, GPU code lacks efficient portability as code written for one GPU can be inefficient when executed on another. Moving code from one GPU to another while maintaining the desired performance is a non-trivial task often requiring significant modifications to account for the hardware differences. In this work, we propose Sponge, a compilation framework for GPUs using synchronous data flow streaming languages. Sponge is capable of performing a wide variety of optimizations to generate efficient code for graphics engines. Sponge alleviates the problems associated with current GPU programming methods by providing portability across different generations of GPUs and CPUs, and a better abstraction of the hardware details, such as the memory hierarchy and threading model. Using streaming, we provide a write-once software paradigm and rely on the compiler to automatically create optimized CUDA code for a wide variety of GPU targets. Sponge's compiler optimizations improve the performance of the baseline CUDA implementations by an average of 3.2x.


During Apartheid, there was little need for redistributional policies or to borrow for public works since the vast majority of the population was underserved. With the arrival of a representative democracy in 1994, however, South Africa faced a unique problem--providing new and improved public services for the majority of its citizens while at the same time ensuring that filling this void would not undermine macroeconomic stability. Over the past fifteen years, policy makers have achieved macrostability, but progress on social needs has been below expectations and South Africa continues to lag behind its peers. This paper reviews the progress made so far and examines the challenges ahead for the upcoming administration. Our analysis suggest an increase in skill formation as a possible solution to the policy dilemma of fulfilling the outsized social demands while maintaining macrostability.


Specific Learning Disability Assessment of English Language Learners: An Investigation of the Current Assessment Practices of Utah School Psychologists Jesika Lee Forbush Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, BYU Educational Specialist The landscape of education and the students served in schools has changed over the last few decades and is becoming more diverse (National Center for Education Statistics, 2017). Methods of special education evaluation in schools are also changing to meet the needs of a dynamic population. Best practices for specific learning disability (SLD) identification recommend the use of effective evaluation methods that inform educational decisions. Many models of SLD identification have been proposed throughout the history of SLD classification. Though many school psychologists have relied on the discrepancy model of learning disability identification, many alternative evaluation methods are coming into popularity. Best practices for SLD identification are changing to meet the needs of a culturally and linguistically diverse student population. Experts in administering culturally appropriate assessments for English language learners (ELLs) recommend that the areas of culture, language, and schooling be examined in order to ensure a valid and fair evaluation for this population (U.S. Department of Education, 2000). This study specifically examined current assessment practices of Utah school psychologists when assessing ELLs for learning disabilities by examining the most essential components of language proficiency, acculturation, academic skills, and intellectual functioning. This study additionally examined the barriers and recommendations of school psychologists when assessing ELLs. A sample of 84 Utah school psychologists completed a survey about assessment practices as part of assessing an ELL for a suspected SLD. Findings from this study indicate school psychologists' responses align with the guiding principles that surround the assessment of ELLs. Participants indicated the importance of standardized measurements when assessing all areas except acculturation. Additionally, participants identified time, lack of resources, incomplete assessment instruments, and limited training and competency as major barriers for professionals working with ELLs. Results from this study can be used to inform and improve practice based on the respondents' recommendations, which included more resources allocated to acculturation assessment and more training from school districts and university training programs in the areas of ELL assessment.


XML has become a de facto standard for data exchanging over the Internet. However, efficiently storing and querying XML data is still an open problem. In this paper we present YAQCX, Yet Another Query-aware Compressor for XML. YAQCX adopts word-based modeling combined with byte-coding to provide a very efficient approach to compressing/decompressing and querying XML data. It also implements a subset of XPath with a powerful pattern matching extension that allows regular expressions, range queries, and partial matching. Additionally, when processing queries, it accesses the actual compressed data as few as possible, for example to solve predicates on contents or to show results. Based on our experiments, we show that YAQCX compression ratios are comparable to XMill's and very close to those of other query-aware compressors, such as XQzip and XGrind. We also show that YAQCX compresses and decompresses faster than XMill, and outperforms XGrind regarding query processing.


Online Passive-Aggressive (PA) learning is an effective framework for performing max-margin online learning. But the deterministic formulation and estimated single large-margin model could limit its capability in discovering descriptive structures underlying complex data. This paper presents online Bayesian Passive-Aggressive (BayesPA) learning, which subsumes the online PA and extends naturally to incorporate latent variables and perform nonparametric Bayesian inference, thus providing great flexibility for explorative analysis. We apply BayesPA to topic modeling and derive efficient online learning algorithms for max-margin topic models. We further develop nonparametric methods to resolve the number of topics. Experimental results show that our approaches significantly improve time efficiency while maintaining comparable results with the batch counterparts.


Devices connected to the Internet today have a wide range of local communication channels available, such as wireless Wifi, Bluetooth or NFC, as well as wired backhaul. In densely populated areas it is possible to create heterogeneous, multihop communication paths using a combination of these technologies, and often transmit data with lower latency than via a wired Internet connection. However, the potential for sharing meshed wireless radios in this way has never been realised due to the lack of economic incentives to do so on the part of individual nodes. In this paper, we explore how virtual currencies might be used to provide an end-to-end incentive scheme to convince forwarding nodes that it is profitable to send messages on via the lowest latency mechanism available. Clients inject a small amount of money to transmit a message, and forwarding engines compete to solve a time-locked puzzle that can be claimed by the node that delivers the result in the lowest latency. Our approach naturally extends congestion control techniques to a surge pricing model when available bandwidth is low and does not require latency measurements.


This paper was aimed to analyze Islamic education teachers' content knowledge of matters related to Islamic law. A cross-section survey research was conducted on twenty Islamic education teachers in several schools in Yogyakarta City pursuing master study in Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Islamic University of Indonesia. Respondents can be characterized as teachers with civil servants status, having minimum of five years teaching experience, mostly active in social mass organizations. The result shows that respondents have relatively low familiarity with sources of Islamic law, especially the classical ones. Other result also indicate low content knowledge in teachers about matters related to Islamic law, especially in economics and heredity. From the results, the research suggests a more active role in both government and higher education institutions to contribute in improving teachers' knowledge. Contributions proposed can mainly be formed in training of teachers and creating useful website with Islamic education contents for their teaching sources. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p441


This paper contains a taxonomic revision of the Bulbophyllinae, with the genera Bulbophyllum (including Cirrhopetalum and Megaclinium) and Chaseella, from continental Africa (including Bioko (Fernando Poo), Sao Tome, Principe, Annobon and Zanzibar). Keys are given to the genera and species. For each species full synonymy, descriptions, notes on distribution, habitat etc. and a line drawing are presented. Many species are also illustrated by colour photographs. Three new taxa are described: Bulbophyllum subligaculiferum, B. bidenticulatum ssp. joyceae and B. scaberulum var. crotalicaudatum. Some new combinations are made. The botanical terminology used is clarified.


We propose a new predictor of real economic activity (REA), namely the representative investor's implied relative risk aversion (IRRA) extracted from S&P 500 option prices. IRRA exploits the forward-looking information in option prices. It increases as risk averse investors enter the market, leading to a decrease in market risk premium thus predicting a REA improvement. In line with our hypothesis, IRRA predicts U.S. REA even when we control for well-known REA predictors. Results hold over both short and long horizons and regardless of the way we conduct inference. Moreover, IRRA forecasts REA out-of-sample over the 2008-2009 great economic recession peak.


An extended form of the Ackeret iteration method, applicable to arbitrary profiles, is utilized to calculate the compressible flow at high subsonic velocities past an elliptic cylinder. The angle of attack to the direction of the undisturbed stream is small and the circulation is fixed by the Kutta condition at the trailing end of the major axis. The expression for the lifting force on the elliptic cylinder is derived and shows a first-step improvement of the Prandtl-Glauert rule. It is further shown that the expression for the lifting force, although derived specifically for an elliptic cylinder, may be extended to arbitrary symmetrical profiles.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect of different beam filters on the dose response curves of nanoDot OSL dosimeters at kV CBCT energy.

METHODS
The InLight™ OSL dosimetry system (Landauer,Inc., Glenwood, IL, USA) consisting of nanoDot dosimeters and MicroStar reader was calibrated using the X-ray Volume Imager (XVI) mounted on the Elekta Synergy (Elekta, Crawley, UK) linac and the On Board Imager(OBI) mounted on the Varian True Beam (Varian Medical systems, Palo Alto, CA) linac. Doses ranged between 0 and 12 cGy were delivered to nanoDot OSLDs on 5 cm thick PMMA slab using 120kVp F0(no filter) and F1(Bowtie filter)XVI CBCT beams, 125 kVp half fan (HF) and full fan (FF) OBI beams. Dose points were correlated to absolute air kerma levels measured in air using the 0.6 cc Farmer ionization chamber and converted to dose in water at the phantom surface according to AAPM TG61.

RESULTS
Dose response curves for all imaging settings were linear. The dose response curves for the 120 kVp F0 and F1 VXI CBCT beams differed by 8 to 9 %. The dose response curves for the 125 kVp FF and HF OBI CBCT beams also differed by 7 to 8 %. These results suggest that nanoDot dosimeters are sensitive not only to differences in kVp of the beam but also to differences in spectra resulted from the use of different filters.

CONCLUSION
Dose response curves of nanoDot OSLDs for photon beams of same kVp but filtered with different filters are different. Hence,the use of correction factors (based solely on differences in the response of the OSLDs at different kVps) to allow the reading of the MicroStar reader to be converted from one set of reference condition to another is not sufficient to ensure accurate estimation of measured doses.It is important to create dose response curve at every irradiation setting. This project is funded, in part, under a grant with the Pennsylvania Department of Health. The Department specifically declaims responsibility for any analyses, interpretations or conclusions.


Cultures, by their very nature, can either embrace or resist
change. Culture change can arise from an improved environment,
due to inventions and other influences like regulations, or
as a result of contact with other cultures. In its attempt to break
away from traditional long-term care models culture change
movement has created its own lingo.


Background: Hamstring muscle strains are a common musculoskeletal injury amongst athletes, with a high rate of recurrence that suggests room for improvement in the treatment and management of these injuries. Cibulka et al. (1986) suggest a possible link between injuries of the hamstring muscles and dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint. A study by Fyfer (2005) found that sacroiliac manipulation alone had a positive effect in the treatment of recurrent hamstring strains, but this was not combined with or compared to conventional treatment for muscle strain. Fox (2006) found that sacroiliac manipulation added to hamstring stretching increased the resultant flexibility of uninjured hamstring muscles. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness that manipulation may have when combined with and compared to a regime of hamstring stretching and strengthening in the treatment of chronic hamstring strains. Method: Thirty two participants suffering from chronic hamstring injuries and concomitant dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint were randomly allocated into two treatment groups. Both groups attended six consultations over a period of three weeks. Group one received treatment in the form of proprioceptive neuromuscular feedback (PNF) stretching and resisted isometric exercises of the hamstring, and were taught a home routine consisting of static stretching of the hamstring and Theraband® exercises directed at the hamstring. Group two received the same treatment and home routine as those in Group one, with the addition of Chiropractic manipulation of the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint. Outcomes were obtained by using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS-101), inclinometer testing of passive straight leg raiser test, and algometer assessment of pain threshold in the injured hamstring muscle and ipsilateral sacroiliac joint. Results: Data was analysed using the SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Ill, USA). Subjective and objectives outcomes were measured quantitatively. The effect of the intervention was measured using repeated measures ANOVA testing. The time versus treatment group interaction effect assessed whether the effect of the different treatment over time is the same, with a p value of <0.05 being v considered significant. Both treatment groups showed improvement of outcomes, and manipulation showed a marginally non-significant trend of greater improvement with regards to sacroiliac joint algometry. Conclusion: This study did not provide conclusive evidence of either a benefit or no benefit of manipulation, but where non-significant trends were shown, it is likely that this was due to lack of statistical power and that with an appropriate a priori analysis being done a greater sample size may have shown the same effect to be statistically significant.


This paper investigates the Ghanaian National Healthcare Insurance Scheme (NHIS) through interviews with 28 elders over 50 years old with pre-existing illnesses in Agate, a rural village in Ghana. Our goals were to obtain snapshot views of the lives, in relation to health, wellness, and NHIS, of participants. Elders possessed reasonable information about NHIS. For most enrollees, NHIS provided peace of mind against financially-related health challenges, however, inability to afford non-covered medicines sometimes interfered with treatment. Most interviewees, insured or not, reported continuing chronic health problems. Based on qualitative data, we describe possibilities to improve elder experiences including: transportation to medical care, increased drug coverage, and faith-based health partnerships.


The tubers of Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, liver and intestinal diseases in the traditional medicine of Vietnam. The 50% ethanolic extract of H. formicarum (EEHF) has been proved anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as hepatoprotective activity at the oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in Swiss albino mice. The aim of this work was to study on the subacute oral toxicity of the EEHF at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 30 and 60 consecutive days in both sexes of mice. The observations were undertaken on the mortality, the body weights, the toxic signs, hematological and biochemical parameters. At the end of the experiment, the histopathology of liver and kidneys was studied. The results showed that the 100 mg/kg of EEHF did not cause any toxic signs in mice. There was no significant difference of hematological and biochemical parameters between the treated animals and the controls. Histopathological examinations of livers and kidneys showed no significant difference suggesting no morphological disturbances in treated mice. In conclusion, the results indicated that the EEHF did not cause any subacute toxicity in mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg, providing the evidence of the safety of health products from this medicinal plant.


In this paper, we build a simple model to integrate the findings and/or hypotheses in the diverse literatures related to economic development and growth. They include the literature on institutions attributed to Douglas North (1990), on entrepreneurs, innovations and technical progress attributed to Schumpeter (1934) and on the driving factors of economic growth in various theoretical and empirical contributions. The effort results in a comprehensive theory that is flexible enough to understand broad strategic lessons from diverse growth experiences across country and time. It is also specific enough to reveal the factors, channels, mechanism and the key to sustained economic growth.


What would a constitutional right based on desert look like? If "the people" believe that, say, child rapists should receive the death penalty, on what basis can one make an Eighth Amendment argument that says that "the people" got the desert question wrong? In order to answer this question, this Essay addresses a set of related questions, one step removed: What should be the significance of ordinary intuitions about what people deserve when criminal law scholars theorize about what people deserve? If a popular belief about a question of desert does not match up with conclusions arrived at through theorizing and reflections about desert, who should revise their views - the people or the theorists? The answer, I suggest in this Essay, is twofold. First, statements about desert that fail to capture the core of ordinary moral intuitions cannot be ultimately successful. Second, it is a mistake to believe that answers to questions about desert can be simply read off public opinion surveys or inferred from laws passed by legislatures. The role of theories about desert is to take various particular convictions held by people about what people deserve and test them against broad principles, while warning against various sources of confusion and excess that frequently infect desert judgments, such as prejudice and vindictiveness. The relationship between desert theories and popular sentiments is thus quite complex, and we must be suspicious of simple assertions either in favor of dismissing theories as irrelevant or in favor of disregarding popular sentiments as base or irrational.


The Laplacian spectral recursion, satisfied by matroid complexes and shifted complexes, expresses the eigenvalues of the combinatorial Laplacian of a simplicial complex in terms of its deletion and contraction with respect to vertex e, and the relative simplicial pair of the deletion modulo the contraction. We generalize this recursion to relative simplicial pairs, which we interpret as intervals in the Boolean algebra. The deletion modulo contraction term is replaced by the result of removing from the interval all pairs of faces in the interval that differ only by vertex e.
We show that shifted pairs and some matroid pairs satisfy this recursion. We also show that the class of intervals satisfying this recursion is closed under a wide variety of operations, including duality and taking skeleta.


The tomboy is a female character that has featured prominently in many popular works of children's literature. Typically, the tomboy is a prepubescent or teenaged girl who is frustrated by the expectations and limitations placed upon her because she is female. She is reluctant to conform to feminine standards of appearance and behaviour.
This thesis examines the representation and evolution of the tomboy character in two distinct categories of children's series fiction, 'books in a series' and 'series books'[1], focusing on narratological elements such as plot, characterisation and series structure, as well as their publishing context, exploring issues of authorial intent, editorial decisions and, in certain cases, the official revision of texts. 'Books in a series' are usually presented as bildungsroman - that is, stories, or in this case, series, of development. In these narratives, time progresses and the characters age; tomboyishness is depicted as a temporary phase which is grown out of when a girl matures, and learns to accept and perform femininity. In contrast, 'series books' are centred on adventure and/or mystery stories, rather than on the process of growing up - the characters' ages are typically frozen, and tomboyishness is a distinguishing character attribute which remains for the course of the series.
In studying children's literature, it is important to acknowledge that the audience of children's literature includes adults as well as children - it is after all, adults who determine and control the production, distribution and legitimisation of texts for children. Originally, children's literature was written specifically for the religious, moral, behavioural and social instruction of children, rather than for their entertainment. Although appearing less overtly didactic in recent times, the production of children's literature has continued to be driven by the adult concern for ideological appropriateness, and the desire to responsibly educate its young readers. This concern and desire are fuelled by the underlying and persistent belief that children are like sponges and will absorb whatever they are exposed to[2], including representations of gender difference and gender performance. The ways in which the tomboy character has evolved in the children's series are a direct reflection of the shifts in society's ideas about gender, the gendered education of children, and the adult conception of what is ideologically appropriate for the children's text.
The tomboy character in children's literature has been an important cultural marker of both our evolving and constant values. It is clear that over time gender roles have changed significantly, allowing girls in series fiction to be sleuths, rescuers, warriors and adventurers, but through all of this change, the representation of the tomboy has always reflected adults' conception of what is ideologically appropriate and normal and therefore desirable, in the representation of masculinity and femininity, gender and sexuality in children's literature - a normality and system of gender based on a steadfast heterosexual hegemony.

[1] Inness, Sherrie A., ed. Nancy Drew and Company: Culture, Gender, and Girls' Series. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1997, p.2.
[2] Sternheimer, Karen. It's Not the Media: The Truth About Pop Culture's Influence on Children. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003, p.181.


Abstract. Freshwater lenses, as important resource for drinking water, are sensitive to climate changes and sea level rise. To simulate this impact on the groundwater systems, hydraulic subsurface models have to be designed. Geophysical techniques can provide information for generating realistic models. The aim of our work is to show how ground-penetrating radar (GPR) investigations can contribute to such hydrological simulations. In the pilot area, Borkum island, GPR was used to map the shape of the groundwater table (GWT) and to characterise the aquifer. In total, 20 km of constant offset (CO) profiles were measured with centre frequencies of 80 and 200 MHz. Wave velocities were determined by common midpoint (CMP) measurements and vertical radar profiling (VRP) in a monitoring well. The 80 MHz CO data show a clear reflection at the groundwater table, whereas the reflection is weaker for the 200 MHz data. After correcting the GPR water tables for the capillary rise, they are in good accordance with the pressure heads of the observation wells in the area. In the centre of the island, the groundwater table is found up to 3.5 m above sea level, however it is lower towards the coastline and marshland. Some local depressions are observed in the region of dune valleys and around pumping stations of the local water supplier. GPR also reveals details within the sediments and highly-permeable aeolian sands can be distinguished from less-permeable marine sediments. Further, a silt loam layer below the water table could be mapped on a large area. The reflection characteristics indicates scattered erosion channels in this layer that cause it to be an aquitard with some leakage. GPR provides a high resolution map of the groundwater table and insight into the stratigraphy of the sediments and their hydraulic properties. This is valuable complementary information to the observation of sparsely distributed monitoring wells as input to hydraulic simulation.


A survey of all family practice residency programs in the country was done to determine resident attrition reasons and rate by sex. Of 383 programs mailed surveys, four returns were from programs too new to have data, and 238 returns were usable, for an effective response rate of 62.7%. The overall attrition rate was 12.4% (699/5,656), and varied by the type of residency program. The most frequent reason for attrition as identified by the survey respondent was switching specialties (41.0%), followed by private practice 16.4% and involuntarily released 11.9%. The remainder left for a variety of other reasons. There was a slightly higher attrition rate for women (14.2%) than men (11.9%). The odds ratio for this was 1.22 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.41). Women were more likely to leave for childbearing or rearing, or spouse relocation, although overall these numbers were small, and men also left for these same reasons.


Between 1990 and 2015, 184 multicandidate presidential elections and 207 multiparty legislative elections were held in some 46 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. What does the routinization of multiparty electoral politics mean for political life in Africa? Much that is unexceptional and recognizable about African elections is well worth documenting, since most international accounts of African elections focus on their more exotic side. In fact, candidates engage in standard political rhetoric in mass rallies and undertake campaign stops around the country. Many make use of social media to communicate with citizens. Voters reward office holders who have delivered good economic performance; they pay attention to the professional backgrounds and personal qualities of candidates and their policy promises. Opposition parties win legislative seats and subnational offices, as well as the presidency, albeit more rarely.
 While the routinization of high-quality elections has deepened democracy in some countries, there is tremendous cross-national variation in election quality across the continent. The relationship between elections and democratic deepening is mediated by national political circumstances that vary across the region. Even in cases where incumbents do not resort to oppressive tactics during campaigns, the patterns of presidential dominance typically create tremendous incumbency advantage at the executive level.
 Elections neither necessarily advance nor prevent further democratization. Instead, they should be conceptualized as "political moments," which temporarily create greater uncertainty and heightened attention to politics, which can either lead to democratic gains or bring about regression. However, citizens across the continent are resolute in their commitment to elections. As opposition parties gain greater experience in office, as an older political elite transition out of politics, and as voters continue to access unprecedented information, the continent is likely to experience a democratic deepening in the longer term.


Technology limitations are making the use of heterogeneous computing devices much more than an academic curiosity. In fact, the use of such devices is widely acknowledged to be the only promising way to achieve application-speedups that users urgently need and expect. However, building a robust and efficient query engine for heterogeneous co-processor environments is still a significant challenge. In this paper, we identify two effects that limit performance in case co-processor resources become scarce. Cache thrashing occurs when the working set of queries does not fit into the co-processor's data cache, resulting in performance degradations up to a factor of 24. Heap contention occurs when multiple operators run in parallel on a co-processor and when their accumulated memory footprint exceeds the main memory capacity of the co-processor, slowing down query execution by up to a factor of six. We propose solutions for both effects. Data-driven operator placement avoids data movements when they might be harmful; query chopping limits co-processor memory usage and thus avoids contention. The combined approach-data-driven query chopping-achieves robust and scalable performance on co-processors. We validate our proposal with our open-source GPU-accelerated database engine CoGaDB and the popular star schema and TPC-H benchmarks.


Background Carotid artery stenting is now used as an alternative to surgical endarterectomy. This study was done to assess the feasibility, safety, and immediate and late clinical outcomes in patients undergoing carotid stenting. Methods Between July 2008 and December 2009, a total of 40 patients (20 male, mean age: 65 ± 11 years, 19 symptomatic, and 90% high risk for endarterectomy) underwent carotid artery stenting with different embolic protection devices and carotid stents. Thirty-seven patients had coronary artery disease. Technical success rate, stroke/death/myocardial infarction rate at 30 days, access-site complications, and contrast-induced nephropathy were assessed. For the evaluation of the influence of experience in carotid artery stenting on complications, the patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 included the first 20 treated patients and Group 2 comprised the remainder of the patients. Results The overall technical success rate was 100%. The cumulative in-hospital stroke death rate was 7.5% (n = 3: 2 deaths and 1 major stroke). Complications were more frequent in Group 1 (2/20, 10%; 2 deaths) than in Group 2 (1/20, 5%; 1 major stroke), but this was not statistically significant (p value = 0.09). No access-site complications occurred, and mild contrast-induced nephropathy occurred in 3 patients (7.5%). No major stroke or neurological deaths occurred during a mean follow-up of 12 months. Conclusion Carotid stenting seemed feasible and relatively safe in our experience. Advanced experience in carotid artery stenting appears to confer an acceptable peri-procedural stroke-death rate.


In this paper we look for the domains minimizing the h-th eigenvalue of the Dirichlet-Laplacian $\lambda$ h with a constraint on the diameter. Existence of an optimal domain is easily obtained, and is attained at a constant width body. In the case of a simple eigenvalue, we provide non standard (i.e., non local) optimality conditions. Then we address the question whether or not the disk is an optimal domain in the plane, and we give the precise list of the 17 eigenvalues for which the disk is a local minimum. We conclude by some numerical simulations showing the 20 first optimal domains in the plane.


We study theoretical properties of block solvers for the eigenvalue problem. Despite a recent surge of interest in such eigensolver analysis, truly block solvers have received relatively less attention, in contrast to the majority of studies concentrating on vector versions and non-truly block versions that rely on the deflation strategy. In fact, truly block solvers are more widely deployed in practice by virtue of its simplicity without compromise on accuracy. However, the corresponding theoretical analysis remains inadequate for first-order solvers, as only local and kth gap-dependent rates of convergence have been established thus far. This paper is devoted to revealing significantly better or asyet-unknown theoretical properties of such solvers. We present a novel convergence analysis in a unified framework for three types of first-order Riemannian solvers, i.e., deterministic, vanilla stochastic, and stochastic with variance reduction, that are to find top-k eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix, in full generality. In particular, the issue of zero gaps between eigenvalues, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, is explicitly considered for these solvers, which brings new understandings, e.g., the dependence of convergence on gaps other than the k-th one. We thus propose the concept of generalized k-th gap. Three types of solvers are proved to converge to a globally optimal solution at a global, generalized k-th gap-dependent, and linear or sub-linear rate. ∗Corresponding author. Proceedings of the 21 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2018, Lanzarote, Spain. PMLR: Volume 84. Copyright 2018 by the author(s).


We report the first hybrid mode-locking of a monolithic two-section multiple quantum well InGaN based laser diode. This device, with a length of 1.5 mm, has a 50-μmlong absorber section located at the back facet and generates a continuous stable 28.6 GHz pulse train with an average output power of 9.4 mW at an emission wavelength of 422 nm. Under hybrid mode-locking, the pulse width reduces to 4 ps, the peak power increases to 72 mW, and the microwave linewidth reduces by 13 dB to <;500 kHz. We also observe the passive mode-locking with pulse width and peak power of 8 ps and 37 mW, respectively.


Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and land-derived input time series were generated from the Gulf of Lions inner-shelf sediments (NW Mediterranean Sea) using alkenones and high-molecular-weight odd-carbon numbered n-alkanes (TERR-alkanes), respectively. The SST record depicts three main phases: a warm Early Holocene (∼ 18 ± 0.4 °C) followed by a cooling of ∼ 3 °C between 7000 and 1000 BP, and rapid warming from ∼ 1850 AD onwards. Several superimposed multi-decadal to centennial-scale cold events of ∼ 1 °C amplitude were also identified. TERR-alkanes were quantified in the same sedimentary horizons to identify periods of high Rhone River discharge and compare them with regional flood reconstructions. Concentrations show a broad increase from the Early Holocene towards the present with a pronounced minimum around 2500 BP and large fluctuations during the Late Holocene. Comparison with Holocene flood activity reconstructions across the Alps region suggests that sediments of the inner shelf originate mainly from the Upper Rhone River catchment basin and that they are primarily delivered during positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).


The central goal of this paper is to show that (some) relative pronouns in Bavarian German are better analysed as agreeing complementizers of sorts, and that this is a process fed by topicalization. More specifically, taking my cue from Felix (1985), I provide an alternative analysis to the construction Das ist der Kerl, den wenn ich erwisch erschlag ich 'This is the guy who I'll slay if I catch him', which Felix analyses as a parasitic gap construction, whereby the second empty category (the parasitic gap in Felix's terms), namely the object of erschlag , has been licensed by the postulated trace of den 'who' in the if -clause. The alternative analysis I offer is motivated by theoretical and empirical problems with Felix's approach. The very fact that the so-called "relative pronoun" in the construction under investigation must appear in the left edge of the if -clause suggests that this element never leaves this clause. This is indeed what I propose. The crucial ingredients of my analysis are: (i) Bavarian (but not Standard German) has a recursive CP, where the (VP-adjoined) if -clause has moved to the specifier position of the final CP, thereby triggering inversion (i.e. verb movement to C0), much like in English (cf. Emonds 1969, 1970, 1976); (ii) the so-called 'relative pronoun' is in fact an agreeing complementizer of sorts; and (iii) the 'parasitic gap' is a null resumptive pronoun.


We solve the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian with time-dependent coupling parameters under the dipole and rotating-wave approximations for a three-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) single-mode cavity with a sufficiently high-quality Q factor. We then exploit the results to show how to create a maximally entangled state of two atoms and how to implement several quantum logic gates: a dual-rail Hadamard gate, a dual-rail NOT gate, and a SWAP gate. The atoms in all of these operations are syncronized, which is not the case in previous studies of PCs [J. Mod. Opt.48, 1495 (2001); Eur. Phys. J. D10, 285 (2000); Eur. Phys. J. D18, 247 (2002)]. Our method has the potential for extension to N-atom entanglement, universal quantum logic operations, and the implementation of other useful, cavity QED-based quantum information processing tasks.


In 1842, an impressionable 21 year-old named Friedrich Engels was despatched by his industrialist father from his native Germany to the city of Manchester, England, in order to learn the practices of sound factory management, and in particular, how to extract maximum value from the proletariat. The outcome of that particular parental decision was not what was intended. Engels was so horrified by the abysmal living conditions of the working class labourers of the Manchester cotton mills that his destiny as a cotton lord was arrested and the seeds of communist theory were sewn. As the historian Jonathan Schofield remarked in 2006, "without Manchester, there would have been no Soviet Union, and the history of the 20 th century would have been very different" (Jaffries, 2006, n.p.). Engels is of course most famous for his astonishingly productive and profoundly influential collaborations with Karl Marx, and for the poignant eloquence of his masterpiece The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845). The purpose of this special issue, however is to engage with three articles Engels wrote in 1872 for Der Volkstaat , which were published that year as a pamphlet entitled The Housing Question .


Twenty-three patients with primary salivary gland lymphoma were diagnosed between 1990 and 2001. The sites of involvement were the parotid gland in 13, the submandibular gland in 9 and the minor salivary gland in 1. The sites of lymphoma involvement beyond the salivary glands were the cervical lymph nodes in 7, bone marrow in 3, the axillary lymph nodes in 3, the nasopharynx in 2, the abdominal lymph nodes in 2, the palate, the subconjunctiva, and the spleen in 1 each patient. Histologically, 19 patients had lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) with myoepithelial sialadenitis in 13, 3 patients had diffuse large cell lymphomas and 1 had follicular lymphoma. Six patients were in stage I, 4 in II, 1 in III and 12 in IV. Eight of 23 patients (35%) had autoimmune diseases before or after the diagnosis of NHL and all suffered from MALT lymphoma. Four patients with parotid MALT lymphoma had primary or secondary Sjögren's syndrome. One each patient suffered from hyperthyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and cryoglobulinemia, respectively. All the 6 stage I patients had achieved complete remission (CR) without relapses 17–84 months (median 44 months) after treatment. Excluding a stage IV patient with follicular lymphoma who died at 3.5 months without treatment, CR was achieved in all of the remaining 16 patients. However, a high relapse rate (9/16, 56%) was noted in stage II–IV patients. These patients tended to relapse in the original sites, but achieved CR again after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. One patient with MALT lymphoma developed histologic transformation into diffuse large lymphoma during relapse and died of refractory disease. Overall, only 2 patients succumbed. The overall survival and relapse-free survival rates at 5 years were 94.7 and 51.4%, respectively. Thus, salivary gland lymphoma proved to be an indolent disease.


A growing number of disturbing incidents involving minors as victims of sexual solicitation, assault and even murder have been traced to a fairly new type of Internet communication, social networking sites. These sites, hugely popular with teens, provide unique and largely independent and unsupervised channels of self expression and socialization for children. Yet the sites also present real dangers to today's youth, the most serious being child victimization by sexual predators. To understand the magnitude of the issue this Article begins by defining what social networks are, explaining how they work and tracing their ever increasing popularity. Millions of users have already registered with these social networking sites with thousands more being added daily. The social networking craze is even being adopted in the business and entertainment world and will likely be transferred to other technologies in the near future. As currently operated, social networking sites provide a vehicle for adolescents to engage in destructive and risky behaviors leading to harmful and often permanent physical and psychological damage. The Article explores the benefits and the dangers associated with these sites including disclosure of personal information, addiction, risky sexual behavior, cyber-bullying, dangerous communities, and cyber-threats. Harassment, sexual solicitation and exploitation of children produce chronic and reoccurring effects on its victims including depression, anger, guilt and other post traumatic stress symptoms. Current legal and educational efforts have been ineffective. Despite the risks teens continue to engage in risky behaviors. A review of current literature explains adolescent decision making and causes of risk taking. The findings on adolescent risk-taking justify revising current approaches to keeping children safe while using social networking sites. To be effective, solutions seeking to change behavior must be based on the type and cause of risk taking behavior. Although well-intentioned, many proposed solutions, grounded in law and education, fail to incorporate these theories. As a result, these proposals are unlikely to modify certain teens' risky behavior. The Article concludes by offering additional solutions for keeping children safe based on current research. A multi-faceted approach is necessary based on different causes of risk taking. Social networking sites should be encouraged to segregate different age groups but the burden should not be theirs alone. To further promote segregating age groups, children and adults should be punished for misrepresenting their age when registering on social networking sites. Record companies used a fear of punishment strategy when deciding to sue individual file sharers for copyright infringement. Only when the risk of punishment outweighed the benefits of the peer-to-peer sharing option did behavior change. These results offer hope that a similar strategy with social networking sites may be effective in changing teens' behavior. Finally, legal regulations, although relatively simplistic, cannot be the sole answer. Changing behavior will require not only laws and threat of punishment but also education components. Education can help change behavior by providing teens and parents with raw information about the technology and its risks. When designing Internet safety campaigns, policy makers and industry officials should pay careful attention to lessons learned from previous studies of ad campaigns on other behaviors. But providing information alone may not change any behavior and in some cases may encourage the behavior we want to discourage. Therefore education is also needed that helps create social norms or a moral climate that keeps children safe and discourage the types of behavior discussed in this Article.


The title of this article: "Study on Social Cohesion of the Salafi group in Banyumas". The purpose of this study was to determine and find out on social cohesion in the group of Salafi. The methods of this research was used by qualitative approach and its analysis of data using interactive methods. Results from this study: 1) That the Salafist Group came in Banyumas region   approximately the 1980s. Formally, this group has no organization, so they do not have a leader, despite having members of the congregation. If a person be a leader, then the informal nature, and designated are their teachers. 2) Salafi groups are hard to get back to the Qur'an and Sunnah and follow what is done by the as-Salaf as- Ṣā li ḥ (السلف الصالح ) as generation of Companions, Tabi'in and Tabi'it Tabi'in in conducting all activities of life; 3) The social cohesion within the Salafi group is so strong. It is caused by the similarity in following the teachings of which are known to them, recognition of the truths taught by their teachers, and intellectual relationship (study) conducted with its members continuously and do not want to learn except to their teachers.


The purpose of this paper was to compare physical properties of conventional particleboard bonded with varying amounts of UF and PMDI resin and to examine the effect of mat moisture content (MC), wax content and platen temperature on their bonding efficiency, as determined by internal bond strength. It was found that PMDI not only gave superior board properties compared with the UF, but the amount of resin required was reduced considerably as well. The MC of the mat and the platen temperature did not significantly affect the bonding efficiency of PMDI bonded boards, but the bonding efficiency of UF bonded boards were influenced. The inclusion of 1% wax significantly affected the bonding efficiency of both resins, however the loss in strength was higher in UF than in PMDI bonded boards.


In this paper we study the variance of the Euler totient function (normalized to $\varphi(n)/n$) in the integers $\mathbb{Z}$ and in the polynomial ring $\mathbb{F}_q[T]$ over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$. It turns out that in $\mathbb{Z}$, under some assumptions, the variance of the normalized Euler function becomes constant. This is supported by several numerical simulations. Surprisingly, in $\mathbb{F}_q[T]$, $q\rightarrow \infty$, the analogue does not hold: due to a high amount of cancellation, the variance becomes inversely proportional to the size of the interval.


This paper presents a study and design of tunable concurrent dual-band receiver. Different system architectures and building blocks have been compared and analyzed. A tunable concurrent dual-band receiver front end has then been fabricated and characterized. It operates across a tri-tave 6-18 GHz bandwidth with a nominal 17-25 dB conversion gain, worst-case -15 dBm IIP3, and worst-case -24.5 dBm ICP 1 dB.


Course choice is an important part of the progression of transforming a potential student into a successful undergraduate. Yet the processes and materials of course choice have attracted little attention, it being assumed that the activity will involve an adviser discussing choices and directions with a potential students using course descriptions. Such discussions are expensive and there is evidence that potential students do not always take advice. In any case vulnerable students are often the least able to access guidance and tension between the recruitment and retention functions of course descriptions may make a course appear more accessible than it is. This paper argues that course descriptions are inadequate to describe a course and that other materials are needed. These other materials are diagnostic, preview or 'taster' materials and students' views. Such materials have a vital role to play in ensuring that students get onto the right course for them thereby increasing their chances of retention. Courses will need such a 'set of competing perspectives' to describe them to any degree of accuracy. There is also evidence that such materials have a demystifying effect on potential students' perception of courses, enhancing their self confidence in the possibility of their ultimate success


Building a complete 3D model of a scene, given only a single depth image, is underconstrained. To gain a full volumetric model, one needs either multiple views, or a single view together with a library of unambiguous 3D models that will fit the shape of each individual object in the scene. We hypothesize that objects of dissimilar semantic classes often share similar 3D shape components, enabling a limited dataset to model the shape of a wide range of objects, and hence estimate their hidden geometry. Exploring this hypothesis, we propose an algorithm that can complete the unobserved geometry of tabletop-sized objects, based on a supervised model trained on already available volumetric elements. Our model maps from a local observation in a single depth image to an estimate of the surface shape in the surrounding neighborhood. We validate our approach both qualitatively and quantitatively on a range of indoor object collections and challenging real scenes.


Physical products, from toasters and lawnmowers to infant car seats and toys to meat and drugs, are routinely inspected and regulated for safety. Credit products, like mortgage loans and credit cards, on the other hand, are left largely unregulated, even though they can also be unsafe. Because financial products are analyzed through a contract paradigm rather than a products paradigm, consumers have been left with unsafe credit products. These dangerous products can lead to financial distress, bankruptcy and foreclosure, and, as evidenced by the recent subprime crisis, they can have devastating effects on communities and on the economy. In this Article, we use the physical products analogy to build a case, supported by both theory and data, for comprehensive safety regulation of consumer credit. We then examine the current state of consumer credit regulation, explaining why the current regulatory regime has systematically failed to provide meaningful safety regulations. We propose a fundamental restructuring of this regime, urging the creation of a new federal regulator that will have both the authority and the incentives to police the safety of consumer credit products.


As the modern business environment becomes increasingly dynamic, businesses have had to become more responsive to changes in the marketplace. This has led to the increasing prominence of employment agencies which is organizations that help businesses manage their shifting labor requirements by sourcing labor based of their clients' needs. Consultant managers work for employment agencies to manage both the sourced labor the agency provides and the labor needs of the client organization. Managing the dual stakeholder interests of these two groups is an integral part of the consultant manager's role. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of a consultant manger and to identify if conflicts exist because of the dual interests of the two stakeholder groups and if so what these conflicts are and how consultant managers handle them. This study is qualitative and semi-structured, interviews were conducted with five consulting managers who are working in three different employment agencies in Stockholm. To analyze the empirical material Sennett's (2000) theory about flexibility, parts of Goffman's (2009) dramaturgical perspective and the concept of "dual commitment" has been used as analytical tools. The result of the study has mainly shown us that consultant managers find it difficult to effectively manage the needs of their contracted labor force due to the separation of workplaces. We have also identified that it is hard for consultant managers to manage both of the interests of the clients and the workers since they sometimes conflict with each other. The study shows that in incidences of conflicts of interests, resolution is in most case biased towards the interest of the client organization to the detriment of the contracted labor.


Industrial enterprises analysts and/or designers should be aware of the impact of complexity in their organisations, although they are often defined as being complex. Nowadays, the researchers focused their attention on design for manufacturing, design for assembly, design for cost or design for quality, design for X, etc. they did not mention design for complexity as an important issue especially during the existing global financial crisis. Design for complexity is a systemic approach that simultaneously considers optimising design objectives (i.e. minimise complexity level), variables (parameters) and constraints. This paper includes how to present the concepts of complexity to guide industrial enterprises analysts and designers with the most effective issues and perspective strategies for analysing, planning and eliminating complexity to satisfy design of industrial enterprises. Based on these aspects, the complexity levels will be analysed and evaluated through identifying four major issues: design for vision complexity, design for system structure, design for operating complexity and design for evaluating complexity. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide the industrial enterprises designers with such complexity information. This analysis shows that the design for complexity is a huge task and should be optimised and taken into considerations when designing an industrial enterprise.


In the recent years, several technical solutions have been developed that allow Bandwidth-on-Demand services to be offered by service providers. In the context of the European academic networks, the technical feasibility of such services has been demonstrated on several occasions. The move from a research activity to a production service presents further requirements in addition to the overcoming of technical challenges. Most notably, apart from organization of day-to-day operations, financial issues have to be solved. These relate to sharing the costs of a service that is delivered jointly by independent organizations. The main cost factors are operations staff as well as network resources that are purchased for on-demand use. Moreover, the financial issues also include pricing models for use of the service use as well as the distribution of the revenues among the participating organizations. The present paper considers this fundamental BoD scenario together with key challenges in detail, before discussing the general approach for specifying a cost/pricing model.