Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology guides readers through the scientific concepts of exercise physiology with highly visual, easy-to-follow content. The text applies complex concepts of physiology to exercise program design, giving personal trainers, strength and conditioning specialists, and other health and fitness professionals an accessible resource to use with their clients. Written specifically for those in the fitness industry, the text covers various training goals and considerations when working with clients and athletes at all levels.
 This guide takes an application-based approach in describing intricate physiological processes so that professionals can select and explain the appropriate exercises and physical activity regimens for clients. The text is complemented by medical artwork that puts complex systems in a digestible visual context. These systems are then applied to real-world practice through explanations of exercises that are beneficial to specific body systems and instructions on combining various exercises to achieve the desired results.
 Part I of Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology is a review of the fundamentals of physiology, including muscles and muscle adaptation, bioenergetics, and the cardiorespiratory system. It also details the various activities and processes that contribute to fatigue. Part II applies and expands on this information to address the design of training programs for achieving specific goals. These goals include increasing muscle mass and strength; losing weight; and developing speed, power, and aerobic endurance. Finally, part III addresses adaptations and special considerations of these training programs, including adjustments for changes in altitude or temperature and considerations for special populations such as children, older adults, and pregnant women.
 Alongside the content and illustrations, Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology includes tools that apply concepts to everyday practice:
 • Factoid boxes engage readers with additional facts about the human body and its response to training.
 • Sidebars throughout the text pinpoint current topics of concern so that personal trainers and fitness professionals can prepare for and respond to these issues.
 • An index of common questions from clients is an easy reference on client education.
 • Sample training programs illustrate how the scientific concepts that guide program design are used in practice.
 Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology contains all the necessary information for new and current personal trainers and fitness professionals. Readers will gain confidence in designing exercise programs for various populations and the ability to explain to clients how each exercise and movement will help them achieve their goals.


The design of multifunctional materials offers great potential for numerous applications in areas ranging from biomaterial science to structural engineering. Functionally graded microstructures (e.g., polymeric foams) are those whose porosity (i.e., ratio of the void to the solid volume of a material) is engineered to meet specific requirements such as a superior mechanical, thermal, and acoustic behavior. The controlled distribution of pores within the matrix, as well as their size, wall thickness, and interconnectivity are directly linked to the porous materials properties. There are emerging design and analysis methods of cellular materials but their physical use is restricted by current manufacturing technologies. Although a huge variety of foams can be manufactured with homogeneous porosity, for heterogeneous foams there are no generic processes for controlling the distribution of porosity throughout the resulting matrix. This paper describes work to develop an innovative and flexible process for manufacturing engineered cellular structures. Ultrasound was applied during specific foaming stages of a polymeric (polyurethane) melt, and this affected both the cellular architecture and distribution of the pore size, resulting in a controlled distribution that can be designed for specific purposes, once the polymeric foam solidified. The experimental results demonstrate that porosity (i.e., volume fraction) varies in direct proportion to the acoustic pressure magnitude of the ultrasonic signal.


Abstract This is Not a Seminar (TINAS) is a multidisciplinary forum established in 2012 at Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Australia to support practice-led and practice-based Higher Degree by Research students. The Faculty of Education and Arts at ECU includes cohorts of postgraduate research students in, for example, performance, design, writing and visual arts. We established the TINAS programme to assist postgraduate research students in connecting their creative practices to methodological, theoretical and conceptual approaches whilst fostering an atmosphere of rapport across creative disciplines. The pilot programme conducted for six months in 2012 comprised dialogues with experienced creative researchers; critical reading sessions on practice-led theory; and workshops in journaling, ethics and copyright. This article is a reflection on the strengths and limitations of TINAS and future projections. More than an additional teaching and learning service, the programme has become a vital forum for creative dialogue.


Are difficult decisions best made after a momentary diversion of thought? Previous research addressing this important question has yielded dozens of experiments in which participants were asked to choose the best of several options (e.g., cars or apartments) either after conscious deliberation, or after a momentary diversion of thought induced by an unrelated task. The results of these studies were mixed. Some found that participants who had first performed the unrelated task were more likely to choose the best option, whereas others found no evidence for this so-called unconscious thought advantage (UTA). The current study examined two accounts of this inconsistency in previous findings. According to the reliability account, the UTA does not exist and previous reports of this effect concern nothing but spurious effects obtained with an unreliable paradigm. In contrast, the moderator account proposes that the UTA is a real effect that occurs only when certain conditions are met in the choice task. To test these accounts, we conducted a meta-analysis and a large-scale replication study (N = 399) that met the conditions deemed optimal for replicating the UTA. Consistent with the reliability account, the large-scale replication study yielded no evidence for the UTA, and the meta-analysis showed that previous reports of the UTA were confined to underpowered studies that used relatively small sample sizes. Furthermore, the results of the large-scale study also dispelled the recent suggestion that the UTA might be gender-specific. Accordingly, we conclude that there exists no reliable support for the claim that a momentary diversion of thought leads to better decision making than a period of deliberation.


We consider the problem of estimating the underlying graph associated with a Markov random field, with the added twist that the decoding algorithm can iteratively choose which subsets of nodes to sample based on the previous samples, resulting in an active learning setting. Considering both Ising and Gaussian models, we provide algorithm-independent lower bounds for high-probability recovery within the class of degree-bounded graphs. Our main results are minimax lower bounds for the active setting that match the best known lower bounds for the passive setting, which in turn are known to be tight in several cases of interest. Our analysis is based on Fano's inequality, along with novel mutual information bounds for the active learning setting, and the application of restricted graph ensembles. While we consider ensembles that are similar or identical to those used in the passive setting, we require different analysis techniques, with a key challenge being bounding a mutual information quantity associated with observed subsets of nodes, as opposed to full observations.


Hardbound. In the plant kingdom a variety of chemical constituents occur in a glycoside form (conjugation with sugar). Glycosides are important, secondary metabolites. The structural diversity is a result of the vast amount of varieties and stereochemical configurations of the sugar component. Aglycones belong to terpenoid, steroid, flavonoid, quinonoid, lignan, other simple phenolics, and isothiocyanate. However, biological activities of glycosides are, in many cases, susceptible to the nature of sugar moieties, even though their aglycone is the same.Since the 80s, plant glycosides have been attracting an increasing volume of interest from botanists and phytochemists world-wide for the following reasons: - They are difficult to isolate and purify- They have a very important biological function in plant life and remarkable biological activities- They are a very important resource of natural medicine, health food, cosmetics and f


Step on the field and begin playing in no time! In Lacrosse Essentials, you'll learn the fundamentals of the sport through sequential instructions, detailed photo sequences, and expert advice from coaching legend Jack Kaley and longtime coach Rich Donovan.
 Lacrosse Essentials takes you inside the game, covering these essential skills and strategies:
 • Passing
 • Catching
 • Shooting
 • Riding
 • Clearing
 • Goaltending
 In addition to mastering the fundamentals, you'll be challenged to expand your repertoire of skills and use those techniques and tactics for a competitive advantage. The many activities and drills will speed learning and improve performance. You'll also get the latest information on offensive and defensive strategies, systems, and situational play to take your game to the next level.
 Lacrosse Essentials is the best—and quickest—way to learn, practice, and play the great sport of lacrosse.


We demonstrate the collapse of a continuum of transverse modes in a self-imaging ring resonator that is photorefractively pumped. The resulting localized mode has an arbitrary transverse location. The mode collapse results from placing saturable photorefractive gain and loss media in spatially conjugate resonator planes. The transverse position of the localized mode is unstable under small cavity misalignments, and it drifts across the transverse aperture while retaining its spatial form.


Hospital clothing for both patients and staff can be seen as a part of the environment due to cover requirements for good hygiene, procedures, and treatments including the care of the patient. Another reason for patient clothing is to signal equality in relation to care needs and to represent a basis for equivalent treatment. The clothing also facilitates control within the healthcare system since patients, visitors and staff can all be readily identified. From this point of view, patient clothing can contribute to objectification with a focus on disease and symptoms, and by doing so also contributes to optimal treatment of ill health. In general, clothing can be viewed as an embodiment of the self, closely associated with the individual's identity, personality, self-esteem and self-confidence. Selfperception is usually rooted in a healthy existence. In contrast, wearing hospital clothing may diminish personal identity and may contribute to the adoption of passive and dependent patient and illness-related behavior. Such a self-image may lead to an attitude that may impede well-being and the healing process. Patient clothing may also impact the relationship between patients, doctors and nursing staff. How and to what extent patient clothing affects the healing process and care and treatment relationships is unclear. The overarching purpose of this article is to discuss the relationships and role allocation created between patients and hospital staff when patients wear hospital clothing and by extension, the type of care provided and whether the potential for recovery of health is affected.


Elements incorporated into developing hard parts of planktonic larvae record the environmental conditions experienced during growth. These chemical signatures, termed elemental fingerprints, potentially allow for reconstruction of locations of larvae. Here, we have demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of this approach for bivalve shells. We have determined the spatial scale over which we are able to discriminate chemical signatures in mussels in southern California and characterized the temporal stability of these signals. Early settlers of Mytilus californianus and Mytilus galloprovincialis were collected from eight sites in southern California. Shells were analyzed for nine isotopes using laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). We discriminated among mussels collected in two bays and the open coast using Mn, Pb, and Ba shell concentrations. Shell concentrations of Pb and Sr were sufficiently different to discriminate between mussels from the northern and southern regions of the open coast, each representing approximately 20 km of coastline. These signals were relatively stable on monthly and weekly time scales. These results indicate that trace elemental fingerprinting of shell material is a promising technique to track bivalve larvae moving between bays and the open coast or over along‐shore scales on the order of 20 km. Identification of spatial variation in elemental fingerprints that is stable over time represents a crucial step in enhancing our ability to understand larval transport and population connectivity in invertebrates.


One large focus of personality psychology is to understand the biopsychosocial factors responsible for adult personality development and well-being change. However, little is known about how macro-level contextual factors, such as rurality-urbanicity, are related to personality development and well-being change. The present study uses data from two large longitudinal studies of U.S. Americans (MIDUS, HRS) to examine whether there are rural-urban differences in levels and changes in the Big Five personality traits and well-being (i.e., psychological well-being, life satisfaction) in adulthood. Multilevel models showed that Americans who lived in more rural areas tended to have lower levels of openness, conscientiousness, and psychological well-being, and higher levels of neuroticism. With the exception of psychological well-being (which replicated across MIDUS and HRS), rural-urban differences in personality traits were only evident in the HRS sample. The effect of neuroticism was fully robust to the inclusion of socio-demographic and social network covariates, but other effects were partially robust (i.e., conscientiousness, openness) or were not robust at all (i.e., psychological well-being). In both samples, there were no rural-urban differences in Big Five or well-being change. We discuss the implications of these findings for personality and rural health research.


According to the Communications Decency Act of 1996, a provider of an interactive computer service cannot be held liable for publishing a defamatory statement made by another party. In addition, the service provider cannot be held liable for refusing to remove the statement from its service. This article postulates that such immunity from producer and distributor liability is a suspect public policy, and argues that the statute should be amended to include a broad definition of "development" and a "take-down and put-back" provision.


The River Miera occupies a limestone valley in the centre of Cantabria, northern Spain. Its archaeological record, which was poorly known previously, was studied in depth during two seasons of archaeological surveying whose results are published in this volume. The information obtained allows the reconstruction, albeit with certain gaps, of the evolution, over more than 100ka, in the way human societies adapted to the varied landscape, from the rich coastal platform to the poor inland limestone mountains. The existence of similar studies in neighbouring valleys, the Ason and the Saja, enables the determination of small differences in each archaeological period.


The elemental ratios of marine phytoplankton emerge from complex interactions between the biotic and abiotic components of the ocean, and reflect the plastic response of individuals to changes in their environment. The stoichiometry of phytoplankton is, thus, dynamic and dependent on the physiological state of the cell. We present a theoretical model for the dynamics of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of a phytoplankton population. By representing the regulatory processes controlling nutrient uptake, and focusing on the relation between nutrient content and protein synthesis, our model qualitatively replicates existing experimental observations for nutrient content and ratios. The population described by our model takes up nutrients in proportions that match the input ratios for a broad range of growth conditions. In addition, there are two zones of single-nutrient limitation separated by a wide zone of co-limitation. Within the co-limitation zone, a single point can be identified where nutrients are supplied in an optimal ratio. When different species compete, the existence of a wide co-limitation zone implies a more complex pattern of coexistence and exclusion compared to previous model predictions. However, additional comprehensive laboratory experiments are needed to test our predictions. Our model contributes to the understanding of the global cycles of oceanic nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the elemental ratios of these nutrients in phytoplankton populations.


FDI (foreign direct investment) of Swedbank in Ukraine is an example of unsuccessful investment in transition economies. The Case Study is presented in relation with Swedbank's internationalization strategy and rapidly changing investment environment in transition economies and globally. Learning objectives include helping students to develop analytical skills in order to understand how political, economic, financial and social factors effect internalization strategy through FDI. The Case Study should help students to understand the importance of an appropriate long-term strategy of a firm entering transition economies, understand the investment environment of a foreign country and choose the best course of action for a distressed firm considering alternative scenarios. Lessons learned from the Case Study can be beneficial for students studying international business, but also for future decision-makers that would be acting in complex environments under rapidly changing situations. The author developed the Case from secondary sources: Swedbank's annual reports and press-releases, information published by multilateral organizations and government agencies, research from investment banking houses and reputable news agencies. This Case is written solely for educational purposes and is not intended to analyze successful or unsuccessful internalization strategy through FDI in transition economies.


The effects of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) were investigated on biological parameters of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Linnaeus 1758) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared on hosts treated with 50 to 10,000 ppm of IAA in their diet. Percent fecundity of first generation of G. mellonella females increased by 12% at 50 ppm whereas the most effective decrease, by >33%, was observed at 5,000 ppm. Percent fertility decreased by >20% at 1,000 ppm. All treatments displayed ±5% variations when compared to controls except for a >20% increase in corrected percent sterility at 1,000 ppm. The results did not reveal any considerable effect of IAA on egg hatching, larval and pupal developmental, or adult emergence times. The most striking effect observed was a decline in second generation pupal developmental time by >47% at 1,000 and 10,000 ppm. No dose-wise alterations were observed in adult longevity, weight, size and female sex ratio of G. mellonella. Treatment with IAA caused a slight prolongation in adult emergence and decrease in longevity of P. turionellae reared on hosts; longevity of wasps declined by >27% at higher doses. Neither wasp size nor weight displayed significant changes upon IAA treatment.


This study proposes a method for assessing the risk of ship hull collapse following a collision. A probabilistic approach is applied to establish the relationship between the exceedance probability of collision and the residual ultimate longitudinal strength index. A set of credible collision scenarios which represent the entire range of possible collision accidents is selected using a sampling technique based on probability density distributions of influencing parameters. The amount and location of collision damage for selected individual collision scenarios are characterised using the LS-DYNA nonlinear finite element method. The ultimate hull girder strength of a ship with predefined collision damage is then calculated using the ALPS/HULL intelligent supersize finite element method. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, applied examples are given, involving collisions with a hypothetical Suezmax-class double-hull oil tanker. Based on the results, design formulations for predicting the residual strength index of damaged ship hulls are derived in an empirical manner. The examples show that the proposed method will be very useful for evaluating the risk of collapse of a ship's hull after sustaining collision damage, which may contribute to a collision risk-based design framework. Moreover, the method will be useful in rescue and salvage operations immediately after a collision by permitting a rapid assessment of the structural safety of a damaged ship.


Excerpt] The 112th Congress has a full legislative and oversight agenda on international trade. The agenda so far has included approval of legislation to implement free trade agreements with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea, and may take up enhanced enforcement of U.S. trade agreements, as well as Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) status, oversight of the World Trade Organization's Doha Round, and trade relations with China. This report provides information and context for many of these topics. It is intended to assist members and staff who may be new to trade issues. This report is divided into four sections in a question-and-answer format: trade concepts; U.S. trade performance; formulation of U.S. trade policy; and trade and investment issues. Additional suggested readings are provided in an appendix.


Structural Silicone Glazing (SSG) is a curtain walling method that utilizes silicone sealants to adhere glass, ceramic, metal or composite panels to supporting framing members by means of a peripheral adhesive joint. In SSG curtain walls, silicone sealants serve not only as a weather seal, but also act as a structural bonding element, eliminating the need for exterior retainers and covers.
The paper discusses some essential findings of two recent research studies on the durability and service life of structural silicone glazing sealants and structures. The first study demonstrates, that specimens of a first generation 2-part silicone sealant taken from a SSG facade after 23+2 years of real life successfully passed the European ETAG002-1 performance criteria for residual strength. In a second study, a new performance-based durability test method was developed in partnership with the Federal Institute for Materials Research Berlin/Germany (BAM). This method is based on simultaneously exposing system test specimens to artificial weathering and complex, multiaxial mechanical loadings. 2-part structural silicone sealants of the first and of the second generation where subjected to this test, which is considered to correspond to an anticipated service life of 50 years.


Nearly three billion people in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (the Energy Poor) face daily hardships due to lack of modern energy for cooking, heating, sanitation, lighting, transportation, and basic mechanical power. Despite their minimal greenhouse gas emissions, the Energy Poor will be disproportionately burdened by the floods, droughts, rising sea levels, and other disturbances caused by climate change. Although climate change has been framed as an issue of climate debt and climate justice, the plight of the Energy Poor has received short shrift in the climate change negotiations. Will efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions consign the Energy Poor to perpetual deprivation? This chapter argues that the climate change negotiations represent a unique opportunity for affluent countries to mitigate climate change, repay the climate debt, and foster climate justice and energy justice by financing the provision of clean renewable energy to the Energy Poor. The black carbon emitted in the burning of biomass by the Energy Poor results in millions of deaths per year due to indoor air pollution (primarily among women and children), and constitutes the second most significant contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide. Dependence on biomass for energy also ravages local ecosystems and accelerates deforestation. The cost of reducing black carbon emissions is minimal relative to other greenhouse gases, and the benefits are enormous because black carbon is a highly potent greenhouse gas that dissipates in as little as one week if emissions cease. Financing the provision of clean, renewable energy to the world's Energy Poor will enhance their well-being, fulfill their human rights, produce an immediate decline in black carbon, and promote low-emission alternatives to the dominant fossil-fuel based development paradigm. A justice-centered approach to climate change and energy poverty should recognize the right to energy as an emerging human right and prioritize the provision of appropriate sustainable energy technologies (ASETs) to the Energy Poor, including decentralized electricity generating systems based on solar, wind, and local biodiesel; efficient cookstoves; and solar thermal heating. Decentralized renewable energy will enable the Energy Poor to bypass existing fossil fuel-based energy systems that are cumbersome, expensive, polluting, and vulnerable to capture by national elites. Financing the provision of ASETs to the Energy Poor can therefore foster democratic local control of energy production in addition to mitigating climate change, protecting local ecosystems, fulfilling human rights, and hastening the transition to sustainable energy.


Self-healing in fault tolerant multi-agent systems is the system ability to automatically detect, diagnose, and repair the faults. However, most of the available solutions are fragile in incomplete, uncertain, and dynamic situations. This paper proposes a novel economically inspired self-healing model for fault tolerant Multi-Agent Systems where the agents are self-interested autonomic elements collaborate to achieve fault tolerance as a given high-level objective of the system. It is an effective solution for dynamic situations with a high possibility of uncertainty. The proposed model is in fact toward responding the challenge of negotiation theory for autonomic systems introduced by IBM. In particular, it is an inspiration of general explanation of Communism, Socialism, and Capitalism. Extensive experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed social approach in comparison to the cases of no help situation, using purely redundant components, and helping without using a social value.


ABSTRACT Portraying an unfolding story within an immersive virtual environment (IVE) is difficult: In an IVE, participants can pay attention to and interact with whatever they choose within the scene. Moreover, the decisions taken by virtual characters must appear consistent with their personalities and motivations but also take into account the human participants' actions, whenever relevant. Finally, the results of the interactions should satisfy a pre-established plot. In this article, the authors introduce a new two-part approach that addresses the dilemma regarding freedom of action and narrative.


The project, Revealing the Taboo: A Theatrical Investigation, is a study into theatre
that attempts to break down the barriers between open society and its regulatory
alternative, the area of taboos. Initial motivations for the project were drawn from my
experience as a playwright, exploring themes such as paedophilia and child abuse. My
previous work prompted the question, 'If taboos are revealed from a perspective that
attempts to challenge the social norm, how might that affect the sensitivities of an
audience?'
The exegesis (the theoretical component of the project) presents an extensive
exploration of the relationships taboos have with contemporary theatrical
presentation. Through the exegesis I establish a contemporary definition for taboo in
relation to the theatre, differentiating it from current trends such as Aleks Sierz's
In-Yer-Face' theatre. Set against the theatrical context, I also examine taboo as a current
social norm, incorporating both the sanctions and penalties attracted by those who
deviate from that norm. The exegesis supports the key focus of the project, the
examination and creation of theatre that reveals taboo behaviour from a challenging
perspective, in the process jeopardising the very concept of social norms. This style of
theatre questions the status of certain taboos by reducing the degree of deviance
associated with participation in taboo behaviour. The project identifies and presents a
genre, Theatre of Taboos, and the exegesis examines the construction and
effectiveness of this hypothesised genre. Three areas are particularly examined:
firstly, taboos and incorporation of taboos in the theatre; secondly, cultural
boundaries, limitations and restrictions — sanctions and penalties; and thirdly, the
construction and sensitivities of the contemporary theatrical audience.
The creative component of the project consists of a script presented through theatrical
performance, these complementing and giving life to the notions set out in the
theoretical investigation. The script, Ruled Lines, is an attempt to show a positive
perspective of a taboo relationship between a teacher and their student, revealing
taboos from a perspective that raises awareness of and challenges perceptions of what
might constitute socially-condoned behaviour.


La Bete humaine (1890), the seventeenth novel in the Rougon-Macquart series, is one of Zola's most violent and explicit works. On one level a tale of murder, passion, and possession, it is also a compassionate study of individuals derailed by atavistic forces beyond their control. Zola considered this his 'most finely worked' novel, and in it he powerfully evokes life at the end of the Second Empire in France, where society seemed to be hurtling into the future like the new locomotives and railways it was building. While expressing the hope that human nature evolves through education and gradually frees itself of the burden of inherited evil, he is constantly reminding us that under the veneer of technological progress there remains, always, the beast within. This new translation captures Zola's fast-paced yet deliberately dispassionate style, while the introduction and detailed notes place the novel in its social, historical, and literary context.


Atmospheric aerosols reflect sunlight towards space, cooling Earth, and partially counteracting the greenhouse effect. But, as
 Toon
 discusses in this Perspective, this is not the only way in which aerosols affect climate. Satellite data presented by Rosenfeld on page
 1793
 show substantially reduced precipitation downwind from the pollution source. The mechanisms by which pollution may suppress rain remain poorly understood, and different effects may occur depending on the type of pollution and the atmospheric conditions.


Global ecological problems as well as regional problems require information from a variety of levels of biological organization from single species to ecosystems. Both scientists and decision makers benefit from synthesis of this information, especially when coupled with chemical/physical information. Synthesized information is also more easily communicated to the general public, especially if the minutiae so fascinating to specialists are avoided. However, neither integration nor synthesis should be an afterthought, but should be incorporated into the original project design. A continual flow of information should be maintained during the data gathering stage so that midcourse corrections can be made when significant interactions are discovered. However, if the scientific information conflicts with political ideology, it should not be rejected.


Stochastic gradient descent is the method of choice for large scale optimization of machine learning objective functions. Yet, its performance is greatly variable and heavily depends on the choice of the stepsizes. This has motivated a large body of research on adaptive stepsizes. However, there is currently a gap in our theoretical understanding of these methods, especially in the non-convex setting. In this paper, we start closing this gap: we theoretically analyze in the convex and non-convex settings a generalized version of the AdaGrad stepsizes. We show sufficient conditions for these stepsizes to achieve almost sure asymptotic convergence of the gradients to zero, proving the first guarantee for generalized AdaGrad stepsizes in the non-convex setting. Moreover, we show that these stepsizes allow to automatically adapt to the level of noise of the stochastic gradients in both the convex and non-convex settings, interpolating between $O(1/T)$ and $O(1/\sqrt{T})$, up to logarithmic terms.


NC DETECT emergency department (ED) data were analyzed to assess the impact of applying the BioSense 24-hour rule that combines ED visits into a single visit if the patient ID and facility ID are the same and the earliest recorded times occur within the same 24-hour time frame. 4,822,347 unique ED visits from 2013 NC DETECT data were included in this analysis. Applying the 24-hour rule reduced the overall ED visit count in NC by approximately 1.7%. The percentage of ED visits lost was higher for certain types of visits, e.g. behavioral health, healthcare utilization, GI illness and varied significantly across counties in NC.


A former welfare father from the ghetto of Detroit, Michael Eric Dyson is today a critic, scholar, and ordained Baptist minister who has forged a unique role: he is a compelling spokesman for the concerns of the black community, and also a leader who has a genuine rapport with that community, particularly with urban youth. In his essays, lectures, sermons, and books, he has emerged as one of the leading African-American voices of our day. Dyson's passion for contemporary black culture informs Between God and Gangsta' Rap, his latest foray into the ongoing debate about African-American identity which embraces the hopes of the church and the cool reality of hip-hop. Bringing together writings on music, religion, politics, and identity, and offering a multi-faceted view of black life, the book charts the progress of Dyson's own soul, from his roots in the Detroit ghetto, to his current status as a Baptist minister, professor, cultural critic, husband, and father. Dyson opens with a letter to his brother, who is serving life in prison on a murder charge. This painful piece reveals a violence in the author's own family that sets the tone for themes that will emerge throughout these writings: violence on the black body and soul; the redemptive power of hope through school, church, and family; sexuality as a source of anguish and of joy; and the struggle with entrenched white racism. There is a section of wonderful profiles Dyson calls "Testimonials"-studies of black men, from O.J. Simpson to Marion Barry, and from Baptist preacher Gardner Taylor to Michael Jordan and Sam Cooke. In "Obsessed with O.J.," Dyson offers an extremely personal and insightful series of reflections on the case. In "Lessons," Dyson takes up the subjects of politics and racial identity. Newt Gingrich and moral panic, Quabiliah Shabazz, Carol Moseley Braun, the NAACP, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X all figure in these insightful and accessible pieces. And "Songs of Celebration" draws from Dyson's writings for the popular press such as Rolling Stone and Vibe, and explores the joys and pitfalls of black expression, from the black vernacular bible to gospel music, R & B, and hip-hop. Dyson concludes with an essay framed as a letter to his wife, which offers a positive counterbalance to the opening address to his brother. The letter serves as a tribute to the redemptive powers of love, the black family, spirit, and change. Arguing that the richness of black culture today can be found in the interstices-between god and gangsta' rap-Dyson charts the progress and pain of African Americans over the past decade, showing that brilliance and beauty, pain and drudgery are components of this changing culture. As a compendium of his thinking about contemporary culture Between God and Gangsta' Rap will find a wide audience among black and white readers.


This document presents a concept paper, intended to assist the Andean/Amazon Basin countries to develop proposals, in consultation with indigenous organizations, for 1) the financing of consultations with indigenous peoples and 2) the undertaking of a series of environmental, and socio-cultural activities prior to the governments' calls for bids on oil and gas exploration/development blocks. Although the Initiative is restricted to the hydrocarbon sector, it can be applied more broadly to bids on other similar activities such as mining and forestry resource concessions. Accordingly, it can be seen as a model for other activities and government ministries.


Silica sand is one of the minerals which relatively abundant in Indonesia. One of the areas with abundant of silica sand distribution is the northern coastline of Rupat Island, Bengkalis district, Riau province, Indonesia. The distribution of silica sand in this island identified only on the northern coastline in this island. Some selected sample of silica sand was measured to get the percentage of silica sand mineral's content using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Two adjacent scenes of ALOS PALSAR full-polarimetry were used. The physical properties of silica sand sample such as dielectric constant were measured using dielectric probe kit in the frequency range from 0.3 to 3.0 GHz and used for calculating the backscattering coefficient and the difference characteristics of silica sand with another object. Freeman-Durdeen and Yamaguchi techniques were used to get the scattering decomposition of physical scattering from the incoherent object model based. Surface scattering is the clearest of Scattering decomposition to show silica sand identification compares with other decompositions. From surface scattering, the backscattering coefficient value of silica sand was calculated starting from -59 dB until -52 dB. These values were given by the surface roughness condition, where the roughness is slightly rough planar. The flat condition supported by the grain size of silica sand particles that have almost the same size and shape, that were conducted by using microscopic photograph testing.


Congress could mitigate the problem of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) student bullying by requiring that teachers and school officials report all bullying incidents to their school district administrators. Many school districts are not aware of the prevalence of LGBT bullying and the extent to which each school protects, or fails to protect, its LGBT students compared to other harassed students. LGBT students often encounter difficulty demonstrating that their school district has a policy or custom of deliberate indifference toward their equal treatment when a school does not equally protect an LGBT student from peer-to-peer bullying because of the student's LGBT status. This Note proposes a federal notification law requiring teachers and school officials to report incidents of bullying to school district administrators. This requirement would enable LGBT students and their allies to pressure school districts for equal protection and to litigate if unequal treatment persists. A notification law would provide a basis for such action because it would create direct evidence that the school district was aware of the problem-an essential element in an equal protection cause of action.


Have you ever wanted to design your own website but thought it would be too difficult or didn't know where to start? Have you looked into creating your own web site before but found the amount of information on the Internet too daunting or not geared for your skill set or worse-- just plain boring? Are you interested in learning to program PHP and have some fun along the way? If so, then The Joy of PHP by Alan Forbes is the book for you!! Alan starts with some basic HTML so the absolute beginner can catch up quickly and then goes step by step on how PHP works. You start with the easy stuff--like how to create and run simple PHP scripts that modify web pages-- and then build on what you've learned through a series of cohesive (and fun) exercises that carry over from lesson to lesson. As the chapters progress you begin to build a web site for a growing used car dealership business. This approach keeps the material fun and challenging-- and gives what you've learned a context to be relevant. A car dealership needs a constantly changing web site because the inventory of cars is always changing. HTML is not the answer for this kind of web site-- but PHP and mySQL are! Throughout the book you will be working with the web site for the car dealership and adding features and modifying it as the needs of the business (and your knowledge) grow. This writing style reinforces the previous lessons and keeps you engaged in a "real" project -- giving you both a sense of accomplishment and an opportunity to apply what you've learned to a realistic scenario. You are far more likely to retain what you've learned using this approach than just reading dry syntax documentation. The author has an easy and fun style of writing that teaches you PHP in a simple, matter of fact manner while showing you the most common uses of the commands you need to get the job done. This keeps your learning pace quick and uncluttered. If you need it, he also points you to several resources where you can learn more about the other options a PHP function can offer and-- even better--how to read and understand those resources. If you want to learn the PHP language in an easy, enjoyable, well laid out manner and to learn why PHP and mySQL are so powerful and fun to use then buy this book!! Do not buy this book if you are looking for a comprehensive reference of boring PHP syntax. This book does not attempt to cover everything about PHP. What it does do-- and does well-- is take you from being a beginner who isn't even sure what PHP is to someone who knows the sheer joy that only programming dynamic sites can provide. You will become someone who can read, write, and modify PHP scripts and you will be able make your website come alive. All the source code referenced in the book is available for easy download and also well organized. You don't have to cut and paste out of Kindle or retype code, unless you want to. Topics include: - Installing and configuring PHP - Introduction to HTML - Basic PHP Syntax - Some Fun Right Away - Editors and Staying Organized - Variables, Numbers, Dates and Strings - Control Structures - How to use a database, such as mySQL - Using PHP and mySQL Together - How to create forms to Display, Add, Edit, and Delete data - Session Variables - Working with Images - PHP File Uploads - PHP Quirks and Tips - Security Considerations


General elliptic hypergeometric functions are defined by elliptic hypergeometric integrals. They comprise the elliptic beta integral, elliptic analogues of the Euler-Gauss hypergeometric function and Selberg integral, as well as elliptic extensions of many other plain hypergeometric and $q$-hypergeometric constructions. In particular, the Bailey chain technique, used for proving Rogers-Ramanujan type identities, has been generalized to integrals. At the elliptic level it yields a solution of the Yang-Baxter equation as an integral operator with an elliptic hypergeometric kernel. We give a brief survey of the developments in this field.


Stochastic gradient hard thresholding methods have recently been shown to work favorably in solving large-scale empirical risk minimization problems under sparsity or rank constraint. Despite the improved iteration complexity over full gradient methods, the gradient evaluation and hard thresholding complexity of the existing stochastic algorithms usually scales linearly with data size, which could still be expensive when data is huge and the hard thresholding step could be as expensive as singular value decomposition in rank-constrained problems. To address these deficiencies, we propose an efficient hybrid stochastic gradient hard thresholding (HSG-HT) method that can be provably shown to have sample-size-independent gradient evaluation and hard thresholding complexity bounds. Specifically, we prove that the stochastic gradient evaluation complexity of HSG-HT scales linearly with inverse of sub-optimality and its hard thresholding complexity scales logarithmically. By applying the heavy ball acceleration technique, we further propose an accelerated variant of HSG-HT which can be shown to have improved factor dependence on restricted condition number. Numerical results confirm our theoretical affirmation and demonstrate the computational efficiency of the proposed methods.


Laser pulse shapers parameterized with frequency-domain functions lead to simple single-parameter manipulations of spectral amplitude and spectral phase that can encode Fourier-transformable information in molecular signals. The first method introduced modulates the intensity within an excitation spectrum, while the second and third methods manipulate only the spectral phase. Each method operating on an input transform limited laser pulse reveals a second-harmonic spectrum in qualitative agreement with that obtainable with a Michelson interferometer. Operating on an adaptively discovered laser pulse with a complex spectral phase, all three methods reveal a second-harmonic spectrum that captures the essential control mechanism. Finally, a recently developed visualization tool is used to give insight into how these techniques affect an oscillatory and Fourier-transformable second order signal in molecules following non-resonant two-photon absorption.


This review focuses on the role of physical theory and computational electrochemistry for fundamental understanding, diagnostics and design of new electrochemical materials and operation conditions for energy storage through rechargeable Li ion batteries (LIBs). More particularly, deep insight based on multiscale physical modelling techniques, spanning scales from few atoms to the device level, can advise about the materials behaviour and aging and how components with optimal specifications could be made and how they can be integrated into operating devices. Concepts and different existing multiscale modelling methodologies are presented and some of the ongoing efforts within the community to understand from physical multiscale modelling and numerical simulation electrochemical mechanisms and degradation processes in LIBs are discussed. Finally, major challenges and perspectives in multiscale modelling for battery applications are highlighted.


Pancreatic cancer has become the third leading cause of death from malignant diseases in both the United States and Europe. The incidence of pancreatic cancer is rising. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to basic and clinical research in pancreatic cancer. However, the outcome of pancreatic cancer has been minimally improved over the last thirty years. Such a profound sadness tells us that we should spend more efforts and be more focused on this disease. There had been no scientific journal that is solely focused on the malignant diseases of the pancreas. It is critical to have a media to rapidly disseminate research news and reports within the communities of pancreatic cancer researchers and have a venue to discuss the management strategies for pancreatic cancer among clinicians. This is why we are launching Annals of Pancreatic Cancer .


To detect the presence of antibodies in blood against SARS-CoV-2 in a highly sensitive and specific manner, here we describe a robust, inexpensive ($200), 3D-printable portable imaging platform (TinyArray imager) that can be deployed immediately in areas with minimal infrastructure to read coronavirus antigen microarrays (CoVAMs) that contain a panel of antigens from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-1, MERS, and other respiratory viruses. Application includes basic laboratories and makeshift field clinics where a few drops of blood from a finger prick could be rapidly tested in parallel for the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 with a test turnaround time of only 2–4 h. To evaluate our imaging device, we probed and imaged coronavirus microarrays with COVID-19-positive and negative sera and achieved a performance on par with a commercial microarray reader 100× more expensive than our imaging device. This work will enable large scale serosurveillance, which can play an important role in the months and years to come to implement efficient containment and mitigation measures, as well as help develop therapeutics and vaccines to treat and prevent the spread of COVID-19.


To improve microbial fermentation as an efficient way to sustainably produce green chemicals from renewable resources, novel production organisms are being explored. Extremophiles, in general, and moderate thermophiles in particular, offer important advantages over well-known mesophilic biotechnology hosts, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These advantages include robust performance at temperatures that allow high substrate and product solubility, decreased contamination risk and growth conditions that match with the optimal conditions for enzymes used in saccharification processes, allowing efficient simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. In this review we will evaluate the use of extremophiles for the production of bio-based chemicals, with the main focus on the potential of these organisms for efficient production of bulk products such as platform chemicals. Examples include the application of thermophilic Bacillus and Clostridium species for organic acid production. Furthermore, we will discuss the development of genetic tools for biotechnologically-relevant extremophiles, as this is crucial for optimizing their specific production capacities, as well as for developing them as industrial platform organisms


The current evolution of the Air Traffic Management system towards trajectory-based operations is foreseen to bring large changes to the work domain of the Air Traffic Controller. Although this new form of Air Traffic Control leans heavily on the introduction of advanced automation, the general consensus is that the human must remain actively involved in the decision-making loop, and retain the ultimate responsibility for the safety of operations. These responsibilities, together with the complexities of the new task, require the development of innovative decision support tools. In previous research, and following the principles of Ecological Interface Design, a constraint-based decision support tool has been developed for the task of strategic trajectory manipulation. Rather than presenting discrete optimized solutions to the controller, this Travel Space Representation visualizes the constraints for safe control in the form of a set of `go' and `no go' areas. A validation experiment demonstrated that when using this tool, controllers sometimes opted for controlling close to the boundaries of safe control, or for resolutions in narrow control spaces. These results gave rise to concern that such a representation could actually work against the flexibility of the system to cope with inherent system variability. In this study, a metric and two measures have been developed in order to quantify and compare trajectory-based robustness to probabilistic disturbances. A batch-analysis has been performed to investigate how these measures vary for a crossing pair of aircraft under various geometry. Results show that the metric captures additional information which is currently not represented in the tool. When visualized to the controller, this could support them to choose more robust control strategies.


Background: Health in All Policies (HiAP) is a framework requiring that the promotion of health be embedded in all substantive policy areas to have a comprehensive approach to the health and well-being of local citizens. Purpose: To determine the extent to which the Bloomberg Administration in New York City used an HiAP approach to promote attention to health outcomes in peer agencies (outside the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene) within the city bureaucracy. Methods: Document analysis was completed on a hallmark sustainability plan in New York City, called PlaNYC: the 2007 PlaNYC report, 2011 PlaNYC update, and PlaNYC progress reports from 2008 to 2013. Two coders, using standard qualitative techniques, coded the reports in March and April 2014. The reports were analyzed to gauge the extent to which peer city agencies incorporated health as a policy justification or planned outcome into their initiatives. Results: The analysis shows that New York City has stimulated attention to health outcomes in peer agencies implicitly more than explicitly, that the extent to which peer agencies reference health has increased over time, and that every policy area in PlaNYC has some stated health relevance and health outcomes. Further, New York City appears to have progressed from early to later stages in the maturity model, indicating embedded HiAP. Implications: The results illustrate the feasibility of a comprehensive HiAP initiative and could provide inspiration and direction for other jurisdictions.


'Number sense' is a short-hand for our ability to quickly understand, approximate, and manipulate numerical quantities. My hypothesis is that number sense rests on cerebral circuits that have evolved specifically for the purpose of representing basic arithmetic knowledge. Four lines of evidence suggesting that number sense constitutes a domain-specific, biologically-determined ability are reviewed: the presence of evolutionary precursors of arithmetic in animals; the early emergence of arithmetic competence in infants independently of other abilities, including language; the existence of a homology between the animal, infant, and human adult abilities for number processing; and the existence of a dedicated cerebral substrate. In adults of all cultures, lesions to the inferior parietal region can specifically impair number sense while leaving the knowledge of other cognitive domains intact. Furthermore, this region is demonstrably activated during number processing. I postulate that higher–level cultural devel-opments in arithmetic emerge through the establishment of linkages between this core analogical representation (the 'number line' ) and other verbal and visual representations of number notations. The neural and cognitive organization of those representations can explain why some mathematical concepts are intuitive, while others are so difficult to grasp. Thus, the ultimate foundations of mathematics rests on core representations that have been internalized in our brains through evolution.


Linear block codes in the complex field can be applied in spatial and/or temporal diversity receivers in order to develop high performance schemes for (almost-) blind equalization in mobile communications. The proposed technique uses the structure of the encoded transmitted information (with redundancy) to achieve equalization schemes based on a deterministic criterion. Simulations show that the proposed technique is more efficient than other schemes that follow similar equalizer structures. The result is an algorithm that provides the design of channel equalizers in low EbNo scenarios.


This paper will introduce the goals, concept and results of the project named CLOSE-SEARCH, which stands for 'Accurate and safe EGNOS-SoL Navigation for UAV-based low-cost Search-And-Rescue (SAR) operations'. The main goal is to integrate a medium-size, helicopter-type Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), a thermal imaging sensor and an EGNOS-based multi-sensor navigation system, including an Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (AIM) capability, to support search operations in difficult-to-access areas and/or night operations. The focus of the paper is three-fold. Firstly, the operational and technical challenges of the proposed approach are discussed, such as ultra-safe multi-sensor navigation system, the use of combined thermal and optical vision (infrared plus visible) for person recognition and Beyond-Line-Of-Sight communications among others. Secondly, the implementation of the integrity concept for UAV platforms is discussed herein through the AIM approach. Based on the potential of the geodetic quality analysis and on the use of the European EGNOS system as a navigation performance starting point, AIM approaches integrity from the precision standpoint; that is, the derivation of Horizontal and Vertical Protection Levels (HPLs, VPLs) from a realistic precision estimation of the position parameters is performed and compared to predefined Alert Limits (ALs). Finally, some results from the project test campaigns are described to report on particular project achievements. Together with actual Search-and-Rescue teams, the system was operated in realistic, user-chosen test scenarios. In this context, and specially focusing on the EGNOS-based UAV navigation, the AIM capability and also the RGB/thermal imaging subsystem, a summary of the 1 INTRODUCTION The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) —more in gen- eral, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs)— for SAR operations is not new and has been traditionally fed by developments made in other fields. The main driver of UAV technology has been (and still is) the military field and this is because the nature of military developments is fairly overlapping SAR needs. As a example of that, we recall the UAVs used in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars were deployed to find people trapped in New Orleans buildings devastated by Hurricane Katrinas flood waters. Those platforms were equipped with thermal imaging systems to detect the body heat of storm survivors. A second example was the use of rotary- wing UAV platforms providing on-site imagery from the nuclear incident in Fukushima. More recently, a field that is increasingly putting effort on UAV development is Geomatics: the potential of those light-weight, easy-deployable platforms to quickly provide aerial and/or ground, good quality imagery is huge. A clear ex- ample of this interest raised within the geomatic community is the recent acquisition of Gateway, a provider of lightweight UAVs for photogrammetry and rapid terrain mapping applications, by Trimble. Indeed, the multi-application of the UAV potential to other fields, such as SAR, shall not be neglected. And even if [the lack of] regulations have been the stopper of the final jump to commercial applications, the willingness of regulators seems finally positive on pulling the trigger. As stated in the Institute of Navigation newsletter in winter 2011, "the United States trans- portation secretary must develop a comprehensive plan to safely accelerate the integration of civil UAS into the national airspace system as soon as practicable, but not later than September 30th, 2015." results is presented.


Abstract Miombo woodlands cover vast areas of southern Africa. Of comparatively little interest for export-oriented commercial logging, they are part of a complex system of rural land use that integrates woodland management with crops and livestock. There is also evidence that woodland resources are extensively used for household consumption, greatly reducing the risk of households falling deeper into poverty as a result of environmental or economic stress. New opportunities for improving the management of miombo woodlands, with poverty mitigation in mind, suggest four policy options. First, communities are becoming more active in managing local natural resources, a result of decentralization and land reforms, which suggests that there may be good scope for strengthening related policy and legal frameworks and the measures to implement them. Second, new and integrated conservation-development approaches are emerging, which suggests possible scope for providing payments for environmental services to increase the value of managed woodlands. Third, markets throughout the region are developing and expanding, which suggests great scope for enhancing forest-based markets by removing restrictive legislation and by supporting local producers and forest enterprises. Fourth, all these opportunities suggest that public forest institutions can be revitalized by strengthening their service delivery orientations, with poverty mitigation as a main objective.


Colour gamuts describe the chromaticity reproduction capabilities of a display, i.e. its ability to reproduce the relative cone excitations from real-world radiance spectra. While the cones dominate "canonical" visual function (i.e. perception of colour, space, and motion) under photopic light levels, they are not the only photoreceptors in the human retina. Rods and melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) also respond to light and contribute to both visual and non-visual light responses, including circadian rhythms, sleep-wake control, mood, pupil size, and alertness. Three-primary display technologies, with their focus on reproducing colour, are not designed to reproduce the rod and melanopsin excitations. Moreover, conventional display metrics used to characterize three-primary displays fail to describe the display's ability (or inability) to reproduce rod and melanopsin excitations, and thus do not capture the display's ability to reproduce the full human physiological response to light. In this paper, three novel physiologically relevant metrics are proposed for quantifying the reproduction and distortion of the photoreceptor signals by visual displays. A novel equal-luminance photoreceptor excitation diagram is proposed, extending the well-known MacLeod-Boynton chromaticity diagram, to allow visualizations of the five-dimensional photoreceptor signal space in a three-dimensional projection.


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Confidence calibration -- the problem of predicting probability estimates representative of the true correctness likelihood -- is important for classification models in many applications. We discover that modern neural networks, unlike those from a decade ago, are poorly calibrated. Through extensive experiments, we observe that depth, width, weight decay, and Batch Normalization are important factors influencing calibration. We evaluate the performance of various post-processing calibration methods on state-of-the-art architectures with image and document classification datasets. Our analysis and experiments not only offer insights into neural network learning, but also provide a simple and straightforward recipe for practical settings: on most datasets, temperature scaling -- a single-parameter variant of Platt Scaling -- is surprisingly effective at calibrating predictions.


The health system is one sector dealing with a deluge of complex data. Many healthcare organisations struggle to utilise these volumes of health data effectively and efficiently. Also, there are many healthcare organisations, which still have stand-alone systems, not integrated for management of information and decision-making. This shows, there is a need for an effective system to capture, collate and distribute this health data. Therefore, implementing the data warehouse concept in healthcare is potentially one of the solutions to integrate health data. Data warehousing has been used to support business intelligence and decision-making in many other sectors such as the engineering, defence and retail sectors. The research problem that is going to be addressed is, "how can data warehousing assist the decision-making process in healthcare". To address this problem the researcher has narrowed an investigation focusing on a cardiac surgery unit. This research used the cardiac surgery unit at the Prince Charles Hospital (TPCH) as the case study. The cardiac surgery unit at TPCH uses a stand-alone database of patient clinical data, which supports clinical audit, service management and research functions. However, much of the time, the interaction between the cardiac surgery unit information system with other units is minimal. There is a limited and basic two-way interaction with other clinical and administrative databases at TPCH which support decision-making processes. The aims of this research are to investigate what decision-making issues are faced by the healthcare professionals with the current information systems and how decision-making might be improved within this healthcare setting by implementing an aligned data warehouse model or models. As a part of the research the researcher will propose and develop a suitable data warehouse prototype based on the cardiac surgery unit needs and integrating the Intensive Care Unit database, Clinical Costing unit database (Transition II) and Quality and Safety unit database [electronic discharge summary (e-DS)]. The goal is to improve the current decision-making processes. The main objectives of this research are to improve access to integrated clinical and financial data, providing potentially better information for decision-making for both improved from the questionnaire and by referring to the literature, the results indicate a centralised data warehouse model for the cardiac surgery unit at this stage. A centralised data warehouse model addresses current needs and can also be upgraded to an enterprise wide warehouse model or federated data warehouse model as discussed in the many consulted publications. The data warehouse prototype was able to be developed using SAS enterprise data integration studio 4.2 and the data was analysed using SAS enterprise edition 4.3. In the final stage, the data warehouse prototype was evaluated by collecting feedback from the end users. This was achieved by using output created from the data warehouse prototype as examples of the data desired and possible in a data warehouse environment. According to the feedback collected from the end users, implementation of a data warehouse was seen to be a useful tool to inform management options, provide a more complete representation of factors related to a decision scenario and potentially reduce information product development time. However, there are many constraints exist in this research. For example the technical issues such as data incompatibilities, integration of the cardiac surgery database and e-DS database servers and also, Queensland Health information restrictions (Queensland Health information related policies, patient data confidentiality and ethics requirements), limited availability of support from IT technical staff and time restrictions. These factors have influenced the process for the warehouse model development, necessitating an incremental approach. This highlights the presence of many practical barriers to data warehousing and integration at the clinical service level. Limitations included the use of a small convenience sample of survey respondents, and a single site case report study design. As mentioned previously, the proposed data warehouse is a prototype and was developed using only four database repositories. Despite this constraint, the research demonstrates that by implementing a data warehouse at the service level, decision-making is supported and data quality issues related to access and availability can be reduced, providing many benefits. Output reports produced from the data warehouse prototype demonstrated usefulness for the improvement of decision-making in the management of clinical services, and quality and safety monitoring for better clinical care. However, in the future, the centralised model selected can be upgraded to an enterprise wide architecture by integrating with additional hospital units' databases.


We explore story generation: creative systems that can build coherent and fluent passages of text about a topic. We collect a large dataset of 300K human-written stories paired with writing prompts from an online forum. Our dataset enables hierarchical story generation, where the model first generates a premise, and then transforms it into a passage of text. We gain further improvements with a novel form of model fusion that improves the relevance of the story to the prompt, and adding a new gated multi-scale self-attention mechanism to model long-range context. Experiments show large improvements over strong baselines on both automated and human evaluations. Human judges prefer stories generated by our approach to those from a strong non-hierarchical model by a factor of two to one.


A solid-state-laser based single-frequency 589 nm light source that can be easily used in the laboratory is needed for sodium spectroscopy studies and cold sodium atom experiments. This paper shows that by using a periodically poled Zn-doped LiNbO(3) ridge waveguide for sum-frequency generation, we can obtain a high conversion efficiency to 589 nm light from two sub-watt 1064 and 1319 nm Nd:YAG lasers via a simple single pass wavelength conversion process without employing an enhancement cavity. A 494 mW light at 589 nm is generated and achieves overall conversion efficiency from the laser power of 41%. Excellent long-term stability of output power is obtained and its standard deviation is characterized to be 0.09%.


In the years since passage of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"), the copyright industries have demanded that online intermediaries — both those covered by the DMCA and those falling outside the statute's ambit — do more than the law requires to protect their intellectual property rights. In particular, they have sought new ways to reach and shutter "pirate sites" beyond the reach of United States law. Their demands have been answered through an expanding regime of nominally voluntary "DMCA-plus" enforcement. This chapter surveys the current landscape of DMCA-plus enforcement by dividing such enforcement into two categories: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 DMCA-plus enforcement is cooperation by DMCA-covered intermediaries over and above what is required for safe harbor. Type 2 DMCA-plus enforcement is cooperation by intermediaries whose activities fall outside the scope of the DMCA's safe harbors and who are not liable for their customers' copyright infringements under secondary liability rules. As the gap widens between what the law requires and what intermediaries are agreeing to do on a voluntary basis, there is reason to be concerned about the expressive and due process rights of users and website operators, who have no seat at the table when intermediaries and copyright owners negotiate "best practices" for mitigating online infringement, including which sanctions to impose, which content to remove, and which websites to block without judicial intervention.


The online space is a haven for extremists of all kinds. Although efforts to remove violent and extremist content are increasing, there is a widely accepted need to also contest extremist messages with counter messages designed to undermine and disrupt extremist narratives. While the majority of academic focus has been on large and well‐funded efforts linked to governments, this article considers the experiences of informal actors who are active in contesting extremist messaging but who lack the support of large institutions. Informal actors come without some of the baggage that accompanies formal counter message campaigns, which have been attacked as lacking in credibility and constituting "just more government propaganda." This has been noted by some of the wider countering violent extremism industry and the appetite for incorporating "real‐world" content in their campaigns seems to be rising. This article fills a gap in our knowledge of the experiences of informal counter messaging actors. Through a series of in‐depth qualitative interviews it demonstrates that, despite the potentially serious risks of incorporating greater levels of informal content, there is an appetite among informal actors to engage with formal campaigns where they can be selective over who they work with and maintain a degree of control.


The service-profit chain (SPC) is a framework for linking service operations, employee assessments, and customer assessments to a firm's profitability (Heskett et al. 1994). The SPC provides an integrative framework for understanding how a firm's operational investments into service operations are related to customer perceptions and behaviors, and how these translate into profits. For a firm, it provides much needed guidance about the complex interrelationships among operational investments, customer perceptions, and the bottom line.Implementing the SPC is a pervasive problem among most service firms, and several attempts have been made to model various aspects of the SPC. However, comprehensive approaches to model the SPC are lacking, as most studies have only focused on discrete aspects of the SPC. There is a need for approaches that combine data such as measures of operational inputs, customer perceptions and behaviors, and financial outcomes from multiple sources, providing the firm with not only comprehensive diagnosis and assessment but also with implementation guidelines. Importantly, an approach that is sensitive to and can accommodate the strengths and weaknesses of such data sets is required. We outline and illustrate such an approach in this paper. Our approach has the potential to both identify and quantify the benefits of implementing a service strategy, especially for firms having multiple units (e.g., banks with branches, retail outlets, and so forth).The implementation approach is illustrated using data from a national bank in Brazil. We used customer surveys from more than 500 branches of the bank. Each individual customer's marketing survey data was linked to a number of operational metrics. First, behavioral measures of retention, such as the length of the customer's relation with the bank, the deposit amount, and number of transactions with the bank, were obtained and merged with the survey data. Second, the main branch used by each customer was identified and operational inputs (e.g., number of employees, number of available automated teller machines (ATMs)) used at that branch were obtained and merged with the data set. This data set was used to model the SPC at astrategic andoperational level.Thestrategic analysis consisted of a structural-equation model that identified the critical conceptual relationships that parsimoniously articulate the SPC for this bank. For instance, from among a variety of attribute-level perceptions, the bank was able to identify those perceptions that were critical determinants of behavioral intentions. Similarly, from a variety of available behavioral metrics, the bank was able to identify those behaviors most relevant to profitability. Theoperational analysis utilized Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and provides customized feedback to each branch in implementing the strategic model. It provides each branch with a metric of its relative efficiency in translating inputs such as employees and ATMs into relevant strategic outcomes such as customer intentions and behaviors. Our illustration shows how top management can use the strategic and operational analysis in tandem. Whereas the strategic model provides the key relationships and metrics that are needed to ensure that all subunits of the firm follow a consistent strategy, the operational analysis enables each branch to benchmark its unique position so that the branch can implement the strategic model in the most efficient way. Thus,simultaneously implementing the strategic and operational model enables a firm to have a centralized focus with decentralized implementation. For this bank, the operational analysis shows that for a branch to achieve superior profitability, it is important that the branch manager not only be efficient in achieving superior satisfaction (as indicated in positive behavioral intentions) but also be efficient in translating such attitudes and intentions into relevant behaviors. In other words, superior satisfaction alone is not an unconditional guarantee of profitability.


Browning has been controlled by sulfur dioxide (SO2) in wine for many years, but other compounds also have the potential to reduce browning. Bentonite, Cufex® and SO2 were applied to juice from Riesling grapes Vitis vinifera L. and Vidal grapes, a French-American Hybrid to compare their effects on wine browning. Seven treatments (control, 35 mg/L SO2, 70 mg/L SO2, 120 mg/L bentonite, 240 mg/L bentonite, 90 mg/L Cufex and 150 mg/L Cufex) were applied to the juice. Two levels of SO2 (0 and 20 mg/L) and two storage times (initial and 3 months at 37°C) were established on each of the seven treatments after fermentation was complete. The SO2 juice treatments resulted in the least browning (absorbance at 420 nm), and bentonite and Cufex treatments were also less brown than the control. Sulfur dioxide juice treatments and SO2 at bottling increased green and reduced yellow color as was shown by lower Gardner Color Difference meter 'a' and 'b' values. The addition of 20 mg/L SO2 at bottling further decreased browning but was more effective in Riesling than in Vidal wines. Three months storage at 37°C increased browning almost two-fold as compared to initial readings.


This policy brief investigates the interplay of two critically important Group of Twenty (G20) agenda items: trade and climate change. We argue that there is significant room for a stronger emphasis on climate-friendly trade measures that are in line with the global trade regime. We believe that the G20 should fully tap into this potential. We recommend (1) using preferential trade agreements to leverage climate action, (2) phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, (3) seeking international cooperation and consensus on the implementation of border carbon adjustments, (4) making use of investment law and, more generally, (5) fostering trade and climate linkages through the G20.


The fast-fracture and stress-rupture of a crossply ceramic-matrix composite with a matrix through-crack are examined numerically to assess the importance of fiber architecture and the associated stress concentrations at the 0/90 ply interface on failure. Fiber bridging in the cracked 0 ply is modeled using a line-spring bridging model that incorporates stochastic and time-dependent fiber fracture. A finite-element model is used to determine the stresses throughout the crossply in the presence of the bridged crack. For both SiC/SiC and a typical oxide/oxide, the fast-fracture simulations show that as global failure is approached, a significant fraction of fibers near the 0/90 interface are broken, greatly reducing the stress concentration. For fibers with low Weibull moduli (m textless 10), the tensile strength is thus nearly identical to that of a unidirectional composite scaled by the appropriate fiber volume fraction, while for fibers with larger Weibull moduli (m greater than or equal to 10), there are modest (10-17%) reductions in tensile strength. Stress-rupture simulations show that initially high stress concentrations are relieved as fibers fail with evolving time near the 0/90 interface and shed load away from the interface. For a wide range of fiber properties, efficient load redistribution occurs such that the crossply rupture lifetime is generally within an order of magnitude of the unidirectional lifetime, when the applied stress is normalized by the relevant fast-fracture strength. Overall, stress concentrations at the 0/90 inter-face are largely relieved with increasing load or time due to the nonlinear bridging response and preferential fiber failure near the interface, resulting in crossplies that respond very similarly to unidirectional composites.


In order to search for low input alternative wheat cultivars, this study aims to investigate the mechanisms of phosphorous (P) uptake and utilization efficiency of two traditional wheat cultivars as compared to a modern cultivar. The experiment was conducted under semi-controlled conditions using four P supplies. Plant growth and P efficiency parameters were studied at two harvest dates. Plant and soil parameters where measured: shoot dry matter, P concentration in shoot, root length, root diameter, specific root density, root length/shoot weight, shoot growth rate, P shoot demand on roots, P influx, P efficiency ratio, P utilization index, extractable and soil solution P concentrations, and P recovery. Traditional and modern cultivars had similar overall uptake (P influx, and recovery) and utilization efficiency. In terms of specific efficiency traits, traditional cultivars had the superiority in having more root size, higher root shoot ratio, slower shoot growth rate and less shoot demand on roots for P, but were inferior in having thicker roots and less specific root density. Investigating P use efficiency mechanisms could be a useful tool in selection programs to separate plant cultivars to superior and inferior, but using different measures of utilization efficiency parameters could be in some cases misleading.


Yoga is fast becoming an essential performance tool for road cyclists keen to improve flexibility, core strength, balance, breathing efficiency and mental focus. Most cyclists want to ride harder for longer but the unnatural slouched posture and repetitive nature of riding takes its toll on the body. Short, tight hamstrings, hip flexors and quadriceps are easily damaged and, over time, can cause knock-on problems in the lower back or knees. But a cyclist with a supple back, hips and hamstrings will not only be far less prone to overuse injuries than his stiffer training partners. He can also hunker down into aerodynamic positions easily and ride for longer, with more comfort. A cyclist able to breathe slower and deeper will breathe more efficiently and economically. A cyclist able to reduce adrenaline and control a scattered mind with concentration techniques will remain calm and focused in the heat of a race. Yoga for Cyclists will be the first title to address all of these areas by adapting yoga techniques specifically for cyclists of all levels, in clear, concise chapters. This is the ideal, no-nonsense resource, where every stretch, strengthening posture, breathing or recovery technique relates back to its impact on performance.


This paper examines the history, activities and future interests of the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chair on Reorienting Teacher Education to Address Sustainability and the associated International Network (IN) of Teacher Education Institutions. In 1998, the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development work programme on education for sustainable development (ESD) requested UNESCO to develop guidelines for reorienting teacher training to address sustainability. This responsibility was passed to the UNITWIN/NESCO Chair who established the IN. Participants recorded their efforts in journals, chronicling successes and failures. In 2004, IN members were sent a survey requesting information about what worked, what did not work and insights and recommendations for other institutions of teacher education. The responses were synthesized in Guidelines and recommendations for reorienting teacher education to address sustainability. Several UN agencies and regional offices have incorporated these Guidelines into their efforts. Members of the IN are now engaging other institutions of teacher education through workshops and mentoring to reorient teacher education.


The authors provide background information on chemoembolization and describe their experience with a new emulsion formulation that may be useful for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) procedures in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients were selected using standardized criteria and underwent TACE using a chemotherapeutic emulsion consisting of doxorubicin, carboplatin, Renografin-60, and Ethiodol. A detailed description of the reconstitution methods for the chemotherapeutic emulsion is provided. The combination of agents used in this emulsion did not separate into water/oil components for up to 5 minutes, a relatively long period for such compounds. In addition, the radiographic contrast agents used in the emulsion made the procedure easier to perform because they showed up more clearly in fluoroscopic imaging, according to the radiologists. Further controlled studies are needed to confirm the superior results of this emulsion compared with previously used emulsions.


Mussel aquaculture utilizes various ropes in the water column that may pose an entanglement risk to cetaceans and sea turtles. In contrast to fishing gear, however, there are far fewer documented entanglement cases in mussel aquaculture gear. With that being said, there has been little data collected on this issue to date. Due to the growing demand for aquaculture and potential expansion into offshore areas, interactions with cetaceans and sea turtles are likely to continue and even increase into the future. In Iceland, the mussel aquaculture industry is currently small and largely experimental, but there is potential for expansion. The development of a successful management plan is dependent on understanding what type and part of the gear poses the greatest entanglement risk, as well as the location and timing of events in relation to cetacean feeding and migration patterns. The objective of this thesis is to lay the foundation for future studies regarding cetacean and sea turtle entanglements in mussel aquaculture gear. Documented entanglement cases were collected from mussel farming regions of the world via media outlets, academic articles, secondary sources, and informal interviews. Primary data collection was then undertaken in Iceland using online surveys and semi-structured interviews with mussel operators. In total, seven entanglement reports were collected, including four baleen whales, one harbour porpoise, and two leatherback turtles. A majority of cases involved mussel spat collecting ropes, which suggests this part of the gear may pose the greatest entanglement risk. Two entanglement reports were from Iceland, where there is likely proximity between cetacean distributions and mussel farming sites. Summer spat collection also coincides with the highest densities of cetaceans in Icelandic waters. Management suggestions for Iceland may include the implementation of a reporting system for entanglements in aquaculture gear and studies looking into areas where spat collection can occur with low likelihood of encountering cetaceans.


Statistical diagnosis using electrical resistance changes is performed to detect a delamination crack in a CFRP beam. This method enables to reduce data required for damage identification. First, a new measuring method of multiple electrical resistance changes is proposed to perform statistical diagnosis. The proposed method measures electrical resistance changes of multiple segments in a CFRP beam although electrical interference must be considered when multiple voltages are charged at once. Next, statistical diagnosis is performed on loading to the CFRP beam. A delamination crack is detected by the change of relative relationship between multiple electrical resistance changes due to damage occurring. As a result, the monitored states of the CFRP beam are diagnosed exactly by the proposed damage detection system.


Holography is undoubtedly the ultimate 3D visualization technology, offering true 3D experience with all the natural depth cues, without the undesirable side-effects of current stereoscopic systems (uncomfortable glasses, strained eyes, fatiguing experience). Realization of a high-definition holographic display however requires a number of breakthroughs from existing prototypes. One of the main challenges lies in technology scaling, as holography is based on light diffraction and interference – to achieve wide viewing angles, the light-modulating pixels need to be spaced close to or below the wavelength of the used visible light. Furthermore, achieving high 3D image quality, hundreds of millions of such individually programmable pixels are needed. As a solution, we develop a modular sub-wavelength light modulator, consisting of three main sub-systems: the optical sub-system, comprising a 2D array of sub-wavelength pixels; the driver sub-system for individual pixel control, and the holographic computational engine. Based on conclusions from our state-of-the art studies, numerous experiments and holographic demonstrators, we have focused on reflective phase-modulating MEMS-based system and its scaling beyond 500nm pitch. We have devised a unique binary-programmable phase-modulating pixel architecture realizing vertical pixel displacement of up to 150nm at 500nm by 500nm pixel pitch, while sustaining low operating voltages compatible with CMOS driver circuitry. IMEC SiGe MEMS technology enables integration of the CMOS pixel-line drivers, scan-line drivers and I/O circuits underneath the 2D MEMS array, resulting in a compact and modular single-chip system design. Refresh rates of few hundred frames per second are achieved using our patented segmented driver-array architecture. Integrated circuits implementing parallel holographic computational engines can be added to the module using advanced 3D stacking technology. Herein we further report on our progress in realizing our first prototype system, featuring 2000×2000 pixels with 1.2μm pixel pitch, to demonstrate the first holographic video module with approximately 30 degree diffraction angle.


Including past production, reserves and resources, the Carlin Trend forms the largest and most prolific accumulation of gold deposits in North America. More than 40 separate deposits have been delineated since disseminated gold mineralization in carbonate rocks was discovered in 1961. From this discovery, a classification for this style of gold mineralization has come to be referred to as "Carlin-type" deposits. To date, more than 25 million ounces of gold have been mined on the Carlin Trend from 26 separate operating, or past producing mines (Table 1 ). Open pit mining on the Carlin Trend began in 1965 at the Carlin Mine, and underground mining began in 1993 on the same deposit.

The scope of this paper is to first present a regional overview of the Carlin Trend, followed by summary descriptions of some of the more recent discoveries of deep, predominantly refractory gold deposits. As part of a concluding discussion, a spectrum of Carlin Trend deposits are categorized on a quaternary diagram to illustrate the I relative influence of structural and stratigraphic controls on each deposit.

The Carlin Trend is a 60 kilometer long north-northwest trending alignment of gold deposits located in northeastern Nevada, within the larger Great Basin physiographic province of the western United States (Figs. 1, 2). Gold deposits are hosted in a variable stratigraphic package of Ordovician through lower, Mississippian rocks. Within specific deposits, gold mineralization hosted in Cretaceous and Tertiary dike swarms and the Jurassic-Cretaceous Goldstrike granodiorite stock constitutes up to 15% of the mineralized material.

Regional Tectonic Development Regional stratigraphic and isotopic data indicate that northeastern Nevada was situated along a stable paleo-continental margin during much of the Cambrian through Early Mississippian (Stewart,1980). During this period, a westward-thickening, prism-shaped package of sediments were deposited from the outer margins of the paleo-continental shelf into an oceanic basin. Within this depositional environment, sedimentary facies graded from western eugeoclina1, to eastern miogeoclinal sequences.

During Late Devonian through Middle Mississippian time, eastward-directed compressional tectonism associated with the Antler orogeny resulted in regional scale folding and imbricate thrusting of the western eugeoclinal assemblage of predominantly siliciclastic rocks, over the eastern autochthonous assemblage of silty carbonate rocks (Roberts et al., 1958). The resultant accretionary mass formed the emergent Antler highlands which shed an eastward directed overlap assemblage of clastic rocks during Middle Mississippian to Early Pennsylvanian (Smith and Kettner,1975).

Late Paleozoic tectonism during Early to Middle Pennsylvanian time (Humboldt orogeny) was followed by deposition of shelf carbonate sequences during the Late Pennsylvanian and Permian (Smith and Kettner,1975; Kettner, 1977).


BACKGROUND
The literature on associations of circulating concentrations of minerals and vitamins with risk of colorectal cancer is limited and inconsistent. Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to support the efficacy of dietary modification or nutrient supplementation for colorectal cancer prevention is also limited.

OBJECTIVES
To complement observational and RCT findings, we investigated associations of genetically predicted concentrations of 11 micronutrients (β-carotene, calcium, copper, folate, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and zinc) with colorectal cancer risk using Mendelian randomization (MR).

METHODS
Two-sample MR was conducted using 58,221 individuals with colorectal cancer and 67,694 controls from the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium, Colorectal Cancer Transdisciplinary Study, and Colon Cancer Family Registry. Inverse variance-weighted MR analyses were performed with sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of potential violations of MR assumptions.

RESULTS
Nominally significant associations were noted for genetically predicted iron concentration and higher risk of colon cancer [ORs per SD (ORSD): 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.17; P value = 0.05] and similarly for proximal colon cancer, and for vitamin B-12 concentration and higher risk of colorectal cancer (ORSD: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.21; P value = 0.01) and similarly for colon cancer. A nominally significant association was also noted for genetically predicted selenium concentration and lower risk of colon cancer (ORSD: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.00; P value = 0.05) and similarly for distal colon cancer. These associations were robust to sensitivity analyses. Nominally significant inverse associations were observed for zinc and risk of colorectal and distal colon cancers, but sensitivity analyses could not be performed. None of these findings survived correction for multiple testing. Genetically predicted concentrations of β-carotene, calcium, copper, folate, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin B-6 were not associated with disease risk.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest possible causal associations of circulating iron and vitamin B-12 (positively) and selenium (inversely) with risk of colon cancer.


This article analyzes and interprets an unpublished Spanish architectural treatise that was written for Philip II while he was Prince Regent (c. 1550). The manuscript did not previously attract attention because it was mistakenly described as written for the king9s son Philip (later Philip III) in the 1590s. The treatise, which is by no means a masterpiece of architectural literature, derives mainly from L. B. Alberti9s De re aedificatoria, but the anonymous Spanish author used his sources selectively to make an explicit connection between morality and a restrained and orderly classical style. He was not concerned so much with buildings as such but rather with their moral dimension and their relevance to the contemporary Spanish state. His concern to articulate the principles of a Catholic, as opposed to pagan, classical style is matched by his eagerness to reform Spanish architectural practice along the lines suggested by Alberti. Simply as an expression of Counter-Reformation aesthetics the treatise is precocious and exceptionally explicit. The treatise was prepared for Philip who, the author states, requested it, which makes it the only known piece of architectural writing prepared especially for him. It brings crucial evidence about Philip9s concerns with architecture in the 1550s, before the beginning of the Escorial in 1563, a subject for which historians were reduced to conjecture. The treatise adumbrates a program for reform that is virtually identical to the one Philip actually adopted in 1559. The evidence of the treatise suggests that the strong ideological implications of the style of the Escorial are not simply a post facto gloss but were a deliberate factor in the inception of the design.