Many organizations have adopted virtual worlds (VWs) as a setting for training programs; however, research on appropriate evaluation of training in this new setting is incomplete. In this article, we address this gap by first exploring the unique issues relevant to evaluation faced by training designers working in VWs. At the macro-organizational level, the primary issue faced is an organizational culture unreceptive to or otherwise skeptical of VWs. At the micro-organizational level, two major issues are identified: individual trainees unreceptive to VWs and general lack of experience navigating VWs. All three of these challenges and their interrelationships may lead to poor reactions, learning, and transfer from VW-based training despite strong, pedagogically sound training design. Second, we survey the training evaluation research literature, identifying the most well-supported training evaluation models, discussing the suitability of each for evaluating VW-based training. Third, we propose a new integrative model based upon this literature, incorporating solutions to the unique issues faced in VWs with the most relevant portions of the models discussed earlier. Fourth, broad thematic implications of this model are identified and applied to prior VW literature. Finally, we provide specific recommendations to practitioners and researchers to evaluate their VW-based training fully.


As northeast British Columbia (BC) undergoes rapid change with the development of a globally competitive shale gas industry, the provincial government has a duty to consult First Nations on any developments that have the potential to infringe on their Aboriginal and treaty rights. This research investigates how the oil and gas consultation process is addressing, and might be improved to better address, Treaty 8 First Nations' concerns regarding shale gas development within their traditional territories. Interviews were conducted with four Treaty 8 First Nations, the Treaty 8 Tribal Association, oil and gas companies, and representatives of the government of BC. In addition, participant observation was conducted with the Fort Nelson First Nation Lands Department during the summer of 2012. Research indicates that there are two overarching problems with the consultation process: the permit-by-permit approach, and the exclusion of First Nations from the decision-making process. In the absence of adequate provincial environmental regulation, lands departments are working to fill the governance gap, but lack the authority and capacity to do so. We conclude that resolving emerging conflict over the BC shale gas industry will require a restructuring of the governance system that includes early engagement, long-term planning, and cumulative impact assessment and monitoring, as well as meaningful engagement with First Nations in the decision-making process.


There is a lack of basic biological information on the shark species caught in the region around the "Tres Marias" Islands and Isabel Island in the Central Mexican Pacific. Intensive monitoring was undertaken from October 1995 to March 1996 of shark landings by the artisanal fleet at La Cruz de Huanacaxtle, Nayarit, that fished south of "Tres Marias" Islands and, from November 2000 to February 2001, of landings by another fleet that fished around Isabel Island and close to the "Tres Marias". Smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena (35%), silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis (27%) and blue shark Prionace glauca (25%) were the most important species of 2 004 sharks observed at La Cruz de Huanacaxtle. At Isabel Island, the most important species of 7 464 sharks sampled were S. lewini (49%) and Pacific sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio (45%). This paper describes the shark species caught at these islands, the catch per unit effort of the principal species throughout the fishing season, their length frequency distributions and percent mature, and gear selectivity issues.


A growing number of educational programs in sustainability science has paralleled the rise of the field itself. The educational approach of these programs follows the problem-driven, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary nature of the field itself. However, its effectiveness has yet to be systematically evaluated. Similarly, while ad-hoc evaluation schemes have attempted to monitor the quality of the educational programs, there is no standard method that accounts for the particularities of sustainability science programs. This study thus addresses the need for an assessment of the problem-driven approach of educational programs in sustainability science. We have conducted student self-assessments of field courses in the Graduate Program in Sustainability Science (GPSS-GLI) at The University of Tokyo, which positions its field courses at the center of its curriculum. The self-assessments were based on five key competencies identified as particularly important for sustainability professionals. Workshops and questionnaires engaged students in a reflection of the six field courses and of their own personal development through the activities offered. Our questionnaire results indicate that the majority of participants were satisfied with how the courses furthered their personal development. While some participants expressed frustration at being unable to sufficiently address the respective field's sustainability challenges due to time constraints, students generally recognized the five key competencies as important for addressing sustainability issues after participating in the courses. Moreover, participants attributed much of their learning to their active engagement in planned field research activities, rather than to passive learning. Variations in results across different course units provide material for further analysis and development of the curriculum. This study is an initial attempt at assessment, with room for ongoing improvement and further research to address additional requirements for fostering the next generation of sustainability professionals.


Progress report for the Piqua Reactor Operations Analysis Program describing observations and analyses at the Piqua Nuclear Power Facility (PNPF). The program goals are to monitor operations and collect data in order to ensure that the plant's operation is safe, to improve design and performance, to evaluate the performance and lifetime of the plant's components and systems, to evaluate plant safety and safeguards, and to disseminate all information to the scientific community.


Professor Carol Nicolls suggests that academics and postgraduate students in education should be consciously positioned to influence current and future policy. Through their research they could be contributing to the foundations for building the evidence base for good policy in education, and through their research and scholarship, be seen, where necessary, to publicly challenge the status quo in policy both now and in the future. All of this is more likely to ensure that we achieve the very best outcomes for all in education in Australia.


Abstract Background Saprochaete clavata, an ascomycetous yeast intrinsically resistant to echinocandins, is a rare yet emerging pathogen associated with invasive infections in immunosuppressed patients, particularly those with haematological malignancies. It is commonly misidentified as the closely-related S. capitata. Outbreaks have been associated with a high mortality rate of >50%, due in part to delayed diagnosis and resistance to commonly-used antifungals. Environmental source identification is challenging, although dishwashers and milk flasks have been implicated in previous hospital clusters. Methods We describe a cluster of five haematology-oncology patients with disseminated S. clavata infections between April 2020 and April 2021 following current or recent admissions to the same ward. Results All had prolonged (median=24 days, range=9-210) and profound immunosuppression from chemotherapy and/or stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia (n=3) or lymphoma (n=2) at the time of culture positivity. Four were severely neutropaenic (median=0.08/mm3, range=0.01-0.26). Median patient age was 62 years (range=58-73). S. clavata was isolated from blood (n=3), urine (n=2), and liver tissue (n=1) samples. Whole genome sequencing of these isolates was performed to confirm the presence of an outbreak. All patients received empirical treatment with intravenous caspofungin before culture-guided therapy with intravenous liposomal amphotericin B +/- oral flucytosine. Two of the five patients died although both had advanced refractory malignancy. Detailed environmental sampling of fridges/freezers, drains, and vents in patient rooms and clean areas for handling or storage of food and medication failed to identify a clear point source despite isolation of multiple environmental organisms. No further cases have emerged after intensification of the cleaning regimen in these areas. Conclusion Our experience highlights the emerging threat of drug-resistant yeasts particularly in the immunocompromised. Management of such outbreaks requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating antifungal stewardship, infection control, and environmental microbiology, alongside close clinical liaison between haemato-oncologists and infection specialists. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures


This paper is a strategic intervention in the debate over the value of globalised gay identity for emerging sexual minority communities in the South. Focusing on self-identifying gay men in Botswana using semi-structured interviews, it explores their views of what characterises 'modern gay culture' and relates these to international media clichés of a glamorous, stylish, hedonistic gayness. I argue that identifying with what is so visibly a Western image of gayness exposes sexual minority communities to the most dangerous of the justifications for homophobia in Africa, the argument that sexual dissidence is a neo-colonial conspiracy to subvert 'African values'. The 'unAfrican' argument has to be taken very seriously, not only because it taps into the intense, conflicted emotions at the heart of the post-colonial condition, but also because it contains an undeniable germ of truth. This poses a dilemma, since global gay discourses, including the media clichés, are an important source of inspiration for African sexual minorities. A communication activism strategy is proposed to undermine the unAfrican argument by cultivating and asserting the 'tswanarisation' of gay culture in Botswana that is already taking place. A similar strategy may also be effective in other African societies.


For monitoring hydrological events characterized by high spatial and temporal variability, the number and location of recording stations must be carefully selected to ensure that the necessary information is collected. Depending on the characteristics of each natural process, certain stations may be spurious or redundant, whereas others may provide most of the relevant data. With the objective of reducing the costs of the monitoring system and, at the same time, improving its operational effectiveness, three procedures were applied to identify the minimum network of rain gauge stations able to capture the characteristics of droughts in mainland Portugal. Drought severity is characterized by the standardized precipitation index applied to the timescales of 1, 3, 6 and 12 consecutive months. The three techniques used to reduce the dimensionality of the network of rain gauges were as follows: (i) artificial neural networks with sensitivity analysis, (ii) application of the mutual information criterion and (iii) K‐means cluster analysis using Euclidean distances. The results demonstrated that the best dimensionality reduction method was case dependent in the three regions of Portugal (northern, central and southern) previously identified by cluster analysis. All the reduction techniques lead to the selection of a subset of rain gauges capable of reproducing the original temporal patterns of drought. For specific severe drought events in Portugal in the past, the comparison between drought spatial patterns obtained with the original stations and the selected subset indicated that the subset produced statistically satisfactory results (correlation coefficients higher than 0.6 and efficiency coefficients higher than 0.5). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Services trade is regarded as a new source of income, especially for developing countries. Even though services trade only represent 20.2 per cent (2010) to total world trade, interestingly, recent trend shows that the share for developing countries in services trade increased to 32 per cent (2010) as compared to only 20 per cent in 1990. Moreover, the share of service export to total exports also increased from 18 per cent in 1990 to 30 per cent in 2010. Although, most of the developing countries are still net importers of services, there is a widespread belief among scholars and policy makers that there is great potential for services exports to grow further as new source of income for developing countries. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of service export on economic growth using panel dynamic OLS (DOLS) in selected
Asian countries (i.e. China, Hong Kong, South Korea, India, Iran, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Turkey). Annual data covering the period from 1985 to 2012 was utilized. The findings indicate that all of the macroeconomic variables tested are co-integrated in the long run. Service export also has a significant and positive impact on economic growth. The findings implies that the Asian developing countries should focus on formulating appropriate policy measures to enhance the performance of services sector and service export to stimulate the economic growth.


Authorship and ownership exist in a curious relation in U.S. copyright law. In theory and common sense, authorship underwrites and is the condition of ownership, but in practice ownership can establish authorship retroactively. Distinctions between proprietary and non-proprietary creative cultural workers, in this view, turn in no essential way on evidence of creativity or the investment of personality in cultural creation. This paper examines a legislative struggle between recording artists and the recording industry over the status of their stock-in-trade, sound recordings. In 2000, recording artists obtained the repeal of a 1999 law allocating authorship and ownership of recordings to their record company contractors through the former's assertions not of authorship in the commonsense understanding, but through the artists' legal ability to alienate their employed backup musicians, engineers and other creative personnel. Analyzing this struggle against the backdrop of a historical/theoretical consideration of the dynamics of domination and dispossession naturalized in the employment relationship, I show how the political-economic organization of creative production in the cultural industries depends crucially on and further naturalizes this legal furniture of the social world (Ellerman, 1992), as much or more than it does on immanent aspects of cultural products or production processes.


In the temple of science are many mansions, and various indeed are they that dwell therein and the motives that have led them thither. Many take to science out of a joyful sense of superior intellectual power; science is their own special sport to which they look for vivid experience and the satisfaction of ambition; many others are to be found in the temple who have offered the products of their brains on this altar for purely utilitarian purposes. Were an angel of the Lord to come and drive all the people belonging to these two categories out of the temple, the assemblage would be seriously depleted, but there would still be some men, of both present and past times, left inside. Our Planck is one of them, and that is why we love him.


Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of death and functional impairment that disproportionately impacts Hispanics. Several studies have supported the feasibility of mobile health interventions (mHealth) to provide health monitoring and patient education for improving chronic disease management, but none have focused on Latino stroke patients. The Hispanic Secondary Stroke Prevention Initiative is a randomized study of 200 stroke patients designed to evaluate the impact of a 12-month multi-modal Community Health Worker (CHW) and mHealth intervention on blood pressure control. Eligible participants were Latinos who experienced a mild-moderate stroke within the last five years. The CHW component included home visits, telephone calls, and daily text messages to obtain home blood pressure readings and provide patient navigation and health education. Feasibility was defined as the proportion of patients that responded to at least half the messages. Pre-post paired t-tests assessed improvements in question accuracy while correlation coefficients highlighted improvements in response rates. Among the 65 participants randomized to the intervention, the response rate was as follows: 37% - >50% response, 21% - 25-50%, 19% - 10-25%, and 23% - <10%, This finding suggests that mHealth interventions may be challenging in this population. However, the proportion of questions answered correctly increased from 63% to 84% in the intervention period's last two months (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between increased response rates and response accuracy to patient education assessments (r=0.82, p<0.05). These improvements in health knowledge suggest that a subset of patients may benefit from mHealth interventions, and the benefit correlates with use.


Throughout the Hindu Kush Himalayas, uncultivated plants provide agreen social and cultural security to millions of people supporting their livelihood. Review on evaluating the multifunctional role of uncultivated plants in perspective of livelihood support finds that plants add diversity to local food systems, reinforce local culture and contribute diversity to farming systems, and finally are important for household food and nutrition security, social security, income generation and health care. Further, this paper clarifies that local people maintain and conserve diversity for the sake of use. The wise conservation and use of uncultivated plants are essential elements for increasing food security, eliminating poverty, and maintaining the environment. However, the value and potential of uncultivated plants for food and nutrition security, household level health care, income generation opportunity are not yet realized. Fast changing climate and early projections on its impacts suggest that such programmes must increasingly consider the sustenance of ecosystem that promotes uncultivated plants as basis for the welfare of millions.


The present study was undertaken in order to understand the basis of prevailing pattern of epidemiology of infantile diarrhoea amongst the population of cities of Rawalpindi-Islamabad. In the first part of the study data on 27159 diarrhoeal gastroenteritis patients of both sexes were recorded in the out-door patient departments in the four hospitals of the twin cities of Rawalpindi-Islamabad, during a period of four years from 1987-90. Out of total patients, 14877 (54.77%) were males and 12282 (45.22%) were females. As far as the distribution is concerned, 17352 patients (63.10%) were recorded from Rawalpindi while the remaining 9807 (36.10%) were from Islamabad. The highest incidence was recorded amongst the age group 0-12 months, with the number of diarrhoeal patients being 14936 (54.99%) followed by the age group 1-2 years where the number of patients remained 8896 (32.75%). The lowest incidence was recorded in the age group of 2-3 years where the number of patients recorded was 3327 (12.25%). As far as intensity of diarrhoea and gastroenteritis is concerned, out of a total of 27159 patients recorded in four years, 8573 (31.56%) were suffering from gastroenteritis and 18586 (68.43%) were suffering from diarrhoea. Breast feeding data revealed that out of the 27159 diarrhoea/ gastroenteritis patients, 11522 (42.42%) were breast-fed and 15637 (57.57%) were fed on other food. The incidence of infection in breast fed patients was low. The second part of the study involved correlating prevalence of enteropathogenic E. coli with infantile diarrhoea and determination of levels of antibiotic resistance amongst these isolates. For this purpose one hundred strains from diarrhoea and gastroenteritis patients falling within 0-3 years of age (after confirmation by biochemical and serological tests) were set aside and screened for levels of susceptibility against 13 conventional antibiotics. All isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, penicillin and trimethoprim, while 91 % were resistant to streptomycin, 88% were resistant to tetracycline, 69% to chloramphenicol, 47% to spectinomycin, 14% to rifampicin and 0% to amikacine and gentamicin. Whole cell protein profile analysis of these isolates was carried out to identify the genetic variability by the gel profile. The patterns were compared for variability among the whole cell protein profile by using the method of Dice (1945). Using this method of correlation, it was observed that several groups were distinguishable amongst the isolates. Such data suggest that different immunogenic groups are prevalent in our geogrpahical area.


The accuracy and confidence in simulation results by water distribution system (WDS) models are normally affected by uncertainties of input parameters. Efforts to reduce the uncertainties have been through calibration of the model. However, in WDS modelling of large pipe networks, data collection for model calibration is very expensive and requires selection of appropriate nodes and pipes for their measurement. This study proposed a new approach to determine the most sensitive pipes and nodes in a water distribution network for selection as points for calibration of hydraulic and chlorine decay models. The approach is based on computation of sensitivity indices of model input parameters by applying method of Elementary Effect. The nodes or pipes with high values of sensitivity indices of the input parameters are selected for model calibration. Application of the proposed sampling approach gave more reliable results compared to the most widely used derivative based method of sampling design for calibration of WDS models. The proposed approach can also be applied to determine appropriate positions in the pipe network for monitoring of pressure, flow and chlorine concentration for operation and management of the WDS.


Background: A trauma registry plays an important role in the process of health-service improvement. The organization of trauma care in the Caribbean is limited; there is a lack of registry and distribution of patients. Objective: The purpose was to compare incidence-trends of patients with trauma-related injuries in the Curacao trauma registry over 14 years, since Curacao is part of the Dutch Caribbean. Methods: The data of all injured patients admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2013, were retrospectively analysed using a prospective trauma registry. Subsequently, they were crosschecked with the registry of Central Bureau of Statistics, Curacao (CBSC). Results: In the ED, 14 886 patients with trauma-related injuries were selected: 9390 M and 5496 F. The incidence per 100 000 inhabitants per year of traffic-related trauma was 529.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 430.9, 628.5); firearm-related 29.2 (95% CI: 18.3, 40.2); stab wound-related 26.4 (95% CI: 18.4, 34.4) and molestation-related 173 (95% CI: 127.5, 218.5). There is an overall decline in the incidence through the years. In all the trauma-related groups, there were significantly more men and people aged between 15 and 34 years. The hospitalization of traffic-related injured patients was 22.7%, firearm-related 48.3%, stab wound-related 30.5% and molestation-related 18.9%. Conclusion: The hospitalizations percentages differ. The incidence and trauma mechanism seem to be age-and gender-related. There is a higher incidence of trauma-related injuries, in Curacao compared with the incidence in the other countries in the region. This study is a start to the set-up of a new trauma registry.


Abstract The Antillean manatee ( Trichechus manatus mana-tus ) is distributed along much of the northern and eastern coasts of Brazil, although relatively little is known of the ecology or behaviour of the mem-bers of this population. In the present study, the behaviour of seven juvenile manatees earmarked for reintroduction to the wild was monitored using focal animal sampling over a 20-d period at the Aquatic Mammal Centre (CMA/ICMBIO) on Itamaraca Island, Pernambuco. The primary aim of this study was to characterise behaviour patterns, especially individual differences, as a baseline for monitoring during reintroduction. In particular, it was hoped that specific patterns could be identified as a diagnostic reference for the evaluation of an individual's potential for suc-cessful reintroduction. Overall, while resting was the predominant activity of all but one subject, considerable individual variation was recorded in all behavioural categories. In addition, significant differences were recorded between morning and afternoon sessions, with some individuals pre-senting a given category during only one part of the day. Some of the behaviour patterns, such as circular movement, appeared to be related to anxi-ety or stress and might be useful for the behav-ioural diagnosis of individuals earmarked for re-introduction, although it will only be possible to interpret the exact implications following the re-introduction process. Key Words: Antillean manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus , behaviour, captivity, individual variation, reintroduction, Brazil


Subfossil remains of various groups of organisms preserved in peat and sediment archives are commonly used to infer past environmental changes using transfer functions based on species composition. However, the changes in community structure can also be explored using the functional trait approach. Investigation of functional traits in palaeoecological records can inform about the mechanisms through which abiotic variables such as temperature or moisture impact communities. Moreover, changes in functional traits provide information about changes in ecosystem functioning and can potentially lead to the reconstruction of past processes at the ecosystem scale. Here, we use five key functional traits of arcellinid testate amoebae (TAs), a group of protozoa that are key actors in the microbial foodwebs in peatlands. We apply this approach to the subfossil TA Holocene record of four geographically independent peatlands from Alaska, Switzerland, Poland and Russia. We found that species with larger shells were frequently eliminated from the communities most likely as a result of a switch towards drier conditions. However, when conditions were wetter, species with large shells and species with small shells could coexist because they differed in their trophic niche (i.e. preys). Our results show direct but site-specific links between TA trait data and the depth to water table and pH data inferred from TA species composition. This suggests that past environmental changes influenced both species composition and community function in these ecosystems. Overall, this study demonstrates that species- and trait-based approaches yield complementary information on past environmental changes. For instance, while taxonomic approaches reveal the changes in community composition over time, investigation of traits informs both on the causes and the consequences of these changes on ecosystem functioning.


Objectives To investigate types of evidence used by healthcare commissioners when making decisions and whether decisions were influenced by commissioners' experience, personal characteristics or role at work. Design Cross-sectional survey of 345 National Health Service (NHS) staff members. Setting The study was conducted across 11 English Primary Care Trusts between 2010 and 2011. Participants A total of 440 staff involved in commissioning decisions and employed at NHS band 7 or above were invited to participate in the study. Of those, 345 (78%) completed all or a part of the survey. Main outcome measures Participants were asked to rate how important different sources of evidence (empirical or practical) were in a recent decision that had been made. Backwards stepwise logistic regression analyses were undertaken to assess the contributions of age, gender and professional background, as well as the years of experience in NHS commissioning, pay grade and work role. Results The extent to which empirical evidence was used for commissioning decisions in the NHS varied according to the professional background. Only 50% of respondents stated that clinical guidelines and cost-effectiveness evidence were important for healthcare decisions. Respondents were more likely to report use of empirical evidence if they worked in Public Health in comparison to other departments (p<0.0005, commissioning and contracts OR   0.32, 95%CI   0.18 to 0.57, finance OR  0.19, 95%CI 0.05 to 0.78, other departments OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.17 to 0.71) or if they were female (OR 1.8 95% CI 1.01 to 3.1) rather than male. Respondents were more likely to report use of practical evidence if they were more senior within the organisation (pay grade 8b or higher OR 2.7, 95%CI 1.4 to 5.3, p=0.004 in comparison to lower pay grades). Conclusions Those trained in Public Health appeared more likely to use external empirical evidence while those at higher pay scales were more likely to use practical evidence when making commissioning decisions. Clearly, National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance and government publications (eg, National Service Frameworks) are important for decision-making, but practical sources of evidence such as local intelligence, benchmarking data and expert advice are also influential. New Clinical Commissioning Groups will need a variety of different evidence sources and expert involvement to ensure that effective decisions are made for their populations.


INTRODUCTION
Mesh fixation with tacker systems is common in laparoscopic and open hernia repair. Complications due to absorbable tackers are rare and have not been described in the literature. However, we report a case of gallbladder erosion due to tacker dislocation.

METHODS
An open hernia repair was performed using an intraperitoneal onlay mesh for a recurrent parastomal hernia after two previous mesh repairs in a 67-year-old patient.

RESULTS
On postoperative day 2, the patient was reoperated because of a dislocated tacker that eroded and perforated the fundus region of the gallbladder. Putatively, tacker dislocation occurred owing to imbalanced traction forces. Initially, the mesh was fixed with absorbable tackers around the stoma on the right and transmuscular suture fixation was carried out on the left abdominal side. On revision surgery, tension forces to the right were therefore neutralised by additional transmuscular sutures on the right side.

CONCLUSIONS
Absorbable tackers in open hernia repair provide a safe and effective mesh fixation if tension forces are carefully avoided.


textabstractIn many western countries, medical specialists are becoming more and more integrated in hospital management. A medical professional in the lead could be a bridge between two worlds, the medical and the management world, each with their own logic. He could influence the clinical activities of his colleagues, more than a non medical manager. However, this seems not to be a trouble-free task.
The author of this thesis supports medical chairs in a university hospital in their leadership. From these experiences, the assumption arose that the characteristic patterns which emerged are related to the specific culture and manners of the medical world. This research addresses the question: how does the specific medical identity, the medical habitus, influence the task of leadership of the medical chair?
The study has been performed in a university hospital. Observations, interviews and interactive discussion groups in the form of small learning groups with department heads have been used to gather the empirical material.
First, the medical habitus is described. Also, the hidden curriculum becomes visible, the socialization process in which the habitus is formed. By influencing the power and collegial relations within the group, the medical habitus determines to a greater extent the limitations and possibilities of the leadership of the department head. The department head needs to be a good doctor and colleague and to serve as a model in order to influence the clinical activities and the performing of his group. Sometimes he disposes managerial behaviour, but the medical habitus remains his true second nature. If the chair inclines towards the management world too much, he loses his surplus value in the group.
Based on the findings of this study, several points of attention have been formulated, regarding the importance of the hidden curriculum, of the position and support of medical professionals in the lead and of the balance between the two worlds in a hospital.


Most people are familiar with the hungry caterpillar in the vegetable garden or the elusive beetle in the pantry, and contending with these unwelcomed pests is a longstanding problem. Ever since humans started farming they have shared part of their harvest with insects. Growers of maize, Zea mays(corn), are challenged with a number of pests, but the most important are lepidopteran larvae (i.e., caterpillars) that are stalk borers, ear or leaf feeders, and coleopteran larvae (i.e., beetle grubs) that feed on roots. The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, for example, was nicknamed the "billion dollar bug" because it cost growers over a billion dollars annually in insecticides and lost crop yields (Figure 1). Most maize growers rely on traditional crop protection practices to manage these insects, including cultural, biological or chemical (insecticide) methods or a balance of these methods that aims to minimize environmental impact called integrated pest management (IPM) (Hellmich et al. 2008). However, in 1996 USA growers were introduced to commercial maize that was genetically engineered (GE) with resistance to European corn borer and other lepidopteran maize pests. In 2003 another GE maize was introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae (beetle grubs), especially larvae of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, another "billion dollar bug" (Figure 2). These GE plants produce crystal (Cry) proteins or toxins derived from the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), hence the common name "Bt maize". Bt maize has revolutionized pest control in a number of countries, but there still are questions about its use and impact. This article will focus on the opportunities and challenges presented by Bt maize as they relate to current insect-resistant products. Disciplines Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Biology | Entomology Comments This article is from Nature Education Knowledge, 3 (2012); 4. Rights Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/161


This study investigated the claim that keyboard-based computer-mediated group discussion suppresses normative influence relative to informational influence. In a simulated panel of inquiry presented with computer databases containing inconsistent and incompletely shared information, four-person groups attempted to reach decisions either in face-to-face (FF) discussions or in real time computer-mediated (CM) discussions via a network linking computers at separate locations. CM groups reported greater difficulty communicating ideas than FF groups and took longer to reach a decision. Contrary to previous research, CM groups exhibited a preference for a normative style of discussion, exchanging proportionally more positional and value statements and proportionally fewer factual and inferential statements than FF groups, but only in the final stage of the experiment. This discussion style led in turn to lower levels of private post-decision agreement and decision satisfaction among CM groups. Results are discussed in terms of the restrictions imposed by computer mediation on group discussion, and how these combine with other task conditions to determine group goals and discussion style.


We consider the design of digital filters and discuss the inclusion of explicitly specified transition bands in the frequency domain design of FIR filters. We put forth the notion that explicitly specified transition bands have been introduced in the filter design literature as an indirect and sometimes inadequate approach for dealing with discontinuities in the desired frequency response. We also present a rapidly converging, robust, simple algorithm for the design of optimal peak constrained least square lowpass FIR filters that does not require the use of transition bands. This versatile algorithm will design linear and minimum phase FIR filters and gives the best L/sub 2/ filter and a continuum of Chebyshev filters as special cases.


We report here a ß- thalassemia major case (homozygous IVS-1-110 G-A) associated with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) (homozygous 694 Met-Val). Our patient's clinical course revealed a possible synergistic effect between colchicine and desferrioxamine (DFO) However, this could be a only a coincidence, as under colchicine therapy, fever attacks may appear, this may be the topic of a further investigation.


Prisoners can be tragically wronged by the prison system, as highlighted by the recent Ashley Smith case. Tort actions have proven to be a problematic form of recourse for them. Negligence claims made by prisoners face many obstacles at every stage of the analysis: the duty of care, standard and breach, and causation. The authors offer an overview of tort litigation coming out of Canadian prison with a focus on health care based negligence claims, risks arising from other prisoners and the risk of self-harm. They find that these cases are unevenly resolved when the plaintiff is a prisoner. The paper further considers "conditions of confinement" and attempts to determine whether this standard could give rise to a novel duty of care. The authors outline several impediments to the imposition of such a duty. They note that Canadian courts are reluctant to impose duties on public actors, particularly when the conduct in question walks the fine line between operational and policy-oriented action. Improving conditions of confinement would be an expensive undertaking and the imposition of a duty of care would involve costly funding decisions, so the authors determine that the courts would be unlikely to accept it as a legitimate duty of care. If tort litigation can be made more accessible to prisoners the end result may be the improved enforcement of their entitlements and the betterment of internal prison conditions.


Body size often declines with increasing temperature. Although there is ample evidence for this effect to be adaptive, it remains unclear whether size shrinking at warmer temperatures is driven by specific properties of being smaller (e.g., surface to volume ratio) or by traits that are correlated with size (e.g., metabolism, growth). We used 290 generations (22 months) of artificial selection on a unicellular phytoplankton species to evolve a 13‐fold difference in volume between small‐selected and large‐selected cells and tested their performance at 22°C (usual temperature), 18°C (−4), and 26°C (+4). Warmer temperatures increased fitness in small‐selected individuals and reduced fitness in large‐selected ones, indicating changes in size alone are sufficient to mediate temperature‐dependent performance. Our results are incompatible with the often‐cited geometric argument of warmer temperature intensifying resource limitation. Instead, we find evidence that is consistent with larger cells being more vulnerable to reactive oxygen species. By engineering cells of different sizes, our results suggest that smaller‐celled species are pre‐adapted for higher temperatures. We discuss the potential repercussions for global carbon cycles and the biological pump under climate warming.


The often contentious network neutrality debate typically cleaves along an absolute for or against dichotomy based largely on one's philosophy about the Internet's past and future direction, the ability of marketplace forces to promote self-regulation, and the degree of confidence in governments' ability to remedy acute problems. Such a macroscopic perspective promotes a large difference of opinion with plenty of opportunities to disparage the opposition. Thoughtful scholarly literature, which can examine nuances in the debate, can become subordinate to sponsored research designed to influence policymakers with a preconceived point of view. A "big picture" analysis ironically leads to viewpoints at polar opposites and advocacy that finds no middle ground.The issue of whether the Internet requires some degree of government oversight, dispute resolution and stewardship requires serious consideration rather than sloganeering and dueling web pages. An essential element for such analysis breaks down the Internet into at least three layers having different characteristics that can affect the arguments for or against the application of network neutrality rules. A physical layer provides the infrastructure needed to establish a basic communications link between two or more parties. Ridding on top of this basic bitstream transmission conduit are communications protocols and standards like the Transmission Control Protocol that manage the routers that select networks to carry traffic and the Internet Protocol that establishes a globally used addressing system. Farther atop the physical layer and the layers that set up and process transmissions lay the content, applications and software that provide various services.This paper will consider the network neutrality debate in the context of these three different layered components of the Internet. The paper will show that compelling arguments for enforceable network neutrality rules are strongest at the low layer, contestible at the middle layer and unnecessary at the high layer. Such a nuanced view of network neutrality explains that the need for government involvement depends on which part of the Internet's networking infrastructure one examines. For one comfortable with government involvement and network neutrality rules, the paper will challenge the need for such oversight in the competitive marketplace for Internet-mediated content, applications and software. For others uncomfortable with any government involvement, the paper will identify instances where market failure or the lack of competition necessitates fair dealing by a limited number of operators providing Internet access. In the middle layers, where Internet Service Providers use protocols and technologies to manage their networks, but possibly also to favor corporate affiliates and certain third party providers of content, the paper suggests the need for a government referee authorized to resolve disputes and to examine causes of congestion and service interruptions.


We present an experiment to investigate the source of disappointment aversion in a sequential real-effort competition. Specifically, we study the contribution of social comparison effects to the disappointment aversion previously identified in a two-person real-effort competition (Gill and Prowse, 2012). To do this we compare "social" and "asocial" versions of the Gill and Prowse experiment, where the latter treatment removes the scope for social comparisons. If disappointment aversion simply reflects an asymmetric evaluation of losses and gains we would expect it to survive in our asocial treatment, while if losing to or winning against another person affects the evaluation of losses/gains we would expect treatment differences. We find behavior in social and asocial treatments to be similar, suggesting that social comparisons have little impact in this setting. Unlike in Gill and Prowse we do not find evidence of disappointment aversion.


Strategists of Europe, rejoice! The June 2015 European Council mandated High Representative Federica Mogherini to prepare "an EU global strategy on foreign and security policy" by June 2016. Fully twelve years after the adoption of the European Security Strategy (ESS), the chance to revisit the EU's grand strategy should be grasped with both hands. What could the new strategy most usefully say and promote? What makes Europe the most equal continent, providing the greatest security, freedom, and prosperity, is the European Social Model. It contains the principles and the values at the heart of EU, that also shape its vital interests. Bearing in mind this assumption, the new ESS should fulfil three functions: define strategic priorities, set a limited number of overall objectives and comunicate how the EU sees its role in the world. In sum, on the basis of a geopolitical analysis of the regional and global environment, this coming strategizing effort aims to identify the most important threats and challenges to Europe's vital interests, and to define priority objectives to which end the preventive, comprehensive, and multilateral method must be applied. How to do that? This paper offers some thoughts.


The matching of energy supply and demand under hypoxic conditions is critical for sustaining myocardial function. Numerous reports indicate that basal energy requirements and ion handling may differ between the ventricles. We hypothesized that ventricular response to hypoxia shows interventricular differences caused by the heterogeneity in glucose metabolism and expression and activity of ion transporters. Thus we assessed glucose utilization rate, ATP, sodium and potassium concentrations, Na, K-ATPase activity, and tissue reduced:oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) content in the right and left ventricles before and after the exposure of either the whole animals or isolated blood-perfused hearts to hypoxia. The hypoxia-induced boost in glucose utilization was more pronounced in the left ventricle compared with the right one. ATP levels in the right ventricle of hypoxic heart were lower than those in the left ventricle. Left ventricular sodium content was higher, and hydrolytic Na, K-ATPase activity was reduced compared with the right ventricle. Administration of the Na, K-ATPase blocker ouabain caused rapid increase in the right ventricular Na(+) and elimination of the interventricular Na(+) gradients. Exposure of the hearts to hypoxia made the interventricular heterogeneity in the Na(+) distribution even more pronounced. Furthermore, systemic hypoxia caused oxidative stress that was more pronounced in the right ventricle as revealed by GSH/GSSG ratios. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that the right ventricle is more prone to hypoxic damage, as it is less efficient in recruiting glucose as an alternative fuel and is particularly dependent on the efficient Na, K-ATPase function.


BACKGROUND
In cardiac ischaemia, the accumulation of adenosine may lead to or exacerbate bradyasystole and diminish the effectiveness of catecholamines administered during resuscitation. Aminophylline is a competitive adenosine antagonist. Case studies suggest that aminophylline may be effective for atropine-resistant bradyasystolic arrest.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of aminophylline in the treatment of patients in bradyasystolic cardiac arrest, primarily survival to hospital discharge. We also considered survival to admission, return of spontaneous circulation, neurological outcomes and adverse events.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2009), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We checked the reference lists of retrieved articles, reviewed conference proceedings, contacted experts and searched further using Google. The search strategy was updated in March 2012.

SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomised controlled trials comparing intravenous aminophylline with administered placebo in adults with non-traumatic, normothermic bradyasystolic cardiac arrest who were treated with standard advanced cardiac life support (ACLS).

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently reviewed the studies and extracted the included data. We contacted study authors when needed. Pooled risk ratio (RR) was estimated for each study outcome. Subgroup analysis was predefined according to the timing of aminophylline administration.

MAIN RESULTS
Five trials are included in this analysis, all of which were performed in the prehospital setting. The risk of bias was low in four of these studies (n = 1186). The trials accumulated 1254 participants. Aminophylline was found to have no effect on survival to hospital discharge (RR 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12 to 2.74) or on secondary survival outcome (survival to hospital admission: RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.39; return of spontaneous circulation: RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.49). Survival was rare (6/1254), making data about neurological outcomes and adverse events quite limited. The planned subgroup analysis for early administration of aminophylline included 37 participants. No one in the subgroup survived to hospital discharge.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The prehospital administration of aminophylline in bradyasystolic arrest is not associated with improved return of circulation, survival to admission or survival to hospital discharge. The benefits of aminophylline administered early in resuscitative efforts are not known.


Epistemic protocols are communication protocols aiming at transfer of knowledge in a controlled way. Typically, the preconditions or goals for protocol actions depend on the knowledge of agents, often in nested form. Informal epistemic protocol descriptions for muddy children, coordinated attack, dining cryptographers, Russian cards, secret key exchange are well known. The contribution of this paper is a formal study of a natural requirement on epistemic protocols, that the contents of the protocol can be assumed to be common knowledge. By formalizing this requirement we can prove that there can be no unbiased deterministic protocol for the Russian cards problem. For purposes of our formal analysis we introduce an epistemic protocol language, and we show that its model checking problem is decidable.


Epithelia noted for their water transport have been studied by electron microscopy with particular emphasis upon basal specializations. Epithelia of the submaxillary gland, choroid plexus, and ciliary body are described in this article, and compared with previous observations on the kidney. The basal surface of all these epithelia is tremendously expanded by folds which penetrate deeply into the cytoplasm. In the submaxillary gland this is particularly notable in cells of the serous alveoli and in the secretory ducts. In these instances the folds have a fairly regular distribution and have a marked tendency to turn back upon themselves and so form repeating S-shaped patterns. In the choroid plexus the penetrating basal folds are limited to the lateral regions of each ependymal cell where they blend with the intercellular membranes that are also folded. In the epithelium of the ciliary body it is the inner layer that is specialized. The surface adjacent to the cavity of the eye penetrates irregularly, nearly through the full depth of the cell layer. The exposed surface is, in a fundamental sense, the basal surface of this epithelial layer. It is apparent that the pattern of folding is quite distinctive in the different epithelia. Therefore, the specializations should be regarded as analogous rather than homologous. Topographic considerations presumably limit the manner in which basal cell surfaces might be expanded. Penetrating folds would seem to represent almost the only possible solution.


This series of pictures of empty shopping centre interiors throughout England aims to restate display, desire and consumption as features of local spaces. Through solitary views of otherwise populated interiors, the work proposes a paradox of the public and the private, de-familiarising and unsettling the appearance of such spaces, and, more importantly, the process of seeing them. These photographs suggest how the shopping centre interiors of today resemble those of the covered shopping arcades of the nineteenth century, the last great period of globalisation when the rise of modern consumer societies took place, with emergent forms of modern vision. Inspired by early photography of exhibition architecture, the work acknowledges the historical precedents of shopping centres, perhaps enabling them to be seen as spaces where the logic of contemporary global capitalism has visible form.


With the development of VLSI technologies, especially with the coming of deep sub-micron semiconductor process technologies, power dissipation becomes a critical factor that cannot be ignored either in normal operation or in test mode of digital systems. Test scheduling has to take into consideration of both test concurrency and power dissipation constraints. For satisfying high fault coverage goals with minimum test application time under certain power dissipation constraints, the testing of all components on the system should be performed in parallel as much as possible.

The main objective of this thesis is to address the test-scheduling problem faced by SOC designers at system level. Through the analysis of several existing scheduling approaches, we enlarge the basis that current approaches based on to minimize test application time and propose an efficient and integrated technique for the test scheduling of SOCs under power-constraint. The proposed merging approach is based on a tree growing technique and can be used to overlay the block-test sessions in order to reduce further test application time. A number of experiments, based on academic benchmarks and industrial designs, have been carried out to demonstrate the usefulness and efficiency of the proposed approaches.


OBJECTIVE
Procedural reimbursement for spine surgery has changed drastically over the past 20 years. A comprehensive understanding of these trends is important as major changes in reimbursement models of spine surgery continue to evolve within various spine specialties as well as broader national healthcare policy. In this study the authors evaluated the monetary trends in Medicare reimbursement rates for the 15 most common spinal surgery procedures from 2000 to 2021.

METHODS
The National Surgery Quality Improvement Project database (2019) was queried to determine the 15 most commonly performed spine surgery procedures. The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for each of these procedures were obtained from the Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and comprehensive reimbursement data for each code were extracted. Changes in Medicare reimbursement rates were calculated and averaged for each procedure as both raw percent changes and percent changes adjusted for inflation to 2021 US dollars (USD) based on the consumer price index (CPI). The adjusted R2 value, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR), and both the average annual and the total percent change in reimbursement were calculated based on these adjusted trends for all included procedures.

RESULTS
After adjustment for inflation, average reimbursement for all procedures decreased by 33.8% from 2000 to 2021. The greatest mean decrease was seen in anterior cervical arthrodesis (-38.7%), while the smallest mean decrease was in vertebral body excision (-17.1%). From 2000 to 2021, the adjusted reimbursement rate for all included procedures decreased by an average of 1.9% each year, with an average R2 value of 0.69.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to evaluate monetary trends in Medicare reimbursement for spine surgery procedures. After adjusting for inflation, Medicare reimbursement for the 15 most commonly performed spine procedures has steadily decreased from 2000 to 2021. Increased awareness of these trends and the forces driving them will be critical in the coming years as negotiations regarding reimbursement models continue to unfold. Greater understanding of spine surgery reimbursement among policy makers, hospitals, and surgeons will be important to ensure continued access to quality surgical spine care in the United States.


Nowadays, renewable energy resources are gaining more attraction since the future demand for energy and the depleting petroleum resources will soon become an issue to the rapidly-growing global population. In this regard, bioethanol has expanded hugely during the last 10-15 years, especially in the form of corn-based ethanol. In a corn-based ethanol plant, dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) is also produced as the coproduct as much as ethanol on a weight basis. The surplus amounts of the produced distillers' grain are beyond its tradition animal feed usage so that the accumulation can become a concern for environmental sustainability of the so-called first-generation bioethanol industry. Moreover, the application of distillers' grains in new markets is another aspect to be thought of in order to help economic sustainability of the industry. In the present work, the capabilities of DDGS are evaluated for using as a filler and/or reinforcement in producing green biocomposites with a number of bioplastics. The bioplastics used here are partially originated from renewable resources with end-life biodegradability in compost conditions. The focus of this research is to design and engineer material formulations with balanced performance. Extrusion and injection molding techniques have been employed to produce the biocomposites and the performance of the produced materials was evaluated through mechanical, thermomechanical and physical properties. The discussions are augmented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). With this approach, biocomposites of DDGS and bioplastics were successfully designed which exhibit acceptable performance such as tensile strength of more than 20 MPa, flexural modulus of more than 1 GPa, impact strength of more than 100 J/m and melt flow index of more than 5 g/10min.


Until recently, history as written by the 'victors' has been nothing more than repeated efforts to capture a certain slant of truth in order to (re)territorialise the position of 'white' dominance in this country. The re-enactment of historical events can be instrumental in the re-presentation of this privileged history. The re-enacted landing of the replica ship Duyfken in August 2000 was marked by an important shift in attitude for at least one of the leading protagonists in the event. In this respect, this particular re-enactment has offered some interesting ways of viewing history/ies in a postcolonial context and for appraising the concept of reconciliation. This essay considers three aspects of the re-enactment: the introduction of a historical discontinuity in Australian 'race' relations through the cultivation of a certain type of cultural intimacy during the journey; the (hi)story behind the re-enactment and some reflections on historiography; and, subsequently, an analysis of how the event of the landing could imply an expanded expression of reconciliation, potentially freeing it from its current constraints.


The amount of digital information increases at an astonishing rate. This trend is not likely to change in the coming years, as technology is still well away from the fundamental limits in handling information. Information can be created, processed, relayed, and it can be stored in a physical way in a medium for future retrieval. One of the possibilities to store information is to write (and read) it by an optical beam in a magnetic medium: Magneto-Optical (M.O.) recording. M.O. media have several distinct merits when they are used as removable media, where resistance agains environment conditions is imperative. Several M.O. drives applying 5¼" or 3½" M.O.-disks have meanwhile appeared on the personal computer market. To achieve substantial increase of the information density on such disks, the light spot that is used for reading and writing has to become smaller. As the spot is focussed to the diffraction limit this can only be achieved by applying a shorter wavelength. The performance of the current generation of M.O. disks based on RE-TM materials decreases at short wavelenghts (300-500 nm), and therefore other media are needed. After 1985 research on Co/Pd and Co/Pt multilayers started on a world-wide scale, as these layers had many merits: high magneto-optical output around a wavelength of 300 nm, high corrosion resistance and strong perpendicular orientation of the magnetization due to interface anisotropy. Solely the Curie temperature was too high (350-400°C for a medium with high M.O. output), resulting in degradation of the medium after many read/write cycles. One of the methods to reduce the Curie temperature of a multilayer is to reduce the Curie temperature of the magnetic layers therein by alloying them with another element. The moment of the magnetic layers should preferably remain high, and regarding magnetic phase diagrams we chose the magnetic element Ni to alloy with Co. This thesis deals with the preparation and characterization of CoNi/Pt multilayers with either 50 or 60 at.% Ni in the magnetic layers. In Chapter 2: M.O. multilayer theory, the M.O. Kerr effect is introduced and a model for the M.O. effects of arbitrary stacked structures is presented. The influence of polarized Pt on the large Kerr rotations at short wavelengths is treated. The magnetic properties and the Curie temperature of Co/Pt multilayers are reviewed in order understand the critical parameters and their dependence on the layer structure and deposition process. The chapter concludes with an overview of possible additions to the Co layers. In Chapter 3: Experimental methods, first the sputter process is introduced, then the UHV-sputter system that was set-up to produce the multilayers is described. Further the magnetic and structural measurement techniques that were used are briefly discussed. Besides the sputter system, the magneto-optical measurement set-up was one of the major technological projects performed during this work. Therefore it is treated seperately in Chapter 4: M.O. measurement set-up. Operating principle, construction and merits of the new set-up are reviewed. It features spectroscopic Kerr rotation and ellipticity measurements, and using the build-in sample heater Curie temperatures can be measured. Chapter 5: Tayloring of magnetic and magneto-optic properties summarizes measurement results on CoNi/Pt multilayers. It is shown that the layers have perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in a large layer thickness range, and that the highest anisotropy corresponds to the lowest internal stress. The coercivity could be increased up to 200 kA/m (with an hysteresis loop that was almost rectangular) by applying a high sputter gas pressure, whereas the application of a bias voltage to the substrate table resulted mainly in lower coercivities. The reversal mechanism is domain wall motion, where the domains are hampered by many small pinning sites, which probably origin at boundaries of columns that extend throughout the multilayer. The Curie temperature was lowered compared to Co/Pt multilayers with the same layer thicknesses, but for samples that show a good magneto-optic performance the Curie temperature was always at the high side (around 300°C). Application of a Pt seedlayer under the multilayer increased coercivity, which we attribute to the higher roughness, and the anisotropy, which is attributed to the improved (111) orientation of the multilayer. Spectroscopic M.O. measurements and simulations finalize this chapter. Large Kerr rotations were found when the Pt layers were very thin, typically thinner than 8.8 A. This correlates to the magnetic moment of the CoNi layers, which also becomes higher with decreasing spacing. This ferromagnetic coupling is needed to achieve high M.O. output. The Pt layers can be made thinner without consequences: due to the lower magnetic moment of CoNi layers, the multilayer remains perpendicular magnetized when the Pt layer thickness is reduced (even at 2.9 A Pt!). The figure of merit of our best CoNi/Pt sample is comparable to that of Co/Pt multilayers in the wavelength range 375-520 nm By excursions around the parameters of this sample an even better performance is expected to be found.


TEACHING A BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF THE CHURCH AT HANOVER FELLOWSHIP CHURCH, HANOVER, PENNSYLVANIA Charles Edward Cruise, Jr., D.Min. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2011 Chairperson: Dr. James M. Hamilton Church members were taught a biblical theology of the church, with the aim that their commitment to the church would increase. Chapter 1 presents the purpose, goals, context, rationale, definitions, and limitations of the project. Chapter 2 discusses the biblical theology of the church. This chapter develops the identity, nature, and mission of the church from a biblical-theological perspective. Chapter 3 surveys alternative models for increasing commitment to the church. A discussion of how some models may compromise biblical ecclesiology is included. Chapter 4 outlines the sermons and discipleship lessons used in the project. This chapter also includes preliminary results from the instruments used to measure change. Chapter 5 provides an evaluation of the project goals, along with its strengths and weaknesses. This project contends that a valid method for increasing commitment in a church is to teach members a biblical perspective regarding their identity and roles.


This book is a collection of articles devoted to the theory of linear operators in Hilbert spaces and its applications. The subjects covered range from the abstract theory of Toeplitz operators to the analysis of very specific differential operators arising in quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and the theory of elasticity; the stability of numerical methods is also discussed. Many of the articles deal with spectral problems for not necessarily selfadjoint operators. Some of the articles are surveys outlining the current state of the subject and presenting open problems.|This book is a collection of articles devoted to the theory of linear operators in Hilbert spaces and its applications. The subjects covered range from the abstract theory of Toeplitz operators to the analysis of very specific differential operators arising in quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and the theory of elasticity; the stability of numerical methods is also discussed. Many of the articles deal with spectral problems for not necessarily selfadjoint operators. Some of the articles are surveys outlining the current state of the subject and presenting open problems.


This study investigates native Swedish speakers' self-perception of vocal and articulatory effort in a speech sound production task, in an attempt to identify patterns amongst Swedish speakers as well as to make cross-language comparisons with previously reported data for French speakers. Vocal and articulatory effort refers to the level of exertion required to produce a sound. Previous research has primarily focused on physiological rather than selfperceived measurement.In a partial replication of a French study on vocal and articulatory parameters, twenty-two healthy native speakers of Swedish aged 21-50 were presented with 220 pairs of nonsense syllables that they were asked to produce aloud. Each pair included up to three contrasts between the consonants in terms of context, voicing, and place and manner of articulation. Some subjects were instructed to select the item from each pair that they felt was easier to produce, while others were instructed to choose the one they perceived as more difficult.The results indicate that subjects perceived voiced consonants as requiring a greater level of effort than voiceless consonants. A higher rate of self-perceived effort was also reported for unvocalic (isolated) consonants compared with intervocalic consonants, regardless of voicing.These findings may be significant for professionals in the field of speech therapy, by providing a baseline for structuring clinical voice therapy based on subjective experience.


The Lagavulin exploration well 217/15-1Z penetrated a c. 2.6 km thick volcanic sequence dominated by extrusive basaltic rocks spanning the Paleocene–Eocene boundary in the NE Faroe–Shetland Basin. The well comprises one of the thickest drilled sequences through the North Atlantic Igneous Province. Integrated analysis of drill cuttings and wireline-log data reveals key volcanic lithofacies: (1) tabular lava flows; (2) compound lava flows; (3) hyaloclastite; (4) volcaniclastic rocks. The volcanic facies reveal two major sub-aqueous to subaerial sequences consistent with lava delta progradation. These sequences are separated by a volcanic hiatus represented by extensive reddened soils, which preceded the re-submergence of the area. Emergence followed by submergence of the first lava delta is interpreted to record an intra-T40 transient uplift event near the Paleocene–Eocene boundary. Basalts from the lower c. 1.3 km have low TiO2 (<1.5 wt%) and low Zr/Y (2–3), with olivine-phyric picrites towards the base (Mg# 70–82; olivine Fo85–91). The hiatus correlates precisely with a change to high-TiO2 (2.5–3.2 wt%), high-Zr/Y (>4) compositions, which dominate the upper sequence. The associated change in lava geochemistry, transient uplift and volcanic hiatus appears consistent with a transient pulse of hot buoyant plume material passing beneath the area. Supplementary material: All raw geochemical data and supplementary analyses are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18888.


Bellicism of a pacifist. Stefan Zweig and Insel-Verlag during the First World War
This article critically investigates correspondence between Leipzig publisher, Anton Kippenberg and Austrian author and literary adviser Stefan Zweig. None of the letters, which date from WWI, have been published before. It has been generally accepted that the years 1915-16 marked a turning point between Zweig's involvement in the war and his later pacificist stance resulting in his emigration to Switzerland. His letters to Katharina and Anton Kippenberg, however, provide evidence that such a turning point cannot be verified given his overall ambivalent attitude during the war. Zweig's motivation in opposing the publication of Polish literature by Insel-Verlag, his nationalist and patriotic vocabulary as well as his advances towards a post in occupied Belgium show that after 1915 Zweig rather displayed a conformist stance. Moreover, as an important member in the literary scene at the time, Zweig was able to skillfully manipulate the circumstances of the war and the rhetoric it entailed.


Many Hispanic Americans trace their roots to the cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Americas—including the Arawaks (Puerto Rico), the Aztecs (Mexico), the Incas (South America), the Maya (Central America), and the Tainos (in Cuba, Puerto Rico and other places). Some trace their roots to the Spanish explorers—who in the 1400s set out to find an easier and less costly way to trade with the Indies. Other Latinos trace their roots to the Africans who were brought as slaves to the New World. For purposes of the U.S. Census, Hispanic Americans today are identified according to the parts of the world that they or their ancestors came from, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Spain, or the nations of Central or South America.


The authors studied more than 1 million Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) and White seventh graders in a statewide California testing program between 2003 and 2008, examining their reading and math achievement. AAPI student performance is often reported as an aggregate in discussions of the success of schoolchildren and issues of racial and ethnic achievement gaps. The authors disaggregated the performance of 13 AAPI subgroups and found significant achievement gaps between White Americans and their AAPI peers in reading and math. The data refuted the premise of the model minority myth. The evidence indicated that AAPI students are diverse in their achievements and demonstrate a continuum of academic performance.


Due to the growing complexity of PLC programs there is an increasing interest in the application of formal methods in this area. Formal methods allow rigid proving of system properties in verification and validation. One way to apply formal methods is to utilize a formal design approach in PLC programming. However, for existing software that has to be optimized, changed, or ported to new systems there is the need for an approach that can start from a given PLC program. Therefore, formalization of PLC programs is a topic of current research. This paper outlines a re-engineering approach based on the formalization of PLC programs. The transformation into a vendor independent format and the visualization of the structure of PLC programs are identified as an important intermediate step in this process. It is shown how XML and corresponding technologies can be used for the formalization and visualization of an existing PLC program.


The extraordinary growth performance and simple culture method of green mussel
(Pema viridis) make it a potentially profitable aquaculture species. However, green
mussel aquaculture in Sabah still relatively undeveloped. As green mussel
aquaculture in Sabah is completely relying on wild green mussel population for both
spats and broodstock, It is imperative to understand various population parameters
of green mussel including the population genetic Information before green mussel
aquaculture improvement initiatives commence. In this study, 200 green mussel
specimens were collected from five locations in Sabah which included Kota Kinabalu,
Kota Marudu, Kuala Penyu, Tuaran and Tawau. The population genetic of green
mussel in Sabah was examined using mitochondrial DNA (D-loop) and microsatellite
W. Fifteen microsatellite loci were examined using polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis whereas mitochondrial DNA (d-loop) was examined using DNA
sequencing method. Standard genetic diversity indices for mitochondrial DNA were
calculatedI n DnaSP5.10.1w here as micro satellite was calculated in Ariequin3 .5.1.2.
Pairwise F-statistic, AMOVA and Mantel's test were calculated for both D-loop and
microsatellite using the Ariequin 22.214.171.124. Nested lade analysis, UPGMA
dendrogram and STUCTURE2 .3.4 were used to further elucidate the population
structure of the green mussel. Besides, genetic bottleneck signature in the green
mussel population was examined using BOTTLENEC1K. 2.02 and neutral tests in
Arlequin 184.108.40.206. Green mussel population showed high haplotype diversity and low
nudeotide diversity (Hd=0.916; n=0.00915) in mitochondrial D-loop region whereas
the microsatellite genetic diversity of green mussel in Sabah (A=3.08; He=0.43)
was lower than other location such as Thailand. The low average allele number
indicated the adaptability of the green mussel population to sudden change in
environment and disease outbreak is weak. Introduction of green mussel stocks
from Thailand would probably increase the genetic diversity of the green mussel
population in Sabah and may manifest the genetic differences in commercially
significant phenotypic traits. AMOVA and pairwise F-statistic for both microsatellite
and D-loop showed low but significant population structuring. Nested Glade analysis
based on mitochondrial DNA was unable to Identify the population structure clearly.
However, STRUCTURE and UPGMA dendrogram based on microsatellite data
showed that the individuals from Kota Marudu and Tawau constituted a cluster
whereas individuals from Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Penyu and Tuaran formed the
another duster. The population structure pattern was probably affected by local
marine current, larvae behaviour or even anthropogenic activities. From fisheries
management perspective, it is desirable to manage the two groups separately.
Significant genetic bottleneck signature was not detected In either microsatellite loci
or D-loop of mitochondrial DNA albeit green mussel population in Sabah passed
through a severe mass mortality which lasted for almost three years. In conclusion,
the outcomes of this study have created a sound foundation for green mussel
aquaculture improvement program in Sabah


The development of national parks and other protected areas has been widely promoted because of its potential for regional development in peripheral and sparsely populated areas. The argument is that the economic and social benefits seen in national parks in the USA and UK will also occur in the Swedish context in the form of an increased tourism-related labor market. Our aim was to analyze the possibility of such a development both in light of the policy visions of positive regional and local development and from the adversary point of view that protection of land is making it more difficult for 15 sparsely populated mountain municipalities in Sweden to prosper. We used a database covering the entire population of the area for 1991 to 2001. Our results show that factors other than the protected areas are connected to the development of a tourism labor market. The most positively correlated variables for change in tourism employment are population growth and proximity to ski lifts. Positive population development is also correlated to a positive change in the number of people employed in forest sectors. Thus, one of the main outcomes is that the assumed and almost automatic positive relation between nature conservation and tourism can is questionable.


Although the aetiology of bone pathologies in cattle is poorly documented, various deformations in the skeleton have been attributed to draught exploitation in the archaeozoological literature. This paper summarizes the results of an osteological study that was undertaken on the feet of modern draught oxen. This led to the definition of a series of draught-related anomalies. In an attempt to describe the pathologies in a more consistent and quantitative way, a scoring scale for each individual bone pathology was established. The developed method is applied to cattle remains from four Roman and one late medieval site. The distribution of the observed pathological indices (PIs) on the first phalanges is interpreted in terms of the age structure of the cattle populations, and the possible modes of cattle exploitation and meat consumption in various settlement types. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


I. Introduction People in the least developed countries have the right to a higher standard of living in exchange for their labor. However, there are many obstacles to alleviating poverty. Trade theory has shown that international trade can expand aggregate income in every country joining in trade. This is so called the gains from trade. For this reason, international trade can be seen as the engine for the development and a useful tool to reduce poverty throughout the world. Unfortunately these goals have been hard to reach due to various trade impediments. Least developed countries (LDCs), according to the United Nations Committee for Development Policy, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. A country is classified as a Least Developed Country if it meets criteria based on (1) low-income (three-year average GNI per capita of less than US $750, which must exceed $900 to leave the list) (2) human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy) (3) economic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, and handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters) (4) population of less than 75 million. The classification currently (as of April 16, 2008) applies to 49 countries. (1) The current round of WTO, called Doha Development Round, takes its name from the aims expressed in the Declaration announced in Doha on November 14, 2001, for entering into trade liberalization negotiations with the goal of promoting development and reducing poverty in developing nations. The underlying principle of the Doha Round is to promote development in poor countries. Presently, the number of total WTO members is 153, of which the number of developing countries members (including LDCs) is about 100, and of which the number of LDC members are 30. If we clarify WTO members by regions, 41 members are African, 32 members are in Central and South America, and 21 members are Asian developing countries. (2) The increase in members belonging to developing countries and LDCs has led to an increase in the new negotiation power for development and poverty reduction. US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick's statement after the WTO Doha Ministerial Conference in 2001 expresses the hope for a successful round of negotiations in the following way: 'Doha lays the groundwork for a trade liberalization agenda that will be a starting point for greater development, growth, opportunity and openness around the world... we've settled on a program that lays out ambitious objectives for future negotiations on the liberalization of the agriculture market. These objectives represent a cornerstone of more market access priorities for trade and they will create a framework that will help the United States and others to advance a fundamental agricultural reform agenda. On a range of issues, such as agricultural liberalization and reduction of tariffs on non- agricultural goods, we've shown how our interests can converge with the developing world.' (3) Despite hopes for success at the beginning of the talks, Doha achieved little progress on most of the development issues up to the WTO Ministerial Meeting which took place in Cancun in September 2003. One of the key disappointments was agricultural reform, which many developing countries and NGOs had viewed as the primary objective of the round. The March 2003 deadline for agreement on agricultural modalities was not achieved. In the joint paper presented by US and EU on agricultural issues in August 2003, the framework was widely criticized by developing countries. On domestic support, no specific figures were given for reducing the most trade-distorting support. …


Abstract Coordinating security seamlessly across an enterprise is a challenge. Enterprises deploy multiple access control mechanisms at different technology layers; each mechanism is painstakingly configured and maintained using specialized user interfaces, most likely by different administrators in different organizations at different sites, perhaps employing different notions of users and roles. This piecemeal approach makes security management labor-intensive and, therefore, expensive, error-prone and slow to adapt. We present a model-driven technique for automated policy-based access analysis. Based on the ideas presented in this paper, we have built a prototype, the Integrated Security Management (ISM) system which, given the security configurations of hosts, applications and network devices, automatically validates whether the enterprise is in compliance with high-level enterprise access policy. The system relies on composable models that capture the access control semantics of applications, middleware and devices, in a manner that enables efficient enterprise-scale analysis.


In 1658, Johann(es) Rudolf Werdmiiller, a renowned Zurich general and diplomat, was accused of blasphemy. As it referred to essential religious matters, the accusation had a considerable public impact. The court files of the case provide evidence of wider battles over the desirability and nature of religious tolerance. Instead of narrating a case story this analysis suggests a different approach to the history of religion. The sources are not taken as documents expressing a discursive system of philosophical points of view and their appearance in religious polemics. Rather, the court files stand for specific speech acts, i.e. verbal performances in the linguistic sense. Thus, Werdmuller's example is taken to demonstrate that those considered to be blasphemers in the era of confessionalisation did not simply express religious scepticism in the form of "discourses," nor did they rebel against authority figures or resort to forms of magic. Rather, they provoked their society, discussed religious matters, entertained their audience and competed wittingly with those interested in religious issues. In conclusion, it is proposed that the history of religion should not be confined to a history of ideas and religious doctrines but should integrate linguistic approaches.


The aim of this study is to identify linguistic proxies of readability in Dutch, i.e. those linguistic features that define text as being easy-to-read. To this end, we compare the Wablieft corpus (Vandeghinste et al. 2019) (Flemish easy-to-read newspaper archives) to articles that appeared in the regular Flemish newspaper De Standaard, using a wide range of lexical, syntactic and readability metrics. We test which of these metrics has the highest effect size and which combinations of metrics work best in a classification task predicting whether articles belong to Wablieft or De Standaard. The results indicate that the best linguistic proxy for readability is (not surprisingly) the average number of words per sentence. Traditional reading metrics score well, although the combination of the parameters constituting these metrics score better in logistic regression than the original metrics.


Preliminary evidence suggests that the effects of regulating emotion may be moderated by both individual differences in trait emotional responding and symptoms of psychopathology. However, more knowledge of how the effects of emotion regulation strategies are moderated by specific symptoms of psychopathology is needed to better diagnose and treat individuals with psychopathology. The purpose of this study was to experimentally test how the effects of emotion suppression (a commonly used emotion regulation strategy) are moderated by individual differences in psychopathology (in this case, depressive symptoms and comorbid clinical worry predictive of generalized anxiety disorder). Results indicated no effect of suppression on self-reported sadness compared to control condition for any participants, and all participants recovered from sadness equally after a delay in time. Suppressing anxiety led to a reduction in self-reported anxiety compared to control condition for nonclinical participants, but this difference was not observed for those showing depressive symptoms, regardless of level of comorbid clinical worry. Results reveal that normative individuals may be able to mitigate state anxiety compared to other emotions like sadness, thus demonstrating the potential of a unique relationship between emotion suppression and anxious responding. However, the lack of ability for those with elevated depression and any level of comorbid worry to mitigate state anxiety indicates the potential for a shared emotion regulatory factor among depressive and anxiety pathology. Implications for theoretical understanding, assessment of psychopathology, and clinical practice are discussed.


A series of racemic phosphoryloxy-substituted (η4-cyclohexadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes was synthesized by exploiting the O-phosphorylation of (dienol)Fe(CO)3 intermediates generated in situ from the corresponding triisopropylsiloxy-protected complexes. The phosphorylated products were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction in four cases. Monodeprotection of two dimethyl phosphate derivatives with trimethylamine led to the tetramethylammonium salts of the (cyclohexadienyl methyl phosphate)Fe(CO)3 complexes. These compounds are the first water-soluble enzyme-trigged CO-releasing molecules (ET-CORMs). The phosphatase-induced CO release was monitored by means of GC. The biological activity was assessed in different cellular assays. The compounds were shown to be only slightly toxic, and a moderate anti-inflammatory potential was determined in an assay based on the inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-induced NO production.


Americans are ill-prepared for many of the consequences of aging and possible disability. They save too little, they do not prepare emotionally for separation from work, and they are not prepared to absorb the costs of needing long-term services and supports (LTSS) in the event that they experience functional impairments. This leaves most Americans exposed to the potentially catastrophic costs of LTSS. Public programs such as Medicaid pay for care primarily in institutional settings, and the program is targeted to poor individuals or those who must impoverish themselves trying to pay for such care. Most other Americans can try to save for this potential liability and/ or purchase private long-term care insurance (LTCI), yet few do so. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) contained provisions for a public insurance program – the CLASS Act –but this program was deemed to be unworkable in its proposed structure and was recently repealed in the "Fiscal Cliff" legislation.


Abstract Seed quality is a complex trait that is the result of a large variety of developmental processes. The molecular-genetic dissection of these seed processes and their relationship with seed and seedling phenotypes will allow the identification of the regulatory genes and signalling pathways involved and, thus, provide the means to predict and enhance seed quality. Natural variation for seed-quality aspects found in recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations is a great resource to help unravel the complex networks involved in the acquisition of seed quality. Besides extensive phenotyping, RILs can also be profiled by -omics technologies, such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics in a sophisticated so-called generalized genetical genomics approach. This combined use of physiology, genetics and several -omics technologies, followed by advanced data analysis, allows the construction of regulatory networks involved in the various attributes of seed and seedling quality. This type of analysis of the genetic variation in RIL populations in combination with genome-wide association (GWA) studies will allow a relatively rapid identification of genes that are responsible for quality-related traits of seeds and seedlings. New developments in several -omics technologies, especially the fast-evolving next-generation sequencing techniques, will make a similar system-wide approach more applicable to non-model species in the near future and this will be a huge boost for the potential to breed for seed quality.


This nationwide study has gathered data/information for and examined the performance of large-scale decentralized and small community wastewater systems and flows ranging from 5,000 to 50,000 gallons per day with at least five years of operating history. The study covers systems handling domestic waste flows only (residential and commercial facilities) that have been designed and constructed in accordance with regulatory requirements and accepted industry practices applicable to the particular state or region. Systems relying either on soil/land disposition or direct discharge of effluent were included in those studies. The results of the project will better enable designers, regulators and the industry as a whole to better assess and select decentralized systems used to serve certain types of facilities in various geographic settings.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series

ISBN: 9781843395225 (eBook)


Abstract We report the thermal expansion and the compressibility of carbonates in the ternary compositional diagram CaCO3-MgCO3-FeCO3, determined by in situ X-ray powder and single-crystal diffraction. High-temperature experiments were performed by high-resolution X-ray synchrotron powder diffraction from ambient to decarbonation temperatures (25–850 °C). Single-crystal synchrotron X ray diffraction experiments were performed in a variable pressure range (0–100 GPa), depending on the stability field of the rhombohedral structure at ambient temperature, which is a function of the carbonate composition. The thermal expansion increases from calcite, CaCO3, α0 = 4.10(7) ×10–5 K–1, to magnesite, MgCO3, α0 = 7.04(2) ×10–5 K–1. In the magnesite-siderite (FeCO3) join, the thermal expansion decreases as iron content increases, with an experimental value of α0 = 6.44(4) ×10–5 K–1 for siderite. The compressibility in the ternary join is higher (i.e., lower bulk modulus) in calcite and Mg-calcite [K0 = 77(3) GPa for Ca0.91Mg0.06Fe0.03(CO3)] than in magnesite, K0 = 113(1) GPa, and siderite, K0 = 125(1) GPa. The analysis of thermal expansion and compressibility variation in calcite-magnesite and calcite-iron-magnesite joins clearly shows that the structural changes associated to the order-disorder transitions [i.e., R3c calcite-type structure vs. R3 CaMg(CO3)2 dolomite-type structure] do not affect significantly the thermal expansion and compressibility of carbonate. On the contrary, the chemical compositions of carbonates play a major role on their thermo-elastic properties. Finally, we use our P-V-T equation of state data to calculate the unit-cell volume of a natural ternary carbonate, and we compare the calculated volumes to experimental observations, measured in situ at elevated pressure and temperatures, using a multi-anvil device. The experimental and calculated data are in good agreement demonstrating that the equation of state here reported can describe the volume behavior with the accuracy needed, for example, for a direct chemical estimation of carbonates based on experimental unit-cell volume data of carbonates at high pressures and temperatures.


Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon, is used as a vegetable in number of countries. Extracts of M. charantia plant, fruit pulp, and seed have been reported to have a wide medicinal use in the traditional medical systems, most often as hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic agents. We have studied the effect of M. charantia, collected from Kazdaglari (Mount Ida) in Balikesir, fruit extract on glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and antioxidant enzymes in rats. Male Wistar rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing 200-250 g, were given 200 mg M. charantia fruit extract per kg body weight, i.p., for four consecutive days. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, and liver, kidney, and lung were isolated. Our results have indicated significant increase in especially hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. The strongest increase (about 9-fold) was observed in GPx activities while about 2 to 5-fold increases were observed in SOD and CAT. M. charantia fruit extract also exhibited hepatoprotective effects in CCl4-intoxicated rats. In addition, about 50% increase was also noted with hepatic cytosolic GSTs. On the other hand, treatments of rats with M. charantia significantly reduced both ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and methoxyresorufin O-deethylase (MROD) activities in rat liver microsomes, which are known to be catalyzed by CYP1A isoforms These results suggest that the M. charantia fruit extract possesses the anti-oxidant effects besides having protective activities in rats.


A database of herbarium specimens of Eucalyptus, together with published and unpublished literature, was searched for records of natural or manipulated interspecific hybrids. The database was also used in conjunction with the informal classification of Pryor and Johnson to generate a list of all pairwise combinations of species within each subgenus, indexed according to tazionomic affinity and degree of coincidence of geographic distribution. The frequency of recorded interspecific hybrids in relation to the total numbers of species pairs in each index category provided a basis for exploration of patterns of hybridisation within the genus. The different subgenera are reproductively isolated under both natural and manipulated conditions. Within subgenera, current geographic distribution is a major determinant of natural hybridisation, The frequency of natural hybridisation in general reflects the hierarchy of taxonomic affinities, although important exceptions were noted in Monomlyptus and CorymQia, and there is considerable variation in rates of inter and intrasectional hybridisation within Sympt?yomyrtus. Tammmic revision may be indicated in such cases. Across the genus, natural hybridisation is a rather restricted phenomenon. Only 15% of combinations expected on geographic/taxonomic grounds have been recorded, and 37% of 'these are known from only a single herbarium record. Most records of manipulated hybrids derive from the wmmercidy important subgenus Symphyomyrtus. Combinations between geographically isolated species are Frequent and successfd crosses have been made between species in different sections, although an increased frequency of viability problems was noted in some cases. l[mplications for tree breeding are discussed.