Today information items on user's workstations are usually stored in separate collections depending on their format. This results in a disconnect between information systems and user needs leading to high lookup times during task related information retrieval. This paper presents an approach to reduce document based information fragmentation by semantically reconnecting electronic documents to each other without imposing additional training or tagging workload on the user. To this end the actions knowledge workers perform on their desktop are transparently monitored to analyze the user's interaction with his computer system. These action metadata are further clustered by superordinate activities performed by the user. Finally documents attached to window instances within the identified activity clusters are semantically to each other related reducing the fragmentation of their contained information. This allows a subsequent associative information discovery navigating from one document instance to other related document instances. A prototypical implementation and evaluation in a small scale testing setup indicates the validity of the approach.


Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing is a type of continuous manufacturing process extensively used to produce a wide variety of consumer products, such as plastics, paper, films, non-wovens, textile, etc. Recent advances in nanotechnology and material science have enabled the possibility of manufacturing electronics on a flexible substrate using R2R printing techniques. Even though the feasibility of printing electronics on flexible substrates has been extensively studied, continuous printing on a moving substrate using R2R techniques has not been adequately investigated. To facilitate progress towards high precision R2R printing, a systematic investigation of the various aspects that affect print quality and ways in which those can be influenced by different control configurations facilitated by choice and location of various components of the print section is necessary.In this paper we investigate two common control configurations for R2R printing based on the structure of the R2R print section and various components available for control. For these two configurations we develop a state-space model that contains both state and input delays. We propose a decentralized, memoryless, state feedback control law for both control configurations and show the stability of the closed loop systems using frequency domain delay-dependent stability conditions. These control configurations are evaluated and compared using model simulations and discussions on the effectiveness of each strategy are provided.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Recent studies reveal that organisms from all three domains of life—Archaea, Bacteria, and even Eukarya—can thrive under energy-poor, dark, and anoxic conditions at large depths in the fractured crystalline continental crust. There is a need for an increased understanding of the processes and lifeforms in this vast realm, for example, regarding the spatiotemporal extent and variability of the different processes in the crust. Here, we present a study that set out to detect signs of ancient microbial life in the Forsmark area—the target area for deep geological nuclear waste disposal in Sweden. Stable isotope compositions were determined with high spatial resolution analyses within mineral coatings, and mineralized remains of putative microorganisms were studied in several deep water-conducting fracture zones (down to 663 m depth), from which hydrochemical and gas data exist. Large isotopic variabilities of δCcalcite (−36.2 to +20.2‰ V-PDB) and δSpyrite (−11.7 to +37.8‰ V-CDT) disclose discrete periods of methanogenesis, and potentially, anaerobic oxidation of methane and related microbial sulfate reduction at several depth intervals. Dominant calcite–water disequilibrium of δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr precludes abundant recent precipitation. Instead, the mineral coatings largely reflect an ancient archive of episodic microbial processes in the fracture system, which, according to our microscale Rb–Sr dating of co-genetic adularia and calcite, date back to the mid-Paleozoic. Potential Quaternary precipitation exists mainly at ~400 m depth in one of the boreholes, where mineral–water compositions corresponded.


In Brazil, where the transport sector is one of the biggest contributors to air pollution in cities, replacing conventional buses with electric vehicles can save lives and positively impact the economy. This is what ImpactAr tool, a technical note and a valuation model, demonstrates. Developed in partnership with the Children's Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF), ImpactAr provides the magnitude of the variations on the number of fatalities and hospitalizations and the consequent economic and welfare costs related to changes in air pollution levels caused by modifications in the Brazilian urban bus fleets. The methodology can be applied by any city, sector operators, academics and researchers. For São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Niterói, spreadsheets are already set up with data for environmental, epidemiological and economic projections. By making the implicit impacts on health and well-being of air pollution visible, ImpactAr can encourage cities to initiate or accelerate the transition from public transport to green fleets.


This study investigates how community change is reflected in language, by examining the English of 28 Puerto Rican-identified native English speakers across two generations. Prosodic rhythm, which has been shown to differentiate Latino Englishes from other American English varieties including contemporary African American English, is measured here using the Pairwise Variability Index (Low, Grabe and Nolan 2000). Results indicate that New York Puerto Rican English speakers in East Harlem maintain syllable-timing (a substrate influence from Spanish) across-the-board, even when contact with African American English is evident at other levels of the grammar. PVI scores are higher for younger speakers (indicating more stresstimed speech) than for older speakers (indicating more syllable-timed speech) and younger speakers show a more even spread of PVI scores than older speakers do. Age differences appear to be linked to social factors like ethnic integration of housing, Spanish usage and social networks. Finally, results point to men showing more similar, syllable-timed speech, while women show more variation when it comes to speech rhythm. The results of this study shed light on how contact between members of different ethnoracial/linguistic groups who live in close proximity may produce dialect change, and also reveal the ways in which speakers negotiate their own linguistic identities as part of a community in transition. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/ vol20/iss2/18 U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20.2, 2014 Speaking English in Spanish Harlem: The Role of Rhythm


This dissertation analyses the adverse urban social impacts generated by regional development policies in Eastern Amazonia and illustrated by the town of Parauapebas. After the military coup of 1964, Brazilian Amazonia became the centre of attention for development planning. Due to its tremendous potential of natural resources as well as its vast areas of uninhabited land, this region was regarded by military governments as a means of rapidly tackling a range of economic, social and geopolitical objectives. In this regard, several development programmes, such as the Greater Carajas Programme (PGC), were planned and implemented by the Federal government. Brazilian development policies were heavily influenced by Perroux's development pole theory, which suggested that economic growth, interregional equilibrium and integration of backward regions could be achieved through a strategy of decentralised development. This basic idea provided a convenient theoretical justification not only for economic reasons (accelerated economic growth), but also in terms of the geopolitical objectives (national integration and occupation of Amazonia) of the military regime. Development pole strategies were vigorously implemented by the Federal government through the PND II - Second National Development Plan (1975/79) - and these strategies continued with the advent of the PGC in the 1980s. In order to exploit the huge iron-ore reserves at Carajes mountain, the Carajas Iron-Ore Project was established. CVRD was aware that this project would attract a considerable flow of migrants to the region and Parauapebas was built with the clear purpose of avoiding the formation an enormous shanty town at the company's entrance gate. Despite planning Parauapebas, however, CVRD could not avoid the formation of Rio Verde, a peripheral settlement contiguous to the planned town. CVRD's under-estimation of the pace of urbanisation, its decision to force service workers to live outside the company town allied to the substantial flow of migrants contributed to producing a serious situation in which the Parauapebas/Rio Verde region presented inadequate urban infrastructure and services; a critical nosological table and worrying problems in the educational sector. However, the above factors are unable to explain entirely the worrying situation in Parauapebas. In fact, these problems are a direct product of development pole strategies, which advocated that the concentration of investments in selected poles would generate economic growth, which would in turn "trickle down" to peripheral regions. Investments were made, but the beneficial spread effects in Parauapebas fell below expectations and the main reason for this lies in the fact that the ferrous-alloy industries were not implemented as originally envisaged by the PGC. As a consequence, the lack of option for diversifying the local economy is considerable. This dissertation analyses in detail the major social and environmental impacts of rapidly urban development in Parauapebas. It shows that development strategies in Eastern Amazonia have had limited positive effects and that the exploitation of the natural resources of the region has occurred in a predatory way and at the same time, it stresses that old projects and future undertakings in the region must be compatible with the environment. In this regard, this dissertation concludes with the discussion of policy implications for more sustainable policy for Eastern Amazonia.


People who start new businesses vary in the degree of entrepreneurial talent and temperament they possess. The same is true of strategic leaders and intrapreneurs inside large organisations, where entrepreneurial people are required to champion the change agenda in dynamic and turbulent environments. These issues can be explored in the context of six key entrepreneur character themes, or natural and instinctive behaviours. Techniques help, but alone they cannot compensate for missing characteristics. Without the important entrepreneur characteristics, survival and growth rates are lower. This paper outlines a new framework for identifying entrepreneurs and describes the research programme through which the model has been validated.


In 1995, Malaysia embarked on a project to build the new federal government administrative city, Putrajaya. The city will be exemplary of a tropical city that will eventually become the model for new green cities in Malaysia. Initially, the focus was only on projecting a powerful image by desired physical and spatial structure through the macro scale scope of the master plan. On the ground, the completed parcels of the various precincts have not achieved the expected image of a Garden City mainly due to the extensive network of roads and the excessive projection of architectural imagery to evoke a mnemonic sense of place. This paper intends on summarizing an urban design exercise at Dataran Rakyat (The People's Square) which is one of the four public squares embellishing the 4.2 km Boulevard of Putrajaya's Core Island. The square is flanked by two parks, namely Taman Rakyat 1 and 2 connecting both the eastern and western portions of the waterfront, which are crucial as they will be the main transit hubs connecting the two monorail lines. The centrality of the park is vital for the urban intervention to further enliven the city. The intervention will anchor upon monumental urban spaces that act as a political device that instils a sense of patriotism for Malaysian. The legacy of our prime ministers will be resurrected through built form dedicated as a public space for all. The proposed intervention embodies the leader ideologies, thought and visions for the nation to be appreciated by future generations. The new orchard park will be a fine example of urban landscape that merges into a seamless symbiosis that enhances Putrajaya's image as a Garden City. A huge measure of sustainable systems has been appropriated in the scheme, upholding Putrajaya as the leading green city in the world. The merger between build form and landscape bring strong


We use cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations to study the cool, accreted gas in two Milky Way size galaxies through cosmic time to z = 0. We find that gas from mergers and cold flow accretion results in significant amounts of cool gas in galaxy halos. This cool circum-galactic component drops precipitously once the galaxies cross the critical mass to form stable shocks, Mvir = Msh  ∼  1012 M☉. Before reaching Msh, the galaxies experience cold mode accretion (T  <  105 K) and show moderately high covering fractions in accreted gas: fc ∼ 30%–50% for R  <  50 comoving kpc and 10^{16}$?> cm−2. These values are considerably lower than observed covering fractions, suggesting that outflowing gas (not included here) is important in simulating galaxies with realistic gaseous halos. Within ∼500 Myr of crossing the Msh threshold, each galaxy transitions to hot mode gas accretion, and fc drops to ∼5%. The sharp transition in covering fraction is primarily a function of halo mass, not redshift. This signature should be detectable in absorption system studies that target galaxies of varying host mass, and may provide a direct observational tracer of the transition from cold flow accretion to hot mode accretion in galaxies.


Background Although rehabilitation is beneficial for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant proportion of them do not receive adequate rehabilitation after acute care. Objective Therefore, the goal of this prospective and multicenter study was to investigate predictors of access to rehabilitation in the year following injury in patients with TBI. Methods Data from a large European study (CENTER-TBI), including TBIs of all severities between December 2014 and December 2017 were used (N = 4498 patients). Participants were dichotomized into those who had and those who did not have access to rehabilitation in the year following TBI. Potential predictors included sociodemographic factors, psychoactive substance use, preinjury medical history, injury-related factors, and factors related to medical care, complications, and discharge. Results In the year following traumatic injury, 31.4% of patients received rehabilitation services. Access to rehabilitation was positively and significantly predicted by female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.50), increased number of years of education completed (OR = 1.05), living in Northern (OR = 1.62; reference: Western Europe) or Southern Europe (OR = 1.74), lower prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale score (OR = 1.03), higher Injury Severity Score (OR = 1.01), intracranial (OR = 1.33) and extracranial (OR = 1.99) surgery, and extracranial complication (OR = 1.75). On contrast, significant negative predictors were lack of preinjury employment (OR = 0.80), living in Central and Eastern Europe (OR = 0.42), and admission to hospital ward (OR = 0.47; reference: admission to intensive care unit) or direct discharge from emergency room (OR = 0.24). Conclusions Based on these findings, there is an urgent need to implement national and international guidelines and strategies for access to rehabilitation after TBI.


The leek moth is a European pest of Allium spp. established near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in the early 1990's. Its spread throughout eastern Canada and into the northeastern United States represents the potential for significant economic losses to Allium growers. Using a life-table approach, we aimed to determine if resource supplementation would influence the species composition, relative abundance and host-killing ability of indigenous parasitic wasps in the leek moth system and the classical biological control agent, Diadromus pulchellus. In greenhouse cages, adding buckwheat to a sugar-deprived system increased the longevity, and parasitism levels of D. pulchellus; however, a similar effect was measured on the facultative hyperparasitoid, Conura albifrons. In the field, the parasitoid species composition was the same in both buckwheat-supplemented and standard leek plots; however, the parasitoid community differed between the standard and resource-enriched plots. These studies provide insight into how conservation biological control may affect classical biological control.


In the past decade Thailand's bubble of prosperity expanded beyond the wildest dreams of investors and burst in the faces of those who had inflated it. By being the fastest growing economy in the world as well as the epicentre of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Thailand became a cautionary tale of hypergrowth. During the boom and especially after the bubble economy burst there were heated debates in Thailand's highly energised public sphere about the accelerating pace of change, about political reform, and about the possible futures for the country and its people. All Asian countries subjected to the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) regime of austerity saw their national economic sovereignty compromised, and in this respect the financial crisis of 1997 had clear parallels with previous threats to Thailand's sovereignty in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Then, as in the late 1990s, the ruling elites allowed sovereignty to be compromised.

In this essay I endeavour to map out the intellectual contours of post-boom Thailand. While accepting that these public debates are concentrated in the Bangkok megalopolis, I would suggest that it would be a mistake to dismiss the dominant themes of these debates as fatally elitist or Bangkok-centric. The public intellectuals engaging the issues have close ties to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other activists elsewhere in the country. At the core of these debates is the need to empower local communities in order to contend with the pressures of international financial organisations such as the IMF, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).


A blind (non-data-aided) SNR estimator using the statistical moments of the received signal is proposed. The proposed envelope-based non-data-aided estimator works for any time-domain Gaussian-distributed signal (e.g., OFDM signals). A closed-form expression for the estimated SNR as a function of the moments of the received signal and the Nakagami-m parameter, is derived. Interestingly, the obtained expression shows that the proposed estimator operation and performance is independent of the constellation of the received signal. Moreover, the existence of the closed-form expression results in lower implementation complexity. Furthermore, to enable theoretical performance analysis, a general mathematical expression is derived for the even moments of the received signal in terms of SNR and the Nakagami-m parameter. The performance of the proposed estimator is evaluated based on the mean-squared-error, under different conditions of the channel. An extension of our SNR estimation method into multiple antennas configurations is provided. Our results reveal that the proposed estimator works better in low SNR conditions, which is attractive to applications such as cognitive radio spectrum sharing scenarios.


The growing demand of wireless applications has put a lot of constraints on the usage of available radio spectrum which is limited and precious resource. However, a fixed spectrum assignment has lead to under utilisation of spectrum as a great portion of licensed spectrum is not effectively utilised. Cognitive radio is a promising technology which provides a novel way to improve utilisation efficiency of available electromagnetic spectrum. Spectrum sensing helps to detect the spectrum holes (underutilised bands of the spectrum) providing high spectral resolution capability. In this paper, survey of spectrum sensing techniques is presented. The challenges and issues involved in implementation of spectrum sensing techniques are discussed in detail giving comparative study of various methodologies.


This Norton Critical Edition is based on new translations by leading Kafka scholar and translator Stanley Corngold. Thirty stories are included, accompanied by detailed annotations. "Backgrounds and Contexts" offers a glimpse of Kafka's creative process through extracts from his letters, diaries, and conversations. "Criticism" collects ten essays on the major stories by Stanley Corngold, Danielle Allen, Walter Hinderer, Walter Sokel, Nicola Gess, Vivian Liska, Benno Wagner, John A. Hargraves, and Gerhard Kurz. A Chronology and Selected Bibliography are also included.


Leg 76 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project achieved two major scientific objectives. The first objective was met at Site 533, where on the Blake Outer Ridge, gas hydrates were identified by geophysical, geochemical, and geological studies. Gas-hydrate decomposition produced a volumetric expansion of 20:1 of gas volume to pore-fluid volume; this expansion exceeded by about a factor of four the volume of gas that could be released from solution in pore water under similar conditions. The gas hydrate includes methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane but apparently excluded normal butane and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons as predicted from gas hydrate crystallography. For the first time, marine gas hydrates were tested with a pressure core barrel.

The second objective was achieved when coring at Site 534 in the Blake-Bahama Basin sampled the oldest oceanic sediments yet recovered. The sequence of oceanic basement and overlying sediments documents the geologic history of the early stages of the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean in detail. The oldest oceanic sediments are red claystones and laminated green and brown claystones of middle Callovian age. This finding supports the interpretation that the beginning of the modern North Atlantic occurred in the early Callovian (∼ 155 m.y. B.P.), as much as 20 m.y. later in time than often previously thought.


The aim of this article is to assess the efficacy of the Paris Agreement to gener ate policies and incentivize actions that can contribute to halt climate change significantly. The article shows that the agreement in many ways represents a significant shift in global climate politics. By making domestically driven climate policy central to the treaty, the Paris Agreement avoids some of the reasons for multilateral gridlock that permeated global climate policy for decades. The biggest challenge for state and nonstate actors is to increase ambition in cli mate commitments. The article concludes with recommendations on how to accelerate climate action.


Density matrix theory is presented to explain recent experimental observations of intense optically induced magnetism due to a "mixed" type of nonlinearity proportional to the product of the electric- and magnetic-field strengths of light. Two previously unknown quadratic optical effects are predicted--namely, transverse optical magnetization and magnetic charge separation--and quantitative agreement is obtained with experimental results regarding the former of these. The mechanistic origin of a third quadratic nonlinearity, namely, magneto-electric second-harmonic generation, which is familiar on a phenomenological basis in classical nonlinear optics, is also examined. Transverse optical magnetism is shown to enable large permeability changes at optical frequencies accompanied by magnetic dispersion near resonances. This phenomenon provides for all-optical generation of magnetic moments, large transverse magnetic fields, static electric dipoles, and terahertz radiation in (unbiased) transparent homogeneous dielectrics or semiconductors. Intriguing possibilities for applications are considered, including magneto-electric refractive index modification, optical electric power generation, and spin control.


As China has grown stronger, some observers have identified an assertive turn in Chinese foreign policy. Evidence to support this argument includes the increasingly frequent evocation of China's 'core interests'—a set of interests that represents the non-negotiable bottom lines of Chinese foreign policy. When new concepts, ideas and political agendas are introduced in China, there is seldom a shared understanding of how they should be defined; the process of populating the concept with real meaning often takes place incrementally. This, the article argues, is what has happened with the notion of core interests. While there are some agreed bottom lines, what issues deserve to be defined (and thus protected) as core interests remains somewhat blurred and open to question. By using content analysis to study 108 articles by Chinese scholars, this article analyses Chinese academic discourse of China's core interests. The authors' main finding is that 'core interests' is a vague concept in the Chinese discourse, despite its increasing use by the government to legitimize its diplomatic actions and claims. The article argues that this vagueness not only makes it difficult to predict Chinese diplomatic behaviour on key issues, but also allows external observers a rich source of opinions to select from to help support pre-existing views on the nature of China as a global power.


The creative function is typically the most visible--and often regarded as the most important--aspect of the advertising profession. However, the lack of research exploring issues pertaining to advertising creativity does not reflect its "real-world" importance. Indeed, Zinkhan (1993) has recently argued that academics should devote more attention to understanding "the creative spark which drives much of advertising [and] the creative process which underlies business decision-making."(1)Two groups that would no doubt benefit greatly from this type of research are the educators responsible for courses pertaining to advertising creativity, and the students enrolled in these courses. Expanding our understanding of advertising creativity would enable academics to be more effective in the classroom, and would enable students to receive more up-to-date, relevant instruction. Furthermore, opportunity exists for researchers to supplement the advice of educators and creative recruiters who have discussed issues such as advertising creativity,(2) copywriting,(3) and design,(4) by exploring the perspectives of practicing copy writers and art directors with regard to these issues.Two recent studies enlisted the aid of "new" creatives (those employed less than two years) to help educators provide students with "real-world" perspectives of advertising creativity. The first identified the experiential and personality characteristics shared by these creatives, such as restlessness, confidence, and persistence.(5) The second study explored the types of skills these creatives felt were important for students to acquire in the classroom, as well as what types of backgrounds could help aspiring creatives secure agency positions.(6) The authors noted examining these issues with a sample of more experienced copywriters and art directors would prove worthwhile.This paper acts upon the above suggestion, by comparing the perspectives of more experienced art directors and copywriters to those of the "new" creatives. By so doing, we can gain an understanding of what educational experiences remain salient as creatives progress in their careers. Thus, the same research questions explored in the earlier study are examined here. These are: (a) What do experienced creatives believe is necessary from advertising creative courses in particular? (b) Which courses, besides advertising courses, do experienced creatives believe are beneficial to aspiring creatives? To capitalize on our informants' wider range of experiences, we broadened the third question addressed in the original study, which explored the techniques creatives used to supplement their undergraduate educations. Thus, we ask: (c) What specific advice do experienced creatives have for students wishing to create portfolios and secure jobs in advertising agencies?MethodDuring August and September of 1993, the second author completed a series of in-depth interviews with art directors and copywriters employed in the midwest headquarters of an advertising agency with global billings of approximately $4.5 billion.(7) A qualitative approach was employed in order to understand what educational experiences these creatives believed were most valuable to them in their careers. It has been observed that qualitative methods are underutilized by advertising researchers,(8) although they are enjoying a resurgence in advertising and related disciplines.(9)The sample for this study included six copywriters and five art directors, employed in advertising for an average of 6.1 years. Eight were male and three were female; all but one were college graduates. Ten of the eleven informants held degrees in visual or communications disciplines (Figure 1). Moreover, they had held an average of 3.7 advertising-related j obs, compared to 1.7 jobs for the new creatives.(10)The basic interviewing procedure employed is outlined in McCracken.(11) The researcher followed an interview schedule, but also encouraged informants to discuss emerging topics relating to advertising creativity and/or advertising education. …


- The Archivision Research Library is a collection of 100,000 digital images of art and architecture professionally photographed by a trained architect. It documents the built environment--from ancient monuments to cutting-edge contemporary constructions--with extensive, standardized descriptive metadata. Archivision is accessible for research and teaching through a web-based application--a dedicated hosted instance of MDID--with vrcHost LLC delivering full services and technical support: installation, integration, and maintenance. This combination provides not only instant access to Archivision, but also to sophisticated tools for managing images using an open source media management system to discover, aggregate, study, and present digital media.


Electric vehicles (EVs) face a major issue before becoming the norm of society, that is, their lack of range when it comes to long trips. Fast charging stations are a good step forward to help make it simpler for EVs, but it is still not as convenient when compared to vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE). Plenty of infrastructure changes have been proposed in the literature attempting to tackle this issue, but they typically tend to be either an expensive solution or a difficult practical implementation. This dissertation presents two solutions to help increase the range of EVs: a novel wireless charging method and a multi-motor architecture for EVs. The first proposed solution involves the ability for EVs to charge while en route from another vehicle, which will be referred to from here on as vehicle-to-vehicle recharging (VVR). The aim of this system is to bring an innovative way for EVs to charge their battery without getting off route on a highway. The electric vehicle can request such a service from a designated charger vehicle on demand and receive electric power wirelessly while en route. The vehicles that provide energy (charger vehicles) through wireless power transfer (WPT) only need to be semi-autonomous in order to ``engage'' or ``disengage'' during a trip. Also, a novel method for wireless power transfer will be presented, where the emitter (TX) or receiver (RX) pads can change angles to improve the efficiency of power transmission. This type of WPT system would be suitable for the VVR system presented in this dissertation, along with other applications. The second solution presented here will be an architecture for EVs with three or more different electric motors to help prolong the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The key here is to use motors with different high efficiency regions. The proposed control algorithm optimizes the use of the motors on-board to keep them running in their most efficient regions. With this architecture, the powertrain would see a combined efficiency map that incorporates the best operating points of the motors. Therefore, the proposed architecture will allow the EV to operate with a higher range for a given battery capacity. The state-of-the-art is divided into four subsections relevant to the proposed solutions and where most of the innovations to reduce the burden of charging EVs can be found: (1) infrastructure changes, (2) device level innovations, (3) autonomous vehicles, and (4) electric vehicle architectures. The infrastructure changes highlight some of the proposed systems that aim to help EVs become a convenient solution to the public. Device level innovations covers some of the literature on technology that addresses EVs in terms of WPT. The autonomous vehicle subsection covers the importance of such technology in terms of safety and reliability, that could be implemented on the VVR system. Finally, the EV architectures covers the current typologies used in EVs. Furthermore, modeling, analysis, and simulation is presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed VVR system, the WPT system, and the multi-motor architecture for EVs.


In 2001 Mathias Woo, a trained architect and co-artistic director of Hong Kong's foremost performing arts group, Zuni Icosahedron, proposed the concept of 'multimedia architectural music theatre' (MAMT), which he later investigated through a series of performances focusing on three masters of modern architecture – Louis I. Kahn, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier. This article traces the development of Woo's architectural theatre aesthetics by examining the most ambitious work in the series, Looking for Mies, premiered in 2002 and revived in 2009 and 2011. This links Hong Kong's twenty-first-century postmodernist theatre to early twentieth-century European modernism, particularly the Bauhaus, and international examples of architecture-centred performance. Looking for Mies unearths connections between theatre and architecture, and explores the relations between tradition and technology, man and machine, live performance and digitally mediated experience on the modern stage. Rossella Ferrari is a Lecturer in Modern Chinese Culture and Language at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. She has published articles in TDR: The Drama Review, Postcolonial Studies, Journal of Contemporary China, Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, and other journals. Her monograph Pop Goes the Avant-garde: Experimental Theatre in Contemporary China is forthcoming from Seagull Books, and her current research focuses on inter-Asian collaboration and performance networks in the Chinese-speaking world.


Abstract The orbital angular momenta OAM (J) of detached binaries (including both cool and hot binaries) were estimated and nine subgroups were formed according to their OAM (J) distribution. The mean kinematical ages of all subgroups have been estimated by using their space velocity distributions and, thus, the age dependent variations of the mean OAM (J), orbital period (P), and total mass (M) of all subgroups were investigated. It was discovered that: i) The orbital period of detached binaries with radiative components decrease very slowly during the main sequence (MS) evolution. It is interesting that the large amount of mass loss is almost balanced by the OAM loss, and not much change in the orbital periods is observed. ii) The nuclear evolution of radiative components beyond the MS initiates the increase of the periods until the components have convective upper layers, i.e. until they become later than F5 IV, and the system becomes a cool binary with sub-giant or giant components. iii) The large co-rotating distance of the magnetically-driven wind in cool binaries (CAB) carries out a large amount of OAM and then the periods of such binaries decrease significantly, and the orbits shrink until another effect such as mass transfer dominates the period changes.


Parts are built in a layer-by-layer fashion in the laser powder bed fusion process. Each layer of scan in the parts is defined by a scan strategy that consists of many small patches and scans. The scan length of those multiple scans is not always long enough to have reached a quasi-steady state of the melt pool. The length at which it achieves a steady state is different for different process parameters. The available literature related to the melt pool considers the melt pool has already achieved a steady state, which holds true to a large extent. However, there is always a transient state of melt pool with different characteristics compared to the quasi-steady state. The transient state of the melt pool is particularly significant for small features and thin walls. This paper explores the cross-section and width of the melt track in the transient state. Single-tracks are deposited on semi-cylindrical samples with Ti-6Al-4V powder particles for three levels of power and speed combinations. The single tracks are built at a certain height from the base plate instead of on the build plate to include the effect of the powder particles. The experiment includes single tracks of four scan lengths i.e. 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mm. Once the parts are built and removed from the build plate, White light interferometer is used to capture the melt track information and data processing is done in Matlab™. The results show that the transient length is directly proportional to the laser power and inversely proportional to the scan speed. The highest transient length value is obtained for the highest power of 195 W and lowest scan speed of 50 mm/s.


In this paper we analyze the sum rate of zero-forcing (ZF) precoding in MISO broadcast channels with limited feedback, transmit correlation and path loss. Our analysis assumes that the number of transmit antennas M and the number of users K are large, while their ratio remains bounded. By applying recent results from random matrix theory we derive a deterministic equivalent of the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and compute the sum rate maximizing number of users as well as the limiting sum rate for high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), as a function of the channel errors and the channel correlation pattern. Simulations show that theoretical and numerical results match well, even for small system dimensions.


Locality Preserving Indexing (LPI) has been quite successful in tackling document analysis problems, such as clustering or classification. The approach relies on the Locality Preserving Criterion, which preserves the locality of the data points. However, LPI takes every word in a data corpus into account, even though many words may not be useful for document clustering. To overcome this problem, we propose an approach called Locality Preserving Feature Learning (LPFL), which incorporates feature selection into LPI. Specifically, we aim to find a subset of features, and learn a linear transformation to optimize the Locality Preserving Criterion based on these features. The resulting optimization problem is a mixed integer programming problem, which we relax into a constrained Frobenius norm minimization problem, and solve using a variation of Alternating Direction Method (ADM). ADM, which iteratively updates the linear transformation matrix, the residue matrix and the Lagrangian multiplier, is theoretically guaranteed to converge at the rate O( 1 t ). Experiments on benchmark document datasets show that our proposed method outperforms LPI, as well as other state-of-the-art document analysis approaches.


An experiment was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of DL-methionine and herbal methionine on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Two thousand and four hundred d-old commercial broiler (VenCobb) chicks were purchased and randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups of 600 birds each. Each treatment group was further subdivided into three replicates of 200 broilers per replicate. The treatments groups were control; control plus 10g DL-methionine/kg diet; control plus 10g herbal methionine (Herbomethion , supplied by Indian Research and Supply Co. Ltd.) /kg diet and control ® plus 15g herbal methionine/kg diet. There were significant effects of dietary treatments on body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at 0 to 41 day. The body weight and body weight gain of the broilers fed the 15g herbal methionine/kg diet were heavier than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio of broiler fed 15g herbal methionine/kg diet was significantly better than that of broilers fed on 10g herbal methionine or DL-methionine/kg diet. Neither DL-methionine nor herbal methionine supplementation had a significant effect on broiler mortality. Plasma protein and enzyme concentration was unaffected by th e dietary treatments. Abdominal fat (%) and liver lipid (g/kg) was significantly decreased by the addition of 15g herbal methionine/kg diet. This study demonstrates that herbal methionine can replace DL-methionine very effectively when used at the rate 15g/kg diet of commercial broiler chicken.


Although there are a number of single system and regional studies on the importance of picophytoplankton (PP; 0.2–2 µm), there has been little effort to quantify their importance on a larger scale and to integrate marine and freshwater studies. We developed empirical models from data in the literature to assess the absolute and relative importance of PP in marine and freshwater. The PP biomass (chlorophyll a [Chl a]) increases with trophic status, here represented by the total Chl a, in both marine and freshwater systems. In addition, PP abundance in freshwater, and primary production in marine waters, increases with trophic status. Even so, the relative importance of the PP biomass and primary production declines systematically with increasing trophic status in both marine and freshwater systems. Both the absolute biomass of PP and the relative contribution of PP biomass to the total phytoplankton community biomass are larger in freshwater at any particular value of total Chl a. In eutrophic lakes, which are typically shallow and particularly susceptible to the greatest phytoplankton resuspension and sediment recruitment, the on average small relative contribution of PP biomass appears affected by a relatively high but variable contribution of resuspended microplankton.


Background: The objective of the present study was to review the results of primary total elbow arthroplasty with use of the Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) the results in patients with inflammatory arthritis would be superior to those in patients with a traumatic or posttraumatic condition, and (2) the isometric extensor torque after total elbow arthroplasty would be significantly less than that of the contralateral elbow. Methods: Forty-seven consecutive patients (fifty-one elbows) had the operation performed by one of three surgeons between November 1, 1989, and June 30, 1996. Thirty-six surviving patients (thirty-nine elbows) were available for follow-up. The mean duration (and standard deviation) of follow-up was 50 ± 11 months (range, twenty-four to ninety-seven months). The mean age at the time of the operation was 64 ± 11 years (range, twenty-seven to eighty-seven years). Eighteen patients (twenty-one elbows) had inflammatory arthritis. Eighteen patients (eighteen elbows) had an acute fracture or posttraumatic condition (posttraumatic osteoarthritis in eight, an acute fracture of the humerus in seven, nonunion of the distal aspect of the humerus in two, and primary osteoarthritis in one). The patients were evaluated with use of questionnaires (the Mayo elbow performance index, the Short Form-36 [SF-36], and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand [DASH] Questionnaire); clinical examination by an orthopaedic surgeon who was not involved with the preoperative, operative, postoperative, or follow-up care; radiographs; and elbow strength-testing with an isokinetic dynamometer. Results: The mean score (and standard deviation) on the Mayo elbow performance index for the group that had inflammatory arthritis (90 ± 11 points) was significantly higher than that for the group with a traumatic or posttraumatic condition (78 ± 18 points) at the time of the latest follow-up (p < 0.05). In both groups, the mean extensor torque of the involved elbow was significantly less than that of the contralateral elbow (p < 0.05). No significant difference between the groups was found with respect to the flexion-extension arc of motion. Ten elbows (26 percent) had ulnar nerve dysfunction (a transient deficit in six and a permanent deficit in four); nine (23 percent), an intraoperative fracture (of the humeral diaphysis in four, of the ulnar diaphysis in four, and of the olecranon in one); three (8 percent), a periprosthetic infection; three, a triceps disruption; and one (3 percent), a revision because of a fracture of the ulnar component. There were no other revisions. Of the thirty-four elbows with complete radiographic follow-up, twenty-three had no change in the bone-cement interface. Progressive radiolucency was noted around the ulnar prosthesis in eight elbows, around the humeral prosthesis in one elbow, and around both components in two elbows. Conclusions: Patients who had a total elbow arthroplasty with use of a semiconstrained Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis were generally satisfied; the mean level of patient satisfaction was 9.2 of a possible 10 points for those who had inflammatory arthritis and 8.6 points for those who had a fracture or posttraumatic condition. The rates of complications involving the ulnar nerve, intraoperative fracture, triceps disruption, deep infection, and periprosthetic radiolucency are of concern.


ABSTRACT Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a growing burden among all countries including Pakistan, with medication adherence very important to improve care. However, little is known about medication adherence in Pakistan and potential predictors among T2DM patients to provide future guidance. This needs to be addressed. Consequently, the present study sought to assess medication adherence among type 2 diabetic patients in Quetta city, Pakistan. Methods: Questionnaire based, descriptive study among 300 Pakistani patients attending public and private hospitals aged 18 years and above, having a confirmed diagnosis of T2DM, without additional co-morbidities were targeted. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic and disease characteristics. The association between socio-demographic data and study variables was compared through the Mann Whitney/Kruskal Wallis test (where applicable). The factors that were significantly associated with medication adherence were further assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: 55.6% of patients had high adherence although overall patients reported moderate adherence. Age, gender, education, diabetes-related knowledge and treatment satisfaction were significantly associated with medication adherence. Older males with only primary education and with poor diabetes-related knowledge had the lowest adherence. Conclusions: This study presents a model that is associated with medication adherence among T2DM patients, with disease-related knowledge as a significant predictor of likely adherence. Results of the current study revealed that improved diabetes related knowledge plays a significant role in improving medication adherence. Healthcare practitioners and the system should formalize and acknowledge patient education as a key component to treat patients with T2DM. This should include a greater role for pharmacists and other professionals.


We are often warned about risks of well-known foodborne bacteria, such as Salmonella and E. coli. But did you know that these infections are just two of more than 250 different identified foodborne diseases? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 76 million cases of foodborne illness occur in the U.S. each year; 5,000 are fatal. Most of these illnesses are caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites and the remaining are poisonings triggered by harmful toxins or chemicals. To Jack Guzewich, a foodborne disease epidemiologist with the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, every outbreak is a new mystery. The mysteries unravel as Guzewich discovers how foods become contaminated and works to prevent similar outbreaks in the future. What led you to this field? I had no idea such a career even existed when I was in high school or college. I learned about food epidemiology--the causes, distribution, and control of foodborne disease in populations--after I received formal training in my first job as a sanitarian with the New York State Health Department. I like solving puzzles, and every report of a foodborne illness is a new challenge. Piecing together these puzzles requires knowledge and support from a number of disciplines, including epidemiology, microbiology, chemistry, and environmental health. Describe your job. I coordinate the work being done by state and local health departments, the CDC, and FDA field staff to assure the best possible investigation and a rapid response to foodborne illness outbreaks. A typical day for a field staff food epidemiologist is different than my job. Field staff receive illness and outbreak reports, conduct investigations, and interpret the findings. Investigations can last from a few days to weeks if they are local in nature. If contamination sources come from other states or countries, federal agencies then get involved and investigations can last from weeks to months. Essentially, investigations involve determining how food was prepared and interviewing people--both healthy and sick--exposed to the suspected food. There is no one syndrome that constitutes foodborne illness--the different diseases have an assortment of symptoms. However, because the microbe or toxin enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract, the first indications of foodborne illness are often nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. …


The main aim of supply chain management is to have control over the whole parties involved in the chain, from suppliers to the end customers, creating the seamless flow of goods, information, and money. Any change in the business environment may cause vulnerabilities to the whole chain. Yet, managers still focus on reducing cost and increasing reward. So it is hard to sell risk management as a competitive advantage. This paper questions this approach and argues that in the light of increasing disruptions a different approach is needed to supply chain. Managing the risk of the uncertain future is a challenge that requires resilience. Academics and industry leaders have seen the need to incorporate the concept of resilience on the traditional risk management techniques with that is better designed to cope with extreme complexities, unpredictable events and adaptive threats. However, supply chain risk management metrics are still largely unrefined although selecting the right key performance indicators that ensure resilience would help companies to proactively lead the change. This research aims at providing a blueprint for resilience by identifying and prioritising the main causes of vulnerabilities to supply chains, and then investigating the key performance indicators (KPIs) that would improve resilience. Finally, presenting a framework for categorizing the risks in terms of their driver factors in order to assess the overall impact on the performance of the supply chain (2PM-SCR framework) that assists supply chains to proactively anticipate disruptions and prevent failure occurring. Data collection and analysis using the analytic network process (ANP) will propose the inputs to where the most important potential risks are first identified, and then mitigation measures are developed for application aiming at improving the supply chain overall performance.


According to the National Water Act No. 36 of 1998 (DWAF 1999), classification of the water resources in South Africa is the initial step towards the implementation of protection or management programmes. This study reviews different methods and systems of classifying river environments, in order to recommend a convenient, efficient and flexible classification scheme for describing the conditions of river environments. To meet this challenge, the study proposes the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) as a tool to link different controlling variables of river environments and thereafter analyse their spatial relationships. The study supports the use of GIS in river environment classification, with special emphasis on its functionalities that make it possible to explore and manipulate data interactively and easily. 1E.~ GIS allows the user a flexible way to analyse the geomorphologic and ecological controll~!? variables of the river system. Thus , it enables different arrangements of these controlling variables for a number of classification purposes. The methodology used involves the GIS (database) analyses and map analyses to explore the relationships between geomorphologic-and ecological controlling-variables ofthe river ecosystem. A case study of the KwaZulu-Natal Rivers demonstrates that valuable information for river environments could be derived from available geomorphologic and ecological datasets using methods of analyses within the GIS . In addition, the case study illustrates that it is possible to develop a working classification scheme for a particular purpose. The developed classification scheme can be improved by considering influential factors such as, the use of up-to-date datasets, consistent projection parameters and relevant scale.


The EuroSIDA study was initiated in 1994 and follows adult people living with HIV (PLHIV) in 100 collaborating clinics across 35 countries covering all European regions, Israel and Argentina. The study aims to study the long‐term virological, immunological and clinical outcomes of PLHIV and to monitor temporal changes and regional differences in outcomes across Europe. Annually collected data include basic demographic characteristics, information on AIDS‐ and non‐AIDS‐related clinical events, and details about antiretroviral therapy (ART), hepatitis C treatment and other medications, in addition to a range of laboratory values. The summer 2016 data set held data from a total of 23 071 individuals contributing 174 481 person‐years of follow‐up, while EuroSIDA's unique plasma repository held over 160 000 samples. Over the past 25 years, close to 300 articles have been published in peer‐reviewed journals (h‐index 52), covering a range of scientific focus areas, including monitoring of clinical and virological outcomes, ART uptake, efficacy and adverse events, the influence of hepatitis virus coinfection, variation in the quality of HIV care and management across settings and regions, and biomarker research. Recognizing that there remain unresolved issues in the clinical care and management of PLHIV in Europe, EuroSIDA was one of the cohorts to found The International Cohort Consortium of Infectious Disease (RESPOND) cohort consortium on infectious diseases in 2017. In celebration of the EuroSIDA study's 25th anniversary, this article aims to summarize key scientific findings and outline current and future scientific focus areas.


Working with the image of the Indian shaman as Wild Man, Taussig reveals not the magic of the shaman but that of the politicizing fictions creating the effect of the real. "This extraordinary book . . . will encourage ever more critical and creative explorations." Fernando Coronil, [I]American Journal of Sociology[/I] "Taussig has brought a formidable collection of data from arcane literary, journalistic, and biographical sources to bear on . . . questions of evil, torture, and politically institutionalized hatred and terror. His intent is laudable, and much of the book is brilliant, both in its discovery of how particular people perpetrated evil and others interpreted it." Stehen G. Bunker, "Social Science Quarterly""


This article reviews the recent literature on the developmental effects of resource abundance, assessing likely effects and channels with respect to key development outcomes. To date, this area has received less analysis, although it is relevant to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals agenda, as a significant number of the world's poor live in African resource-rich economies. We argue that the presence of a natural resource sector per se does not necessarily translate into worse development outcomes. The natural resource experience varies to a significant extent. Countries with similar levels of resource rents can end up with significantly different achievements in terms of income inequality, poverty, education, and health. The challenge is to explain the different natural resource experiences. A pivotal mechanism behind the developmental effects of the natural resources sector is the type of states and political institutions that resource-abundant economies develop. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


Information systems integration is an essential instrument for organizations to attain advantage in today's growing and fast changing business and technology landscapes. Integration solutions generate added value by combining the functionality and services of heterogeneous and diverse systems. Existing integration environments tend to rely heavily on technical, platform-dependent skills. Consequently, the solutions that they enable are not optimally aligned with the envisioned business goals of the organization. Furthermore, the gap between the goals and the solutions complicates the task of evaluating the quality of integration solutions. To address these challenges, we propose a quality-driven, model-driven methodology for designing and developing integration solutions. The methodology spans organizational and systems design details, providing a holistic view of the integration solution and its underlying business goals. A multi-view meta-model provides the basis for the integration design. Quality factors that affect various aspects of the integration solution guide and inform the progress of the methodology. An example business case is presented to demonstrate the application of the methodology.


Over recent years there has been a crescendo of political and public concern about a variety of issues which taken together suggest an impending crisis in our society. These include a rising incidence of *crime, violence, and delinquency and an ever increasing prison population, together with concern about deteriorating discipline in many schools. In addition there is increasing evidence that family breakdown through parental separation, divorce, or single parenthood has deleterious effects on the lives of children.1 Drug addiction and homelessness are increasing, as is the number of children living in conditions of poverty.2 There remains a continued background of concern about the high incidence of child abuse and neglect in all its forms, and confusion about society's apparent failure to manage it effectively.3 (*Recorded crimes per year rose from l.6 million offences recorded by police in l970 to 5.6 million in l992; the figure for total crimes in l992 is estimated at about 15 million pa.)

Over the last 10 years society has had to face the following dramatic examples that have each in their separate ways symbolised some form of failure in society: (a) The death of Jamie Bulger at the hands of two 10 year old boys; (b) the murder and abuse of many children carried out over a long period of time by Fred and Rosemary West; (c) the Dunblane massacre; (d) the stabbing of the headmaster Philip Lawrence outside his school, and his wife's call for a national revival of morality; and (e) the apparently racist killing of Stephen Lawrence.

All these dramatic examples have increased the sense of crisis in society. Unfortunately in none of the above cases has there been a proper analysis of the lessons that can be learnt for the good of society.

The response of politicians of …


This paper aims at studying the role of agricultural education and extension methods on the use of renewable energy by farmers in Semnan Province. The research was a practical study in terms of goal and was a descriptive-correlation study in terms of methodology. The population of the study was composed of Semnan Province poultry farmers that used any type of renewable energy. In total, 89 people were analyzed. Data collection tool was questionnaire (composed of 29 main questions and 108 minor questions in a Likert scale). The questionnaire was designed after consultations with university professors and research literature. The validity of the questionnaire was measured in terms of the form and content and its reliability was tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from 0.801 to 0.925. It was found that there was a strong significant relationship (r = 0.773) between education and extension methods (participation in the extension and educational courses, visits to farms using solar power, holding workshops on agricultural extension centers, experts' visiting of poultry, watching videos of farms that use solar energy, production and distribution of educational brochures among farmers, designing related programs at universities, watching videos of the construction of solar power farms, broadcasting radio programs and educational broadcasting from local TV channels) and the use of solar energy by farmers. Based on the farmer's view, participation in the extension and educational courses was the main source for obtaining the needed information. Also according to stepwise regression, 78.5% of the change in the dependent variable was explained by the variables of "visiting farms using solar power", "participation in the extension and educational courses", "production and distribution of educational brochures among farmers", "holding workshops on agricultural extension centers" and "experts' visiting of poultry".


In Queer/Early/Modern , Carla Freccero, a leading scholar of early modern European studies, argues for a reading practice that accounts for the queerness of temporality, for the way past, present, and future time appear out of sequence and in dialogue in our thinking about history and texts. Freccero takes issue with New Historicist accounts of sexual identity that claim to respect historical proprieties and to derive identity categories from the past. She urges us to see how the indeterminacies of subjectivity found in literary texts challenge identitarian constructions and she encourages us to read differently the relation between history and literature. Contending that the term "queer," in its indeterminacy, points the way toward alternative ethical reading practices that do justice to the aftereffects of the past as they live on in the present, Freccero proposes a model of "fantasmatic historiography" that brings together history and fantasy, past and present, event and affect.

Combining feminist theory, queer theory, psychoanalysis, deconstruction, and literary criticism, Freccero takes up a series of theoretical and historical issues related to debates in queer theory, feminist theory, the history of sexuality, and early modern studies. She juxtaposes readings of early and late modern texts, discussing the lyric poetry of Petrarch, Louise Labe, and Melissa Ethridge; David Halperin's take on Michel Foucault via Apuleius's The Golden Ass and Boccaccio's Decameron ; and France's domestic partner legislation in connection with Marguerite de Navarre's Heptameron . Turning to French cleric Jean de Lery's account, published in 1578, of having witnessed cannibalism and religious rituals in Brazil some twenty years earlier and to the twentieth-century Brandon Teena case, Freccero draws on Jacques Derrida's concept of spectrality to propose both an ethics and a mode of interpretation that acknowledges and is inspired by the haunting of the present by the past.


We propose generative multitask learning (GMTL), a simple and scalable approach to causal representation learning for multitask learning. Our approach makes a minor change to the conventional multitask inference objective, and improves robustness to target shift. Since GMTL only modifies the inference objective, it can be used with existing multitask learning methods without requiring additional training. The improvement in robustness comes from mitigating unobserved confounders that cause the targets, but not the input. We refer to them as \emph{target-causing confounders}. These confounders induce spurious dependencies between the input and targets. This poses a problem for conventional multitask learning, due to its assumption that the targets are conditionally independent given the input. GMTL mitigates target-causing confounding at inference time, by removing the influence of the joint target distribution, and predicting all targets jointly. This removes the spurious dependencies between the input and targets, where the degree of removal is adjustable via a single hyperparameter. This flexibility is useful for managing the trade-off between in- and out-of-distribution generalization. Our results on the Attributes of People and Taskonomy datasets reflect an improved robustness to target shift across four multitask learning methods.


Nearly all of South Africa's water requirements are drawn from surface resources. It is generally accepted that demand will exceed the exploitable resources within the next 40 years. A reliable means of evaluating surface water resources is therefore essential to planners, designers and managers of water supply schemes.
This paper discusses the problems involved in a country-wide appraisal of surface water resources, with reference to a recently undertaken survey of South Africa. The paper describes how spatial and temporal extrapolation of stream flow observations was accomplished with the aid of a deterministic rainfall-runoff model which takes into account landuse changes. Also described are the techniques employed for statistical analysis of low records to provide information for determination of storage yield at virtually any locality in the country. Some results of the new water resources survey are presented.


Objective: This study aims to determine chronic disease prevalence, nutritional habits and healthy lifestyle behaviors of elderly individuals. Design: Correlational descriptive study. Setting: This study was conducted at a State Hospital between July and October 2014. Participants: A total of 125 elderly people aged 65 and up that came to the hospital between these dates, received inpatient treatment, Sampling was not performed in the study. Measurements: Data collection was accomplished using the "Health Lifestyle Behavior Scale II" with a form comprising 19 questions about participants' demographic features, current diseases and nutritional conditions. Required permissions were obtained from the relevant authorities in order to conduct the study. Results: The average age of the participants was 73±6.22 (min=65, max=91) and the average body mass index was 26.79±3.25. When the participants' weight was examined in terms of body mass index; 61.6% were overweight, 28% were at a normal weight, 8% were class I obese and 2.4% were class II obese. The most frequently observed health problem in the elderly individuals was hypertension with a rate of 65.6%, followed by diabetes at 50.4% and visual impairments at 44.8%. HLBS scale score average was found to be 117.61 ± 17.64 and the general scale total score was close to the lower limit. Conclusion: It was found that the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was high among the participants. Also, they were determined to be overweight or higher on the BMI scale. An increasingly sedentary lifestyle and slowing of the metabolism can lead to weight gain in old age.


OBJECTIVES
The aim was to test whether or not soft tissue augmentation with a newly developed collagen matrix (CM) leads to volume gain in chronic ridge defects similar to those obtained by an autogenous subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
In six dogs, soft tissue volume augmentation was performed by randomly allocating three treatment modalities to chronic ridge defects (CM, SCTG, sham-operated control). Impressions were taken before augmentation (baseline), at 28, and 84 days. The obtained casts were optically scanned and the images were digitally analysed. A defined region of interest was measured in all sites and the volume differences between the time points were calculated.

RESULTS
The mean volume differences per area between baseline and 28 days amounted to a gain of 1.6 mm (CM; SD+/-0.9), 1.5 mm (SCTG; +/-0.1), and a loss of 0.003 mm (control; +/-0.3). At 84 days, the mean volume differences per area to baseline measured a gain of 1.4 mm (CM; +/-1.1), 1.4 mm (SCTG; +/-0.4), and a loss of 0.3 mm (control; +/-0.3). The differences between CM and SCTG were statistically significant compared with control at 28 and 84 days (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION
Within the limits of this animal study, the CM may serve as a replacement for autogenous connective tissue.


When talking about children with disabilities, the society over the years changed their attitudes toward children with disabilities; from the complete rejection and   ambivalence, to acceptance that lead to the  idea of integration. The integration of students with disabilities in regular education system is certainly a great step forward in the realization of their rights, but unfortunately, because of prejudices and erroneous views of the environment, students with disabilities are often subjected to violence at school. Starting from the concept of human rights and children's rights, tolerance is nowadays accepted as a fundamental value , a virtue which modern society is aiming for. The development of tolerance is an essential component in the development of the child. Learning tolerance from an early age will result with the formation of positive attitudes towards others. By encouraging tolerance among children of primary school age increases the development of empathy for others, and gives the opportunity to students with disabilities to grow and learn with their " average population " peers, it builds their confidence but also gives them chance to achieve the maximum of their potential. The aim of this paper is to review the researches that show the position of students with disabilities integrated into mainstream primary schools, as well as display models of learning tolerance for pupils of primary school age . Key words  Students with disabilities , tolerance , violence


William Connolly (1993) once wrote that the basic concepts of political philosophy can be described as "essentially contested." He noted that a contested concept emerges when the concept is appraisive and internally complex and when its rules of application are relatively open. Thus, Connolly concluded that concepts such as "equality," "freedom," and "justice" invite a variety of contending formulations and applications. Similarly, I plan to argue that a recent decade in America functions in the same manner. In fact, in taking the fifties as an example, I also hope to show that as a contested concept, the disagreements about the normative character of the decade are so starkly drawn that the fifties seem to mimic all the qualities of utopian discourse. As such, assessments of the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower appear, admittedly in a secluded fashion, to parallel assessments of King Utopus, the founder of Utopia in Thomas More's 1516 work, as well as other founding figures in utopian fiction. Of course, Eisenhower was not a utopian founder; nor was his career identical to that of the fictional King Utopus. Nor were the fifties a utopia or even its fictional structural counterpart, a dystopia. Nevertheless, we can, I think, profitably understand the differences and fluctuations in assessments of the Eisenhower presidency by utilizing this utopian format, examining contested assessments of the fifties in the sixties, seventies, eighties, and nineties as if they were offered by utopian or dystopian guides who accept or reject Eisenhower as a utopian founder. Of course, not all decades are cast in utopian/dystopian formats, but the case of Eisenhower illustrates the cultural complexity of assessments of presidential leadership. (1) The Reign of President Eisenhower Political discourse about the fifties includes two distinct and opposite appraisive images. First, there was a sense of exuberance and search for perfection, then later a longing or regret about the decade corresponding to what Lyman Sargent (1994), in his analysis of utopian thought, called "social dreaming." Nevertheless, to many commentators, a specter haunted the fifties and was also magnified in the sixties and beyond. Perhaps, critics have suggested, the fifties were not a utopia at all but its opposite, a dystopia: a time when scoundrels ruled and the peace was maintained by demands for silence and conformity. This utopian/dystopian pairing of the fifties can be understood more fully by examining features of the concept of utopia itself. Students of the genre disagree about definition. (2) For our purposes, let us grant variations and employ one recent definition that tells us that "utopia is about how we would live and what kind of a world we would live in if we could do just that" (Levitas 1990, 1). Were the fifties a world that we would live in if we could? Many commentators in the fifties and in other decades made such claims. To William L. O'Neill, for example, the fifties were a "golden age" that "we would give almost anything for if only they could be recovered" (1995, 101, 104). Or, if utopia is a world we would live in if we could, then dystopia is a world we would least like to live in. Many commentators of the fifties and later made such claims as well. Norman Mailer concluded, for example, that the fifties were "one of the worst decades in the history of man"; and Eric Goldman described them as "the dullest and dreariest in all our history." (3) Why do disagreements about the fifties assume these features of utopian/dystopian narration? One answer, which I shall review, involves the representation of the fifties as a life of stability. Stability suggests permanence, tranquility, peace, and order-qualities that the thirties, forties, and sixties notoriously lacked. But just as stability denotes so many good and desired things, it also provokes consideration of the opposite states of stagnation, repression, and conformity. …


Learning representation on graph plays a crucial role in numerous tasks of pattern recognition. Different from gridshaped images/videos, on which local convolution kernels can be lattices, however, graphs are fully coordinate-free on vertices and edges. In this work, we propose a Gaussianinduced convolution (GIC) framework to conduct local convolution filtering on irregular graphs. Specifically, an edgeinduced Gaussian mixture model is designed to encode variations of subgraph region by integrating edge information into weighted Gaussian models, each of which implicitly characterizes one component of subgraph variations. In order to coarsen a graph, we derive a vertex-induced Gaussian mixture model to cluster vertices dynamically according to the connection of edges, which is approximately equivalent to the weighted graph cut. We conduct our multi-layer graph convolution network on several public datasets of graph classification. The extensive experiments demonstrate that our GIC is effective and can achieve the state-of-the-art results.


The SafeBoosC trial showed that cerebral oximetry combined with a treatment guideline can reduce the the burden of hypoxia in neonates by 50% [Brit. Med. J.350, g7635 (2015)]. However, guidelines based on oximetry by one oximeter are not directly usable by other oximeters. We made a blood-lipid phantom simulating the neonatal head to determine the relation between oxygenation values obtained by different oximeters. We calculated coefficients for easy conversion from one oximeter to the other. We additionally determined the corresponding SafeBoosC intervention thresholds at which we measured an uncertainty of up to 9.2% when varying hemoglobin content from 25μM to 70μM. In conclusion, this paper makes the comparison of absolute values obtained by different oximeters possible.


ABSTRACT We report an uncommon clinical presentation of a unique case of fatal invasive fungal cerebral vasculitis due to Arthrographis kalrae in a nonimmunocompromised host. The identity of the fungus was determined by morphological characteristics and by analysis of internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences and was confirmed by postmortem examination of the brain tissues. Establishing rapidly the link between the clinical syndromes and the fungal infection of the central nervous system is essential to improve the outcome. As our case has shown, it is more challenging to make a diagnosis of fungal infection when there are no risk factors of immunodeficiency and when the clinical presentation seems uncommon.


How do staff nurses view the complex changes that have resulted from health care reform? What has been the impact of changes in care delivery on job satisfaction and career commitment? W A qualitative research study was completed with the purpose of seeing these changes through the eyes of a group of staff nurses. Personal experiences of nurses who have witnessed recent transitions can lead to a greater understanding of the dynamics of change and the effects on the nursing profession. It should be noted that four months after the completion of this research, the obstetrics/gynecology unit in the large, urban teaching hospital where this study was conducted was closed due to hospital restructuring. Some of the nurses who participated in this study lost their jobs as a result of the transition. How the System Has Changed Health care reform and the need to reduce the costs of care have created changes in the health care delivery system. Widespread hiring of unlicensed assistants who lack standards of competency for nursing tasks has led to transformations in responsibility, authority, and accountability for nursing functions. Economic and political restructuring has led to the integration of many hospitals into multi-institutional health care corporations. New reimbursement regulations have led to downsizing and hospital closings. These profound changes, which involve all aspects of health care in this country, have dramatically affected nursing and created a need for innovative models for nursing practice in the future. The Study Ten staff RNs were interviewed individually about current working conditions. Cluster and factor analyses were used to analyze the data. Clarification of the obtained information was reviewed with a nursing professor to minimize bias and validate the perceptions during the data analysis process. The findings suggest that transformations in health care delivery have had a significant impact on the nurses interviewed for the study and their perceptions of their work environment, their job satisfaction, and their commitment to the nursing profession. Participants were significantly affected by changes made to contain costs and increase productivity. Nine of the ten nurses alluded to role confusion, poor management of time, increased responsibilities, and ambiguous expectations. As one respondent stated, "The organization and everybody ... knowing what their job is ... what's expected of each person, as far as nurses and CSAs (clinical support associates or unlicensed personnel) ... people expect certain things that other people don't, and there's just ... confusion." Another nurse stated, "I feel like they're trying to lump us together... and they're not making the distinction between a registered nurse and a CSA." Nine of the nurses expressed skepticism or negativism related to their work lives. Four spoke of the significance of caring for others, while seven alluded to self-preservation. As one nurse stated, "I think everybody has to look out for themselves now." Personal enthusiasm toward work as a nurse may not necessarily be related to working conditions. It may be more an attitude of conscious choice in spite of the surrounding environment. A nurse who spoke of frustration, disillusionment, and exhaustion with her job also stated, "I love being a nurse . …


Feeding costs of animals is a major determinant of profitability in livestock production enterprises. Genetic selection to improve feed efficiency aims to reduce feeding cost in beef cattle and thereby improve profitability. This study estimated genetic (co)variances between weaning weight and other production, reproduction and efficiency traits. Traits included residual feed intake (RFI), feed conversion ration (FCR), growth (average daily gain (ADG), weaning weight (WW) and shoulder height (SHD)), reproductive (scrotum circumference (SCR)) and profitability traits measured in growth tests of young bulls. The only genetic correlations of significance with WW were those with SHD (0.50) and ADG (0.28). Weaning weight serves as no indication of an animal's production, owing to low genetic correlations with other traits (reproduction or feedlot post-weaning growth efficiency). The heritability estimated for FCR was 0.34 and for RFI 0.31 with a genetic correlation estimate of 0.75 between them. The estimated genetic correlation of profitability (Rand-value) with FCR and RFI were -0.92 and -0.59, respectively. The genetic correlations and expected correlated responses between RFI and FCR with Rand-value suggest that indirect selection for Rand-value through direct selection for FCR and/or RFI will result in slower genetic progress in Rand-value than direct selection. However, where the Rand-value cannot be calculated and/or direct selection for Rand-value is not possible, it would be better to select indirectly for Rand-value through the use of FCR rather than RFI. Key Words: Beef cattle, Feed conversion ratio, Genetic (co)variances, Profitability, Residual feed intake South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.34(4) 2004: 257-264


Zero-shot translation, translating between language pairs on which a Neural Machine Translation (NMT) system has never been trained, is an emergent property when training the system in multilingual settings. However, naive training for zero-shot NMT easily fails, and is sensitive to hyper-parameter setting. The performance typically lags far behind the more conventional pivot-based approach which translates twice using a third language as a pivot. In this work, we address the degeneracy problem due to capturing spurious correlations by quantitatively analyzing the mutual information between language IDs of the source and decoded sentences. Inspired by this analysis, we propose to use two simple but effective approaches: (1) decoder pre-training; (2) back-translation. These methods show significant improvement (4 22 BLEU points) over the vanilla zero-shot translation on three challenging multilingual datasets, and achieve similar or better results than the pivot-based approach.


Deirdre McFeely presents the first book-length critical study of Dion Boucicault, placing his Irish plays in the context of his overall career. The book undertakes a detailed examination of the reception of the plays in the New York-London-Dublin theatre triangle which Boucicault inhabited. Interpreting theatre history as a sociocultural phenomenon that closely approximates social history, McFeely examines the different social and political worlds in which the plays were produced, demonstrating that the complex politics of reception of the plays cannot be separated from the social and political implications of colonialism at that time. The study argues for a shift in focus from the politics of the plays, and their author, to the politics of the auditorium and the press, or the politics of reception. It is within that complex and shifting field of stage, theatre and public media that Boucicault's performance as playwright, actor and publicist is interpreted.


The birth of shariah accounting paradigm can not be separated from the factors of development of Islamic economic discourse and sharia financial system that began to emerge since the mid-1990s. For some, shari'ah accounting is something that is "forced". This assumption is neither misleading nor true, since shari'a accounting has a strong historical roots in Islamic civilization long before Western civilization reached its golden peak until today. The existence of Islamic civilization that lasted for 600-1300 AD, where the progress of Islamic science reached its peak of the year 900-1200 M. Recording procedure has begun to be practiced since the Caliph Umar Bin Khattab, ie in the period 14-24 H (636-645 M). At this time Baitul Mal requires formal recording of funds obtained by institutions from various sources.


Principles of economic analysis, economic institutions, and issues of public policy. Emphasis on macroanalysis including national income analysis, money and banking, business cycles, and economic stabilization.


The Atlantic coast of the United States is affected by extratropical storm surges several times each winter. The most devastating storm of this type on record is that of March 1962. This storm caused damage estimated at over $200 million. The National Weather Service has developed an automated technique for forecasting such storm surges. Statistical forecast equations have been derived for 11 locations from Portland, Me., to Charleston, S.C. Input data to these equations are values of sea-level pressure as forecast by an atmospheric prediction model of the National Meteorological Center. A sample forecast equation is shown. The method was put into operation in 1971. Forecasts are transmitted via teletypewriter and extend to 48 hours at 6-hour intervals. A sample teletype message is shown. Forecasts of the devastating storm surge of Feb. 19, 1972, are discussed. These forecasts agreed reasonably well with observations of the storm surge. Experience with the method indicates it to be useful and therefore it will be expanded to include additional forecast locations.


Abstract Mono(6-anilino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (1) and mono[6-(m-toluidino)-6-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrin (2) were synthesized and characterized. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectral studies and fluorescence lifetime measurements have been performed to elucidate the conformations of 1 and 2 in aqueous buffer solution. 1-D and 2-D NMR spectra of 2 have been measured in D2O to deduce its structure and detailed conformation in solution. From the circular dichroism, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopic studies, it was revealed that the substituents appended to 1 and 2 penetrate into the cyclodextrin cavity forming a stable self-inclusion complex in aqueous solution, and also that the short linkage between the m-toluidino and cyclodextrin moieties makes the cyclodextrin ring of 2 deformed to some extent. The complex stability constants (K S) of 1 and 2 for a series of aliphatic alcohols have been determined by using spectropolarimetric titrations in aqueous phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.20) at 25°C to elucidate the role of introduced substituents and the weak interactions involved in inclusion complexation by the modified cyclodextrins. The results obtained indicate that the van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions mainly contribute to the formation of complexes between the cyclodextrins and aliphatic alcohols, and the inclusion complexation process involves the induced-fit mechanism. Modified β-cyclodextrin 2 can recognize not only the size, shape, and hydrophobicity of the guest molecules, but also chiral guests, affording a moderate enantioselectivity of 1.55 for (+)/(-)-borneol.


In Spain, loquat scab, caused by Fusicladium eriobotryae, is usually controlled by fungicides when there are favorable conditions for infection. Lacking specific data on the effect of weather conditions on infection by F. eriobotryae, infection periods are predicted based on the Mills table for apple scab. Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of temperature, wetness duration, relative humidity (RH), and dry periods on mycelial growth, conidial germination, and infection of loquat leaves by F. eriobotryae. F. eriobotryae was able to grow and the conidia to germinate in a wide range of temperatures, whereas no germination occurred at RH < 100%. Maximum conidial germination occurred with 24 h of wetness and germination was strongly reduced by >10 h of dryness interrupting the wetness period. Loquat infection occurred between 10 and 20°C, and disease incidence and severity increased as the duration of wetness period increased. The combined effect of temperature and wetness duration on conidial germination of F. eriobotryae and infection of leaves was described by combining β and Gompertz equations, while the effect of dry periods on reducing the conidial germination was described by a logarithmic equation. The equations developed in this work provided a reasonable fit of the biological processes investigated and could be used for better disease control; they could be further integrated in a disease prediction system for scheduling fungicide sprays against loquat scab.


OBJECTIVE
The etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, but epidemiology suggests that environmental agents are a factor. Because firefighters are exposed to numerous toxins, we questioned whether sarcoidosis was increased in this cohort.

SETTING
The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), employing > 11,000 firefighters and nearly 3,000 emergency medical services (EMS) health-care workers (HCWs).

DESIGN
In 1985, FDNY initiated a surveillance program to determine the incidence, prevalence, and severity of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis in firefighters. In 1995, EMS HCWs were added as control subjects.

RESULTS
Between 1985 and 1998, 4 prior cases and 21 new cases of sarcoidosis were found in FDNY firefighters. Annual incidence proportions ranged from 0 to 43.6/100,000, and averaged 12.9/100,000. On July 1, 1998, the point prevalence was 222/100,000. For EMS HCWs, annual incidence proportions were zero. Radiographic stage 0 or stage 1 sarcoidosis was found in 19 firefighters (76%), and stage 3 was found in 1 firefighter (4%). Pulmonary function (FVC, FEV(1), and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide) was normal in 17 firefighters (68%), and reduced to </= 65% predicted in 2 firefighters (8%). Maximum oxygen consumption (MVO(2)) was normal in 10 of 17 firefighters (59%), and reduced to 65% predicted in 3 firefighters (12%). Five of seven firefighters (71%) with abnormal MVO(2) had gas exchange abnormalities, and none had O(2) desaturation. All returned to fire fighting.

CONCLUSIONS
Annual incidence proportions and point prevalence were increased in FDNY firefighters as compared to EMS HCWs and historical controls. Radiographs and physiologic measurements demonstrated only minimal impairment.


A strong tradition in democratic theory claims that only constitutions made with direct popular involvement can establish or deepen democracy. Against this view, we argue that new constitutions are likely to enhance liberal democracy when they emerge through a plural agreement among political elites with distinct bases of social support. Power dispersion during constitution writing induces the adoption of institutions that protect opposition forces from the arbitrary use of executive power without unduly impairing majority rule. However, since incumbents may renege on the bargain, the democratizing effect of politically plural constitutional agreements is likely to be larger in the short term, when the identity of negotiating political forces and the balance of power between them tend to remain stable. We find support for these arguments using an original global dataset on the origins of constitutions between 1900 and 2015 and a difference-in-differences design.


There is a substantial corpus of criticism on the epistemology of walking in recent writing by Ivan Vladislavic. This article expands upon the literature through a focus on the ways in which The Exploded View and Portrait with Keys engage with and pressurise the socio-spatial dominance of car driving in Johannesburg. It maintains that while car-use radically organises space and place in the city, this hegemony is tested by alternate forms of mobility. As Vladislavic's work suggests, disorderly and apparently liminal urban modalities and movements disrupt orderly expressions of urban capital aligned with car-driving.


The current study aimed to determine the relationship between two aspects of parenting styles, demandingness and responsiveness, and the presence of anxiety in children. Additionally, this research aimed to identify differences between mothers and fathers in regard to how these aspects of their parenting styles affect child anxiety. Demandingness and responsiveness were explored as independent variables in order to determine how they relate to child anxiety, as well as how the relationships between the independent variables and anxiety differ by demographics including child gender, and parental age, race, income, and educational level. Results indicate differences in child anxiety reported by fathers in regard to race and age. Specifically, being black and being a younger father served as predictors for child anxiety. Additionally, responsiveness varied in fathers by education level. Lastly, fathers showed a significant negative relationship between responsiveness and child anxiety indicating that more responsive fathers have children with lower anxiety. Mothers did not show any significant relationships in regard to child anxiety. However, results indicated a difference in responsiveness in regard to education levels. Specifically, results showed that mothers who had received Some High School Education or Less were less responsive. Analyses suggest the need for future research regarding the gaps in literature pertaining to mothers and parenting styles, as well as why demandingness and responsiveness characteristics differ by demographics, specifically in a large minority sample.


ABSTRACT In this study, we characterized seven members of the cp32/18 family of supercoiled plasmids in Borrelia burgdorferi297. Complete sequence analysis of a 21-kb plasmid (cp18-2) confirmed that the strain 297 plasmids are similar in overall content and organization to their B31 counterparts. Of the 31 open reading frames (ORFs) in cp18-2, only three showed sequence relatedness to proteins with known functions, and only one, a ParA/SopA ortholog, was related to nonborrelial polypeptides. Besides the lipoproteins, none of the ORFs appeared likely to encode a surface-exposed protein. Comparison with the B31 genomic sequence indicated that paralogs for most of the ORFs in cp18-2 can be identified on other genetic elements. cp18-2 was found to lack a 9- to 10-kb fragment present in the 32-kb homologs which, by extrapolation from the B31 cp32 sequences, contains at least 15 genes presumed to be unnecessary for plasmid maintenance. Sequence analysis of the lipoprotein-encoding variable loci provided evidence that recombinatorial processes within these regions may result in the acquisition of exogenous DNA. Pairwise analysis with random shuffling revealed that the multiple lipoproteins (Mlp; formerly designated 2.9 LPs) fall into two distinct homology groups which appear to have arisen by gene fusion events similar to those recently proposed to have generated the three OspE, OspF, and Elp lipoprotein families (D. R. Akins, M. J. Caimano, X. Yang, F. Cerna, M. V. Norgard, and J. D. Radolf, Infect. Immun. 67:1526–1532, 1999). Comparative analysis of the variable regions also indicated that recombination within the loci of each plasmid may occur independently. Last, comparison of variable loci revealed that the cp32/18 plasmid complements of the B31 and 297 isolates differ substantially, indicating that the two strains have been subject to divergent adaptive pressures. In addition to providing evidence for two different types of recombinatorial events involving cp32/18 plasmids, these findings underscore the need for genetic analysis of diverse borrelial isolates in order to elucidate the Lyme disease spirochete's complex parasitic strategies.


The good news is that people today expect to live longer, healthier lives. The bad news is that many of us will not have enough money to retire comfortably. The solution to this problem is wise investment of the wealth we accumulate during our working lives, but the unfortunate truth is that when it comes to investment, many of us don't know where to start. Daniel Goldie and Gordon Murray aim to change the way we think about investing and influence the way we select financial advisors, invest our money and assess the results. In THE INVESTMENT ANSWER they provide readers with the necessary background to make the five key decisions that have a significant impact on the overall investment experience so that they will never again be afraid of financial markets or uncertain about what to do with their money.


The longest stretch $L(n)$ of consecutive heads in $n$ i.i.d. coin tosses is seen from the prism of large deviations. We first establish precise asymptotics for the moment generating function of $L(n)$ and then show that there are precisely two large deviation principles, one concerning the behavior of the distribution of $L(n)$ near its nominal value $\log_{1/p} n$ and one away from it. We discuss applications to inference and to logarithmic asymptotics of functionals of $L(n)$.