In the last four decades, one of the fastest-growing fields of research in economics has been the contractual theory of the firm developed in Coase's (1937) footsteps. Yet despite what otherwise seems to be a genuine success story the question of the nature of the firm remains an empirical and theoretical challenge, painfully illustrated by the lack of consensus regarding the definition and boundaries of the firm. The argument of this thesis is that many thorny questions that plague the literature, including issues related to ownership, boundaries, and intra-firm authority, are due to the fact that contractual theorists of the firm have generally overlooked a key legal feature of the economic system, without which theories of the firm are like Hamlet without the Prince. An elementary institutional fact about firms and markets is that in order to become a fully operational firm in a modern market economy, an entrepreneur or an association of resource owners need to go through a registration or incorporation procedure by which the legal system creates a separate legal person or legal entity in which ownership rights over assets used in production are vested, in whose name contracts are made, and thanks to which the firm has standing in court. With this assignment of legal personality, the legal system creates the efficiency-enhancing nexus for contracts that literally carries the organizational framework of the firm, and secures its continuity by locking-in the founders' committed capital, thereby allowing them to pledge assets, raise finance and do business in the firm's own name. Given the basic principle that only legal persons may own property and have the capacity to contract, and the implication that legally enforceable contracts can only exist between legal persons, it is something of a paradox that the notion of legal personality is absent from the prevailing narrative in the contractual theory of the firm. The thesis examines the reasons behind this state of affairs, and identifies alongside the widespread view among economists that firms can be defined with little or no reference to law, particularly statutory law, the lasting influence of Jensen and Meckling's (1976) ambiguous dismissal of legal personality as a legal fiction that unavoidably leads to misleading reification. In order to disentangle the issues involved, the thesis puts this argument into historical perspective, and suggests that much can be learned from the corporate personality controversy that in the past has addressed the same questions. As the overview of the history of this debate reveals, the category mistakes that Jensen and Meckling presented as inevitable can be easily avoided once the meaning and functions of legal personality are properly understood. The thesis dispels enduring misunderstandings surrounding the notion of personhood, and proposes a legally-grounded view of the nature and boundaries of the firm that recognizes in law's provision of legal entity status a fundamental institutional support for the firm while fitting the overall Coasean narrative.


The articles assembled in Semblance and Signification explore linguistic and literary structures from a range of theoretical perspectives with a view to understanding the extent, prevalence, productivity, and limitations of iconically grounded forms of semiosis. With the complementary examination of large theoretical issues, extensive corpus analysis in several modern languages such as Italian, Japanese Sign Language, and English, and applied close studies across a range of artistic media, this volume brings a fresh understanding of the cognitive underpinnings of iconicity. If primary and secondary modelling systems are rarely studied in tandem, it is clear from this volume that their fruitful juxtaposition yields striking insight into the cognitive concerns that pervade current semiotic research.


Australia's retirement income system combines private and public provision for old age. Retirees rely on private (but highly regulated) superannuation saving that attracts large tax concessions; a public, means-tested age pension; home ownership; and other private savings. Despite recent changes intended to make the system fairer and more fiscally sustainable, Australia's retirement income system still lacks coherence, produces inequitable outcomes and creates high effective tax rates on work and saving. This article proposes a more coherent approach to address fairness, reduce the effective tax rates on work and saving and provide adequate earnings replacement rates with greater fiscal sustainability than is delivered in the recent reforms.


The focus of early drug development has been the submission of an Investigational New Drug application to regulatory agencies. Early Drug Development: Strategies and Routes to First-in-Human Trials guides drug development organizations in preparing and submitting an Investigational New Drug (IND) application. By explaining the nuts and bolts of preclinical development activities and their interplay in effectively identifying successful clinical candidates, the book helps pharmaceutical scientists determine what types of discovery and preclinical research studies are needed in order to support a submission to regulatory agencies.


A limited, yet growing, body of research suggests that health care students educated in interdisciplinary teamwork may become more collaborative professionals in the workplace, which, in turn, may foster more productive and satisfied health care professionals. Researchers also have identified lower mortality and morbidity rates, fewer hospitalizations, decreased costs, and improved function by patients among significant health benefits of interdisciplinary teamwork, especially when it is applied to underserved and geriatric populations. Such positive outcomes have prompted medical schools and accreditation boards of many allied health professions to add interdisciplinary education into their training requirements. Meeting these requirements has challenged universities, where there are multiple allied health programs and limited time, faculty, and financial resources to coordinate interdisciplinary education. The challenges have been magnified by insufficient research on the most effective methods to educate university students about interdisciplinary teamwork. This article presents the background, evolution, and key building blocks of one such method: a simulation-based workshop designed at our university over 7 years to educate its allied health students about various health professions through shared learning, interaction, and collaboration.


Now that the Earth has reached the limits of its biophysical carrying capacity, we have to change technologies, social practices and social norms relating to material production and consumption to ensure that we do not further jeopardize the functioning of our planet's life support systems. rough research, education and civic engagement, universities have a pivotal role to play in this transition. is timely book explores how universities are establishing living laboratories for sustainable development, and examines the communication networks and knowledge infrastructures that underpin impact both on and beyond the campus.


Some things are reasons for us to perform certain actions. That it will spare you great pain in the future, for example, is a reason for you to go to the dentist now, and that you are already late for work is a reason for you not to read the next article in the morning paper. Why are such considerations reasons for or against certain actions? Constructivism offers an intriguing answer to this question. Its basic idea is often encapsulated in the slogan that reasons are not discovered but made by us. This book elaborates the constructivist idea into a fully fledged account of practical reasons, makes its theoretical commitments explicit, and defends it against some well-known objections. It begins with an examination of the distinctive role that reason judgements play in the process of practical reasoning. This provides the resources for an anti-representationalist conception of the nature of those judgements, according to which they are true, if they are true, not because they accurately represent certain normative facts, but because of their role in sound reasoning. On the resulting view, a consideration owes its status as a reason to the truth of the corresponding reason judgement and thus, ultimately, to the soundness of a certain episode of reasoning. Consequently, our practical reasons exhibit a kind of mind-dependence, but this does not force us to deny their objectivity.


This exhibition is part of an ongoing project exploring Aronsohn's family history over 150 years. In the work, the family represents ordinary individuals, often placed in extraordinary circumstances – secondary characters whose existence provides a focus for the viewer for events in the world which surrounds them.

The exhibition features three of Aronsohn's approaches including lino prints, sculpture and etchings. The lino prints feature synagogues central to members of Aronsohn's family, while the sculpture continues this theme with a model of an 18th century Polish wooden synagogue from the time of the Baal Shem Tov. David Aronsohn works in sculpture, drawing and print. He has studied fine art at Chelsea and the Slade School of art. His awards have included the Royal Academy British Institution Fund and the Duveen Travel Scholarship. He divides his time between making work for exhibition and teaching.


A modification of Barro and Sala-i-Martin empirical framework of growth model is specified to examine determinants of per capita growth in 74 Russian regions during period of 1996-2005. We utilize both panel and cross-sectional data. Results imply that in general regional growth in 1996-2005 is explained by the initial level of region's economic development, the 1998 financial crisis, domestic investments, and exports. Growth convergence between poor and rich regions in Russia was not found for the period studied.


The US President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has responded to the need for the upscaling of Africa's health workforce by investing in medical education on the African continent. The Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) aims to: enhance the quality of medical education and quantity of medical graduates; facilitate retention of medical faculty and graduates; and enhance locally relevant research. Stellenbosch University Rural Medical Education Partnership Initiative (SURMEPI) strives to develop, implement and evaluate innovative, workable and effective medical education models, in order to strengthen medical education and health systems within rural and resource-constrained environments. The purpose of this forum piece is to describe the SURMEPI project as background to the research articles emanating from SURMEPI in this AJHPE edition. SURMEPI's overall focus is on innovations and interventions in high schools, undergraduate medical education, postgraduate and continuing medical education, e-learning and collaborations, of which some highlights and challenges are described here.


Submicron atmospheric aerosol samples were collected during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) 2004 campaign on four platforms: Chebogue Point (Nova Scotia, Canada), Appledore Island (Maine), the CIRPAS Twin Otter over Ohio, and the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown in the Gulf of Maine. Saturated aliphatic C-C-H, unsaturated aliphatic C=C−H, aromatic C=C−H, organosulfur C-O-S, carbonyl C=O, and organic hydroxyl C-OH functional groups were measured by calibrated Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at all four sampling platforms. The ratio of molar concentrations of carbonyl C=O to saturated aliphatic C-C-H groups was nearly constant at each sampling platform, with the Twin Otter samples having the lowest ratio at 0.1 and the three more coastal platforms having ratios of 0.4 and 0.5. Organic mass (OM) to organic carbon (OC) ratios follow similar trends for the four platforms, with the Twin Otter having the lowest ratio of 1.4 and the coastal platforms having slightly higher values typically between 1.5 and 1.6. Organosulfur compounds were occasionally observed. Collocated organic aerosol sampling with two Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers for OM, a Sunset Laboratory thermo-optical analysis instrument for OC, and an ion chromatography-particle into liquid sampler (IC-PILS) for speciated carboxylic acids provided comparable results for most of the project, tracking the time series of FTIR OM, OC, and carbonyl groups, respectively, and showing simultaneous peaks of similar magnitude during most of the project. The FTIR/IC-PILS comparison suggests that about 9% of the carbonyl groups found in submicron organic particles on the Twin Otter are typically associated with low molecular weight carboxylic acids.


Fibronectin (Fn) binds to fibrin in clots by covalent and non-covalent interactions. The N- and C-termini of Fn each contain one non-covalent fibrin-binding site, which are composed of type 1 (F1) structural repeats. We have previously localized the N-terminal site to the fourth and fifth F1 repeats (4F1.5F1). In the current studies, using proteolytic and recombinant proteins representing both the N- and C-terminal fibrin-binding regions, we localized and characterized the C-terminal fibrin-binding site, compared the relative fibrin-binding activities of both sites and determined the contribution of each site to the fibrin-binding activity of intact Fn. By fibrin-affinity chromatography, a protein composed of the 10F1 repeat through to the C-terminus of Fn (10F1-COOH), expressed in COS-1 cells, and 10F1-12F1, produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, displayed fibrin-binding activity. However, since 10F1 and 10F1.11F1 were not active, the presence of 12F1 is required for fibrin binding. A proteolytic fragment of 14.4 kDa, beginning 14 residues N-terminal to 10F1, was isolated from the fibrin-affinity matrix. Radio-iodinated 14.4 kDa fibrin-binding peptide/protein (FBP) demonstrated a dose-dependent and saturable binding to fibrin-coated wells that was both competitively inhibited and reversed by unlabelled 14.4 kDa FBP. Comparison of the fibrin-binding affinities of proteolytic FBPs from the N-terminus (25.9 kDa FBP), the C-terminus (14.4 kDa) and intact Fn by ELISA yielded estimated Kd values of 216, 18 and 2.1 nM, respectively. The higher fibrin-binding affinity of the N-terminus was substantiated by the ability of both a recombinant 4F1.5F1 and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to this site to maximally inhibit biotinylated Fn binding to fibrin by 80%, and by blocking the 90% inhibitory activity of a polyclonal anti-Fn, by absorption with the 25.9 kDa FBP. We propose that whereas the N-terminal site appears to contribute to most of the binding activity of native Fn to fibrin, the specific binding of the C-terminal site may strengthen this interaction.


This purpose of this research is to predict the fundamental perfonnance of a firm as measured by the rate of return on assets (ROA). The paper presents a model relating ROA to prior year ROA and to the level of activity in the economy. A principal components' analysis of thirty-three economic indicators was used. The variables used were drawn from the main theories/perspectives on macro economic behaviour. These were the Leading and Coincident Indicators perspective, Supply or Cost-Push Theories, Monetary Economics, and Savings-Investment theories. Three factors emerged and were labelled as an Output Factor, Interest Factor, and a Corporate Activity Factor. A four variable model incorporating a lead-lag relationship of ROA, percentage change in Gross Domestic Product (the output factor), prior year interest rate on Treasury Notes (the interest rate factor), corporate profits (the corporate activity factor) was significant. R2 values in excess of .65 indicates considerable aggregate explanatory power. We conclude that finn perfonnance is a function of the prior year ROA, and macro-economic variables. The lead lag model suggests that earnings forecasts may be made based on the model presented in this study.


This research explores the relationship between social housing, property and the state in a neoliberal and colonial context through the lens of social property. Social property is property that has been removed from the market for a social purpose. It is intended to provide security for all members of society, and is affordable and collectively sustained. Through a literature review and an examination of Canadian social housing policy, this research identifies the main characteristics of social property and the extent to which public, nonprofit and cooperative housing can be considered a form of social property. It then analyzes the challenges and opportunities facing social housing providers in Manitoba, Canada, as their operating and funding agreements with the state expire, in order to understand whether the housing can continue to be understood as 'social' in a post-agreement future. Finally, this research contextualizes the state's changing nonprofit and cooperative social housing policy within the current trend towards commodification and marketization of housing. The expiring agreements change the relationships between housing providers, tenants and the state. As such, they also change the spaces of social housing, and the extent to which low-income and Indigenous households may belong in these spaces. The distinct form of property created through the social housing operating agreements is at risk of disappearing, though the full implications for the housing system in Canada remain to be seen.


The gastrointestinal tract is replete with commensal microbes and dietary nutrients that provide homeostatic signals. Antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) residing in the underlying lamina propria (Lp) respond to these signals; however, how they contribute to intestinal T cell homeostasis is unclear. In Chapter 2, LpDC are revealed to uniquely induce naïve T cell differentiation into the Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) subset. Further, the molecular mechanisms controlling this capacity both in vitro and in vivo are shown to hinge on the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), which LpDC are equipped to synthesize, and the cytokine, TGF-beta. T cell expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) is shown to be critical for RA to induce enhanced Foxp3+ Treg induction. Chapter 3 extends upon these findings and addresses the influence of the commensal microbiota in the regulation of this pathway. A Toll like receptor (TLR) 9 ligand, commensal derived DNA, is identified as a potent adjuvant in the gut mucosa, which shapes T cell homeostasis in the GI tract. Accordingly Tlr9–⁄– mice display an intestinal site-specific increase in Foxp3+Treg concomitant with a decrease in TH cells. Dysregulation in Foxp3+ Treg/TH homeostasis results in mucosal-specific impaired immune responses in Tlr9–⁄– animals, which can be reversed upon partial depletion of Foxp3+ Treg. Chapter 4 builds upon findings from Chapter 2. The role of vitamin A metabolism in the regulation of mucosal immunity is examined. Vitamin A insufficient (VAI) mice, which lack vitamin A and metabolic derivatives, mount impaired mucosal TH-1 and TH-17 responses. These defects are reversed upon administration of RA. Moreover, Rara–⁄– mice recapitulate the homeostatic and immune defects observed in VAI mice. Strikingly, loss of basal RA/RARalpha signaling hinders early T cell activation events. Cumulatively, the data argue that steady-state cues from microbiota and nutrients shape the inflammatory tone of the Lp to prime mucosal TH responses. These data also identify a fundamental role for vitamin A metabolism in T cell activation and suggest this pathway may have evolved with the development of adaptive CD4+ T cell responses to coordinate host protection. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Immunology First Advisor Yasmine Belkaid, Ph.D. Second Advisor Andrew Caton, Ph.D This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/267 Third Advisor Christopher Hunter, Ph.D.; David Artis, Ph.D; Yongwon Choi, Ph.D.


This study deals with the major policies in Catholic education in Victoria during the greater part of Daniel Mannix's pastorate as
Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne. He arrived from Ireland in March 1913, and succeeded Dr. Carr as Archbishop in 1917 by which time he had already established himself as an outspoken leader of the largely Irish Catholic community in this State. In chapter one it is intended to demonstrate the distinctive Mannix style by means of a
brief comparison between the two men during the years 1913 to 1917 when the older prelate died. Since these were the declining years of Dr. Carr, it could be argued that such a comparison is not a fair one - so it is hoped that chapter one will be seen, not so much as an evaluation of the earlier Archbishop's leadership style, as an attempt
to create a background, social and ecclesiastical, against which Dr. Mannix can be seen to stand out.
The subsequent chapters two to six are intended to examine the principal events of the three decades to the end of World War Two
so that the role of Melbourne's Catholic Archbishop might be clarified and conclusions reached about the nature of his leadership - particularly in the field of education. It is not intended that this discussion should include the years after World War Two, partly because the educational and political issues involved are
extensive enough to require a separate study, and partly because it seems inappropriate to form judgements about the words and actions of a man approaching his hundredth year. Nevertheless some mention (Chapter 7) of the post war events in Catholic education,together with the gradually diminishing leadership role of Dr. Mannix was felt to be necessary; so that the final chapter "Retrospect", is based largely on the evidence offered in chapters one to six but the "Later Years" cannot be entirely overlooked.
This discussion is not intended to be a record of Catholic education from 1913 till 1945. Neither is it intended to be a
complete biographical accoun't of the Melbourne Archbishop through those years. The intention is to draw together both educational and biographical elements so that certain conclusions might be drawn about each in the light of the other. Problems of Catholic education and the way they were approached give insights into the
personality of the Archbishop and his particular style of leadership.


The potential higher performance of rotating detonation engines (RDEs), due to the constant volume combustion process, has attracted researchers and engineers from around the world. However, additional research is necessary to achieve higher performance because the dynamic nature of RDEs. While a few experiments have been conducted for the injector dynamics for RDEs, this parameter plays a key role relative to the development of high performance RDEs. A parametric study of three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations is performed to investigate dynamics of an oxidizer injector utilized in an RDE. Input parameters of this parametric study are the simulated detonation strength at oxidizer injector throat (i.e. inlet of a combustion chamber), the injector geometry and number of wave. The injector dynamics potentially change local equivalence ratio before detonation wave arrival in an RDE chamber. Also, the injector spacing plays a large role in determining local mixing efficiency. From these point of views, a two dimensional non-premixed detonation parametric study is performed in order to investigate effects of injector mixing and mixing efficiency. An unwrapped domain in the azimuthal direction of an RDE chamber is considered and the mixing efficiencies and injector spacings are modeled as initial conditions.In general, from the injector dynamics study, all the results show a strong attenuation of the detonation overpressures in the near field of the injector exit and as a result, the wave traversing the annular passage is largely acoustic in nature. With the mass flow inlet boundary condition employed, reflections are present at this boundary and reflected waves have a non-negligible contribution to the transient mass flow of the injector. These mass flow pulsations could conceivably contribute to the formation of additional waves depending on their energy content and subsequent detailed mixing and combustion. Increasing the number of waves or shortening the length of the injector created reflections as one would predict from acoustic behavior. In the presence of higher amplitude waves these effects will likely be more pronounced. Together with the non-linearities in the heat release, the small fluctuations in the mass flow can significantly alter the detonation behavior. The two dimensional non-premixed detonation parametric study further examines the effects of the potential non-uniform mixture due to the injector dynamics exposed to a single planer detonation wave. In all non-premixed cases, the detonation wave is decoupled with the pressure wave (the shock) and the combustion wave once the detonation wave arrives at the non-premixed target region. However, in the cases with the 45 mm and smaller injector spacings, the shock and combustion wave are recoupled. This decouple-explosion-recouple sequence becomes smoother and happens earlier with finer injector spacing. There are some higher pressure pockets than the CJ and the premixed case. The poor mixing efficiency cases show the similar decouple-explosion-recouple sequence.The local high pressure in the detonated non-premixed and poor mixing cases is caused by the compression by the shock and other compression from the upstream high pressure pockets. Time scale separation of exothermic and endothermic reactions due to the non and poor mixing efficiencies allows the shock compression closer to the the classical Zel'dovich, Neumann, and D{\"o}ring (ZND) model : the shock is the only pressurization mechanism the poor and non-mixing cases where as the combustion starts at the same time as the shock arrives in the premixed and good mixing efficiencies cases such as the baseline and Gaillard mixing efficiencies. The non-premixed and poor mixing efficiency cases with the 45 mm or finer injector spacings provide the higher time and space averaged pressure at the injector surface than it of the premixed case. The poor mixing profile with 11.3 mm injector spacing is the best performer among the all cases in this part of parametric study with respect to pressure thrust. It may be possible to attain a desired axial pressure profile through injector design for specific mixing profile.


James Oldham and Su Jin Kim write about the acceptance of arbitration in the early United States in their article, "Arbitration in America: The Early History." They correct a misperception that stretches back at least to Justice Joseph Story's 1844 opinion in Tobey v. Bristol that said equity did not enforce arbitration awards. Oldham and Kim recover a robust culture of arbitration in the early United States and thus correct the received wisdom, which led Justice Kennedy to remark in 2001 that American courts were historically hostile to arbitration. Perhaps this newly recovered history will add support for the acceptance of arbitration in the federal courts. Oldham's and Kim's article is, therefore, part of an emerging and sometimes controversial trend in legal history to speak to contemporary issues. It is also the first of an occasional series for Law and History Review on "applied legal history."


The fish fauna of the Swan-Canning Estuary has been studied during several annual periods between the late 1970s and late 2000s by various researchers at the Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, i.e. 1976-1981, 1993/94, 1995-1997, 1999-2001, 2003/04, 2005-2007, 2008-2009. Although the sampling regimes have differed among some of those studies (which have been compensated for, as far as possible, using a variety of methods), this historical data set provides a rare and valuable opportunity to examine whether the fish fauna has changed over the last three decades, and to identify whether any such changes are related to those in the water quality of the system. Comprehensive analyses of these data have shown that the fish faunal composition in the shallow waters has changed markedly between the late 1970s and 2009. Differences between annual periods had a far greater impact on fish composition than did changes between seasons and/or zones of the estuary. In several zones, these changes were often driven by decreased catches of Perth Herring (Nematalosa vlaminghi), Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Yellow-eye Mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) since the 1970s, and by increased catches of the Southern Black Bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri). The fish fauna in deeper waters has also changed significantly from earlier to later periods, again due mainly to lower catches of N. vlaminghi and/or M. cephalus, but also to lower catches of A. butcheri. Potential causes of these observed changes in fish fauna, including the influences of water quality, are investigated.


CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, a subdiscipline of the larger field of archaeology, is undergoing rapid changes that have recently been described as a "paradigm shift" (Snodgrass 2002). It is not what it was forty years ago when this writer was in graduate school, nor even what it was twenty years ago. The concerns of the discipline in the middle of the last century were mainly with urban culture in the major cities of the Greek and Roman worlds. Research was "text-driven," with the underlying goal of further expanding knowledge of those areas of ancient civilization illuminated in the ancient literature. It was also object-oriented, and in practice the focus of researchers could be extremely narrow, confined often enough to a single artifact class. The artifacts most frequently investigated and considered the highest priority were, like figured vases, intrinsically interesting as art, or historically significant, like coins or inscriptions. The goals and focus of the discipline began to shift gradually in the second half of the last century. The horizon of research became much wider as attention turned to the previously ignored ancient countryside around the urban centers, and also to peripheral areas, including the Greek colonies, west and east (fig. 1). While objects and structures continued to be central, investigations expanded to include organic evidence of past life. As a result, the research agendas expanded to include specialties and subdisciplines, many of which were already familiar to non-Classical archaeologists, like palaeobotany and physical anthropology. That made a multidisciplinary team a virtual necessity. These changes were concomitant with the growing interest among social historians in how people lived-and not just the urban elite but the artisan class and farmers, in short, the majority of the ancient population previously "without a voice." While political history and major monuments continued to engage archaeologists and historians, they no longer enjoyed their former unquestioned preeminence. What were the factors responsible for these decisive and everaccelerating innovations in the field? A fundamental role is often claimed for survey archaeology. Whether it was the cause or the result is difficult to say. The pioneering work of such scholars as John Ward Perkins in southern Etruria, Michael Jameson in the Argolid, and Dinu Adamesteanu in Sicily and South Italy certainly helped to reveal the extent to which the ancient countryside was populated and to stimulate interest in it, not only among archaeologists but also among ancient historians, such as M. I. Finley, S. C. Humphreys, and E. Lepore. A precocious interest in the rural population of the ancient world, and in related scientific research, had begun earlier in the last century in the area of the former Soviet Union and developed in very similar ways, but this tradition and the results of these investigations were virtually unknown in the West until very recently (fig. 2). Survey archaeology has become a major field within Classical archaeology in the past forty years, but it alone, surely, cannot explain the concerted movement to a broader definition of archaeological research. A parallel and equally decisive role has also been played by the sciences, from biology to geology. Remote sensing and geophysical prospection technologies, too, are now increasingly in demand. Most research projects in Classical archaeology include a palaeobotanist, a faunal analyst, a physical anthropologist (when required), and a geomorphologist as a matter of course, as concerns with maximizing information and minimizing the escalating cost of excavation have grown. The big excavation of the mid-twentieth century is beyond the financial reach of most research institutions as labor and related costs continue to rise. Multidisciplinary research programs bring their own financial and logistical burdens, but by their nature these can be more widely shared with collaborating scientists and institutions. …


Summary African red clays and Keuper Marl are materials of contrasting origin and mineralogical composition. The red clays are residual soils produced by weathering of rocks at the land surface under relatively high temperature and rainfall and good drainage. Bases and silica are leached, leaving the soil rich in iron and aluminium. In Kenya the clay minerals and iron oxide occur respectively as metahalloysite and hematite under relatively dry conditions, and as hydrated halloysite and goethite under moister conditions. The plasticity of the clay minerals is modified by the iron oxide. Black montmorillonitic clays, rich in bases and silica, occur in association with the red clays but on lower ground. The Keuper Marl is the product of weathering of higher land, which accumulated to a great thickness in a wide basin. Conditions of internal drainage led to enrichment of bases and silica. Calcium and magnesium are present as calcite and dolomite, and silica is present as quartz. All the clay minerals found were rich in magnesium and silica. Illite and chlorite were universal, and much of the chlorite was of the swelling type. In addition, sepiolite and palygorskite commonly occurred. Quantitative x-ray analyses showed up to 90 per cent of clay minerals, but particle-size analyses showed a much smaller proportion of clay-sized minerals, due to particle aggregation or to the occurrence of unusually large clay mineral particles.


This thesis examines the body's thematization in narrative, and as part of the aesthetic
consciousness of the modernist novel. Its starting point is Joyce's pioneering association of
Ulysses with the functions of a live body, and the interdisciplinary rationale that his
Thomist aesthetics of wholeness enact. Joyce's view of his text as a multi-levelled,
reciprocally interdependent hierarchy of various fields, including art and science, as
developed in the Linati and Gilbert Schemes, sheds light on the polyphonic and polyglottic
narratorial tactics of U. Joyce's enterprise is compared to the Greek modernist novel which
developed its innovative techniques in accordance with the general demand for a
reorientation of Greek literature toward introspection. The reception of U in Greece
coincided with the heyday of this attempt which was characterized by experimentation and
was influenced by psychoanalysis, phenomenology and anthropological studies. The three
Greek authors in this study, Stelios Xefloudas, Nikos Gavriil Pentzikis, Giorgos
Cheimonas, each of them representing a different period in the development of the modem
novel, were variously influenced by Joyce's work. The argument particularly focuses on
their use of the body in the text in the light of Joyce's work.
The foreword, a theoretical introduction, sets forth the terms of the argument. The first
chapter is a brief survey of Us reception in Greece. It discusses the quest for the renewal of
Greek literature which started around the thirties. Tracing the links of this renewal With
Joyce's work, it particularly focuses on the techniques of introspection and their association
with the body, as part of the aesthetic consciousness of the inner-orientated or 'introverted'
novel. The second chapter is an analysis of Joyce's paradigmatic use of the body in the text.
Focusing on the act of creation in comedy, scientific discovery and aesthetic rapture, it
discusses the psycho-physiological processes and the cultural psycho-dynamics which are
compressed within Q, and support its multi-perspectival and multi-interpretative orientation.
Joyce's mock-heroic, his anti-theology, the aesthetics of the androgynous artist, desire in
language and bodily interference in the act of writing are seen in relation to the body and in
the light of Joyce's explanatory schemes. Chapter three examines Xefloudas's attempted
assimilation of Joyce's introspective techniques, in the use of myth, in the questing voyager
archetype, and in desire in language through the myth of eternal return. The fourth chapter
discusses N. G. Pentzikis's Christian-Freudian-Jungian perspective on Joyce's work and his
reworking of Us motifs in a surrealist mode (dream, metamorphosis, free association). His
endeavour to subvert his own literary past takes place through the re-writing of Drosmiis's
novel, To Mythistorema fis Kytlas Ersis. In this book all elements of Greek modernism are
welded together. Pentzikis undoes and redoes the Parnassian novel, drawing heavily upon
Q, and the Hellenic and Byzantine legacies which he semi-parodically incorporates into his
art. His use of the Rabelaislan body and the grotesque, which reflects his language games,
also emulates Joyce's. The fifth chapter deals with Cheimonas, as a successor of the
previous authors. Cheimonas revisits all the thematic motifs of Joyce and of the
aforementioned Greek authors in the light of contemporary phenomenology,
psychoanalysis, psycho-linguistics and deconstruction. In an attempted assimilation of the
language of FW and Joyce's preoccupation with the sound of the word, he writes an
elliptical prose violated in its syntax, grammar and word-formation. His texts are a journey
to the origins of language. Through violent dramatizations of psycho-linguistic theories,
these texts aim at revealing the body's voice.


Chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus, are huge public health burden. There‐ fore, new health care models for sharing the responsibility for care among health care providers and patients themselves are needed. The concept of empowerment pro‐ motes patient's active involvement and control over their own health. It can be achieved through education, self-management, and shared decision making. All these aspects can be covered by mobile health technologies, the so-called mHealth. This term comprises mobile phones, patient monitoring devices, tablets, personal digital assistants, other wireless devices, and numerous apps. Many challenges of diabetics can be addressed by mHealth, including glycemic control, nutrition control, physical activity, high blood pressure, medication adherence, obesity, education, diabetic retinopathy screening, diabetic foot screening, and psychosocial care. However, mHealth plays only minor role in diabetes management, despite numerous apps on the market. Namely, these apps have many shortcomings and the majority of them does not include important functions. Moreover, these apps lack the perceived additional benefit by the user and the ease of use, important factors for acceptance of mHealth. Studies of diabetes apps regarding usability and accessibility have shown moderate results. Beside improve‐ ments of apps usability, the future of diabetes mHealth lies probably in personalized education and self-management with the help of decision support systems. At the same time, work on artificial pancreas is in progress and smartphone could be used as user interface.


In 2011, the author published an analysis of available empirical data on bifurcation of disputes in this journal. The article, 'Does Bifurcation Really Promote Efficiency?'(28(2) J. Int'l Arb. 105–11 (2011)) tested the 'generally accepted view that bifurcation of proceedings promotes efficiency' by analysing the available data on the time taken for bifurcated cases to conclude and comparing that data with time taken for non-bifurcated cases. The author noted that ideally, to test whether bifurcating a case does result in the case being resolved in less time, the comparison should be made between a case that was bifurcated to the same case without bifurcation. However, this was not possible in practice. Thus, the next best alternative approach, that of comparing different cases was adopted, although it was recognized that cases can vary significantly in terms of factual and legal complexity. Nonetheless, the empirical evidence, however imperfect, can be and was illustrative. This article revisits the available data relating to the bifurcation of international arbitration matters and expands the previous discussion.


Springback Force Considerations in Compliant Haptic Interfaces Dallin R. Swiss Department of Mechanical Engineering, BYU Master of Science This thesis investigates the potential benefits and challenges of using compliant mechanisms in the design of haptic interfaces. The benefits and challenges are presented with an emphasis on their inherent springback behavior and an active compensation approach. Design criteria for compliant mechanism joint candidates are reviewed and several joints are surveyed. Quantitative calculations of axial stiffness and maximum stress for five candidates are presented. Generalized analytical models of springback force and compensation torque are created to simulate the implementation of each joint candidate in a two degree-of-freedom planar pantograph. We use these models in the development and discussion of an analytical approach to predict the motor torques needed to actively compensate for the effects of springback. This approach relies on virtual work analyses of the haptic pantograph to determine the springback forces, compensation torques, haptic workspace, and available haptic force after compensation. A key to estimating the available haptic force is knowing that the force capability is different depending on the local springback force. If a component of the desired haptic force aligns with the springback force, then the two can work together, thus increasing the maximum magnitude of available haptic force beyond the nominal amount. Analytical and experimental results are presented. A detailed method of implementation is given along with a hardware demonstration of active compensation.


We propose a new type of surface wave lens that is made of a circular in-plane inhomogeneous metamaterial slab and numerically demonstrate its capability to focus surface waves at optical frequencies. This approach can achieve a smaller focal spot size than the previously demonstrated Ag plasmonic lens. The use of inhomogeneous metamaterials is to decrease the high losses that are usually associated with metamaterials that support large surface k vectors by reducing the propagation distance in high loss metamaterials.


By virtue of the increasing global competition, many Asian countries have become the
favourite target of large enterprises and multinational corporations (MNCs) desiring to
invest in them. Thailand in particular, due to its location as a natural gateway for
efficient distribution channels through various markets and customers, has attracted
foreign direct investments across the world to relocate their manufacturing operations to
the country since the mid-1950s. Further, following the low-wage labour market and
social stability, Thailand has grown to be one of the top five countries targeted for
Japanese investment. More importantly, with the support of both governments
establishing the Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement in 2007, strong
economic ties have continued to develop, leading Japan to be a major investor in Thai
industry.
However, despite the obvious economic advantages for both countries, the unfamiliar
socio-cultural environment in Thailand has presented many challenges for Japanese
expatriate managers. Moreover, the relocation of operations not only has led to a
rethinking of business strategies, but also the allocation of appropriate personnel to
complete critical assignments in different business climates is crucial. More
specifically, although the Japanese management style suits firms in their home country
of Japan (as do Western management styles in Western countries), difficulties arise
when they are applied verbatim in the Thai environment. Thus, the selection, training
and dispatch of capable and well-suited expatriate managers to succeed when working
in overseas posts are requiring careful consideration. Therefore, this research aims to
identify the defining necessary attributes and influencing factors for Japanese expatriate
managers' success in Thailand. More specifically, it investigates the characteristics
required for Japanese managers who collaborating with a predominately local workforce
within the Thai automotive industry.


This paper will discuss the way a leading Indonesian artist and intellectual has functioned as a conduit or "cultural broker" in the reciprocal transmission of ideas between Indonesia and the West, specifically Western Europe and America, since 1966. Mochtar Lubis is not unique in this function. Many other artist-intellectuals move between two or more communities both physically and intellectually. Soedjatmoko, Takdir Alisjahbana, Achdiat K. Mihardja, Sitor Situmorang, Subagio Sastrowardoyo, Arief Budiman, Marianne Katoppo and Nh. Dini are among the most prominent. They are members of an increasingly transnational middle class community who inhabit this "global village." In discussing Mochtar Lubis's role in the exchange between his home society and the American-West European cultural and intellectual axis, I shall provide a brief biographical outline, presenting him in the domestic socio-economic context of New Order Indonesia. I describe some of these aspects of his interaction with the West which display a degree of consistency throughout his public life, including his attitudes to America. Finally, I examine how his world view informs his most recent novel.


When Deng Xiaoping unveiled his vision of economic reform to the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in December 1978, the Chinese economy was faltering. Reeling from a decade of stagnation during the Cultural Revolution and already falling short of the projections set forth in the 1976 l0-year plan, China needed more than a new plan and the Soviet-style economic vision of Deng's political rival, Hua Guofeng, to improve the economy. Deng's plan was to lead the country down a road of gradual and incremental economic reform, leaving the state apparatus intact, while slowly unleashing market forces. Since that time, the most common image of China, promulgated by members of the US Congress and media, is of an unbending authoritarian regime that has grown economically but seen little substantive change. There is often a sense that China remains an entrenched and decaying authoritarian government run by corrupt Party officials; extreme accounts depict it as an economy on the verge of collapse. However, this vision simply does not square with reality. While it is true that China remains an authoritarian one-party system, it is also the most successful case of economic reform among communist planned economy in the 20th century. Today, it is fast emerging as one of the most dynamic market economies and has grown to be the world's sixth largest. Understanding how this change has come about requires an examination of three broad changes that have come together to shape China's transition to capitalism: the state's gradual recession from control over the economy, which caused a shift in economic control without privatization; the steady growth of foreign investment; and the gradual emergence of a legal-rational system to support these economic changes. Reform Without Privatization During the 1980s and 1990s, economists and institutional advisors from the West advocated a rapid transition to market institutions as the necessary medicine for transforming communist societies. Scholars argued that private property provides the institutional foundation of a market economy and that, therefore, communist societies making the transition to a market economy must privatize industry and other public goods. The radical members of this school argued that rapid privatization--the so--called "shock therapy" or "big bang" approach to economic reforms--was the only way to avoid costly abuses in these transitional systems. The Chinese path has been very different. While countries like Russia have followed Western advice, such as rapidly constructing market institutions, immediately removing the state from control over the economy, and hastily privatizing property, China has taken its time in implementing institutional change. The state has gradually receded from control over the economy, cautiously experimenting with new institutions and implementing them incrementally within existing institutional arrangements. Through this gradual process of reform, China has achieved in 20 years what many developing states have taken over 50 to accomplish. The success of gradual reform in China can be attributed to two factors. First, the gradual reforms allowed the government to retain its role as a stabilizing force in the midst of the turbulence accompanying the transition from a planned to a market economy. Institutions such as the "dual-track" system kept large state-owned enterprises partially on the plan and gave them incentives to generate extra income by selling what they could produce above the plan in China's nascent markets. Over time, as market economic practices became more successftil, the "plan" part of an enterprise's portfolio was reduced and the "market" part grew. Enterprises were thus given the stability of a continued but gradually diminishing planned economy system as well as the time to learn to set prices, compete for contracts, and produce efficiently. Second, the government has gradually promoted ownership-like control down the government administrative hierarchy to the localities. …


The revolution--the one foretold in so many platforms, political speeches, and books of the 1960s and early 1970s--didn't really happen. Of course things changed, but not exactly as promised. Though several important social and intellectual trends can be traced to this period, the era still produced more talk than action. A key example was the birth, among some members of the New Left, of a sometimes promising antibureaucratic education movement. No radical group was complete without an education arm in those days. The Black Panthers set up weekend classrooms to deprogram children of the racism they imbibed from the public schools during the week, while Bill Ayers, a cofounder of the Weather Underground, worked to set up "alternative schools." The campaign to take on The System and its schools also enjoyed the services of a handful of intellectual spokesmen whose written works outline a case against education bureaucracy that remains brilliant in many small ways, if repulsive in several big ones. Drawing on earlier criticism of the organization society and its alienating effects, social critic Paul Goodman, already famous for his subversive Growing Up Absurd (1960), condemned the school system in toto with a slim volume called Compulsory Mis-education and the Community of Scholars (1962). Meanwhile, the rebel Catholic priest Ivan Illich took up the cause of Puerto Rican poor people on his way to writing his education manifesto, Deschooling Society (1971). Illich would later propose a constitutional amendment summing up his iconoclastic critique of institutional education: "The State shall make no law regarding the establishment of education." But Illich represented the beginning of the end of the Left's interest in a laissez-faire approach to education. History has not been kind to Illich or Goodman. Diane Ravitch dismissed their work in her history of education reform, The Troubled Crusade, as a literary sensation. And the Left hasn't exactly kept the flame burning. Although included in Richard Posner's recent list of six hundred prominent public intellectuals, Illich has lost almost all of the stature that once led the New York Review of Books, and even some mainstream publications like the Saturday Review, to treat him as a modern-day oracle. In 1989 literary essayist Anatole Broyard, a one-time booster, wrote in the New York Times that he'd purged his library of Illich's works. Goodman is best remembered perhaps as an early example of the Left's continuing problem with anti-Americanism, as the progressive thinker Richard Rorty portrayed him in Achieving Our Country (1999). Yet many of Illich's and Goodman's arguments foreshadowed criticism later taken up by school choice advocates on the Right, where until 1996 the Republican party platform still called for abolishing the Department of Education. And today, both the Left and the Right harbor pockets of antibureaucratic resistance and support for arrangements that aspire to take power away from the state, or what the New Left used to call The System. A Roman-Collar Rebel According to the antibureaucratic Left, there was little wrong with American society that wasn't the fault of The System. Illich's Deschooling Society put a slightly different twist on this argument, alleging that there was almost nothing wrong with The System that wasn't the fault of the schools. One critic commented that he wasn't against schools, "but once a certain threshold of institutionalization is reached, schools make people more stupid." That threshold, for Illich, came soon. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] A Viennese-born Catholic priest and theologian, Illich had some first-hand experience with bureaucracies. In fact, he was being groomed for service in one of the world's oldest, headquartered in the Vatican, when he was transferred to a Hispanic parish in New York City in 1952 for what was supposed to be a training exercise on the way to big things in the church hierarchy. …


Cryogenic temperature detection underlies the understanding of important physical phenomena and is crucial for material science and space exploration. Simple, facile, and accurate assessment of temperature, especially for surface or body thermal mapping, is one of the challenges that must be addressed when developing new materials or technologies for thermometers. Here, we introduce a temperature detection strategy based on a 3D cross-correlative matrix derived from fluorescence response patterns of an organic probe in three solvation envelopes. The intermolecular interactions, such as excimer or exciplex formation, intramolecular charge transfer and solvent relaxation processes, between the probe and molecule surroundings, are attributed to the unique temperature-dependent optical behaviors in different solutions. The precise temperature detection originated from apparent variations in fluorescence intensity and wavelength upon temperature change in these solvents. This enabled the construction of a comprehensive temperature sensor array, which gives a unique visible color pattern of signals as a read-output discernible by the naked eye. Furthermore, as a proof-of-concept, a new strategy for facile and non-destructive thermal mapping of a crystal surface is presented.


Abstract:Twenty years after the June 4 massacre put an end to the demonstrations for democracy, its impact is still felt as much by the government as by the opposition. In order to recapture the legitimacy that it had lost in 1989, the Party launched a policy of cooptation of the elites which revealed itself quite efficient. It has kept absolute control over the political field and has tried to erase the memory of the 1989 prodemocracy movement. The massacre and the repression that followed have forced the opposition to renounce demonstrations. A new category of dissidents emerged, which expresses itself through petitions demanding the respect of human rights and democratization of the regime, while members of the young generation have turned to the law to promote rights awareness in society.


Glanceability and low access time are arguably the key assets of a smartwatch. However, smartwatches are currently limited to micro-interactions. They do not enable complex interactions and, in general, they do not afford continuous use for long. We believe that smartwatches can retain micro-interactions and glanceability, but also get better at long and complex interactions. We propose a smartwatch that a user can detach, and use as more than a wearable depending on their context, requirements, and preference. Detaching the watch enables it to morph into different forms, and thereby become a better interaction device, better display, and a better sensor suite. First, we interview participants to elicit usage themes for a detachable watch. Then, we build applications that showcase the range of use-cases where a detachable smartwatch offers additional functionality compared to an always-worn one, and highlights the affordances and benefits enabled due to detachability.


The effects of fire–grazing interactions on grass communities are difficult to identify because fire and grazing influence each other on a landscape scale. Persistent heavy grazing can prevent the spread of fire by breaking up the grass layer. In contrast, frequent burning might inhibit the persistence of grazed patches by attracting grazers to the post-burn green flush. We explored the effect of burning on grazing activity, and the persistence of grazed patches, in a landscape-level experiment in a South African savanna.

We created 17 grazed patches by mowing grass in a 20 m diameter plot, with an adjacent un-mown control. We used dung counts as a measure of grazer visitation, and grass height as a measure of grazing intensity, at each of the sites over a year. Nearly all mowing treatments resulted in a rapid increase in grazing activity relative to controls (on average, 4–6 times more dung was found on mown sites). Subsequent fates of the grazed patches depended on their location with respect to fire. Burned areas drew animals off nearby unburned grazed patches, which then recovered lost biomass. Patches >1.5 km from burns remained grazed short. Frequent large fires might prevent areas of heavy grazing from persisting in the landscape, and thus limit the spread of grazing-adapted grasses.

Spatial information on fire frequencies in the park was used to explore the influence that the "magnet effect" of fire can have on grass communities. We mapped the distribution of tall, bunch grasslands and grazing-lawn grasslands using a 1999 Landsat TM satellite image. The extent of grazing lawns was directly related to fire return interval. Areas with a fire return of <4 years had less lawn grass than would be expected from the proportions of lawn grass in the park. A logistic regression analysis, which used various environmental variables known to influence grazing, showed fire history to be an important predictor of grazing-lawn distributions.

This work shows that, by influencing where, when, and for how long animals graze a patch, fire can influence the competitive balance between grazing-tolerant, and grazing-intolerant grass species and affect their distributions in the landscape. We discuss the implications of this research for the management of natural grazing systems and rangelands.


Laser tomography and multiconjugate adaptive optics are under development for ground-based extremely
large telescopes. Continuous wave sodium guide star lasers are planned for these systems, but their
use raises some difficulties due to the extended nature of the beacons generated in the mesosphere and
their spatiotemporal variability. We describe a performance analysis on the impact of laser launch telescope
(LLT) location for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) multiconjugate adaptive optics system. A
semianalytical first-order noise propagation calculation is presented, supplemented by end-to-end Monte
Carlo physical optics simulations. The principal conclusion of the study is that modestly superior performance
is achieved with multiple LLT locations around the primary mirror, compared to a single central
LLT behind the secondary mirror, but the largest value of any of these improvements is of the order of
20 nm rms for the expected wavefront sensor noise levels, suggesting that the final choice of geometry
should depend primarily on the cost and complexity of implementation trade-off. This conclusion is also
fully supported by the fact that, for the TMT 70 arcsec laser guide star (LGS) asterism, the fratricide
effect reduces the performance of the central launch geometry by only a small amount. The reduction
ranges from only a few nm rms at zenith to a few tens of nm at a 45° zenith angle in the worst case that
the effect cannot be calibrated.


Running economy (RE) is defined as the rate of oxygen consumption at a given submaximal
running velocity. Whilst the concept of running economy is well documented, little
information is available about the to daily variation in RE, variation in RE within prolonged
running bouts and the effects on RE of exercise-induced dehydration. Thus, the principal aim
of this research was to investigate these aspects and attempt to contribute further knowledge
and understanding of RE.
The purpose of the first study (Chapter 4), was to investigate the daily variation in RE in
twenty one habitually active Singaporean men (VO₂max = 51.6 ±5.8 ml.kg⁻¹ min⁻¹). The RE
was measured over three consecutive days during treadmill running at 3.33 m.s⁻¹, and at
running speeds representing relative exercise intensities of 60% and 85% VO₂max (randomly
assigned in a counterbalanced design). The running bouts were of 10 min duration at each
speed, with 5 min rest between each running bout. The group mean (±SD) VO₂ during
submaximal running at 3.33 m.s⁻¹ (82 ±5.7% VO₂max) was 44.5 (±2.1), 43.8 (±2) and 44.2 (±2)
ml.kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ for days one, two and three respectively. The mean coefficient of variation (CV)
for RE at 3.33 m.s⁻¹ was 2.54 % (range = 0.24 - 5.41%). The group mean VO₂ during
submaximal running at 60% and 85% VO₂max was similarly invariant over the three
consecutive days. The results showed no differences in daily RE for the group (p > 0.05). The
results suggest that for the individuals in this study RE does not change on a daily basis […continued]


Associations between brain oscillations and depressive disorders have been studied for many years, leading to the development of prominent theories (e.g., the frontal EEG asymmetry). The brain, however, is a complex nonlinear system, and tools from the Nonlinear Dynamic Systems (NDS) theory are increasingly used to better understand its complex rhythms. This scientific review aimed at gathering relevant evidence on the use of nonlinear measures (those derived from the NDS) to identify biomarkers hidden under the brain oscillations of depressive patients. Thus, electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) studies which aimed either to compare depressives and healthy controls' oscillations (diagnostic studies) or to examine the efficacy of interventions to ameliorate depressive symptomatology (intervention studies) on those oscillations were selected. As a result, 12 diagnostic studies and nine intervention studies were reviewed. Diagnostic studies essentially examined the brain oscillations in the broad frequency band and reported larger complexity or irregularity in depressives, as shown by the fractal dimension measures and informational measures.


Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most frequent malignant tumor of the oral cavity, generally exhibits a poor prognosis and metastases are the main cause of death. This tumor often arises from pre-malignant lesions. To date, it is difficult to predict if and which pre-malignant lesions may progress into oral SCC using traditional methods. For these reasons, several studies are trying to identify markers useful in the progression of pre-malignant lesions and tumors. To define the genetic expression profile of tongue tumor progression we compared 9 dysplasias (DS), 8 tumors without metastasis (TWM), 11 metastasizing SCCs (MT) of the tongue, and a baseline of 11 normal tissues by using cDNA microarray containing 19.2 K clones. We initially applied hierarchical agglomerative clustering based on information from all 6026 clones. Results were obtained by performing a two steps analysis: a Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) and a Gene Ontology search. One hundred and five clones have statistically significant different expression levels (FDR <0.01) between DS and TWM, whereas 570 genes have statistically significant difference expression levels between TWM and MT (FDR <0.01) as detected by SAM. By filtering with FatiGo only 33 genes were differentially expressed in TWN, respect to DS, whereas 155 genes were differentially expressed in MT respect to TWM. We detected some genes which encode for oncogenes, transcription factors and cell cycle regulators as potential markers of DS progression. Examples are BAG4, PAX3 and CCNI, respectively. Among potential markers of metastases are some genes related to cell mobility (TSPAN-2 and SNTA1), intercellular adhesion (integrin alpha 7) or extracellular matrix components (ADAMTS2 and cathepsin O). Additionally, under-expressed genes encoded apoptosis-related proteins (PDCD4 and CASP4). In conclusion, we identified several genes differentially expressed in tumor progression which can potentially help in better classifying premalignant lesions and tongue SCCs.


This is the first book to present a systematic analysis of specialized clusters of small manufacturing enterprises in the main European economies. Combining knowledge from case-study literature with original analyses of statistical data enables the authors to present full accounts of the role of these clusters in Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, showing the considerable diversity of forms they take. Local production systems (as these clusters are termed) are seen to exist where there are either particular competitive advantages for participation by clusters of small and medium-sized, as opposed to large, firms, or where such clusters at least stand as good a chance as large firms. Small firms may work through a diversity of forms of governance: certain forms of market; cooperation among themselves; through associations; with larger firms located in the same area; or by making use of local facilities provided by governmental or other external agencies - or a combination of all five. The introduction shows how previous literature has been divided into two strands. First came optimistic, mainly 1980s, writings, which assumed that the search for flexibility and quality, typical of post-Fordist models of economic organization, would enhance the role of SMEs. In the ensuing decade, a more pessimistic analysis was put forward. It was argued that the increasing globalization of the economy would bring about a demise of local production systems, under pressure from new global large firms. The authors discuss the possibility of more nuanced findings, and propose a combination of the literature on local production systems with theories of economic governance to assist this process. There follows a chapter which surveys overall economic development in the four countries, concentrating on local economies. Then four national surveys take up the theme of the governance of local production systems in Italy, Germany, France, and Britain. A concluding chapter identifies a diversity of forms of clusters of small firms, and on that basis develops a sociological critique of current neo-institutionalist theories of markets. Local production systems are found to be growing, not declining, in importance, as they facilitate the circulation of tacit knowledge - a precious resource in all sectors which depend on both constant innovation and the flexibility of small enterprises. However, the most rapidly growing form of these systems is that where groups of small suppliers depend on a major customer firm - a form that in the long run might undermine the autonomous capacities of local small-firm systems. Contributors to this volume - Valeria Aniello (Federico II University of Naples; CEVIFOP-CNRS, Paris) Luigi Burroni (University of Florence) Colin Crouch (European University Institute, Florence) Henry Farrell (Max-Planck Project Group, Bonn) Ulrich Glassmann (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne) Patrick Le Gales (CEVIPOF-CNRS, Paris) Andres Rodriguez-Pose (London School of Economics) Carlo Trigilia (University of Florence) Helmut Voelzkow (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne)


The world is changing very fast. The future already arrived in industry. Europe and China expel classic automobiles and replace them with electrical. European Union predicts that till 2020 they will have 3,5 million electric cars and 800.000 stations for its filling. In Serbia according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs from 2011. only 114 vehicles on electric power and 90 hybrids were registered.
The introduction of vehicles without a driver on the roads of the world will happen faster than lawmakers predicted. Recently, the countries began to discuss laws regulating autonomous vehicles, but only a few of them actually adopted such laws. California, Nevada, Michigan and Florida (USA) allow autonomous cars on the road, while their use on public roads in the states that have not enacted laws is neither illegal, nor specifically allowed.
Experts warn that it could take decades before legislators permit the production of vehicles without manual commands and it is possible that during the transitional period when conventional and vehicles without a driver would share the road, security really could be worse. In order to get a vehicle permit, with robots and electronics in them must also stand the man, as well as the system which in the case of emergency enables taking control by man.
The first passenger drone in the world that can independently carry one person by air got permission for testing in Nevada. In the race entered the Chinese, and the first flying car could have its first drive as soon as next year 2020. The Chinese company "Ehang" still in 2016 presented the model of unmanned aerial vehicle that can carry one person 30 kilometers by speed of 100 km/h. The "Airbus" vision of taxi that solves the problem of traffic jam by throwing away of wheels at a special station and hooking on for the roof the massive drone, to pick it up in the air at the critical moment, was presented.
Expectations are that in this type of traffic the number of accidents would decrease for at least 90%, what would save thousands of human lives, while those who due to some limitations are not able to drive a car would not be discriminated, but could use self-driving vehicles like everybody else.


This study is an exploratory one, examining the processes involved in mothers' responses to the sexual abuse of a child, and in social workers' responses to mothers. It is based on two sources of data: depth interviews with 15 mothers whose children had been sexually abused by a male relative, and records for 13 social work cases involving child sexual abuse supplemented by interviews with the social workers involved. Four key processes in the mothers' responses, which overlapped in a variety of ways in different cases, are discussed: i) coping and coming to terms with the losses the abuse involves for the mother herself, ii) an interactive process of discovery, involving others within and outside the family, and influenced by the availability, interpretation and evaluation of evidence, iii) a decision-making process involving risk-taking and the negotiation of conflicting relationships, iv) a help-seeking career in which a range of aims and inhibiting factors are reflected in the timing of help-seeking, the source from which help is sought and the mother's experience of others' responses, both from informal networks and professional intervention. The factors that influenced the mothers' location within each process are identified. The mothers' accounts of their experience of help from informal and formal sources are examined. A common theme in these was a sense of invalidation of their own perspective and needs. The sample of social work cases is analysed to consider possible sources of this experience within the process of social work with mothers of sexually abused children, identifying points of conflict or misinterpretation which lead or threatened to lead to mothers' withdrawing from cooperation with agencies. The implications of both parts of the study for theory, policy and social work practice are outlined.


Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a progressive movement disorder associated with lipid peroxidation and intracerebral accumulation of tau. RT001 is a deuterium reinforced isotopologue of linoleic acid that prevents lipid peroxidation (LPO) through the kinetic isotope effect. The effects of RT001 pre-treatment on various oxidative and bioenergetic parameters were evaluated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from patients with PSP compared to controls. In parallel, 3 patients with PSP were treated with RT001 and followed clinically. MSCs derived from PSP patients had a significantly higher rate of LPO (161.8 ± 8.2% of control; p < 0.001). A 72-h incubation with RT001 restored the PSP MSCs to normal levels. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in PSP-MSCs significantly decreased the level of GSH compared to control MSCs (to 56% and 47% of control; p < 0.05). Incubation with RT001 significantly increased level of GSH in PSP MSCs. The level of mitochondrial DNA in the cells was significantly lower in PSP-MSCs (67.5%), compared to control MSCs. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, size, and shape were also observed. Three subjects with possible or probable PSP were treated with RT001 for a mean duration of 26 months. The slope of the PSPRS changed from the historical decline of 0.91 points/month to a mean decline of 0.16 points/month (+/−0.23 SEM). The UPDRS slope changed from an expected increase of 0.95 points/month to an average increase in score of 0.28 points/month (+/−0.41 SEM). MSCs derived from patients with PSP have elevated basal levels of LPO, ROS, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings are reversed after incubation with RT001. In PSP patients, the progression of disease may be reduced by treatment with RT001.


A scheduling problem that maximizes the system throughput under a constraint on the time-slot allocation ratio of users is considered in the systems having Gaussian-distributed performance metrics, which include multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Two schedulers, which are denoted by the control variance (CV) scheduler and the control mean (CM) scheduler, are proposed in this paper. The proposed schedulers have a beneficial characteristic wherein parameters of the schedulers are independent of channel statistics. Due to this characteristic, the parameters can be precalculated and then applied in the systems where only a limited number of desired ratios exist. For the systems that include an infinitely or extremely large number of desired ratios, parameter computation for the CV scheduler is greatly simplified by eliminating integral calculations. An approximation of the complementary error function is applied for simplification. Simulation results show that the proposed schedulers achieve nearly the maximum system throughput, and the Gaussian assumption and the approximation of the complementary error function cause a negligible error on the time-slot allocation ratio, even in MIMO systems equipped with a small number of antennas.


Over the years, the world was not paying strict attention to the impact of rapid growth in plastic use. This has led to unprecedented amounts of mixed types of plastic waste entering the environment unmanaged. Packaging plastics account for half of the global total plastic waste. This paper seeks to give an overview of the use, disposal, and regulation of food packaging plastics. Demand for food packaging is on the rise as a result of increasing global demand for food due to population growth. Most of the food packaging are used on-the-go and are single use plastics that are disposed of within a short space of time. The bulk of this plastic waste has found its way into the environment contaminating land, water and the food chain. The food industry is encouraged to reduce, reuse and recycle packaging materials. A wholistic approach to waste management will need to involve all stakeholders working to achieve a circular economy. A robust approach to prevent pollution today rather than handling the waste in the future should be adopted especially in Africa where there is high population growth.


Software development organizations are recognizing the increasing importance of investing in the build-up of core competencies for their competitiveness in software system development. This is supported by reuse and experience repository systems that assist in capturing and reusing all kinds of software artifacts (e. g., code, patterns, frameworks) and processes as well as experiences related to these artifacts and processes. To justify such an investment and guide its improvement, it must be evaluated according to the business case, that is, a measurement program has to be developed that is oriented towards the business goals of such a reuse and experience repository system. In this paper, we suggest an approach to iteratively build up measurement programs for gaining feedback and, thereby, controlling and improving such a reuse and experience repository system. The focus is placed on guidelines for the evolution of such measurement programs over time, rather than providing directly applicable metrics or questionnaires. In order to illustrate the feasibility of the approach, examples of running measurement programs at different stages of evolutions are given.


Purpose: There are no clear-cut guidelines of how to treat patients who have failed after a tension-free midurethral sling (MUS) procedure. We describe our experience with repeat MUS procedures and transvaginal shortening of the previously implanted tape for those patients with an initially failed MUS procedure. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of the patients who failed with their initial MUS procedure and then had a second operation. Of the 20 women, 14 patients had repeat MUS and another 6 patients underwent shortening of the implanted tape. Repeated MUS was done by either the retropubic or transobturator pathway. Shortening of the tape was done with a metal hemoclip to shorten the previously implanted tape. The preoperative characteristics and the intraoperative and postoperative data were assessed by reviewing the operative notes, medical records and office notes. Results: The mean interval between the first and repeat procedures was 8.4 months (range: 1-48). The mean follow up time after the second operation was 29.9 months (range: 7-70). Seven patients underwent repeat MUS instead of tape shortening because the implanted tape had migrated or severe adhesions were noted on the intraoperative findings. Ten (71.4%) of 14 patients who underwent repeat MUS achieved full continence, while 4 patients (28.6%) had significant improvement. Of the patients with tape shortening, 4 (66.6%) achieved full continence, one (16.7%) improved and one (16.7%) was failed. Conclusions: Based on our limited experience, a repeat MUS sling procedure or tension revision of the tape might be an effective treatment for the patients with failed MUS. (Korean J Urol 2007;48:527-535)


In this paper, we describe a workpractice approach developed within the Information Systems discipline that unusually is based on a theory of communication. We demonstrate how this approach can be used to address two fundamental questions of significance to SSME. First, how do participants actually conduct business processes or services - how do they jointly coordinate and negotiate their activities in order to achieve them? Second, what is the relationship between participants enacting business processes and services and the organisation in which they occur? We exemplify this workpractice approach by analysing a service encounter


Nystagmus is a common sign of peripheral vestibular disorder (VD). Several problems have been recently noted from Video Nystagmo Graphic (VNG) analysis to get relevant diagnosis of VD diseases. The Vestibulo-Ocular Response (VOR) is characterized by a smooth pursuit eye movement in one direction, called slow phase of ocular nystagmus, which is interrupted by saccades (fast phases) in the other direction. The recording of ocular nystagmus during vestibular tests does not quantify the true response of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). So, to extract the real VOR, our study is focused on nystagmus analysis with videonystagmography (VNG) technique based on measuring amplitude and frequency vibration of eyeball movement. In this paper, we have proposed a fully automatic system based on nystagmus parameter analysis using a pupil detection algorithm and a machine learning approach for VD recognition. Firstly, an estimation of the pupil movement vectors using Hough Transform (HT) is employed to approximate the location of pupil region. Then, temporal and frequency features are computed from the rotation angle variation of the pupil motion. Finally, pertinent features are selected using a statistical criterion for discrimination and classification of the VD disease. Experimental results are employed using two categories which are normal and pathological cases. By discriminating the reduced features with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique, 94% of classification accuracy results are achieved. Compared to existing learning methods, the proposed technique is extremely effective to resolve the problem of VD assessment and provide an accurate diagnosis for medical devices.


Various regions in Indonesia are often had a natural disaster. Ironically handling of post-disaster still seem indolent and not ready especially fullfill requirement of shelters. Orientation of the above problem, we have an innovations arise to make shelters with various of design concept, include : shelters that can harvest the rain water, earthquake resistant, eco friendly materials, get implementing smart technology system as a puzzle and implement the dynamic wall system. The main materials used in our innovation is bamboo with the economic, low cost and sustainable when it compared to wood or aother materials. Same with implementing of other building work, temporary shelter that we construct need standart tools equipment builders. This activity is divided in two types of work, there's fabrication site and construction site. On the implementation phase, we can starting from a literature search and discussion, survey tools and materials, permitting laboratories and make a shop drawing. After that, we can make the temporary shelters from the procurement of equipment and materials, work columns, beams, sloof, the walls and floor plate work, trust and roof work, finishing, construction phase and packaging. This product innovation is also equipped with a guide book for constructed, so our expectation is the temporary shelter can construct with effective and effisienly. Keyword : shelter, puzzle, bamboo, disaster


Abstract: There has been considerable public concern and legislative activity surrounding the issue of domestic methamphetamine production. What has not been extensively examined is the broader context within which domestic methamphetamine production takes place. This study utilizes geographic location data on 14,448 seized methamphetamine laboratories to document the association between the presence of methamphetamine labs and economic factors, social factors, and crime. The study shows that laboratory seizures spiked upward immediately prior to the implementation of legislation restricting access to methamphetamine precursor drugs and declined immediately after the legislation was passed, remaining well below pre-regulation levels. However, more than a third of U.S. counties reported laboratory seizures after strict precursor regulations were in place, suggesting that while the problem of local methamphetamine lab production was diminished by precursor regulation, it was not eliminated. The study also examined factors most strongly associated with the seizure of methamphetamine laboratories at the county level. Economic instability was not a good predictor of the presence of methamphetamine labs, nor were spatial or geographic variables. In general, counties with higher lab seizure rates tended to have a predominantly White, English-speaking population with a substantial representation of evangelical churches. Methamphetamine laboratory counties also tended to have employment based on manufacturing, a larger farm population, single-female-headed households, a higher than average property crime rate, be more racially segregated, have a population that moved into the household within the past year, and have a higher percent of occupied housing. In sum, neither traditional measures of social disorganization nor measures of civic engagement consistently predict the presence of methamphetamine labs. Keywords: methamphetamine, laboratories, drugs, stimulants, drug production, drug crime, geography, precursors, rural, drug seizures INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant, part of a larger family of stimulant drugs that includes amphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, ephedrine and ecstasy. The general effects of all stimulant drugs are the same, although the effects of methamphetamine last longer, and the drug is more potent (i.e., it takes a smaller amount to generate the same effect) than other drugs in this category. The methamphetamine user rapidly develops a tolerance for the drug, requiring increasingly large doses to achieve the same effect. Common physiological effects include intense feelings of well-being and confidence, paranoia, appetite suppression, extended periods of wakefulness, and an accelerated heartbeat (cf. Weisheit and White 2009). Unlike heroin or cocaine, methamphetamine can be easily and inexpensively manufactured within the U.S. with little equipment, few supplies, and almost no expertise in chemistry. The production process creates its own set of unique problems for the environment and the community. A BRIEF HISTORY Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1919 and for decades, was legally manufactured as a drug erroneously thought to be safe and nonaddictive. Early recreational users of the drug found it easy to get from doctors or from supplies diverted from the licit market. In response to concerns about the drug's abuse, drug makers withdrew injectable methamphetamine from the market in the early 1960s, leaving users without a ready supply of the drug (Miller 1997:116). As a result of this unmet demand, the first illicit methamphetamine laboratories emerged in San Francisco in 1962 or 1963, perhaps with the help of some legitimate chemists (Brecher 1972; Smith 1969; Miller 1997). Eventually, methamphetamine production made its way along the entire west coast from San Diego to Washington State. From there, production moved eastward so that today methamphetamine labs have been found in every state. …


This study presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based predictive habitat suitability model for the blackside dace, a federally-listed threatened species of the Upper Cumberland River basin in southeastern Kentucky. The model is a rules-based system which incorporates expert knowledge about habitat preferences for the species. The five habitat factors identified by experts and included in this model are stream gradient, canopy coverage, riparian vegetation type, riparian zone width, and stream order. Using GIS, the five habitat parameters were parameterized and combined across the entire stream network. Combinations were evaluated by blackside dace experts in terms of habitat suitability. The resulting model was tested against known blackside dace occurrences using locational modeling statistics. This analysis demonstrates success at identifying stream areas of both high and low likelihood of occurrences. Model results could be of particular usefulness to transportation planners in identifying sensitive areas in the landscape that may impact transportation planning.


In the development of national television policy Australian governments have placed considerable importance on the television system reflecting national culture. Commercial television is regulated for minimum levels of Australian content and direct subsidy is available for the production of certain types of content. Yet, despite this the participation of Australia in recent international trade agreements has constrained the power of the state to act in this area of national television policy. This paper examines the Australia US Free Trade Agreement and the Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement with New Zealand for their impact on national television cultural policy. The paper proceeds from the proposition that policy change involves the exercise of power by organised groups within the policy domain, who seek to influence the terms of the policy development. It identifies Australian commercial broadcasters, Australian television producers and workers, foreign production industry groups and foreign governments as actors in this policy domain. It argues that each had differential power to influence the outcomes of the process of policy change and decision making by the state, but that willingness to exercise that power depended on their interest in intervening. Australian producers/workers had the most interest, but their power was weaker relative to that of commercial broadcasters. In comparison, the broadcasters and the USA had stronger power but only the USA was willing to exercise it to change Australia's television cultural policy.


CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) analysis is an extension of low-rank matrix decomposition to higher-way arrays, which are also referred to as tensors. CP extends and unifies several array signal processing tools and has found applications ranging from multidimensional harmonic retrieval and angle-carrier estimation to blind multiuser detection. The uniqueness of CP decomposition is not fully understood yet, despite its theoretical and practical significance. Toward this end, we first revisit Kruskal's permutation lemma, which is a cornerstone result in the area, using an accessible basic linear algebra and induction approach. The new proof highlights the nature and limits of the identification process. We then derive two equivalent necessary and sufficient uniqueness conditions for the case where one of the component matrices involved in the decomposition is full column rank. These new conditions explain a curious example provided recently in a previous paper by Sidiropoulos, who showed that Kruskal's condition is in general sufficient but not necessary for uniqueness and that uniqueness depends on the particular joint pattern of zeros in the (possibly pretransformed) component matrices. As another interesting application of the permutation lemma, we derive a similar necessary and sufficient condition for unique bilinear factorization under constant modulus (CM) constraints, thus providing an interesting link to (and unification with) CP.


Many difficulties can arise with a pregnancy [4] even after the sperm [5] successfully fertilizes the oocyte [6]. A major problem occurs if the fertilized egg [7] tries to implant before reaching its normal implantation [8] site, the uterus [9]. An ectopic pregnancy [10] occurs when a fertilized egg [7] implants anywhere other than in the uterus [9], most commonly in the fallopian tubes [11]. Such pregnancies cannot continue to term, so a physician must remove the developing embryo as early as possible. Although?at least where adequate health care is available?longer a significant risk to the mother?s life due to improved detection methods as well as treatment procedures following detection, ectopic pregnancies can still pose a major risk to the mother?s health if not detected early. If the fallopian tube ruptures as a result of an ectopic pregnancy [10], the physician can either try to repair the fallopian tube or remove the damaged portion.


Calcium through NMDA receptors (NMDARs) is necessary for the long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength; however, NMDARs differ in several properties that can influence the amount of calcium influx into the spine. These properties, such as sensitivity to magnesium block and conductance decay kinetics, change the receptor's response to spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) protocols, and thereby shape synaptic integration and information processing. This study investigates the role of GluN2 subunit differences on spine calcium concentration during several STDP protocols in a model of a striatal medium spiny projection neuron (MSPN). The multi-compartment, multi-channel model exhibits firing frequency, spike width, and latency to first spike similar to current clamp data from mouse dorsal striatum MSPN. We find that NMDAR-mediated calcium is dependent on GluN2 subunit type, action potential timing, duration of somatic depolarization, and number of action potentials. Furthermore, the model demonstrates that in MSPNs, GluN2A and GluN2B control which STDP intervals allow for substantial calcium elevation in spines. The model predicts that blocking GluN2B subunits would modulate the range of intervals that cause long term potentiation. We confirmed this prediction experimentally, demonstrating that blocking GluN2B in the striatum, narrows the range of STDP intervals that cause long term potentiation. This ability of the GluN2 subunit to modulate the shape of the STDP curve could underlie the role that GluN2 subunits play in learning and development.


In this report we provide an overview of digital reputation management systems for virtual communities. We begin with a discussion on the how trust is created in the real world. We then highlight how the process of trust creation differs in the virtual world. Next, we talk about the different ways in which digital reputations are useful to virtual communities such as incentivizing cooperation and punishing malicious users, providing recommendations or as a form of distributed authentication. We then discuss how evolutionary biology and game theory have informed research in reputation systems. This is followed by a discussion of the various components of reputation such as context, the forms of evidence, first and second order reputation and architectural considerations including the role of distributed hash tables in decentralized reputation management systems. We conclude with a discussion of some reputation management systems such as complaints-based trust, EigenTrust, PeerTrust and ROCQ.


Innovations in pricing can be transformative, but to reach their potential companies must devote equal attention to technical and organizational capabilities. Most firms, however, only pay attention to the technical dimensions of pricing, which severely limits the success of their initiatives. To remedy this, The Pricing Journey provides an integrated guide to the organizational, social, and behavioral aspects of pricing-drawing on principles of socio-technical change. Based on extensive qualitative and quantitative research in an array of firms around the world, Stephan M. Liozu provides a practical roadmap for management teams that aim to reach a new level of pricing power. Liozu introduces the 5 C model of transformation, which relies on change, capabilities, champions, confidence, and center-led organizational design to create effective and lasting pricing strategies. Rooting his recommendations in research and practice, Liozu proposes specific capabilities to develop on the road to pricing excellence. This book prepares pricing and marketing professionals to be true strategic partners, while contributing the study of pricing transformation.