Abstract The plutonic crustal sequence exposed northeast of Sabzevar is part of the ophiolitic belt of Sabzevar that occurs along the northern margin of the Central Iran micro-continent. The sequence includes olivine and pyroxene gabbro with cumulate characteristics, isotropic gabbro, foliated gabbro and a diabase sheeted dyke complex cut by wehrlite and olivine websterite intrusions, and pegmatite gabbro and plagiogranite as small intrusions and dykes. The sequence is comparable to gabbros in known ophiolite complexes. Microscopic studies show an abundance of the mesocumulate and heteradcumulate textures that represent open system magma chambers, which are common in supra-subduction zones. The olivine → plagioclase → clinopyroxene → ± orthopyroxene → amphibole trend of mineralization in the gabbros, similar to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and olivine → clinopyroxene → ± orthopyroxene → plagioclase → amphibole, similar to arc rocks, indicate the diversity in the formation of these rocks, and represent petrographic evidence of their formation in a supra-subduction zone. The rocks have calc-alkaline to tholeiitic affinities, and niobium depletion in the spider diagrams of diabase that matches the patterns of island arc magma. These patterns, and the light rare earth element enrichment of the diabase and plagiogranite, suggest the effect and introduction of the fluids, originating from the subducting slab, beneath the mantle wedge. The low titanium compositions, matching those of arc diabase and plagiogranite, plot in the island arc to MORB tectonomagmatic fields, and suggest formation of the Sabzevar ophiolitic plutonic crustal sequence in a supra-subduction zone during Late Cretaceous time.


In R v Jordan, the Supreme Court of Canada held, by a 5-4 majority and over the vigorous disagreement of the concurrence, that criminal prosecutions in which a trial does not conclude by a set deadline will be presumed to breach the right to be tried within a reasonable time, protected by section 11(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The acceptable length of proceedings set out in the decision is of 18 months from the day charges are laid for cases that proceed without a preliminary inquiry, and 30 months otherwise. The Crown can still show that exceptional circumstances outside of its control have arisen and can explain — and excuse — a case taking longer than that, but unless it does so, a stay of proceedings will be the automatic consequence of such delay. Meanwhile, an accused will be able to show that delay below these ceilings is unconstitutionally unreasonable, but only by demonstrating not only that the delay is "markedly" greater than reasonable, but also that he or she diligently sought to have the case heard sooner.


While the commodification of English as a global language may give rise to varying degrees of political and economic benefits for language learners, a simultaneous "cost" of this return may be a continued perpetuation of various forms of hegemony. In this vein, this one-year case study investigated a Canadian post-secondary English as a Second Language (ESL) program that analyzed the interconnections between language and culture through a critical dialogic approach. Classroom observations, however, revealed that disjunctions existed between the pedagogy as it was conceptualized and the practices of the instructors teaching there and suggested that the "critical" discourses mediated within the language classrooms essentialized culture and, subsequently, the identities of the students. This paper presents the voices of students from Mainland China as they attempted to negotiate their local and global identities within the larger sociopolitical contexts of the English language, generally, and English language education, in particular. I argue that classroom discourses can (re)create subordinate student identities, thereby limiting their access not only to language-learning opportunities, but to other more powerful identities. This paper thus highlights how ESL pedagogies and practices might address and contest hegemonic discourses and concomitantly reimagine student identities in more emancipatory ways.


The purpose of this research is to investigate the complexities of compliments faced by English as foreign language (EFL) learners. It covers several aspects such as how interpersonal relationships relate to complimenting behaviour. In addition, it examines how the culture of complimenting is relevant with some conditions such as power relation, and gender. The significance of the study is to explore the cultural transfer might appearing in complimenting. The subjects of research in this study are EFL learners at State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Indonesia. It employs ethnographical method to gain the explanation for the phenomenon underlying the complexities in complimenting behaviour. The complexities concern with the interference of culture, the influence of gender and power relation. The finding shows that female learners tend to use more complimenting strategies compared to males. The complimenting expression is also various affected by the relation with the hearers. Some variations occurring in complimenting cover overstatement, mixed language, non-sensical, no compliment and question. The context of Islamic institution also results in specific expression related to power display in complimenting strategies used. However, in EFL context, complimenting becomes an issue as there is lack of authentic English examples in course books and the inefficient instructions English learners receive which particularly expose them to variation in English compliments. Therefore, further studies are needed to develop teaching construct that accommodates the improvement of pragmatic competence particularly in complimenting for politeness awareness which today becomes a significant value.


In the coming years, the German traffic situation will undergo a challenging addition. Major car manufacturers have scheduled the year 2013 as cutoff for electric mobility. Yet, current studies indicate that range limitations and insufficient charging infrastructure endanger the acceptance for electric vehicles (EV). This is regrettable, and not only for the producer, but also for less obvious parties such as local energy providers which consider electric vehicles as remedy to one of their most severe problems of managing the grid load balance. In this paper we introduce a mobile accessible EV management system which accounts for the mobility of the user and also integrates web-based (commercial) services of third parties. Our objective is to counter the limitations of electric mobility and also to facilitate all of its (business) perspectives. We want to render electric mobility a success and support its trendsetting character.


Summer Lecture Series 2006: Don Glaser won the 1960 Nobel Prize for Physics for his 1952 invention of the bubble chamber at Berkeley Lab, a type of particle detector that became the mainstay of high-energy physics research throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He discusses how, inspired by bubbles in a glass of beer, he invented the bubble chamber and detected cosmic-ray muons.


This investigation set out to discover whether good and poor reading comprehenders utilize semantic and syntactic information to facilitate word recognition. Current reading theories range from "bottom-up" models, in which precise word identification is a prerequisite to accurate comprehension, to "top-down" psycholinguistic models, in which identification of each letter or even each word is not only unnecessary for comprehension to take place, but also, act to impede reading fluency. Prediction of upcoming material, grounded in an implicit knowledge of grammatical constraints and the redundancy of the English language is an essential component of psycholinguistic theory. No consensus has yet been reached on the respective importance of visual and contextual information to proficient reading. -- In this investigation, sixty grade four subjects from ten schools were selected on the basis of their grade equivalent scores on the Gates-MacGinitie reading test, so that they were all average in word recognition ability but either high or low in comprehension. The subjects were asked to orally read a set of forty-five sentences selected from the third, fourth, and fifth grade Evaluation Manuals of the Nelson Reading Program. Two forms of each sentence were presented to the subjects: a) as it appeared in the story, and b) altered semantically, or semantically and syntactically simultaneously, the verb having been replaced by another verb which changed the meaning of the sentence only, with an alternate type of verb, or with another part of speech. -- If proficient reading could be characterized by minimal attention to visual information and a strong reliance on contextual cues, good comprehenders could have been expected to overlook the deliberately inserted anomalies, substituting words which would be acceptable semantically and syntactically. However, the results showed that the investigative technique did not differentiate good and poor readers on any measure of dependence on contextual information. Level of difficulty of the material had the effect of reducing the semantic and syntactic acceptability of substitution errors, as expected, but graphemic and phonemic similarity scores did not increase correspondingly. The low comprehenders made slightly fewer unacceptable errors than those which were semantically and syntactically acceptable in the sentence. High comprehenders, however, corrected more than twice as many unacceptable errors as those which were acceptable, even when the correction resulted in an accurate rendering of a violated sentence, which was, by its nature, anomalous. This finding was taken to indicate that good comprehenders were better able to utilize visual information than poor comprehenders, as the contextual information was unsupportive of the correction. -- The failure of the instrument to differentiate good and poor readers raised serious questions concerning the validity and reliability of the error detection paradigm, and of oral reading error analysis. For this reason, case studies were undertaken of four subjects, two scoring at each end of the range of comprehension scores. Observations arising from the case studies showed good readers to be more reliant on contextual information than poor readers. Both reader types displayed an awareness of the contravention of linguistic rules, by making significant pauses before or after a target word, in the case of the good readers, or by saying the altered word more slowly than others in the sentence, in the case of the poor readers. Only the high comprehenders repeated portions of the sentence in order to resolve the anomaly, and the length of their pauses suggested that even when they did not repeat the context aloud, they were reviewing it silently. -- In summary, results of the error analysis showed good readers to be better users of visual information than poor readers, and observations arising from the case studies showed them to be better users of contextual information. Both groups displayed an awareness of the inserted anomalous words, but the unrelated sentences did not provide sufficient context to enable them to demonstrate their ability to utilize contextual information to facilitate word recognition. The findings led to two main suggestions: a) that the "disruptive effect" not be used in further research, and b) that educational programs and. methods should stress the development of both bottom-up and top-down abilities.


Imogolite, a nanotubular aluminosilicate mineral, is commonly found in volcanic soils, where it exerts a control on carbon dynamics. Synthetic imogolites are used for the removal of contaminants from industrial effluents and are considered for a range of other applications including gas adsorption and functionalised heterogeneous catalysts. In spite of their environmental and industrial relevance, the properties of imogolite–water interfaces remain poorly understood. Here, an experimental and computational study is presented in which the structure and energetics of water are characterized on the curved external surface of imogolite and the hydrophilicity of this surface is contrasted with that of gibbsite, its planar counterpart. Atomic force spectroscopy experiments show that in spite of their identical surface structure, imogolite has a lower hygroscopicity than gibbsite. Molecular dynamics simulations provide an explanation for this observation: the curvature of imogolite prevents the formation of in-plane H-bonds along the directions of the nanotube circumference, lowering the enthalpy of adsorption of water molecules. The different arrangement of surface H-bonds and the resulting differences in hydration properties also affects the acidity constants of surface hydroxyl groups. This 'nanotube effect' may be relevant to other nanotubular systems with high curvatures, potentially impacting their wetting properties, their colloidal stability and their affinity towards hydrophobic organic moieties.


Aim/Purpose: Recent research highlights the growing decline in doctoral students' mental health and wellbeing, caused not only by the pressures, stress, and isolation of doctoral studies but also by existential issues around personal development and future prospects. Consequently, we argue that there is an urgent need to reassess the supervisory process to support doctoral students in addressing these concerns. This paper offers a potential solution to this challenge by exploring and examining how integrating coaching methods into doctoral supervision can support doctoral students' growth and development, thereby increasing their wellbeing and human flourishing. Coaching aims to help individuals produce optimal performance and improvements in personal and professional settings by deploying a series of tools and models. Coaching is essentially a non-directive form of development, enabling people to identify goals and skills and then extracting the capacity people have within themselves to achieve their ambitions. This paper explores how coaching methods could be made a regular feature of doctoral supervision.

Background: The need to reconfigure doctoral supervision as a practice to address humanistic issues regarding whole-person development, self-actualisation, and personal worth is nothing new. Over the years, researchers have produced models of doctoral supervision, highlighting the growing need for supervision to incorporate more pastoral and emancipatory elements, which facilitate personal growth instead of focusing purely on academic function and criticality. Although coaching is identified in previous studies as being a valuable addition, nothing examines how to modify existing supervision practices to accommodate more pastoral elements.

Methodology: This paper offers a conceptual analysis whereby the argument primarily synthesizes existing research on doctoral supervision to understand why coaching methods may provide a solution to the evolving requirements of student welfare and emancipation. Since the commentary in this paper is not based on the findings of an empirical study, the following two conceptual research questions frame the discussion. First, are coaching methods beneficial when supervising doctoral students? Second, what are the challenges when implementing and integrating coaching methods into existing doctoral supervisory practice?

The paper utilises the Normalisation Process Theory as a 'thinking tool' to help answer these questions. The theory evaluates phenomena in applied social research settings to help understand how complex practices are made workable and integrated into context-dependent ways. Therefore, the theory acts as an analytical tool, enabling researchers to think through implementation issues when designing complex interventions and their evaluation.

Contribution: This paper contributes to knowledge by highlighting ways in which management responsible for a doctoral provision in higher education settings can modify their organisational structures and systems to encourage coaching methods to become a normalised part of doctoral supervision, thereby legitimising its practice.

Findings: The Normalisation Process Theory has value because it produces a roadmap for integrating and implementing new or modified practices into existing systems of operation. It, therefore, assists by producing an output that enables a current/new practice to be dissected and categorised under specific headings. In this research context, this output assisted in understanding the operational challenges when considering the normalisation of a practice. The theory helped generate something managers tasked with managing doctoral provision could consider (i.e., institutional paradigms, policies, regulations, etc.) when thinking about what may need to be reconfigured to enable coaching methods to become an integrated and normalised part of doctoral supervision over time.

Recommendations for Practitioners: It is recommended that practitioners consider the integration of coaching methods into supervision. First, once implemented, it requires monitoring to ensure the practice's quality and consistency amongst the supervisory community. Secondly, to assess the impact of the practice on other services within the organisation, such as student services or faith services, and thirdly, to ensure training in coaching methods is made timely and relevant to assist all academics involved in doctoral supervision.

Recommendation for Researchers: The authors recommend collecting empirical evidence using the Normalisation Process Theory to evaluate the integration and normalisation of a range of practices in higher education settings. Moreover, once implemented, more research is required on the long-term value of coaching methods within doctoral settings.

Impact on Society: Doctoral education is increasingly significant in a world where knowledge is fundamental to generating economic growth. Identified as having the technical and professional skills needed to fuel the knowledge-based economy, student wellbeing, and mental health must be optimal to ensure they can contribute to the knowledge-based economy as effectively as possible.

Future Research: More research must be conducted on how doctoral supervision can become more humanistic; for example, by focusing on student self-awareness, reflection, and reframing instead of just the traditional academic function. Consequently, improving these facets is vital in developing sustained wellbeing and life-long success.


In recent years, the United Nations-League of Nations analogy has been used in U.S. public discourse with increased frequency. A major implication of the analogy is that if the UN does not undergo substantive changes it will become as ineffective as its predecessor. This article asks if the example of the League of Nations can still offer important lessons for the future of the UN. It assesses the validity of the analogy by "mapping" the similarities and differences between the recent events involving Iraq and the events preceding World War II. It further compares the structures, principles, rules, norms, and decisionmaking procedures of the two organizations and argues that several apparently minor differences have allowed the UN to be more effective and survive much longer than its predecessor. The study concludes that the analogy is not only inaccurate but also potentially damaging to the credibility of the UN and, implicitly, to the organization's usefulness. KEYWORDS: UN, League of Nations, analogy, international organizations, Iraq. ********** One year and one day after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, President George W. Bush addressed the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). He used the opportunity to garner international support for a tougher stance on Iraq. To make his arguments more convincing, the president made a reference to the failures of the League of Nations: "We created the United Nations Security Council, so that, unlike the League of Nations, our deliberations would be more than talk, our resolutions would be more than wishes. After generations of deceitful dictators and broken treaties and squandered lives, we dedicated ourselves to standards of human dignity shared by all, and to a system of security defended by all." (1) Although the UN-League of Nations analogy is a tempting one--after all, they are the only global international organizations (IOs) to have ever dealt with security issues--it is significant that it had not been used in official U.S. government speeches for some time. (2) Yet, after the 2002 UNGA speech, President Bush used the same analogy more than forty times over the following two months. Moreover, several key figures in his administration, members of Congress, and several foreign officials also began to use it. Around the same time, the analogy also emerged in the press. The fact that the League of Nations example has been used intensively over the past few years implies that it is a "useful" one. But is that the case? Is it useful only for rhetorical reasons, or can the UN still learn important lessons from the failures of the League? I address these questions in this article, discussing first how the analogy has been used, especially by top-ranking officials in the Bush administration. Then drawing from the political science literature on historical analogies, I "map" the similarities and differences between the events to which the analogy makes reference as well as the similarities and differences between the two organizations themselves. This exercise leads to the conclusion that important procedural and norm-related differences between the two organizations have made the UN much more flexible and effective than the League. Because the UN has generally been able to serve its members well, especially its most powerful ones, it has survived longer than its predecessor. The discussion of this analogy is not only relevant for theoretical reasons, but I argue that it may also have important practical consequences. The comparison with the League of Nations may have a lingering impact on the UN's perceived legitimacy and, implicitly, on its potential usefulness for all its members--including the United States. The Use of the Analogy and Its Implications In 2002-2003, the UN-League of Nations analogy was used in several different ways by many international leaders, from the British prime minister (3) to the former Iraqi foreign minister. …


Recent studies of India-Eurasia convergence suggest that the entire convergence in the Himalayan wedge is almost exclusively accommodated along its basal detachment fault (Main Himalayan thrust, MHT) and its near-surface equivalent (Main Frontal thrust, MFT). Using direct dating of fault-zone gouge and strath terrace deposits, we conclude the following. (1) The present mountain front in the Darjiling sub-Himalaya was emplaced by ca. 40 ka. (2) Out-of-sequence deformation on surface-breaking faults north of the MFT in the Darjiling sub-Himalaya began ca. 20 ka and has probably continued since. (3) The Tista River responded to the ca. 20 ka deformation by migrating 150 m eastward (average rate ∼13 mm yr −1 ) and by incising 48 m vertically (average rate ∼4.4 mm yr −1 ), creating unpaired, disjointed strath terraces between 11.3 ± 1.3 ka and 1.4 ± 0.3 ka. Out-of-sequence, surface-breaking faults in the Himalaya indicate partial accommodation of active convergence within the Himalayan wedge. Using the results from the Bhuj earthquake of 2001, we suggest that active deformation along the out-of-sequence faults is a potential seismic hazard in the Himalaya, and Himalayan seismic hazard models must account for this. We also propose a conceptual model for active deformation in the Himalaya.


The recent flows of immigrants to many countries has been categorised by both legal/illegal migrants. Such migration flows have occurred despite the presence of domestic unemployment of various categories of labour. It has also been observed that migration has lowered the reward of unskilled workers. These problems are analysed on the basis of two alternative models: (i) where skilled workers and (ii) where unskilled workers are unemployed. It is shown that migration may raise both skilled/unskilled employment and welfare under plausible factor intensity conditions. More importantly, illegal migration may help in lowering the relative price of the nontraded good while the impact of migration on structural adjustment is ambiguous.


Legal theorists like Dworkin, Hart, and Kelsen all do legal theory differently. Which methodology is better? The core argument of this paper is that any attempt to answer that question must first address a more basic one: What is the point or purpose of theorizing about the law? This Article's claim is that one cannot justify a method of doing jurisprudence without knowing what that method will be used for. Clarity about the purposes of jurisprudence repesents an essential step in clarifying the methodology of legal theory. Unfortunately, there is a remarkable dearth of writing - in an area where there is no dearth of words - about the point and purpose of jurisprudence itself. The result is an enormous amount of confusion about the way legal theory should be undertaken. Methodological claims are made without any rationale for their form and content. This Article seeks to encourage a conversation about the overriding purposes and, ultimately, the appropriate methodology of legal theory. The approach is constructive: The Article advances an argument for a distinct theorietical objective, and then explains how that objective calls for a distinct methodology, which I call rational reconstruction. At the same time, the Article has a critical component too: The constructive argument is used to critique the methodological coherence of two leading theorists - Ronald Dworkin and Hans Kelsen. The result is to shine some light on what legal theorists are actually doing - and what they should be doing - when they do legal theory.


This article sets out the experience of an innovative Work-Based Learning programme based in a university context. The scheme itself is designed to enable different levels of flexible participation through the engagement of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and large organizations in the design and delivery of several types of provision. The university provides the input of a full-time academic, with one-to-one support in the university and on site, leading to accredited awards at BA (Hons) Certificate, Diploma and Masters level. To date the scheme has been in operation for five years and has been evaluated by the authors as part of an internal review. The main sources of evidence in the review have been the students and the employers and this paper focuses on their perceptions of its advantages and disadvantages in relation to Work-Based Learning professional development. The article concludes with an outline of the next stage of the evaluation which is designed to focus on assessment techniques for onsite evaluation of the technical and higher level skills which the programme aims to develop.


Increasing student engagement within higher education academic support services is a constant challenge. Whilst engagement with support is positively associated with successful retention, and non-engagement connected to attrition, the most vulnerable students are often the least likely to engage. Our data has shown that Health Science students are reluctant to engage with academic support services despite being made aware of their academic deficiencies. The "psychology of seeking support" was used as a lens to identify some of the multifaceted issues around student engagement. The School of Health Sciences made attendance at support courses compulsory for those students who were below the benchmark score in a post entrance literacy test. Since the policy change was implemented, there has been a 50% reduction in the fail rate of "at risk" students in a core literacy unit. These findings are encouraging and will help reduce student attrition in the long term.


This article examines the potential for cross-fertilisation between the sustainable consumption scholarship and the environmental justice scholarship. The article first maps the two areas of scholarship, discussing the cognitive, social marketing and social provisioning systems literatures of sustainable consumption and the empirical and conceptual literature on environmental justice. The article then discusses the potential for cross-fertilisation between the two areas of scholarship. It indicates how sustainable consumption scholarship can benefit from the social justice sensitivity of the environmental justice scholarship, and how the latter area of scholarship can gain a whole new area of empirical research focusing on social justice aspects of consumption. The article seeks to demonstrate the social and policy significance of the cross-fertilisation by comparing the consumption and environmental justice implications of carbon taxation and personal carbon allowance trading as tools of carbon management. The article suggests that to be fair, both strategies of carbon management require complementary (albeit different) measures that address background inequalities and capabilities to act in the setting created by the instruments.


The hallmark of embryonic stem (ES) cells is their ability for self-renewal (capability of unlimited cell division without the loss of pluripotency) as well as for differentiation into all cell types of the adult organism. One factor supposed to be involved in self-renewal is the rapid proliferation rate of ES cells, which is coupled to an unusual cell cycle distribution with the majority of cells in S-phase and a very short G1-phase. This is linked to the lack of a functional G1/S-phase checkpoint, which allows the cells to enter the S-phase almost directly after mitosis. Generally, cells have to closely coordinate growth and cell cycle progression during proliferation to prevent premature division. One important factor for cell growth is ribosome biogenesis. In mature cells, disruptions in ribosome biogenesis are directly linked to the cell cycle machinery by a p53-dependent activation of the G1/S-phase checkpoint, leading to an arrest of cells in G1-phase.

During this work, the function of the proteins Pes1, Bop1 and WDR12, which were shown previously to be involved in ribosome biogenesis of mature cell lines, was investigated in mouse ES cells. Moreover, a putative crosstalk between ribosome biogenesis and proliferation of ES cells was assessed. A high expression of Pes1, Bop1 and WDR12 was observed in ES cells, which strongly decreased during in vitro differentiation. Localization of the proteins was predominantly nucleolar and the formation of a stable complex (PeBoW-complex), including all three proteins, was experimentally validated in mature mouse cells as well as in mouse ES cells. The function and stability of the proteins seems to be dependent on incorporation into the PeBOW-complex, as protein levels were interdependent on each other and no free, non-incorporated proteins were observed, except for WDR12. According to their nucleolar localization, depletion of Pes1 and Bop1 were shown to inhibit maturation of the 28S rRNA and thereby the large 60S ribosomal subunit. Further, impaired proliferation of ES cells was observed. Thus, the PeBoW-complex seems to be an essential factor for the rapid proliferation of ES cells and might therefore also be involved in self-renewal. However, first results suggest that the complex is not directly involved in the maintenance of pluripotency. No changes in the expression levels of pluripotency-genes like Nanog, KLF4 and Sox2 were observed. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase activity was equally detectable after depletion of Pes1 or Bop1 and no morphological changes within the ES cell colonies were observed.

Impaired ribosome biogenesis is known to activate a p53-dependent checkpoint in mature cell lines, which leads to an arrest of cells in G1-phase. Treatment of mouse NIH3T3 cells with 5FU, a potent inhibitor of rRNA maturation, confirmed an activation of this checkpoint, leading to weak induction of the tumor suppressor p53, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21, an increase in active, hypo-phosphorylated Rb, and to accumulation of cells in the G1- and S-phase with an increase of cells in G1-phase. In contrast, ES cells showed strong induction of p53, but no induction of its target gene p21. The overall levels of Rb were strongly induced, but the ratio between inactive, hyper-phosphorylated Rb and active, hypo-phosphorylated Rb was not changed towards the active form. These results were observed upon 5FU treatment and upon depletion of Pes1 or Bop1. Hence, ribosomal stress does not lead to checkpoint activation via the p53-p21-Rb pathway in ES cells. Moreover, no robust accumulation of cells in G1-phase was observed. 5FU treated ES cells showed an accumulation of cells in S-phase instead. Whether this effect is regulated by the induced p53 needs further investigation. Overall, the results suggest that ES cells use different mechanisms as mature cells to coordinate their proliferation rate with ribosome biogenesis.


A cDNA clone, NA-PI-II, encoding a protein with partial identity to proteinase inhibitor (PI) II of potato and tomato has been isolated from a cDNA library constructed from Nicotiana alata stigma and style mRNA. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 397 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 29 amino acids and six repeated domains, each with a potential reactive site. Domains 1 and 2 have chymotrypsin-specific sites and domains 3, 4, 5, and 6 have sites specific for trypsin. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that expression of the gene is restricted to the stigma of both immature and mature pistils. Peptides with inhibitory activity toward chymotrypsin and trypsin have been isolated from stigmas of N. alata. The N-terminal amino acid sequence obtained from this protein preparation corresponds to six regions in the cDNA clone NA-PI-II. The purified PI protein preparation is likely to be composed of a mixture of up to five similar peptides of approximately 6 kD, produced in vivo by proteolytic processing of a 42-kD precursor. The PI may function to protect the reproductive tissue against potential pathogens.


The inclusion of participation rights in the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN CRC) promotes the right, independent of age, for all citizens to actively ex- press their opinion and take part in decisions regarding all aspects of their lives. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNComRC), the Council of Europe's strategy for Building a Europe for and with Children, as well as their 2012 Recommendation on the Participation of Children and Young People Under the Age of 18 underline the importance of the right and have developed guidance on how to encourage and empower children to participate. For many children in European societies there is a growing pool of opportunities not only to take part in education, health care, entertainment, sports and culture, but also to become actors who influence such settings at strategic as well as interpersonal levels (Davey, Burke, and Shaw 2010).
The extent of child and youth participation varies between countries and according to social and minority status, not all having equal chances to participate (Lundy and Stalford 2013; Lansdown 2011). According to the Youth Report 2012 (European Union 2012) data, youth who are most likely to not participate in any organizational form come from Cyprus (67%), Lithuania and Hungary (both 63%), followed by Romania (60%) (EC - DG Education and Culture 2013, 10; ECORYS 2015). Children from low social economic status families and ethnic minorities, especially Roma, have a much lower level of participation. Al- though progress has been made in some countries, Roma and Traveller children and youth are mostly overlooked, due not only to their age, but also to their social economic status and ethnic prejudices (Schuurman 2012; Sykora 2012). In countries like Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania, many Roma children cumulate social disadvantages, such as growing up in poverty, in social and spatial marginalized areas, with limited access to good quality education, barriers to adequate health care, etc., which reduce their chances to influence formal processes and decisions that affect them.
Although widely recognised as fundamental, child and youth participation rights are hardly addressed through National Roma Strategies or youth policies (Schuurman 2012). Roma minority ethnics, including children are seen as passive beneficiaries of social policies and interventions, often not tailored according to their needs or worse, built on existing stereotypes. For marginalised children and young people in particular, their right to participate and act as citizens and equal stakeholders needs to be fostered through both research and action (Larkins 2016).
In this context, with funding from an EU Fundamental Rights and Citizenship grant (JUST/2013/FRAC/AG/6230), a consortium of universities, research institutions and NGOs working with Roma children and young people established a participatory action project called PEER1 (Participation and Empowerment Experiences for Roma youth). Following the Youth participation in Development Guide

1 The consortium was coordinated by Dr Prof Maria Roth (Babes- Bolyai University) and the lead researcher was Dr Cath Larkins, University of Central Lancashire. The content of this paper does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the manual lies entirely with the authors. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. ©European Union, 2016

(DFID-CSO Youth Working Group 2010) one of our key operating concepts was the three lens approach to youth participation: in order for services to work with children as beneficiaries, workers have to engage with them as partners and support youth to become leaders.
In this research paper we describe the aims, general approach and activities of the PEER project. We outline the diverse contexts in which we worked. We then provide an over- view of the key learning from the project. We conclude that Roma children and young people, in order to exercise their right to participate as citizens, will readily engage in participation opportunities whenever they can take an informal and flexible approach to engage with them on issues that they choose and that have direct relevance to their own lives, and whenever structural, institutional and expert support is available to them.


The real estate sector has been the backbone of the Indian economy and has been a major contributor in the economic growth. The real estate developers have been instrumental in changing the face of India from being an under-developed country towards accelerating its way to a developed country. Real estate transactions are not only getting larger in numbers in India but also involve increasingly large sums of money. The real estate market has been known for its lack of transparency in the past, but the trend is changing rapidly. The larger property consultancies are handling a number of international clients now A clients who are eager to enter or expand operations on the Indian subcontinent. Such clients have high standards in terms of service quality and clarity, and are often justifiably worried about being taken for a ride by unscrupulous operators. They initially have to depend on is the tangible, verifiable ethical approach of their real estate partners on this end. The facets of ethical business conduct in India pertain to clients, others to employee conduct and yet others to government authorities. Sets out to examine the expectations of ethics in real estate firms in India. It surveys real estate agents and their clients on their expectations of ethics in property transactions. Draws conclusions pertaining to ethical expectations from the results of this field work. This paper aims to focus on the importance of rules of conduct and professional ethics from the perspective of RICS (Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors) code of ethics.


Favorable demographic situation implies that the newly arrived migrants are willing to stay and the local population does not intend to leave the area. The article attempts to assess the perception of Russia as a place of living by different groups of mobile youth. The article is focused on the following groups of people aged 18-30: (1) working migrants, (2) foreign students, (3) the second and one-and-a-half generation migrants  from the Central Asia, and (4) local youth. Based on a survey (N = 1143) conducted using targeting technique on Vkontakte social network in 2020, the authors examine, firstly, the migration moods of different groups of young people in a five-year perspective, secondly, the factors related to the plans to live in Russia or another country in five years, thirdly, the conditions under which those not planning to live in Russia in five years would change their plans.
About half of foreign students, working migrants and local youth as well as two-thirds of migrants of the second and one-and-a-half generation are going to live in Russia. The results of the study prove the assumption that objective economic well-being indicators, f.e. salary size, are less likely to be an important factor behind migration plans of young people than the subjective indicators, such as satisfaction with income, economic situation or job in general. A sense of legal insecurity is the factor that pushes young people out of Russia regardless of their occupation or migration background. Besides that, crucial factors can be different depending on the group. Foreign students may pay attention to their attachment to the home country and confidence that they will be hired in Russia. Connections with people living in Russia or other countries are important for local youth and the second and one-and-a-half generation migrants. The working migrants stress their attachment to their home country, whereas the working respondents among locals or the second and one-and-a-half generation migrants believe that they may have a higher income in another country.
Acknowledgments. The study is funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 18-78-00019).


Performing simulations with simple models is a key activity in the recovery of information about the mechanisms which underlie the observed dynamics of biological processes, such as the posi- tioning of the hairs (trichomes) on the leaves of plants. The discovery of a robust representative model is a highly non-trivial process. Without appropriate constraints to regularize the choice of a model, the non-uniqueness of possibilities is vast. As acknowledged by Young (1983) in his modelling of pea leaf development, the degree of non-uniqueness can be reduced by constraining the model to reproduce the patterns observed in mutants as well as on the wild type. Recently, Pereverzyev Jr. and Anderssen (2008) have proposed an explorative combinatorial algebraic ansatz for modelling the genetic signaling, com- munication and switching controlling the growth of a plant leaf along with the positioning of the hairs (trichomes) on Arabidopsis leaves. The surface of the leaf is modelled as an array of hexagonal cells and the fate of a cell (hair or non-hair) as it grows out from the meristem is determined by a hexagonal recursion anzatz. The application of this simple recursion allows the normal arrangement of trichomes to be generated, while subtle variations of parameters in the model capture mutant forms. In the earlier work, only the sets of model parameters that lead to symmetric patterns were considered. In this paper, nonsymmetric patterns, which can be obtained using the proposed modelling framework, are investigated. Also, the possibility to capture the patterns with the clumps of trichomes is studied. The leaves of some known mutants show the clumping effects, and reproducing these effects with the existing modeling approaches is problematic. The appropriate modification of the hexagonal algebraic model that gives rise to the clumping patterns is proposed. The overall goal is an investigation of how modelling and simulation can be utilized to study the genetics of geometry. Here, the geometry of the positioning of trichomes on plant (Arabidopsis) leaves is the model system that is used to formalize and implement ideas. As in much modelling of complex processes, it is necessary to have appropriate "link concepts" that are the stepping stone of the multi-step model that connects the observational data to the information to be recovered. In particular, the role of the link concepts is to identify a logical sequence of steps that connects the observational characterization of the process with the mathematical model that defines how that characterization is related to some assumed internal structure of the process. In the current situation the link concept is the "geometry of the cellular structure where the growth occurs". It is at that location that "the genetics controls the mechanism which in turn orchestrates the cellular growth".


In previous work, the stomata of the maritime halophyte Aster tripolium L. were shown to close when NaCl concentrations rise in the vicinity of the guard cells. Further studies have now revealed important effects of calcium on the ionic responses of the stomata. When the guard cells were presented with KCl, Ca2+ suppressed opening in a manner similar to that which has become familiar in other species such as Commelina communis L. However, in the presence of NaCl, Ca2+ had the opposite effect, reducing the closing response to NaCl. This pattern of behaviour is discussed in relation to known salt effects on membranes, but the underlying physiological basis remains obscure. A previous study led to the hypothesis that the closing response of the stomata to Na+ ions may make an important contribution to the salinity tolerance of this species. Here we report that increasing supplies of Ca2+ ions reduce the effect of salinity on stomatal conductance in the whole plant as well as in the isolated epidermis. This finding is consistent with the well established role of calcium in increasing resistance to salinity: in the presence of high calcium the plant can tolerate a greater salt intake, and hence there is a reduced need for transpiration to be restricted by partial stomatal closure.


The results of well-constrained seismic interpretation and new mapping of three-dimensional (3D) seismic data volumes demonstrates that the North Falkland Basin consists of two superimposed failed rift basins: a Late Jurassic NW–SE-striking Southern Rift Basin (SRB); and an Early Cretaceous north–south-striking Northern Rift Basin (NRB). The SRB is best developed in coastal waters of the Falkland Islands, where it comprises a series of extensional sub-basins that are transected by faults belonging to the more substantive NRB. Regional interpretation demonstrates that the NRB consists of a southward-tapering, asymmetric extensional basin containing a thick (in excess of 10 km) sequence of sediments. Its syn-rift subsidence history was controlled by a major west-dipping normal fault array comprising several fault segment precursors, which, together with corresponding antithetic faults, effectively subdivides the hanging wall into a series of sub-basins throughout its length. The NRB initially developed in a fluvial and later lacustrine environment before becoming predominantly marine in the Tertiary. A prograding delta system filled the basin from the north during the early post-rift phase. Contemporaneously, sediment was shed off the segmented basin-bounding fault via long-established feeder drainage systems through breached relay ramps into the depocentre. The resultant sediment dispersal led to deposition of numerous lacustrine turbidites that created the Sea Lion fans and its affiliates, the location of which mimics, and is thus interpreted to have been controlled by, the underlying syn-rift sub-basins. Post-rift subsidence was punctuated by an important, but short-lived, phase of basin inversion during the Aptian that created a large, broad and gentle north–south-striking anticline that runs along the central basin axis. Whilst the episode of basin inversion arrested subsidence, it did not inhibit petroleum prospectivity. The syn-rift lacustrine source intervals did subsequently pass through the critical moment in the Cretaceous leading to hydrocarbon maturation and the migration of waxy oil, a process that continues to the present day.


Is playing video games associated with increased cognitive and perceptual capabilities? Recent research aimed at answering this question has produced highly contested results on both ends of the spectrum. While some argue that cognitive abilities, such as working memory and attention, vary between video game experts and novices, others have had difficulty replicating the finding. One possibility as to why findings have been so variable might be related to the difficulty associated with defining exactly what constitutes video game players of various proficiencies. For example, does training someone for 50 hours on a particular game necessarily create an expert at that game? To address this, we conducted a study comparing novice video game players (NGPs) to competitive, professionally ranked fighting game players (FGPs), a distinction intended to compare game players on the most extreme ends of the expertise spectrum. NGPs and FGPs engaged in a broad ranging cognitive task battery. Interestingly, FGPs performed better than NGPs on a number of measures, including Useful Field of View (with FGPs ~223 ms faster and 9% more accurate than NGPs), Attentional Blink (with FGPs ~312 ms faster and 11% more accurate than NGPs), Mental Rotation (with FGPs ~1s faster than NGPs), Wisconsin Card Sorting (~3.8 more perseverative errors on average in NGPs) and Dual n-back (FGPs outscored the NGPs by >10% at all n-back levels).There were no differences found on other measures that have previously been shown to be sensitive to videogame play, including Visual Search, Flanker task, and Enumeration. These results suggest that, while many previous findings indicating differences between expert gamers and novices do extend to comparisons of gamers from extreme ends of the videogame expertise continuum, other measures do not. These data may be indicative of the distinction between playing games often and playing them well. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Abstract Boundaries connected to illness are defined and redefined through new ways of interacting with other people and especially by storytelling and listening to the stories of others. Diseases or traumas that affect the brain can result in memory loss, impaired cognition, and difficulties in expressing oneself clearly, hence making it difficult to present and negotiate identities. In such situations, others often try to remediate the communicative problems by taking over those narrative functions that are lost or impaired and thereby scaffolding the injured person's storytelling capacity. This narrative scaffolding is directed at keeping interpersonal relationships functional and makes it possible for persons with communicative disabilities to continue to be participants in a shared life.


"Cultural agency" refers to a range of creative activities that contribute to society, including pedagogy, research, activism, and the arts. Focusing on the connections between creativity and social change in the Americas, this collection encourages scholars to become cultural agents by reflecting on exemplary cases and thereby making them available as inspirations for more constructive theory and more innovative practice. Creativity supports democracy because artistic, administrative, and interpretive experiments need margins of freedom that defy monolithic or authoritarian regimes. The ingenious ways in which people pry open dead-ends of even apparently intractable structures suggest that cultural studies as we know it has too often gotten stuck in critique. Intellectual responsibility can get beyond denunciation by acknowledging and nurturing the resourcefulness of common and uncommon agents.

Based in North and South America, scholars from fields including anthropology, performance studies, history, literature, and communications studies explore specific variations of cultural agency across Latin America. Contributors reflect, for example, on the paradoxical programming and reception of a state-controlled Cuban radio station that connects listeners at home and abroad; on the intricacies of indigenous protests in Brazil; and the formulation of cultural policies in cosmopolitan Mexico City. One contributor notes that trauma theory targets individual victims when it should address collective memory as it is worked through in performance and ritual; another examines how Mapuche leaders in Argentina perceived the pitfalls of ethnic essentialism and developed new ways to intervene in local government. Whether suggesting modes of cultural agency, tracking exemplary instances of it, or cautioning against potential missteps, the essays in this book encourage attentiveness to, and the multiplication of, the many extraordinary instantiations of cultural resourcefulness and creativity throughout Latin America and beyond.

Contributors. Arturo Arias, Claudia Briones, Nestor Garcia Canclini, Denise Corte, Juan Carlos Godenzzi, Charles R. Hale, Ariana Hernandez-Reguant, Claudio Lomnitz, Jesus Martin Barbero, J. Lorand Matory, Rosamel Millaman, Diane M. Nelson, Mary Louise Pratt, Alcida Rita Ramos, Doris Sommer, Diana Taylor, Santiago Villaveces


Fish may be exposed to an array of pharmaceuticals that are discharged into the aquatic environment, paralleling advances in medical knowledge, research and technology. Pharmaceuticals by their nature are designed to target specific receptors, transporters, or enzymes. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are often a key component of the therapeutic mechanism at play, and many of these are conserved among vertebrates. Consequently, fish may be affected by environmental pharmaceutical exposure, however there has been relatively little characterisation of NRs in fish compared with in mammals. In this thesis common carp (C. carpio) were exposed to selected pharmaceuticals in vitro and in vivo to investigate effects centred on the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), two key NRs involved in organism responses to pharmaceutical exposure. The PXR acts as a xenosensor, modulating expression of a number of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes (XMEs) in mammals. In a primary carp hepatocyte model it was shown that expression of a number of XMEs was altered on exposure to rifampicin (RIF), as occurs in mammals. This response was repressed by addition of ketoconaozle (KET; PXR-antagonist), indicating possible PXR involvement. The genes analysed showed up-regulation on exposure to ibuprofen (IBU) and clofibric acid (CFA), but not clotrimazole (CTZ) or propranolol (PRP). The lack of response to mammalian PXR-agonist CTZ was unexpected. In contrast, the same XME genes were found to be up-regulated in vivo after 10 days of exposure of carp to CTZ, although this response occurred only for a relatively high exposure concentration. CTZ was found to concentrate in the plasma (with levels up to 40 times higher than the water). Development and application of a reporter gene assay to measure PXR activation in carp (cPXR) and human PXR showed CTZ activation of cPXR, supporting data from the in vivo studies. Furthermore, activation was seen at concentrations as low as 0.01 μM. Interestingly RIF did not induce a response in the cPXR reporter gene assay, contrasting with the hepatocyte culture work. Taken together, the data presented here suggests divergence in the PXR pathway between mammals and fish in terms of ligand activation and downstream gene targets. PPARα was investigated in carp in vivo using CFA as a mammalian PPARαagonist. Overall the resulting data suggested a broadly similar role for this NR in lipid homeostasis in fish as for mammals, with a number of PPARα-associated genes and acyl-coA oxidase (ACOX1) activity up-regulated in response to CFA exposure. A number of XMEs were also up-regulated by CFA (in vivo and in vitro), potentially extending the role of PPARα in fish (carp) to regulation of xenobiotic metabolism. The work presented has provided further characterisation of PXR and PPARα in fish. Elucidation of these pathways is vital to provide meaningful data in terms of establishing toxicity and mechanismof-action data for pharmaceuticals and other compounds in fish, to allow validation of read-across approaches and ultimately aid in their environmental risk assessment. In vitro approaches are attractive ethically, financially and can provide useful mechanistic characterisation of compounds and the primary hepatocyte model and reporter gene assays used here show potential for the screening of pharmaceutical compounds in fish. However, further understanding of the metabolism of drugs and chemicals in fish is required to establish the true value of these methods for informing on possible effects in fish, in vivo.


The modal split model is one of the steps of the classical four-step travel demand planning. Predictive, descriptive, and prescriptive modal split models are essential to make a balance between travel demand and supply. To calibrate these models, it is necessary to detect and employ influential independent variables that are related to characteristics of travel modes, individual and family attributes, zones land use, etc. In previous studies, researchers used the household size, the number of children, and the number of employees as independent variables to show the role of family structure on the modal split. These variables cannot discriminate between different families with different structures. This paper uses the life cycle concept to categorize families based on their structures, and the effectiveness of these new variables on modal split models is examined. For this purpose, five types of family structures are considered that differences between them are based on the age of the family's children. The Multinomial Logit model is used for mode choice modeling for different trip aims. The mode choice model has been calibrated using the origin-destination data of Qazvin-Iran. Results show the critical role of life cycle dummies in the mode choice models compared to household size, for work, educational, personal, and social- recreational trip aims. Life cycle variables are more active on the work trips mode choice model by estimating 14 significant coefficients, in a 90 percent level of significance. The number of life cycle significant coefficients is decreased to 3 for the shopping trips model.


This article explored the lived experiences and perceptions of youths in the Niger Delta regarding the factors that influence the decision to become an entrepreneur. Drawing from the theories of motivation and planned behavior, the conceptual framework of this phenomenological study underscored the synergetic relationship between entrepreneurial motivations and characteristics. Using semistructured interviews to collect primary data, 20 youth small and medium enterprise owners shared their perceptions and lived experiences regarding their perceived entrepreneurial motivations and characteristics. The analysis and coding of data helped to identify emergent themes based on the modified van Kaam sevenstep approach. The research findings revealed 19 dominant themes, including unemployment, the desire for control and freedom, financial independence, the willingness to take risks, determination, self-motivation, and persistence. This study may contribute to social change as more Niger Delta youths might become better enlightened to make a wellinformed decision about becoming an entrepreneur, which might potentially address the unemployment challenge in the region and enhance socioeconomic development.


Interpret musculoskeletal images with confidence with Orthopedic Radiology: A Practical Approach! This trusted radiology reference has established itself as an ideal comprehensive source of guidance for radiologists and orthopedists at every level of training. You can effectively interpret a full range of findings with the aid of more than 4,000 outstanding illustrations that encompass conventional radiography, ultrasound, CT, dual-energy CT, PET-CT, and all other diagnostic imaging modalities used to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders, including numerous examples of 3-D imaging. You can master the latest trends in orthopedic radiology including the increasing emphasis on ultrasonography and MRI over other methods that expose patients to higher levels of radiation. You can choose the best imaging approach for each patient with discussions of each technique's accuracy, speed, and cost. You can apply a state-of-the-art knowledge of magnetic resonance imaging interpretation with advanced guidance from renowned musculoskeletal MRI authorities. You can find the information you need quickly and easily thanks to informative diagrams and schematics, and a quick-reference, high-yield format, including "Practical Points" summaries at the end of each chapter for quick review. Now with the print edition, enjoy the bundled interactive eBook edition, offering tablet, smartphone, or online access to: complete content with enhanced navigation; a powerful search that pulls results from content in the book, your notes, and even the web Cross-linked pages, references, and more for easy navigation; highlighting tool for easier reference of key content throughout the text; ability to take and share notes with friends and colleagues; and quick reference tabbing to save your favorite content for future use.


This article gives an overview of service learning as it relates to the integration of faith and learning for a pre-service teacher candidate. A survey was given to pre-service, education candidates who were completing a service-learning project in a local Christian school. Results from the survey indicate that all major elements of service learning in a faith based institution were achieved to include agreeing on a mission, having administration buy-in, candidate learning, and an awareness of faith and learning. In addition teacher education candidates were more likely to work in Christian school after having been exposed to this experience. The research supports the importance of providing a variety of experiences that integrate faith and learning.


Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) has been widely used to manage energy in real-time embedded systems. However, it was recently shown that DVFS has direct and adverse effects on system reliability. In this work, we investigate static and dynamic reliability-aware energy management schemes to minimize energy consumption for periodic real-time systems while preserving system reliability. Focusing on earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling, we first show that the static version of the problem is NP-hard and propose two task-level utilization-based heuristics. Then, we develop a job-level online scheme by building on the idea of wrapper-tasks, to monitor and manage dynamic slack efficiently in reliability-aware settings. The feasibility of the dynamic scheme is formally proved. Finally, we present two integrated approaches to reclaim both static and dynamic slack at runtime. To preserve system reliability, the proposed schemes incorporate recovery tasks/jobs into the schedule as needed, while still using the remaining slack for energy savings. The proposed schemes are evaluated through extensive simulations. The results confirm that all the proposed schemes can preserve the system reliability, while the ordinary (but reliability-ignorant) energy management schemes result in drastically decreased system reliability. For the static heuristics, the energy savings are close to what can be achieved by an optimal solution by a margin of 5 percent. By effectively exploiting the runtime slack, the dynamic schemes can achieve additional energy savings while preserving system reliability.


Focal adhesions are specialized cellular structures that organize the cytoskeleton through receptor complexes at sites of attachment to the substrate and, as such, are positioned to transmit signals in response to mechanical force. Yoshigi et al. show that zyxin and its binding partner VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) redistributed from focal adhesions to the actin stress fibers in response to cyclic stretch (fibroblasts) or shear stress (endothelial cells). Stretch failed to promote redistribution of VASP or thickening of actin stress fibers in zyxin–/– cells. However, actin stress fibers did reorient in zyxin–/– cells, suggesting that zyxin and its binding partners are important for actin stress fiber reinforcement but not for cytoskeletal reorientation stimulated by mechanical stress. M. Yoshigi, L. M. Hoffman, C. C. Jensen, H. J. Yost, M. C. Beckerle, Mechanical force mobilizes zyxin from focal adhesions to actin filaments and regulates cytoskeletal reinforcement. J. Cell Biol. 171, 209-215 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


A systems approach to synchronization and naming in a distributed computing environment " (1984). INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. 1984 Signature was redacted for privacy.


Organically bonded P/M mixes have been developed to improve the stability of dimensional properties by reducing the segregation of the mix constituents and improving the filling characteristics. Robustness and reliability are key factors for the promotion of P/M as cost effective substitute of competing manufacturing technologies. Based on the production of four different belt pulleys, this paper presents the achievement of reduced weight scatter and close dimensional control realizable by using a StarmixTM that is organically bonded.


Dengue virus has traditionally caused substantial morbidity and mortality among children less than 15 years of age in Southeast Asia. Over the last 2 decades, a significant increase in the mean age of cases has been reported, and a once pediatric disease now causes substantial burden among the adult population. An age-stratified serological study (n = 1,736) was conducted in 2010 among schoolchildren in the Mueang Rayong district of Thailand, where a similar study had been conducted in 1980/1981. Serotype-specific forces of infection (λ(t)) and basic reproductive numbers (R0) of dengue were estimated for the periods 1969-1980 and 1993-2010. Despite a significant increase in the age at exposure and a decrease in λ(t) from 0.038/year to 0.019/year, R0 changed only from 3.3 to 3.2. Significant heterogeneity was observed across subdistricts and schools, with R0 ranging between 1.7 and 6.8. These findings are consistent with the idea that the observed age shift might be a consequence of the demographic transition in Thailand. Changes in critical vaccination fractions, estimated by using R0, have not accompanied the increase in age at exposure. These results have implications for dengue control interventions because multiple countries in Southeast Asia are undergoing similar demographic transitions. It is likely that dengue will never again be a disease exclusively of children.


When the last texts of Qumran cave 4 were published, another text that refers to crucifixion came to the fore, namely 4Q524 14:1–6, part of which is verbatim the same as 11QTa 64:6–13. Both texts add to the Pentateuchal text by giving the reason why persons were hanged. Therefore I will compare these two texts with each other, but also with their Pentateuchal parallels Deuteronomy 21:18–23, 22:1–2 and 22:11. I will attempt to explain the differences against the social text, by studying the crucifixion and/or hanging practices of neighbouring cultures (social text) and by reading these two texts against the fragmented text of 4QpNahum 3–4 I:7–8, which is a Qumran text that deals with execution.


The corruption is both a major cause and a result of poverty around the world. Corruption in the land sector can be generally characterized as pervasive and without effective means of control. In this paper we analyze the risks and forms of corruption in the land sector citing some documented examples from the world and from Serbia. The paper concludes that all countries facing a problems with land administration needs the rebuilding of land administration institutions to provide access to land as essential to rekindle economic growth and social stability. It can also be concluded that Serbia is on the path of mild progress in planning land administration and land management.


The SwissFEL (Swiss Free Electron Laser) is a free electron laser which is being built at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The SwissFEL will be a user facility to study processes on unexplored scales of space and time. In order to achieve these aims, X-ray pulses on the order of femtoseconds must be generated. For such short X-ray pulses, the electron bunch length must be comparable to the final X-ray pulse length. In order to achieve such a short electron bunch length, it must be monitored at every compression stage. This work proposes two novel methods to measure such electron bunches, namely a novel spectral method that analyses the frequency content of electron bunches that becomes easier with shorter bunch length and a transverse deflecting cavity method which can conceptually measure a zero bunch length. Because the SwissFEL was not built at the time of the PhD, all experiments were performed at the SwissFEL Injector Test Facility (SITF). The SITF is a 200 MeV test bed linear electron accelerator. Theoretically the bunch length is limited due to the uncorrelated energy spread and the higher order components of the bunch compressor. However, due to the limited electron energy in combination with the short electron bunches, space charge effects dominate the beam in the transverse phase space as well as in the longitudinal phase space. A transverse deflecting cavity (TDC) measurement was used to measure a reference bunch length to which the spectral fluctuations could be correlated. In a TDC the electric fields are oriented perpendicular to the beam direction and streaks the head and tail in opposite directions onto a screen. In a conventional TDC measurement, the projected beam size onto the temporal axis is the current profile, provided that the intrinsic beam size is small. However, in the SITF the intrinsic beam size was large due to the aforementioned space charge effects. This led to the development of a novel bunch length analysis method in a space charge dominated beam. In the proposed analysis method, a dispersive section in combination with a TDC was used to visualise the longitudinal phase space. The longitudinal phase space was sliced in the momentum domain to reveal the difference between the intrinsic and the streaked beam in a momentum slice. The bunch length could be extracted by recording the times for all slices. Both the simulations and experiments suggest the method enables the measurement of bunch length in a space charge dominated beam in which the transverse intrinsic beam size is large. The measured minimal bunch length from simulations and experiments are of the same order, 19.5 fs to 24.5 fs, respectively. Since the TDC at PSI has a specified resolution of 20 fs at 200 pC, this method may be used to reduce the resolution. The spectral content of femtosecond electron bunches contains electron bunch length information. As an electron beam collides with an optical transition radiation (OTR) foil, radiation is emitted. The radiation is collected by means of a mirror setup into an optical fibre and into an optical spectrometer. The spectral range of the spectrometer is 316 THz (950 nm) to 1364 THz (220 nm). From OTR theory a flat OTR spectrum was expected and measured. As the electron bunch length was reduced below 70 fs, periodic fluctuations started to appear on the spectra. These fluctuations broaden with decreasing bunch length and show a good agreement with the bunch length measured with the TDC.


Water resources in semi‐arid regions like the Mediterranean Basin are highly vulnerable because of the high variability of weather systems. Additionally, climate change is altering the timing and pattern of water availability in a region where growing populations are placing extra demands on water supplies. Importantly, how reservoirs and dams have an influence on the amount of water resources available is poorly quantified. Therefore, we examine the impact of reservoirs on water resources together with the impact of climate change in a semi‐arid Mediterranean catchment. We simulated the Susurluk basin (23.779‐km2) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. We generate results for with (RSV) and without reservoirs (WRSV) scenarios. We run simulations for current and future conditions using dynamically downscaled outputs of the MPI‐ESM‐MR general circulation model under two greenhouse gas relative concentration pathways (RCPs) in order to reveal the coupled effect of reservoir and climate impacts. Water resources were then converted to their usages – blue water (water in aquifers and rivers), green water storage (water in the soil) and green water flow (water losses by evaporation and transpiration). The results demonstrate that all water resources except green water flow are projected to decrease under all RCPs compared to the reference period, both long‐term and at seasonal scales. However, while water scarcity is expected in the future, reservoir storage is shown to be adequate to overcome this problem. Nevertheless, reservoirs reduce the availability of water, particularly in soil moisture stores, which increases the potential for drought by reducing streamflow. Furthermore, reservoirs cause water losses through evaporation from their open surfaces. We conclude that pressures to protect society from economic damage by building reservoirs have a strong impact on the fluxes of watersheds. This is additional to the effect of climate change on water resources.


Detecting and repairing dirty data is one of the perennial challenges in data analytics, and failure to do so can result in inaccurate analytics and unreliable decisions. Over the past few years, there has been a surge of interest from both industry and academia on data cleaning problems including new abstractions, interfaces, approaches for scalability, and statistical techniques. To better understand the new advances in the field, we will first present a taxonomy of the data cleaning literature in which we highlight the recent interest in techniques that use constraints, rules, or patterns to detect errors, which we call qualitative data cleaning. We will describe the state-of-the-art techniques and also highlight their limitations with a series of illustrative examples. While traditionally such approaches are distinct from quantitative approaches such as outlier detection, we also discuss recent work that casts such approaches into a statistical estimation framework including: using Machine Learning to improve the efficiency and accuracy of data cleaning and considering the effects of data cleaning on statistical analysis.


The main objective of this research study is to investigate the extent to which knowledge management is used within the mining industry. Knowledge management includes the identification and examination of available and required knowledge and the subsequent planning and control of actions to develop knowledge assets to accomplish organizational objectives. A structured questionnaire is used for the study. A total of 300 mines were randomly selected from a research population of mining organizations in South Africa, Africa and globally. The respondents were all part of senior management. A response rate of 64% was achieved. A significant number of respondents indicates that there is no transfer of knowledge about the best practices within their organizations. Some of the participants indicate that their organizations do not have the required technical infrastructure to enable knowledge sharing whilst some agree that the culture in their organizations is not conducive to the sharing of knowledge. A statistically and practically significant positive relationship with a large effect is found between the construct of knowledge management and perceived business performance. The mining organizations in Africa are ranked the lowest in terms of applications of knowledge management principles.


Accurate estimates of the annual numbers of nesting females are critical for assessing sea turtle populations. Nesting by Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii turtles has significantly increased at Padre Island National Seashore and nearby beaches in Texas, USA. Four nests were observed in Texas during 1995 and a record of 209 in 2012. However, it is unclear how many clutches are laid by the same females. We used a genetic approach to infer the number of individ- ual nesters from genotypes determined from dead embryos and hatchlings sampled from clutches. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing was combined with nuclear DNA analysis at 10 micro satellite loci to match genotypes for nesters and offspring of unknown parentage in over 50% of the unas- signed nests. Our results indicate that traditional methods, based on observed tagged turtles, have underestimated the number of Kemp's ridleys nesting in Texas. We demonstrate how genetic approaches can be incorporated into population assessments when direct census of adult animals is not feasible. This approach also provides a basis to apply capturemarkrecapture techniques to assess the impact of events, such as the recent oil spill, on the population via sampling of nests to identify and track individual nesters over time.


The phrase superannuation law does not signify a single faceted law that governs superannuation. To the contrary, it can be conceptualised as an umbrella that shades the
intersection of various competing bodies of law that together govern the superannuation industry.
This thesis identifies, through an evolutionary analysis of the historical development of superannuation in Australia, three main features that characterise the regulation of the
superannuation industry. First, superannuation schemes operate in a regulated environment. Secondly, the provision of superannuation is usually effected through the
mechanism of the trust. Finally, the provision of superannuation is intrinsically linked with the contractual employment relationship. It is the bodies of law at the foundation of these features that interact together to provide a core basis of regulation of superannuation, not
only in Australia but also in the four comparator jurisdictions addressed in this thesis, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ontario (Canada) and Hong Kong.
Inherent in any interactionary relationship is the presence of conflicts or tensions. This thesis proposes a mechanism for improving the structured interaction of the foregoing bodies of law, thereby providing a basis for the minimisation of conflict and tension in superannuation law. The mechanism proposed for the achievement of this objective is the "superannuation relationship framework".
The superannuation relationship framework is premised upon a schema of priorities that orders the application of the various competing bodies of law. At the heart of the
framework is the concept of priority of the trust. Thus, according to thefit limb of the framework, trust law and accompanying equitable principles must be used in priority to all other principles of law for the settlement of any issues arising in the context of a superannuation fund. The elevation of trust principles is premised upon the attributes of the trust being the preferred vehicle for the delivery of the social objectives of superannuation.
However, in recognition that the trust is the "preferred" vehicle as opposed to a "perfect" vehicle, and to mitigate against a rigid adherence to trust principles where the social objectives of superannuation are denied, the second limb of the superannuation relationship framework dictates that principles of trust law be used in priority to all other principles except where:
* the use of trust principles deny the fulfilment of a main objective of superannuation;
or
* the rationale underlying the relevant trust principle is redundant in the context of superannuation,
The framework provides a standard against which current statutory provisions, new legislative initiatives and the reasoning of the judiciary can be analysed in areas where the interaction of the various bodies of law produces tension or conflict. Moreover, in that the trust is argued to be the ideal vehicle for the delivery of superannuation objectives but not the "perfect" vehicle, the framework is relevant for the purpose of assessing the suitability
of general trust principles in their application to superannuation issues. In the context of this thesis, the framework is applied to selective issues that have raised concern and debate,
including: (i) the statutory duties imposed on trustees; (ii) the statutory restrictions placed
upon the influence and participation of the employer; and (iii) the general law decisions in
respect of surpluses, amendment of trust deeds, and the powers and duties of employers
and trustees.


Dative experiencer predicates in Hungarian investigates the argument structure and the syntax of appeal to- and important-type predicates in Hungarian. Couched in terms of Reinhart's (2000, 2002) Theta System, the thesis presents arguments for the need to resort to the lexicon in setting up systematic generalizations concerning the licensing and the basic syntactic behavior of dative experiencers. Dative experiencer predicates are distinct both conceptually and thematically from subject- and object-experiencers, and the three classes of predicates cannot be collapsed at any level of representation. Dative experiencers themselves can be of three distinct grammatical types. Appeal to-type predicates have dative experiencer arguments, but important-type predicates license dative thematic adjuncts, which are optional and which have distinctive semantic, morphological, and syntactic properties. A general account of thematic adjuncts is developed. Non-thematic datives are distinguished as a third type of dative experiencers. These can freely be inserted into any clause as regular adjuncts. A fresh look is taken from this perspective at the syntax of dative experiencer constructions in Hungarian. Hungarian dative experiencer predicates are shown to be non-quirky. Their peculiar syntactic behavior is the consequence of their special thematic properties. In addition, the argument - thematic adjunct distinction helps the author to reconsider the role dative phrases play in agreement-marked infinitival constructions in Hungarian. This thesis is of relevance to scholars working on experiencer predicates, dative case, and quirky subjects in particular; and to scholars interested in argument structure, lexicalist theories, and the argument - adjunct distinction in general.


In this work I attempt to explore and correct a misconception of democracy. Standard accounts of democracy, I argue in Chapter One, adopt a functional/normative approach and focus upon either the institutional mechanisms for the fair and peaceful resolution of conflicts, or upon the moral opportunities of citizenship which the Liberal Democratic State provides, or upon the intrinsic benefits of political participation. The adoption of these perspectives leads to an account of democracy in which the citizen is seen as the holder of nominal political power. That this obstructs our understanding of democracy can be seen by asking what would be required in order to further democratise political agency, independently of extending democratic practice into non-expressly political life-spheres. The answer to this question requires a conception of the citizen as exercising effective political power; and only from this point can we construct the institutions within which such power is to be exercised. This is referred to as a 'bottom-up' perspective of democracy.
The problem of democracy which confronts us is thus conceptual. The task is that of elaborating a concept of democracy which is centred on the citizen as the holder and exerciser of effective political power; i.e. one grounded on a 'rich' conception of citizenship.
The argument of the thesis develops as follows. In Chapter Two I consider whether the justification of government is to be sought for solely in its good consequences or whether political participation is a necessary element. Here, I develop J S Mill's argument by considering the rule of a benevolent despot which would obviate the need for a protective function in political participation. The argument forms the ground for a critique of the instrumentalist view of political participation.
In Chapter Three I begin the reconceptualisation of democracy by constructing non-functional models of democracy; models which are ordered according to the effective and formal power held by the individual citizen and which take the minimum expression of political power to be 'anterior popular consent'. The three models generated are termed Minimal, Medial and Maximal Democracies. The construction of these models restricts its focus to a central theme of democratic theory: the legislative process. This refusal to address the problem of the democratisation of executive, administrative and judicial powers both aids clarity and serves to emphasise the enormity of the project of democratisation. The models presuppose no given socio-economic context.
Chapter Four seeks to clarify some of the sources of confusion in the conceptualisation of medial and maximal democracy by examining three non-minimal models: Robert Paul Wolff's model of an 'Instant Direct Democracy'; Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of the sovereignty of the general will; and the democratic practice of classical Athens. Both Wolff and Rousseau, it is argued, present medial and not maximal models of democracy. Our understanding of democracy, I argue, is underpinned by a conception of the responsible exercise of power.
In Chapter Five I construct the reflective model of medial democracy: that of democracy as popular assent. The project here is essentially Rawlsian: of using the model to examine and refine our intuitions regarding democracy, thereby achieving a 'reflective equilibrium'. The model assumes an elective legislature which generates, discusses and revises, and approves or rejects legislative proposals; but that the ultimate power of enactment rests with the citizenry: popular assent must be secured before such proposals can become law. The reflective model envisages concentrating this power of assent in randomly chosen sub-sets of the citizen-body. This provides an opportunity for all citizens to exercise effective political power, but not conjointly. This places in a position of therapeutic trust those citizens chosen to confer or withhold assent for any given legislative proposal. The reflective model is thus analogous to the familiar practice of jury service. The question of whether all citizens should be invited to exercise effective political power is thus brought into sharp relief; and the tensions between the twin demands of democratic equality and democratic utility are explored.
Chapter Six pursues that question through the attempt to sketch the characteristics of a rich conception of citizenship. The approach adopted is to ask what would have to be the case for citizenship to be considered a worthwhile activity. Mill's theory of lower and higher pleasures is adapted for this purpose. Neither the rich conception of citizenship, nor the consideration of political judgment which follows, conclusively resolves the tension between the demands of democratic equality and democratic utility.
The attempt to elaborate a bottom-up theory of democracy, grounded on a conception of the citizen as the holder and exerciser of effective political power, represents a radical challenge to the pluralist conception of the Liberal Democratic State. That challenge, however, need not be external to liberalism. In Chapter Seven I argue that the eunomic strain of utopian thought, as represented by Thomas More's Utopia, offers a competing liberal conception of the State. This chapter thus examines some central issues in and critiques of utopian thought. The analysis of the Utopia is set within the context of More's life and leads to the identification of the 'utopian project' as the attempt to stimulate the desire for political reform by extending the bounds of plausibility with respect to political possibilities. The chapter concludes with the attempt to defend utopianism against both its liberal pluralist and its Marxian critics and argues that there is a need for a utopian element within Marxian socialism.


http://www.cis.rit.edu/research/thesis/bs/1998/guinn/abstract.html 1 of 2 10/10/2007 5:23 PM Tissue Classification Based on Relaxation Environments Jordan Guinn Abstract Since the advent of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a sound medical imaging technique there has been a need to classify the tissues in the images created. Typically the radiologist has been responsible for the evaluation of the images produced by the MRI machine. In any given MRI there exists many different types of tissues each with a certain concentration of spin densities. Each one of these tissues has a unique T1 and T2 decay times along with a with a unique spin density. The T2 values are indicative of the structure of the tissue, and if the T2 time of a particular tissue has been previously determined the type of tissue can be determined. This is useful for automatic identification of disease, tumors, or any tissue for that matter. This information is characteristic for a particular tissue across MRI platforms. When the imaging sequence is specified that keeps the time of repetition (TR) constant, the image is a T2 weighted image. The method used in this paper, the Direct Exponential Curve Resolution algorithm (DECRA), attempts to evaluate these unique T2 times and classify the images. Antalek and Windig (4) have shown that by using DECRA it is possible to classify images based on T2. The goal of this experiment is to determine the weaknesses and limitations of DECRA when applied to synthetically generated images and real images obtained from a MRI machine. This method was analyzed to see if there was a possibility of improvement for future application and improvement. To test DECRA it was applied to synthetic images and real images obtained from an imager. The synthetic images where given noise to try to simulate a real image and to see how high the signal to noise ratio had to be. DECRA was able to segment the noiseless synthetic images, but began to fail as the numbers of pixels were reduced. When it was applied to real image DECRA performed well only after manual separations of the test images. DECRA has shown that it can a viable method to segment data that is related by relaxation constants.Since the advent of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a sound medical imaging technique there has been a need to classify the tissues in the images created. Typically the radiologist has been responsible for the evaluation of the images produced by the MRI machine. In any given MRI there exists many different types of tissues each with a certain concentration of spin densities. Each one of these tissues has a unique T1 and T2 decay times along with a with a unique spin density. The T2 values are indicative of the structure of the tissue, and if the T2 time of a particular tissue has been previously determined the type of tissue can be determined. This is useful for automatic identification of disease, tumors, or any tissue for that matter. This information is characteristic for a particular tissue across MRI platforms. When the imaging sequence is specified that keeps the time of repetition (TR) constant, the image is a T2 weighted image. The method used in this paper, the Direct Exponential Curve Resolution algorithm (DECRA), attempts to evaluate these unique T2 times and classify the images. Antalek and Windig (4) have shown that by using DECRA it is possible to classify images based on T2. The goal of this experiment is to determine the weaknesses and limitations of DECRA when applied to synthetically generated images and real images obtained from a MRI machine. This method was analyzed to see if there was a possibility of improvement for future application and improvement. To test DECRA it was applied to synthetic images and real images obtained from an imager. The synthetic images where given noise to try to simulate a real image and to see how high the signal to noise ratio had to be. DECRA was able to segment the noiseless synthetic images, but began to fail as the numbers of pixels were reduced. When it was applied to real image DECRA performed well only after manual separations of the test images. DECRA has shown that it can a viable method to segment data that is related by relaxation constants.


Building tools for accessing image data is hard because users are typically interested in the semantics of the image content. For example, a user searching for a tiger image will not be satisfied with images with plausible histograms; tiger semantics are required. The requirement that image features be linked to semantics means that real progress in image data access is fundamentally bound to traditional problems in computer vision. In this paper we outline recent work in learning such relationships from large datasets of images with associated text (e.g. keywords, captions, meta data, or descriptions). Fundamental to our approach is that images and associated text are both compositional—images are composed of regions and objects, and text is composed of words, or more abstractly, topics or concepts. An important problem we consider is how to learn the correspondence between the components across the modes. Training data with the correspondences identified is rare and expensive to collect. By contrast, there i s large amounts of data for training with weak correspondence information (e.g., Corel—40,000 images; captioned news photographs on the web—20,000 images per month; web images embedded in text; video with captioning or speech recognition). The statistical models learned from such data support browsing, searching by text, image features, or both, as well as novel applications such as suggesting images for illustration of text passages (auto-illustrate), attaching words to images (auto-annotate), and attaching words to specific image regions (recognition).


BACKGROUND
Near-infrared spectroscopy measures the percentage of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the microcirculation of tissue up to 3 cm below the skin. The purpose of this study was to describe the measurable response of normal tissue oxygenation in the leg after acute trauma with use of this technique.

METHODS
Twenty-six patients with acute unilateral tibial fractures and twenty-five uninjured volunteer control subjects were enrolled. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurements were obtained for both legs in all four compartments: anterior, lateral, deep posterior, and superficial posterior. The twenty-six injured legs were compared with twenty-five uninjured legs (randomly selected) of the volunteer control group, with the contralateral limb in each patient serving as an internal control.

RESULTS
The mean tissue oxygenation for each compartment in the injured legs was 69% (anterior), 70% (lateral), 74% (deep posterior), and 70% (superficial posterior). In the control (uninjured) legs, the average tissue oxygenation percentage in each compartment was 54%, 55%, 60%, and 57%, respectively. Repeated-measures analysis revealed that near-infrared spectroscopy values averaged 15.4 percentage points (95% confidence interval, 12.2 to 18.6 percentage points) higher for injured legs than for uninjured legs, controlling for the value of the contralateral limb (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Tibial fracture produces a predictable increase in tissue oxygenation as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. The corresponding compartment of the contralateral leg can provide strong utility as an internal control value when evaluating the hyperemic response to injury.