The formulation of a new parallel iteration methods are created to solve the parabolic equations in one, two and three dimensions run on a distributed parallel computer systems on the homogeneous parallel machines with 20 PC Intel Pentium IV, speed 1.6MHz and with PVM application platform. The development of IADE class and AGE with (4,2) and (2,2) accuracies are oriented by ADI algorithm with time level splitting strategy by an alternating way. The alternative iterative method for IADE and AGE classes is created. There are IADEI method which is based on Richardson's formula and AGE\_BRIAN which is based on linear interpolation concept. The development of a few strategies parallel is being as a mechanism for IADE to make it implemented in parallel. The Comparisons of the sequential performance measurements in IADE class with SUB, SOR, RB, MULTI, VECTOR and MF strategies are implicated the higher convergent and accuracy of IADEB-SUB and IADE-SUB methods. The Comparisons of the parallel performance measurements for IADE and AGE classes shown the elements of AGE class such as the overlapping subdomain and implicit block (2X2) are implicated the speedup and efficiency of AGE class is higher than IADE class. the minimum of the cost communication for the AGE class compared to IADEB-SUB and IADE-SUB are proved that AGE class is compatibility implemented on distributed parallel computer systems. The Expansion of AGE class on one, two and three dimensions for Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems make a decision that AGE-BRIAN methods is an alternative for AGE class in terms of convergent, accuracy, time executions, speedup, efficiency, effectiveness and temporal performance Communication activities and the consistent and work balance of data decomposition technique for CG method compatibility of the distributed parallel computer systems barriers.


During vertebrate cardiac development NOTCH signaling activity in the endocardium is essential for the crosstalk between endocardium and myocardium that initiates ventricular trabeculation and valve primordium formation. This crosstalk leads later to the maturation and compaction of the ventricular chambers and the morphogenesis of the cardiac valves, and its alteration may lead to disease. Although endocardial NOTCH signaling has been shown to be crucial for heart development, its physiological role in the myocardium has not been clearly established. Here we have used mouse genetics to evaluate the role of NOTCH in myocardial development. We have inactivated the unique and ubiquitous NOTCH effector RBPJ in early cardiomyocytes progenitors, and examined its consequences in cardiac development and function. Our results show that mice with Tnnt2-Cre-mediated myocardial-specific deletion of Rbpj develop to term, with homozygous mutant animals showing normal expression of cardiac development markers, and normal adult heart function. Similar observations have been obtained after Notch1 deletion with Tnnt2-Cre. We have also deleted Rbpj in both myocardial and endocardial progenitor cells, using the Nkx2.5-Cre driver, resulting in ventricular septal defect (VSD), double outlet right ventricle (DORV), and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), due to NOTCH signaling abrogation in the endocardium of cardiac valves. Our data demonstrate that NOTCH-RBPJ inactivation in the myocardium does not affect heart development or adult cardiac function.


Objective Determine longitudinal changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in youth during recovery from a sport-related concussion. Design Prospective case-series. Participants 68 youth (13–18 years; 62% male) with an acute sport-related concussion were enrolled with 5 lost to follow-up. Intervention (or assessment of risk factors) Subsequently developing Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS: symptomatic after 30 days), initial symptom severity (Post Concussion Symptom Scale), concussion history, sex, age, and academic accommodations during recovery. Outcome measures PedsQL Cognitive Functioning Scale and PedsQL 4.0 measured physical, social, and emotional domains of HRQoL. They were administered before each appointment until medical clearance. Multivariable mixed modelling accounted for repeated measures within an athlete and expressed as point increase per week. Main results Initial mean HRQoL was highest for social (non-PCS: 92.7 out of 100; PCS: 86.3), followed by emotional (non-PCS: 86.45; PCS: 69.7), physical (non-PCS: 80.95; PCS: 49.2), and cognitive domains (non-PCS: 69.1; PCS: 50.3). There was effect modification by developing PCS. Changes in HRQoL subscores were: cognitive functioning non-PCS (+9.8 points [95% CI: 6.9, 12.7]) and PCS (+4.2 points [95% CI: 2.8, 5.6]); social HRQoL non-PCS (+2.3 points [1.0, 4.0]) and PCS (+0.5 points [0.1, 1.0); emotional HRQoL non-PCS (+5.0 points [95% CI: 2.9, 7.0]) and PCS points (+2.2 [1.6, 2.9]); and physical non-PCS (+6.3 points [95% CI: [3.5, 9.2]) and PCS (+3.3 points (95% CI: 2.5, 4.2). Conclusions HRQoL significantly improved longitudinally with greater improvement among non-PCS athletes. HRQoL impairment was most apparent in the cognitive and physical domains. Competing interests None.


Development of modern bioenergy sector is an important step toward meeting societal demand for reducing CO2 emissions and supplying eco-friendly energy. Young students are the future decision-makers and they will play an important role toward transforming the present fossil fuel driven society into a renewable energy based society. The study aimed to explain young students' intentions to use bioenergy by considering their knowledge perceptions, and attitudes related to bioenergy in Finland, Taiwan, Turkey, and Slovakia. Data for this study came from a previous survey in these countries among 15-year-old 1903 school students. This study with the help of Principal Component Analysis revealed the dimensions of the students' perceptions of and attitudes related to bioenergy. One of the dimensions "pro-environmental intention" was used as the dependent variable in the Multiple Regression Analyses. Results indicated that students' intentions to use bioenergy were mostly guided by their perceptions of the socio-environmental aspects related to bioenergy. Individual level decision-making such as communicating and learning more about bioenergy was also important; however, with a low impact value. Results also suggested that the "critical–environmental" dimension had only minor influence on the students' intentions to use bioenergy. Students' level of bioenergy-knowledge especially those with a relatively higher level appeared to have a strong impact on their intentions to use bioenergy. Young students should be facilitated to become aware of bioenergy in order to influence their intentions to use it in the future.


One of the main challenges in the European fusion roadmap is to design a heat and power exhaust system able to withstand the large loads expected in the divertor of a DEMO fusion power plant. Therefore, in parallel with the programme to optimise the operation with a conventional divertor based on detached conditions to be tested on the ITER device currently under construction in Cadarache, a specific project has been launched to investigate alternative power exhaust solutions for DEMO, aimed at the definition and the design of a Divertor Tokamak Test facility. This tokamak should be capable of hosting scaled experiments integrating most of the possible aspects of the DEMO power and particle exhaust. DTT should retain the possibility to test different divertor magnetic configurations, liquid metal divertor targets, and other possible solutions for the power exhaust problem. The DTT design proposal refers to a set of parameters selected so as to have edge conditions as close as possible to DEMO (in terms of the temperature and the normalized collisionality, pressure and ion gyro radius), while remaining compatible with DEMO bulk plasma performance in terms of dimensionless parameters within a set of constraints related to flexibility and costs


Since the post–World War II "discovery" of global malnutrition and the concomitant rise of the development apparatus, various "miracle foods" have been proposed by international development organizations as solutions to chronic undernourishment in developing countries. This article draws on media analysis, development literature, and interviews to explore the "miracle food narrative" (MFN) in three cases: high-lysine corn, Golden Rice, and quinoa, which as the incumbent miracle food is the focus of the paper. The essay contends that miracle food narratives depoliticize hunger through a "curative metaphor." This trope bolsters a paternal logic that blames malnutrition on the undernourished, and blurs problems of access and dispossession, locating "the solution" in Western philanthropy or economic development. The essay argues that quinoa's interpellation as a global miracle food is directly related to the rise of "multicultural" and "sustainable" development paradigms, and corresponding changes in the roles of "culture/tradition" and "environment" in development discourse. While quinoa's insertion in the MFN departs in some ways from the fable of the Western scientist designing the hunger antidote by representationally displacing authority in science with authority in "traditional ways," this recasting of the actors leaves the broader narrative and underlying curative metaphor in place. As malnutrition alleviation programs integrate cultural difference, critical food scholars must pay close attention to the ways in which tradition and culture are invoked. To conclude, I draw attention to the fraught interaction of the politics of indigeneity and the politics of global malnutrition that arises with the shifting roles of science and tradition in quinoa's adaptation of the miracle food narrative, as well as scale disjunctures between simple miracle food stories and complicated realities, a dynamic that underscores the need for agrifood and food policy scholars to pay close attention to complex interactions of scale.


An epidemiological study was conducted with the main goal of describing the occurrences of the various STTs in the Eastern Cape province as well as biographical factors such as age, gender, and geographical location influencing them. Ten primary health care (PHC) centres located throughout the province served as sentinel sites for surveillance data collection for a period of 3 months using Daily and Monthly Report Forms. The surveillance data was analysed using relative frequencies to determine STis prevalence. The main findings from the present study suggest that the most frequently encountered female syndromes were vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pains and most frequent male syndrome was Urethral discharge. Other syndromes accounted for less than 10% of the ST! cases observed at the PHC centres during the study. The study also indicate that more STI patients were seen at urban PHC centres compared to rural ones and that most of the STI patients seen at PHC centres were women. These findings are helpfol for the Health Department in the Eastern Cape Province to effectively plan for the control and prevention of all ST!s including HIV I AIDS.


As ever more companies encourage their employees to realize innovations, a surplus of ideas that exceeds the available resources to implement them has become reality in many organizations. With this paper, we follow recent calls for designing IT-supported, comprehensive, multi-attributive idea screening throughout the whole innovation cycle. Our Idea Screening Framework is grounded in literature and empirical data we collected from a two-year field study in a multinational European banking software provider. We identify a set of dimensions for screening ideas and show with a prototype how the framework can support innovation practices by facilitating the evaluation, selection, and tracking of ideas for managers and innovators.


Protective Headgear for Soccer Players: An Overview Since the International Federation of Association Football, or FIFA, soccer's Zurich-based world governing body, began to allow the practice, thousands of American soccer players have worn protective headgear in youth league play, high school and college competition, and professional play. Such headgear gained international visibility during the 2003 Women's World Cup and the 2004 Athens Olympics (Longman, 2004). In the United States itself, the United States Soccer Federation, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and National Federation of State High School Associations all now permit the use of protective headgear in soccer (Delaney, 2008). But these developments did not occur without controversy. The U.S. Soccer Federation, which permits protective headgear but does not endorse it, fears that wide use of the gear would undermine the assertion that soccer is a safe alternative to football. When soccer officials voice doubts like this, similarities to the failed arguments once made against bicycle helmets, automobile seat belts, and even soccer shin guards may give them a familiar sound (Longman, 2004). According to Jeff Skeen, founder of one soccer headgear company, "Soccer officials are trying to thwart the evolution of headgear in soccer because they think it will scare soccer moms away from the sign-up table" (Longman, 2004, p. 1). "And they also think [headgear use] could be viewed as an admission that heading the ball itself is dangerous," Skeen added (Longman, 2004, p. 1). Anson Dorrance, who has coached the women's team at the University of North Carolina to 19 national championships, has noted that compulsory use of shin guards did not change the nature of soccer, as many feared it would. It is Dorrance's prediction that headgear will not change soccer's nature either (Longman, 2004). Steve Ryan, commissioner of the Major Indoor Soccer League (which has approved the use of headgear), agreed. "I remember when baseball players didn't wear batting helmets," he said. "You see some resistance in soccer, which is natural. But I expect, over time, you will see [protective headgear use] broadly accepted" (Longman, 2004, p. 1) Adding to the controversy is the fact that some headgear manufacturers pay professional players the equivalent of $50-$100 per game to endorse their products and furthermore have paid some state soccer associations $4,000-$10,000 for endorsements (Longman, 2004). This arrangement makes company claims of injury reduction suspect, according to the U.S. Soccer Federation (U.S. Soccer Federation, 2005). But several independent studies have shown that head injuries, particularly concussions, have become a significant issue in soccer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that doctors treat more than 200,000 children annually for soccer-related injuries including concussions (Francois, 2006). A recent independent study by Scott Delaney of Canada's McGill University, published in the Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, found that the rate of head injuries among soccer players was similar to the rate among football players (Francois, 2006). While concussions are significant potential sports injuries that the U.S. Soccer Federation takes seriously (U.S. Soccer Federation Statement on Head Injuries, 2005), there is disagreement about whether heading the ball can cause concussions or long-term brain impairment. Studies have presented contradictory results, and the matter remains disputed as the soccer federation undertakes a longterm examination of head injuries (Longman, 2004). For example, a survey of college-age players (athletes 18 to 22 years old) conducted by Boden et al (cited in Kirkendall & Garrett, 2001). demonstrated that a team can anticipate having one player each season sustain a concussion. However, concussions reported for Boden and colleagues' survey were largely due to game situations not involving purposeful heading of the ball. …


The racing Greyhound presents us with an opportunity to study the characteristics of a successful athlete and the costs and risks such specialisation entails. This thesis investigates the nature of the injuries suffered by racing Greyhounds and how adaptation of the musculoskeletal system to the unique pattern of stresses encountered during racing and training might impact upon the risk of injury.
Racing Greyhounds sustain a number of musculoskeletal injuries. Several of these, notably fatigue fractures of distal limb bones, are very similar to those seen in human athletes and military recruits (Armstrong et al. 2004; Beck et al. 2000; Brukner et al. 1996; Kowal 1980; Matheson et al. 1987). The most common, often leading to the dog being euthanatised, is fracture of the right tarsus. Evaluation of tarsal fractures via radiography alone frequently resulted in an underestimation of the severity of the injuries, whereas the use of computed tomography provided a more detailed, accurate assessment.
Evidence of asymmetric bone remodelling was found in the distal limb bones of racing Greyhounds. Rail‐side bones had significantly higher bone density and increased levels of bone resorption and formation markers compared to contralateral bones. Greyhound bones also have regional differences in trabecular architecture. In contrast, Staffordshire Bull Terrier (SBT) bones did not show these differences. Additionally, Greyhound distal limb tendons appear well adapted to withstand the high stresses of racing; they are stronger, stiffer, and in the pelvic limbs, return more elastic strain energy than the corresponding SBT tendons. Greyhounds had left‐to‐right asymmetries in the tensile properties of their pelvic
limb tendons, which SBTs did not. SBTs are not bred for racing and are unlikely to encounter asymmetric stresses. Therefore, the adaptive changes observed in the Greyhound bones and tendons appear to result from the asymmetric stresses encountered by the Greyhounds during racing around ovoid tracks.


Over the past century, the global climate system has experienced unprecedented warming due to the rapid increase of greenhouse gas concentrations. Thus, understanding the fate of CO2 once it is released is critical to evaluating the impacts of future climate change. Lake sediments have the potential to store large quantities of CO2 in the form of organic carbon, yet the factors which control organic carbon burial efficiency in lakes are not fully understood. Consequently, this project examines the sedimentary record from one lake spanning the boreal forest-tundra ecotone in the eastern Mealy Mountains of southeastern Labrador, Canada in order to identify lake and watershed controls on organic carbon accumulation and evaluate the sensitivity of organic matter accumulation to changing climatic conditions. The pronounced environmental gradient and significant post-glacial environmental changes in this region provide an ideal setting for testing controls on organic matter accumulation. This study presents results of a multi-proxy reconstruction of one sediment record recovered from a lake located in the Mealy Mountains (53°N, 58°W). Proxies used in this study included % organics (%LOI, %C, and %N), XRF elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, and fossil pigment paleoproductivity reconstruction. In order to evaluate changes in mass accumulation rate of organic carbon, two age models were generated based on seven radiocarbon dates. Contained within the sediment core collected from Moose Lake (ML-14-2) are three distinct lithostratigraphic units: unit A, B, and C. The top unit is described as a homogenous, organic rich gyttja that transitions into an inorganic, clastic unit containing both silt and clay. This visual classification of the core stratigraphy is further reflected by the several geochemical analysis used in this study and suggests that Moose Lake experienced a major shift in sediment accumulation and paleoproductivty ca. 6000 cal ye BP. Fossil pigment concentrations, which reflect rates of productivity, where highest in the inorganic unit. This suggests that fossil pigments may not be a good predictor of organic material accumulation. MAR of organic materials suggest that although accumulation rates of carbon are low, they may be sensitive to change in climate.


Banana (Musa spp.) production in Mozambique is largely confined to the Cavendish variety that is eaten as a dessert. On the other hand, banana is a staple food crop in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction of a range of high yielding and disease resistant cooking and dessert varieties in Mozambique could play a potential role in ensuring food security and raising incomes of millions of small scale farmers. In the framework of a USAID-funded project on dissemination and evaluation of improved banana varieties, plantlets of new Musa hybrids were distributed to small-scale farmers. In addition, several demonstration plots and an on-station trial at the Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique (IIAM), Umbeluzi research farm were established. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the general performance of the hybrids in the different locations and analyse data collected from one of the sites, and (ii) to assess farmer acceptability of the hybrids in one of the agro-ecologies in Mozambique. The FHIA (Fundacion Hondurena de Investigacion Agricola) hybrids performed relatively well in the more moist agro-ecologies and where irrigation was available, but not in the drier areas in the south of Maputo. Although 'FHIA 17' was the most vigorous, this variety took the longest time to produce a bunch. The hybrid, 'SH 3640' produced the largest bunch but this was not significantly different from that of 'Grand Naine' the local check used in the trials. The hybrid 'SH3460' and 'Grand Naine' emerged as the best cultivars in terms of post-harvest quality and acceptability. Less than 50% of the participants indicated their preference for 'FHIA17', 'FHIA21' or 'FHIA23'. Feedback from farmers involved in the on-farm activities indicated that those from the central and southern parts of the country preferred dessert types, while those from the north preferred both dessert and cooking types.


Abstract The European Commission asked EFSA for an opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment and on the efficacy of l‐methionine produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80184 and Escherichia coli KCCM 80096 for all animal species. The two producing microorganisms were obtained by genetic modification. l‐Methionine is intended to be used in feed or water for drinking for all animal species and categories. Neither viable cells of the production strains, nor their recombinant DNA were detected in the final product. The additive does not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strains. l‐methionine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80184 and E. coli KCCM 80096. The additive is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l‐Methionine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80184 and E. coli KCCM 80096 is considered not toxic by inhalation, non‐irritant to skin or eyes and not a dermal sensitiser. Regarding the use in water, the FEEDAP Panel reiterates its concerns over the safety of l‐methionine for target species when administered via water for drinking owing to the risk of nutritional imbalances and hygienic reasons. l‐Methionine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80184 and E. coli KCCM 80096 is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐methionine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐methionine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.


Cyanobacteria are able to produce several metabolites that have toxic effects on humans and animals. Among these cyanotoxins, the hepatotoxic microcystins (MC) occur frequently. The intracellular MC content produced by two strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, PCC7806 and PCC7820, and its production kinetics during the culture time were studied in order to elucidate the conditions that favour the growth and proliferation of these toxic strains. Intracellular MC concentrations measured by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (MS) were compared with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) anti-Adda and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assays. It has been demonstrated there are discrepancies in the quantification of MC content when comparing ELISA and LC-MS results. However, a good correlation has been obtained between PP2A inhibition assay and LC-MS. Three MC were identified using LC-MS in the PCC7806 strain: MC-LR, demethylated MC-LR and a new variant detected for the first time in this strain, [L-MeSer(7)] MC-LR. In PCC7820, MC-LR, D-Asp(3)-MCLR, Dglu(OCH3)-MCLR, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF were identificated. The major one was MC-LR in both strains, representing 81 and 79% of total MC, respectively. The total MC content in M. aeruginosa PCC7820 was almost three-fold higher than in PCC7806 extracts.


The subject of this review is the nature of regulatory processes underlying the spatial subdivision of morphogenetic regions in later embryogenesis. I have applied a non-classical definition of morphogenetic field, the progenitor field, which is a region of an embryo composed of cells whose progeny will constitute a given morphological structure. An important feature of such fields is that they have sharp spatial boundaries, across which lie cells whose progeny will express different fates. Two examples of the embryonic specification and development of such fields are considered. These are the formation of the archenteron in the sea urchin embryo and the formation of dorsal axial mesoderm in the Xenopus embryo. From these and a number of additional examples, from vertebrate, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and sea urchin embryos, it is concluded that the initial formation of the boundaries of morphogenetic progenitor fields depends on both positive and negative transcription control functions. Specification of morphogenetic progenitor fields, organization of the boundaries and their subsequent regionalization or subdivision are mediated by intercellular signaling. Genes encoding regionally expressed transcription factors that are activated in response to intercell signaling, and that in turn mediate signaling changes downstream, appear as fundamental regulatory circuit elements. Such [signal-->transcription factor gene-->signal] circuit elements appear to be utilized, often repetitively, in many different morphogenetic processes.


Hutchinson+Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare (one in 4 + 8 million) genetic disorder among infants, characterized with premature aging. Nuclear encoded lamin A gene (LMNA) forms heterodimers with their splice variant lamin C to create filamentous structures present in nuclear lamina. Early studies revealed that mutations in Lamin A genes are responsible for HGPS. Mitochondrion, the key component of cellular metabolism is also an alleged candidate to have greater level of mutagenesis with aging and several disease conditions including cancer. In this study, on the first ever Progeria male patient identified in Bangladesh, we analyzed the mitochondrial DNA genome by direct sequencing with AB3130 Genetic Analyzer and have evaluated the genetic characteristic of (HGPS). We report some novel mtDNA anomalies, none of which are observed in patient's maternal relatives. We hereby, report four mutations (16475 G+ins, 16488 A+ins, 16496 C+ins and 16505 G+ins) in the light str and (L+strand) control region of mitochondria. Apart from these, several other mutations (T34A / T34T heterozygous, GG59AA, A97G, A287G, T334C, C335T, G340C,) were observed in the control region (D+loop) of mitochondria. The D+loop region of mitochondria functions as control region of regulation for both mtDNA replication and transcription. In this region both cis acting mitochondrial encoded protein and trans + acting nuclear encoded proteins play indispensible roles to maintain the regular homeostasis between replication and transcription of mtDNA. Therefore, these mutations identified in this region are expected to pave the pathway of destabilizing mtDNA maintenance


A procedure for preconcentration of Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) based on retention of their complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) on Amberlite XAD-2000 resin in a column was proposed for the analysis of environmental samples by flame AAS. Various parameters such as pH, eluent type, volume, concentration, flow rate and volume of sample solution, and matrix interference effect on the retention of the metal ions were investigated. The optimum pHs for the retention of metal complexes in question were about 6 except for Mn2+ for whose value is 8. The loading capacity of the adsorbent for these metals and their recoveries from the resin under the optimum conditions were in the range 6.82–9.26 mg·g−1 and 95%–101%, respectively. The enrichment factor was calculated as 100 and the limit of detection was in the range 0.3–2.2 µg·L−1 (n=20, blank+3s). The proposed enrichment method was applied to tap water, stream water and vegetable samples. The validation of the procedure was carried out by analysis of certified reference material and standard addition. The analytes were determined with a relative standard deviation lower than 6% in all samples.


From the Publisher:
The comprehensive, hands-on guide to all Cisco IOS Software OSPF commands

Stands as the complete OSPF command reference — invaluable for network designers, engineers, and architectsProvides configuration, troubleshooting, and verification scenarios for every possible OSPF command supported by Cisco IOS Software that can be implemented on a minimum number of routersGroups OSPF commands by area of implementation — area configuration, redistribution, neighbor relationships, and route filtering, just to name a fewProvides clear and concise commentary on the initial release, purpose, syntax, and usage of each OSPF commandOffers excellent CCIE certification preparation from one of the CCIE Program ManagersConstructed as a portable field guide with easily navigable content so you can quickly find the information you need when you need it

As one of the most predominantly deployed Interior Gateway Protocols, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) demands a wealth of knowledge on the part of internetworking professionals working with it on a daily basis. Unfortunately, publicly available documentation on the OSPF command set varies from being too thin on coverage to being too demanding on the required equipment needed to test what the documentation covers.

Cisco OSPF Command and Configuration Handbook is a clear, concise, and complete source of documentation for all Cisco IOS Software OSPF commands. The way you use this book will depend on your objectives. If you are preparing for the CCIE written and lab exams, then this book can be used as a laboratory guide to learn the purpose and proper use of every OSPF command. If you are anetwork designer, then this book can be used as a ready reference for any OSPF command.

Cisco OSPF Command and Configuration Handbook provides example scenarios that demonstrate the proper use of every OSPF command that can be implemented on a minimum number of routers. This will enable you to learn each command without requiring an extensive and expensive lab configuration. The scenarios clearly present the purpose and use of each command. Some of the examples lead you into common non-working situations in order to reinforce the understanding of the operation of the particular OSPF command.

Author Bill Parkhurst provides concise snapshots of every command with regard to command purpose, usage, syntax explanation, initial introduction in Cisco IOS Software, and cross references to related commands also covered in the book. This book covers many OSPF topic areas, including interface configuration, OSPF area configuration, route filtering, OSPF process configuration, route cost, default route generation, redistribution, administrative distance, OSPF neighbor relationships, route summarization, and show, debug, and clear commands.


Difficulty in capturing heat transfer characteristics for liquid metals is commonplace because of their low molecular Prandtl number (Pr). Since these fluids have very high thermal diffusivity, the Reynolds analogy is not valid and creates modeling difficulties when assuming a turbulent Prandtl number (Prt) of near unity. Baseline problems have used direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the channel flow and backward facing step to aid in developing a correlation for Prt. More complex physics need to be considered, however, since correlation accuracy is limited. A tight lattice square rod bundle has been chosen for DNS benchmarking because of its presence of flow oscillations and coherent structures even with a relatively simple geometry.
 Calculations of the Kolmogorov length and time scales have been made to ensure that the spatial-temporal discretization is sufficient for DNS. In order to validate the results, Hooper and Wood's 1984 experiment has been modeled with a pitch-to-diameter (P/D) ratio of 1.107. The present work aims at validating first- and second-order statistics for the velocity field, and then analyzing the heat transfer behavior at different molecular Pr. The effects of low Pr flow are presented to demonstrate how the normalized mean and fluctuating heat transfer characteristics vary with different thermal diffusivity. Progress and future work toward creating a full DNS database for liquid metals are discussed.


Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) can effectively improve the power quality in the mediumvoltage distributed energy system (DES). In order to keep the system stable operation, fault-tolerant ability should be maintained to improve the reliability of STATCOM. With the idea of virtual capacitor voltage, a simplified fault-tolerant control scheme is proposed for popular cascaded H-bridge (CHB) based STATCOM. First, an improved modulation method is adopted to significantly reduce these carrier waves. Then, based on the virtual capacitor voltage, the control scheme during the cell fault can be further simplified. Finally, the detailed postfault operation principle is presented according to different operation conditions of STATCOM, where the capacitor voltages in the faulty phase can remain unchanged in certain cases. Validation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant scheme.


One challenging problem in disaster response is to efficiently assign resources such as fire fighters and trucks to local incidents that are spatially distributed on a map. Existing systems for command and control (C2/C4I) are coming with powerful interfaces enabling the manual assignment of resources to the incident commander. However, with increasing number of local incidents over time the performance of manual methods departs arbitrarily from an optimal solution. In this paper we introduce preliminary results of building an interface between existing professional C2/C4I systems and Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP)-solvers. We show by using an example the feasibility of scheduling and assigning missions having deadlines and resource constraints.


You are in charge of a Major League baseball club. You are the decision maker responsible for determining which players will be included on the active big league roster and which ones will be farmed out. The measure of your success would seem to be exceedingly simple: how many games the team wins. It would stand to reason, then, that your motivation in deciding which players to assign to the regular season roster would be equally simple: you will choose the best players available to you to comprise your team. The ball club you're responsible for is a particularly good one: you won the National League pennant last year. Your lineup features a host of young power hitters, which is your team's central strength; your pitching staff was good enough to win with last year, but fundamentally, yours is a ball club that wins by overwhelming the opponent with offense. Your team has starcaliber players--excelling both offensively and defensively--at six positions: catcher, first base, second base, shortstop, right field, and center field. Your third baseman isn't much of a hitter, but he's a terrific fielder. The one position, other than pitching, that could stand an upgrade would be left field: you used a motley platoon there last year, with five guys seeing action in more than 25 games, and with no one getting as many as 225 at bats. Your farm system offers you three outfielders to choose from to add to the big league roster this year: Player A: A twenty-five-year-old left-handed hitter. A strong arm but otherwise below average defensively in either left or right field; certainly not a center fielder. Average speed, good power. Hit very well last year at the double-A level (.328, 28 home runs), but has seen only 20 games of triple-A action in his career as well as 64 Major League games over two previous seasons, in which he batted .265. Player B: A twenty-six--year-old left-handed hitter. A below-average arm but otherwise a decent defensive outfielder in left or right, capable as a backup center fielder. Good speed, not much power. Has shown excellent on-base capability throughout his Minor League career, hitting for average and drawing many walks; last year he hit .336 with 3 home runs in double-A. Has never played triple-A ball; has 8 games of Major League experience, in which he hit .083. Player C: A twenty-eight-year-old switch hitter. Good enough defensively to be a regular Major League center fielder. Blazing speed and very good power. Has played the past season and a half at the triple-A level and has simply torn it up: last year he batted .326 with 17 homers, with a league-leading 154 runs scored, a league-leading 207 hits, a league-leading 19 triples, and a league-record 89 stolen bases. Base stealing is so devastating that, seven times last year, the opposing team employed the bizarre strategy of walking the pitcher intentionally ahead of his lead-off spot in the order as a means of blocking his path. Described as "the greatest attraction in the history of the International League." (1) Which of these three players do you choose to help with your team's leftfield situation? If your choice is to get player C into your lineup as quickly as you possibly can, and to tell players A and B to get out of his way, then your choice is eminently logical. However, if your choice is to sell player C to another National League team (where he will go on to win the starting center-field job and be named Rookie of the Year, hitting .273 with 18 homers and leading the Major Leagues in stolen bases), and if your choice is to keep both players A and B and give both of them a shot at your left-field job (in which both will struggle, batting .207 in 34 games and .205 in 38 games, respectively), then you will have made precisely the same choices as did the actual team in this historical situation. Having made these choices, this ball club-getting another year of mediocre performance from its crew of left fielders-failed to repeat as National League champion, winning 8 fewer games than in the previous year. …


Abstract
Due to the diversity of academics engaging with research into higher education, there is no single methodological approach or method that would embody higher education research. In this chapter, we put forward the case that this is a good thing and argue that higher education research can benefit from fusing existing methodological and theoretical paradigms with more creative, playful and artistic approaches, more commonly associated with sociological or anthropological research and performance-based disciplines. In order to frame this attitude of creativity, playfulness and openness, we start by providing a brief delineation of the research field and methods of higher education research. In this context we introduce the Deleuzoguattarian concept of rhizomes and assemblages to provide the grounding for what we mean by creativity and playfulness, which leads to our proposal of a renewed approach to research into higher education. We draw upon our own work on embodied academic identity and trainee teachers' perceptions of their placement experiences in order to critically explore the benefits and potential pitfalls of incorporating this creativity and playfulness into higher education research.


After presenting the key role played by translation in strengthening the literary canon of minoritized languages, this paper goes on to provide a detailed overview and analysis of the past twenty years of Breton literary translation since the turn of the millennium, covering a variety of aspects ranging from the overall evolution over time, target publics, the genres and the authors selected for translation, the range of source languages and the translators themselves, integrating a gender-based outlook whenever necessary. Taken as an integral part of the publishing sector, comparisons are drawn throughout regarding originals published in Breton for the same period. Particular emphasis is also laid on gauging the initial of the Literary Translation Program as a means of determining and potentially redirecting the overall strategy for literary translation going forwards.


This paper is about collecting, travel and the geographies of science. At one level it examines the circumstances that led to Isaac Lea's description in Philadelphia of six freshwater mussel shells of the family Unionidae, originally collected by John Kirk during David Livingstone's Zambesi Expedition, 1858–64. At another level it is about how travel is necessary in the making of scientific knowledge. Following these shells from south-eastern Africa to Philadelphia via London elucidates the journeys necessary for Kirk and Lea's scientific work to progress and illustrates that the production of what was held to be malacological knowledge occurred through collaborative endeavours that required the travel of the specimens themselves. Intermediaries in London acted to link the expedition, Kirk's efforts and Lea's classification across three continents and to facilitate the novel description of six species of freshwater mussel. The paper demonstrates the role of travel in the making of mid-nineteenth-century natural history and in developing the relationships and credibility necessary to perform the research on which classifications undertaken elsewhere were based.


Fundamental biological molecules such as amino acids and sugars have been discovered in meteorites, but none of these species have yet been definitively detected in the interstellar medium (ISM). While both the number of detected interstellar molecules and their chemical complexity continue to increase, understanding of the processes leading to their formation is lacking. Our recent chemical modeling work suggests that organic radicals formed during the photolysis of interstellar ices provide the building blocks for the larger organic molecules found in star-forming regions. In order to investigate these interstellar prebiotic chemical pathways, we are developing new terahertz (THz) spectrometers to study the unstable, reactive molecules that are key reaction intermediates. We are also conducting deep, broadband observational spectral line surveys in the millimeter, submillimeter, and THz ranges to further examine the effects of physical environment on the chemical complexity in interstellar clouds. In this talk, I will present results from our modeling, laboratory, and observational studies that focus on the THz spectral signatures of prebiotic molecules in the ISM.


The study analyses the key motives and determinants of FDI in various sectors of the Libyan
economy. It compares the results for the different sectors to determine how the policy of the
Libyan government could be improved in order to increase the benefits for the government
and the country.
A new framework was developed for this research. A qualitative methodology using multiple
case studies was employed. The case study companies comprised eight companies from four
sectors. The four sectors were compared and contrasted using Porter's five forces model. The
analysis of the eight companies had two stages: "within" and "cross-cases" analyses. Data
were gathered through in depth, semi-structured interviews with foreign and local company
managers, and government policy makers. The study also uses data collected from secondary
sources such as company websites, documents and government reports.
The empirical findings reveal the existence of a core of motives and determinants of FDI in
Libya that are common for all parties across all sectors. This finding is surprising in relation
to the similarity across sectors. This might be explained by the uniform government policy
over a relatively stagnant forty-year period. These factors are: market size and growth, high
return on investment and investment incentives, political stability, infrastructure and low
transportation costs, business and industrial linkages, progress of privatisation, institutions,
culture and attractive geographic location. The sector-specific and actor-specific
determinants are however less important than the common ones.
In terms of obstacles to FDI, bureaucratic red tape, infrastructure in terms of Internet,
telephone, and the banking system inhibit FDI inflows in all contexts. The findings of this
study showed also the critical role of the Libyan government in facilitating the process of
FDI. This is probably the first study to incorporate both host government and foreign
investors' views about motives and determinants of FDI.


As the form factor of microelectronic systems and chips are continuing to shrink, the demand for increased connectivity and functionality shows an unabated rising trend. This is driving the evolution of technologies that requires 3D approaches for the integration of devices and system design. The 3D technology allows higher packing densities as well as shorter chip-to-chip interconnects. Micro-bump technology with through-silicon vias (TSVs) and advances in flip chip technology enable the development and manufacturing of devices at bump pitch of 14 μm or less. Silicon carrier or interposer enabling 3D chip stacking between the chip and the carrier used in packaging may also offer probing solutions by providing a bonding platform or intermediate board for a substrate or a component probe card assembly. Standard vertical probing technologies use microfabrication technologies for probes, templates and substrate-ceramic packages. Fine pitches, below 50 μm bump pitch, pose enormous challenges and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processes are finding applications in producing springs, probes, carrier or substrate structures. In this chapter, we explore the application of MEMS-based technologies on manufacturing of advanced probe cards for probing dies with various new pad or bump structures.


As information technology permeates all societal layers and its use crosses increasingly national boundaries, information security has become of paramount importance. Understanding what motivates information security is part of the hard work in planning the mechanisms that will assure it. Arguably, ubiquitous networking—for a wide range of personal, commerce, enterprise, and national purposes—is responsible for many recent productivity gains. But with this convenience has come vulnerability to those who seek to do damage or benefit illegally. Today's dynamic technology marketplace—with product generations now measured in months—gives increased choice of functionality and style to millions of potential buyers and their escalating expectations. However, with every new device comes at least some segment of the user population that doesn't understand new functionality and, consequently, experiences decreased reliability and reduced privacy.


"Manfred Kets de Vries is in a unique and special position to analyze leadership, human development, behavior, and what it takes to be an outstanding leader. Manfred's book, like all his other works, is worth reading several times, preserving it for reading again and again and to reflect and learn." - B Muthuraman, Managing Director, Tata Steel Ltd.

 "At a very practical level [Manfred Kets de vries] has affected for the better the lives of probably more leaders-and therefore their followers-than anyone else alive. In this book, in an empathic and thoroughly compelling way, he draws on his long coaching career and deeply personal experiences of his own to throw light on leadership, the relationship between leaders and followers, and the challenges we all must face. If you care about these things (and who does not?). you will not be able to put this book down." - John Whitehead, Secretary to the Treasury, New Zealand

 "This book is a real Bible for anyone striving not only to live with, but to comprehend all the subtleties, ideals, and life roles of a leader in modern society." - Nicholas Chitov, CEO of City Mortgage Bank

 "Through the clinical lens which Manfred Kets de Vries so aptly applies to business settings, the reader is guaranteed to meet himself, and-who knows-intrigued to go further on the journey of self-examination." - Philippe Haspeslagh, Dean, Vlerick Leuven gent Management School

 "In this important book, [Manfred Kets de Vries] pauses to look back and review what he has learned over the years. The result is remarkably insightful on several counts; readers will learn much on leadership and career development. they will also better understand the personal and professional development of a giant among leadership scholars." - Jean-Francois Manzoni, Professor of Leadership and Organizational development, IMD

 "Through a unique understanding of the 'inner theater,' Manfred Kets de Vries provokes leaders to reflect on drivers of their behavior and of those around them. This book provides insight o the tools needed to create high performance teams and achieve personal fulfillment throughout a journey in leadership." - Paul Geason, group Managing Director, Telstra

 "Whether you are a leader or a follower, after having read this book you will be the opposite, or both. And if not, you will at least understand the neurotic leader, whether it is in your boos, or in yourself. Maybe even in your spouse." - Christian Dreyer, CEO, Hansen Sicherheitstechnik AG, Munich

 "This new book is a collection of Manfred's intelligence and wisdom. His concept of constructive narcissism will help a lot of leaders to understand themselves and others. Manfred is like good wine, the older the better." - Salem Samhoud, Founder, & Samhoud


This thesis documents an experimental study of the effects of H2O, CO2 and pressure on the compositions of basaltic liquids in equilibrium with garnet, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and olivine (garnet lherzolite). The results of this study have been combined with compositional data for natural basalts and used to examine some currently popular theories for the origin of alkaline basalts. For this purpose, the thesis has been divided into two parts.

Part I is a study of liquidus phase relationships at 28 kb in the simplified basaltic system CMAS (CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2). Phase relationships were studied for dry, hydrous and CO2-bearing systems. In the dry system garnet, diopside, enstatite and forsterite, were found to co-exist with a liquid of the approximate composition 50% SiO2, 16% Al2O3, 25% MgO, 9% CaO. Increasing pressure results in an expansion of the garnet liquidus volume and thereby causes liquids in equilibrium with garnet lherzolite to increase in CaO/Al203. The effect of pressure on the enstatite-forsterite cotectic is, however, relatively small. With the addition of 20 wt.% H20, the enstatite and forsterite liquidus volumes are greatly expanded relative to those of clinopyroxene and garnet. As a result of this, H20-rich liquids in equilibrium with garnet lherzolite are more CaAl204-rich, and less magnesian, than those produced under dry conditions. Addition of CO2 produces a large expansion of the garnet and enstatite liquidus volumes. This causes CO2-rich liquids in equilibrium with garnet lherzolite to be Si02-poor and have high
Ca0/A1203. The simple-system liquid trends can be compared with the compositional trends of primitive alkaline basalts from southeastern Australia, central Europe, Hawaii, and the Canary Islands. Although the two sets of data cannot be directly superimposed, the primitive alkaline basalts show the same sense of variation as do liquids produced in the simple system by partial melting of garnet lherzolite in the presence of variable concentrations of CO2. When the effects of the additional components TiO2, FeO, P2O5, alkalis and H20 (found in natural systems) are considered, the peridotite-melting trends become more closely matched with the compositional range of the natural basalts. The effect of pressure on the orthopyroxene-olivine cotectic is also increased; with increasing pressure during partial melting of natural garnet lherzolites, liquids become more Si02-poor. Both variation in pressure and variation in CO2 concentrations during partial melting of garnet lherzolite appear to be capable of producing the compositional range of the natural alkaline basalts. Additional information is needed to decide in individual cases which of the two mechanisms, if either, offers the more likely explanation. Part II is a case study of a small group of basalts from the Oatlands district of Tasmania. The basalts are of Oligocene age and include olivine tholeiite, alklali olivine basalt, nepheline basanite, transitional nephelinite, and olivine melilitite compositions. Experimental data, combined with independent evididence for primary volatile concentrations in basalt magmas, indicate that the primary magmas of these basalts probably formed in equilibrium with lherzolite and garnet lherzolite residues at pressures between 10 and 50 kb.
Calculated concentrations of minor and trace elements in the basalts source are consistent with a source that was enriched in H2O, CO2, K20, P2O5, FeO, Ba, Sr, Nb and LREE relative to the bulk composition of the mantle. Deep mantle plume and heterogeneous mantle models appear to be inconsistent with the distribution of Cainozoic basalts in Tasmania and other parts of eastern Australia. Experimental and petrological data are consistent with a relatively shallow (lower lithospheric/upper asthenospheric) location for the source prior to the beginning of volcanism; isotopic data indicate that this would need to have become enriched in LREE (and presumably in other incompatible elements as well) at some time following a previous and much longer history of LREE depletion. Because of similarities between the calculated source compositions and those of metasomatized Cr-diopside xenoliths from southeastern Australia, it is possible that the basalts'source region was enriched in incompatible elements by processes similar to those which affected the lherzolite xenoliths. However, differences between the calculated source compositions and those of the metasomatized xenoliths (particularly in TiO2) suggest that the basalts'source was unlikely to have been depleted and refractory lithosphere that was subsequently re-enriched in incompatible elements. This factor, in combination with the high pressures of origin (40-50 kb) inferred for some of the basalts, is consistent with an asthenospheric derivation for the source region.


One of the fundamental questions in business tax reform is whether to allow firms to immediately expense investments or require economic cost recovery. The conventional view is that expensing would generate stronger growth effects holding revenues constant. This view is rooted in traditional models of corporate finance that assume firms look at the net present value of expected tax payments when incorporating taxes into investment decisions. But this traditional view ignores the possibility that firms focus on more salient measures of taxes as well. If so, they may respond less to expensing than this theory suggests because expensing does not lower their financial accounting tax liability and, all else equal, requires a higher statutory rate.This paper considers whether firms undervalue expensing due to a focus on these non-economic tax metrics and, if so, what this implies about business tax reform if the goal is to increase US investment. It develops a framework for what cost recovery rules are optimal, and then uses new and existing data to parameterize this framework, holding constant long-run revenues and the relative tax treatment of debt and equity. While the empirical evidence is still nascent, it tentatively concludes that applying economic cost recovery to public and very large companies in order to pay for a lower statutory tax rate would generate more US investment and growth than expensing — reducing the relevant tax rate on such companies by more than two percentage points estimated conservatively, and possibly by much more. This estimate is sensitive to the underlying empirical parameters and could easily change. But it does cast doubt on the conventional view that expensing would generate much more US investment and growth than the alternatives. It also contrasts with estimates by non-partisan Congressional staff that expensing as part of a business cash-flow tax would generate modestly higher growth, and with far more dramatic positive growth estimates by some prominent think tanks.


We extend our proof-of-concept demonstration of a novel multiflow transmitter for next generation optical metro networks. The multiflow concept is based on the combination of spectrum and polarization sliceability, and its implementation on the combination of a polymer photonic integration platform with high-speed IQ modulators. In this paper, we replace the static scheme of our previous demonstration for the definition of the optical flows and the generation of the driving signals, and we unveil the true potential of the transmitter in terms of programmability and network flexibility. Using a software-defined optics (SDO) platform for the configuration of the digital and optical parts of the transmitter, and the configuration of the optical switch inside the node, we demonstrate operation with flexible selection of the number and type of the optical flows, and flexible selection of the modulation format, symbol rate, emission wavelength, and destination of each flow. We focus on 16 specific cases accommodating one or two optical flows with modulation format up to 64-quadrature amplitude modulation, and symbol rate up to 25 Gbaud. Through transmission experiments over 100 km of standard single-mode fiber, we validate the possibility of the transmitter to interchange its configuration within this range of operation cases with bit-error rate performance below the forward error correction limit. Future plans for transmitter miniaturization and extension of our SDO platform in order to interface with the software-defined networking hierarchy of true networks are also outlined.


The relationship between winter ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths and weather is investigated using a synoptic climatological approach. First the main air mass types affecting the study area are identified and then an assessment of the extent of the statistical relationship between mortality and the identified air mass types is made. Within air mass type meteorology-mortality relationships are also explored. Study results show that increased mortality rates are associated with 2 air mass types with contrasting physical properties: a cold polar continental type associated with an anticyclonic system lying over the European continent to the north or east of the study area and a moderately warm blustery maritime type that occurs as an Atlantic ocean low pressure system approaches the study area. An analysis of air mass sequences also demonstrates that IHD mortality is related to air mass change. Results are discussed in terms of methodologies for climate mortality studies.


We present a methodology to model water, heat, and dissolved oxygen budgets on short time scales within a shallow estuarine environment using limited local water quality and climatic data. A tidally restricted eutrophic pond in Elkhorn Slough, California, experiences extreme diel dis- solved oxygen (DO) variations during warm sunny days and neap tidal cycles. Empirical relationships between biological metabolism (measured as DO variations) and physical parameters are derived using time-series hydrographic data from the site. A simple box model predicts the time-series struc- ture of water depth, water temperature, and DO concentrations within the pond as a function of the tidal cycle and local climate over 10 to 15 d simulation periods. Parametric analyses illustrate appli- cations of the model to predict thermal and geochemical responses to hydrologic, chemical, and cli- matic alterations to the system. This study also initiates preliminary investigations of the fundamen- tal processes influencing DO dynamics within a natural wetland environment, and could be used to explore the potential response to various physical and chemical alterations prior to restoration or management adjustments. Future box models of wetland geochemistry should include carbon and nutrient budgets to create a more sensitive model, and to allow more rigorous evaluations of the role decreased nutrient inputs would play in alleviating eutrophic conditions.


Argumentation is a core of article writing. Despite its importance, no English as a foreign language (EFL) research has examined how Iranian researchers set their argumentations based upon a well-established theoretical model of argumentation. This qualitative study intends to bridge this gap by building upon Toulmin's (2003) model of argumentation to analyze the use of argumentation in EFL articles rhetorically. To this end, 90 articles from the reliable EFL journals in English and Persian were randomly selected with the purpose of discovering underlying conventions which lay behind their argumentations in discussion section of each. Articles in Persian corpus were written by native Persian writers, articles in English corpus were written by native English writers and English articles in inter-language corpus were written by native Persian speakers. This study pointed the differences among the three groups of articles. It was thus indicated that Iranians transfer their first language argumentation rhetorical patterns to their writing in a foreign language, i.e. English. This illustrates that culture may count for the argumentation elements presented in Iranian EFL articles. Other influential factors were also discussed. Finally, pedagogical implications were suggested in the context of second language learning.


Five agencies providing home health care to indigent populations in New Orleans, Louisiana were evaluated in terms of emergency planning and implementation. This was to help improve response to community disasters for indigent populations. Preparation for Hurricane Katrina was examined looking at interaction with local and state departments of health. It was found that the state dept of health provided leadership in making the emergency plans, but not in implementation. Local departments of health appeared to have very little responsibility in emergency planning. Although every agency had a plan, when it came to implementation there was lack of coordination and breakdown in communication at all government levels. Recommendations for future policy include: 1) early evacuation of special needs patients; 2) improved training of staff to include practice drills; 3) improve communication systems; and, 4) increased funding of state and local departments of health to provide training.


While mobile visualization is not a new concept, there is not yet much dialogue about what specifically might make this mobile visualization unique. To help trigger innovative ideas and to begin an exploration of what might be possible in mobile visualization, we propose an exploratory ideation process. This work describes our ideation, in-situ, journaling approach for exploring possibilities for visualizations on mobile devices. We present four concepts for mobile visualization and discuss the pitfalls and benefits of in-situ journaling and ideation.


Pretend Wires Cold atomic gases have been successfully used to simulate solid-state phenomena such as quantum criticality. However, simulating mesoscopic electronic transport like that realized in quantum wires is challenging. Brantut et al. (p. 1069, published online 2 August) connected two reservoirs of fermionic 6Li atoms (simulating electrons) with a narrow channel (simulating a wire), created a nonequilibrium situation by applying a magnetic field gradient, and observed the flow through the channel. When the mean-free path of the atoms exceeded the length of the channel, the atomic density in the channel was constant in the central region and only changed at the ends, indicating the presence of contact resistance. The opposite diffusive regime created by imposing a disordered laser potential produced a uniformly varying density inside the channel. Lithium atoms are used to simulate electronic transport. In a mesoscopic conductor, electric resistance is detected even if the device is defect-free. We engineered and studied a cold-atom analog of a mesoscopic conductor. It consists of a narrow channel connecting two macroscopic reservoirs of fermions that can be switched from ballistic to diffusive. We induced a current through the channel and found ohmic conduction, even when the channel is ballistic. We measured in situ the density variations resulting from the presence of a current and observed that density remains uniform and constant inside the ballistic channel. In contrast, for the diffusive case with disorder, we observed a density gradient extending through the channel. Our approach opens the way toward quantum simulation of mesoscopic devices with quantum gases.


We consider the problem of how a learning agent in a continuous and dynamic world can autonomously learn about itself, its environment, and how to perform simple actions. In previous work we showed how an agent could learn an abstraction consisting of contingencies and distinctions. In this paper we propose a method whereby an agent using this abstraction can create its own reinforcement learning problems. The agent generates an internal signal that motivates it to move into states in which a contingency will hold. The agent then uses reinforcement learning to learn to move to those states eectively. It can then use the knowledge acquired through reinforcement learning as part of simple actions. We evaluate this work using a simulated physical agent that aects its world using two continuous motor variables and experiences its world using a set of fteen continuous and discrete sensor variables. We show that by using this method the learning agent can autonomously generate reinforcement learning problems allowing it to do simple tasks, and we compare its performance to that of a handcreated reinforcement learner using tile coding.


Abstract. We present a procedure that allows the operational generation of daily
forecasts of fire danger over Mediterranean Europe. The procedure combines
historical information about radiative energy released by fire events with
daily meteorological forecasts, as provided by the Satellite Application
Facility for Land Surface Analysis (LSA SAF) and the European Centre for
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Fire danger is estimated based on
daily probabilities of exceedance of daily energy released by fires occurring
at the pixel level. Daily probability considers meteorological factors by
means of the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) and is estimated using a daily
model based on a generalized Pareto distribution. Five classes of fire danger
are then associated with daily probability estimated by the daily model. The
model is calibrated using 13 years of data (2004–2016) and validated
against the period of January–September 2017. Results obtained show that
about 72 % of events releasing daily energy above 10 000 GJ belong to the
"extreme" class of fire danger, a considerably high fraction that is more
than 1.5 times the values obtained when using the currently
operational Fire Danger Forecast module of the European Forest Fire
Information System (EFFIS) or the Fire Risk Map (FRM) product disseminated by
the LSA SAF. Besides assisting in wildfire management, the procedure is
expected to help in decision making on prescribed burning within the
framework of agricultural and forest management practices.


We have prepared poly(arylene ether sulfone) multiblock copolymers with cationic blocks containing single dioxyphenylene rings functionalized with two, three or four quaternary ammonium (QA) groups in order to investigate the influence of the ionic concentration and distribution on the anionic conductivity. Precursor blocks were prepared by polycondensation of 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone and either di-, tri- or tetramethylhydroquinone. Subsequently, these blocks were combined with precursor blocks prepared from 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone and bisphenol A to form alternating multiblock copolymers with different block ratios. The benzylic methyl groups of the hydroquinone monomer units were then fully brominated using N-bromosuccinimide. Quaternization with trimethylamine gave multiblock copolymers with extremely high ion exchange capacities (IECs) of the hydrophilic blocks, i.e., 3.2, 4.9, and 5.8 meq. g−1, respectively, in the Br− form. X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy of the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) showed a distinct nanophase separation of the blocks. At a given IEC, the ionic conductivity was found to decrease with increasing number of QA groups per dioxyphenylene ring, probably because of limited ionic dissociation resulting from the close proximity of the QA groups. Thus, at a similar IEC, the conductivity of a block copolymer with tetra-functionalized rings reached the same level of conductivity as a corresponding polymer with randomly distributed QA groups, whereas a block copolymer with di-functionalized rings exceeded the conductivity of the latter polymer by a factor 4.2, despite a lower water uptake. These findings strongly highlight the importance of controlling and optimizing the local ionic concentration and distribution for highly anion conductive AEMs based on block copolymers.


The literature recognises the importance of social capital as a key asset in developing innovation capabilities. However, most research treats social capital as homogenous in terms of level and quality, irrespective of who has the capital inside the organisation. This may not be an appropriate representation of the situation, because many social groups coexist inside a single organisation. This research explores inter-group differences regarding social capital and how and why they may explain intraorganisational differences in innovation capabilities and innovation readiness. To this end we conduct an in-depth case study within a small industrial company, where we find three groups of employees who are distinct in (1) the network configuration of the structural dimension of social capital, (2) the presence of shared narratives and goals, and (3) the level of trust and identification towards the organisation. For each group we are able to track the reasons for these differences in terms of the drivers of social capital (stability, closure, interaction and interdependence). Finally, the level of innovation readiness and innovation capability at the group level is analysed and explained in terms of differences in levels and drivers of social capital. We find that higher levels of social capital are associated with increased innovative capability, and we contribute to understanding the nature of this connection, which can be used for capability development.


The MPLS Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh) is a generalization of the
applicability of the pseudowire (PW) Associated Channel Header (ACH).
RFC 5586 defines the concept of TLV constructs that can be carried in
messages on the G-ACh by placing them in the ACH between the fixed
header fields and the G-ACh message. These TLVs are called ACH TLVs
No Associated Channel Type yet defined uses an ACH TLV. Furthermore,
it is believed that handling TLVs in hardware introduces significant
problems to the fast path, and since G-ACh messages are intended to be
processed substantially in hardware, the use of ACH TLVs is
undesirable. This document updates RFC 5586 by retiring ACH TLVs and
removing the associated registry.


Using tools derived primarily from rhetorical analysis and criticism, this project analyzes the impact of the overwhelming focus on balance in video game design. Balance is a central ordering principle of games that is established by designers, praised by gamers, and particularly sought after in multiplayer games. A focus on balance limits games and establishes them as meritocratic spaces, where the 'best' players should be the most successful. By establishing a connection between balance and meritocracies it is possible to identify possible locations for resistance to existing norms. Drawing from sociological critiques of meritocracies and current dynamics in game culture, game studies can help reappropriate elements of game design and contribute to a more positive, inclusive game culture.


The idea of ensemble learning is to employ multiple learners and combine their predictions. There is no definitive taxonomy. Jain, Duin and Mao (2000) list eighteen classifier combination schemes; Witten and Frank (2000) detail four methods of combining multiple models: bagging, boosting, stacking and errorcorrecting output codes whilst Alpaydin (2004) covers seven methods of combining multiple learners: voting, error-correcting output codes, bagging, boosting, mixtures of experts, stacked generalization and cascading. We focus on four methods, then review the literature in general, with, where possible, an emphasis on both theory and practical advice.


Washington, D.C., conjures images of marble monuments, national memorials, and world-class museums. To many, the world beyond the National Mall is invisible. Yet within an area of only 68 square miles lies a residential city of diversity, beauty, and charm. In the long-awaited update of her 1988 classic Washington at Home, Kathryn Schneider Smith and a team of historians, journalists, folklorists, museum professionals, and others who know the city intimately offer a fresh look at the social history of this intriguing city through the prism of 26 diverse neighborhoods. Lavishly illustrated with engaging historical photographs and maps, Washington at Home introduces readers to the famous residents, colorful characters, distinct flavors, and important events that helped shape the city beyond the federal facade. This second edition adds six new neighborhoods from all parts of the city. Extensive notes make the book invaluable for those doing their own research as well as the more casual reader. Journalists, historians, politicians, residents, real estate agents, and students regularly consult Washington at Home as the standard resource on the social history of Washington, D.C. This expanded and updated edition will appeal to residents, both new and old, as well as to visitors eager to deepen their experience in the nation's capital.


Conclusions * Approximately 60 people are killed or seriously injured daily by anti-personnel land mines (APLs). * The number of victims may seem insignificant given the world population, but each person killed or maimed presents a real physical and psychological barrier to the economic and social development of more than 60 affected countries. * Although 122 nations recently signed a treaty in Ottawa, Canada, banning APL use, the logical next step is to clear existing mines. * The policy goal established by the Clinton administration to clear anti-personnel land mines from the world by 2010 may be achieveable but it requires a change in U.S. strategy. Banning Anti-Personnel Land Mines The anti-personnel land mine (APL) ban movement, which led to the Ottawa Treaty, enjoys popular support in many Western democracies as well as in mine-afflicted nations. The ban requires an immediate and unconditional commitment to prohibit the use and destroy stockpiles of APLs within a specified time. It makes no differentiation between nations with global security responsibilities and those with none. The ban movement did not recognize previous and ongoing voluntary efforts by the United States and other nations to limit and control APL use. The debate portrayed countries as being either for of against the indiscriminate killing of innocent children. In the United States the issue was emotionally charged and hotly debated, although largely "inside the beltway." Certainly, U.S. commitment to such a treaty is decided in Washington, but also, and just as important, the issue had neither the attention nor interest of Middle America. Underscoring America's commitment to the principle of an APL free world, but also recognizing the current military need for APL in certain defense scenarios, President Clinton charged the administration with two major near-term efforts. First the Department of Defense (DOD) must deploy a replacement for APLs in the Korean DMZ by 2006. Second, he directed a significant increase in the U.S. mine clearance program, setting a goal for ending the APL threat by 2010. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright established an office to achieve this goal. U.S. Policy U.S. efforts focus on alleviating the personal and economic burdens caused by APLs by helping afflicted states address medical and financial problems while also training local citizens to neutralize APLs. Mine Clearance Policy Goals * to promote human welfare through mine awareness and training, and * to promote U.S. foreign policy, security, and economic interests. Mine Clearance Policy Objectives * reduction of civilian casualties, * development of medical infrastructure, * enhancement of host country stability, * establishment of sustainable indigenous demining programs. These goals and objectives recognize the connection between APL victims, their local economy, and the logical need for afflicted nations to work the hardest to provide their own solutions. When a medical infrastructure is developed that is sustainable and can meet all the requirements for rehabilitation, victims can retake their place in productive society. As economies develop, with the return of arable land and capable people, regions and countries become more stable. Stable economies promote political stability. U.S. national interests of peace and stability are complemented. Philosophical Approach As long as the United States is the pre-eminent world power, it will be looked to for leadership in mine clearance. About 10 years ago the United States joined the fledgling humanitarian mine clearance effort around the world. Since that time we have generally expanded our effort by simply doing more of what was done before. While that approach got mines out of the ground, it will not suffice to meet President Clinton's goal and the world's expectation of us. …


We consider the problem of learning to play a repeated multi-agent game with an unknown reward function. Single player online learning algorithms attain strong regret bounds when provided with full information feedback, which unfortunately is unavailable in many real-world scenarios. Bandit feedback alone, i.e., observing outcomes only for the selected action, yields substantially worse performance. In this paper, we consider a natural model where, besides a noisy measurement of the obtained reward, the player can also observe the opponents' actions. This feedback model, together with a regularity assumption on the reward function, allows us to exploit the correlations among different game outcomes by means of Gaussian processes (GPs). We propose a novel confidence-bound based bandit algorithm GP-MW, which utilizes the GP model for the reward function and runs a multiplicative weight (MW) method. We obtain novel kernel-dependent regret bounds that are comparable to the known bounds in the full information setting, while substantially improving upon the existing bandit results. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of GP-MW in random matrix games, as well as real-world problems of traffic routing and movie recommendation. In our experiments, GP-MW consistently outperforms several baselines, while its performance is often comparable to methods that have access to full information feedback.


The recognition of psychiatric sub-specialties has been acknowledged and the importance of achieving parity for mental health in medical training, service provision and research stressed. Psychiatry has in the past suffered from relative neglect associated with the stigmatisation of mental illness. Within psychiatry there has been additional neglect and more severe stigmatisation of intellectual disability (ID). It is time to review the history and current status of and the associated challenges facing ID in Africa and to plan for the future. Njenga and Adnams have reviewed the epidemiology, policies and services for children and adults with intellectual disability in Africa and South Africa respectively.


Background and Purpose: The competence of clinical instructors is regarded as the most significant factor in achieving training goals. Competence is not a single, uniform concept, and different definitions have been proposed by educational organizers including instructors and students. Therefore, this study was performed to review the experiences of nursing students and clinical trainers regarding the characteristics of a competent clinical instructor and explore the concept of clinical competence. Methods: This qualitative study was performed on 22 participants including 12 nursing students and 10 clinical instructors. For data collection, open interviews were conducted and field notes were taken. The obtained data were assessed via content analysis. Results: Based on the analysis of interviews, five major themes related to the competence of clinical instructors emerged. These themes were as follows: "the ability to establish effective communication", "instructor's academic status", "scholarly knowledge", "clinical competence" and "educational qualifications". Therefore, a competent clinical instructor should have a combination of these characteristics, which work hand in hand and affect each other. Conclusion: Participants' experiences suggested that clinical instructors' competence is a multi-dimensional concept. Overall, a competent clinical instructor should have a "comprehensive perspective". As the results indicated, the emerging themes were not similar to those reported in previous studies.


A Theory of Full Employment. By Y. S. Brenner and N. Brenner-Golomb, 2nd edn, Transaction Publishers 2000. This book is a passionate critique of modem capitalist societies--in particular Western advanced economies--and, at the same time, a critique of mainstream economics for its inability to understand the real working of the economy and, hence, to provide sound policies with which to solve the most pressing problems we currently face. For Brenner and Brenner-Golomb, the achievement of full employment is no longer the primary objective of mainstream economic policies. The realization of higher levels of employment, and better living standards for a larger share of population, requires a radically different approach to economic analysis and policy. The achievement of full employment is not only socially desirable; it also ensures a higher rate of growth. But the authors of the book go well beyond a critique of the traditional field of economics; a large part of the book is devoted to the critique of current philosophical and methodological streams, by particularly concentrating on what they regard as "the devaluat ion of the concept of truth". This is the second edition of the book, which comprises 17 chapters plus an introduction to the new edition. More precisely, 11 Chapters (around 100 pages) are concerned with topics that are traditionally considered by economists, whereas Chapters 13 to 15 (around 90 pages) are devoted to philosophical issues; Chapter 16 is mostly concerned with the political dimension. The book was first published in 1996; at the time the authors saw a very bleak future for Western societies. Their views have not changed since then. The changes that took place between 1996 and 2000 did not persuade the authors to change their minds; if anything, they reinforced their previous critical positions. In fact, the most noticeable change of the second edition is the new introduction, while the whole structure of the book remains substantially unchanged. The very wide range of topics covered by the book makes a reviewer's task hard. To enter a detailed discussion of the main issues raised in this book, let alone all of them, is impossible in the context of a review and, besides, would require an acquaintance with other disciplines that I do not have. Therefore, I will mainly concentrate on some economic issues, with which I feel more confident to deal. Somebody more knowledgeable in the fields of philosophy, methodology and epistemology might well wish to write a different review. The authors criticize traditional economic policies because they produce inequitable social outcomes as they cannot be really effective in the present structural context of market economies. In their analysis, the authors hold that Western economies have recently undergone some structural changes, which are the fundamental causes of the present critical situation and make current policies ineffective as well as socially unjust. Brenner and Brenner-Golomb, in particular, concentrate on two aspects that they regard as recent major structural changes: the increasing separation of management from ownership of firms and the growing dominance of large monopolistic or oligopolistic firms, which are largely multinational. These changes took place in a context in which the fundamental forces regulating the social and economic system also changed. In the analysis of the book, the basic rationale underlying capitalism before World War II was fear: "employers were afraid of being driven out of business and reduced to the ranks of the proletariat, and workers feared destitution and starvation" (p. 6). It was competition, among employers and between employers and employees, which engendered such fears. After World War II, during the period of strong economic expansion, such fears began to disappear. The "dual" fears weakened and their place was taken by other driving forces. As for employers, the fear of destitution was replaced by greed; as for workers, complicity took the place of solidarity. …


Many recent studies highlight the need to rethink the way we manage innovation. Traditional approaches, based on the assumption that the creation and pursuit of new ideas is best accomplished by a centralized and collocated R&D team, are rapidly becoming outdated. Instead, innovations are increasingly brought to the market by networks of firms, selected for their unique capabilities, and operating in a coordinated manner. This new model demands that firms develop different skills, in particular, the ability to collaborate with partners to achieve superior innovation performance. Yet despite this need, there is little guidance on how to develop or deploy this ability. This article describes the results of a study to understand the strategies and practices used by firms that achieve greater success in their collaborative innovation efforts. We found many firms mistakenly applied an "outsourcing" mindset to collaboration efforts which, in turn, led to three critical errors: First, they focused solely on lower costs, failing to consider the broader strategic role of collaboration. Second, they didn't organize effectively for collaboration, believing that innovation could be managed much like production and partners treated like "suppliers." And third, they didn't invest in building collaborative capabilities, assuming that their existing people and processes were already equipped for the challenge. Successful firms, by contrast, developed an explicit strategy for collaboration and made organizational changes to aid performance in these efforts. Ultimately, these actions allowed them to identify and exploit new business opportunities. In sum, collaboration is becoming a new and important source of competitive advantage. We propose several frameworks to help firms develop and exploit this new ability.


Bistriopelma gen. nov. from the Andean region in Peru is here described, diagnosed and illustrated, together with two new species Bistriopelma lamasi sp. nov. as a type species and Bistriopelma matuskai sp. nov. This new genus differs from all other theraphosid genera, except the genus Phrixotrichus Simon 1889 (sensu Perafan & Perez-Miles 2014) and the troglobite species Tmesiphantes hypogeus Bertani, Bichuette & Pedroso 2013, in the presence of two abdominal dorsolateral patches of the type III urticating setae. Bistriopelma gen nov. can be distiguished from Phrixotrichus by the different shape of spermathecae in females, consisting of two separate subparallel seminal receptacles in Bistriopelma gen. nov. but strongly divergent in Phrixotrichus and by the different morphology of male palpal bulb (embolus projecting retrolaterally from tegulum in Bistriopelma gen. nov. against posteriorly in Phrixotrichus); furthermore by the presence of basal spine on prolateral tibial apophysis, the absence of the type IV urticating setae and paired tarsal claws denticulate. Bistriopelma gen. nov. is separated from Tmesiphantes hypogeus by the position of the urticating seta patches (middle of abdomen in Bistriopelma gen. nov. and posterior half in Tmesiphantes hypogeus), the different shape of spermathecae (long separate seminal receptacles with subapical constriction in Bistriopelma gen. nov. and short, subtriangular and widely separated in Tmesiphantes hypogeus) and also in the extension of metatarsal scopulae. Additional comments and a distribution map of all species of this genus are provided.


Over fifty years ago, Albert Hirschman argued that dissatisfied consumers could either voice complaint or exit when they were dissatisfied with goods or services. Loyal consumers would voice rather than exit. Hirschman argued that making exit easier from publicly provided services, such as health or education, would reduce voice, taking the richest and most articulate away and this would lead to the deterioration of public services. This book provides the first thorough empirical study of these ideas. Using a modified version of Hirschman's account, examining private and collective voice, and viewing loyalty as a form of social investment, it is grounded on a dedicated five-year panel study of British citizens. Given government policies over the past decade or more which make exit easier from public providers, this is a timely publication for all those who care about the quality of government services.


We describe a statistical approach for the measurement of the newly defined luck-based noise factor in sports. It is defined as the difference between the actual outcome and the expected outcome based on the model predictions. We raise the question whether some sports exhibit a higher level of noise-factor than others, making investments in that sport riskier. Data from 14 individual sports in six Summer Olympic Games between 1996 and 2016 were included in the analysis. Market shares are predicted by the autoregressive linear and zero-inflated beta regression models with exogenous variables, where the higher Normalized Mean Squared Error indicates a higher noise-factor. Modern pentathlon, tennis and cycling showed the highest noise-factors, whereas swimming, table tennis and athletics were the least noisy. Possible reasons are discussed in the paper. Our analysis indicates that countries with suitable resources producing leading elite Olympic athletes are predicted to achieve higher success in sports with a lower noise-factor such as swimming. In contrast, investments in noisy sports, such as e.g., modern pentathlon, are associated with a higher risk.


R can you say with a shard of truth that you remember the first time a writer's work hit you in the head and the heart with a nearly audible slap, but I remember the first time I read a passage from Ana Maria—it was in a magazine in which all the other stuff was careful and remote and only news, and her essay was sharp and blunt and had mud and sawdust in it. I remember that. I learned from her essay, yes—it was about logging and fire and building trails and how sharing food is holy, as I recall—but it wasn't just information, her piece; I could smell the place she was writing about, I could feel her sinewy flinty impatient passion for it, I could hear bears snuffling after late apples. Her essay had a most refreshing lack of ego at the same time it was being driven hard by a wry relentless intelligence. Also it was funny, and she wasn't the hero, and she had a great ear for other people's music, and there was no lecture or comment or sermon, and she didn't quote anyone else to make her point for her, and it was sort of direct and taut and unassuming, virtues which I later discovered belong also to the author, who is a slight person who does cool work while not thinking she is cool, which is cool, and perhaps the only way you can do cool work, in the end. If you think you are a fine writer, you are a bonehead. Someone else can say you are a fine writer, which I say here about Ana Maria Spagna. Read the essay that follows, which is excellent, and then read her book Potluck, which is terrific, and she has a new book coming out, called Reclaimers, and if it isn't riveting I will eat my battered hat that my kids call the Old Boring Dad Cap. Introduced by Brian Doyle new nature writers


The concepts of scale invariance, self-similarity and scaling have been fruitfully applied to the study of price fluctuations in financial markets. After a brief review of the properties of stable Levy distributions and their applications to market data we indicate the shortcomings of such models and describe the truncated Levy flight as an alternative model for price movements. Furthermore, studying the dependence structure of the price increments shows that while their autocorrelation function decreases rapidly to zero, the correlation of their squares and absolute values shows a slow power law decay, indicating persistence in the scale of fluctuations, a property which can be related to the anomalous scaling of the kurtosis. In the last section we review, in the light of these empirical facts, recent attempts to draw analogies between scaling in financial markets and in turbulent flows.


The LEED certification standard for green buildings has gained considerable acceptance since its launch in 2000. However the question as to whether LEED certification provides business benefits has remained largely unanswered, particularly for the hotel industry. On the one hand, many scholars and practitioners claim that organizations pursing LEED certification realize costs savings and increase revenues. On the other hand several scholars have returned results that are inconclusive. This study contributes evidence to this debate by calculating a differential revenue for LEED certified hotels, compared to those that are not certified. This comparison of the performance 93 LEED-certified hotels (representing the population of such hotels in 2012) to that of 514 comparable competitors finds that the certified hotels obtained superior financial performance as compared to their non-certified competitors, for at least the first two years after certification. Unfortunately, most hotels' certification is so recent that there is insufficient data at this time to gauge whether the revenue advantage continues after two years.


The Hangingstone steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operation of Japan Canada Oil Sands Limited (JACOS) is approximately 50 km south-southwest of Fort McMurray in northern Alberta, Canada. JACOS started the operation in 1997 and has produced bitumen since 1999. The oil-sands reservoirs in Hangingstone occur in the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation and are about 300 m in depth. The sedimentary environments are fluvial to upper estuarine channel fill, and the oil-sands reservoirs correspond to vertically stacked incised valley fill with very complex vertical and horizontal distribution.