The overall goal in nematode management is to develop sustainable systems where nematode populations are kept under the economic damage threshold. Conservation tillage and subsidiary crops, applied as cover crops and living mulches, generally improve soil health by increasing soil organic matter content and stimulating soil microbial activity. However, more permanent crop and weed cover associated with subsidiary crops and noninversion tillage, respectively, may benefit plant-parasitic nematodes with broad host spectra such as Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus. These genera are major constraints to many field crops throughout Europe and there is a need to identify effective and reliable management options that can be applied to avoid excessive infestations. The dynamics of the indigenous fauna of plant-parasitic nematodes were studied in eight coordinated multi-environment field experiments (MEEs) under four agro-environmental conditions in Europe (Continental, Nemoral, Atlantic North and Mediterranean North). The MEEs consisted of a 2-year sequence of wheat combined with a living mulch or subsequent cover crops and second main crops maize, potatoes or tomatoes depending on site. Additionally, the effects of inversion tillage using the plough were compared with various forms of conservation tillage (no-tillage, shallow and deep noninversion tillage). Overall, Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus were the most frequent genera across sites while Meloidogyne occurred only in Germany at very low densities. During the wheat–maize sequences in Switzerland, the populations of Pratylenchus increased from 63 to 146 nematodes per 100 mL soil and Helicotylenchus from 233 to 632 nematodes per 100 mL soil. The effects of tillage on plant-parasitic nematodes were generally minor, although no tillage in Italy supported higher densities of Pratylenchus (184 nematodes per 100 mL soil) than inversion tillage (59 nematodes per 100 mL soil). Furthermore, Pratylenchus densities were 160 nematodes per 100 mL soil when leguminous subsidiary crops were grown, 122 nematodes per 100 mL soil in the green fallow and 84 nematodes per 100 mL soil after growing black oat (Avena strigosa) or oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus). The differences were greatest in Italy, in a sandy soil with low organic matter. Application of compost or nitrogen fertiliser had no consistent effects on plant-parasitic nematodes. We conclude that crop rotations including specific subsidiary crops are prominent factors affecting the indigenous nematode community, while tillage and fertiliser are of lower importance.


Decomposing a system into modules or services always has been a hard design problem. With the current trend towards microservices, this issue has become even more relevant and challenging. Domain-driven Design (DDD) with its Bounded Contexts provides one popular technique to decompose a domain into multiple parts. The open source tool Context Mapper, developed in our previous term project, offers a Domain-specific Language (DSL) for the strategic DDD patterns. DSL and supporting tools assist architects in the process of finding service decompositions. Context Mapper has already been used in practice projects, which led to suggestions how to improve the DSL to further increase its usability. Moreover, Context Mapper at present does not offer any transformations or refactoring tools to improve and evolve the DDD models. Finally, our previous work only gives very basic advice on how to implement systems that have been modeled in Context Mapper in a (micro-) service-oriented architectural style.

This work presents a series of Architectural Refactorings (ARs) for strategic DDD models based on corresponding Decoupling Criteria (DC) collected from literature and personal experience. These refactorings allow a software architect to (de-)compose a domain iteratively. Aiming for a broad DC coverage, a set of seven ARs has been implemented. These ARs are realized as code refactorings for the Context Mapper DSL (CML) language and support splitting, extracting and merging Bounded Contexts and/or Aggregates. Therefore, DSL users are able to refactor their CML models within the provided Eclipse plugin. A new service contract generator offers assistance how to implement the DDD models in an (micro-)service-oriented architecture. The resulting contracts are written in the Microservices Domain Specific Language (MDSL), another emerging DSL for specifying service contracts.

The provided DSL with its seven ARs, implemented as model transformations, support evolving DDD-based models in an iterative way. The conducted validation activities support our hypothesis that software architects can benefit from such an approach and tool. Action research has been applied to improve Context Mapper in each iteration of the prototypical implementation. Basic case studies conducted on real world projects in the industry indicated the usefulness and effectiveness of the modeling language. More advanced validation activities still have to be conducted to analyze and demonstrate the practicability of the ARs.


Attitudes toward ecological consumption can trigger environmentally responsible intentions and behaviors. Understanding how ecological messages can influence attitudes is essential to mitigate climate change. This paper analyzes how religious affiliation (or lack of), can influence attitudes toward green advertising and explores the role of religious affiliation in the effectiveness of ecological messages. The findings indicate that religious affiliation has an influence on the degree of effectiveness of each message. So, green communications can be a useful tool to persuade atheists to develop more sustainable attitudes when they are exposed the benefits that can be achieved with green behavior. However, persuasive environmental messages, in general, do not generate major changes of attitude among Catholics. Businesses, NGO s, states, educators and society in general should acknowledge that environmental discourses fostering sustainable behavior. Furthermore, messages depicting the problems of environmental behavior have no repercussion on atheists and little on Catholics.


We consider the problem of learning accurate models from multiple sources of "nearby" data. Given distinct samples from multiple data sources and estimates of the dissimilarities between these sources, we provide a general theory of which samples should be used to learn models for each source. This theory is applicable in a broad decision-theoretic learning framework, and yields results for classification and regression generally, and for density estimation within the exponential family. A key component of our approach is the development of approximate triangle inequalities for expected loss, which may be of independent interest.


Over the last twenty years there have been numerous developments in diagnostic pro- cedures for hierarchical linear models; however, these procedures are not widely imple- mented in statistical software packages, and those packages that do contain a complete framework for model assessment are not open source. The lack of availability of diagnostic procedures for hierarchical linear models has limited their adoption in statistical practice. The R package HLMdiag provides diagnostic tools targeting all aspects and levels of continuous response hierarchical linear models with strictly nested dependence structures fit using the lmer() function in the lme4 package. In this paper we discuss the tools implemented in HLMdiag for both residual and influence analysis.


Economists have long argued that to increase households' welfare, cash transfers are more efficient than commodities subsidies. However, not many studies address the indirect or economy-wide effect of such transfers especially in the context of poverty reduction programs in developing countries. In this paper, a 50 trillion rupiahs worth of cash transfers, roughly doubling the current level of government spending on poverty reduction program is simulated using a Computable General Equilibrium model of the Indonesian economy. The result suggests that such transfers reduce Indonesian GDP especially if domestically financed through increasing value added tax. However, the GDP reduction can be reduced to around half of that when financed by reducing distortionary fuel subsidy. Moreover, a cash transfers financed by reducing fuel subsidy also give the largest reduction in inequality. Various extents of the distribution of the transfers are compared, from giving it to the poorest 10% to distribute it equally to all households. It is found that the benefit of the transfers in terms of reduced poverty and inequality is smaller when we extend the beneficiaries toward the non-poor but its economy-wide cost in terms of the reduced GDP will be smaller. Policy implications are discussed.


Observations of departing Siberian-breeding Red Knots Calidris canutus canutus from their central staging site during northward migration, the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea, Germany, in early June 2008, challenge the established notion that departing long-distance migrating waders only leave around sunset. During four days we scanned several thousand Red Knots for colour-ringed individuals and found a total of 20 different individuals that were previously ringed at either their main wintering site, the Banc d'Arguin in Mauritania, or at stopover sites on the Atlantic coast of France. Body masses of captured Red Knots in Schleswig-Holstein were higher than 200 g and hematocrite values showed an average of 58%, clearly indicating that they were ready for take-off. On all except one evening, we noted impressive departure movements during the incoming tide. On that exceptional evening a cold front thunderstorm passed over the area. Late the next morning, thousands of Red Knots departed during the incoming tide. We assume that the birds avoided taking off in adverse weather conditions and elaborate why Red Knots presumably traded off advantages from departing during twilight. We suggest that during spring migration, schedules are so tight that further delays decrease fitness, either because it would cause another full day of exposure to high predation risk by falcons, or because of conditions upon arrival on the tundra.


We study processing and acquisition of objective information regarding qualities that people care about, intelligence and beauty. Subjects receiving negative feedback did not respect the strength of these signals, were far less predictable in their updating behavior and exhibited an aversion to new information. In response to good news, inference conformed more closely to Bayes' Rule, both in accuracy and precision. Signal direction did not affect updating or acquisition in our neutral control. Unlike past work, our design varied direction and agreement with priors independently. The results indicate that confirmation bias is driven by direction; confirmation alone had no effect. (JEL D82, D83)


Trailblazers in China's information technology sector can teach many important lessons to subsequent entrepreneurial ventures. The article examines the case histories of IBM, Secom, Tontru, and ACBC in China. Careful analysis of the strategies and business models of each company can provide examples of how technology businesses advance in this giant region. IBM's e-business strategy and network computing strength have helped to make it number one in the information technology (IT) industry, and its advanced research capability in areas such as voice recognition of the Chinese language has had a major impact on its image and acceptance in China. Japanese companies such as Secom impress Chinese customers with their top-notch service records, but their lack of innovation in marketing tactics has lead to a gradual erosion of market share by American rivals. Competition from Chinese manufacturers, experts at cloning Western technology, can not be ignored, particularly in the areas of mid- and low-end electronic products. Aid to these home-grown firms comes from the local market, as second-level (provincial) and third-level (county) distribution is solidly controlled by the Chinese companies. The authors suggest that global corporations entering this market study more of the politics and culture of the country, make necessary strategic adjustments, and sped up the localization of personnel.


A decade after the completion of the Human Genome Project, the widespread appeal of personalized genomic medicine's vision and potential virtues for health care remains compelling. Advocates argue that our current medical regime "is in crisis as it is expensive, reactive, inefficient, and focused largely on one size fits all treatments for events of late stage disease." What is revolutionary about this kind of medicine, its advocates maintain, is that it promises to resolve that crisis by simultaneously increasing the ability to be "personalized," "predictive," "preventive," and "participatory." Some call personalized genomic medicine "P4 Medicine," inscribing these cardinal virtues into the movement's name.

All of these putative virtues have interesting implications for the future of health care. In this essay, we are especially interested in the claims that personalized medicine will lead to a more "participatory" or "patient-centered" approach to health care, in which patients are "empowered" to take more personal control over their care. The rhetoric of patient empowerment is nothing new in health care, but personalized medicine is an interesting case study because it portrays empowerment as one of its key virtues and as a mechanism for fixing the health care "crisis."


Thermal diffusion ratios of three components hydrocarbon mixtures have been computed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on model fluids and a theory based on the thermodynamic of irreversible process (IRT). Six different mixtures of methane, n-butane and n-dodecane at T = 333.15 K and P = 35 MPa were investigated. For the MD approach the Lennard-Jones (LJ) as well as the Lennard-Jones chain (LJC) fluid models were employed. Further, for each of these two fluid models three different combination rules were applied, viz., Lorentz-Berthelot (LB), Kong (KG) and Waldmann-Hagler (WH). In the IRT approach, estimation of thermal diffusion was made using the Firoozabadi's theory coupled with the translated Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state. In all cases and for all approaches, methane and n-butane exhibit a migration towards the hot areas whereas n-dodecane migrates towards the cold areas. The results from the MD theory using LJC model and LJ model combined with the LB combining rules, and the IRT principles using PR equation of state had a close agreement for the mixtures studied in this work.


Arnold, Forgan, and Korpela et al. noted that planet-sized artificial structures could be discovered with Kepler as they transit their host star. We present a general discussion of transiting megastructures, and enumerate 10 potential ways their anomalous silhouettes, orbits, and transmission properties would distinguish them from exoplanets. We also enumerate the natural sources of such signatures. Several anomalous objects, such as KIC 12557548 and CoRoT-29, have variability in depth consistent with Arnold's prediction and/or an asymmetric shape consistent with Forgan's model. Since well-motivated physical models have so far provided natural explanations for these signals, the ETI hypothesis is not warranted for these objects, but they still serve as useful examples of how non-standard transit signatures might be identified and interpreted in a SETI context. Boyajian et al. recently announced KIC 8462852, an object with a bizarre light curve consistent with a "swarm" of megastructures. We suggest that this is an outstanding SETI target. We develop the normalized information content statistic M to quantify the information content in a signal embedded in a discrete series of bounded measurements, such as variable transit depths, and show that it can be used to distinguish among constant sources, interstellar beacons, and naturally stochastic or artificial, information-rich signals. We apply this formalism to KIC 12557548 and a specific form of beacon suggested by Arnold to illustrate its utility.


Currently, investment on SMEs in Abuja, Nigeria trailed behind that of many African cities. This study investigated the effect of investment climate on entrepreneurial growth in Abuja, Nigeria. The study focused specifically on the small and medium scale entrepreneurs within the six area councils in Abuja. The study adopted the survey method, involving the use of questionnaires as the major method for the generation of data. The data collected were analysed using regression as a statistical technique. The findings of the study revealed that government financial policy, such as interest rate significantly affects entrepreneurial growth in Abuja. Similarly, inadequate infrastructures were also observed to have significantly hindered entrepreneurial growth. The empirical findings led to the recommendation that for Nigeria"s investment climate to be favourable for entrepreneurs, financial policy and infrastructures development must be made conducive for local and foreign investors.


Recent monetary search and Calvo-type models predict that the relationship between inflation and price dispersion is U-shaped, implying an optimal rate of inflation above zero. Moreover, monetary search models emphasize a critical dependence of the real effects of inflation on sellers' market power, whereas Calvotype models suggest that the degree of price rigidity significantly affects the inflation - price dispersion nexus. Using a new set of highly disaggregated sectoral price data from a panel of European countries, this paper contributes to the literature by testing the empirical relevance of these two theoretical predictions. In line with monetary search theory, a U-shaped profile is found, provided that markups are sufficiently high, but the relationship breaks down under a more competitive environment. Contrarily, no evidence is found to support the contentions of Calvo-type models: U-shaped effects of inflation occur in product sectors with sticky as well as highly flexible prices.


Epidemiological studies from different populations have reported significant association between different anthropometric indicators and hypertension in obese adults but few data are available for the non obese adults of this study population. This study assessed the association between adiposity measures and hypertension risk and analyzed various anthropometric indices (body mass index (BMI), waist-height ratio, waist-hip ratio, waist and hip circumferences) as predictors of hypertension among non obese adults of Samaru, a suburb of Zaria in Kaduna state, Nigeria. The study protocol was duly approved by the Ethical committee of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria. This cross sectional study examined a total of 174 non obese adults, 35 to 70 years of age (male, 91; female, 83) who were randomly selected for the study. All subjects were normotensive, non obese and refrained from taking any medications known to influence energy regulation. Normal-weight BMI was defined as a range of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m 2 and overweight BMI ≤ 27 kg/m 2 was considered in the study. Descriptive statistics, partial correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between anthropometric measurements and blood pressure parameters, after controlling for age. Results showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) relationships between the systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic blood pressure (BP) as well as mean arterial blood pressure (BP) and the indices of adiposity in male (waist circumference, BMI and waist-height ratio) than in female (waist-height ratio) group. Waist-height ratio was the most important and consistent index of adiposity that associated with the hypertensive risk in both male and female non obese adult groups, particularly with systolic BP. It then means that a decrease in intra-abdominal fat could reduce blood pressure and should be a target in the management of hypertension.


*The EU is on track to meet the 2020 targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction and renewable energy. However, climate policies have not been the main drivers of emission reductions but the economic crisis.
*The price signal of the EU ETS is not in line with the expected role of the scheme in the transition to a low-carbon economy. However, it is the only relevant interregional instrument in the
world to reduce CO2 emissions.
*Energy efficiency polices are far from meeting their 2020 targets.
*The current instrument mix has been successful in increasing the share of renewables. However, renewables support schemes have generally generated very high abatement costs in the short term.
*The cost-effectiveness of the current instrument mix is low. The policy mix has not succeeded in generating a uniform carbon price across sectors and emitters.
*The feasibility of deeper emission reductions will depend crucially on the public acceptance and design of more stringent climate policies.


AIM
To evaluate if anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a reliable marker of ovarian reserve in young women undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation.

PATIENTS & METHODS
Relationships of serum AMH levels with primordial follicle density, age and reproductive hormones were investigated using the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient in 86 women with cancer (12-38 years) undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation. AMH variations through the menstrual cycle were assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. p < 0.05 was accepted as significant.

RESULTS
AMH positively correlated with primordial follicle density (p = 0.03), showed great interindividual variability at all ages and negatively correlated with estradiol (p = 0.007) in the early follicular phase. AMH did not vary across the menstrual cycle (p = 0.415).

CONCLUSION
AMH appears a valid ovarian reserve marker in young cancer women.


End sequences from bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) provide highly specific sequence markers in large-scale sequencing projects. To date, we have generated >300,000 end sequences from >186,000 human BAC clones with an average read length of >460 bp for a total of 141 Mb covering approximately 4.7% of the genome. Over 60% of the clones have BAC end sequences (BESs) from both ends representing more than fivefold coverage of the human genome by the paired-end clones. Our quality assessments and sequence analyses indicate that BESs from human BAC libraries developed at The California Institute of Technology (CalTech) and Roswell Park Cancer Institute have similar properties. The analyses have highlighted differences in insert size for different segments of the CalTech library. Problems with the fidelity of tracking of sequence data back to physical clones have been observed in some subsets of the overall BES dataset. The annotation results of BESs for the contents of available genomic sequences, sequence tagged sites, expressed sequence tags, protein encoding regions, and repeats indicate that this resource will be valuable in many areas of genome research.


The maxim goes: you can fetch the horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. In the ESL classroom, teachers can provide all the necessary circumstances and input, but learning will only materialize if learners are motivated to share the responsibility for the outcome. In other words, motivation is the prerequisite for learning. The fuller appreciation of the importance of motivation in language learning gives rise to a number of questions concerning the way in which content should be presented for learning. Numerous explorations in ESL methodology have suggested that motivating students through games sustain interests and encourage meaningful practice of
language (Hansen, 1994). Within this context, this action research project explored the possibility of teaching vocabulary through games in two classes comprising learners enrolled in the Preparatory English Course (PEC) in Mara University of Technology with the primary aim of developing vocabulary knowledge in the direction of increasing reading proficiency. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, unstructured interviews and a questionnaire were used. As a means of measuring proficiency, learners' performance in a vocabulary test was analysed. Overall, the informal talks with the students revealed learners' increased awareness of new vocabulary without being aware they were learning and the conscious employment of vocabulary strategies. Correspondingly,
students showed a significant improvement in motivation to carry out vocabulary related tasks. Implications of the findings for vocabulary development and reading skills enhancement in a language classroom were considered.


In this paper, we present an instruction set coprocessor architecture for lattice-based cryptography and implement the module lattice-based post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) Saber as a case study. To achieve fast computation time, the architecture is fully implemented in hardware, including CCA transformations. Since polynomial multiplication plays a performance-critical role in the module and ideal lattice-based public-key cryptography, a parallel polynomial multiplier architecture is proposed that overcomes memory access bottlenecks and results in a highly parallel yet simple and easy-to-scale design. Such multipliers can compute a full multiplication in 256 cycles, but are designed to target any area/performance trade-offs. Besides optimizing polynomial multiplication, we make important design decisions and perform architectural optimizations to reduce the overall cycle counts as well as improve resource utilization. For the module dimension 3 (security comparable to AES-192), the coprocessor computes CCA key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation in only 5,453, 6,618 and 8,034 cycles respectively, making it the fastest hardware implementation of Saber to our knowledge. On a Xilinx UltraScale+ XCZU9EG-2FFVB1156 FPGA, the entire instruction set coprocessor architecture runs at 250 MHz clock frequency and consumes 23,686 LUTs, 9,805 FFs, and 2 BRAM tiles (including 5,113 LUTs and 3,068 FFs for the Keccak core).


IP telephony is convenient way of communication and brings number of benefits. One of them is the fact that many services can be implemented in a original way and it opens new field of research and is a challenge for designers of communication solutions especially based on open-source platform. This article describes proposal and advanced implementation of IP telephony which have been arisen in Czech academical environment, concretely in a group of IP telephony acting under Czech Education and Scientific Network association. Author is a senior researcher in this group and he decided to describe the most considerable voice over IP implementations at Czech universities and share knowledge with other experts interesting in IP telephony.


This thesis describes an architecture supporting the management of pluggable software components and evaluates it against the requirement for an enterprise integration platform for the manufacturing and petrochemical industries. In a distributed environment, we need mechanisms to manage objects and their interactions. At the least, we must be able to create objects in different processes on different nodes; we must be able to link them together so that they can pass messages to each other across the network; and we must deliver their messages in a timely and reliable manner. Object based environments which support these services already exist, for example ANSAware(ANSA, 1989), DEC's Objectbroker(ACA,1992), Iona's Orbix(Orbix,1994)Yet such environments provide limited support for composing applications from pluggable components. Pluggability is the ability to install and configure a component into an environment dynamically when the component is used, without specifying static dependencies between components when they are produced. Pluggability is supported to a degree by dynamic binding. Components may be programmed to import references to other components and to explore their interfaces at runtime, without using static type dependencies. Yet thus overloads the component with the responsibility to explore bindings. What is still generally missing is an efficient general-purpose binding model for managing bindings between independently produced components. In addition, existing environments provide no clear strategy for dealing with fine grained objects. The overhead of runtime binding and remote messaging will severely reduce performance where there are a lot of objects with complex patterns of interaction. We need an adaptive approach to managing configurations of pluggable components according to the needs and constraints of the environment. Management is made difficult by embedding bindings in component implementations and by relying on strong typing as the only means of verifying and validating bindings. To solve these problems we have built a set of configuration tools on top of an existing distributed support environment. Specification tools facilitate the construction of independent pluggable components. Visual composition tools facilitate the configuration of components into applications and the verification of composite behaviours. A configuration model is constructed which maintains the environmental state. Adaptive management is made possible by changing the management policy according to this state. Such policy changes affect the location of objects, their bindings, and the choice of messaging system.


The visiting artist researcher experiment discussed here brought together visual artists and climate scientists, amongst them my research group which studies storms. The artists' stay led to a dialogue between our diverging perspectives and an open exchange of ideas. The exchange in my research group was more interactive than I had expected. Many conversations provided insights into ideas and work flows of the artists and, eventually, a new view on our storm studies. Abstract


ABSTRACT Cannabis legalization threatens to undermine clean indoor air norms. We investigated the prevalence and nature of tobacco and cannabis use rules in Airbnb venues in Denver, Colorado, where recreational cannabis was legalized in 2014. The study used publicly available Inside Airbnb data for all Denver listings (N = 4,511) collected on 06/29/2019. We analyzed reported tobacco smoking and cannabis use house rules. Tobacco smoking with or without conditions was allowed in 9.7% of venues. Of all venues, 23.7% included details about cannabis use. Of these, 75.9% allowed cannabis use without or with conditions. Of the venues that allowed cannabis use, 30.5% also allowed tobacco smoking. Of the venues that did not allow cannabis use, 0.4% allowed tobacco smoking. Additional multilevel regression models revealed that venues in higher income neighborhoods were less likely to allow cannabis and tobacco use. A substantial number of Airbnb listings in Denver, Colorado permit cannabis use and venues permitting cannabis use may be more likely to also permit tobacco smoking. Findings support the idea that cannabis legalization threatens clean indoor air norms. Airbnb should consider including cannabis use in house rules in jurisdictions that have legalized cannabis to help guests identify spaces with clean air.


Handling Sin. Confession in the Middle Ages. Edited by Peter Biller and A. J. Minnis. [York Studies in Medieval Theology, Volume II.] (Rochester, New York: York Medieval Press in association with the Boydell Press. 1998. Pp. x, 219. $60.00.) This is a volume of six papers from a conference held at the University of York in March, 1996, with a solicited contribution by Rob Meens; extracts from a fourteenth-century treatise on penance edited and translated by Michael Haren; and John Baldwin's Annual Quodlibet Lecture of June, 1996. Readers already familiar with the scholarship on confession in medieval thought and life will find these essays substantial and illuminating. The unfamiliar will benefit even more because the contributors generally clarify the scholarly contexts in which their research should be placed so that the reader can easily be brought up to speed and readied to enjoy these explorations of the medieval institution, its theory, and its diverse practitioners. The focus extends from the early Middle Ages to the fourteenth century, but it should arouse the interest of historians who work in later periods as well. The authors share the admirable intention of going beyond normative texts and descriptions of moral and institutional systems to reconstruct the "lived religion" of the laity. In different ways and with differing strategies and ambitions each author succeeds. Peter Biller begins this search with a useful introduction summarizing the dominant issues and scholarly opinion on the subject. The difficult search for practice in the early period is the task of Rob Meens's "The Frequency and Nature of Early Medieval Penance--a meticulous examination of manuscripts of penitentials and an important discussion of their audience and significance that I shall return to below. The rest of the essays concern the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Alexander Murray's "Counselling in Medieval Confession" examines the meeting of clergy and laity in a confrontation he finds distinctive: it is individual, secret, and unscripted, and therefore it is at once most open to interaction and innovation and least open to the historian's scrutiny. Displaying a finesse one associates with the author, Murray argues that confessors were learning, from experience, to listen and to counsel. Worrying (rightly, in my opinion) about a too easy generalization from Reformation evidence about a discourse of power leading to discontent, Murray emphasizes a language and experience characterized by "consilium." Jacqueline Murray's "Gendered Souls and Sexed Bodies: The Male Construction of Female Sexuality in Some [fifteen] Medieval Confessors' Manuals" is a prolonged indictment of male authorities' representation of women as sexual, passive, polluting, dangerous, and nothing more than "sexed bodies" with inferior souls. Murray's selectivity is not in itself objectionable (I do not think we must always conform to the medieval meanings of words like "social" or "sex"). But her perspective is too presentist to satisfy, and I found myself disagreeing with an inference, insinuation, or conclusion too often to record here. Still, Jacqueline Murray, is, like the rest, looking for religion in life, and sometimes finding it. Nothing could be farther from this in tone and perspective than Lesley Smith's "William of Auvergne and Confession." It is a discursive appreciation of William's discursive writings on penance and confession-with particular attention to the thirteenth-century theologian's richness of language and imagination, his representation of human and divine psychology, the intricacies of moral cases, the theology of forgiveness, and the prudent conduct of confession. Who was William's audience? Smith excludes clerics and simple laymen and women and opts for a learned laity-exemplified in William's friend, Louis IX, and the king's formidable mother, for whom William acted as confessor. Smith thinks they both would probably have found the book "a good read" and adds: "As for William, no doubt confessing Blanche gave him a rich sense of life as she is lived! …


The purpose of the present research was to determine the extent to which Personality Traits and Socioeconomic status in Pakistani scenario can predict Marital Adjustment with special reference to working women. After detailed literature review it was hypothesized that the personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness and Conscientiousness would be positively related to Marital Adjustment whereas Neuroticism would be negatively related to Marital Adjustment. Further it was hypothesized that Marital Adjustment would be more among working women of high Socioeconomic status as compared to working women of low and middle Socioeconomic status. Sample of the present research consisted of 150 married working women divided into three groups of subjects each consisting of fifty women. These groups comprised of low, middle and high socioeconomic classes. Neo Five Factor Inventory was administered in order to measure the level of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness in the married women. Moreover Dyadic Adjustment Scale was administered in order to measure Marital Adjustment of the entire sample. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was computed to assess patterns of relationships among variables. The correlations were calculated between various personality traits and marital adjustment. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to compare the difference in the level of Marital Adjustment of working women belonging to low, middle and high socioeconomic status.The results showed significant positive relationships between the variable of Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness with Marital Adjustment. Neuroticism was significantly negatively related to Marital Adjustment whereas Openness had an insignificant relationship with Marital Adjustment. Moreover the difference between the Marital Adjustment of the three socioeconomic groups is not significant. Avenues for further research have also been suggested.


This paper examines some aspects of current debates about what the XXI century's University represents in the context of the globalized society, with particular emphasis on the concepts, perspectives and trends that occur worldwide. higher education is facing the changing society's pressing needs, hence the need for continuous adaptation by adopting evernew methods to cope with the irreversible process of internationalization and globalization. higher education plays a major role in the transition from an industrial to a knowledge-based society. This research literature aims to study the globalization-university relationship, the higher education's transnationalization through internationalization, as seen by the researchers in the field.


We analyze the charge diffusion and conductivity in a Dp/Dq holographic setup that is dual to a supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in p+1 dimensions with Nf << Nc flavor degrees of freedom at finite temperature and nonvanishing U(1) baryon number chemical potential. We provide a new derivation of the results that generalize the membrane paradigm to the present context. We perform a numerical analysis in the particular case of the D3/D7 flavor system. The results obtained support the validity of the Einstein relation at finite chemical potential.


Honey bee colonies are subject to numerous pathogens and parasites. Interaction among multiple pathogens and parasites is the proposed cause for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a syndrome characterized by worker bees abandoning their hive. Here we provide the first documentation that the phorid fly Apocephalus borealis, previously known to parasitize bumble bees, also infects and eventually kills honey bees and may pose an emerging threat to North American apiculture. Parasitized honey bees show hive abandonment behavior, leaving their hives at night and dying shortly thereafter. On average, seven days later up to 13 phorid larvae emerge from each dead bee and pupate away from the bee. Using DNA barcoding, we confirmed that phorids that emerged from honey bees and bumble bees were the same species. Microarray analyses of honey bees from infected hives revealed that these bees are often infected with deformed wing virus and Nosema ceranae. Larvae and adult phorids also tested positive for these pathogens, implicating the fly as a potential vector or reservoir of these honey bee pathogens. Phorid parasitism may affect hive viability since 77% of sites sampled in the San Francisco Bay Area were infected by the fly and microarray analyses detected phorids in commercial hives in South Dakota and California's Central Valley. Understanding details of phorid infection may shed light on similar hive abandonment behaviors seen in CCD.


The aim of the present article is to summarize current knowledge in terms of the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis and surgical treatment of gingival recession. Whilst the main etiological factors (i.e. toothbrushing trauma and bacterial plaque) are well established, challenges still remain to be solved in the diagnostic, prognostic and classification processes of gingival recession, especially when the main reference parameter - the cemento-enamel junction - is no longer detectable on the affected tooth or when there is a slight loss of periodontal interdental attachment. Root coverage in single type gingival recession defects is a very predictable outcome following the use of various surgical techniques. The coronally advanced flap, with or without connective tissue grafting, is the technique of choice. The adjunctive use of connective tissue grafts improves the probability of achieving complete root coverage. Surgical coverage of multiple gingival recessions is also predictable with the coronally advanced flap and the coronally advanced flap plus the connective tissue graft, but no data are available indicating which, and how many, gingival recessions should be treated adjunctively with connective tissue grafting in order to limit patient morbidity and improve the esthetic outcome. None of the allograft materials currently available can be considered as a full substitute for the connective tissue graft, even if some recent results are encouraging. The need for future studies with patient-based outcomes (i.e. esthetics and morbidity) as primary objectives is emphasized in this review.


Chylomicrons labeled in vivo with 14C-oleic acid (primarily in triglycerides, providing a tracer for lipolysis) and 3H-retinol (primarily in ester form, providing a tracer for the core lipids) were injected into rats. Radioactivity in tissues was followed at a series of times up to 40 min and the data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. For heart-like tissues it was necessary to allow the chylomicrons to enter into a compartment where lipolysis is rapid and then transfer to a second compartment where lipolysis is slower. The particles remained in these compartments for minutes and when they returned to blood they had reduced affinity for binding in the tissue. In contrast, the data for liver could readily be fitted with a single compartment for native and lipolyzed chylomicrons in blood, and there was no need for a pathway back to blood. A composite model was built from the individual tissue models. This whole-body model could simultaneously fit all data for both fed and fasted rats and allowed estimation of fluxes and residence times in the four compartments; native and lipolyzed chylomicrons ("remnants") in blood, and particles in the tissue compartments where lipolysis is rapid and slow, respectively.


This book explores the religious dimension in intercultural education and states that religion plays a key role in value conflicts and worldview differences in schools in pluralistic societies. Religion is considered having a double role, both as the reason for deep differences in mental mapping and worldviews and as a contributor to intercultural understanding and dialogue. The book discusses the role religion has in education both at an institutional level, in the whole school society, and in Religious Education as a specific school subject. Underlying Western worldviews in subject curricula and subject didactics need to be revealed and contested to increase the benefit of education for all students. It argues for the need of a contextual understanding to help teaching and learning address religious diversity in schools.


Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We found that female apoE4 knock-in (KI) mice had an age-dependent decrease in hilar GABAergic interneurons that correlated with the extent of learning and memory deficits, as determined in the Morris water maze, in aged mice. Treating apoE4-KI mice with daily peritoneal injections of the GABAA receptor potentiator pentobarbital at 20 mg/kg for 4 weeks rescued the learning and memory deficits. In neurotoxic apoE4 fragment transgenic mice, hilar GABAergic interneuron loss was even more pronounced and also correlated with the extent of learning and memory deficits. Neurodegeneration and tauopathy occurred earliest in hilar interneurons in apoE4 fragment transgenic mice; eliminating endogenous Tau prevented hilar GABAergic interneuron loss and the learning and memory deficits. The GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin abolished this rescue, while pentobarbital rescued learning deficits in the presence of endogenous Tau. Thus, apoE4 causes age- and Tau-dependent impairment of hilar GABAergic interneurons, leading to learning and memory deficits in mice. Consequently, reducing Tau and enhancing GABA signaling are potential strategies to treat or prevent apoE4-related Alzheimer's disease.


Despite the recent achievements in machine learning, we are still very far from achieving real artificial intelligence. In this paper, we discuss the limitations of standard deep learning approaches and show that some of these limitations can be overcome by learning how to grow the complexity of a model in a structured way. Specifically, we study the simplest sequence prediction problems that are beyond the scope of what is learnable with standard recurrent networks, algorithmically generated sequences which can only be learned by models which have the capacity to count and to memorize sequences. We show that some basic algorithms can be learned from sequential data using a recurrent network associated with a trainable memory.


This thesis will address two questions: Does philosophy contribute to the 'public understanding of science' (PUoS), and if so, how?
The popular public image of science is one of methodology. Science is a means for making true statements about the world, where we compare hypothesis with observation against the evidence. This then allows for a body of knowledge that guides further advancements and progress. Philosophy, however, seems to be antithetical to this. A popular notion is that philosophy is either what science was, or it deals with objects and ideas so intangible, that they have no real effect in the world. Either it is an outmoded way of doing science, or it is the preserve of armchair academics. In both cases the average person would be forgiven for thinking it had no relevance to them, and especially their ability to understand science. This thesis will look to challenge this relationship. Using hermeneutics, discourse-textual analysis and deconstruction, I present two interpretations of science and philosophy. These two interpretations I will call the 'methodological' and 'historical' approach. The 'methodological' approach is to understand science as a collection of principles or rules that, if followed, will produce true statements about the world. An example of such a principle that intersected both philosophy and science is 'falsification' as understood through the 'problem of demarcation' (PoD). The irrelevance of philosophy to science is fortified by the constant failure to produce fixed rules for what makes one thing scientific and another not. The 'historical' approach is to understand the actions of scientists as historical events. So rather than ask 'what is science?' we might ask, 'what does it mean to act scientifically?' I will argue philosophy can be of use in overcoming the antagonism between understanding a methodological question historically and a historical question methodologically.
Firstly, I give an uncontroversial reading of the PoD, as argued by Karl Popper, who represents the 'methodological' view and oppose this to the 'historical' approach of Paul Feyerabend. Due to the dominance of the interpretation of science as a methodology, I argue that historical critiques, like Feyerabend's, become nonsensical when understood as methodological substitutes. This is what I call the 'received view'of what both Popper and Feyerabend had to say on science. Here, Popper fails to solve the PoD and Feyerabend appears to deny the method, objectivity or rationality of science. Next, using ideas inspired by Heidegger, I reverse those roles by presenting a 'methodological' and 'historical' reading of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn. I develop two types of language, which I call 'about' and 'of' language that map on to the methodological and historical distinctions. Using this method I construct two contradictory readings of the text, but unlike the Popper-Feyerabend antagonism, we see how the historical approach is the more fertile interpretation. One version, which I call the 'strong' reading, has Kuhn as a relativist, irrationalist or anti-science, which is important if this is the 'received view' of Kuhn. This reading carries political weight with 'interest groups' who may wish to undermine the epistemic authority of science. That same reading can be used to discredit Kuhn/ philosophy of science, and by extension philosophy as a worthwhile instrument for understanding science. The other version, which I call the 'weak' reading, has Kuhn as a supporter and defender of science, but it also resolves old philosophical disputes by framing the problem in a different way. This will not only problematize any notion of a dominant interpretation, but it gives good grounds why one cannot be relativist or irrationalist about 'truth'. Thus it defends the epistemic authority of science, and also gives philosophy a valuable role in public thinking about science.


The pH, δ 13 C of total dissolved carbon and HCO 3 − , Ca 2+ , Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ contents in spring waters were investigated. Changes of these values were recorded for 8 months of 1982 and 1983. The changes were irregular and larger in winter and early spring, than in autumn and late spring. These changes and a longterm trend observed in October and November are discussed in terms of models of Deines et al . (1974) and the theory of mixing of waters (Wigley and Plummer 1976).


Purpose: Assessment of the scale of impact of behavioural factors on the level of burden placed the EU economies with consequences of the so-called chronic conditions in the context of limitation to a potential productivity of human resources and identification of convergence processes taking place in this area. Design/Methodology/Approach: The scale of impact of behavioural factors on the level of limitations to the health of labour force of the EU countries was measured with a number of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) for people of working age due to chronic conditions. Verification of the hypothesis on a persistent high level of dispersion was based on the analysis of the convergence process in a group of the EU states (β and σ) in the years 1997-2017. Findings: The obtained results indicate that the level of health limitations determined by behavioural factors is subject to strong diversification in the EU-28 group. The observed inequalities concern particularly the Old-New Europe relation, indicating a great burden with health consequences of citizens from Central and Eastern European countries. The conducted assessment of the convergence process in the EU-28 group has indicated that despite the implemented cohesion policy in that area, a high level of dispersion of the studied phenomenon is still maintained. Practical Implications: The obtained results of an assessment of the convergence process among the EU countries in the area of health inequalities constitute a real basis for the design of measures within the scope of rational cohesion policy and estimation of economic costs of the phenomenon of a limited productivity of human resources. Originality/Value: The presented analysis results constitute the author's original contribution to the discussion on the scale, reasons, as well as social and economic inequalities in health observed in the context of Old Europe and New Europe.


Objectives: To explore the association between short sleep duration, obesity and the role of appetiterelated hormones in 10 to 15 years old children. Design: An observational study was conducted from January 2003 to June 2010, with epidemiological survey, anthropometry, and laboratory tests. One-way logistic and linear logistic methods were used for data analysis. Participants: A total of 311 obese children aged from 10 to 15 years and 300 healthy children with normal body mass index at the equivalent ages. Measurements and Results: Life styles of all participants were surveyed by questionnaires. Fasting serum samples were collected for detection of leptin, ghrelin and orexin from 114 obese and 49 healthy children randomly selected from the patient pool. Sleep duration of obese children, usually less than 9 hours, was 1 hour shorter than that of the healthy controls (P<0.05). Compared to the children sleeping less than 8 hours, the odd ratio for susceptibility to obesity was 0.015 (95% confidence interval: 0.005-0.051) for those sleeping more than 10 hours. Linear regression revealed that shorter sleep was associated with higher serum leptin, ghrelin, and orexin levels. If children's sleep time was deprived by one hour, the level of leptin, ghrelin and orexin will increase 7.894 ng/ml, 21.716 ng/ml, and 2.409 ng/ml respectively (P<0.01). Conclusions: Children at the age of 10 to 15 years have short sleep in common and those who do not sleep sufficiently are susceptible to obesity. Serum leptin, ghrelin, and orexin levels in children were elevated when they sleep less and consequently this increased the risk of obesity.


: Traditional service channel is losing its edge due to emerging service technology. To establish interaction with the clients, the service industry is using effective mechanism to give clients direct access to services with emerging technologies. Thus, as service science receives attention, special and unique consumption pattern evolves; henceforth, leading to new market mechanism and influencing attitudes toward life and consumption patterns. The market demand for customized services is thus valued due to the emphasis of personal value, and is gradually changing the demand and supply relationship in the traditional industry. In respect of interior design service, in the process of traditional interior design, a designer converts to a concrete form the concept generated from the ideas and needs dictated by a user (client), by using his/her professional knowledge and drawing tool. The final product is generated through iterations of communication and modification, which is a very time-consuming process. Although this process has been accelerated with the help of computer graphics software today, repeated discussions and confirmations with users are still required to complete the task. In consideration of what is addressed above a space user's life model is analyzed with visualization technique to create an interaction system modeled after interior design knowledge. The space user document intuitively personal life experience in a model requirement chart, allowing a researcher to analyze interrelation between analysis documents, identify the logic and the substance of data conversion. The repeated data which is documented are then transformed into design information for reuse and sharing. A professional interior designer may sort out the correlation among user's preference, life pattern and design specification, thus deciding the critical design elements in the process of service design.


George is thrilled to get a thank-you card in the mail from his friend Betsy. It makes him want to send thank-you cards to everyone he knows. Who can he thank? George tries to remember all the people who have been nice to him, but tracking them down to deliver his homemade cards soon becomes a challenge. Now published for the first time as a stand-alone title, this light-hearted lesson in good manners includes two perforated Curious George thank-you cards for personalizing. For more monkey fun, investigate website and discover all the latest on Curious George, books, promotions, games, activities, and more!


The paper examines the changing relations between the U.S. and Russia since the end of the twentieth century, shaped by the experience of NATO's war with Federal Republic of Yugoslavia over Kosovo. The first decade after the termination of the Cold War brought about the American 'unipolar moment', and with it the attempt of Russian political elites to approach the unipole and find a sustainable modus vivendi with it: the relationship between Yeltsin and Clinton administrations is a vivid example of such endeavors. At the same time, policies such as NATO expansion induced suspicion on the Russian side with regard to the possibilities of achieving an understanding and allowing Russia to become a legitimate part of European security architecture. When, in March of 1999, NATO began with the attacks against FRY (a country perceived as traditionally friendly towards Russia) without the consent of the United Nations Security Council, a long shadow was cast over the prospects of a Russian – American rapprochement. All subsequent episodes of cooperation and competition between Russia and the U.S. have been observed through the lens shaped by the Kosovo war. Drawing from contemporary Russian and western academic literature and memoir materials (Primakov, Guskova, Narochnitska, Baranovsky, Tsygankov, Sushenkov; Wohlforth, Walt, Clarke, Hill, Galen Carpenter et al.) and building upon the traditional realist concepts of great power competition and balancing, the author assesses the development of U.S.-Russian security relations in the context the Kosovo war experience. It is argued that, in addition to being an attack against a country perceived as a traditional Russian friend or protégé, NATO bombing of FRY in 1999 posed a major concern to Russia because it was a signal that the alliance was ready to change its strategic posture and engage in out-of-area operations.


Privately built satellite cities are becoming an increasingly common form of urban development in peri-urban areas of Southeast Asian cities. However, while they are beginning to receive academic attention, the majority of
studies focus on design and planning issues and have a limited capacity to fully explain how satellite cities are produced. In this thesis, I investigate the production of satellite cities in Phnom Penh drawing upon recent theoretical advances that critically consider the relational and territorial geographies of urban development. The satellite cities in Phnom Penh are driven by the mobility of urban development capital, concepts and expertise that are predominately intra-Asian in scope. In examining these intra-Asian connections I avoid casting satellite cities as universal, Western urban forms
and contribute to debates that problematise the Western-centrism of urban knowledge production.

In the late 1990s, Cambodia emerged from several decades of
conflict and communism to become more integrated into the regional and global economy. This political and economic transition led to rapid changes in the urban landscape, including the construction of satellite cities. Drawing
upon interviews with key informants, I suggest that satellite cities are not simply a result of the government's incapacity to provide infrastructure and
plan for urbanisation, but the state also has an essential role in allowing land acquisitions and encouraging inflows of foreign investment. I examine in detail two satellite cities, one developed by a South Korean and other by an
Indonesian company, and suggest that the South Korean company's activities are underlined by the close relationship between their home country and Cambodia, as well as the supportive role of the South Korean
developmental state. In contrast, the Indonesian company pioneered the 'satellite city' concept in Indonesia and is now exporting the concept to other Asian countries. A critical examination of the intra-Asian geographies
of satellite city production opens up the possibility of viewing Southeast Asian cities on their own terms without relying solely on Western theory.


This article argues that there is substantial optimism to be found in the way that the challenges of rural resource management in Africa are currently understood and responded to that was not evident at the time of the Rio conference. It is suggested that the source of the optimism lies in the multi-disciplinary research of the last decade. This has changed quite fundamentally the ways in which society-environment relationships in Africa are understood with significant development of common policies. The first section of the article reviews aspects of research that has challenged the 'Africa in environmental crisis' scenarios, which has exposed the adaptive capabilities of African farmers and herders in natural resource management and is promoting an understanding of environmental change based on non-equilibrium dynamics. In short, these changes have opened up policy opportunities based on communities as agents for conservation rather than inevitable despoilers of natural resources.
Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Africa encompasses a variety of experiences on the ground and the activities of diverse agencies in relation to a range of resources. The article details a number of directions within the same areas of social and ecological science reviewed earlier that are shaping improvements in CBNRM. Communities(and ecologies) are now understood as internally differentiated and dynamic; research is identifying also the external social, physical and institutional environments that influence the operation of local institutions operating at the local level. Through these directions it is demonstrated that the challenge for sustainable resource management in Africa cannot lie solely with local communities.


During the past two decades the chain of three links organizational strategy – human resources practices – organizational performance has been deeply analysed. However, the mediator role of organizational structure in the first link of this chain remains relatively uninvestigated. In this article we analyse a model of relationships among organizational strategy, organizational structure, human resources practices, and organizational performance. Through a structural equation methodology applied to a sample of 183 Spanish companies, we will try to confirm that organizations with differentiation strategies are more likely to implement high involvement work practices. As a novelty we will introduce organizational structure as a mediator of this relationship. For that we will use the construct control mechanisms (centralization, formalization and socialization). Further, we will analyse the effect on firm performance of these proposed relationships among differentiation strategy, control mechanisms and high involvement work practices.


The chemopreventive action of 40 and 80% maximum tolerated dose (MTD) levels of piroxicam, n,i -a-difluoromethylornithine (DMFO), 16a-fluoro-5-androsten-17-one(DHEA analogue 8354), and ellagic acid (EA) administered in diet individually and in combination before and during initiation and postinitiation phases of azoxymethane-induced neo plasia of the intestine was studied in male F344 rats. The MTD levels of piroxicam, DFMO, DHEA analogue, and EA were determined in male F344 rats and found to be 500, 5,000, 500, and 10,000 ppm, respectively, in modified AIN-76A diet. When these agents were fed in combination, the MTD levels were: piroxicam plus DEMO, 250 and 2500 ppm; piroxicam plus DHEA analogue, 250 and 250 ppm; piroxicam plus EA, 250 and 5000 ppm; piroxicam plus DEMO plus DHEA analogue, 250, 2500, and 250 ppm; and piroxicam plus DFMO plus EA, 250, 2500, and 5000 ppm. From these MTD values, 40 and 80% MTD levels were calculated and tested for their efficacy. At 5 weeks of age, animals were fed the modified AIN-76A (control) diet and experimental diets contain ing 40 and 80% MTD levels of piroxicam, DEMO, DHEA analogue, and EA individually and in combination. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except the vehicle-treated groups were administrated s.c. injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body weight/week for 2 weeks). Animals in tended for vehicle treatment received s.c. injections of an equal volume of normal saline. Fifty-two weeks after azoxymethane and saline treat ment all the animals were necropsied, and colon and small intestinal tumor incidence (percentage of animals with tumors) and multiplicity (tumors/animal) were compared among various dietary groups. The re sults indicate that 40 and 80% MTD levels of dietary piroxicam and DEMO significantly (/' < 0.001) inhibited colon and small intestinal tumor incidence and multiplicity. DHEA analogue at 40% MTD level significantly decreased the small intestinal and colon tumor incidences ( /' < 0.05), whereas 80% MTD of DHEA analogue inhibited only small intestinal tumor incidence. EA at 40 and 80% MTDs had no significant effect on colon tumor incidence (P > 0.05), but 80% MTD of EA showed a significant inhibitory effect on the incidence of small intestinal adenocarcinomas (P < 0.01). In the combination study, 40 and 80% MTD levels of piroxicam plus DFMO significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited colon adenocarcinoma incidence (8.3%) and multiplicity (0.08 ±0.04) (SE) when compared to colon adenocarcinoma incidence (72.2%) and multi plicity (1.14 ± 0.18) in control diet-fed animals. These results also demonstrate that low levels of piroxicam and DFMO administered together possess an effective chemopreventive action. Administration of DHEA analogue or EA in combination with piroxicam and DEMO had no additional effect on colon and small intestinal tumorigenesis.


We show that several striking differences in memory performance between recognition and recall tasks are explained by an ecological bias endemic in classic memory experiments - that such experiments universally involve more stimuli than retrieval cues. We show that while it is sensible to think of recall as simply retrieving items when probed with a cue - typically the item list itself - it is better to think of recognition as retrieving cues when probed with items. To test this theory, by manipulating the number of items and cues in a memory experiment, we show a crossover effect in memory performance within subjects such that recognition performance is superior to recall performance when the number of items is greater than the number of cues and recall performance is better than recognition when the converse holds. We build a simple computational model around this theory, using sampling to approximate an ideal Bayesian observer encoding and retrieving situational co-occurrence frequencies of stimuli and retrieval cues. This model robustly reproduces a number of dissociations in recognition and recall previously used to argue for dual-process accounts of declarative memory.


ABSTRACT The article shows that the current international system is changing towards a completely new form of international system, conceptualized as a multi-order system. The suggestion for a multi-order world stands in contrast to three current narratives about the future global order expressed through a multipolar narrative; a multi-partner narrative and a multi-culture narrative. The article demonstrates that although each narrative points to a plausible future, neither fully captures what lies ahead. Using English School concepts such as order, international society, international system and primary and secondary institutions, the article reveals a conception of the coming international system as a system consisting of several different 'orders' (or international societies) nested within an overall international system. In the coming 'multi-order world', the liberal order will continue, and may even be strengthened internally, but its global reach will be a thing of the past. Moreover, the challenge in a multi-order world will be to forge new forms of relationships between composite and diverse actors across complex lines of division and convergence. Scholars and policy-makers should note that the coming multi-order world will be radically different, requiring new thinking and new institutions and the acceptance of diversity in both power and principle.


In a powder coating process using corona guns, only a small fraction (6%-10%) of the total ions generated during the corona discharge contribute to powder charging. Most of the remaining free ions deposit on the powder layer and on the grounded workpiece, increasing the charge-to-mass ratio (Q/M) of the powder layer, which contributes to the early onset of back corona. To reduce the number of free ions reaching the powder coated work piece, two different ion traps made of copper ring electrodes were tested. The first ring had a smooth surface and the second ring had 11 sharp points for concentrating electric field lines. Adding the sharp points was found to provide self-cleaning properties to the ring electrode and the powder did not deposit on the ring. By increasing the distance from the ring electrodes to the corona gun electrode, or by increasing the powder flow rate, it was possible to control the level of Q/M acquired by the powder. By adjusting the position of the ring electrodes and the gun voltage, Q/M could be controlled from -0.15 to -2.15 /spl mu/C/g, which shows a much wider range of Q/M control compared to that which can be achieved with corona gun without a ring electrode. However, the application of a ring electrode reduced the electric field for powder deposition, resulting a low first-pass transfer efficiency (FPTE). While the magnitude of the electric field near the target decreased, the distribution of the field near the corona gun covered a wide area, thus expanding the angle of the conical powder spray pattern from the nozzle. The electric field modifications introduced by the grounded ring electrodes were simulated by using Lorentz 2D software for different geometrical configurations. The reduction of field intensity between the gun and the substrate and a strong radial field introduced by the ring, explain the cause of the FPTE reduction and the expansion of the conical powder spray pattern. The electrical field distribution around the corona electrode and the target panels are presented along with the experimental data on ion currents for different applied voltages to the corona gun and for different ring electrode positions. The appearance of the cured powder films was found to be influenced by the voltage applied to the corona gun, the type of ring and its position relative to the corona tip. The best appearance was obtained by using a ring with a smooth outer surface biased at -20 kV, and with the corona voltage at -100 kV.


The Kilombero wetland in Tanzania is affected by advancing land use and land cover changes (LULCC), where we observe a conflict between development interests and the necessity of conservation measures to maintain the functionalities of the ecosystem. Thus, assessing patterns of LULCC is crucial to foresee potential future developments and to develop sustainable future management strategies. In this study, we use a multi-method scenario approach to assess the spatial implications and underlying driving forces of potential change by (1) developing a System Dynamics Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) to disentangle the underlying socio-economic and ecologic driving forces, (2) deriving a qualitative business-as-usual (BAU) and a conservation scenario from participatory narratives elaborated during a stakeholder workshop, and (3) quantifying the spatial implications of these scenarios with the Land Change Modeler (LCM). Results indicate that under the BAU assumption only 37% of the natural vegetation is expected to persist until 2030 in the wetland. In contrast, strict enforcement of protected areas (conservation scenario) halts further conversion of the wetland. However, both scenarios pinpoint considerable expansions of cropland in the western highlands with potentially serious impacts on catchment-wide hydrological processes. The produced qualitative and quantitative outputs reveal hotspots of possible future change and starting points for advisable further research and management interventions.


Theories of convection below cloud-base are reviewed, together with experimental techniques and evidence. It is concluded that, over land in sunny weather, a forced convection layer is probably overlain by one in which the heat flux is carried by buoyant plumes which may change their form at a few hundred metres. If space charge is considered as carried by air movement, the convection current i(_2) in forced convection is given by where k is von Karman's constant, z the height, u the mean horizontal wind-speed, and σ the space-charge density. In free convection where h is a number equal to about 0.9, H the heat flux, T the absolute temperature, Cp the specific heat and P the density of air, and g the acceleration due to gravity. Buoyant plumes will probably have space-charge density excesses, of magnitude much less than 1 pC m(^-3). Measurements of space-charge density with filtration apparatus show pulses lasting about 40 s, and about 40 pC m(^-3) high: these seem to be associated with free convection, but are probably not coincident with buoyant elements. The hori2sontal diameters and separations of the pulses are proportional to wind speed. The turbulence theory could be used to determine the charge given to the air by melting ice by measuring the space-charge density gradient over melting snow, A calculation from earlier results gives a charge of about 0.16 uC kgm(^-1) melted, similar to values obtained by other methods. Measurements of potential gradient near a small group of deciduous trees in stormy weather are provisionally explained in terms of point discharge, starting at about 1000 V m(^-1) and reaching 0.5 uA at 1650 V m(^-1). Observations in fog show negative space charge originating at power lines, confirming earlier work, and suggest the use of space charge measurements to study atmospheric diffusion from a point source.


Since joining the Washington University faculty in 1986, artist Ron Leax has built a national reputation for rigorous yet playful sculptures and installations that explore the natural world while interrogating the language and concepts we use to describe it. In Leax's work, the familiar taxonomies of empirical knowledge — books, catalogues, sample libraries — are overwhelmed by the very forces they seek to master.

This fall, more than three dozen alumni of the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts, where Leax serves as the Halsey C. Ives Professor of Art, contributed artworks to "Ontology of Influence." Curated by Arny Nadler (BFA '91), associate professor and chair of undergraduate art, the exhibition pays homage to Leax, who will retire at the end of the semester, and to the concepts, approaches and aesthetic concerns he helped to pioneer.

In addition to Leax and Nadler, contributors include: Liza Simmons Allen, Michael Alm, Michael Amter, Yu Araki, J.E. Baker, Jennifer Behr, Emily Church, Christina Cosio, Jill Downen, Steven Garen, Alan Griswold, Liz Guilmet, Cassie Hamrick, Anna Hegarty, Ann Hirsch, Takashi Horisaki, Violet Juno, Colin Keefe, Dwyer Kilcollin, Noah Kirby, Elana Mann, Alison McNulty, Ian Monroe, Lavar Munroe, Erik Peterson, Maya Portner, Stephanie Schlaifer, Katy Scoggin, Zak Smoker, Lindsey Stouffer, Amanda Thatch, Ling-Wen Tsai, B.J. Vogt, Ian Weaver, Alan Wiener, and Michael Williams.

"Ontology of Influence" remains on view through Nov. 12 in the Des Lee Gallery, 1627 Washington Ave. Gallery hours are 1-6 p.m. Wednesdays, Fridays, Saturdays and by appointment. For more information, visit desleegallery.com.


A discrete memoryless multiple-access channel (MAC) with confidential messages is studied, where two users attempt to transmit common information to a destination and each user also has private (confidential) information intended for the destination. This channel generalizes the classical MAC model in that each user also receives channel outputs, and hence may obtain the confidential information sent by the other user from the channel output it receives. However, each user views the other user as a wiretapper or eavesdropper, and wishes to keep its confidential information as secret as possible from the other user. The level of secrecy of the confidential information is measured by the equivocation rate, i.e., the entropy rate of the confidential information conditioned on channel outputs at the wiretapper (the other user). The performance measure is the rate-equivocation tuple that includes the common rate, two private rates, and two equivocation rates as components. The set that includes all achievable rate-equivocation tuples is referred to as the capacity-equivocation region. The case of perfect secrecy is particularly of interest, in which each user's confidential information is perfectly hidden from the other user. The set that includes all achievable rates with perfect secrecy is referred to as the secrecy capacity region. For the MAC with two confidential messages, in which both users have confidential messages for the destination, inner bounds on the capacity-equivocation region, and secrecy capacity region are obtained. It is demonstrated that there is a tradeoff between the two equivocation rates (secrecy levels) achieved for the two confidential messages. For the MAC with one confidential message, in which only one user (user 1) has private (confidential) information for the destination, inner and outer bounds on the capacity-equivocation region are derived. These bounds match partially, and hence the capacity-equivocation region is partially characterized. Furthermore, the outer bound provides a tight converse for the case of perfect secrecy, and hence establishes the secrecy capacity region. A class of degraded MACs with one confidential message is further studied, and the capacity-equivocation region and the secrecy capacity region are established. These results are further explored via two example channels: the binary and Gaussian MACs. For both channels, the capacity-equivocation regions and the secrecy capacity regions are obtained.


Developmental robotics is also known as epigenetic robotics. We propose in this paper that there is one substantial difference between developmental robotics and epigenetic robotics, since epigenetic robotics concentrates primarily on modeling the development of cognitive elements of living systems in robotic systems, such as language, emotion, and social skills, while developmental robotics should also cover the modeling of neural and morphological development in single- and multirobot systems. With the recent rapid advances in evolutionary developmental biology and systems biology, increasing genetic and cellular principles underlying biological morphogenesis have been revealed. These principles are helpful not only in understanding biological development, but also in designing self-organizing, self-reconfigurable, and self-repairable engineered systems. In this paper, we propose morphogenetic robotics, an emerging new field in developmental robotics, is an important part of developmental robotics in addition to epigenetic robotics. By morphogenetic robotics, we mean a class of methodologies in robotics for designing self-organizing, self-reconfigurable, and self-repairable single- or multirobot systems, using genetic and cellular mechanisms governing biological morphogenesis. We categorize these methodologies into three areas, namely, morphogenetic swarm robotic systems, morphogenetic modular robots, and morphogenetic body and brain design for robots. Examples are provided for each of the three areas to illustrate the main ideas underlying the morphogenetic approaches to robotics.


Introduction: Queensland Health's Rural Generalist Pathway is a supported career pathway for junior doctors to train in rural and remote medicine. The pathway joins evidence with policy to achieve professional recognition, credentialing, and industrial recognition.

Methods: This article describes the principles underpinning the notion of rural generalism, the background to the establishment of the Rural Generalist Pathway in Queensland, Australia, how the pathway has been developed to meet the needs of Queensland's rural and remote communities, the implementation of the pathway, and the implications for other jurisdictions.

Results: In 2007, 30 trainees commenced on the pathway, with total enrolment now of 182 in 2012. Trainees commence at the start of internship, completing their prevocational training component in postgraduate years 1 to 2. After prevocational certification they undertake advanced specialised training in a range of specialties, and then complete vocational training in a rural location, usually in their 4th to 5th postgraduate years. Trainees complete their general practice training through a Regional Training Provider, and achieve vocational registration by completion of appropriate fellowship assessment requirements. The pathway is managed by a geographically dispersed team of educators, clinicians and managers. The Rural Generalist team provide training and career advice, advocate for trainees and assist with negotiating posts. They map progress of trainees through the Vocational Indicative Planning process and arrange other educational activities including Rural Generalist workshops. Applications are often oversubscribed, with the intake growing to 41 in 2012, located at 10 intern training hospitals. In total 90 trainees have completed advanced specialised training as at the end of 2012.

Conclusion: The Rural Generalist Pathway includes a challenging prevocational start to the career, the opportunity to specialise in a procedural skill or skills of interest and obtain general practice vocational training in a rural setting and appears to be proving an attractive choice for medical graduates seeking a challenging and varied career. Early evidence suggests that by recognizing and rewarding the worth of rural and remote practice, this strategy is creating its own supply line. From its initial roll-out in Queensland, rural generalist training continues to generate increased interest and enthusiasm across all Australian states and territories wishing to join this new wave of generalist practice. This new generation of health professionals for a new generation of services has the potential to provide the rural medical workforce the bush needs.


Abstract This paper offers an investigation into the general message structure and politeness strategies used in email communications between (now convicted) paedophiles in discussions of highly illegal practices and intent. In these emails, the interactants reveal telling characteristics of their 'community of practice'. Consistent with the view from cognitive anthropology (Wenger, Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity, Cambridge University Press, 1998, IVEY Business Journal, 2004) and sociolinguistic research (Eckert, Linguistic variation as social practice, Blackwell, 2000; Newell-Jones, Whose reality counts? Interprofessional learning through the eyes of Participatory Rural Appraisal, Academy of Higher Education, LTSN. Academy of Higher Education, Health Sciences and Practice, 2005), the members of this speech community signal their 'in group' membership and values through a number of linguistic strategies, such as lexical and topic choices. Through these choices, members can not only quickly detect non-members, but can focus on those factors that are central to their community (in this case, avoiding features of talk, such as banter, sarcasm or humour, that are risky in new, internet relationships but would mark more solid relationships). The body of email data used for this research is a corpus taken from a recent paedophile case in the UK. Despite the relatively small dataset, many emails are captured in discourse 'strings' (i. e., multiple messages between users, embedded within single emails) and thus capture the consecutive to-and-fro of discourse between these discussants. As such we have clear evidence of the progress between contributions and it is clear how quickly members of this speech community discuss sensitive information, and how quickly they seek to 'meet up', despite knowing very little about each other. These data are also packed with descriptive information about the wants, deeds and desires of the email senders, making this a particularly rich corpus. We argue that facework and politeness ought to be considered in the light of the overall target social objectives, rather than how we, or members of other social groups, might perceive such discourse contributions.


Nanocrystalline Li4Ti5O12 with in situ incorporation of carbon and Ti3+ was synthesized by industry scalable in situ spray pyrolysis, producing crystal sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm. Subsequent annealing in N2 preserved a proportion of the carbon from the precursor organic salts, predominantly on the Li4Ti5O12 grain boundaries, where it formed a conductive network. Such a situation would be expected to inhibit the growth of the primary Li4Ti5O12 crystals. The molecular-level uniformity of the precursor allows synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 with a significantly shorter heat treatment compared to conventional solid state reaction, which in turn saves energy during large-scale production. Notably, both the nanosized particles and the in situ incorporation of carbon and Ti3+ improve the rate capability. In rate capability measurements, stable and high capacity retention was observed from 0.5 C to 30 C. Spray pyrolyzed Li4Ti5O12 delivered a discharge capacity of 145.8 mA h g−1 at 10 C for up to 500 cycles. In the full battery tests with Li(Co0.16Mn1.84)O4 as cathode, it also showed excellent capacity and cycling stability, further indicating that spray pyrolyzed Li4Ti5O12 is a promising anode material for high power batteries.


This evidence-based clinical practice guideline is a revision of the 2004 acute otitis media (AOM) guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians. It provides recommendations to primary care clinicians for the management of children from 6 months through 12 years of age with uncomplicated AOM. In 2009, the AAP convened a committee composed of primary care physicians and experts in the fields of pediatrics, family practice, otolaryngology, epidemiology, infectious disease, emergency medicine, and guideline methodology. The subcommittee partnered with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center to develop a comprehensive review of the new literature related to AOM since the initial evidence report of 2000. The resulting evidence report and other sources of data were used to formulate the practice guideline recommendations. The focus of this practice guideline is the appropriate diagnosis and initial treatment of a child presenting with AOM. The guideline provides a specific, stringent definition of AOM. It addresses pain management, initial observation versus antibiotic treatment, appropriate choices of antibiotic agents, and preventive measures. It also addresses recurrent AOM, which was not included in the 2004 guideline. Decisions were made on the basis of a systematic grading of the quality of evidence and benefit-harm relationships. The practice guideline underwent comprehensive peer review before formal approval by the AAP. This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the management of children with AOM. Rather, it is intended to assist primary care clinicians by providing a framework for clinical decision-making. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or establish a protocol for all children with this condition. These recommendations may not provide the only appropriate approach to the management of this problem.


Dynamic slicing algorithms can greatly reduce the debugging effort by focusing the attention of the user on a relevant subset of program statements. Recently, algorithms for forward computation of dynamic slices have been proposed which maintain dynamic slices of all variables as the program executes. An advantage of this approach is that when a request for a slice is made, it is already available. The main disadvantage of using such an algorithm for slicing realistic programs is that the space and time required to maintain a large set of dynamic slices corresponding to all program variables can be very high. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of dynamic slices and identify properties that enable space efficient representation of a set of dynamic slices. We show that by using reduced ordered binary decision diagrams (roBDDs) to represent a set of dynamic slices, the space and time requirements of maintaining dynamic slices are greatly reduced. In fact, not only can the latest dynamic slices of all variables be easily maintained, but rather all dynamic slices of all variables throughout a program's execution can be maintained. Our experiments show that our roBDD based algorithm for forward computation of dynamic slices can maintain 107-217 million dynamic slices arising during long program runs using only 28-392 megabytes of storage. In addition, the performance of the roBDD based forward computation method compares favorably with the performance of the LP backward computation algorithm.


In the era of antenatal screening for congenital heart disease (CHD), infants presenting with an undiagnosed significant CHD are rare. However, term infants admitted with an initial diagnosis of TTN and a prolonged oxygen requirement often undergo an echocardiogram. We aimed to assess whether this practice yields any additional cases of undiagnosed CHD. We performed a retrospective chart review over a three year period [2013 – 2015] of term (> 36 weeks) infants admitted to the NICU for ≥ 5 days with a diagnosis of TTN and received an echocardiogram. The presence of CHD on the echocardiogram was assessed. Forty-seven infants were enrolled. The median age of echocardiogram was day four [2 – 8]. No infant had a diagnosis of significant CHD on the postnatal echocardiogram. A small muscular VSD was identified in two infants. Routine echocardiography for this cohort of infants to rule out major CHD appears to be unwarranted.


Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. is widespread across south-eastern Australia. On the island of Tasmania it has a more-or-less continuous distribution across its range and it dominates much of the wet sclerophyll forest managed for forestry purposes. To understand better the distribution of genetic variation in these native forests we examined nuclear microsatellite diversity in 432 mature individuals from 20 populations of E. obliqua across Tasmania, including populations from each end of three locally steep environmental gradients. In addition, chloroplast microsatellite loci were assessed in 297 individuals across 31 populations. Nuclear microsatellite diversity values in E. obliqua were high (average HE = 0.80) and inbreeding coefficients low (average F = 0.02) within these populations. The degree of differentiation between populations was very low (FST = 0.015). No significant microsatellite differentiation could be found across three locally steep environmental gradients, even though there is significant genetic differentiation in quantitative traits. This suggests that the observed quantitative variation is maintained by natural selection. Population differentiation based on chloroplast haplotypes was high (GST = 0.69) compared with that based on nuclear microsatellites, suggesting that pollen-mediated gene flow is >150 times the level of seed-mediated gene flow in this animal-pollinated species; hence, pollen is likely to be the main mode of gene flow countering selection along local environmental gradients. Implications of these results for silvicultural practices are discussed.


The argument of human dignity plays an important role in current debates on human rights and their relevance in modern biomedicine. When discussing the contribution of Christian theology to current debates on human dignity and human rights the thesis is not that the modern idea of human dignity depends on a theological grounding. Also, it is not the task of theology to legitimate rights as Christian a posteriori. We do not need to deduce modern human rights from theological doctrines. The theological challenge is to find an access for Christians from their belief to the modern idea of human rights and human dignity and to discuss the contribution which theology and the churches can make to further development of human rights. The Christian image of man, which serves as the foundation for the church position on bioethical topics in the German-speaking context, is a mix of biblical motives, a Kantian interpretation of the concept of human dignity and an interpretation of the German constitutional law inspired by the Catholic tradition of natural law. The following presented theological understanding of human dignity, in contrast, was inspired by the insights of the Pauline doctrine of justification and its Protestant reinterpretation.


A study of some peridinioid and gonyaulacoid cavate cysts which develop a dorsal archaeopyle with a double aperture reveals two significant morphological differences. First, the physical separability of the outer and inner body can only be demonstrated in the peridinioid cysts. Second, although the peridinioid double aperture is covered by two opercula, only the inner aperture is operculate in the corresponding gonyaulacoid archaeopyle. These differences reflect two fundamentally different structural and encystment styles. In the peridinioid cysts, the outer and inner bodies are structurally independent and represent the separate development of outer and inner walls. In the gonyaulacoid cysts, the outer and inner bodies are structurally more intimately related, and represent the differentiation of a single wall into outer and inner layers.


The need to drill deep boreholes more efficiently for mineral exploration has raised the attention to investigate the feasibility of recent drilling technologies for such applications. The two principal methods of Reverse Circulation (RC) and diamond core drilling are usually used in combination by mine operators are subjected to certain limitations and inefficiencies. Considering that delivering large volume of reliable samples from deep zones to the surface in shortest possible time is of paramount importance in mineral exploration, then drilling small size holes as fast as possible and delivering the small chip samples to the surface would be a good alternative with several advantages over conventional drilling methods. As a result, the Coiled Tube (CT) turbodrilling technology is proposed here followed by presenting detailed calculations for the system required power and hydraulics and also Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) selection suitable for hard rocks mineral exploration applications.


This paper describes a machine learning approach for visual object detection which is capable of processing images extremely rapidly and achieving high detection rates. This work is distinguished by three key contributions. The first is the introduction of a new image representation called the "integral image" which allows the features used by our detector to be computed very quickly. The second is a learning algorithm, based on AdaBoost, which selects a small number of critical visual features from a larger set and yields extremely efficient classifiers. The third contribution is a method for combining increasingly more complex classifiers in a "cascade" which allows background regions of the image to be quickly discarded while spending more computation on promising object-like regions. The cascade can be viewed as an object specific focus-of-attention mechanism which unlike previous approaches provides statistical guarantees that discarded regions are unlikely to contain the object of interest. In the domain of face detection the system yields detection rates comparable to the best previous systems. Used in real-time applications, the detector runs at 15 frames per second without resorting to image differencing or skin color detection.