Crime is one of the most significant political issues in contemporary American society. Crime control statistics and punishment policies are subjects of constant partisan debate, while the media presents sensationalized stories of criminal activity and over-crowded prisons. In the highly politicized arena of crime and justice, empirical data and reasoned analysis are often overlook or ignored. The Handbook of Crime and Punishment, however, provides a comprehensive overview of criminal justice, criminology, and crime control policy, thus enabling a fundamental understanding of crime and punishment essential to an informed public. Expansive in its coverage, the Handbook presents materials on crime and punishment trends as well as timely policy issues. The latest research on the demography of crime (race, gender, drug use) is included and weighty current problems (organized crime, white collar crime, family violence, sex offenders, youth gangs, drug abuse policy) are examined. Processes and institutions that deal with accused and convicted criminals and techniques of punishment are also examined. While some articles emphasize American research findings and developments, others incorporate international research and offer a comparative perspective from other English-speaking countries and Western Europe. Editor Michael Tonry, a leading scholar of criminology, introduces the 28 articles in the volume, each contributed by an expert in the field. Designed for a wide audience, The Handbook is encyclopedic in its range and depth of content, yet is written in an accessible style. The most inclusive and authoritative work on the topic to be found in one volume, this book will appeal to those interested in the study of crime and its causes, effects, trends, and institutions; those interested in the forms and philosophies of punishment; and those interested in crime control.


This four-minute video provides a brief overview of SPRC's Effective Suicide Prevention Model [1], which can help you carry out suicide prevention efforts that are most likely to be effective. It will guide you through the three elements of the model—Strategic Planning [2], Keys to Success [3], and the Comprehensive Approach [4]. As described in the model, effective suicide prevention efforts should:


The advent of the big data era, the rapid development of mobile internet, and the rising demand of cloud computing services require increasingly more compute capability from their data center. This compute increase will most likely come from higher rack and room power densities or even construction of new Internet data centers. But an increase in a data center's business-critical IT equipment (servers, hubs, routers, wiring patch panels, and other network appliances), not to mention the infrastructure needed to keep these devices alive and protected, encroaches on another IT goal: to reduce long-term energy usage. Large Internet Data Centers are looking at every possible way to reduce the cooling cost and improve efficiency. One of the emerging trends in the industry is to move to higher ambient data center operation and use air side economizers. However, these two trends can have significant implications for corrosion risk in data centers.The prevailing practice surrounding the data centers has often been "The colder, the better." However, some leading server manufacturers and data center efficiency experts share the opinion that data centers can run far hotter than they do today without sacrificing uptime, and with a huge savings in both cooling related costs and CO2 emissions. Why do we need to increase the temperatures? To cool data center requires huge refrigeration system which is energy hog and also cost of cooling infrastructure, maintenance cost and operation cost are heavy cost burden.Ahuja et al [1] studied cooling path management in data center at typical operating temperature as well as higher ambient operating temperatures. High Temperatures and Corrosion Resistance technology will reduce the refrigeration output and how this innovation will open up new direction in data centers.Note that, HTA is not to say that the higher the better. Before embracing HTA two keys points need to be addressed and understood. Firstly, server stability along with optimal temperature from data center perspective. Secondly, corrosion resistant technology. With Fresh air cooling the server has to bear with the seasons and diurnal variation of temperatures and these can be over 35 degree C, therefore to some extent, we have to say, HTA design is the premise of corrosion resistant design.In this paper, we present methods to realize precise HTA operation along with corrosive resistant technology. This is achieved through an orchestrated collaboration between the IT and cooling infrastructures.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


The current discussion about a "risk culture" in financial services was triggered by the recent series of crisis (from the US subprime mortgage crisis to the lock-in trap of central banks in the aftermath of the sovereign debt crisis). The last decade saw a long list of hybris, misconduct and criminal activities by human beings on a single or even a collective basis in banks, in the industry or in the whole economy. As a counter-reaction, financial authorities called for a guidance by a "new" risk culture in financial institutions based on a set of abstract, formal and normative governance processes. In the humanities, culture is a paraphrase for the behaviour in collectives and dynamics of organization found in human societies. Therefore, a "risk culture" should be a link between those normative guidelines and the positive "real-world" decision-making in financial services. This paper will focus on "risk culture" from the perspective of human beings interacting in dynamical and intertemporal commercial relations. In this context, "risk" is perceived by economic agents ex-ante as the consequence of the time-lag between the present and the uncertain future development (compared to a probability distribution calculated by observers ex-post). For all those individual decisions – to be made under uncertainty – future "risk" includes the so-called "normal accidents", i.e. failures that will happen at some uncertain point in time but inevitable, and it is only the questions, when failure will happen and how to maintain function in the first line of defence. Finally, the sum of all decisions with individual responsibility for things to come is the positive economical context of a "risk culture" in the sense of the (rational) behaviour of an honourable merchant in long-term and repeated commercial relations in a merchant community, as this is a heritage of European business culture.


This study aims to examine François Dubet's 'sociology of experience' as a new approach to analyse the experiences of people living in conditions called 'social problems', particularly 'exclusion'. As a specific example of description and analysis, this study investigates a survey on marginalised youth in Melbourne. Traditional approaches unidimensionally reduce the multilayered and complex problem of exclusion; as such, these approaches are unable to adequately portray the individuals' complex subjectivity. However, the 'sociology of experience' (1) conducts a multidimensional analysis based on the three logics, or perspectives, of integration, strategy and subjectivation and (2) places focus on the individuals' complex work of uniting the individual logics. Furthermore, traditional approaches have legitimised the objectification of individuals and unilateral readings by researchers by overvaluing society and systems (as well as their oppression). The 'sociology of experience' (3) claims that the true problem of exclusion is the division of systems and that individuals are situated between autonomous logics, hence weakening the ability for 'action'. Therefore, the work of articulating each logic independently becomes important. From the perspective of the individuals narrating and organizing settings themselves, the 'sociology of experience' (4) stresses sociological intervention that does not objectivise individuals. With these characteristics, the 'sociology of experience' has major significance as an 'inclusive' approach and is applicable to Japan by considering welfare regime types and paradigms of exclusion.


In Kenya, nutrition education is included in the school curriculum as recommended in the year 2009 national school health policy. Nevertheless, policy advocacy and communication strategies on nutrition are relatively weak, and there is insufficient focus on operational research on nutrition. In addition, nutrition education is not taught as a standalone subject and is only infused in science subjects. Consequently, the malnutrition problem is not as well understood as it could be. Modern malnutrition consists in over-consumption of energy dense and fatty foods. These have led to an upsurge of noncommunicable and lifestyle diseases such as cancer, diabetes, bone and heart conditions. Therefore, there was need to explore the impact of nutrition education on eating habits in order to help pupils acquire discriminative skills that can enable them make healthy food choices. The pupils can act as agents of change in the community through the symbiotic relationship that exists between the school and the society. This will be the first stage towards curbing the foodrelated health problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of nutrition education in enabling pupils to make healthy food choices. The Health Belief Model as a predictor of preventive health behaviour was the guide theory for this research. The study was mainly descriptive in design with purposive sampling as the key sampling technique. The target population was pupils in Nyeri County with their teachers and parents. Data collection tools were semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions, food diary, and FFQ. Data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively guided by the themes from research objectives. Quantitative data was analyzed using basic descriptive statistics and presented in form of tables, pie charts, graphs, and percentages. The Qualitative analysis involved narrative records and respondents' quotations. The study findings showed that nutrition education was absent from people's lives and healthy eating was not sustained. The study findings may be used by the Ministry of education to inform nutrition education content in the school curriculum.


Estimating influence on social media networks is an important practical and theoretical problem, especially because this new medium is widely exploited as a platform for disinformation and propaganda. This paper introduces a novel approach to influence estimation on social media networks and applies it to the real-world problem of characterizing active influence operations on Twitter during the 2017 French presidential elections. The new influence estimation approach attributes impact by accounting for narrative propagation over the network using a network causal inference framework applied to data arising from graph sampling and filtering. This causal framework infers the difference in outcome as a function of exposure, in contrast to existing approaches that attribute impact to activity volume or topological features, which do not explicitly measure nor necessarily indicate actual network influence. Cramér-Rao estimation bounds are derived for parameter estimation as a step in the causal analysis, and used to achieve geometrical insight on the causal inference problem. The ability to infer high causal influence is demonstrated on real-world social media accounts that are later independently confirmed to be either directly affiliated or correlated with foreign influence operations using evidence supplied by the U.S. Congress and journalistic reports.


BACKGROUND
Cabozantinib is an oral, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) as well as MET and AXL, each of which has been implicated in the pathobiology of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma or in the development of resistance to antiangiogenic drugs. This randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial evaluated the efficacy of cabozantinib, as compared with everolimus, in patients with renal-cell carcinoma that had progressed after VEGFR-targeted therapy.

METHODS
We randomly assigned 658 patients to receive cabozantinib at a dose of 60 mg daily or everolimus at a dose of 10 mg daily. The primary end point was progression-free survival. Secondary efficacy end points were overall survival and objective response rate.

RESULTS
Median progression-free survival was 7.4 months with cabozantinib and 3.8 months with everolimus. The rate of progression or death was 42% lower with cabozantinib than with everolimus (hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45 to 0.75; P<0.001). The objective response rate was 21% with cabozantinib and 5% with everolimus (P<0.001). A planned interim analysis showed that overall survival was longer with cabozantinib than with everolimus (hazard ratio for death, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.89; P=0.005) but did not cross the significance boundary for the interim analysis. Adverse events were managed with dose reductions; doses were reduced in 60% of the patients who received cabozantinib and in 25% of those who received everolimus. Discontinuation of study treatment owing to adverse events occurred in 9% of the patients who received cabozantinib and in 10% of those who received everolimus.

CONCLUSIONS
Progression-free survival was longer with cabozantinib than with everolimus among patients with renal-cell carcinoma that had progressed after VEGFR-targeted therapy. (Funded by Exelixis; METEOR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01865747.).


The objectives of this study were to examine: (1) changes in bone formation (osteocalcin) and bone resorption (cross‐linked N‐telopeptides of bone type I collagen [NTXs]) markers, as well as calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone, over the first 6 months of aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy among a cohort of breast cancer patients compared with a group of unexposed women without a history of cancer; and (2) whether bone marker changes were associated with musculoskeletal pain. Eligible breast cancer patients (n = 49) and postmenopausal women without a history of cancer (n = 117) were recruited and followed for 6 months. At baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, a questionnaire was administered to assess pain and medication use, and a blood sample was drawn. Results showed that, among the breast cancer patients, calcium concentrations decreased significantly (−7.8% change; p = 0.013) and concentrations of NTXs increased significantly from baseline to 6 months (9.6% change; p = 0.012). Changes were not observed for women in the comparison group. Statistically significant differences in percent change between the breast cancer patients and the women in the comparison group were observed for calcium at 6 months (−7.8% versus 0.0%; p = 0.025), phosphorus at 6 months (−5.1% versus 16.7%; p = 0.003), NTXs at 6 months (9.6% versus −0.7%; p = 0.017), and osteocalcin at 6 months (11.5% versus −3.6%; p = 0.016). No statistically significant associations were observed between bone turnover marker changes and musculoskeletal pain among the breast cancer patients, although baseline NTXs were higher among women with onset or increase in pain compared with those reporting no pain (p = 0.08). Findings from this study suggest that AIs cause changes in bone turnover during the first 6 months of treatment; however, these changes are not associated with musculoskeletal pain. Breast cancer patients initiating AI therapy should be assessed and monitored for fracture risk using known clinical risk factors, including bone density, and managed appropriately. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.


Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology used in long-haul transmission systems has steadily progressed over the past few years. Newly installed state-of-the-art transoceanic systems now have terabit per second maximum capacity, while being flexible enough to have an initial deployed capacity at a fraction of the maximum. The steady capacity growth of these long-haul fiber-optic cable systems has resulted from many improvements in WDM transmission techniques and an increased understanding of WDM optical propagation. Important strides have been made in areas of dispersion management, gain equalization, modulation formats, and error-correcting codes that have made possible the demonstration of capacities approaching 4 Tb/s over transoceanic distances in laboratory experiments.


When testimony about the religiosity of a victim is elicited, a jury will likely become aware of the religious affiliation of the victim. Any revelation to a jury of the religiosity of a victim can be an aid to the jury in assessing the punishment to be given to the defendant, since being religious and talking with people about religion is deemed a communal good. However, prescribing a harsher punishment to a defendant because of the religious affiliation of a victim is a form of religious discrimination which is unconstitutional. In light of this inherent difficulty of evidence of religion, it is unclear whether the legal system will resort to a formal neutrality which attempts to separate religion by categorically barring its admissibility.

Courts faced with unusual problems of law and religion typically resort to a formal neutrality and separation in part because they are unable to articulate any alternative approach. The legal system is unable to talk about religion any other way, and it is unlikely that this will change. Beginning such a change would require a reevaluation of liberty of conscience and the permissibility of "exercising" one's faith in both a secular and religiously pluralistic society, but American society lacks an understanding which would provide it with the capability of acknowledging religion without immediately returning to religious discrimination. The longer American society lacks this ability to bridge the gap between the secular and the religious, the wider the chasm grows.


Although the addition of pure glutathione (GSH) is not allowed under current regulations, the concentration of this compound can be increased in wine through the addition of glutathione-enriched dry yeast preparations (DYP). These preparations have been observed to have antioxidant properties and could thus influence wine aroma and sensory characteristics. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DYP and GSH juice additions on the sensory and chemical composition of Sauvignon blanc wine.  Four juice additions were performed and compared against a control treatment: 5.5 mg/L of GSH; 0.4 g/L of DYP; 80 mg/L of GSH; 0.4 g/L of DYP plus 80 mg/L of GSH. After three months of bottling, the volatile and sensorial composition was investigated. The addition of DYP preparations to must increased the concentration of certain wine volatile compounds, with increased attributes of riper tropical fruit aromas, which was not always observed with the GSH additions. The addition of DYP influenced the concentrations of some volatile compounds, which modified the white wine aroma. The release of compounds other than GSH by the yeast products is proposed as the reason for these changes. The results observed in this study can assist winemakers to modify the aroma profile of Sauvignon blanc wines.


The aim of this focused project was to explore perceptions and identify needs of teachers of medically fragile children (MFC), in the K-5 grade setting, with the hope of designing educational modules to be utilized as supportive measures by the teachers for the classroom setting. The focused project consisted of an extensive literature review of medical fragility in school age children as well as a literature review of teachers' perceptions and needs identified in the past. Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model served as the conceptual framework in designing the study. Two focus groups were conducted among K-5 grade teachers enrolled in Masters level courses, for a total of 27 participants. Focus group results correlated with the literature review findings. Teachers from the focus groups reported inadequate nursing services support and identified a need for better training for a fully successful inclusive environment for the MFC. The project results support the need for an educational intervention for the teachers of MFC.


This book explores how economists operate effectively in financial markets. Using events as diverse as the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Japanese earthquake damage the author traces the responses of the market to a variety of financial events. The subjects covered include: * The valuing process * Interpreting the news * The challenges of long term scenarios * The business and growth cycle * The economist as strategist


This paper is concerned with the performance evaluation of a realistic model of parallel computations. We present an efficient algorithm to determine the mean completion time and related performance measures for a task system: a set of tasks with precedence relationships in their execution sequence, such that the resulting graph is acyclic. A queueing network (QN) is used to model tasks executing on a single or multicomputer system. In the case of multicomputer systems, we take into account the delay due to interprocess communication. A straight- forward application of a QN solver to the problem is not possible due to variations in the state of the system (composition of tasks in execution). An accurate algorithm based on hierarchical decomposition is presented for solving task systems. At the higher level, the system behavior is specified by a Markov chain whose states correspond to the combination of tasks in execution. The state transition rate matrix for the Markov chain is triangular (since the task system graph was assumed to be acyclic), therefore it can be solved efficiently to compute the state probabilities and the task initiation/completion times. At the lower level, the transition rates among the states of the Markov chain are computed using a QN solver, which determines the throughput of the computer system for each system state. The model and the solution method can be used in performance evaluation of applications exhibiting concurrency in centralized/distributed systems where there are conflicting goals of load balancing and minimizing interprocess communication overhead.


Background: Maternal anemia is associated with maternal and perinatal mortality, low birth weight (LBW), premature delivery, and other adverse outcomes. The study aimed to compare and correlate between maternal Hemoglobin (Hb) level and birth weight in a group of Sudanese pregnant women at delivery. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Omdurman Maternity Hospital in a period of December 2016 to February 2017 on a total of 150 Sudanese pregnant women at delivery. The study population were divided into three groups; 50 were women with spontaneous preterm delivery at 28-34 week of gestation, 50 were women with low birth weight (LBW) (less than 2.5 Kg), and 50 were women with normal birth weight (NBW). Socio-demographic and obstetric data was recorded. A venous blood sample was collected from all enrolled women, Hb level was measured as part of complete blood count by hematology analyzer. Results: The prevalence of anemia in the study groups were: 60% in women with preterm delivery (mean BW 1.5 kg), 40% in women with LBW(mean BW 2.0 kg), and 8% in women with NBW (mean BW 3.3 kg), the overall prevalence was 36%. The Hb level was significantly lower in preterm (mean: 10.3 g/dl) and LBW (mean: 10.7) than NBW group (mean: 12.3); p-values were < 0.00001. Moreover, there was a moderate positive correlation between maternal Hb value and birth weight in the study population; with correlation coefficient (r; 0.40) and correlation of determination (R; 0.7). Socio-demographic characteristic and obstetric data was compared; maternal age of < 25 years was significantly associated with LBW (p. value: 0.02) and was borderline in preterm group (p. value: 0.07. Conclusion: Maternal Hb level is positively correlate with birth weight, neonates born to the anemic mothers had lower birth weight compared to non-anemic mothers. Maternalyoung adultage is associated with LBW. More attention on antenatal care and nutrition may prevent LBW .


Pure formulations are manipulated during the mixing of pesticide sprayer, involving elevated exposure of workers. The aim was to quantify the dermal and respiratory exposures at ten day liquid formulations of pesticides registered for the guava orchards in the activity of mixing the spray and loading to fill ten tank of 2,000 L of air-assisted sprayer, and distribution of dermal exposure in body parts of the worker; evaluate the efficiency of two sets of personal protective clothing water-repellent to control dermal exposure, and classify the activities with ten formulations in safe or unsafe, with and without the use of personal protective clothing, and determine the exposure control need and the number of mixing of pesticides safe. Dermal exposure in the activity of mixing the spray is 13.35 mL formulation/day and respiratory, 0, 000,153 ml. In this activity of mixing the spray, the worker's hands are the body parts most at exposure, with 70.6% of dermal exposure. The efficiency of the set Agro Light is 92.8% of the dermal exposure daily and Kit Tratorizado, 94.2%. The dermal exposure not-controlled by sets of personal protective equipment are distributed in different parts of the body of the worker. The activities of mixing the spray with ten liquid formulations of pesticides registered in the guava orchard are unsafe for the worker. With the use of sets of personal protective clothing, only the activity of mixing the spray with PROVADO insecticide (imidacloprid 200 g / L) is safe. For unsafe working conditions, the exposure control need ranging from 73.8 to 100% (no protection), 26.9 to 99.7% (Agro Light) and 9.4 to 99.6% (Kit Tratorizado). The number of mixing of pesticides safe is 0 tanks / day without protection, from 0 to 5 or 7 (Agro Light) or to 6, 7 or 9 (Kit Tratorizado).


JIPITEC 6 (2015) 2 - The long-term preservation of complex works such as video games comes with many challenges. Emulation, currently the most adequate preservation strategy for video games, requires several acts that are technically possible, but closely governed and restricted by copyright law and technical protection measures. Without prior authorisation from the rightsholder(s), it is therefore difficult to legally emulate these works. However, games often have several rightsholders that are in some cases near impossible to identify or locate – particularly with regard to older games. This paper therefore focuses on these so-called orphan video games and examines whether (and to what extent) they are covered by the directive on certain permitted uses of orphan works 2012/28/EU (Orphan Works Directive). As complex works with software and audiovisual components, it is difficult to classify video games in their entirety. The Orphan Works Directive, however, only covers certain categories of works. This paper therefore analyses 1) whether video games in their entirety can be considered types of works that fall under the directive, i.e. audiovisual or cinematographic works, and 2) whether the provisions of the orphan work exception are suitable for the specifics of these complex, "multimedia" works.


The intention of the authors is to examine the relationship between piecewise linear structure and differential structure: a relationship, they assert, that can be understood as a homotopy obstruction theory, and, hence, can be studied by using the traditional techniques of algebraic topology. Thus the book attacks the problem of existence and classification (up to isotopy) of differential structures compatible with a given combinatorial structure on a manifold. The problem is completely "solved" in the sense that it is reduced to standard problems of algebraic topology. The first part of the book is purely geometrical; it proves that every smoothing of the product of a manifold M and an interval is derived from an essentially unique smoothing of M. In the second part this result is used to translate the classification of smoothings into the problem of putting a linear structure on the tangent microbundle of M. This in turn is converted to the homotopy problem of classifying maps from M into a certain space PL/O. The set of equivalence classes of smoothings on M is given a natural abelian group structure.


ABSTRACT The kinetics of the liquid phase catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether were investigated. The experiments were carried out under low concentrations of feed in a 1-L stirred autoclave, according to a statistical experimental design. The inert liquid phase used for this investigation was a 78:22 blend of paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils. A complete thermodynamic analysis was carried out in order to determine the liquid phase concentrations of the dissolved species. A global kinetic model was developed for the rate of dimethyl ether synthesis in terms of the liquid phase concentration of methanol. The activation energy of the reaction was found to be 18,830 cal/gmol. Based on a step-wise linear regression analysis of the kinetic data, the order of the reaction which gave the best fit was 0.28 with respect to methanol. Effects of the solid to liquid and the gas to liquid mass transfer resistances on the kinetic rate have also been investigated.


Protecting rights is generally viewed as the responsibility of the U.S. Supreme Court and seen as taking place primarily through decisions interpreting the U.S. Constitution. Scholars have occasionally taken note of the role of Congress in deliberating about rights by passing laws giving effect to constitutional provisions or responding to judicial construction of statutes. (1) Also at times scholars have taken note of occasions when the federal constitutional amendment process has served as a vehicle for securing rights, such as through the passage of the Bill of Rights and the Civil War Amendments. (2) But the rigidity of the Article V amendment process ensures that amendments are enacted infrequently, such that deliberation about rights, at least at the federal level, takes place primarily in Supreme Court decisions and only rarely through passage of constitutional amendments. (3) The renaissance of state court interpretation of state constitutions in the 1970s led scholars to broaden their studies to attend not only to the federal level but also to the state level, and to view state courts as well as federal courts as agents of rights protection. Encouraged by Supreme Court Justice William Brennan's 1977 call for state courts to rediscover state bills of rights, (4) state judges turned more frequently to interpret state constitutions in order to secure more protection of rights than is guaranteed by Supreme Court rulings. (5) As a consequence, the last four decades have brought an outpouring of scholarship focused on state court rulings regarding individual rights. (6) In contrast with the situation at the federal level, however, the flexibility of state constitutions affords ample opportunity for state constitutional amendment processes, alongside state judicial processes, to serve as forums for deliberating about rights. The U.S. Constitution can only be amended with approval of two-thirds of both houses of Congress or upon a petition for a convention by two-thirds of state legislatures and, in either case, upon ratification by three-fourths of the states. (7) Although state constitutions vary in the difficulty of their amendment procedures, no constitution is more difficult to amend than the U.S. Constitution. Many states permit amendments to be proposed by a bare legislative majority, although some require approval by a three-fifths or two-thirds supermajority, and some require approval in consecutive legislative sessions. (8) All but a handful of states permit ratification of amendments by a bare popular majority. (9) Slightly over one-third of the states also provide for citizen-initiated amendments. (10) In part as a consequence, the U.S. Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times, whereas state constitutions have been revised and amended periodically so that as of 2012, the fifty current state constitutions have been amended 7378 times, for an average of about 147 amendments per state. (11) Scholars have paid some attention to the reliance on state constitutional amendment processes to determine the scope and limits of individual rights. In the early 1980s, after amendments were approved in Florida and California in response to expansive state court interpretations of criminal procedure rights, (12) Donald Wilkes and James Fischer highlighted the ways state amendment processes can be used to restrict rights. (13) In the late 1980s, Janice May, a long-time chronicler of state constitutional developments for The Book of the States, conducted a comprehensive review of rights-related amendments enacted in the decade-and-a-half from 1970 to 1985. (14) She found that "the bill of rights is the target of fewer changes than the other substantive provisions [of state constitutions, and as a result] state bills of rights have not been changed a great deal [during this period]." (15) Regarding the general effect of rights-related amendments during this time period, May concluded "that the scales are tipped toward restriction rather than expansion. …


Objective: To determine the frequency of HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis and malaria in blood donors at Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health (ICH), Lahore and compare with other local and international published data.Study Design: Descriptive study.Place and Duration of Study: This was conducted at the blood bank of Children's Hospital and ICH, Lahore from October 2015 to February 2016.Patient and Methods: All adult male blood donors who had donated blood during above mentioned period, between 18 to 55 years of age were included in this study. Each and every donor was subjected to a predetermined, prepared questionnaire to find out their eligibility for donation. All blood donors' serum samples were screened for HBsAg, Anti-HCV, syphilis, HIV and malaria by immuno chromatography technique according to manufacturer instruction.Results: Statistical analysis showed that out of 10,048 blood donors, 7.94% (n=798) were infected with any one of the above mentioned diseases and 92.05% (n=9,250) had no infection. The overall frequency of HBsAg, HCV, HIV, syphilis and malaria were found to be 1.59%, 3.75%, 0.11%, 2.08% and 0.39% respectively. The co-infections of HCV + Syphilis, HBsAg + HCV, HBsAg + Syphilis, HCV + malarial parasite (M.P) and HBsAg + HIV + syphilis was 0.12%, 0.11%, 0.01% and 0.0099% respectively.Conclusion: There is a decreasing trend of HBsAg, HCV infections but increasing trend of HIV and syphilis infections in blood donors that is an alarming situation.


*Corresponding Author E-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com Tel.: +33 (0)4 92 38 64 08 Greenhouse surface areas have increased significantly and this cropping system has seen worldwide expansion. Furthermore, ornamental greenhouses are still having great environmental impact since they are the most intensive domains. New social and economic concerns are emerging, namely: effects on human health and environmental protection, as people become more aware and concerned about effects of pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological control have been identified as methods to respond to these concerns and constraints. Despite the fact that these sustainable practices have been studied for a long time and that there are several evidences of IPM effectiveness, chemical control is still largely used for ornamental cultivation. The objective of this study was to identify the main driving forces and stumbling blocks to adoption of sustainable practices in ornamental greenhouses. Multi-criteria decision aid software was used to sort for information from the interviews in a panel of 34 growers representing the ornamental crop production population. Results indicated that there was a significant lack of information concerning alternative crop protection strategies such as tools and methods available, incentive and IPM effectiveness. The second major stumbling block correlating to information deficit is risk aversion.


This study aims to test 1. whether two indicator-based tools for poverty assessment in rural Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, developed in 2005 are capable of predicting absolute poverty in 2007, and 2. whether the indicator composition of these poverty assessment tools remains robust over time. In 2005 and 2007 we surveyed 264 households in Central Sulawesi to obtain indicators of poverty and to derive their daily per capita consumption expenditures. Ordinary least squares and quantile regression models were fit to these data sets. Each of the models yielded a different set of 15 indicators for poverty prediction. Applying the 2005 indicators to the 2007 data set, the prediction power of the indicators from 2005 mainly was influenced by the error of over-predicting poverty in 2007. When re-estimating the regression models with the 2007 data set, the accuracy levels were found to be similar, but the indicator composition of the tools changed.


Haplotype assembly and viral quasispecies reconstruction are challenging tasks concerned with analysis of genomic mixtures using sequencing data. High-throughput sequencing technologies generate enormous amounts of short fragments (reads) which essentially oversample components of a mixture; the representation redundancy enables reconstruction of the components (haplotypes, viral strains). The reconstruction problem, known to be NP-hard, boils down to grouping together reads originating from the same component in a mixture. Existing methods struggle to solve this problem with required level of accuracy and low runtimes; the problem is becoming increasingly more challenging as the number and length of the components increase. This paper proposes a read clustering method based on a convolutional auto-encoder designed to first project sequenced fragments to a low-dimensional space and then estimate the probability of the read origin using learned embedded features. The components are reconstructed by finding consensus sequences that agglomerate reads from the same origin. Mini-batch stochastic gradient descent and dimension reduction of reads allow the proposed method to efficiently deal with massive numbers of long reads. Experiments on simulated, semi-experimental and experimental data demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to accurately reconstruct haplotypes and viral quasispecies, often demonstrating superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.


In gas-liquid two-phase flows through vertical ducts, the spatial distribution of phases may assume several configurations, known as flow patterns. Slug and churn patterns are characterized by an unsteady behaviour and their boundary is a subject of interest for many researchers. Dierent descriptions of mechanisms occurring at churn/slug transition may be found in the literature. One transition process is described by Taitel et al. (Modelling flow pattern transitions for steady upward gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes. AIChE Journal, 26, pp. 345‐354, 1980), in which churn flow is an entrance condition observed upstream of a developed slug flow if there is sucient pipe length for this to happen. In the present work, vertical upward air-water flows through a 2-inch i.d. tube are simulated with the commercial finite-volume-based code FLUENT, aiming to study this churn/slug transition process through spatial and temporal phase distribution visualizations and statistical analyses of void fraction histories at points along the domain. The incompressible Volume of Fluid (VOF) formulation allied to a Piecewise Linear Interface Construction (PLIC) technique is applied to capture the distribution of phases throughout three-dimensional domains. Turbulence eects are accounted through the Realizable k-epsilon model. Three dierent tube lengths and two sets of superficial velocities are studied in order to understand their influence in liquid slug collapse and bubble coalescence processes. Void fraction histories at points distributed along the duct centerline are stored during a simulation time long enough to provide statistical data with reasonable errors. Fast Fourier Transform analyses are used to verify the transition point and flow characteristic frequencies. Probability distributions of void fraction at cross sections along the tube are also evaluated. The VOF method was able to qualitatively capture the mechanisms of churn/slug transition processes. Results for entrance length and frequencies are


Utilization of palm kernel cake (PKC) as the principal feed for ruminants
was investigated in four studies. The study on the nutritive value showed that
PKC·solvent extracted (PKC·S) and PKC·expeller pressed (PKC·E) contained
similar amounts of OM, CP, CF and ADL. PKC·E had higher OM. EE and GE
but lower NFE, NDF. ADF and shell contents. Amounts of Ca. P. Cu and Zn
were similar in both types ofPKC, but Na was higher and Mg was lower in PKCS.
Ruminal pH. NH3-N concentration. molar proportions of YF A and passage
rates of liquid and small digesta particles in cattle fed either PKC·S or PKC·E
were similar. Total YF A concentration was higher in cattle fed PKC·S. Effective
OM and OM degradabilities were lower in animals fed PKC-S. but degradatIOn rates were similar. PKC-E contained more soluble fractions than PKC-S. CP of
PKC-S was more soluble. but its effective degradability and degradation rate
were similar to that of PKC-E.
The study on the effects of formaldehyde treatments on CP degradability
of both types of PKC showed that CP degradability decreased with increasing
levels of formaldehyde. Acid-pepsin digestibility showed no difference in CP
digestibility among untreated and formaldehyde-treated PKC up to 2.5g/l OOg CP.
The study on the effects of PKC and formaldehyde treatment on the
performance and nutrient utilization of cattle showed that feed intake was lower
in cattle fed PKC-E, but growth rates and feed per gain ratios did not differ from
those fed PKC-S. Formaldehyde-treated (2g/100g CP) PKC gave poorer growth
rates and feed conversion ratios when compared to untreated PKC. Types of PKC
and formaldehyde treatment did not affect the nutrient digestibility. but PKC-E
gave lower N retention. Formaldehyde had no effect on N retention.
In the final study, lambs fed PKC + 15% grass showed improvement in
intakes and growth rates. Urea at either 0.5 or 1.0%. had no effect on feed intakes
and feed conversion ratios. However. growth rates of lambs fed PKC + 0.5% urea
were higher compared to other groups. Lambs fed PKC plus 15% grass and 0.5%
urea had the highest intake and growth rate. Carcass traits were not affected by
urea but grass supplementation reduced dressing percent and kidney fat of lambs


Richard Epstein has spoken about how the language of law and economics might inform a discussion about judging. I am going to talk about how the language of feminism might inform a conversation about judging. Thereafter, you (the audience) and our co-panelist judges will be able to assess the degree to which these two languages, which are quite different, conform to an understanding of what the activity of judging is about. I begin with a description of the conventions of judging, as currently understood in the United States-a description of what is expected from judges and of how the law talks about its aspirations for judges. It is easy to set out such a description. Judges are expected to be "impartial," "independent," "disengaged," "dispassionate." Federal statutes, constitutional interpretation, judicial canons, and state law agree: bias is forbidden. Judges may have no personal, direct, financial stakes in cases. These aspirations are, at one level, well worth celebrating; we know about the capacity for governments to attempt to intrude upon and seek to undermine judicial independence. In the United States federal courts, some 20070 to 40070 of civil litigation involves cases in which the United States is a party. Federal judges therefore often sit in judgment of their employer, the United States, the very entity that gives them the jurisdiction froin which to speak at all. We hope that our judges will have the willingness to "speak truth to power,"l to judge their governments. So we talk about independence in part because of a fear that sovereigns will attempt to still or alter the voices of judges.


Long ago, carbon fibers were considered an exotic material. Only high performance applications could justify the use of carbon fiber composite parts. Over the years, production processes have accelerated and the cost of the formerly esoteric material has dropped. Their strength-to-weight ratio is the root of their high demand, nevertheless, they exhibit other advantageous physical properties, such as electrical conductivity. Processing of metal wires or films in a fiber-reinforced composite can be cumbersome and require advanced tooling. If carbon fibers could replace metallic wires and films as an effective embedded heating element in composite structures, then the processing of embedded composite heaters could be done at a lower cost; assuming that the textile weaving process could be automated, and that any postprocessing of the textile to maintain its quality would be less costly than that of the aforementioned metals. In this study, composite plates laminated with a carbon fiber heater have been fabricated and tested in a small scale icing wind tunnel. The performance of the carbon fiber heater matched that of a similar laminate made with a metallic heating filament for icing protection applications.


It's an enduring axiom: before there is democracy, there is rule of law. Thomas Geoghegan argues here in his lively pamphlet that as the pillars of the American legal system are crumbling, so too is the American democracy. Geoghegan convincingly explains how the 2000 presidential election was only the first sign that justice is now driven by party politics. He notes how even lawyers are becoming disillusioned with the law, as federal cases are increasingly determined by whether they are heard by a Bush-appointed judge or a Clinton-appointed judge. Geoghegan ultimately contends that the sense of disorder in our legal system has never been greater, and we may no longer have the basic civic trust necessary to preserve the rule of law.


Many interoperability standards and patent licensing arrangements, especially those in information and communication technology sectors, are global in scale and scope. When standards incorporate and use patented technologies, the assertion of standard-essential patents in a single jurisdiction can potentially upset standard-specific investments made by implementers in numerous other jurisdictions around the world. Antitrust enforcement relating to standard-essential patents must therefore balance the rights and interests of innovators and implementers alike because both sets of actors play important roles in bringing the benefits of standardized products and services to consumers. Innovators who have made commitments to license their standard-essential patents are entitled to a reasonable rate of return for the use of their patented technologies in standards. What they may not do, however, is demand a higher rate of return by threatening to block the use of their technologies by implementers who are willing to enter into licenses for their patents. As the U.S. antitrust agencies have shown, sound antitrust enforcement in the standard setting arena should seek to preserve the incentives of innovators that contribute patented technology to standards as well as those of implementers that bring valuable products and services to market using those standards.


BACKGROUND
Necrotizingenterocolitis (NEC) is a major health concern for premature infants and its patho-genesis remains poorly understood. The current mouse NEC model has not well been characterized.

OBJECTIVES
In this study, we develop a simple mouse model of NEC and determine the role of several factors modulating human NEC (i.e., breast milk, birth weight, cesarean section and bacteria) on intestinal injury.

METHODS
In a first experiment, pups born naturally and dam fed for <12 hours were gavaged with adult commensal bacteria or E. Fecalis, and exposed to hypoxia-cold stress-formula feeding, and compared with controls without bacteria inoculation. 72-hour mortality was recorded, and small intestines were examined histologically. In a second experiment, we compared the incidence of NEC in mice dam fed for <12 hours to those dam fed for 12 to 24 hours or delivered by cesarean section prior to being submitted to the NEC protocol.

RESULTS
In pups inoculated with 10(7) CFU of a standardized preparation of adult commensal bacteria or 10(5) CFU of E. Fecalis, the incidence of severe NEC (>grade 2) was 70% and 37% respectively vs 6% in the controls (no bacteria)(p<0.05). In pups dam fed for 12 to 24 hours, NEC incidence was 44(±12)% lower vs those dam fed less than 12 hours (p<0.05). We did not find any difference in the NEC incidence between naturally-born pups dam fed for less than 12 hours and these born by cesarean section. The incidence of severe NEC was higher in pups with low birth weight.

CONCLUSIONS
we have simplified and characterized a neonatal mouse NEC model that shares several risk factors with human NEC. Now that transgenic mice are available, this model will be useful to study the role played by specific proteins in vivo in NEC development.


Two regenerative motor drives, a voltage source converter and a bidirectional buck/boost converter, are studied for energy regeneration and joint trajectory tracking. The motor drives are applied to two different robotic systems—a PUMA560 robotic arm and a hip testing robot / prosthesis system. An artificial neural network controller is implemented with the two motor drives and provides joint trajectory tracking with an RMS error of 0.03 rad. The control signals produced by the artificial neural network contain a large amount of high frequency content which prevents practical implementation. A robust passivity-based motion controller is modified to include information about the motor drives to overcome the limitations of the artificial neural network controller. The modified robust passivity-based controller outperforms the artificial neural network controller by maintaining a 3 V RMS error between the voltage generated by the converter and the desired voltage while maintaining comparable trajectory tracking. The high frequency content of the robust passivity-based controller contains less high frequency content than the artificial neural network controller. The modified robust passivity-based controller is implemented inside the semiactive virtual control energy regeneration framework to demonstrate energy regeneration with one of the motor drives. The motor drive implemented with the energy regeneration framework shows that energy can be regenerated while using the bidirectional buck/boost converter.


This article examines adolescent and late adolescent discourses on bilingualism, bilingual education and the role of English and other additional languages in the current out-of-school lives and future trajectories of Spanish students enrolled in bilingual education programs. The data is part of a larger critical sociolinguistic ethnographic project on the implementation of bilingual education programs in secondary education (organized as English-Spanish CLIL) in Castilla-La Mancha, a region in South-Central Spain. Discourses were mainly elicited through a series of workshop-type and group discussion activities held in classrooms from two semi-private and two public schools, as well as an additional focus group conducted with university students. In total, 12 group events, involving approximately 300 students, were organized and documented through video-recordings, audio-recordings, photographs and fieldnotes. Students' language ideologies around bilingualism are examined through an inductive qualitative / grounded theory approach. Three themes are identified: (a) the definition of bilingualism and bilingual competence, (b) the place of English (and other additional languages) in students' current lives and social experiences and; (c) the role assigned to English in future employment and mobility opportunities. These discourses are discussed in relation to recent critical sociolinguistic work on the interconnection between language, multilingualism and neoliberalism. The paper closes with some methodological thoughts regarding the place of linguistic ethnography in the analysis of students' collective discourses.


This research examines drawing practice in its impacts on and through perception, by elaborating on drawing's capacity to record elements of the interior experience of vision. Particular focus is directed towards drawing's potential to grasp and recount something of perception—over and above the nominal subject matter reproduced and immediately apparent on its surface. It is established that the study and construction of drawing—as acquired expressive skill—coalesces around specific rules that reposition the reception and application of visual data, and it is this repositioning that allows for the 'honest' representation of the seen to be recorded as result. The aim of this research is to consider what additional aspects of perception can become discerned and revealed into the visible, within both process and enduring artefact of drawing. There are subtle and transient emanations unfolding along side more dominant perceptual inputs of waking visual life; emanations not confined to perception and accounting through drawing. These take form as dreams, imagination, reverie and/or other fluctuations within the nervous system, and are all manifestations within the range of the bodily perception. There is always more available than can be extracted from the flash of each temporal moment—remaining unnoted unless some adaptive mode in the posture of looking is brought to bear. This study proposes and demonstrates that drawing adjusts, and even slows, the sensory process of seeing, so that it is possible to absorb and convey other traces elements of the visual into exterior clarification.

Though this project commenced in the stated intention of applying drawing in conversation with sleep and dreaming life, such oneiric interests were not driven by concern for psychological analysis of dream content – but rather from curiosity around the mechanisms of image generation and whether such generative processes within dreaming correspond to diurnal image-based constructions—like drawing. Even sleep itself, as ephemeral yet ordinary event in embodied existence, may correspond to potent gaps and intervals that animate the more tangible portrayals of the fabricated worlds of drawing. It is possible—even likely—that the transcriptive activity of drawing evolves from the perceptual promptings of other subtle pathways within vision. The content interest of this practice-as-research has since broadened to embrace and regard how adaptations in application of perception, specific to and requisite for drawing, are themselves a modality of perception that serves to shift attention away from more normative receptive strategies in approach to the visual field. This act of reconfiguration affords an expanded reflection on the observable, and it is this expanded sensibility that is investigated and chronicled here through drawing practice. The other sensory events documented by drawing within this study include visual indications from organic hallucinatory source—as in migraine aura and occlusions—along with traces of visual memory, imagination and dreaming. Such inputs edge into consciousness from the further reaches of the temporal frontier – or from what philosopher Paul Crowther calls the 'spatio-temporal elsewhere'. Through drawing practice, the research establishes how unseen or barely seen phenomena can be rendered perceivable through drawing—from both the activity and as a resultant trace. It is this awareness of extra-visual elements that is central to my practice and this research – documented from an experience that these factors only surfaced into realization through the altered dispositions or postures of looking within operations like that of drawing.


The highly toxic environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has recently been shown to stimulate proliferation of two human squamous carcinoma cell lines, SCC-15G and SCC-25, by decreasing the sensitivity of the cells to high density growth arrest. TCDD is known to alter the activity of several endogenous growth-regulatory compounds, and this study was undertaken to investigate the possibility that modulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) activity might be involved in the mechanism of growth stimulation by TCDD. TGF-beta inhibited monolayer growth and DNA synthesis of SCC-15G and SCC-25 cells equally well in the presence and the absence of 10 nM TCDD. TCDD alone stimulated proliferation and inhibited differentiation in both cell lines but had no effect on binding of 125I-TGF-beta to or secretion of TGF-beta by SCC-15G cells. Inhibition of growth of SCC-15G cultures by TGF-beta was incomplete, in that cell number continued to increase even in the presence of 100 pM TGF-beta, although at a greatly reduced rate compared to non-TGF-beta-treated controls. These cells, grown in 100 pM TGF-beta alone, reached growth arrest at the same density as non-TGF-beta-treated cultures but failed to reach density-dependent growth arrest when treated with TCDD. Cells treated for 12 h with TCDD exhibited maximal induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. TGF-beta inhibited this induction in a dose-dependent manner even when added after a 12-h TCDD pretreatment. The inhibition was rapidly reversible after removal of TGF-beta, indicating that it occurred via a mechanism which did not involve inhibition of very early steps in the TCDD response pathway. These results demonstrate that the stimulatory effect of TCDD on keratinocyte proliferation is not mediated through alterations in TGF-beta activity and that TCDD and TGF-beta appear to exert their opposite effects on cellular proliferation by independent mechanisms.


The university is a small nation which has it's own beliefs and values. The culture, image and the personality of each and every higher education establishment are created in the first place by the people that compose the establishment. The study of the culture of an higher education establishment is essential because an organization can't be ruled without knowing it's values. The university is a center of research and innovation which forms the professional competences according to the national and European market demands of labor by taking over and applying the evolved knowledge as a source of inventions, innovations and development in the technological and socioeconomically plan, provider of specialized services for the community. The culture of the organization exerts a very powerful influence on everyone which compose it: teachers and non-teachers, beneficiaries teachings thus meaning the whole academic community. It's effects are not directly quantifiable, but they create a frame which allows to mend the obtained results, the efficiency of the activity and of the academic demarches as well as it's effective evolution. In order to succeed and resist in the future, in the context of European integration, of the rank of the higher education institutions, they will be needed to utilize direct methods, strategies and structures adapted to the labor market, but also some indirect methods which can have behavior influences, especially in enhancing or if it's the case, systematic transformation of the culture of the organization. To successfully transform a university in Romania with bureaucratic accents, mostly protected and isolated, inside a flexible institution, frequent able and opened if time is needed, trust and perseverance, but also of an adequate legislation that can answer to the needs of the contemporary society in the context of allegiance to the European space. Surely a change program won't solve the situation without being accompanied by changes at the structural levels.


This paper describes in a very easy and intelligible way, how the diffraction efficiencies of binary dielectric transmission gratings depend on the geometrical groove parameters and how a high efficiency can be obtained. The phenomenological explanation is based on the modal method. The mechanism of excitation of modes by the incident wave, their propagation constants and how they couple into the diffraction orders helps to understand the diffraction process of such gratings and enables a grating design without complicated numerical calculations.


The duality characteristics of budgeting between the flexibility driven decision making and the integration focused management control inspire the author to investigate how the flexibility and integration domains influence business controllers? choices of IS technologies used in budgeting. This includes the enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, business intelligent (BI), web tool and spreadsheets. Guided by the concept of human agency, twenty business controllers in eleven companies in Thailand are interviewed. The analysis shows that flexibility and integration in budgeting IS technologies can be viewed from four domains: organisation-in-focus, personal requirement, business requirement and reporting requirement. The analysis also shows that there are conflicts between these four domains based on the needs for flexibility and integration. It is found that spreadsheets are used when flexibility is needed especially for decision making at local unit level. However advanced IS technologies like the ERP system, BI and web tool, are employed for relatively stable management control tasks. The major implication is that business controllers apply budgeting IS technologies to fit the nature of the budgeting tasks at hand. Therefore there is clearly a need to employ a variety of IS technologies, and not to dominate any particular IS technologies for budgeting because each system is designed for its own respective purposes and intentions. (Less)


ALTEX 22, Special Issue 2005 8 Laboratory training models are essential for developing and refining surgical skills, especially for microsurgery. The lack of an accurate vascular model has necessitated the use of living models when bleeding, and vascular liquid filling is required. To avoid the use of live anaesthetised animals in surgical training, particularly in training on procedures that must simulate the living human in terms of ability of bleeding, and liquid filling of vessels to practice vascular and microsurgical procedures. We have developed a new method using human cadavers for surgical training by connecting the vessels of the cadaveric specimen to coloured liquid reservoirs and using a pump to provide pulsating pressure transmitted to the vessels. This method provides a condition that simulates live surgery in terms of bleeding, pulsation, and fluid filling of the vascular tree, being an excellent alternative model. It can be applied to the whole cadaver or to a particular cadaveric parts (head, arm, leg...) or to an isolated organ (heart, liver, kidney...) and can be applied in the same manner to ethically sourced animal cadaveric specimens for veterinary surgical training instead of using live healthy animals. We used this model in courses were rats, rabbits, and other small animals been used for practising vascular dissection and anastomosis saving hundreds of live healthy animals in few courses. Utilising this technique will eliminate, and forever the use of live anaesthetised healthy animals for surgical training. Video and PowerPoint presentation.


We describe a new approach to automatically repairing broken proofs in the Coq proof assistant in response to changes in types. Our approach combines a configurable proof term transformation with a decompiler from proof terms to suggested tactic scripts. The proof term transformation implements transport across equivalences in a way that removes references to the old version of the changed type and does not rely on axioms beyond those Coq assumes. We have implemented this approach in Pumpkin Pi, an extension to the Pumpkin Patch Coq plugin suite for proof repair. We demonstrate Pumpkin Pi's flexibility on eight case studies, including supporting a benchmark from a user study,easing development with dependent types, porting functions and proofs between unary and binary numbers, and supporting an industrial proof engineer to interoperate between Coq and other verification tools more easily.


New drilling techniques for oil and natural gas are propelling an energy production renaissance in the United States. As the US economy struggles to emerge from the Great Recession, many see the boom as a possible source of economic salvation that could reduce unemployment and revitalize American manufacturing. Until now, however, there has been little objective analysis of the energy boom's economic consequences. In this major study, Trevor Houser and Shashank Mohan fill that gap. They assess the impact of the recent and projected increase in domestic energy production on US GDP, employment growth, manufacturing competitiveness, household expenditures, and international trade balance. Alongside its economic impact, the American energy revolution is raising new environmental and trade policy questions. What are the consequences for the environment and global warming of increased domestic oil and gas production? Should companies be allowed to export the energy they produce or will doing so undermine American manufacturing competitiveness? Houser and Mohan provide independent research and analysis that will help policymakers navigate these issues.


In this paper, we present ListenTree, an audio-haptic display embedded in the natural environment. A visitor to our installation notices a faint sound appearing to emerge from a tree, and might feel a slight vibration under their feet as they approach. By resting their head against the tree, they are able to hear sound through bone conduction. To create this effect, an audio exciter transducer is weatherproofed and attached to the tree trunk underground, transforming the tree into a living speaker that channels audio through its branches. Any source of sound can be played through the tree, including live audio or pre-recorded tracks. For example, we used the ListenTree to display live streaming sound from an outdoor ecological monitoring sensor network, bringing an urban audience into contact with a faraway wetland. Our intervention is motivated by a need for forms of display that fade into the background, inviting attention rather than requiring it. ListenTree points to a future where digital information might become a seamless part of the physical world.


A total of nine Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates were originally isolated from imported Indian beef purchased from local retail markets. These nine Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates were confirmed as Escherichia coli O157:H7 by their positive growth characteristics on Rainbow agar O157 and PCR assay for the detection of the presence of the H7 (fliC) gene unique to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Published specific primers FLICH (625 bp) of the fliC gene encoding the H7 antigen were utilized in the specific PCR assay. Three of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates were selected for the amplification of their H7 (fliC) gene. The amplicon of the PCR assay were successfully cloned into pGEM-T vector and sequenced. The sequence of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 that was obtained from sequencing was analyzed. This sequence was identified using Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (Blast) program. Based on the sequence obtained, primer pairs were designed to detect the Escherichia coli O157:H7, but only Sk7 and Sk8 were found to be specific for detection of locally isolated Escherichia coli O157:H7. Sk7 and Sk8 produced an amplicon size of 520 bp and 603 bp respectively against all tested locally isolated Escherichia coli O157:H7. Both new primers were specific against Escherichia coli O157:H7, as they did not produce any amplicons from the 32 isolats representing 20 different bacterial species. DNA hybridization analysis of 10 other bacterial species, including E. coli, Salmonella and other isolates showed that the probe (SkP) reacted only with Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates.


Peter Lee and Ros Ashby until recently worked in teacher education at the Institute of Education, London. Peter began his teaching career at Latymer Upper School in London, but was soon after 'poached' for the Institute by Hedley Burston, who headed up the History Department. Peter recalls his work in teacher education in the 1960s with a team of history educators who were searching for new ways of conceptualising and thus teaching the subject. The influence of child psychology was being felt and Peter became interested in ways of developing children's thinking in history. Ros Ashby developed her research approach out of her own history teaching in Essex comprehensive schools. By analysing video-recordings of her pupils' discussions about historical questions, she developed ideas about the process by which they arrived at an understanding of history. Peter and Ros collaborated on research in the CHATA project in the 1970s and 80s and published work on children's historical thinking. Peter and Ros champion the importance of historical knowledge, though it must be produced from rational thinking rather than simplistic approaches. Given the demands on teachers today, it is not surprising that this is difficult to achieve. Interviewed by Nicola Sheldon


In the generation of an aerosol by pneumatic nebulization, concurrent with the production of a distribution of droplet sizes is a second distribution of net charge on the droplets. The influence that the droplets with net charge exert, spatially, on Ca(II) emission in the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) has been examined in the absence and presence of NaCl, an easily ionized element chemical matrix. Tertiary aerosol droplet size distributions were also measured. A mesh positioned in the spray chamber was used to establish an electric field between it and the grounded solution being nebulized. A 200 V dc potential applied to the mesh discriminated against the transport of droplets with net charge to the plasma. For samples that contained 100 mM NaCl, the full width at half-maximum of the Ca(II) emission profile viewed at 10 mm above the load coil was significantly reduced with 200 V applied to the mesh. The source of off-axis analyte emission enhancement low in the plasma in the presence of a NaCl matrix has been attributed to desolvation of the droplets with net charge beyond the coulomb fission limit, causing progeny droplets to be created within the aerosol. Droplets with net charge comprise ∼ 50% of the aerosols studied in this work, and these droplets do have a role in determining the analyte emission profiles in the inductively coupled plasma.


This paper explores the relationship between founding family ownership and stock market returns. Using the entire population of non-financial firms listed on the Swiss stock market for 2003–2013, we find that the stock returns of family firms are significantly higher than those of non-family firms after adjusting the returns for different firm characteristics and risk factors. Family firms generate an annual abnormal return of 2.8% to 7.1%. We also document that family firms potentially having more agency problems earn higher abnormal returns. Our evidence suggests that outside investors receive a premium for holding shares of these firms as they are exposed to the specific agency problems present in family firms.


Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a term used to describe a group of disorders of the neonatal hip in which the head of the femur is unstable or incongruous in relation to the acetabulum. Early detection and treatment of the condition generally results in normal development, whereas late diagnosis has poor success. In Northern Ireland, despite all neonates being manually examined for hip disorders by a medical officer before hospital discharge, there is an unacceptable late diagnostic rate of almost 50% of all cases. To help reduce the number of late presentations, vibration arthrometry, a noninvasive form of screening for DDH, has been used to record hip vibration events during clinical testing. In a comparative study, 300 infants were examined by nurses and medical officers to establish the sensitivity of manual palpation to neonatal hip vibrations detected by the objective detection system. Experienced research nurses detected 86% of the signals; doctors in training detected less than 10%. This suggests that objective, noninvasive screening by vibration arthrometry would detect a higher proportion of vibration events in neonates during the early stages of DDH. More time should be invested in training medical officers and others involved in DDH screening.


The received literature on digital infrastructure offers powerful lenses for conceptualizing the increasingly inter-connected information system collectives found in contemporary organizations. However, little attention has been paid to the generative mechanisms of digital infrastructure, that is, the causal powers that explain how and why such infrastructure evolves over time. This is unfortunate, since more knowledge about what drives digital infrastructures would be highly valuable for managers and IT professionals confronted by the complexity of managing them. To this end, this paper adopts a critical realist view for developing a configurational perspective of infrastructure evolution. Our theorizing draws on a multi-method research design comprising an in-depth case study and a case survey. The in-depth case study at a Scandinavian airline distinguishes three key mechanisms of digital infrastructure evolution: adoption, innovation, and scaling. The case survey research of 41 cases of digital infrastructure then identifies and analyzes causal paths through which configurations of these mechanisms lead to successful evolution outcomes. Our study contributes to the infrastructure literature in two ways. First, we identify three generative mechanisms of digital infrastructure and how they contingently lead to evolution outcomes. Second, we use these mechanisms as a basis for developing a configurational perspective that advances current knowledge about why some digital infrastructures evolve successfully while others do not. In addition, the paper demonstrates and discusses the efficacy of critical realism as a philosophical tradition for developing substantive contributions in the field of information systems.


Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the western society, affects more than 1% of the population and its impact on the society increases with the increasing average age. Current treatments for Parkinson disease, based on L-dopa administration, are only symptomatic and the neural loss is not prevented. As a consequence treatments become less effective and lead to the onset of side effects such dykinesia. New treatments are, therefore, highly demanded. New hopes come from the emerging field of gene therapy but its employment for clinical trials has been considerably slowed down due to safety concern regarding its intrinsic irreversibility. In order to circumvent this drawback the availability of a regulatable gene expression system would be favorable. The most widely used gene regulatable system is based on the tet-operon. Despite the good characteristics in gene regulation its employment for treatment in humans is unlikely due to the immunological reactions observed when applied in non-human primate muscle. I this project w propose, for the first time, the employment o the mifepristone-based pSwitch system for regulated gene expression i the CNS b adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. The pSwitch system has the advantage t be mainly constituted o human protein components, which should decrease the possibility o an immune reaction against the elements o the system. Moreover, the inducing drug mifepristone i already approved for use i humans. In the first part o the study, using EGFP a reporter gene, the effect o different transcription elements and virus serotypes i evaluated. The aim was t obtain a good compromise between a ideal "zero" level o expression i the off-state and a high level o expression i the on-state. Results obtained here are compared with alternative gene regulatable systems including the tet-system. O c defined the combination o vectors, EGFP was substituted with the neurotrophic factor GDNF and the biological effect o this protein was evaluated i the on- and i the off-states. Using the dopaminergic neuron selective drug 6-OHDA, a rat model o PD was generated. Viruses encoding the pSwitch system for inducible GDNF expression were injected i the area o the lesion and the effect o


Abstract A 2‐year‐old pine plantation was selected to receive treatments of fertilizers and herbicides to evaluate effects on Nantucket pine tip moth infestations and the tree growth parameters of height, diameter and volume increment. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl herbicides were used in creating six treatments: (i) control; (ii) phosphorus; (iii) nitrogen and phosphorus; (iv) phosphorus and herbicide; (v) nitrogen, phosphorus and herbicide; and (vi) herbicide. Treatments were applied in 1987 and 1988. In 1987, trees treated with nitrogen, phosphorus and herbicide had significantly greater height, diameter and volume growth than trees not receiving fertilizer treatments, but did not have significantly higher tip moth infestations than control trees. Treatments receiving phosphorus only had much lower tip moth infestation rates than other treatments except nitrogen and phosphorus. In 1988, tip moth infestations were uniformly low, with no differences in treatment effects observed.


CASE DESCRIPTION The primary subject matter of this case is the effectiveness of risk management strategies associated with the staging of a major international sporting event. A secondary issue examined in the case concerns the proprietary rights of employers to the intellectual capital and skills acquired by employees. The case requires an understanding of strategic risk management and good corporate governance principles. This case has a difficulty level that makes it most suitable for senior level students in a Corporate Governance/Business Ethics course. The case is designed to be taught in three class hours and would require about eight hours of out-of-class time which includes reading the case material and the articles listed in the references. CASE SYNOPSIS Team New Zealand (TNZ) is a syndicate that specialised in defending the title to a major international sporting event, the America's Cup Yacht Challenge (America's Cup). The America's Cup is on a comparable level with Formula One motor racing. Title to the America's Cup is usually challenged and defended in the home waters of the title-holder nation. The implications for the title-holder's national economy are significant and positive, particularly for its tourism and boat-building industries. In early March 2000, TNZ successfully defended its title to the America's Cup. By the end of March the contracts of all TNZ team members had expired and the sailors and boat designers were facing an uncertain future. The yacht skipper, the tactician, and four other long-time sailors, all unbeaten in two America's Cup Yacht Challenges, joined a competitor syndicate, the Swiss challenger, Alinghi. As well as their considerable crewing ability, these ex-TNZ team members took with them considerable knowledge of the design of the 2000 America's Cup winning boat. TNZ was left without an overall leader responsible for balancing the needs of boat development and sailing. The TNZ syndicate failed in its defense of the America's Cup in the 2003 Challenge, losing all races in a series of five to Alinghi. This case focuses on some of the many challenges encountered by management of the TNZ syndicate in mounting their defense in a highly competitive environment, and their ability to choose the appropriate organisational structure and personnel necessary to meet those challenges. The initial task for the student is to review the current organisational structure of the managing syndicate along with the challenges and opportunities it faces. Students can then use the details provided in the case information and references to develop risk management and corporate governance strategies for success in an environment characterised by uncertainty. INSTRUCTORS' NOTES Recommendations for Teaching Approaches The teaching proceeds by instruction in the principles and practice of good corporate governance and the nexus with the audit function and process. Case study analysis is used to demonstrate the principles and practice in a realistic setting. Case study analysis provides the student with an opportunity to critically analyse the weaknesses and opportunities within a contextual setting and to offer considered solutions. It also affords the student an opportunity to develop team skills by discussing the relevant issues with colleagues and peers within a classroom setting. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS These questions cover issues raised in the case study material and the references on the Team New Zealand Challenge for the America's Cup, and the principles and practice of good corporate governance. 1. List the reasons for the failure of the 2003 America's Cup defense by Team New Zealand. Use the following headings: Reasons for the Team New Zealand failure to defend the America's Cup in 2003 include the following: Preparation: * Equipment failure on the test boat. * The testing program for the race boat was not complete before the commencement of the matches. …


Abstract. The old city of Beijing represents the brilliant history and attracts people's attention worldwide. With the rapid development of urbanization in Beijing, the old city is facing the problem that more and more people are working or living in this limited region. How to estimate the land use efficiency in the old city is crucial for the city planners to perform some policy-making decisions. Based on the Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) which is to develop inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements, in which indicator SDG 11.3.1 is designed to testify the land use efficiency that is defined as a ratio between land consumption rate to population growth rate(PGR).This paper focus on how to evaluate the land use efficiency in the old city where the land is limited to a region while people are in a continuous growing. Based on the extraction of buildings from high resolution images with sub-meter spatial resolution in the area enclosed by the second-ring road which is mainly consists of Dongcheng and Xicheng districts, this study obtained the 3D building information including building height and floor numbers over years from 2005, 2010 to 2015 with the help of visually interpretation, POI information and the in situ investigation. By calculating the ratio of the building density growth rate(BDGR) to the population growth rate, the land use efficiency in the old city was computed for each year. Our results showed that most of the ratios are greater than 1 over year from 2005 to 2010 and less than 1 during periods from 2010 to 2015. Which means that the land use efficiency tend to lower from 2010 to 2015 than from 2005–2010. The reasons caused this phenomenon has been discussed in the discussion part. The results are helpful for local governors or managers to make a better decision in the protection and conservation of the old city, and to keep a sustainable old city.


We have compared the recently developed Multi-level binary replacement (MBR) design method for use in computer experiments, to the Latin hypercube design (LHD) and the Orthogonal array (OA) design. For means of comparison, we have suggested an algorithm for drawing permutations of the MBR design, so as to obtain what we have called a MBR based Latin hypercube design. In our comparison study, the main focus have been the design scores with respect to the root mean squared error (RMSE), Max and alias sum of squares criteria. We found that the MBR design generally performed good with respect to all criteria. It scored similarly to the OA design method and better than conventional Latin hypercube sampling. The score however varied with the number of samples and the set of design generators chosen for constructing the MBR design. The MBR design performed better for designs with a relatively high number of samples compared to the number of factors.


When an independent Poland reappeared on the map of Europe after World War I, it was widely regarded as the most Catholic country on the continent, as \u201cRome\u2019s Most Faithful Daughter.\u201d All the same, the relations of the Second Polish Republic with the Church-both its representatives inside the country and the Holy See itself-proved far more difficult than expected. Based on original research in the libraries and depositories of four countries, including recently opened collections in the Vatican Secret Archives, Rome\u2019s Most Faithful Daughter: The Catholic Church and Independent Poland, 1914-1939 presents the first scholarly history of the close but complex political relationship of Poland with the Catholic Church during the interwar period. Neal Pease addresses, for example, the centrality of Poland in the Vatican\u2019s plans to convert the Soviet Union to Catholicism and the curious reluctance of each successive Polish government to play the role assigned to it. He also reveals the complicated story of the relations of Polish Catholicism with Jews, Freemasons, and other minorities within the country and what the response of Pope Pius XII to the Nazi German invasion of Poland in 1939 can tell us about his controversial policies during World War II. Both authoritative and lively, Rome\u2019s Most Faithful Daughter shows that the tensions generated by the interplay of church and state in Polish public life exerted great influence not only on the history of Poland but also on the wider Catholic world in the era between the wars.


Effects of a stressor nitride layer on device performance and reliability are investigated. To decouple intrinsic mechanical stress and process-related effects, device characteristics under mechanical bending stress and stressor layers were compared. The compressive stressor device exhibits improved initial interface quality, although slightly degraded reliability characteristics, due to increased hydrogen passivation of the dielectric/substrate interface. Thereby, the hydrogen passivation in the interface is found to be a primary cause of the difference in reliability characteristics.


Government decision-making procedures and transparency ensure responsive governance. Yet, there are few attempts to assess how these two factors shape citizens' intentions to voice opposition to government decisions. We predict that the effect of decision-making procedures on voice is contingent upon the fairness of government decision-making procedures. We also hypothesize that the strength of this effect will vary according to how transparent the decision-making process is. We test these hypotheses using two survey experiments, where we assess how the effect of procedural fairness of a decision-making process on citizen voice varies according to the level of transparency. Findings reveal that participants are least inclined to voice opposition when a decision-making process is fair and transparency high. However, when a decision-making process is unfair, greater transparency did not increase voice. We conclude that transparency can stifle voice for fair decision-making procedures but does not stimulate voice when decision-making procedures are unfair.


Abstract:By apologetics one generally means the kind of intellectual apologetics that we find in Newman's Development of Christian Doctrine, Apologia, and Grammar of Assent. But Newman was also the persuasive apologist of the imagination, particularly in his two novels and Difficulties of Anglicans and Present Position of Catholics. In Loss and Gain Newman takes his readers into a Catholic church to experience the reality of Catholic worship, an imaginative experience designed to impress upon their imagination the difference between a real and an unreal religion. In Difficulties of Anglicans he warns Anglo-Catholics against the misuse of the imagination when unguided by the reason. But the misuse does not take away the use, and he explains how important a part imagination had played in his own conversion to Rome. The analogies he presses on the imaginations of his Anglo-Catholic readers are nothing to the analogies he piles up in Present Position of Catholics, where the most vivid imagery in all his writings is to be found, as he employs shock tactics in his attempt to delete the anti-Catholic stain on the English Protestant imagination. And finally in Callista, Newman practically abandons his most famous apologetic argument from conscience for the existence of God in favour of a direct appeal to the imagination of the heroine, to her need for liberation from self-imprisonment, a liberation that she can only find in the image of an incarnate God.


OBJECTIVE
We investigate the role of functional variants in the catecholamine-O-methyl transferase gene (COMT) and the monoamine oxidase-A gene (MOA-A), as well as previously identified non-genetic risk factors in the manifestation of violent behaviour in South African male schizophrenia patients.

METHOD
A cohort of 70 acutely relapsed male schizophrenia patients was stratified into violent and non-violent subsets, based on the presence or absence of previous or current violent behaviour. Standardized violence rating scales were also applied and the COMT/NlaIII and MAO-A promoter region variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphisms were genotyped.

RESULTS
A multiple logistic regression model based on the clinical, genetic and socio-demographic variables indicated that delusions of control (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.21-11.61) and the combined use of cannabis and alcohol (OR = 6.89, 95% CI = 1.28-37.05) were two significant predictors of violent behaviour in this schizophrenia population. No association was found between the tested polymorphisms and violent behaviour.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the sample size may have limited power to exclude a minor role for these specific gene variants, such a small contribution would have limited clinical relevance given the strong significance of the non-genetic markers. These findings suggest that currently proactive management of violent behaviour in this schizophrenia population should continue to be based on clinical predictors of violence.


Pena de Bernal is a natural monument located near the town of Bernal, in Queretaro State, central Mexico. It is one of the tallest monoliths of the world, with a maximum height of 433 m. Pena de Bernal was recently declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Patrimony by United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In spite of being both a natural and cultural monument, little is known about its origin, physical characteristics, and chemical composition. It is a leucocratic-igneous rock intruding marine Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and has been misinterpreted as a pluton of Eocene or older age. However, this study shows that Pena de Bernal is a dacitic dome with SiO 2 = 67 wt% and an age of 8.7 ± 0.2 Ma. The complete Pena de Bernal body includes three plugs that crop out in an ∼3.5 × 1.5 km area elongated N40°E. Texture of the rock is porphyritic, nearly holocrystalline (80 vol% crystals and 20 vol% glass), with a mineral assemblage of pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, and quartz, plus accessory apatite and zircon. Pena de Bernal dacite is a spine-type endogenous dome that was forcefully intruded through the Mesozoic sequence practically as a solid plug.


Huntington's disease (HD) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat within the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Therapeutic approaches include selectively inhibiting the expression of the mutated HTT allele while conserving function of the normal allele. We have evaluated a series of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeted to the expanded CAG repeat within HTT mRNA for their ability to selectively inhibit expression of mutant HTT protein. Several ASOs incorporating a variety of modifications, including bridged nucleic acids and phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, exhibited allele-selective silencing in patient-derived fibroblasts. Allele-selective ASOs did not affect the expression of other CAG repeat-containing genes and selectivity was observed in cell lines containing minimal CAG repeat lengths representative of most HD patients. Allele-selective ASOs left HTT mRNA intact and did not support ribonuclease H activity in vitro. We observed cooperative binding of multiple ASO molecules to CAG repeat-containing HTT mRNA transcripts in vitro. These results are consistent with a mechanism involving inhibition at the level of translation. ASOs targeted to the CAG repeat of HTT provide a starting point for the development of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics that can inhibit gene expression with allelic discrimination in patients with HD.


Personality trait questionnaires are regularly used in individual differences research to examine personality scores between participants, although trait researchers tend to place little value on intra-individual variation in item ratings within a measured trait. The few studies that examine variability indices have not considered how they are related to a selection of psychological outcomes, so we recruited 160 participants (age M = 24.16, SD = 9.54) who completed the IPIP-HEXACO personality questionnaire and several outcome measures. Heterogenous within-subject differences in item ratings were found for every trait/facet measured, with measurement error that remained stable across the questionnaire. Within-subject standard deviations, calculated as measures of individual variation in specific item ratings within a trait/facet, were related to outcomes including life satisfaction and depression. This suggests these indices represent valid constructs of variability, and that researchers administering behavior statement trait questionnaires with outcome measures should also apply item-level variability indices.


There were considered the physical, structural and morphological prerequisites for the realization of the nanostate phenomenon of dispersed particles of condensed matter of different composition, nature and technology for production. It was shown the role of the size factor in the occurrence of the nanostate phenomenon due to the change of the energy parameters of the surface layers of particles that contribute to their effective modifying effect on the high-molecular matrix. Physical models of the formation of a particular energy state of dispersed particles and metallic and non-metallic materials substrates, characterized by the presence of local areas ("charge-mosaic") with a long relaxation time are proposed.It was considered practical application of the nanostate phenomenon when creating high-strength and wear-resistant materials based on thermoplastic matrices (PA6, PTFE, PET), consistent lubricant and lubricating oils, tribological and protective coatings for friction units and metalwares used in mechanical engineering, automotive and mining engineering. It was made the examples of the effective use of developed nanocomposite materials in practice.


Tea, produced from the evergreen plant, Camellia Sinensis, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water. Although tea processing has now diversified into various speciality end products such as instant, white, oolong, iced, flavoured, and various blends, the most abundantly produced tea product in the world is fermented black tea. Black tea production is essentially a "dry" process, as no water is used at any of the production process steps. However liquid waste is generated due to the use of water for cleaning process equipment and factory premises. The waste exits the factory as coloured liquid effluent that must be treated before being discharged into rivers, lakes and other fresh water bodies. This paper presents findings of a study carried out to evaluate the performance of a combined adsorption and advanced oxidation process in removing colour from tea industry wastewater. The variables explored were the effects of sorbent mass, oxidant dosage, solution pH, agitation rate and temperature, on the decolouration of tea industry effluent. The results indicate that the combined adsorption and advanced oxidation is most effective at pH 3 wherein the effluent colour was reduced from 478 Pt-Co colour units to 8 Pt-Co colour units. The latter meets the NEMA recommended limit for discharge of colored effluents.