Tardigrades often colonise extreme habitats, in which they survive using both types of dormancy: quiescence and diapause. Together with nematodes and bdelloid rotifers, tardigrades are known to enter quiescence (with several forms of cryptobiosis: anhydrobiosis, cryobiosis, anoxybiosis, osmobiosis) at any stage of their life cycle, from egg to adult. Entering anhydrobiosis, tardigrades contract their body into a so-called tun, loosing most of their free and bound water (>95%), synthesizing cell protectants (e.g., trehalose, glycerol, heat shock proteins) and strongly reducing or suspending their metabolism. Our research on cryptobiosis focused on some ecological and evolutionary aspects. We evaluated: i) the long-term anhydrobiotic survival by comparing quantitative data on recovery from naturally induced desiccation in several species of tardigrades; ii) differences in survival patterns between species and populations by experimentally inducing anhydrobiosis and cryobiosis; iii) phenotypic factors affecting anhydrobiotic survival. As regards diapause, we considered encystment and eggs. Encystment involves at least the synthesis of new cuticular structures. Morphological changes during cyst formation are more complex than those involved in tun formation. We analyzed more in detail encystment processes, comparing a semiterrestrial with a limnic species. Several inter-specific differences have been identified, other than the production of two types of cysts in the semiterrestrial species. Our analysis of life history traits of a laboratory reared strain of a soil tardigrade revealed a particular hatching phenology that involved the production of both subitaneous and resting eggs. The latter need a cue to hatch (dehydration followed by re-hydration). In addition, the evolutionary meaning of dormancy in tardigrades is discussed.


A collection of stimulating studies on the past, the present, and the future of consciousness, Consciousness Evolving contributes to understanding some of the most important conceptual problems of our time. The advent of the modern synthesis together with the human genome project affords a platform for considering what it is that makes humans distinctive. Beginning with an essay that accents the nature of the problem within a behavioristic framework and concluding with reflections on the prospects for a form of immortality through serial cloning, the chapters are divided into three sections, which concern how and why consciousness may have evolved, special capacities involving language, creativity, and mentality as candidates for evolved adaptations, and the prospects for artificial evolution though the design of robots with specific forms of consciousness and mind. This volume should appeal to every reader who wants to better understand the human species, including its distinctive properties and its place in nature.


Background : Varicose veins (VV) of lower extremity is superficial leg veins which are dilated and winding with abnormal valve function. Lower extremity VV may cause cosmetic problems that interfere with the appearance and decreased work productivity. Aim : The study aims to investigate the factors associated with the occurrence of lower extremity VV in women of productive age. Method : The study is an analytic observational using case control study design. The samples were taken with consecutive sampling. Subjects were women of productive age, comprising of 30 women with lower extremity VV (case) and 30 women without lower extremity VV (control). The data collected is characteristic of subjects and related factors to lower extremity VV. Data analysis were performed using SPSS Windows Ver 17.0. Results : The incidence of lower extremity VV in subjects with a family history was higher than in subjects with no family history (OR = 50,1; 95% CI=6,0 to 420,4). The occurrence of lower extremity VV was higher in subjects with a Body Mass Index (BMI)> 23 than subjects with BMI ≤ 23 (OR=8,5; 95% CI= 2,4 to 30,5). The incidence of lower extremity VV in the subject with a history of prolonged standing was higher than subjects with no history of prolonged standing (OR=36,0; 95% CI = 8,1 to 159,9). While the variables of age (OR = 1,6), multiparity pregnancy (OR = 4,3), and hormonal contraception (OR = 1,9) could not yet be concluded as a risk factor. Conclusion : Factors associated with the occurrence of lower extremities VV were a family history, overweight/obesity, and prolonged standing Keywords : Lower extremity varicose veins, family history, overweight/obesity, prolonged standing.


The LDLT option in the pediatric population allows recipients to be transplanted early. A total of 202 consecutive pediatric liver transplants from two different institutions—108 (LDLT) and 94 (DDLT)—were retrospectively compared. Overall, one‐ and three‐yr patient and graft survival were similar between DDLT and LDLT. ACR was greater in recipients of DDLT at one and three yr (50.8% and 61.0%) compared to LDLT (30.8% and 32.2%) (p = 0.002). When the data were stratified according to PELD/MELD score, LDLT with a low score had better one‐ and three‐yr graft survival (96.2% and 96.2%) compared to DDLT (88.2% and 85.2%) (p = 0.02), with comparable patient survival (p = 0.75). Patient and graft survival were similar between DDLT and LDLT in the high PELD/MELD group. Lower incidence of ACR in both low and high PELD/MELD groups was (29.6% and 34.3%) for LDLT compared to DDLT (50.3% and 53.3%, p = 0.002 and p = 0.028, respectively). Regardless of PELD/MELD score, status, age group, and recipient weight, LDLT provides excellent patient and graft survival with a lower incidence of rejection compared to DDLT.


Stem cells could be the key that unlocks cures to scores of diseases and illnesses. Their story is at once compelling, controversial, and remarkable. Part detective story, part medical history, The Proteus Effect recounts the events leading up to the discovery of stem cells and their incredible potential for the future of medicine. What exactly are these biological wonders a " these things called stem cells? They may be tiny, but their impact is earth shaking, generating excitement among medical researchers a " and outright turmoil in political circles. They are reported to be nothing short of miraculous. But they have also incited fear and mistrust in many. Indeed, recent research on stem cells raises important questions as rapidly as it generates new discoveries. The power of stem cells rests in their unspecialized but marvelously flexible nature. They are the clay of life waiting for the cellular signal that will coax them into taking on the shape of the beating cells of the heart muscle or the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. With a wave of our medical magic wand, ita (TM)s possible that stem cells could be used to effectively treat (even cure) diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disorders, and even baldness. But should scientists be allowed to pick apart four-day-old embryos in order to retrieve stem cells? And when stem cells whisper to us of immortality a " they can divide and perpetuate new cells indefinitely a " how do we respond? Stem cells are forcing us to not only reexamine how we define the beginning of life but how we come to terms with the end of life as well. Meticulously researched, artfully balanced, and engagingly told, Ann Parson chronicles a scientific discovery in progress, exploring the ethical debates, describing the current research, and hinting of a spectacular new era in medicine. The Proteus Effect is as timely as it is riveting.


Active markers tracking is performed using an innovative insect-based visual sensor. Without any optics and a field-of-view of about 60°, our novel miniature visual sensor is able to locate flickering markers (LEDs) with accuracy much greater than the one dictated by the pixel pitch. With a size of only 1cm3 and a mass of only 0.33g, the lensless sensor, called HyperCube, is dedicated to 3D motion tracking and fits perfectly with the drastic constraints imposed by microaerial vehicles. This small cubic position sensing device is composed of only three photosensors placed on each side of the cube, making this sensor very cheap and light. HyperCube provides the azimuth and elevation of infrared LEDs flickering at high frequency (>1kHz) with a precision of only few degrees. The simplicity, small size, low mass, and low power consumption of this optical sensor make it suitable for many applications in the field of cooperative flight of unmanned aerial vehicles, swarm robotics and more generally robotic applications requiring active beacons. Experimental results show that HyperCube provides useful angular measurements that can be used to estimate the relative position between the sensor and the infrared markers.


This lovely book of poetry brings together over 100 of the most celebrated and cherished poems of the 20th century. Including poets as diverse as John Betjeman and Ted Hughes, Siegfried Sassoon and Allan Ahlberg, and subjects from all avenues of life - war, family life, love, death, religion, the countryside, animals and comedy - the whole breadth of the nation's life during the 20th century is encapsulated here. Compiled and edited by Griff Rhys Jones as part of the successful The Nations Favourite Poems series, this book brings together the wealth of new and innovative poetry styles that flourished in the 20th Century.


NAMD is a portable parallel application for biomolecular simulations. NAMD pioneered the use of hybrid spatial and force decomposition, a technique now used by most scalable programs for biomolecular simulations, including Blue Matter and Desmond developed by IBM and D. E. Shaw respectively. NAMD has been developed using Charm++ and benefits from its adaptive communication- computation overlap and dynamic load balancing. This paper focuses on new scalability challenges in biomolecular simulations: using much larger machines and simulating molecular systems with millions of atoms. We describe new techniques developed to overcome these challenges. Since our approach involves automatic adaptive runtime optimizations, one interesting issue involves dealing with harmful interaction between multiple adaptive strategies. NAMD runs on a wide variety of platforms, ranging from commodity clusters to supercomputers. It also scales to large machines: we present results for up to 65,536 processors on IBM's Blue Gene/L and 8,192 processors on Cray XT3/XT4. In addition, we present performance results on NCSA's Abe, SDSC's DataStar and TACC's LoneStar cluster, to demonstrate efficient portability. We also compare NAMD with Desmond and Blue Matter.


The fit of bunker gear is important to ensure the protection of the firefighter when they are combating structural fire and performing other hazardous duties. Bunker gear is regulated by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) which requires a range of sizes and certain fit regulations due to safety. Firefighters are a specific segment of the population which may be appropriate for a specific sizing scheme. Body scans of career and volunteer male firefighters were compared to SizeUSA data. Differences were found in the height and weight, with male firefighters being heavier and taller than the general population. This research also looks at the procurement and sizing of bunker gear, analyzes body scan data specific to the firefighter population and suggests developing a sizing system specific to this population. A larger study would need to be conducted in order obtain statistically significant results.


Receding glaciers are among the most obvious changes caused by global warming, and glacial meltwater entering lakes generally forms plumes of particles. By taking vertical samples along a horizontal gradient from such a particle source, we found that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) attenuated 20-25% faster close to the inflow of suspended particles compared with the more transparent part of the gradient. All sampled stations had a deep chlorophyll a (Chl a) maximum at 15-20 m which was more distinct in the transparent part of the horizontal gradient. Picocyanobacteria increased in abundance in more transparent water and their numbers were tightly correlated with the intensity of the deep Chl a maxima. Motile species of phytoplankton had a deeper depth distribution in transparent versus less transparent water. Yet other species, like Chrysochromulina parva, that can withstand high PAR intensities and low nutrient concentrations, increased in abundance as the water became more transparent. Also copepods increased in abundance, indicating that they are more successful in transparent water. We conclude that sediment input into lakes creates horizontal gradients in PAR and UVR attenuation which strongly affect both distribution and behavior of phyto-and zooplankton. The input of glacial flour creates a sub-habitat that can function as a refuge for species that are sensitive to high PAR and UVR exposure. When the glacier has vanished, this habitat may disappear. During the melting period, with heavy sediment input, we predict that competitive species in transparent waters, like Chrysocromulina, picocyanobacteria and copepods, will become less common. The deep Chl a maxima is also likely to become less developed. Hence, glacier melting will probably have profound effects on both species composition and behavior of several planktonic taxa with potential effects on the food web.


Due to the various courses prerequisite for architectural design education, lack of coordination amongst professors and their arbitrary choosing of exercises, architectural education faces various problems, resulting in students' demotivation. Motivation is one of the most-talked-about concepts in educational issues. One of the important reasons attributed to problems such as academic failure is the learner's motivation. Because of changing the academic level from the continuous Master's degree to the continuous Bachelor's degree in 1999 in Iran, architecture education has been changed and the "Composition" course was divided into courses such as practical geometry, perception and presentation of environment and building materials workshop. The present study aims to investigate the impact of studio-based teaching methods (integrated and disintegrated) on the architecture students' academic motivation. In this study, a combination method was applied as follows: in the practical geometry course, it is considered how to draw the plan and cross-section of the two-way staircase. The statistical population consists of two groups of 18 first semester students of Islamic Azad University (Urmia branch). The quantitative data are collected using Valrand Students' Academic Motivation Questionnaire. Qualitative data are collected through observation of students' works and the qualitative data through observing students' works and interviewing with architecture students and professors of architecture. The quantitative data analysis is performed using independentsample T-test and qualitative data analysis based on the grounded theory and finally, a kind of meta-deduction is obtained. The results show that teaching basic courses such as practical geometry in the field of architecture using an integrated method increases architecture students' interest, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and thus improves the quality of education.


We show how to use conditioning information optimally to construct a sharper unconditional Hansen-Jagannathan (1991) bound. The approach in this paper is different from that of Gallant, Hansen and Tauchen (1990), but both approaches yield the same bound when the conditional moments are known. Unlike Gallant, Hansen and Tauchen, our approach is robust to misspecification of the first and second conditional moments. Potential applications include testing dynamic asset pricing models, studying the predictability of asset returns, diagnosing the accuracy of competing models for the first and second conditional moments of asset returns, dynamic asset allocation and mutual fund performance measurement. The illustration in this article starts with the familiar Hansen-Singleton (1983) setup of an autoregressive model for consumption growth and bond and stock returns. Our innovation is to add time-varying volatility to the model. Both an unconstrained version and a version with the restrictions of the standard consumption-based asset pricing model imposed serve as the data-generating processes to illustrate the behavior of the bounds. In the process, we discover and explore an interesting empirical phenomenon: asymmetric volatility in consumption growth.


Power quality problem is the most sensitive problem in a power system. Most of the pollution issues created in power system is because of the nonlinear nature of loads. Due to large amount of non-linear equipment, impact and fluctuating loads (such as locomotive, arc-furnace, heavy merchant mill, welding equipment etc.), problems of power quality is becoming more and more serious problem with time. To overcome this problem APF (Active power filter) has gained more attention because of its excellent performance of harmonic mitigation and reactive power compensation. But still performance of the active filter depends upon different control strategies. This paper presents detailed analysis to compare and elevate the performance of two control strategies for extracting reference currents of shunt active power filter under balanced and un-balanced voltage condition by using PI controller .The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (idiq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. Both methods are completely frequency independent. Simulations are carried out with PI controller for the (Id-Iq) control strategies for different voltage condition. Under un-balanced voltage condition it is found that the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) has a better harmonic compensation performance.


Risk has become one of the main topics in fields as diverse as engineering, medicine and economics, and it is also studied by social scientists, psychologists and legal scholars. But the topic of risk also leads to more fundamental questions such as: What is risk? What can decision theory contribute to the analysis of risk? What does the human perception of risk mean for society? How should we judge whether a risk is morally acceptable or not? Over the last couple of decades questions like these have attracted interest from philosophers and other scholars into risk theory. This handbook provides for an overview into key topics in a major new field of research. It addresses a wide range of topics, ranging from decision theory, risk perception to ethics and social implications of risk, and it also addresses specific case studies. It aims to promote communication and information among all those who are interested in theoetical issues concerning risk and uncertainty. This handbook brings together internationally leading philosophers and scholars from other disciplines who work on risk theory.The contributions are accessibly written and highly relevant to issues that are studied by risk scholars. We hope that the Handbook of Risk Theory will be a helpful starting point for all risk scholars who are interested in broadening and deepening their current perspectives. (Less)


Abstract. Maharashtra is one of the states in India that has witnessed one of the highest rates of farmer suicides as proportion of total number of suicides. Most of the farmer suicides in Maharashtra are from semi-arid divisions such as Marathwada where cotton has been historically grown. Other dominant crops produced include cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane. Cotton (fibers), oilseeds and sugarcane providing highest value addition per unit cultivated area and cereals and pulses the least. Hence it is not surprising that smallholders take risks growing high value crops without "visualising" the risks it entails such as those corresponding to price and weather shocks. We deploy recently developed smallholder socio-hydrology modelling framework to understand the underlying dynamics of the crisis. It couples the dynamics of six main variables that are most relevant at the scale of a smallholder: water storage capacity (root zone storage and other ways of water storage), capital, livestock, soil fertility and fodder biomass. The hydroclimatic variability is accounted for at sub-annual scale and influences the socio-hydrology at annual scale. The model incorporates rule-based adaptation mechanisms (e.g., adjusting expenditures on food and fertilizers, selling livestocks) of smallholders when they face adverse conditions, such as high variability in rainfall or in agricultural prices. The model is applied to two adjoining divisions of Maharashtra: Marathwada and Desh. The former is the division with relatively higher farmer suicide rates than the latter. Diverse spatial data sets of precipitation, potential evaporation, soil, agricultural census based farm inputs, cropping pattern and prices are used to understand the dynamics of small farmers in these divisions, and to attribute farmer distress rates to soil types, hydroclimatic variability and crops grown. Comparative socio-hydrologic assessment across the two regions confirms existing narratives: low (soil) water storage capacities, no irrigation and poor access to alternative sources of incomes are to blame for the crisis, suggesting that smart indigenous solutions such as rain-water harvesting and better integration of smallholder systems to efficient agricultural supply chains are needed to tackle this development challenge.


We consider the problem of learning deep generative models from data. We formulate a method that generates an independent sample via a single feedforward pass through a multilayer perceptron, as in the recently proposed generative adversarial networks (Goodfellow et al., 2014). Training a generative adversarial network, however, requires careful optimization of a difficult minimax program. Instead, we utilize a technique from statistical hypothesis testing known as maximum mean discrepancy (MMD), which leads to a simple objective that can be interpreted as matching all orders of statistics between a dataset and samples from the model, and can be trained by backpropagation. We further boost the performance of this approach by combining our generative network with an auto-encoder network, using MMD to learn to generate codes that can then be decoded to produce samples. We show that the combination of these techniques yields excellent generative models compared to baseline approaches as measured on MNIST and the Toronto Face Database.


In this work two important characteristics of high density and high temperature plasmas formed in axial discharges are studied.

In the first part an experimental investigation of the structure and the dynamics of the current sheath and its effects on targets in a 3.3 kJ plasma focus are presented. Shadowgraphs are recorded in the presence of a flat disc target placed downstream of the anode. These shadowgraphs reveal that the disc target does not affect the dynamics of the focus when it is at the distance of 10 mm (the radius of the anode in our case) from the anode end. However, the shadowgraphs recorded with the disc target at a distance of 7 mm exhibit the sequential focusing phenomenon, i.e., the current sheath moves over the disc and forms a pinch beyond it, with the disc acting as a new anode. This sequential focusing is also confirmed by recording the voltage probe signal, neutron pulses and neutron flux. The shadowgraphs are also recorded in the presence of a wire target (1-mm diameter) inserted along the pinch axis. The strong focusing of the current sheath onto the I-mm wire indicates that this small plasma focus machine can be used for focus-fiber experiments.

In the second part the dynamics of a collapsing plasma column and the properties of micropinches formed in the collapsed plasma column in a low-inductance vacuum-spark discharge are studied. Time integrated single shot x-ray spectra of He-like and H-like ions and their corresponding n = 2, Li-like and He-like satellites of elements (S, Cl, Ca, Cr, and Fe) are recorded. The experimental spectra are compared with simulated spectra (using the code FL V), and the electron density and the temperature of the micropinch plasma are estimated. The dependence of electron density and temperature of the micropinch plasma on atomic number Z shows a fair agreement with the available data in the literature obtained using different diagnostic techniques. The electron temperature estimated from the spectra of H-like ions is higher than that from He-like ions which indicates that the plasma is ionizing. Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of elements (Ti, Fe, and Mo) indicates that the transitions from the ionization stages (Ti XI, Ti XII, Fe XV, Fe XVI, Mo XIV, Mo XV, Mo XVI) are prominent. However, in the Ti spectrum strong transitions from lower ionization stages (Ti VII, Ti VIII) emerge when the spectrum is recorded in the presence of a small superposed axial magnetic field. The presence of this external magnetic field reduces the compression.


Northwest Africa (NWA) 1950 is a new member of the lherzolitic shergottite clan of the Martian meteorites recently found in the Atlas Mountains. The petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical data are very close to those of the other known lherzolitic shergottites. The meteorite has a cumulate gabbroic texture and its mineralogy consists of olivine (Fo66 to Fo75), low and high‐Ca pyroxenes (En78Fs19Wo2‐En60Fs26W14; En53Fs16Wo31‐En45Fs14Wo41), and plagioclase (An57Ab41Or1 to An40Ab57Or3; entirely converted into maskelynite during intense shock metamorphism). Accessory minerals include phosphates (merrillite), chromite and spinels, sulfides, and a glass rich in potassium. The oxygen isotopic values lie on the fractional line defined by the other SNC meteorites (Δ17O = 0.312 %o). The composition of NWA 1950 is very similar to the other lherzolitic shergottites and suggests an origin from the same magmatic system, or at least crystallization from a close parental melt. Cosmogenic ages indicate an ejection age similar to those of the other lherzolitic shergottites. The intensity of the shock is similar to that observed in other shergottites, as shown by the occurrence of small melt pockets containing glass interwoven with stishovite.


In order to control the quenching process and provide uniform quenching, wetting of the specimen with the quenching medium is very important since this will provide equable heat transfer and therefore uniform quenching conditions for the specimen. During the quenching of the specimens in liquids, in the boundary layer between the specimen and the quenching medium, three characteristic phenomena occur in the following sequence: Film boiling, bubble boiling, and convection. The phenomena concerned proceed with different rates of intensity at different locations at the specimen surface or at its entire surface. The quenching process is always accompanied by evaporation of the quenching medium at the specimen surface, where the characteristic boundary layer will form. Vaporization and boiling is always involved with sound generated by formation, oscillation, and decay of the bubbles, predominantly in the range of hearing, and which slightly round this threshold. During the experiment of dip quenching, the acoustic emission generated was captured with the hydrophone. The sound pressure changes are indicated in a digital sound record. A spectrum analysis of sound pressure is shown in the diagrams indicating variations of the sound pressure level as a function of frequency and time, in three-dimensional diagrams of sound pressure changes, as a time-variation of pressure amplitude, as a signal power spectrum, etc. The variations of sound pressure in dependence of the acoustic signal captured confirm the phenomena in the boundary layer between the specimen and the quenching medium. From the acoustic signals captured in the course of the quenching process, it can be inferred (1) the occurrence and continuing of film boiling, in which intense emission will occur due to the evaporation of a quenching medium followed by generation characteristic sound signals with high amplitude; (2) this is followed by bubble boiling with a characteristic calm emission of the vapor bubbles. Sound signals have constant amplitude values; and (3) at the conclusion of the quenching process, the bubble emission will reduce and eventually stop, which is reflected in the amplitude value of the sound signal. The aim of the experimental study of quenching by measuring the characteristics of the sound signal is to monitor the quenching process and obtain optimal results.


There is no longer any part of the ocean that is inaccessible, however, spanning 361 million km2 across the earth's surface and, with approximately 50% of its volume at a depth greater than 2000 m, it is the very sheer size and complex nature of the deep ocean, that means it still remains one of the least understood environments on earth. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are insular and ephemeral sea oor habitats that host locally abundant populations of vent endemic taxa, supported by in situ primary production through chemolithoautotrophy. Since the initial discovery along the Galapagos rift in 1977, global vent communities have been shown to exhibit significant variation in the taxonomic composition of their assemblages and, as a result, a number of biogeographic provinces have been proposed. In 2009, the ChEsSO consortium (Chemosynthetic Ecosystem Science in the Southern Ocean) initiated a three-cruise program for the discovery and exploration of chemosynthetic environments south of the Polar front. One of the major findings was the discovery of the E2 and E9 vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge (ESR), revealing faunal assemblages distinct from those of other vent biogeographic provinces. Using precision high-definition ROV videography to create broad-extent mosaic images, this thesis examines the spatial dynamics and ecological processes that govern the zonation of the faunal assemblages associated with the Antarctic vent environment. Analysis of faunal microdistribution reveals a consistent pattern of zonation with increasing distance from vent fluid exits, which can be attributed to ecological processes such as nutritional mode and reproductive development. In addition, by examining the variation in microdistribution on chimneys with differing levels of activity, suggests a possible successional sequence for vent fauna in this new biogeographic province. Finally, with over three years of visual observations, this study reveals constancy in the broad taxonomic composition of assemblages, and stability in the spatial distribution in reproductive development of dominant motile vent fauna (Kiwa n. sp.) on an intermediate-spreading ridge, which challenges the widespread perception and understanding of deep-sea vent environments.


Abstract.
 The bryozoan family Chlidoniopsidae Harmer, 1957 is reviewed in relation to a new Paleogene European fossil, Celiopsis vici new genus and new species. It differs from the type and only other genus of the family in having longer internodes with up to three zooids, shorter proximal caudae, and, more importantly, suture lines that unequally divided the umbonuloid frontal shield and basal (abfrontal) wall (and the hypostegal coelom in life) into sectors, analogous to the situation in the lepralioid-shielded Prostomariidae and Urceoliporidae. Unlike Prostomaria and Urceolipora, and like Chlidoniopsis, Celiopsis is uniserial. The suture lines in Celiopsis were lines of insertion (attachment) of epithecal membranes in life and each sector has its own longitudinal series of septular pores, sometimes doubled. Miocene to Recent Chlidoniopsis contains two species, and Eocene—Oligocene Celiopsis contains three species. The geographic distribution gives evidence of origination of the family in the Paratethys of Europe, with southeastwards migration to Australia and the tropical western Pacific. The temporal distribution suggests two macro-evolutionary trends—from multizooidal to unizooidal internodes, and from a broader area of basal wall, with a division into separate cryptocystal fields, to a narrower basal wall with no such division.


This paper presents an approximate replication of Milton's (2007) study on lexical profiles and learning style. Milton investigated the assumption that more frequent words are acquired before less frequent ones. Using a vocabulary recognition test (X-Lex) to measure vocabulary size, Milton found that L2 English group profiles show a linear relationship between greater knowledge of high frequency words and lesser knowledge of low frequency items. The profiles also showed variability in individual profiles. Milton hypothesised that the individual differences in profiles are partly attributable to different approaches to learning, as elicited via language aptitude tests of memory and analysis. Learner profiles that showed a linear relationship with vocabulary frequency scored higher on analysis; learners who had irregular profiles scored higher on memory. The aim of this replication is to confirm whether learning style helps to determine what L2 lexis is learnt. It duplicates the vocabulary size test and the memory and analysis tests. However, the replication uses regression analyses, rather than a single ANOVA, to determine whether memory or analysis contributes to vocabulary knowledge. Moreover, the participants' L1 backgrounds are mixed, and they are older. The results from this replication do not support Milton's findings, but a post-study supports the notion that at low proficiency there is a relationship between memory and vocabulary size. It is concluded that neither memory nor analysis is related to patterns in lexical profiles, but that memory contributes to vocabulary size.


In this paper, we present an interactive multi-sensory environment designed for health promotion. It is the fourth generation in an ongoing research project. We focus on the designed qualities of the environment, and specifically on the multi-sensorial and musical interaction design. We present how we have designed the interactive music and multi-sensorial qualities of the environment, to make them health promoting. We combine knowledge from the field of interactive Music composition, Interaction Design and Tangible Interaction with knowledge from therapeutic disciplines such as Music and Health, Music Therapy and Sensory Integration. We use music and sensory interaction possibilities to evoke the users' positive emotions, to recognise, relate and regulate their moods and feelings. The multi-sensorial environment offers the user possibilities to use their own capabilities and resources to master by experiencing control, coping and advancement. Further, to be able to express themselves through musical and sensory stimulating and aesthetical experiences, and build healing and empowering social experiences and relations.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to quantify the interactions of the 3 vocalization subsystems of respiration, phonation, and resonance before, during, and after a perturbation to the larynx (temporarily induced unilateral vocal fold paralysis) in 10 vocally healthy participants. Using dynamic systems theory as a guide, we hypothesized that data groupings would emerge revealing context-dependent patterns in the relationships of variables representing the 3 vocalization subsystems. We also hypothesized that group data would mask important individual variability important to understanding the relationships among the vocalization subsystems.

Method
A perturbation paradigm was used to obtain respiratory kinematic, aerodynamic, and acoustic formant measures from 10 healthy participants (8 women, 2 men) with normal voices. Group and individual data were analyzed to provide a multilevel analysis of the data. A 3-dimensional state space model was constructed to demonstrate the interactive relationships among the 3 subsystems before, during, and after perturbation.

Results
During perturbation, group data revealed that lung volume initiations and terminations were lower, with longer respiratory excursions; airflow rates increased while subglottic pressures were maintained. Acoustic formant measures indicated that the spacing between the upper formants decreased (F3-F5), whereas the spacing between F1 and F2 increased. State space modeling revealed the changing directionality and interactions among the 3 subsystems.

Conclusions
Group data alone masked important variability necessary to understand the unique relationships among the 3 subsystems. Multilevel analysis permitted a richer understanding of the individual differences in phonatory regulation and permitted subgroup analysis. Dynamic systems theory may be a useful heuristic to model the interactive relationships among vocalization subsystems.

Supplemental Material
https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5913532.


CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a transformative new tool to systematically probe gene function. In this study, we compare the performance of CRISPR to RNAi-based loss-of-function screens for the identification of cancer dependencies by performing parallel deep-coverage shRNA and CRISPR screens targeting 2722 genes across several cancer cell lines. CRISPR-based dropout screens identified more lethal genes compared to RNAi in all five cancer models, indicating that the identification of many cellular dependencies may require full gene inactivation, as induced by CRISPR but not RNAi. However, in two aneuploid cancer models we found that all genes within highly amplified regions, including non-expressed genes, scored as lethal by CRISPR, revealing an unanticipated class of false-positive hits in CRISPR-based screens. Using a CRISPR tiling array that encompassed all possible sgRNAs against the coding regions of 139 genes, sgRNAs targeting essential domains provide the most robust dropout phenotypes, suggesting that this approach might be used to define the protein domains that are required for cancer dependence. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the utility of CRISPR-based screens in the identification of cancer-dependent genes, but also reveal the need to carefully control for false-positive results especially in chromosomally unstable cancer lines. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Diana Munoz, Frank P. Stegmeier, Michael Schlabach. CRISPR screens provide a comprehensive assessment of cancer vulnerabilities but generate false-positive hits for highly amplified genomic regions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Opportunities and Challenges of Exploiting Synthetic Lethality in Cancer; Jan 4-7, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2017;16(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B21.


Tutorial Guide to AutoCAD 2017 provides a step-by-step introduction to AutoCAD with commands presented in the context of each tutorial. In fifteen clear and comprehensive chapters, author Shawna Lockhart guides readers through all the important commands and techniques in AutoCAD 2017, from 2D drawing to solid modeling and finally finishing with rendering. In each lesson, the author provides step-by-step instructions with frequent illustrations showing exactly what appears on the AutoCAD screen. Later, individual steps are no longer provided, and readers are asked to apply what they've learned by completing sequences on their own. A carefully developed pedagogy reinforces this cumulative-learning approach and supports readers in becoming skilled AutoCAD users. Tutorial Guide to AutoCAD 2017 begins with three Getting Started chapters that include information to get readers of all levels prepared for the tutorials. The author includes tips that offer suggestions and warnings as you progress through the tutorials. Key Terms and Key Commands are listed at the end of each chapter to recap important topics and commands learned in each tutorial. Also, a glossary of terms and Commands Summary list the key commands used in the tutorials. Each chapter concludes with end of chapter problems providing challenges to a range of abilities in mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering as well as architectural problems.


Rehabilitation of a patient who has suffered from trauma is a challenging task for the oral surgeon and the Prosthodontist. A multidisciplinary approach is required to rehabilitate the patient so as to enable function and esthestics. Use of a fixed removab precision attachments is a viable prosthetic option for patients who have suffered trauma due to road traffic accidents. This case report describes the rehabilitation of a young patient who lost his front teeth in a road traffic accident and replacement of the missing teeth was done using extra Rhein 83 attachments.


Echocardiography and catheterization angiography suffer certain limitations in the evaluation of congenital heart diseases in adults, though these are overcome by MRI, in which a wide field-of view, unlimited multiplanar imaging capability and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MR angiography techniques are used. In adults, recently introduced fast imaging techniques provide cardiac MR images of sufficient quality and with less artifacts. Ventricular volume, ejection fraction, and vascular flow measurements, including pressure gradients and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio, can be calculated or obtained using fast cine MRI, phase-contrast MR flow-velocity mapping, and semiautomatic analysis software. MRI is superior to echocardiography in diagnosing partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, unroofed coronary sinus, anomalies of the pulmonary arteries, aorta and systemic veins, complex heart diseases, and postsurgical sequelae. Biventricular function is reliably evaluated with cine MRI after repair of te ralogy of Fallot, and Senning's and Mustard's operations. MRI has an important and growing role in the morphologic and functional assessment of congenital heart diseases in adolescents and adults.


Libraries today document their performance for the most part only in data of input and output (e.g. size of the collection, number of issues, of reference answers etc.). If they do more, they evaluate the quality and user-orientation of their services by applying performance indicators or user satisfaction surveys. Data of high use or high user satisfaction seem to indicate that users benefit from the library's services. But in demonstrating the library's value to the financing authorities or the public it would be much more effective if libraries could show a direct impact/outcome of their services on their users. Such outcome might be either a monetary value attributed to one case of use, or the impact on the users' skills and knowledge, their information literacy. Quite a number of projects in different countries have tested methods to catch this 'outcome'. They have tried to assess the value assigned by the population to certain library services, to find a connection between success in studies or research and library use, to assess the library's impact on students' information literacy, to explore the information behaviour of groups in order to specify the library's role in information research and information delivery. The paper describes the different starting points for assessing outcome of library services.


SUMMARY: The Magellan region, including the Falkland Islands, is one of the world's most important areas for seabirds, and especially penguins. World-wide there are 17 species of penguin; 7 of these regularly breed around the coastal waters of South America, and 5 within the Magellan region. These are the King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua), Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes c. chrysocome), Macaroni Penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). During the last five years, a review of the breeding populations of penguins within the Magellan region was conducted. This work included population censuses of all the surface breeding species throughout the Falkland Islands and southern South America. The results of this work are presented, along with other cited information, to provide a summary of the current knowledge of penguin populations within the Magellan region.


The report reviewed here compares Wisconsin student test score performance for the 201516 school year across public schools, charter schools and private schools participating in one of the state's voucher programs. Comparing a single year's test scores across school sectors that serve different student populations is inherently problematic. The report uses linear regression models to attempt to adjust for these differences and make what the authors claim are "apples to apples" comparisons. Based on these comparisons, the report concludes that charter schools and private schools participating in the voucher programs are more effective than traditional public schools. Unfortunately, the limited nature of available data undermines any such causal conclusions. The inadequate and small number of school-level variables included in the regression models are not able to control for important confounding variables, most notably prior student achievement. Further, the use of aggregate percent proficient metrics masks variation in performance across grade levels and makes the results sensitive to the (arbitrary) location of the proficiency cut scores. The report's description of methods and results also includes some troubling inconsistencies. Thus, while the report does present important descriptive statistics about test score performance in Wisconsin, it cannot provide answers for those interested in determining which schools or school choice policies in Wisconsin are most effective. NEPC REviEw: Apples to Apples: the Definitive look At school test scores in MilwAukee AnD wisconsin


The BMJ Video Playergolb038037 Abstract Objectives To ascertain compliance rates with the European Commission's requirement that all trials on the EU Clinical Trials Register (EUCTR) post results to the registry within 12 months of completion (final compliance date 21 December 2016); to identify features associated with non-compliance; to rank sponsors by compliance; and to build a tool for live ongoing audit of compliance. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting EUCTR. Participants 7274 of 11 531 trials listed as completed on EUCTR and where results could be established as due. Main outcome measure Publication of results on EUCTR. Results Of 7274 trials where results were due, 49.5% (95% confidence interval 48.4% to 50.7%) reported results. Trials with a commercial sponsor were substantially more likely to post results than those with a non-commercial sponsor (68.1% v 11.0%, adjusted odds ratio 23.2, 95% confidence interval 19.2 to 28.2); as were trials by a sponsor who conducted a large number of trials (77.9% v 18.4%, adjusted odds ratio 18.4, 15.3 to 22.1). More recent trials were more likely to report results (per year odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.07). Extensive evidence was found of errors, omissions, and contradictory entries in EUCTR data that prevented ascertainment of compliance for some trials. Conclusions Compliance with the European Commission requirement for all trials to post results on to the EUCTR within 12 months of completion has been poor, with half of all trials non-compliant. EU registry data commonly contain inconsistencies that might prevent even regulators assessing compliance. Accessible and timely information on the compliance status of each individual trial and sponsor may help to improve reporting rates.


The use of bioimpedance techniques for malignancy identification is considered novel, with challenges existing that need to be overcome. In this thesis, such bioimpedance approaches have been developed for identifying malignancies through a systematic study, ranging from the investigation of the technical challenges affecting an imaging based breast cancer detection system, to the study of electrical properties of tissue and cells. Hence, this work provides proof-of-concept for cancer diagnosis based on the electrical signatures that differentiate malignancies from normal tissue, utilising bioimpedance analysis techniques. Further, this work will contribute to the understanding of correlations between electrical properties and biological functions, which will help to explore bioimpedance techniques for wider medical and bioscience applications. Furthermore, this research will also be conducive to investigations of novel devices for cancer diagnosis in clinic.

The Ph.D work was carried out in two threads. In the first thread, technical challenges of using Electrical Impedance Mammography (EIM), an imaging modality developed based on bioimpedance technique for breast cancer diagnosis, were studied on 1) effectively reducing measurement errors from electrode contact interfaces, and 2) validating systems by using novel simulation phantoms. In the second thread, bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) of tissues and cells was investigated to 1) reveal their electrical properties, 2) identify malignant changes, and 3) establish correlations of electrical properties with biological function changes. By carrying studies in these two threads, bioimpedance was fully investigated for its applications on cancer detection and diagnosis.

This work has made significant contributions to the field of study. It comprises the first systematic study on bioimpedance for cancer identification at the tissue and cellular levels. This work has also been pioneering in linking the electrical properties of malignant tissues and cells to the relevant biological changes brought on by the aforementioned malignancies.


This study is a revision of the poorly known genus Pseudochitinopoma Zibrowius, 1969 (Annelida, Serpulidae), erected for Hyalopomatopsis occidentalis Bush, 1905 from the West Coast of North America. Subsequently, an unnamed Pseudochitinopoma sp. nov. from the Seychelles (ten Hove 1994) (described herein as P. amirantensis sp. nov.) and P. pavimentata Nishi, 1999 were added to the genus. Ficopomatus capensis Day, 1961 is herein referred to Pseudochitinopoma , based on examination of the type material. Finally, Pseudochitinopoma beneliahuae sp. nov. was described from Western Australia and the Red Sea. Reproductive patterns and phylogenetic affinities of Pseudochitinopoma spp. are discussed.


A programming system is the user interface between the programmer and the computer. Programming is a notoriously difficult activity, and some of this difficulty can be attributed to the user interface as opposed to other factors. Historically, the designs of programming languages and tools have not emphasized usability.
This thesis describes a new process for designing programming systems where HCI knowledge, principles and methods play an important role in all design decisions. The process began with an exhaustive review of three decades of research and observations about the difficulties encountered by beginner programmers. This material was catalogued and organized for this project as well as for the benefit of other future language designers. Where questions remained unanswered, new studies were designed and conducted, to examine how beginners naturally think about and express problem solutions. These studies revealed ways that current popular programming languages fail to support the natural abilities of beginners.
All of this information was then used to design HANDS, a new programming system for children. HANDS is an event-based system featuring a concrete model for computation based on concepts that are familiar to non-programmers. HANDS provides queries and aggregate operations to match the way non-programmers express problem solutions, and includes domain-specific features to facilitate the creation of interactive animations and simulations. In user tests, children using the HANDS system performed significantly better than children using a version of the system that lacked several of these features. This is evidence that the process described here had a positive impact on the design of HANDS, and could have a similar impact on other new programming language designs.
The contributions of this thesis include a survey of the knowledge about beginner programmers that is organized for programming system designers, empirical evidence about how non-programmers express problem solutions, the HANDS programming system for children, a new model of computation that is concrete and based on familiar concepts, an evaluation of the effectiveness of key features of HANDS, and a case study of a new user-centered design process for creating programming systems.


High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are new class of solid solution alloys that have attracted worldwide attention due to excellent properties. These alloys can be used as a bulk material of its own or strengthening of other materials as a reinforcement, such as composites. Since these alloys exhibit very high strength, considerably good hardness and very good resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Therefore, there is huge scope for using these alloys for surface strengthening and hardening and modifications of surface properties of other alloys and steels. This has been a major motivation for the present work to explore the possibility of this alloy for such applications. A large variety of commercial processes are available for variety of coatings using powders. Among these, an electro-spark coating (ESC) is an emerging technology with promising features. In this process, a controlled electric spark is generated between two surfaces, one to be a substrate and another to be the coating material. Feed (Coating material) is usually in the form of thin rod or filament. A major advantage of this process is, its low cost compared to other available techniques and can be employed for variety of alloys including low melting alloys to high melting point alloys such as tungsten or tungsten carbides etc. It can also be used for selective repairing of defects and cracks of the surface of the component. In general, coating behaviors of HEAs have not been well studied particularly coating through ESC. Objective of the present investigation is to study the coating behavior of AlCoCrFeNi and CoCrFeNiMn equiatomic high entropy alloys on a steel substrate (AISI 410 SS) and its effect on surface hardening and wear properties of the substrate. Alloys powders were prepared through mechanical alloying and vacuum hot pressed to produce high density components. Thin rods (filament) of about cross-section of 3mm x3mm were prepared from the sintered specimen. Filament was about 50 to 60 mm long. There are several aspects, which are being studied currently, namely, phase stability and phase evolution of coated alloy, whether the alloy has same phase composition after coating to that of initial phase of the filament or not. Properties of post coated surface are being currently studied, such as bonding, diffusion depth, hardness and wear and vi tribological properties etc. It was found that surface hardness has improved significantly after coating. Among the HEA, AlCoCrFeNi coating resulted relatively higher hardness compared to the coating of CoCrFeNiMn HEA. Wear rate has dropped significantly after coating of HEA compared to un-coated steel. In this case also, AlCoCrFeNi coating shows better wear resistance compared to CoCrFeNiMn HEA. The preliminary observation suggests, the ESC process could be a promising method and HEA alloys could be the good materials for improvement of surface properties of steels and alloys.


For nearly 60 years, the U.S. Supreme Court has affirmed that the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees felony defendants the right to counsel, regardless of their ability to pay. Yet nearly all criminal procedure scholars agree that indigent defense as practiced today falls far short of its initial promise. These scholars frequently cite a lack of political support, insufficient public funding, and a failure to address instances of inadequate legal representation, among other things, as causes for the underlying systemic dysfunction.

We contend that these conventional critiques are incomplete. Rather, indigent defense systems often fail due to poor design: they do not align publicly funded defense attorneys with their clients' best interests. This is particularly true when courts appoint private attorneys to represent indigent defendants for a fee, as is done in hundreds of jurisdictions across the United States. We explain how such assignment systems create an "incentive gap" that financially motivates defense attorneys to maximize their caseloads but minimize their efforts.

We then show how campaign finance exacerbates this problem. Specifically, we provide empirical evidence that elected trial court judges and criminal defense attorneys regularly engage in "pay to play," where judges appoint attorneys who donate to their campaigns as counsel for indigent defendants. We find trial judges routinely accept such donations, often as apparent "entry fees" from attorneys who have just become eligible for appointments. These judges, in turn, typically award their donors more than double the cases they award to non-donors, with the average donor attorney earning greater than a 27-fold return on her donation. Indeed, we find indigent defense appointments can be surprisingly lucrative, with many donor attorneys earning tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars across the hundreds of cases assigned to them by their donee judges.

Worse, this apparent quid pro quo between judges and defense attorneys appears to directly harm defendants. We find that defense attorneys who donate to a judge are, if anything, less successful than non-donor attorneys in attaining charge reductions, dismissals, and acquittals, or avoiding prison sentences. We contend donor attorneys might underperform simply because they take on so many more cases from their donee judges, and hence spend less time on each matter.

Our study is the first empirical analysis of how campaign finance distorts criminal trial court decision-making. While our data are from Harris County (Houston), Texas—the nation's third most populous county — we show that pay to play is probably endemic across that state. Indeed, similar problems likely affect millions of Americans, as trial judges who control indigent defense assignments in many other states — including California, Georgia, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, and Ohio, among others — accept attorney donations to fund their electoral campaigns. Unless substantial reforms are made to address the corrosive influence of campaign finance on criminal defense, the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel will continue to ring hollow for millions of indigent defendants.


The flame-sealed tube zinc reduction graphitization method has been successfully adapted and optimized for radiocarbon measurements on EnvironMICADAS in the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies (ATOMKI HLES). To reduce the cost and treatment time of producing graphite targets from samples of about 1 mg carbon content, we have omitted the titanium hydride (TiH2) reagent and used a decreased amount of zinc as the sole reductant in our new method. These changes have also helped to eliminate methane formation during the graphitization processes as well as to recover higher ion current at the same background level. These conditions have led to improved efficiency in the 14C measurements; furthermore, the instrument background level remained sufficiently low (<49,000 yr BP). After determining the optimum parameters of the new Zn graphitization method (2.5 mg Fe powder, 15.0 mg Zn powder, 10 hr graphitization at 550°C in heating block, reaction cells with reagent pretreated at 300°C for 1 hr), verification of the accuracy was carried out by the preparation and measurement of IAEA standard samples (C2, C6, C7, C8) with known 14C activity. The sensitivity of the method for gas contamination was tested and determined by comparing the results to measurements of reserved portions of previously processed real samples.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of knowledge management (KM) on three organizational sectors. Design/methodology/approach – This paper undertakes a dual theory building/testing approach. Through the development of a multi-factor KM model, known as the MeCTIP model, and subsequent survey instrument, empirical analysis is conducted on a number of UK organizations from engineering, technology and financial services sectors. Findings – The results indicate that for KM implementation common issues exist for people issues across organizational sectors, while cultural and technological differences are evident. Research limitations/implications – As the survey population consists of UK companies only, the findings presented may not be representative of all companies, within the three identified sectors, on a global scale. Secondly, only three industrial sectors are included in the study, therefore the results cannot be applied to all organization types. Originality/value – While the area of KM is eclectic in nature and covers the systematic management of knowledge, of all kinds, within all levels and types of organizations there is a paucity of empirical studies focusing on key variables within the field. Such studies are needed to increase understanding and to examine the applicability of KM across a range of organizational contexts.


The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of inter-relationship between family type and academic achievement of students. A Correlational survey research was adopted for the study with a total of 300 respondents. Analysis of the data indicated that significant relationship exists between academic achievement, family type and students' academic motivation (r=0.26: P<0.005). Also, a significant relationship existed in the overall academic achievement of students from monogamous families and those from polygamous families (T-cal=3.48; P<0.005). However, sex did not significantly affect academic achievement of students from monogamy and polygamy background. Though, the males tend to achieve slightly better than the females with mean of 36.26. Outcome of this finding posited that counselors should provide the necessary assistance and psychological support for students from polygamous family to overcome poor academic achievement.

 Key words:  Monogamous homes, polygamous homes and students' academic achievement.


Abstract The beam power in a new project of a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment from Tokai to Kamioka (the T2K experiment) will be approximately 100 times higher than that in a substantial long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment from the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) to Kamioka (the K2K experiment). In the T2K experiment, radionuclides at serious activity levels will be produced in a target, magnetic horns, and partially dissolved into the cooling water. Radionuclides at serious activity levels will also be produced in the cooling water. Therefore, we measured the total activity and distribution of 7Be, 22Na, 54Mn, 57Co, 60Co, 88Y, 101gRh, 102mRh, and 110mAg collected on a demineralizer in the K2K water cooling system, in order to consider reducing both exposure to personnel from the demineralizer and radioactivity released by draining the cooling water at regular intervals in the T2K experiment. The total activity of the individual nuclides was estimated to range from 0.9 MBq to 0.7 GBq at the end of the 2-yr K2K operation. When the results are projected to the T2K experiment, 70 GBq of 7Be and 6 GBq of 22Na are particularly high, and shielding from the radiation must be provided for the entire water system. Half of the demineralizer was saturated with the Al, Cu, and Ag ions dissolved from the target and magnetic horns. When the entire column is saturated with the ions, all high activity of 22Na located at the bottom of the demineralizer will be released into the cooling water immediately. Although 88Y, 101gRh, and 102mRh cannot be collected completely because of weak retention by hydrolysis and/or association with colloid, a reduction in the surface area of the Ag metal is possible for new magnetic horns and will result in a decrease of the activities in the cooling water.


Recently it has been found that the summertime tropospheric temperature gradient (hereafter TT gradient) over East Asia provides a natural characterization of the local climate variability, particularly, the precipitation variability, and can help forecast the onset of summer monsoon. In this study we extend the study to the winter months, using the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) - DOE AMIP 2 reanalysis daily datasets. It is shown that the TT gradient during the El Niño years is significantly smaller than that during the La Niña years, and the difference in TT variation in the two ENSO phases leads to a distinctly different pattern of variability of precipitation over East Asia. The corresponding variabilities of circulation and moisture transport are in agreement with the observation, which are further sub-stantiated in a causal inference using the traditional regression analysis and a newly developed causality analysis technique with time series.


Energy-harvesting wireless sensor networking is an emerging technology with applications to various fields such as environmental and structural health monitoring. A distinguishing feature of wireless sensors is the need to perform both source coding tasks, such as measurement and compression, and transmission tasks. It is known that the overall energy consumption for source coding is generally comparable to that of transmission, and that a joint design of the two classes of tasks can lead to relevant performance gains. Moreover, the efficiency of source coding in a sensor network can be potentially improved via distributed techniques by leveraging the fact that signals measured by different nodes are correlated. In this paper, a data-gathering protocol for multihop wireless sensor networks with energy-harvesting capabilities is studied whereby the sources measured by the sensors are correlated. Both the energy consumptions of source coding and transmission are modeled, and distributed source coding is assumed. The problem of dynamically and jointly optimizing the source coding and transmission strategies is formulated for time-varying channels and sources. The problem consists in the minimization of a cost function of the distortions in the source reconstructions at the sink under queue stability constraints. By adopting perturbation-based Lyapunov techniques, a close-to-optimal online scheme is proposed that has an explicit and controllable tradeoff between optimality gap and queue sizes. The role of side information available at the sink is also discussed under the assumption that acquiring the side information entails an energy cost.


This paper presents a transient faults sensitivity evaluation for quasi delay insensitive (QDI) asynchronous circuits. Because of their specific architecture, asynchronous circuits have a very different behavior than synchronous circuits in the presence of faults. We address the effects of transient faults in QDI circuits and describe the causes that lead the faults to be memorized into one or more soft errors. Therefore, a refined fault sensitivity criterion is defined for this class of circuits. This methodology enables us to point out the weak parts of a circuit. An analysis tool is implemented to support this evaluation. This tool provides a quantitative study of the fault sensitivity, and enables us to compare the robustness of different architectures of a circuit along the steps of its design flow. The objective of this work is to evaluate the circuits robustness against natural faults (single fault model) and intentional fault injection (multiple faults model).


You should leave 8 mm of space above the abstract and 10 mm after the abstract. The heading Abstract should be typed in bold 8,5- point Times. The body of the abstract should be typed in normal 8,5-point Times in a single paragraph, immediately following the heading. The text should be set to 1.15 line spacing. The abstract should be centred across the page, indented 15 mm from the left and right page margins and justified. It should not normally exceed 200 words.


Although superconductivity will never produce energy by itself, it plays an important role in energy-related applications both because of its saving potential (e.g., power transmission lines and generators), and its role as an enabling technology (e.g., for nuclear fusion energy). The superconducting magnet's need for plasma confinement has been recognized since the early development of fusion devices. As long as the research and development of plasma burning was carried out on pulsed devices, the technology of superconducting fusion magnets was aimed at demonstrations of feasibility. In the latest generation of plasma devices, which are larger and have longer confinement times, the superconducting coils are a key enabling technology. The cost of a superconducting magnet system is a major portion of the overall cost of a fusion plant and deserves significant attention in the long-term planning of electricity supply; only cheap superconducting magnets will help fusion get to the energy market. In this paper, the technology challenges and design approaches for fusion magnets are briefly reviewed for past, present, and future projects, from the early superconducting tokamaks in the 1970s, to the current ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) and W7-X projects and future DEMO (Demonstration Reactor) projects. The associated cryogenic technology is also reviewed: 4.2 K helium baths, superfluid baths, forced-flow supercritical helium, and helium-free designs. Open issues and risk mitigation are discussed in terms of reliability, technology, and cost.


In ultracold atoms settings, inelastic light scattering is a preeminent technique to reveal static and dynamic properties at nonzero momentum. In this work, we investigate an array of one-dimensional trapped Bose gases, by measuring both the energy and the momentum imparted to the system via light scattering experiments. The measurements are performed in the weak perturbation regime, where these two quantities—the energy and momentum transferred—are expected to be related to the dynamic structure factor of the system. We discuss this relation, with special attention to the role of in-trap dynamics on the transferred momentum.


This study presents a general, practical and operational methodology to improve energy efficiency of processes through a holistic approach. The required methods and tools have been developed based on a systemic approach of process energy integration and energy efficiency optimization. The objective is to develop a general methodology adaptable to any type of industrial chemical process, existing and under development. This methodology consists of six steps: 1. The development of a process flowsheet and determination of material and energy balances, 2. Definition of the heat requirement of the process and establishment of the composite curves, 3. Calculation of the maximum energy recovery using the pinch method and statement of an ideal target, 4. Proposal of technical improvement solutions through process energy integration, modification of the process operation units -incremental and/or step changes-, 5. Selection of the most promising solutions, evaluation of the investment costs, and designing of the heat exchangers network and 6. Evaluation of the profitability of the most promising proposals and choice of the best compromise. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through the case study highlighting the different steps and the potential of this approach.


The seasonal transition from December 2017 to May 2018 occurred during the final decaying stage of the La Niña phase following the 2015/16 El Niño. In this report we documented the anomalous cyclonic flow that persisted over the South China Sea (SCS) in winter and over the western North Pacific in spring was maintained by the anomalous heating in the equatorial Pacific and the extratropical influences that consist of weakened Aleutian low and subtropical wind-SST coupled air-sea fluxes over the NW Pacific. Persistent anomalous north-easterlies along with negative OLR and warm SST anomalies over the SCS in spring was found to be sustained by the cold and dry air advected from East Asia into the lower latitudes through the anomalous easterlies associated with the cyclonic flow to the south and anticyclonic flow to the north at 20 30°N. Besides the above interannual scale influences, heating over tropical Indian Ocean (IO) associated with two intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO) episodes in April and May caused strong easterly flow over eastern IO and Maritime Continent. The interannual and intra-seasonal influences together maintained an anticyclonic flow from SCS to Bay of Bengal in April and May, and delayed the SCS monsoon onset. A dry Equatorial Rossby wave that arrived at the SCS in late May further enhanced the delay and resulted in a late SCS monsoon onset in early June. Article history: Received 31 May 2019 Revised 20 February 2020 Accepted 25 February 2020


Descendants of people buried in cemeteries on private property have a common law right to access that property to visit the cemetery. That right, which is akin to an implied easement in gross, is recognized by statute in about a quarter of states and by case law in many others. Grave Matters explores the origins, nature, and scope of the little-recognized right and its implications for property theory. It discusses the right as part of well-established property doctrine and its relationship to recent takings cases, as well as the corollary graveyard right against desecration and the correlative right of communities to relocate cemeteries. The right of access, which traces its roots to the early the nineteenth-century, is important because it is one of the few implied rights of access to private property. It limits, by implication, the right to exclude, which is at the core of property rights. Thus, it offers a way of getting access to property without facing a takings claim. Moreover, the right is important because it reminds us that there are limits of the right of exclusion, which were recognized at common law. The right of relocation further illustrates the careful balancing of property rights with the community's right. Thus, the graveyard rights together emerge as vestiges of the nineteenth-century's consideration of community and property. A final section suggests the importance of the right of access for recent discussion about reparations for the era of slavery, for the right of access provides a property right (an easement) in descendants of slaves buried on plantations to access those plantations. The property held by descendants provides important symbolic connections between the past and present and offers hope of a lawsuit for reparations that is not barred by the statute of limitations.


The new [Co(Salen)(PBu3)2]ClO4, [Co(Salen)(PBu3)2]BF4, [Co(Salpn)(PBu3)2]ClO4 and [Co(Salen)(PMe2Ph)2]ClO4 ( where salen = bis(salisylaldehyde)ethylenediimine)) complexes were synthesiszed and chracterized by IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The IR and 1H NMR spectra cofirmed that the synthesised complexes contain Schiff base ligand, phosphane and conter ion and the elemental analysis is in good agreement with those calculated for the proposed formula. The coordination geometry of [Co(Salen)(PMe2Ph)2]ClO4 and [Co(Salen)(PBu3)2]ClO4 complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. It has been found that all the complexes are hexa coordinate in the solid state. Cobalt atom exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry and the salen ligand has the N2O2 coordinated environment in the equatorial plane. Cobalt complexes with ligands derived from salicylaldehyde have been well studied.[1] They are regarded as models for the Cobalamine (B12) coenzymes [2-4] classified as an oxygen carrier [5] and used as a catalyst for the preparative oxygenation of phenols [6] indols [7] and amines.[8]. The catalytic activity of Co(III) with salen complexes has been investigated. It was shown the catalytically active species contains cobalt in the Co(III) oxidation state [9-15].


OBJECTIVES--To determine the incidence and nature of unreported and reported home accidents in older people and to investigate associated environmental factors. DESIGN--Postal questionnaire requesting information on home accidents in the preceding month. SETTING--Inner London general practice. SUBJECTS--All registered patients aged over 65 years (n = 1662), of whom 120 were inappropriately registered and 1293 responded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Circumstances and consequences of accidents in the home. RESULTS--108 accidents were recorded in 100 patients, giving a home accident rate of 84/1000 patients, equivalent to an annual rate of 1002/1000. 73 accidents were falls, and 83 were unreported. Of the 25 reported accidents, 19 were reported to general practice and six to accident and emergency departments (5.6% of all events). Rates of home accidents increased with age and were higher in women than men (79/819 upsilon 29/474; chi 2 = 4.5, df = 1, p less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS--The incidence of home accidents in people aged over 65 years was high but few events were reported to medical services. General practice provided the main contact for patients who reported home accidents, and primary care workers have important opportunities for advising elderly patients on home accident prevention. Improved publicity on home safety targeted at older people and their carers would support the primary health care team in this role.


Abstract Peter Carey's Parrot and Olivier in America is a fictionalized version of Tocqueville's travels through the young United States. Unlike Tocqueville, Olivier de Garmont is accompanied by Parrot Larrit, an English servant who offers a bold egalitarian counterpoint to Olivier's aristocratic liberalism. This article compares Carey's work with Tocqueville's on the consequences of democracy for political institutions, education, and art; discusses Carey's technique of using alternating narration between Olivier and Parrot to capture the complexities of American democracy; and concludes with thoughts about being a friendly critic of democracy in the twenty-first century. Although Parrot and Olivier is no substitute for Democracy in America, it addresses Tocqueville's concerns in a creative and subtle manner, prompting reflection on whether—to use Olivier's terms—democracy has "ripened well."


Societies emerging from ethno-political and inter-communal conflict face a range of complex problems that stem directly from the recent lived experience of bloodshed and injury, militarisation, securitisation and segregation. As institutional agents in such an environment, public managers perform the dual role of both interpreting public policy and implementing it within a politically contested space and place. In this article, we address how managers cope with the outworking of ethno-nationalist conflict and peace building within government processes and policy implementation and contend this is a subject of emerging concern within the wider public administration, urban studies and conflict literature. Using data from a witness seminar initiative on the Northern Ireland conflict transformation experience, we explain how public sector managers make sense of their role in post-agreement public management and highlight the importance of three identified mechanisms; 'bricolage', 'diffusion' and 'translation' in the management of public sector organisations and urban spaces in a context of entrenched conflict and an uncertain path to peace.


Work. Hard work! And plenty of it. That is what has made the United States into the world's foremost economic superpower. But while we Americans value and respect work, we are also concerned about economic justice. We like to see all workers earn a fair day's pay for a fair day's work. And we like having a safety net to catch those who cannot compete successfully in our labor markets. America works because of this balance between the desire to reward work and our concerns about economic justice. But America could work even better. This article explains how current government policies influence work and work behavior and makes the case for changing government tax, welfare, Social Security, pension, and labor market policies to encourage work and promote greater economic justice. It is a clear, provocative declaration of principles and a bold prescription for policies that restore and preserve the balance of work rewards and economic justice.


: Acazulco Otomi (Oto-Pamean, Oto-Manguean) is an endangered language spoken by about 200 elderly people in San Jerónimo Acazulco, a village located 35 km Southwest from Mexico City (Mexico). The language is tonal, verb-initial and head-marking. This language has four inflectional classes of verbs, which differ from each other (a) in the allomorphs of tense-aspect-mood proclitics they select, and (b) in the type of stem alternations they present across their paradigm. Although class membership is a lexical property for each particular verb, the existence of verb pairs across different classes suggests that the classes emerged from valence-changing morphological strategies that are no longer productive nowadays. This chapter shows how the historical development of inflectional classes of verbs in Acazulco Otomi might have occurred. In addition, it discusses the possibility that one of these classes, which I treat as class IV, may still be under the process of lexicalization.


Introduction:Emotional creativity as one of creativities in emotional field needs to removing ordinary emotional reflectives and creating innovative emotional reflectives.in this regards, academicenthusiasm refer to behaviours that are related to learning and promoting.considering the importance of creativity and academic enthusiasm among students,this study has been done for studing relationship between emotional creativity and academic enthusiasm in public health students in Gonabad university of medical sciences. Methods: This is a descriptiveanalytic and cross-sectional study.The study population included 352 students of the school of Public Health in Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in 2015. The sample based on kregcie and Morgan table was 185 students that were selected through stratified random sampling method. For gathering data the questionnaires of emotional creativity Averil (1994) and academic enthusiasm Frederick et al (2004) with reliability of (0.89) and (0.72) were used respectively. Data were analysed using SPSS , Pearson correlation and regression test at the significant level of 0.05. Results:The results showed that the level of students' emotional creativity and academic enthusiasm School of Public Health were above average. There was a relationship between the emotional creativity and academic engagement(r=0.494 , p=0.001) and components of emotional readiness, effectiveness and genuineness were the components of anticipating students' enthusiasm (p=0.001). Conclusion: Given that there is a relationship between emotional creativity and academic engagement Therefore, the authorities of university must be reinforce students' emotional creativity and academic engagement Through educational courses and workshops.


ABSTRACT The preference for coastal habitats makes the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, vulnerable to fisheries conflicts and hence prone to die due to entangling in fishing nets. An opportunistic sampling of such casualties (134 individuals) in Norwegian waters was used to assess the genetic population structure of the species by SNP-genotyping at 78 loci. The results of genetic clustering obtained for these individuals failed to identify more than one genetic group. Likewise, the individually-based F did not meet an Isolation-by-Distance pattern, thus supporting the conclusion that harbour porpoise in Norway probably belongs to a single genetic group or population.


High-efficiency crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells increasingly feature sophisticated electron and hole contacts aimed at minimizing electronic losses. At the rear of photovoltaic devices, such contacts—usually consisting of stacks of functional layers—offer opportunities to enhance the infrared response of the solar cells. Here, we propose an accurate and simple modeling procedure to evaluate the infrared performance of rear contacts in c-Si solar cells. Our method combines full-wave electromagnetic modeling of the rear contact with a statistical ray optics model to obtain the fraction of optical energy dissipated from the rear contact relative to that absorbed by the Si wafer. Using this technique, we study the impact of the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and thickness of the rear-passivating layer and establish basic design rules. In addition, we evaluate novel optical structures, including stratified thin films, nanoparticle composites, and conductive nanowires embedded in a low-index dielectric matrix, for integration into advanced rear contacts in c-Si photovoltaic devices. From an optical perspective, nanowire structures preserving low contact resistance appear to be the most effective approach to mitigating dissipation losses from the rear contact.


We have investigated the application of near-IR reflectance spectroscopy to the determination of motor oil contamination in sandy loam. Although the present work is concerned with a specific case of contamination, we discuss the possibility of applying the method to other organic contaminants and other types of soil. The spectral region considered was 1600–1900 nm, which contains the first overtone of the CH stretch. Using a commercial Fourier transform spectrometer together with cross-validated partial least-squares data analysis, the one-sigma precision for the determination of motor oil in sandy loam was 0.17 wt % (0.13 to 0.26 wt % at the 95% confidence level). The largest contribution to the precision of the determination was sampling error, or inhomogeneity in each sample. Given the precision limit imposed by the sampling error, we found that the performance of the spectrometer could be lowered without affecting the overall precision. In a modeling exercise, adequate performance was obtained with a spectrometer having only seven spectral channels with a spectral resolution of 10 nm and a spectral noise level of 10−3 absorbance units. A design for an inexpensive miniature instrument is presented.


Slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a monstrous single cell well known for its task-solving abilities -- solves computational geometry and logical problems, navigates robots and generates music. The slime mould could also build motorways, highways and expressways. It is used to analyse transport networks of Africa, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Iberia, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, The Netherlands, UK and USA. The largest cities are represented by oat flakes and the slime mould is inoculated in a capital. When all oat flakes are covered by the slime mould, the structure of the protoplasmic networks formed are analyzed. In the laboratory experiments and theoretical analyses, intriguing country-specific properties of the motorway networks are uncovered and compared with the man-made and slime mould networks. They are studied as proximity graphs, leading to hierarchies of complexity and bio-rationality of the motorways. The book will inspire novel and original thoughts, paradigms and approaches for re-evaluation of historical findings on the emergence of ancient roads and will help to design future transcontinental pathways. The book is self-contained and does not require any special training or knowledge. This lavishly illustrated text will be appreciated by readers from all walks of life. Readership: Computer scientists, road planners, mathematicians, physicists, chemists and nonlinear scientists.


The regional economic impact of biofuel production depends upon a number of interrelated factors: the specific biofuels feedstock and production technology employed; the sector's embeddedness to the rest of the economy, through its demand for local resources; the extent to which new activity is created. These issues can be analysed using multisectoral economic models. Some studies have used (fixed price) Input-Output (IO) and Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) modelling frameworks, whilst a nascent Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) literature has also begun to examine the regional (and national) impact of biofuel development. This paper reviews, compares and evaluates these approaches for modelling the regional economic impacts of biofuels.


This article provides an overview of intimate threats: a class of privacy threats that can arise within our families, romantic partnerships, close friendships, and caregiving relationships. Many common assumptions about privacy are upended in the context of these relationships, and many otherwise effective protective measures fail when applied to intimate threats. Those closest to us know the answers to our secret questions, have access to our devices, and can exercise coercive power over us. We survey a range of intimate relationships and describe their common features. Based on these features, we explore implications for both technical privacy design and policy, and offer design recommendations for ameliorating intimate privacy risks.


We investigate in detail the dynamics of bouncing of a fluid-immersed solid sphere onto a textured wall at moderate Reynolds and Stokes numbers. Using high-frequency interferometric measurements, the dynamics of the sphere is resolved in time and space, before, during and after collision with the wall. The critical Stokes number for bouncing is shown to be significantly influenced by the geometry of the texture, i.e. the surface fraction and the height of the micro-pillars. A modified Hertz model is developed to take into account the influence of this texture geometry on the collision dynamics. The predicted scaling for the collision time and penetration depth of the sphere into the textured wall is found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements.


Survivors of prostitution propose a policy reform platform including three main pillars of priority: criminal justice reforms, fair employment, and standards of care. The sexual exploitation of prostituted individuals has lasting effects which can carry over into many aspects of life. In order to remedy these effects and give survivors the opportunity to live a full and free life, we must use a survivor-centered approach to each of these pillars to create change. First, reform is necessary in the criminal justice system to recognize survivors as victims of crime and not perpetrators, while holding those who exploited them fully responsible. Second, reform is necessary to assist survivors in finding fair employment by offering vocational training, financial counseling, and educational scholarships, as well as offering employment opportunities that utilize survivors' vast array of skills and interests. Finally, standards of care for survivors exiting prostitution should focus on supporting survivors in our journeys and support shortand long-term resources that empower us. These systemic changes are necessary to recognize survivors as the valuable human beings we are and to support survivors in fulfilling our vast potential.


Polysulfone/carbon nanotubes (PSF/CNTs) nanocomposite membrane was prepared via phase inversion induced by immersion precipitation technique. In addition, the surface of the CNTs was functionalized by polar carboxylic and amine groups to improve the interaction between the CNTs and the polymer matrix. For this purpose, the neat CNTs were chemically treated using sulfuric acid/nitric acid (H2SO4/HNO3) mixture and an aromatic amine agent, i.e. 1-4-diamino benzene (DABZ), to produce the functional groups on the CNTs surface. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of carboxylic- and amine-functional groups on the nanotubes surface. Asymmetric PSF composite membrane with various levels of the functionalized CNTs were prepared to investigate the effect of functional group type on the morphology and water flux rate of the resulting membranes. The results showed that the incorporation of the functionalized CNTs up to 0.5 wt% increased the pore size and surface roughness of the sheet membranes, while further addition decreased porosity and roughness. Higher water flux rate was observed for the amine-functionalized CNTs (afCNTs) reinforced PSF membrane when compared with the membranes reinforced with the carboxyl-functionalized CNTs (cf-CNTs). The stronger compatibility between af-CNTs and the PSF matrix caused higher water permeability. The salt rejection performance of these microfiltration composite membranes was evaluated.


The sequencing between an infinitive and clitics in pre-modern Spanish changed from the absence of any principle in Latin to variable proclisis (13th century), prevalent proclisis (15th century), and finally categorical enclisis as a complete trend reversal (17th century). The strong increase in proclisis up to the 15th century is driven by dominant models in the language (with preceding negation, preposition, etc., following the sequencing with finite verb forms). Since standard analyses are not adequate here, an analysis relying on analogy will be compared with an interpretation based on the unreliability of documentation. This second approach leads to an explanatory impasse. While analogical modeling of unruly data implies a diminished role for strict regularity, it provides a much better fit with the data than standard rules, or a blunt challenge to the data, making it the preferred solution by far.


Background. Over the past 10 years, the focus of assessment and treatment for sex offenders has changed from the assessment of skills and deviant sexual preferences to the assessment and treatment of cognitions that might be considered to encourage or justify inappropriate sexual behaviour. There have been a few assessment measures of deviant sexual cognitions developed for adults in mainstream sex offender populations but none in less able populations. The present study describes an assessment questionnaire consisting of 7 scales for cognitions associated with rape, voyeurism, exhibitionism, dating abuse, stalking, homosexual assault and offences against children, designed to be used by sex offenders with intellectual disabilities.

Method. Four groups of subjects were employed in this study – sex offenders, non-sexual offenders, non-offenders all with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intelligence and a further group of normal men. All subjects completed the questionnaire and 86 subjects provided reliability data.

Results. Each item was subjected to 3 tests of reliability. Retained items were required to achieve an item-to-total correlation of at least 0.4. Of the 7 scales, 5 achieved an internal consistency coefficient of 0.8 or greater. All scales successfully discriminated between groups even when the normal controls were eliminated because their scores were so low.

Conclusions. It is possible to develop scales to assess cognitions related to types of offences which discriminate between sex offenders and other groups with intellectual disabilities. The final scales have robust statistical properties and can be used for clinical and research purposes. Some caution was noted in the use of attitudinal assessments for sex offenders.


This paper deals with transfer between analogies; with what people acquire from one analogy problem-solving episode that can be re-applied to a subsequent analogy, problem-solving episode. This issue must be resolved if we are to understand the nature of expertise and the appropriate use of analogy in education. There are two main explanations of what subjects acquire from an analogy problem-solving episode. The schema-induction hypothesis maintains that subjects acquire an abstract schema of the analogous domains, that can be re-applied to a subsequent situation. The predicatemapping hypothesis asserts that subjects acquire a set of predicate-mappings than can be re-used in a later situation. While there is empirical evidence to support each of these hypotheses, no critical test between them has been carried out. Furthermore, no previous research has examined transfer between analogies; that is, transfer between two distinct, analogy problem-solving episodes. The present study uses a novel paradigm to test transfer between analogies in a manner that constitutes a critical test of the above two hypotheses, using attribute-mapping and relational-mapping problems. The results support the schema-induction account. Keane Transfer Between Analogies