Domestic sewage, solid waste, industrial activities, and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides are the main sources of pollution that threaten the main groundwater aquifers of Tulkarem City of Palestine which add to the problem of water scarcity already experienced by the Palestinians in the West Bank. These aquifers are a vital groundwater resource that provides high quality water. This paper presents the findings of the "Pro Aquifer" project funded by the EU, which aims to reduce groundwater polluting activities in the main municipalities such as Tulkarem. The scientific research of this paper was conducted on the potential and existing sources of groundwater pollution that threaten the Aquifer. GIS tools as well as vulnerability, hazard and risk mapping and pollution modeling were used to examine the impacts of pollution to the groundwater resources in the study area. The local-scale pollution transport model was developed to define the general characteristics of the groundwater flow system as well as to consequently assess the future transport trends of pollution in the groundwater water system of the Tulkarem area. The outputs of this scientific research were used to establish policies and guidelines for reducing water and environmental pollution in Palestinian municipalities. The recommendations produced aim to help Palestinian municipalities prevent pollution of the critical trans-boundary groundwater resources that underlie Tulkarem City. These guidelines provide a methodology to help municipalities begin solving the environmental issues they face. The goals of these guidelines are to protect and prevent further deterioration of the resources of the Mountain Aquifer and to enable and empower municipal officials and staff to achieve these goals.


Background: Japan has continuously received influences from foreign countries to improve care for patients suffering from mental diseases throughout its history. But an article documenting on the foreign influences on Japanese mental health (MH) care is not readily available. Methods: The author reviewed the published books, papers, and government documents on the MH care in Japan. For comparisons, the publications on MH and psychiatric care, especially those in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, as well as countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, were also reviewed. The author also recounted his personal observations on the MH care over his own life. Results: Before the Meiji Restoration, Buddhism and temples played a major rôle in taking care of persons with mental illness. Kampo (Chinese medicine and medicinal herbs) was prescribed during the Edo era (1603–1867). After the Meiji Restoration in 1867, the Meiji government adopted Western medicine. German medicine was introduced as an exemplified model. Before World War II (WWII), Japanese psychiatry was under the heavy German influence. After WWII, American psychiatry was introduced. At the same time, the Japan Private Hospital Association (Nisseikyo) was formed, and it contributed to build MH care system. From 1955 to 1993, Japan continuously increased the number of private hospital beds, financed through public funds. The scandals at several private hospitals helped enact the Mental Health Law in 1987, making clear to change hospital-centered services to community-based MH services and improve the human rights of inpatients in Japan. Since then, efforts have been carried out to promote community-based MH care. But Japan nowadays is still characterized by hospital-centered MH care. Conclusion: At present, Japan has more than 1,000 psychiatric hospitals with 300,000 psychiatric beds. Japan has the largest number of psychiatric bedsthat is on the top among all countries in the world. In this review, the author expresses his own personal viewpoints on MH care for the mentally ill in Japan with focus on its international influences.


Record linkage aims at identifying duplicate records across datasets. Most existing record linkage techniques have been designed for monolingual datasets. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, CLRL, that links the records in a cross-language setting, where each input dataset is in a different language. CLRL combines monolingual similarity measures with multilingual cross-language word embedding similarities to identify the correspondence of records across datasets. As our experiments show, CLRL outperforms baseline approaches in cross-language data integration settings.


This research is motivated by the fact that there is a paucity of research on the earnings management practices of banks in Australia. Research on the practices of North American, European and Asian banks provided conflicting evidence. In this study, we examine whether Australian banks engage in earnings, capital management and signalling, and, if so, the extent to which loan loss provisions (LLPs) are used for this purpose. Our results indicate that banks in Australia use loan loss provisions to manage earnings. Further, listed commercial banks engage more aggressively in earnings management using LLPs than other banks. We also find that earnings management behaviour is more pronounced after implementation of the Basel Accord. We do not find evidence to indicate a relationship between LLPs and capital management. This may be because loan loss reserves no longer constitute part of Tier I capital in the numerator of the capital adequacy ratio. Overall, however, we find a significant understating of loan loss provisions in the post-Basel period relative to the pre-Basel period. This indicates that reported earnings may not reflect the true economic reality underlying those numbers. Finally, Australian banks do not appear to use LLPs for signalling future intentions of higher earnings to investors.


As Australia has begun to vaccinate boys against human papillomavirus, fresh calls have been made for the United Kingdom to follow suit.

The move sees Australia become the first country in the world to publicly fund HPV vaccination of boys in a bid to protect against genital warts and anal, penile, and throat cancers.

Starting this month, boys and girls alike in Australia will receive three doses of the quadrivalent vaccine Gardasil at ages 12-13, as part of a national, federally funded school based programme. A catch-up scheme will also run for 14-15 year old boys until the end of the school year in 2014.

The expansion of the existing programme, which has been vaccinating girls since 2007, is being rolled out across all states and territories throughout February. …


Volunteer users employ collaborative Internet technologies to develop open source products, a form of user-generated content, where time to product release is a crucial measure of project success. The open source community features two separate but related subcommunities: developer users who contribute time and effort to develop products and end users who act as collaborative testers and provide feedback. We develop hypotheses concerning how the location of the project's founders in the social network of developer users, the interplay of developer users and end users, and project and product characteristics affect time to product release. We use data on 817 development projects from SourceForge, a large open source community forum, to calibrate a split hazard model to test the hypotheses. That model supports the two-community conceptualization and most of the related hypotheses. The results have theoretical and managerial implications; for example, a pivotal position of founders in the developer user community can reduce time to product release by up to 31 and projects in which users are more engaged can experience an 11 time to product release compared with those projects in which they are not.

http://garylilien.info/publications/107 - User generated content.pdf


translated by Mikhteve Yoni. Introduction by Herman Wouk, with a foreword and afterword by his brothers Benjamin and Iddo Netanyahu. New York and Jerusalem: Gefen, 2001. 306 pp. $21.95.This generous fascicle of letters traces the life of a contemporary hero whose entire life was dedicated to honoring and defending the nation of Israel. The son of a scholar -- his father's study of the Marranos is this reviewer's favorite work on that subject -- and a lawyer, and the brother of a major politician, he personified the new Israeli: unbowed, fierce in battle. In the words of Herman Wouk, he lived "bearing witness to the greatness of human nature in extremis." This volume's readers will find their sense of Israel's painful rebirth in the twentieth century enriched by these missives of a modern warrior.The book is a collection of private correspondence written from Jonathan Netanyahu's seventeenth year as a homesick teenager in Philadelphia to the exhausted paratroop commander who dashed off the last letter to his sweetheart, Bruria, shortly before the remarkable raid on Entebbe Airport on July 4, 1976, which he commanded. Close to the conclusion of this near-miraculous military expedition, Yoni -- as he has come to be called by a grateful nation -- was shot to death by an Ugandan soldier. He was the only member of the rescue force to die. It was days before his thirtieth birthday.When Israel was founded, Yoni was two. Although born in the United States, he was raised in the green byways of Jerusalem. His childhood was settled and happy. After two years (1963-65) in the United States and three years in Zahal (the Hebrew acronym by which the Israeli army is commonly called), the Six-day War (1967) threw Yoni into battle for the first time:The battle is ended. I'm well and in one piece. We left the expanses of sand strewn with the bodies of the dead, filled with fire and smoke, and now we are once again in our own country. I am eaten up with worry for you. Perhaps in a few days, when it's all over and we're together again, perhaps then we'll smile. Right now it's a bit hard. When you smile, something inside hurts. Tonight, and maybe tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, we'll be shooting again, and again there'll be dead and wounded. I'll be all right, but I'm sorry for the others. (pp. 137-38)He continued his education at Harvard University from 1967 to 1969.While at Harvard, he writes his father that he is "not at all reconciled with being a civilian" (p. 173). "It's hard for me to bear the thought that I'm alive to others who protect me with their own bodies," he writes, "while I'm left to play the role of the civilian" (p. 171). He was, in short, a born warrior. He was also more, namely an astute critic of Middle Eastern Realpolitik: on page 169 (January 17, 1969), he writes:The Arab world won't agree to let us live in its midst. …


The core mechanism that drives economic growth in modern market economies is massive microeconomic restructuring and factor reallocation--the Schumpeterian "creative destruction" by which new technologies replace the old. At the microeconomic level, restructuring is characterized by countless decisions to create and destroy production arrangements. The efficiency of these decisions depends in large part on the existence of sound institutions that provide a proper transactional environment. In this groundbreaking book, Ricardo Caballero proposes a unified framework to analyze and understand a wide variety of macroeconomic phenomena stemming from limitations, especially institutional, that hinder these adjustments. Caballero argues that macroeconomic models need to be made more "structural" in a precise sense and can not be maintained on the assumption that decisions are fully flexible. What is needed, he proposes, is the notion of specificity--the idea that factors of production are not freely interchangeable. Many of the major macroeconomic developments of recent decades, he argues, fit naturally into this perspective, including the transition problems of Eastern Europe, the heavy weight of labor regulations in Western Europe, the emerging market crises of the 1990s, the prolonged expansion of the U.S. economy, and Japan's stagnation following the collapse of its real estate bubble. After describing the basic arguments of the book and developing models to illustrate two different kinds of specificity (relationship specificity and technological specificity), Caballero analyzes a variety of aspects of inefficient restructuring and revisits perennial business cycle patterns such as the cyclical behavior of unemployment, investment, and wages. Finally, he looks at the endogenous response of political institutions and technology to opportunistic exploitation of relationship specificity. Economists working on macroeconomics, development, growth, labor, and productivity issues will find Caballero's conceptual framework applicable to phenomena in their fields.


Two separate Upland cotton variety evaluations were conducted in southeastern Arizona during the 2006 cotton growing season. One location was in Graham County (Thatcher), while the second location was in Cochise County (Kansas Settlement). Sixteen varieties were planted at the Thatcher and ten varieties were selected and planted at the Kansas Settlement location. Varieties ranged in maturity from early to full at each of the locations. All plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Both locations were planted on grower-cooperator fields and were managed in accordance to the individual grower styles. Plant measurements were collected over the course of the season at only the Thatcher location. Lint yield was determined by harvesting the entire plot at each location and weighing the resultant seedcotton. Sub-samples were collected also at the time of harvest for percent lint estimates and fiber quality analysis. Crop value was calculated multiplying the lint yield by a lint price determined by a base value of $0.52/lb plus any discounts or premiums based upon fiber quality. Lint yield levels at both locations were high ranging from 1200 to just over 1900 lbs. lint/acre with a new Acala variety from Phytogen (PHY745WRF) producing the highest yield and also the highest crop value at the Thatcher location. In Kansas Settlement lint yields ranged from 1000 to over 1500 lbs. lint/acre with the highest lint yield and total crop value being produced again by the new Acala variety from Phytogen (PHY745WRF).


Once you start dividing the community from whom the Constitution works into "goodies'' and "badies," then I think you wander away from the heart of the constitutional enterprise. - Justice Albie Sachs, Constitutional Court of South Africa Justice Sachs wrote those words to describe his approach when writing the opinion establishing a constitutional right to same-sex marriage in South Africa. He did not want an opinion that regarded gay rights advocates as "a manipulative lobby group" or their religious opponents as "a bunch of benighted bigots." Rather, he wanted both sides to feel that their "convictions, values, and perspectives are being taken seriously and treated thoughtfully and with respect." While South Africa's Constitution mandated a particular result, it was imperative that no individual feel isolated from the constitutional community. Affirmation of one constitutional value - no sexual orientation discrimination - could not eviscerate another constitutional value - freedom of religion. In other words, the Opinion of the Court must affirm both equality and freedom.Although the South African Constitution is fundamentally different from the United States Constitution and although the South African Constitutional Court's analytical approach is substantially different from that of the Supreme Court, Justice Sachs' wisdom is equally applicable to America. Constitutional law is not a zero sum game. The affirmation of one constitutional value does not require the subordination or denial of another constitutional value. It is possible to have a strong National Government and maintain the sovereignty of the States. It is possible to have a vigorous and energetic President while respecting the clear prerogatives of both Congress and the judiciary. Most significantly, it is possible to have equality without sacrificing freedom. Indeed, ensuring the affirmation of both equality and freedom is the "heart of the constitutional enterprise."As our Nation confronts demands for state recognition of same-sex marriage, our jurists and policymakers must heed Justice Sachs' warning - do not divide the constitutional community. Regardless of whether government recognizes same-sex relationships and regardless of whether government describes that recognition as "marriage," the State must treat gays and lesbians as full and equal members of society. Our Constitution does not tolerate classes among its citizens. Statutes that criminalize certain sexual acts must apply with equal force to both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Similarly, even if every State eventually recognizes same-sex marriage, government may not prescribe what is orthodox in politics or punish religious belief. Government must not persecute People of Faith or undermine private charities. The affirmation of equality must not result in the subordination of freedom and vice versa. Rather, the Constitution must affirm both equality and freedom. Affirming both equality and freedom is particularly challenging in the context of public education. Public education, whether in the context of K-12 or higher education, brings together people of different races, generations, socio-economic classes, faiths, and values. Indeed, public education arguably is the most diverse segment of American society. Moreover, the young frequently express themselves with rhetoric that is rough rather than refined and in a manner that is dramatic instead of dignified. Escalation is all too common and too easy. In this environment, potential for conflict and misunderstanding is exponentially greater than in society. Yet, gays and lesbians justifiably demand that government schools and universities treat them with dignity and equality. Similarly, people of faith and political dissenters understandably demand that their freedoms do not disappear at the schoolhouse gate. This Article seeks to ensure public education does not "wander away from the heart of the constitutional enterprise" as our Nation grapples with same-sex marriage. Its purpose is to prevent public education from favoring equality over freedom or vice versa. It aims to promote the affirmation of equality for homosexuals and freedom for those who disagree with same-sex marriage. While a discussion of all the possible constitutional issues related to the consequences of state recognition of same-sex unions in public education contexts would be a monumental work and well beyond the scope of this Article, it is possible to articulate some general principles. Those general principles will guide jurists, policy-makers, and educational administrators.This Article has three parts. Part I discusses the constitutional value of equality in the context of same sex marriage. Although government may not engage in irrational sexual orientation discrimination, the National Constitution does not require recognition of same-sex marriage. Rather, the States, in the exercise of their sovereignty, may choose to establish same-sex marriage, but are not required to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other States. Part II examines the constitutional value of freedom and its significance for those who have political or theological objections to state recognition of same-sex unions. These rights include the freedom of speech including the freedom of association, the freedom of parents to direct the upbringing of their children, and the freedom of religion. Part III explains how public education may affirm both the equality of homosexuals and the freedom of those who oppose same-sex marriage. Specifically, public schools and universities must refrain from sexual orientation discrimination, must respect the right of faculty to express positions on same sex-marriage, and must allow students, whether individually or in groups, to advocate on issues related to same-sex marriage. In some instances, student groups may have greater rights under the State Constitutions or state law.


The African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights came into force in 1986, and is unique in that it lacks a precedent. However, little scholarship exists that analyses it as an operational system in practice. The success of the first edition of this book has led to this updated second edition. Contributors include experts who have been actively involved in the implementation of the Charter – commissioners, NGOs and academics. Offering a detailed evaluation of the Charter as a mechanism for the promotion and protection of human rights in Africa, the contributions cover the Charter's reporting system, the interpretation of different rights by the Commission, the prospects for the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights and the role of NGOs. This authoritative and comprehensive volume will interest lawyers acting for government and non-governmental organisations, as well as academics and postgraduates.


This article presents a comparative analysis of how characters are used as narrative tools in Bioware's computer role-playing games Dragon Age: Origins (2009) and Mass Effect 2 (2010). The analysis aims to demonstrate how sophisticated narrative features can be integrated in gameplay through the development of interesting characters. Using a comparative analysis, the author shows that the two games' have different approaches to using characters as narrative tools within the same genre, while also incorporating these narrative features tightly into gameplay. Central to the argument is the idea that presenting the player as protagonist is not necessarily the most fruitful approach to narrative experiences in games, and that narrative coherence may be better established and maintained through letting non-player characters carry the weight of narrative progression.


The moderate consumption of fish is recommended for a healthy diet and is also a feature of the Mediterranean diet. Fish is a major food group in diets throughout the world, and studies show that fish consumption is associated with a lower risk of a number of conditions. Spain has one of the highest annual per capita consumptions of fish worldwide. As fish is a source of high quality protein; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; vitamins, such as A and D; and minerals, such as selenium, calcium, iodine, magnesium, copper and zinc, nutrients that have positive effects on bone characteristics, it has been proposed that its consumption could improve bone health. In this cross-sectional study, we have investigated the relationship between dietary habits and nutrient intake of 151 Spanish premenopausal women and analyzed the association of fish consumption on bone mass measured by quantitative ultrasound of the phalanges. A higher (P < 0.05) bone mass and vitamin D intake (P < 0.05) was observed in the group with a fish intake of 5–7 servings/week. We conclude that increased fish consumption is helpful in maintaining an adequate bone mass in Spanish premenopausal women.


Atypical work, or alternative work arrangements in U.S. parlance, has long been criticized for providing poorly-compensated employment. Although one group of atypical workers (contractors) seems to enjoy a wage premium, our cross-section results from the CPS and NLSY for the better-known category of temporary workers point to a negative wage differential of some 7-12 percent. It emerges that much of the latter disparity stems from unobserved worker heterogeneity (accounting for which supports a wage advantage for contracting work). Turning to fringes, the appearance in cross section of a potentially large deficit in atypical worker health benefits is again reduced after accounting for permanent unobserved individual heterogeneity. But on this occasion the reduction is very modest. Further, there is now some indication that the wage advantage of contract workers partly compensates for their reduced access to such benefits.


This article examines precontact Yup'ik masks, maskettes, and mask fragments recently recovered from the Nunalleq site (16th–17th century AD) near the village of Quinhagak, Alaska. Remarkable in their number, size, and variety of designs, the Nunalleq masks, which represent spirits, humans, and animals, indicate a very active ceremonial life among the residents of Nunalleq settlement. This paper combines archaeological, ethnographic, and oral history accounts to demonstrate the existence of a rich mask-carving tradition in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta flourishing at least two centuries prior to European contact. The iconography of Nunalleq masks shows interesting regional connections as well as strong continuity between the pre- and postcontact Yup'ik mask making. Mask-making traditions are conservative, but far from frozen, and some fluidity can be observed within the Nunalleq mask assemblage over the course of ca. 150 years of the site's occupation.


This thesis examines the extremist side of the environmental activism commonly known as ecoterrorism, and the subsequent implications of categorizing criminal activism as terrorism. Groups such as Earth First!, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), and the Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) strive to protect the natural world from the detrimental impacts of industrialization. Activists affiliated with these groups endorse direct action against environmentally harmful enterprises. Extremists are motivated by the belief that they are on the frontline defending the defenseless. They hope to dissuade corporations and government agencies from exploiting the natural world by exposing unethical practices and causing economic damage. The strategy of direct action can involve sabotaging of industrial equipment (monkeywrenching), arson, and tree spiking. Direct action also promotes nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to obstruct industrial development. Both forms of direct action are effective at inflicting economic damage onto target enterprises. In response to ecoterrorism, national security agencies began to prioritize the incarceration of affiliated activists and include them in a registry of domestic terrorists. New legislation, such as the federal Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act and the proliferation of states adopting "Ag-gag" laws, criminalize acts of direct action that threaten food and pharmaceutical industries. These laws are criticized for grouping together environmental extremism with environmental advocates who practice civil disobedience. In effect, the new legislation protects environmentally destructive enterprises from their practices being exposed to the public. In order to weigh the significance of these claims, this thesis proceeds through the lenses of three disciples: the history of ecoterrorism, the philosophical foundation of deep ecology, and the scope of policy that delineates ecoterrorism and advocacy.


The effect of the addition of NaOH or KOH on commercial Degussa Titania P25 was investigated using TEM, Raman and in situ Raman spectroscopy. Treatment of titania with conc. NaOH generated a tubular material corresponding to a sodium titanate. An in situ Raman study on the sodium titanate nanotubes as a function of temperature revealed that the titanate structure was stable up to 700°C. Raman spectra of the titanate nanotubes after acid treatment, showed that the titanate structure was retained and EDX analysis revealed only trace amounts of sodium (0.3%) left in the material. HRTEM data are also consistent with the synthesis of protonated titanate nanotubes. An in situ Raman study of protonated titanate nanotubes as a function of temperature showed that the material was stable up to 150°C, while anatase appeared at T > 300°C. An in situ Raman study of the protonated titanate nanotubes produced from KOH as a function of temperature showed that the shape and size of the nanotubes prepared from NaOH and KOH are similar although rutile formation at 1000°C was different. A proposal for the formation of tubular titanates (and anatase) is given.


Dramatic changes in climatic conditions, exhibited as heat waves, water scarcity and heavy rains, continue to threaten crop quality and yield. Additionally, fungal-based plant pathogen booming is another reflection of climate change creating some potential risks for agricultural production of main staple crop species. Most of the abiotic and biotic stresses are under the control of complex traits. Moreover, a wide range of desirable quantitative characters in cultivated crops, such as disease resistance, might degenerate with time. Therefore, buffering crops against the large environmental changes is important for feeding the world's increasing population and requires implementation of effective food security strategies. Crop biodiversity plays a key role in the improvement of stress tolerant species and enables an extensive platform for identification of novel traits by using a range of molecular tools. This offers homozygous crop models for the traits of interest, prediction models related to the stress tolerance and genetic resources for the transformation of cultivated crops. This review provides an overview for application of different crop wild relatives and demonstrates their roles on development of stress tolerant plants. It also highlights the importance of global crop conservation and alternative plant species for future plant breeding.


Effective Dose Estimation for U.S. Army Soldiers Undergoing Multiple Computed Tomography Scans Robert Dean Prins Diagnosing the severity of blunt trauma injuries is difficult and involves the use of diagnostic radiological scanning. The primary diagnostic radiology modality used for assessing these injuries is computed tomography (CT). CT delivers more radiation dose than other diagnostic scanning modalities. Trauma patients are at an increased risk of radiation induced cancer because of the cumulative dose effects from multiple scanning procedures. Current methods for estimating effective dose, the quantity used to describe the whole body health detriment from radiation, involves the use of published conversion coefficients and procedure specific machine parameters such as dose-length-product based on computed tomography dose index and scan length. Other methods include the use of Monte Carlo simulations based upon the specific machine geometry and radiation source. Unless the requisite machine information is known, the only means of estimating the effective dose is through the use of generic estimates that are published by scientific radiation committees and have a wide range of values. This research addressed a knowledge gap in assigning effective doses from computed tomography when machine parameters knowledge is either unknown or incomplete. The research involved the development of a new method of estimating the effective dose from CT through the use of regression models incorporating the use of patient parameters as opposed to machine specific parameters. This new method was experimentally verified using two adult anthropomorphic phantoms and optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters. The new method was then compared against a real patient population undergoing similar computed tomography scanning procedures. Utilizing statistical procedures, the new method was tested for repeatability and bias against the current conversion coefficient method. The analysis of the new method verifies that the estimation ability is similar to recent research indicating that the older conversion coefficient methods can underestimate the effective dose to the patient by up to 40%. The new method can be used as a retrospective tool for effective dose estimation from CT trauma protocols for a patient population with physical characteristics similar to the U.S. Army Soldier population.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of urbanicity on rural–urban migrants' dietary diversity and nutrition intake and whether its effect differs across various urban environments of migrants.,Using the individual- and time-invariant fixed effects (two-way FE) model and five-year panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), this paper estimates a linear and nonlinear relationship between urbanicity and nutrition. The paper also explores the spatial heterogeneity between rural–urban migrants and rural–suburban migrants. Dietary diversity, total energy intake and the shares of energy obtained from protein and fat, respectively, are used to measure rural–urban migrants' nutrition on both quality and quantity aspects.,The study shows that rural–urban migrants have experienced access to more diverse, convenient and prepared foods, and the food variety consumed is positively associated with community urbanicity. Energy intake is positively and significantly affected by community urbanicity, and it also varies with per capita household income. The obvious inverse U-shaped relationship reveals that improving community urbanicity promotes an increase in the shares of energy obtained from protein and fat at a decreasing rate, until reaching the urbanicity index threshold of 66.69 and 54.26, respectively.,This paper focuses on the nutritional status of rural–urban migrants, an important pillar for China's development, which is often neglected in the research. It examines the urbanicity and the nutrition of migrants in China, which provides a new perspective to understand the dietary and nutritional intake among migrants in the economic and social development. Moreover, the urbanicity index performs better at measuring urban feathers rather than the traditional rural/urban dichotomous classification.


The Development Reader brings together fifty-four key readings on development history, theory and policy: Adam Smith and Karl Marx meet, among others, Robert Wade, Amartya Sen and Jeffrey Sachs. It shows how debates around development have been structured by different readings of the roles played by markets, empire, nature and difference in the organization of world affairs. For example, present-day concerns about economic liberalization echo long-standing debates around free-trade, extended divisions of labour and national economic policy. Likewise, old debates about empire are re-appearing in critical perspectives on US policy in the Middle East. While there is little room today for old-fashioned environmental or cultural determinism, the attention now being given to climate change and a clash of civilisations shows that questions of nature and difference remain at the centre of development politics. Section and individual extract introductions guide students through the material and bind the readings into a coherent whole. Organized chronologically as well as thematically, it offers an intellectual history of the debates and political struggles that swirl around development. By bringing together intellectual history and contemporary development issues in this way, The Development Reader breaks fresh ground. It will have broad appeal across the humanities and social sciences, and is essential reading for students of contemporary development issues, practitioners and campaigners.


The notions of strong, weak and dc-weak eigenforms mod $p^n$ was introduced and studied by Chen, Kiming and Wiese. In this work, we prove that there can be no uniform weight bound (that is, depending only on $p$, $n$) on dc-weak eigenforms mod $p^n$ of fixed level when $n \geq 2$. This is in contrast with the result of Kiming, Rustom and Wiese which establishes a uniform weight bound on strong eigenforms mod $p^n$. As a step towards studying weights bounds for weak eigenforms mod $p^n$, we provide a criterion which allows us to detect whether a given dc-weak eigenform mod $p^n$ is weak.


In many schools in Australia students often begin their primary years with limited preparation for reading. 'All hands on deck' are required to ensure the best possible student success rate for learning to read. In this project, Education Assistants, often under-utilised in schools, were used to implement a reading intervention to struggling readers in years one to three. Education Assistants were trained to withdraw students in small groups and engage students in an explicit, systematic early reading program. The intervention was implemented in a cognitively and emotionally supportive manner and the Education Assistants were trained using autonomy support, collaboration and reflection. Results showed encouraging growth in reading skills for all student age groups compared to the rest of the class. The Education Assistants responded well to the initial and ongoing training processes, refining their teaching skills and the intervention over the period.


Prolonged exposure of the hand to tool-induced vibrations is associated with the
occurrence of debilitating conditions such as vibration white finger. The primary aim of this
work is to gain a better understanding of the effects of different aspects of exposure to
finger transmitted vibration (FTV) related to operators using hand-held vibrating tools. To
achieve this, firstly, a new method for measuring finger transmitted vibration was
developed and assessed, including a tool vibration test rig and measurement protocol. The
effect on FTV measurement of using a small accelerometer attached to the back of the
finger was investigated using 2D finite element modelling. Comparisons were also made
using a laser vibrometer. Analysis showed that the new test rig is capable of measuring FTV
at frequencies ranging from 10 to 400 Hz, under different grip force levels, and that adding
a small accelerometer mass (0.3 grams) did not significantly affect measurements.
A human participant study then carried out using the new rig. Various characteristic
measurements were collected in tandem, including anthropometry, skin characterisation
and behaviour under loading to investigate the effect of different factors on FTV. The
results showed that FTV varied among individuals and the key finding was that exposure to
vibration has a significant effect on finger temperature even for a short period of testing.
Anti-vibration (AV) glove materials were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis
(DMA) and tested using human participants. The results showed that the mechanical
properties of AV materials change under real world industrial conditions such as excitation
frequencies and temperature.
Finally, a new artificial test-bed was developed to replicate the transmitted vibration of the
index finger. Studies were conducted on a range of 5 test-beds, to allow comparison with
the human measurements, including indentation, vibration transmissibility and FE
modelling. FE modelling showed that the distribution of dynamic strain was found to be
highest in the vasculature region of the finger, indicating that this could be one of the
contributing factors of VWF. One of the finger test-bed was selected as best replicating
the mechanical properties of the real finger. The artificial test-bed provided better
consistency than human participants, for testing parameters, such as grip force, and can
be used in future for testing AV gloves with no need for human subjects.ii
Further investigations are suggested to be made to enhance the limitations of this project,
including material analysis, testing protocol and finite element modelling.
Keywords:, hand-arm vibration syndromes, vibration white finger, FTV, transmissibility,
resonance frequency, grip force, AV glove, finger mechanical properties, artificial finger,
finite element modelling


This article examines how sports fandom fits into the nexus of late capitalism, displacement, and identity within the United States. The article adds to a growing literature on late capitalism and sports fandom by analyzing how displaced fans look to sports teams from their former places of residence as a way to understand "home." An ethnography of a Pittsburgh Steelers fan club in Fort Worth, Texas, is used as a case study. Drawing on the fields of television studies and cultural geography as well as theories of diaspora, this article argues that sports fandom allows displaced people the ability to reconnect with and manage the irreconcilable tensions of home.


In this paper, the critical and reduced properties of several real fluids such as Ne, N2, CO, and etc., are studied. For this goal, the Sutherland potential model and the perturbed virial expansion are applied. We also use three different compressibility factors ( k T P B i² ) and show their influence to calculate the reduced and critical temperatures and densities of the fluids. According to the obtained results, it is deduced that the critical and reduced properties for some fluids (no all) are in good agreement with experimental data. This means that the Sutherland potential model can not be used to determine the critical and reduced properties of any real fluids. We also found that the best results can be obtained when the Sutherland potential model has been applied with the second compressibility factor.


We have attempted to review the role of pharmacologic agents in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction for the purposes of limiting infarct size. At this time, the beta-blocking agents and nitroglycerin have been the most extensively studied in clinical trials and should be part of our overall pharmacologic approach to patients with acute myocardial infarction. Treatment, however, needs to be individualized, depending on the resources available within one's hospital and community. The early treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction is undergoing a revolution. Whereas a decade ago we were satisfied with simply monitoring patients for malignant arrhythmias, now we are aggressively attempting to limit infarct size and reperfuse myocardium. In all these proposed treatments for myocardial salvage, time is a crucial element. Therefore, emergency physicians and paramedics become a vital link to begin appropriate treatment leading to myocardial salvage and reperfusion. We must begin to think of all patients with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction as candidates for aggressive attempts at myocardial salvage. These attempts will only take place with well-coordinated, multidiscipline efforts involving cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, emergency physicians, paramedics, and critical care teams. Our challenge over the next few years will be to develop efficient systems so that all patients with acute myocardial infarction can receive optimal care.


Heptadecafluorodecyl-substituted cofacial or ball-type bis-metallophthalocyanines (BTMPcs) have been prepared. The redox properties of the complexes and their catalytic activities for oxygen reduction were studied. The occurrence of stepwise one-electron redox processes during the voltammetric measurements in solution suggested the formation of stable mixed-valence species of the complexes, as a result of the intramolecular interactions between two cofacial Pc units. The ball-type Co(ii) complex displayed excellent catalytic activity for oxygen reduction which is probably due to the rigid cofacial structure involving two redox-active metal centers, which are capable of binding O(2). dc and ac conduction properties of BTMPcs [M = Co(ii) and Cu(ii) ]thin films have been investigated in the frequency range of 40 to 10(5) Hz and temperature 290-440 K. The dc results showed an activated conductivity dependence on temperature for all films. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model is the dominant conduction mechanism for electron transport in the films. The gas sensing properties of the films for SO(2) were also investigated over the same temperature range. Although a very high response to SO(2) gas has been obtained for the film of at room temperature, the film of was not sensitive to the same gases.


As processed energy becoming more expensive, people have started to look for natural sources for option to provide their needs and comfort. Natural ventilation is one of the passive approaches that have recently become one of the important approaches in building design. However, architecturally, this approach is not considered new as a lot of previous buildings before industry era are totally depending on natural sources to ventilate their indoor spaces. Therefore this study was done to look into how these architectural details in Malay vernacular houses may affect the air movement performance around them. Two case studies of vernacular houses were chosen with design elements identified as natural ventilation attributes. Several points were identified inside and outside of the house where the wind speed of their surrounding were taken hourly in daytime for three days. The data were than compared to the building elements of the spaces. Both houses shows how building orientation and position of ventilation openings play the major role in determine the indoor air movement performance. However due to having other unintentionally openings such as gaps on roof design and gaps in flooring construction installation may also allow air flow to sip into the building despite of not having proper opening facing the cross ventilation. Besides that, by having openings at high level at the high roof may also encourage natural air flow via stack effect ventilation. Wide and full height window design may also become one of the most significant element to allow ventilation as proven in this research.


We show that malicious TEX, BIBTEX, and METAPOST files can lead to arbitrary code execution, viral infection, denial of service, and data exfiltration, through the file I/O capabilities exposed by TEX's Turing-complete macro language. This calls into doubt the conventional wisdom view that text-only data formats that do not access the network are likely safe. We build a TEX virus that spreads between documents on the MiKTEX distribution onWindows XP; we demonstrate data exfiltration attacks on web-based LATEX previewer services.


Microstructures in serpentine samples recovered from deformation experiments performed at high pressure (1–8 GPa), high temperature (150–500°C), and laboratory strain rates (4 10−4–10−6 s−1) were studied using transmission electron microscopy on thin sections prepared by focused ion beam. Lizardite crystals deform by easy glide along the basal planes associated with microkink. This mechanism is associated with a plastic strength of ~100 MPa that defines the upper bound of lizardite strength in natural conditions. Antigorite crystals deform essentially by conjugated slip along (101) and (101¯) planes observed in sections close to (010). This conjugate system results in an apparent global slip system akin to [100](001). In all samples, delamination and comminution produce fine‐grained interconnected regions at grain boundaries because intracrystalline deformation mechanisms are insufficient to satisfy the von Mises criterion. The deformation laws of lizardite (plastic flow) and antigorite (strain rate dependent) differ because of their differing intracrystalline deformation mechanisms. Subgrain boundary geometry in natural samples and [100](001) crystal preferred orientations indicate the activation of slip systems similar to those observed in experimentally deformed samples, suggesting that the strain rate‐dependent rheology of antigorite derived from experiments applies to subduction zone conditions. Delamination of antigorite crystals of a few tens to hundreds of nanometers is not observed in natural samples from subduction zones, suggesting plastic deformation of serpentinites at natural low strain rates and stresses is likely accompanied by recrystallization through dissolution‐precipitation processes that act as a low‐temperature equivalent of dynamic recrystallization through diffusion at high temperature.


Various metaphors are used to make sense of and explain our experiences with and in digital, web, internet-mediated, or technologically saturated contexts. These thrive and dwindle as our rhetoric moves from Cyberspace and the Electronic Frontier to the World Wide Web, social network sites and networked publics. The more ubiquitous networked communication becomes, the more it is articulated as a way of being, and the more banal and invisible its properties become. Studying metaphors offers important insights about how people and groups make sense of their experience, construct the world and attribute value to various phenomena. Yet, whatever metaphor is chosen, it concurrently illuminates and distorts what we see of the world and how we understand it. This panel brings together five presentations that engage with the three-pronged metaphorical framework of the internet as a tool, a place and a way of being suggested by Annette Markham in 1998. Today, 20 years later, authors examine various commonly invoked metaphors about the internet, networked technology or socially mediated experiences and utilize or extend the original framework. Combined, the papers explore the metaphors used by people and in large discourse; how dominant metaphors shift in time, and the political, ideological and methodological implications of these metaphors.


Middlesex University has pioneered the development of work based learning within higher education since the early 1990s, gaining a Queen's Anniversary prize in 1996 for excellence and innovation, and awarded a Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning by the Higher Education Funding Council. Work Based Learning – Journeys to the Core of Higher Education brings that expertise to this book, which offers a wealth of information and numerous real-life examples of introducing Work Based Learning (WBL) into the workplace and as a core curriculum in universities. The book offers various ways of applying WBL within modules, programme short courses and subject disciplines and within the generic fields of work based learning and professional studies. The book identifies and explores the multiple journeys of work based learning to the core of higher education. It will be of interest to educational practitioners seeking to capitalise upon work based learning in higher education programmes. Barbara Workman is Director of the Centre of Excellence in Work Based Learning at Middlesex University. Her background is in nursing and teaching with expertise in accreditation of organisational and individual experiential learning, and facilitation of work based learning across all higher education levels. She is committed to sharing, spreading and facilitating good practice in WBL across a range of Higher Education activities. Jonathan Garnett is Professor of Work Based Knowledge and the Director of the Institute for Work Based Learning at Middlesex University. Jonathan has sixteen years experience at the leading edge of the development of work based learning programmes with public and private sector organisations in the UK and internationally. Carol Costley is head of the Work Based Learning Research Centre at Middlesex University. She works with individuals and organisations in the private, public, community and voluntary sectors internationally in the teaching and learning of work based programmes, particularly in Cyprus where she has developed the Work Based Learning and Doctorate in Professional Studies programmes since 1996. Carol is the convenor of the Universities Association for Lifelong Learning, Work Based Learning network.1998–present and executive member of UALL.


Ion probe dating is used to determine the relative ages of amphibolite-facies meta-clastic sedimentary rocks and crosscutting granitoid rocks within an important 'basement' outcrop in northwestern Turkey. U-Pb ages of 89 detrital zircon grains separated from sillimanite-garnet micaschist from the Central Sakarya basement terrane range from 551 Ma (Ediacaran) to 2738 Ma (Neoarchean). Eighty five percent of the ages are 90-110% concordant. Zircon populations cluster at ~550-750 Ma (28 grains), ~950-1050 Ma (27 grains) and ~2000 Ma (5 grains), with smaller groupings at ~800 Ma and ~1850 Ma. The first, prominent, population (late Neoproterozoic) reflects derivation from a source area related to a Cadomian-Avalonian magmatic arc, or the East African orogen. An alternative Baltica-related origin is unlikely because Baltica was magmatically inactive during much of this period. The early Neoproterozoic ages (0.9-1.0 Ga) deviate significantly from the known age spectra of Cadomian terranes and are instead consistent with derivation from northeast Africa. The detrital zircon age spectrum of the Sakarya basement is similar to that of Cambrian-Ordovician sandstones along the northern periphery of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (Elat sandstones). A sample of crosscutting pink alkali feldspar-rich granitoid yielded an age of 324.3±1.5 Ma, whilst a grey, well-foliated biotite granitoid was dated at 327.2±1.9 Ma. A granitoid body with biotite and amphibole yielded an age of 319.5±1.1 Ma. The granitoid magmatism could thus have persisted for ~8 Ma during late Early Carboniferous time, possibly related to subduction or collision of a Central Sakarya terrane with the Eurasian margin. The Central Sakarya terrane is likely to have rifted during the Early Palaeozoic; i.e. relatively early compared to other Eastern Mediterranean, inferred 'Minoan terranes' and then accreted to the Eurasian margin, probably during Late Palaeozoic time. The differences in detrital zircon populations suggest that the Central Sakarya terrane was not part of the source area of Lower Carboniferous clastic sediments of the now-adjacent Istanbul terrane, consistent with these two tectonic units being far apart during Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic time.


It's Saturday. Best friends Fitch and Chip have big plans in the park. But these plans do not include little sisters. Chip has three of them -- Honey, Bitsy, and Suey. They can be pests. They can be scaredy-pants. Since Fitch is a wolf, will the girls end the day crying wee-wee-wee all the way home? Laugh along with this fourth funny book of Fitch and Chip's adventures.


The potential of e-tools, e-media and e-learning to support the goals of Indigenous people, their communities and organisations for cultural, social and economic sustainability, is still relatively unrealised, particularly in the more remote regions of Australia.  Although this paper acknowledges the key barriers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), it will demonstrate the potentially significant role that these can play in the development of learning spaces, resources and networks for Indigenous people. Researchers from the Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre and the Social Partnerships in Learning Research Consortium (SPiL) based at Charles Darwin University and have been using a range of tools to support both vocational education and training, and research.  Recent work has explored ways to use emerging technologies to incorporate and represent the voices of Indigenous learners across a range of contexts including e-portfolios, e-tools for resource development and social networking spaces. Existing and emerging technologies are powerful tools that can assist to recognise and validate tacit learning, support engagement in formal lifelong learning and establish pathways for engagement in the labour market. The analysis of a range of projects conducted in northern and central Australian contexts will provide evidence of the need for vocational education and training providers and employers to harness the potential that ICTs have to offer for the engagement, training and employment of Indigenous people.


Under Pennhurst, a court may conclude that Congress has imposed a condition on the grant of federal funds to a state recipient only if Congress unambiguously expressed its intent to do so; under Chevron, the existence of statutory ambiguity with respect to a particular issue requires the reviewing court to defer to a reasonable agency interpretation of the ambiguous statutory language. What, then, should a court do when the terms of a federal-state grant program's condition are not fully elaborated in the statute and when the agency charged with enforcing the statute has issued regulations that purport to define the terms of the condition? Such controversies arise at the crossroads of administrative law and federalism principles. They raise the question whether Chevron deference, which is appropriate only when a statute is ambiguous, ever is warranted when the statutory provision at issue attaches a condition to a state's receipt of funds - a provision that must, in order to be effective under Pennhurst, attach the condition unambiguously. This Essay considers whether the usual principles of Chevron deference govern the interpretation of ambiguous statutory provisions in federal-state grant programs. Resolution of this question depends principally on how one characterizes Pennhurst's clear-statement rule. The first approach, which I call the "accountability model," treats Pennhurst's rule as a structural mechanism to ensure congressional accountability when Congress imposes burdens on the states. Under this framework, Congress (which, at least theoretically, represents the interests of the states), in contradistinction to administrative agencies (which do not), must unambiguously decide whether to impose a particular burden on the states. The second approach, which I call the "state choice model," views Pennhurst's rule as a means to ensure notice - and thus fairness - to the states when a federal grant program imposes a burden on the state recipients. Under this account, the question of which federal actor (that is, Congress or the agency) has imposed a condition on the state is not determinative; the inquiry focuses instead on whether, in light of the information available when the state accepted federal funds, the state can fairly be said to have understood the nature of the bargain, and thus had the opportunity "freely" to "choose" whether to accept the funds. This Essay argues that the accountability model upsets the delicate balance that Pennhurst achieved between federal and state interests and undermines the important values advanced by the Court's decision in Chevron. By requiring an unrealistic standard of congressional precision, the accountability model effectively converts Pennhurst's rule from an interpretive tool to a substantive limitation on Congress's power to regulate through the spending power. The state choice model, on the other hand, accommodates the values advanced by Chevron and limits Pennhurst's application to those cases that involve obvious unfairness to the states. An agency regulation provides a state with notice of its federal obligations just as effectively as a statute does, and states accordingly should be bound if the administering agency has issued an interpretation of the statutory grant condition before the state accepts funds.


The essays in this volume take up the challenge of working out -- or reworking -- the problematics of the borders, the boundaries and the frameworks that structure our various and multiple notions of identity -- textual, personal, collective, generic, and disciplinary. The contributors to this volume write about subjects (and are often themselves subjects) who "refuse to occupy a single territory" -- who cross geographical, cultural, national, linguistic, generic, specular and disciplinary borders. Essays by Kathryn Hellerstein, Anita Goldman, Jane Marcus and Scott Malcomson exlpore the semiotics of exile and the problem of its representation in the lives and writings of individual aritists and intellectuals. Autobiographical criticism, as represented in the essays by Nancy Miller and Sara Suleri, enlargess our conventional notions of what consitutes literature in general and criticism in particular.


Recent findings indicate that female American lobsters, Homarus americanus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), are either reaching sexual maturity at smaller sizes than in the past, due to ocean warming or fishery-induced selection, or they are mating before they are sexually mature. To test the second hypothesis, we determined the mating status (i.e., presence of sperm in seminal receptacles) and physiological maturity (i.e., ovary stages) of 208 females captured off the coast of New Hampshire, USA. We found that 27.8% of the females with immature ovaries had sperm in their seminal receptacles, indicating that some females mate while still immature. We proceeded to record the behavior of immature females that were about to molt after placing them in tanks with mature males to determine if mating was consensual. A mature female that is about to molt typically approaches a male in a den, exchanges chemical signals (pheromones) with the male, enters the den to cohabitate with the male, and then molts, mates, and remains with the male while her soft, post-molt, exoskeleton hardens. Previous studies have demonstrated that in order for this sequence of behaviors to take place normally, the exchange of chemical signals is important, and probably necessary. In this study, 11 of 14 immature females exhibited normal mating behavior and successfully mated. It therefore appears that some female lobsters become sexually active before they are physiologically capable of reproducing. Moreover, these females might use "dishonest signals" to trick males into mating to gain protection from them while their exoskeleton hardens.


The Malmesbury Group has often been overlooked as a useable source of groundwater. This is due to its previously generalised low yields and relatively higher salinities of groundwater found in these weathered to fresh sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. However, during a period of severe drought in the Western Cape of South Africa from 2016 to 2018, the Malmesbury Group was investigated for groundwater more intensively, mainly out of necessity by those who had little other choice geologically. This study presents two case studies from distinctly different geological and hydrogeological zones within the Malmesbury Group. A selection of 57 boreholes that have been drilled into the Malmesbury Group were used for this study. Of these, 30 boreholes are in close proximity to Paarl while the remaining 27 boreholes are located in the Cape Flats. Although these areas are noticeably different, both sites revealed that the Malmesbury Group could serve as a host to a high yielding aquifer, under certain geological conditions. Borehole yields of up to 9 l/s and 21 l/s were recorded at the Cape Flats and Paarl sites respectively. However in all cases the high yields were due to high yielding fractures in the bedrock, rather than the inherent bedrock properties. At the Paarl site, a correlation is seen between aquifer parameters and their proximity to an inferred extension of the Wellington – Piketberg Fault and Shear Zone from published geological maps. Boreholes in both the Cape Flats and Paarl sites that did not intersect these fractures were found to have similar bedrock yields to previous Malmesbury Group generalisations (<0.5 l/s).


'As with the commander of an army, or the leader of any enterprise, so it is with the mistress of a house.' A founding text of Victorian middle-class identity, Household Management is today one of the great unread classics. Over a thousand pages long, and written when its author was only 22, it offered highly authoritative advice on subjects as diverse as fashion, child-care, animal husbandry, poisons, and the management of servants. To the modern reader expecting stuffy moralizing and watery vegetables, Beeton's book is a revelation: it ranges widely across the foods of Europe and beyond, actively embracing new food stuffs and techniques, mixing domestic advice with discussions of science, religion, class, industrialism and gender roles. Alternately fashionable and frugal, anxious and blusteringly self-confident, Household Management highlights the concerns of the ever-expanding Victorian middle-class at a key moment in its history. The abridged edition does justice to its high status as a cookery book, while also suggesting ways of approaching this massive, hybrid text as a significant document of social and cultural history. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


Abstract Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic steels (RAFs) are leading candidates for blanket and first wall structures of the D-T fusion reactors. Recently, in order to achieve better efficiency of energy conversion by using RAFs in advanced blanket systems, improvement of high temperature mechanical property of RAFs is desired. In this work, experimental alloys, FETA-series (Fe-Ta-C or N) steels, were prepared to observe precipitation hardening mechanism by MX-type particles at elevated temperatures in detail. According to the results, innovative improvement of creep property can be achieved by applying of precipitation hardening by very fine TaX (X=C, N) particles. With increasing tantalum content, finer dispersion of MX-type particles, dislocation structures and sub-grain structures were observed by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). These fine structures contributed to the improvement of creep property.


ABSTRACT Research Findings: This qualitative study explored the process through which a small group of preservice early childhood teachers engaged in primary caregiving as a framework for learning about early care and education with infants during an infant practicum course at a university-affiliated early childhood center in the United States. Based on multiple data sources, findings revealed that the participants found the primary care system to be beneficial to both infants and teachers. The student teachers gained a better understanding of the uniqueness of the infancy period, experienced the emotional rewards of a special relationship with an infant, and learned to provide individualized and relationship-based infant care and education, while the infants received the benefits of this care. The integration of hands-on practice enacting a primary care system in a responsive infant room, ongoing supervision, and a theory-to-practice seminar created an effective professional learning process for the student teachers, which helped them to grow as both infant teachers and early childhood professionals. Practice or Policy: These findings are a 1st step toward looking more deeply at 1 strategy as a promising practice for the future, offering implications for early childhood teacher education and new insight to the field.


OBJECTIVE
This study of patients with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia (FM) was conducted to test the hypothesis that immediate posttreatment measures of psychosocial functioning, health attributes, negative pain-related emotions, and depressive symptoms improve significantly during multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation while concurrently withdrawing analgesic medications.

DESIGN
Prospective case series.

SETTING
Multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation center at a tertiary referral medical center.

PATIENTS
In total, 159 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of FM admitted to the pain rehabilitation program from January 2002 to December 2003.

INTERVENTIONS
A 3-week outpatient multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation program based on a cognitive-behavioral model that incorporates analgesic medication withdrawal.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), Short Form-36 Health Status Questionnaire (SF-36), Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Catastrophizing subscale (CSQ-C), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) were administered at admission and dismissal and the mean differences in scores were compared using paired t-tests. The number of patients using opioid analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), benzodiazepines, and muscle relaxants at admission and dismissal were compared using chi-squared analyses.

RESULTS
The difference in admission and dismissal scores from the MPI, SF-36, CSQ-C, and CES-D demonstrated a favorable response to treatment (P < 0.001). Compared with admission, the number of patients using opioids (P < 0.001), NSAIDs (P < 0.001), benzodiazepines (P < 0.001), and muscle relaxants (P < 0.01) at program dismissal was significantly reduced.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study support the hypothesis that immediate posttreatment measures of physical and emotional functioning are favorable for patients with FM following multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation that incorporates withdrawal of analgesic medications.


ABSTRACTA nested air quality prediction modeling system (NAQPMS) with an online tracer-tagged module was utilized to investigate the regional impact of biomass burning (BB) on aerosols and source–receptor relationships in Southeast Asia during March–April 2013. NAQPMS could reproduce the three-dimensional spatial distribution of aerosols. Both monthly and episodic analyses indicated that BB significantly contributed to surface and column aerosol concentrations in Southeast Asia along two long-range transport pathways. In the first pathway, aerosols from BB were blown northward from the Indochina peninsula to southwestern provinces in China. The mean contributions of BB decreased from 70%–80% in the source regions to 10%–40% in southwestern China. Myanmar was the largest exporter. In the second pathway, PM2.5 emitted by BB was uplifted into the mid-altitudes (2000 m) in the Indochina peninsula and transported eastward to the western Pacific at altitudes of 2500–4000 m, passing the South China Sea, southern China and western Pacific. In downwind regions, BB contributed 30%–60% of aerosols at altitudes of 2000–4000 m and 10%–30% below 2000 m. A simple estimation based on source–receptor relationships showed that BB emissions were likely overestimated by 35%–50% in the Fire Inventory from National Center for Atmospheric Research (v1.5).


Primary Sjögren's syndrome-related interstitial pneumonia (pSS-IP) is occasionally progressive even with immunosuppressive therapy and new treatment options are warranted. A 42-year-old woman was diagnosed with pSS-IP with pathological usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Although her forced vital capacity (FVC) had temporarily improved after prednisolone therapy, it deteriorated during the prednisolone tapering off period. Therefore, pirfenidone was added in conjunction with prednisolone. During the 12-month treatment period, her FVC was almost stable. A 62-year-old man, a current heavy smoker, was diagnosed with pSS-IP. Chest computed tomography showed bilateral honeycombing with ground-glass attenuation on a background of emphysema. He gradually developed dyspnea on exertion and his FVC deteriorated. Hence, pirfenidone was administered as a monotherapy. Six months later, his FVC and exercise tolerance had significantly improved. Pirfenidone might have a role for the treatment of pSS-IP. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2017; 34: 91-96)


Abstract Background: Cryotherapy is one of the most popular electro-physical agents used to 'treat' acute inflammation after a soft tissue injury. Much of the clinical rationale for this is based on anecdotal reports, with most clinicians accepting that cryotherapy has an 'anti' inflammatory effect after injury. There have been a number of recent advances towards improving our understanding of the inflammatory process after soft tissue injury. Objectives: To review the rationale for cryotherapy intervention in the acute phases of soft tissue injury, whilst considering physiological, cellular and molecular models of inflammation. Methods: Qualitative review of recent evidence. Results: Research is restricted to animal models, applying various forms of cryotherapy after induced soft tissue injury. Outcomes focus on the effect that cooling has on key physiological, biochemical and molecular inflammatory events including: secondary cell death, white blood cell behaviour, apoptosis, blood flow and oedema formation. Conclusion: Cryotherapy can have an influence on key inflammatory events at a cellular and physiological level after an acute soft tissue injury. However, the relative benefits of these effects have yet to be fully elucidated and it is difficult to contextualize within a human model. It is important to continue to update our rationale for applying common electro-physical agents such as cryotherapy after acute soft tissue injury, based on contemporary models of inflammation.


The present study was designed to examine the thinking and attitudes that may be associated with elementary and middle school students participating in youth sports. Girls benefit physically, socially, and educationally from ongoing participation in sports. However, compared to boys, girls tend to start later, quit sooner, and participate less often in sports, despite the numerous advantages that athletics provides. The external barriers that contribute to girls' decreased involvement in sports as they increase in age and grade are well researched. However, there is a lack of information about the possible cognitive variables related to a girls' decision to play sports. Therefore, the present study investigated how self-perceptions and dysfunctional attitudes were associated with students' enjoyment and degree of participation in sports. It was hypothesized that girls' self-perceived competency would be related to their likelihood to enjoy and continue playing sports. The aim of the study was to increase understanding about how thinking and attitudes may be related to young students' playing sports, particularly among girls, and provide insight into how to effectively sustain athletic participation. The present study focused on English-speaking students enrolled in elementary and middle schools in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The study included girls and boys in second through eighth grades and used standardized questionnaires. This survey research required students to complete the Self-Perception Profile for Children, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale for Children, and questionnaires inquiring about sports participation and demographic information.


Importance Physician burnout has taken the form of an epidemic that may affect core domains of health care delivery, including patient safety, quality of care, and patient satisfaction. However, this evidence has not been systematically quantified. Objective To examine whether physician burnout is associated with an increased risk of patient safety incidents, suboptimal care outcomes due to low professionalism, and lower patient satisfaction. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and CINAHL databases were searched until October 22, 2017, using combinations of the key terms physicians, burnout, and patient care. Detailed standardized searches with no language restriction were undertaken. The reference lists of eligible studies and other relevant systematic reviews were hand-searched. Study Selection Quantitative observational studies. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two independent reviewers were involved. The main meta-analysis was followed by subgroup and sensitivity analyses. All analyses were performed using random-effects models. Formal tests for heterogeneity (I2) and publication bias were performed. Main Outcomes and Measures The core outcomes were the quantitative associations between burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction reported as odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% CIs. Results Of the 5234 records identified, 47 studies on 42 473 physicians (25 059 [59.0%] men; median age, 38 years [range, 27-53 years]) were included in the meta-analysis. Physician burnout was associated with an increased risk of patient safety incidents (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.59-2.40), poorer quality of care due to low professionalism (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.87-2.85), and reduced patient satisfaction (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.42-3.68). The heterogeneity was high and the study quality was low to moderate. The links between burnout and low professionalism were larger in residents and early-career (⩽5 years post residency) physicians compared with middle- and late-career physicians (Cohen Q = 7.27; P = .003). The reporting method of patient safety incidents and professionalism (physician-reported vs system-recorded) significantly influenced the main results (Cohen Q = 8.14; P = .007). Conclusions and Relevance This meta-analysis provides evidence that physician burnout may jeopardize patient care; reversal of this risk has to be viewed as a fundamental health care policy goal across the globe. Health care organizations are encouraged to invest in efforts to improve physician wellness, particularly for early-career physicians. The methods of recording patient care quality and safety outcomes require improvements to concisely capture the outcome of burnout on the performance of health care organizations.


This paper aims to analyse the changes in accounting surplus (loss), equity and assets, and liabilities as a result of accounting policy changes from the Australian Accounting Standards (AAS) to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Australian local government entities. Using the reconciliation notes disclosed by 117 local government entities, evidence is provided on the effects of IFRS adoption by identifying the key items that of difference between IFRS and AASB. The results show some differences between two sets of accounts prepared under these different accounting standards. While the average surplus (loss) of local councils has decreased, their equities, assets and liabilities have increased, with no major significant changes in their overall financial position, except for liabilities. These results indicate the possible consequences of the adoption of IFRS by local government entities in other countries on performance indicators who have or are yet to implement these standards.


In this work it is shown that the kinetic energy and the exchange-correlation energy are mutual dependent on each other. This aspect is first derived in an orbital-free context. It is shown that the total Fermi potential depends on the density only, the individual parts, the Pauli kinetic energy and the exchange-correlation energy, however, are orbital dependent and as such mutually influence each other. The numerical investigation is performed for the orbital-based non-interacting Kohn-Sham system in order to avoid additional effects due to further approximations of the kinetic energy. The numerical influence of the exchange-correlation functional on the non-interacting kinetic energy is shown to be of the order of a few Hartrees. For chemical purposes, however, the energetic performance as a function of the nuclear coordinates is much more important than total energies. Therefore, the effect on the bond dissociation curve was studied exemplarily for the carbon monoxide. The data reveals that, the mutual influence between the exchange-correlation functional and the kinetic energy has a significant influence on bond dissociation energies and bond distances. Therefore, the effect of the exchange-correlation treatment must be considered in the design of orbital-free density functional approximations for the kinetic energy.


The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of conceptual change oriented instruction on students' conceptual understanding of chemical bonding concepts. Pretest - posttest design of quasi-experimental method was used to determine the effectiveness. Traditionally developed textbook and analogies were utilized in the control group whereas conceptual change texts and Teaching-With-Analogies Model were used in the experiment group. Results revealed that conceptual change oriented instruction caused better understanding, and two modes of instruction developed similar attitude toward chemistry. Science process skill was a strong predictor in understanding, but no effect of gender difference on understanding and on students' attitudes was found. Also, semi-structured interviews were used to examine students' understanding in detail.


This study which focuses on Anglican mission and women's education in Palestine from 1888 till 1948, gives new insight to the history of women, education and inter-communal relations in Palestine. It also contributs to a more nuanced understanding of Western women's roles within the imperial setting.


Our species, Homo sapiens, displays the most multifaceted social behaviour ever to evolve, far exceeding all other social species from eusocial insects to our nearest primate relatives. This intricate social behaviour underpins our remarkable success in evolving from cooperation in small bands of hunter gatherers ∼100 000 years ago to the apex of globalisation that characterises the twenty-first century political and economic institutions. Although our social brains are remarkably flexible, a significant part of our social behaviour is hardwired and embedded in our deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) code. The human mind is not a tabula rasa, and our behaviour is constrained to a significant extent by our genes. That is not to say that environment is unimportant; along with the genetic code, the interaction between environment and genes makes us who we are. The overall role of genes and environment is revealed firstly by twin studies and then by leveraging the human genome project. The latter enables the identification of specific genes that, together with the environment, contribute to individual differences in human social behaviour.

Key Concepts:

Twin studies demonstrate that both genes and environment more or less equally contribute to individual differences in almost all human behaviour.

Diverse social phenotypes such as pair bonding, parenting, fairness, altruism, trust, economic behaviour, political attitudes and others are partially hardwired.

Two nonapeptide hormones, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), are paramount human social hormones and have been the focus of attention of studies based on translational evidence from rodents, especially the vole.

Candidate gene association studies have provisionally shown that genes in the AVP and OT neural pathways also contribute to human social behaviour.

Other neural pathways and their associated genes, especially dopamine and serotonin, have also been identified and linked to human social behaviour.

Neuroeconomics, which employs the principles and techniques of behavioural economic games, paves the way towards finding common polymorphisms by employing economic games as phenotypes in molecular genetic studies.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which are agnostic and hypothesis free, offer the opportunity to identify many novel genes contributing to human social behaviour.

To leverage the power of GWAS and discover new 'social' genes, sharpened phenotypes such as incentivised laboratory 'games' need to be employed. Such laboratory-based phenotypes strategically go beyond pencil and paper questionnaires ideally employed in panel studies and surveys.

Keywords:

genomics;
twin studies;
heredity;
social behaviour;
cognition;
gene×environment interaction


We have studied the field-induced magnetic structures of Tb2Ti2O7 pyrochlore by single-crystal neutron diffraction under a field applied along the [111] local anisotropy axis, up to H=12T and down to T=40mK. We collected a hundred magnetic Bragg peaks for each field and temperature value and refined the magnetic structures with k=0 propagation vector by performing a symmetry analysis in the space group R-3m, reducing the number of free parameters to three only. We observe a gradual reorientation of the Tb magnetic moments towards the field direction, close to a"3-in, 1-out / 1-in, 3-out"spin structure in the whole field range 0.05-12T. We perform a quantitative comparison with mean-field calculations and we propose the presence of a low-temperature dynamic symmetry breaking of the local trigonal symmetry, akin to a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect, i.e. preserving the overall cubic symmetry. We discuss the possible origin of this off-diagonal mixing term in the crystal field hamiltonian in terms of quadrupole-quadrupole interaction or magneto-elastic effects.


Legged robots come in a range of sizes and capabilities. By combining these robots into heterogeneous teams, joint locomotion and perception tasks can be achieved by utilizing the diversified features of each robot. In this work we present a framework for using a heterogeneous team of legged robots to detect slippery terrain. StarlETH, a large and highly capable quadruped uses the VelociRoACH as a novel remote probe to detect regions of slippery terrain. StarlETH localizes the team using internal state estimation. To classify slippage of the VelociRoACH, we develop several Support Vector Machines (SVM) based on data from both StarlETH and VelociRoACH. By combining the team's information about the motion of VelociRoACH, a classifier was built which could detect slippery spots with 92% (125/135) accuracy using only four features.


Abstract. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects. One proposed mechanism of PM-mediated health effects is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) – e.g., superoxide ( • O 2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (HOOH), and hydroxyl radical ( • OH) – followed by oxidative stress. There are very few quantitative, specific measures of individual ROS generated from PM, but this information would help to more quantitatively address the link between ROS and the health effects of PM. To address this gap, we quantified the generation of HOOH by PM collected at an urban (Fresno) and rural (Westside) site in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California during summer and winter from 2006 to 2009. HOOH was quantified by HPLC after extracting the PM in a cell-free, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution with or without 50 μM ascorbate (Asc). Our results show that the urban PM generally generates much more HOOH than the rural PM but that there is no apparent seasonal difference in HOOH generation. In nearly all of the samples the addition of a physiologically relevant concentration of Asc greatly enhances HOOH formation, but a few of the coarse PM samples were able to generate a considerable amount of HOOH in the absence of added Asc, indicating the presence of unknown reductants. Normalized by air volume, the fine PM (PM 2.5 ) generally makes more HOOH than the corresponding coarse PM (PM cf , i.e., 2.5 to 10 μm), primarily because the mass concentration of PM 2.5 is much higher than that of PM cf . However, normalized by PM mass, the coarse PM typically generates more HOOH than the fine PM. The amount of HOOH produced by SJV PM is reduced on average by (78 ± 15)% when the transition metal chelator desferoxamine (DSF) is added to the extraction solution, indicating that transition metals play a dominant role in HOOH generation. By measuring calibration curves of HOOH generation from copper, and quantifying copper concentrations in our particle extracts, we find that PBS-soluble copper is primarily responsible for HOOH production by the Fresno PM. Extrapolating our results to expected concentrations of PM-derived HOOH in human lung lining fluid suggests that typical daily PM exposures in the San Joaquin Valley are unlikely to cause HOOH-mediated acute health effects, but that very high PM events might lead to cytotoxic levels of pulmonary HOOH.


In this paper we study the predictability of aggregate consumption growth using common factors extracted from a large panel of macroeconomic and financial time series. The stochastic process followed by consumption growth and its predictability by other variables is a key assumption in theoretical models in finance such as consumption-based asset pricing models. Research using empirical data to investigate these aspects of consumption growth is sparse. We find that selected dynamic factors are able to explain up to 36% of the consumption growth variability at quarterly frequency using both in-sample and out-of-sample predictive regressions. We find as well that a single common factor, which summarizes short term interest rates and spreads on bond rates, individually accounts for as much as 23% of this variation. We also conduct a battery of robustness check which further support our main conclusion.


The association of the caridean shrimps Anchistioides antiguensis (Schmitt, 1924) and Typton gnathophylloides Holthuis, 1951 with the sponges Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) and Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, respectively, is reported for the first time. The material was collected in coral reefs surrounding Santa Barbara Island, Abrolhos Archipelago, Bahia, Brazil. The shrimps occupied different locations inside the sponges. Previous records of associations between these carideans and other hosts were revised and the possible type of association between the shrimps and their hosts is discussed. The occurrence of the sponge A. viridis in the Abrolhos Archipelago is also reported for the first time.


This study investigated the effect of a high and low dose of caffeine on antigen-stimulated natural killer (NK) cell (CD3- CD56+) activation after prolonged, strenuous cycling, as assessed by the early-activation molecule CD69. In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy male endurance-trained cyclists cycled for 90 min at 70% VO2peak 60 min after ingesting either 0 (PLA), 2 (2CAF), or 6 (6CAF) mg/kg body mass of caffeine. Whole blood was stimulated with Pediacel (5 in 1) vaccine. A high dose of caffeine (6CAF) increased the number of CD3-CD56+ cells in the circulation immediately postexercise compared with PLA (p < .05). For both 2CAF and 6CAF, the geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI) of CD69+ expression on unstimulated CD3-CD56+ cells was significantly higher than with PLA (both p < .05). When cells were stimulated with antigen, the GMFI of CD69 expression remained significantly higher with 2CAF than with PLA 1 hr postexercise (p < .05). Although not achieving statistical significance, 6CAF also followed a similar trend when stimulated (p = .09). There were no differences in GMFI of CD69 expression between 2CAF and 6CAF. These results suggest that a high (6 mg/kg) dose of caffeine was associated with the recruitment of NK cells into the circulation and that both a high and low (2 mg/kg) dose of caffeine increased unstimulated and antigen-stimulated NK-cell activation 1 hr after high-intensity exercise. Furthermore, there does not appear to be a dose-dependent effect of caffeine on NK-cell activation 1 hr after prolonged intensive cycling.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves nitrogen retention and reduces hospital morbidity compared with standard parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation.

DESIGN
Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

SETTING
University teaching hospital.

PATIENTS
Forty-five adults receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplants for hematologic malignancies.

INTERVENTION
Parenteral nutrition was initiated the day after bone marrow transplantation (day 1). The experimental solution was supplemented with L-glutamine (0.57 g/kg body weight per day) and provided estimated requirements for energy and protein. The control solution was a standard, glutamine-free, isonitrogenous, isocaloric formula.

MEASUREMENTS
Nitrogen balance was determined between days 4 and 11 in the initial 23 patients. The incidence of clinical infection and microbial colonization, time until bone marrow engraftment, indices of clinical care, and other data related to hospital morbidity were recorded for all patients.

RESULTS
The glutamine-supplemented patients (n = 24) were clinically similar to the controls (n = 21) at entry. Nutrient intake was similar in both groups; however, nitrogen balance was improved in the glutamine-supplemented patients relative to the controls (-1.4 +/- 0.5 g/d compared with -4.2 +/- 1.2; P = 0.002). Fewer experimental patients developed clinical infection (three compared with nine in the control group; P = 0.041), and the incidence of microbial colonization was also significantly reduced. Hospital stay was shortened in patients receiving glutamine supplementation (29 +/- 1 d compared with 36 +/- 2 d; P = 0.017).

CONCLUSION
Patients receiving glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation had improved nitrogen balance, a diminished incidence of clinical infection, lower rates of microbial colonization, and shortened hospital stay compared with patients receiving standard parenteral nutrition. These effects occurred despite no differences between groups in the incidence of fever, antibiotic requirements, or time to neutrophil engraftment.


Alcohol is the most popular recreational drug in Australia. Despite the fact that many people gain enjoyment from alcohol related industries, alcohol is also implicated in much personal trauma and social damage. Parents play a key role in influencing alcohol use and driver behaviour in young people. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the attitudes and concerns of parents in Melbourne in relation to their teenage children's use of alcohol and how they educate and/or provide role models for their adolescents with respect to alcohol usage. A convenience sample of parents with adolescent children participated in focus groups. Parents described patterns of alcohol use and perceived influences on consumption. They reported that they wanted to create safe environments for adolescents to consume alcohol but that they needed more support and information on which to base these decisions. There is an opportunity for public health policy makers to specifically address parents and enhance their role in alcohol related road safety. (a)


In the United States, most sperm donations are anonymous. By contrast, many developed nations require sperm donors to be identified, typically requiring new sperm (and egg) donors to put identifying information into a registry that is made available to a donor‐conceived child once he or she reaches the age of 18. Recently, advocates have pressed U.S. states to adopt these registries as well, and state legislatures have indicated openness to the idea. This study relies on a self‐selected convenience sample to experimentally examine the economic implications of adopting a mandatory sperm donor identification regime in the United States. Our results support the hypothesis that subjects in the treatment (nonanonymity) condition need to be paid significantly more, on average, to donate their sperm. When restricting our attention to only those subjects who would ever actually consider donating sperm, we find that individuals in the control condition are willing to accept an average of $43 to donate, while individuals in the treatment group are willing to accept an average of $74. These estimates suggest that it would cost roughly $31 per sperm donation, at least in our sample, to require donors to be identified. This price differential roughly corresponds to that of a major U.S. sperm bank that operates both anonymous and identity release programs in terms of what it pays donors.


TPS9596Background: Despite therapeutic advances, outcomes in pediatric HGG remain poor. The phase I study (Glade-Bender et al., J Clin Oncol. 2008) indicated that Bv is well tolerated in children with refractory solid tumors and yielded pharmacokinetic (PK) data that support further studies of Bv in childhood cancer. Reports of Bv used in children with solid tumors showed safety profiles consistent with data from adults. Methods: 120 evaluable patients aged 3-18 years with newly diagnosed histologically confirmed WHO grade 3or 4 HGG are randomized to receive standard combined modality therapy as currently adopted worldwide by the pediatric neuro-oncology community with or without Bv. Treatment consists of 6 weeks of concomitant TMZ and local radiotherapy, followed by a 4-week TMZ treatment break and 48 weeks of adjuvant TMZ with or without Bv every other week. Primary endpoint is event-free survival (EFS). Progression is based on RANO criteria. Secondary endpoints are overall survival (OS), safety, feasibility, and tolerability. PK sampling is performed during cycles 1-4 of the adjuvant TMZ phase on all patients randomized to receive Bv. Health-related quality of life, neurocognitive functions, MGMT methylation status, functional changes in tumor based on magnetic resonance diffusion & perfusion imaging and spectroscopy are explored as well as the correlation of biomarkers with clinical activity and adverse events. All randomized patients will be followed for at least 3 years. Analysis of EFS and secondary endpoints will be performed after the 120 patients evaluable for EFS have been followed for 1 year. Multimodal imaging will provide a platform to develop new imaging criteria for pediatric neuro-oncological treatment response. An updated OS and safety analysis will be performed 3 years after the last patient has been randomized. The first patient was randomized in October 2011; completion of the study is expected in 2016.


Steady two-dimensional flows from an angled structure into a lake or a reservoir where the interface between the intrusion and the ambient fluid separates from a solid wall is considered. The fluid is assumed to be of finite depth and the incoming channel makes an angle _ with the horizontal axis. The problem is formulated using conformal mapping and integral equation techniques and the resulting problem is solved using a surface angle approach. The shape of the interface is computed for a range of entry angle and flow rate. Exact solutions are presented at a high flow rate and compared with the solutions to nonlinear problem. Solutions with waves are shown to exist on the interface at small flow rate and these are computed at very small entry angles using a physical plane method. The case in which the lake or the reservoir is stratified in density is also considered and separation height is determined for different values of the stratification. In all cases, the parameter space in which steady solutions exist is studied and limiting solutions are obtained. The results have implications for the design of efficient inflow structures for reservoirs and for water quality management.