This thesis examines the place of the past within the lives and works of three notable Anglo-Norman authors of history: Eadmer of Canterbury, Symeon of Durham, and Orderic Vitalis of the monastery of Saint-Evroul in Normandy.
The first half of the twelfth century witnessed an unprecedented flowering of historical writing in England and Normandy. Scholarly interest and debate surrounding the historical texts produced in this context, and in particular the reasons for their composition, has grown significantly in recent years. This thesis examines the place of Eadmer's, Symeon's and Orderic's historical writings within the wider corpus of works which they are known to have studied and composed, according to surviving manuscript evidence. Particular attention is placed on: their engagement with wider themes of learning such as exegesis and theology, Latin poetry and computistical studies; their participation in the organisation of monastic and ecclesiastical life, including record-keeping, revision and care of book-collections and their role as monastic cantors; and their experiences of training in and engagement with historical studies and resultant self-identification as authors of history.
This thesis will argue that although all three authors had access to a concise framework through which medieval audiences understood the nature and purposes of historical studies (as shown in chapters three and four) the exact character and intended purposes of their historical texts was in fact heavily dependent on the degree to which each author interacted with the wider textual culture of contemporary Benedictine studies (as outlined in chapters five, six and seven). Conclusions will observe that the three examples considered demonstrate the multifaceted nature of historical studies in the medieval period, and especially the overlap between the various sub-genres of history, such as narrative text, annal, chronicle, and hagiography, and also reveal the resonances of the past within almost every aspect of monastic life and studies in the period.


An electrochemical sensor based on the electrocatalytic activity of functionalized natural phosphate for sensitive detection of paracetamol is presented. The electrochemical behaviors of paracetamol on natural phosphate modified carbon paste electrode (NP-CPE) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The results showed that the natural phosphate modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity to paracetamol. A quasi-reversible redox process of paracetamol at the modified electrode was obtained. Such electrocatalytic behavior of natural phosphate is attributed to its unique physical and chemical properties, subtle electronic characteristics, attractive interaction, and strong adsorptive capability. This electrochemical sensor shows an excellent performance for detecting paracetamol. The sensor shows great promise for simple, sensitive, and quantitative detection and screening of paracetamol.


Coagulopathy following snakebite typically occur within 24 h. Occasionally, abnormality of the coagulation system persists into the second week; although clinically, significant bleeding is rare after seven days. Early coagulopathy and concurrent acute renal failure tends to increase the odd of delayed coagulopathy. We report a case of delayed coagulopathy and renal failure occurring after 2 weeks in a previously healthy male patient who was bitten by Echis occelatus to illustrate the fact that coagulopathy could be delayed till the third week after snakebite. We suggest close clinical and/or laboratory surveillance of patients who survived an early envenomation, so as to forestall unnecessary morbidity and mortality.

 Key words: Coagulopathy, snakebite, Echis occelatus.


This PhD thesis examines Holocene Aboriginal settlement and subsistence behaviour for the Cooloola region, coastal southeast Queensland. It focuses upon methodological problems of systemic site interaction and theoretical Issues of human responses to spatial variations in resource structure. The study is based upon the results of surveys (site and non-site) and excavations, and represents Stage 2 of the Cooloola Region Archaeological Project (CRAP). Two major chronological phases are identified. Recent Phase sites (ca 900 BP - 100 BP) are represented by a complex of shell middens and shell scatters located up to 12 km inland from the present shoreline. These sites demonstrate specialized exploitation of marine shellfish and fish species. Stone artefact assemblages are dominated by local raw materials and bevel-edged tools (bevelled pounders). Early Phase sites (ca 5500 BP - 2300 BP) are dominated by large stone artefact scatters exhibiting exotic raw materials and a greater variety of implement types (eg bevel-edged tools, backed blades, bifacial points). Phase middens are restricted mostly to the estuarine resource-rich southern and northern parts of Cooloola. These areas not only exhibit all of the recorded ceremonial/ritual (eg 'bora ring', burial) sites across the region, but also correspond to the locations of historically-recorded groups and activities during the 19th century. I argue that such site patterning demonstrates the potential effects of resource productivity upon spatial organization of Aboriginal social, ceremonial and subsistence activities. A detailed land-use model, consisting of eastern (oceanic) and western (estuarine) settlement-subsistence sub-systems is generated for northern midden sites. Both sub-systems comprise coastal base camps and associated ephemeral rainforest and/or swamp plant food foraging camps scattered across adjacent inland areas. Initial occupation of Cooloola some 5500 years ago is associated with a localized adaptation of an existing coastal settlement-subsistence system which had been advancing westwards across the continental shelf with the postglacial marine transgression. I suggest, based on the presence of bifacial points and tula adzes, that historically-recorded inter-regional social alliances between southeast and southern central Queensland may have had their beginnings soon after this time. Recent Phase occupation of the region is associated with increases in both Aboriginal activity and the relative exploitation of local resources (eg shellfish, stone). Such changes may have followed changes in socio-political organization which saw the development of more localized or regionalised residential groups culminating in the organizational patterns observed by Europeans last century.


Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted seven focus groups and 10 individual interviews to gather data on what happens in the first crucial moments of a mine emergency. The goal of the project was to learn about responses on-site during the initial phases of a mine emergency to further improve response. The subjects represented underground coal and salt mines in the southern, western, mid-western, and eastern parts of the United States. They included on-site responders, mine rescue team members, and experts in mine emergency response with extensive experience in managing mine disasters. The types of disasters the subjects experienced were diverse, including explosions, fires, and inundations (sudden floods of water or inrushes of dangerous gases). This study was unique in its focus on the first moments in an emergency response, in studying underground coal mine emergencies and in utilizing a focus group methodology. Results indicated that there were common themes in initial response, which included the importance of mine emergency planning and training, quantity and quality of communication providing information for decision-making, leadership and trust, plus individual personal issues. Previous relevant studies are presented and the researchers discuss the data providing specific examples. The article concludes with recommendations to enhance initial response in the first critical moments of an emergency.


In 2003, the Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences at our university offered a series of postgraduate research seminars. The series of seminars, selected by a three-person faculty team, received a mixed reaction - some seminars attracted a large proportion of the students whereas others were poorly attended. Thus, it was decided to continue the seminar series in 2004, but to undertake some formative evaluation to determine the students' preferences for the seminar topics. It was important to gain input from as many students as possible, and to allow maximum latitude for responses. It was decided to conduct a two-stage evaluation process: nominal groups with a subset of postgraduate research students; followed by a survey of all students based on the groups. It was apparent from the results of this study that the students' preferences for seminar content were quite dissimilar to those anticipated by academic staff. This study demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of the nominal group technique in investigating information and skill needs among postgraduate research students.


Most approaches to the synthesis of reactive systems study the problem in terms of a two-player game with complete observation. In many applications, however, the system's environment consists of several distinct entities, and the system must actively communicate with these entities in order to obtain information available in the environment. In this paper, we model such environments as a team of players and keep track of the information known to each individual player. This allows us to synthesize programs that interact with a distributed environment and leverage multiple interacting sources of information.
The synthesis problem in distributed environments corresponds to solving a special class of Petri games, i.e., multi-player games played over Petri nets, where the net has a distinguished token representing the system and an arbitrary number of tokens representing the environment. While, in general, even the decidability of Petri games is an open question, we show that the synthesis problem in distributed environments can be solved in polynomial time for nets with up to two environment tokens. For an arbitrary but fixed number of three or more environment tokens, the problem is NP-complete. If the number of environment tokens grows with the size of the net, the problem is EXPTIME-complete.


ARTISTS' BOOKS CONFERENCE WELLESLEY COLLEGE, WELLESLEY, MA JUNE 15-18, 2005 [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] From June 15-18, 2005, Wellesley College hosted the Artists' Books Conference (ABC), bringing together librarians, artists, curators, private collectors, professors and book dealers. Over 200 people attended this four-day event that covered topics such as collecting artists' books, the business of artists producing these books and related pedagogical aspects of this genre. This is at least the third independently organized conference on artists' books to be held in the past two years. Wells College in Aurora, New York, organized a symposium titled "Matter & Spirit: The Genesis & Evolution of the Book," held from April 29-May 2, 2004. More recently, the Southern California Chapter of the Art Libraries Society of North America organized a conference held in Los Angeles, from May 21-24, 2005: "Artists Books: Creating, Collecting, Cataloging, Conserving, Collaborating." At ABC, less emphasis was placed on critical analysis of topics; rather, most presentations retained an informal, conversational style that aided in sharing ideas and comments. Major issues were raised about the current genre of artists' books, the lack of critical writings about it and the profound challenge of expanding the artists' book community. The opening keynote speaker, Betty Bright, founded the Minnesota Center for Book Arts (MCBA) in 1985. Her book No Longer Innocent: the Book Arts in America, 1960 to 1980 will be published by Granary Press in September 2005. Bright's presentation, "To Have and To Hold: Why We Need Book Art," focused on historical aspects of private and institutional collecting in this country and the role of librarians and curators. She discussed the formation of early institutional library collections, notably those at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Atlanta College, the Museum of Modern Art and Virginia Commonwealth University. Bright divided the history of artists' books into four categories: fine press, deluxe editions, sculptural books and multiples. Increased awareness of archival materials in the production of artists' books was a noted topic of discussion. The panel "Collecting in Private and Public Institutions" was moderated by Sandra Kroupa of the University of Washington, Seattle. The panelists represented both private and public institutional libraries, including Claremont Colleges, Rhode Island School of Design, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and Boston Public Library. …


This article offers a legal history of the northwest corner of 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue, the plot of land that, among other things, was the source of dispute in Meinhard v. Salmon, one of the leading business law cases in American history. Using the Meinhard case as a lens, the paper explores New York's changing ethnic, social, and economic environment - the rise and fall of industries, the booms and busts of business conditions, the dispersal and commercialization of landed estates, the influence of immigrants, the role of yachting, horse racing, art collecting and charitable work in establishing social standing, and the importance of family and heritage in the development of New York City during the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries.


Auralization of future traffic noise scenarios would be a valuable tool for city planners, noise
consultants and decision makers, since it would make it possible to evaluate various noise
mitigation solutions already at the planning stage. The main goal of the Swedish multi-
disciplinary research project LISTEN is to develop such a tool. In the present paper,
auralizations of a single pass-by of a passenger car are investigated with respect to different
simulation approaches, and the methodologies behind the approaches are described. Three listening experiments were conducted in order to perceptually evaluate the auralizations. The results showed a high degree of perceptual agreement between real and auralized sounds. However, slight differences between real and auralized sounds were found for perceived realism, annoyance and speed of vehicles, which calls for further improvements of the auralizations.


Bodily methodologies that engage with the affective, rhythmic, and temporal dimensions of movement have altered the landscape of social science and humanities research. Walking is one such methodology by which scholars have examined vital, sensory, material, and ephemeral intensities beyond the logics of representation. Extending this rich field, this article invokes the concept trans to reconceptualize walking research through theories that attend to the vitality and agency of matter, the interconnectedness between humans and non-humans, the importance of mediation and bodily affect, and the necessity of acknowledging ethico-political responsibility. While theoretical and empirical research about embodied, emplaced, and sensorial relations between moving bodies and space are well developed in the field of walking studies, their entanglements become profoundly altered by theories of trans – transcorporeality, transspecies, and transmaterialities. Taking up trans theories we experiment in thinking-with a sonic art performance, Walking to the Laundromat, which probes bodily, affective, and gendered labour.


The nicotinamide analogue 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN) is presently undergoing evaluation as a potential modulator of the action of various antineoplastic treatments. Most previous studies of this agent have focused on a three-drug regimen of chemical modulators that includes 6AN. In the present study, the effect of single-agent 6AN on the efficacy of selected antineoplastic drugs was assessed in vitro. Colony-forming assays using human tumor cell lines demonstrated that pretreatment with 30-250 microM 6AN for 18 h resulted in increased sensitivity to the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin, with 6-, 11-, and 17-fold decreases in the cisplatin dose that diminishes colony formation by 90% being observed in K562 leukemia cells, A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells, and T98G glioblastoma cells, respectively. Morphological examination revealed increased numbers of apoptotic cells after treatment with 6AN and cisplatin compared to cisplatin alone. 6AN also sensitized cells to melphalan and nitrogen mustard but not to chlorambucil, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, etoposide, or daunorubicin. In additional studies undertaken to elucidate the mechanism underlying the sensitization to cisplatin, atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that 6AN had no effect on the rate of removal of platinum (Pt) adducts from DNA. Instead, 6AN treatment was accompanied by an increase in Pt-DNA adducts that paralleled the degree of sensitization. This effect was not attributable to 6AN-induced decreases in glutathione or NAD+, because other agents that depleted these detoxification cofactors (buthionine sulfoximine and 3-acetylpyridine, respectively) did not increase Pt-DNA adducts. On the contrary, 6AN treatment increased cellular accumulation of cisplatin. Further experiments revealed that 6AN was metabolized to 6-aminonicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (6ANAD+). Concurrent administration of nicotinamide and 6AN had minimal effect on cellular 6AN accumulation but abolished the formation of 6ANAD+, the increase in Pt-DNA adducts, and the sensitizing effect of 6AN in clonogenic assays. These observations identify 6AN as a potential modulator of cisplatin sensitivity and suggest that the 6AN metabolite 6ANAD+ exerts this effect by increasing cisplatin accumulation and subsequent formation of Pt-DNA adducts.


Male reproductive strategies and paren tal investment in the w heatear, Oenanthe oenanthe. David R. Currie, Department of Zoology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LEI 7RH. 1. This study investigated factors affecting individual reproductive success in the wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, a migrant passerine species, on Bardsey Island, North Wales, 1991-93. 2. Behavioural and paternity data, obtained using DNA fingerprinting, indicated that males pursued a mixed reproductive strategy, i.e. they ensured their paternity during the fertile period of the pair female and pursued extra-pair copulations outwith this time. Behavioural observations were consistent with males using mate guarding to ensure their paternity. Males adjusted their intensity of guarding in response to the threat to their paternity. Males mainly pursued extra-pair copulations once their female had begun incubating. Intrusions by extra-pair males peaked in the fertile period, and later breeding territories were intruded upon more than early breeding pairs. 3. Natural levels of extra-pair paternity were relatively low; 11% of 71 offspring, occurring in 29% of 17 broods. Extra-pair fertilisations contributed little to a male's reproductive success. Not all extra-pair fathers were identified, but at two nests males within a three-territory radius were excluded as extra-pair fathers. There was no evidence that females increased their reproductive success by laying eggs in the nests of other females (intra-specific brood parasitism). Females were never observed off territory soliciting extra-pair males and rarely seen soliciting extra-pair males on territory. The majority of EPCs were resisted by the female and their co-operation appeared to be essential for males to obtain successful copulations. The presence of extra-pair young within broods indicates that females must have also pursued a mixed reproductive strategy by participating in EPCs. 4. Experimental removals of males for 24 hours during the fertile period were used to investigate the effect of the absence of the pair male on: (i) female behaviour; (ii) the behaviour of extra-pair males; and (iii) levels of extra-pair paternity. The number of intrusions and extra-pair copulations increased in the absence of the pair male. Females rejected the majority of extra-pair copulations, and there was no significant increase in extra-pair paternity resulting from these experiments: 10% of 78 offspring occurring in 38% of 16 broods. Female behaviour appeared to be the determining factor affecting the level of extra-pair paternity, although male guarding behaviours may have limited the opportunities for females to participate in extra-pair copulations by deterring intrusions. 5. Males contributed on average 50% of chick feeds, and did not adjust their investment in proportion to their paternity in the brood. There was no effect of the temporary male removals, used to simulate a male's uncertainty of paternity, on their subsequent investment. However, males which adopted broods provided 29% of chick feeds on average, but this was not in proportion to the paternity they had in the brood. This reduction in the number of chick feeds was partially compensated for by females increasing their frequency of chick feeds. 6. Territories remained relatively constant between years. There was evidence that territories varied in quality, as indicated by their consistent order of settlement between years, individuals moving to preferred areas when possible, and individuals being rnore faithful to preferred areas. Older males returned to the breeding ground earlier than firstyear males, and were more likely to be paired than individuals breeding for the first time. This was probably due to the older males having settled on preferred territories. Territory quality had a significant effect on individual reproductive success. There were few correlates with individual quality and measures of breeding success. A male's mating status was dependent on arrival time, territory quality, breeding density and the operational sex ratio. Males which settled on preferred territories were more likely to be paired. Pairs which bred on preferred territories tended to have increased fledging success, and nestlings which fledged from preferred territories were more likely to return to the study area to breed. Female reluctance to copulate outwith the pair bond may be a result of individual reproductive success being determined more by territory quality rather than male quality.


Composite stretchable conducting wires Think how useful a stretchable electronic "skin" could be. For example you could place it over an aircraft fuselage or a body to create a network of sensors, processors, energy stores, or artificial muscles. But it is difficult to make electronic interconnects and strain sensors that can stretch over such surfaces. Liu et al. created superelastic conducting fibers by depositing carbon nanotube sheets onto a prestretched rubber core (see the Perspective by Ghosh). The nanotubes buckled on relaxation of the core, but continued to coat it fully and could stretch enormously, with relatively little change in resistance. Science, this issue p. 400; see also p. 382 Rubber fibers coated with sheets of carbon nanotubes form highly stretchable conducting wires. [Also see Perspective by Ghosh] Superelastic conducting fibers with improved properties and functionalities are needed for diverse applications. Here we report the fabrication of highly stretchable (up to 1320%) sheath-core conducting fibers created by wrapping carbon nanotube sheets oriented in the fiber direction on stretched rubber fiber cores. The resulting structure exhibited distinct short- and long-period sheath buckling that occurred reversibly out of phase in the axial and belt directions, enabling a resistance change of less than 5% for a 1000% stretch. By including other rubber and carbon nanotube sheath layers, we demonstrated strain sensors generating an 860% capacitance change and electrically powered torsional muscles operating reversibly by a coupled tension-to-torsion actuation mechanism. Using theory, we quantitatively explain the complementary effects of an increase in muscle length and a large positive Poisson's ratio on torsional actuation and electronic properties.


In this Article, the author analyzes the reactions of 147 New York City law firms to the 1994 enactment of the New York Limited Liability Partnership statute, which provided New York law firm partners with the first convenient mechanism to limit their personal liability for partnership debts. Using both quantitative and qualitative evidence, she evaluates whether the behavior of New York law firms supports the signaling theory of organizational form - that is, the theory that firms use the partnership form to signal to the marketplace that they provide high quality legal services, due to either superior monitoring or to profit sharing. She concludes that the quantitative data do not strongly support either signaling theory of partnership. In addition, both theories face substantial theoretical hurdles. At the same time, interviews with law firm partners suggest that signaling concerns did impact law firm choice of form, in some cases profoundly. The author proposes three modifications to the signaling theory of organizational form that render the theory both more theoretically persuasive and more consistent with the observed behavior of law firms. First, the relevant signal appears to be negative, rather than positive. Second, this negative signal is more costly to elite firms than to non-elite firms. Third, firms may attempt to signal something other than, or in addition to, quality through their choice of organizational form - namely, status.


In September 1984 the latest of a series of papers on the school curriculum was issued by the Depa r tment of Education and Science and Welsh Office.  Like many of its predecessors from government and HMI, since the so-called Great Debate on education of 1976, it advocates the need for a common core curriculum for a l l pupils until the age of 16 years. In many respects it appears to support CDT more strongly that most . Thus it suggests that the primary phase (5-11) should 'provide opportunities throughout the curriculum for craft and practical work leading up to some experience of design and technology and of solving problems'. The Times described the new position at the secondary stage (11-16) in one sentence: 'Ministers have set themselves the ambitious aim of providing craft, design and technology right through secondary school in a drive to foster practical skills'. It looks as if CDT, after years of being offered a peripheral place on the curriculum, has come of age.


Various problems are presented with the standard definition of corruption: "the misuse of public power for private benefits." Consequently, an alternative definition is suggested: "the subversion of statesmanship by partisanship" or "of governance by greed," using political elasticity theory. From this, a distinction is made between primary and secondary corruption, based upon the ability or inability to control manifestations of greed. Case studies are then presented to illustrate this distinction. Finally, suggestions are made for treating political illness, which is caused by (or another name for) secondary corruption. Key Words: Secondary corruption, democracy, international aid, capitalism, LDCs, Japan, Germany, Mexico, Singapore, Sierra Leone, Bangladesh, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Russia, South Korea, United States of America, Tanzania, Spain, Nigeria. Introduction: Definitional Problems Heidenheimer, Johnston, and LeVine (1989: 8) classify definitions of political corruption into three often overlapping categories: (1) misuse of money or favors for private gain; (2) inappropriate exchanges of money or favors for undue influence or power; and (3) violations of public interest or norms of behavior for special advantages or selfserving purposes. Transparency International (the most important international organization fighting corruption) has combined these definitions into one that we might refer to as "the standard definition of political corruption": "the misuse of public power for private benefits." Heywood (1997), along with other scholars, have indicated the following problems with this standard definition: 1. Cultural Compatibility. In January, 2000, Helmut Kohl was forced to resign as the Christian Democratic party's honorary chairman for receiving into party slush funds large illegal (i.e., undeclared) donations. Yet, in Japan and other East Asian countries, "it was natural for those with resources to honor the nation's leaders with gifts that in turn made democratic politics possible" (Pye, 1997: 216). Many countries operate semi-feudalistic systems in which positions of power and economic productivity are given to loyal subordinates, relatives, ethnic cohorts, and friends in return for the feedback of a percentage of whatever is gained as a result. In Mexico, Cornelius and Wayne (1991) describe these interwoven chains of patron-client relationships as "camarillas." Consequently, how clients gain access to wealth is less important than the loyalty, deference and services that they provide to their patrons. 2 Acceptabity. Leak (1999: 64) mentions a Singaporean minister who committed suicide in 1986 upon being accused of accepting bribes from two property developers. In Sierra Leone, on the other hand, according to Kpundeh (1999), government is so weak that bribery and extortion are not considered really "scandalous" but, rather, "standard operating procedure." While this is partly the result of miserably paid and undisciplined civil servants, "those earning high salaries, primarily government ministers and senior civil servants, have indulged in more fraud than junior workers or private citizens" (Kpundeh, 1999: 214). In Bangladesh, Dey (1989: 508) points out, people "offer bribes to get jobs with high bribe potential." Thus, "the bribe here is similar to an entry fee that one has to pay to join a club and become entitled to its benefits and facilities." The same is true in the Dominican Republic, where government jobs are seen even by the public as a legitimate way of enriching oneself (Ruffing-Hilliard, 1991: 309). 3. Functionality. Caiden (1990: 150-151) summarizes the arguments of analysts, indicating that corruption may at times be functional: (a) to speed up the administrative and legislative process; (b) to make the bureaucracy more humane and approachable for those who have not yet adjusted to the modern way of life; (c) to overcome excessive bureaucratic inflexibility, sluggishness, and bungling; (d) to integrate otherwise alienated groups (particularly, politically weak ethnic, religious, and racial groups) and, thereby, be an alternative to violence; and (e) to enable entrepreneurs to function within a difficult business environment. …


In the middle of the 16th century there was a short-lived surge in the use of the auxiliary did to express the affirmative past tense in English, as in Moroni «did arrive» with his army to the land of Bountiful (Alma 52:18). The 1829 Book of Mormon contains nearly 2,000 instances of this particular syntax, using it 27% of the time in past-tense contexts. The 1611 King James Bible — which borrowed heavily from Tyndale's biblical translations of the 1520s and '30s — employs this syntax less than 2% of the time. While the Book of Mormon's rate is significantly higher than the Bible's, it is close to what is found in other English-language texts written mainly in the midto late 1500s. And the usage died out in the 1700s. So the Book of Mormon is unique for its time — this is especially apparent when features of adjacency, inversion, and intervening adverbial use are considered. Textual evidence and syntactic analysis argue strongly against both 19th-century composition and an imitative effort based on King James English. Book of Mormon past-tense syntax could have been achieved only by following the use of largely inaccessible 16th-century writings. But mimicry of lost syntax is difficult if not impossible, and so later writers who consciously sought to imitate biblical style failed to match its did-usage at a deep, systematic level. This includes Ethan Smith who in 1823 wrote View of the Hebrews, a text very different from both the Bible and the Book of Mormon in this respect. The same may be said about Hunt's The Late War and Snowden's The American Revolution.


Most studies that compare price and quantity controls for greenhouse gas emissions under uncertainty find that price mechanisms perform substantially better. In these studies, the benefits from reducing emissions are proportional to the level of reductions, and such linear benefits strongly favor price policies (Weitzman 1974). Catastrophic damages, however, challenge that intuition as consequences become highly nonlinear. Catastrophe avoidance offers huge benefits, and incremental adjustments on either side of the associated threshold are relatively unimportant, suggesting a strong preference for quantity controls. This paper shows that with catastrophic damages, both price and quantity mechanisms offer large gains over the business-as-usual alternative, and the difference between policies is never more than 10%. Catastrophe avoidance is much more important than efficient catastrophe avoidance. Although previous studies favoring price policies in the presence of uncertainty have worried that catastrophes would reverse their results, this analysis indicates that such concerns are not borne out.


Summary
1.
During the past eighteen months 210 native wild monkeys and 43 native captive monkeys have been examined for parasites of the blood stream. The only difference the two groups show is a decrease in the intensity of the infections in most of the captive animals rather than any difference in parasite species.
2.
Monkey malaria. The present state of our knowledge indicates that many infant monkeys of the prehensile tail species, especially the Ateles and Cebus species, die of this disease. We have observed four such deaths. Those that survive this period are moderately good carriers of the disease through the juvenile period of life. During adult life other diseases and particularly late stage pregnancy seem to provoke a recrudescence in some animals. In these species of monkeys the spleen weight shows a ratio of 2.5 to 4 grams to each pound of body weight while in those species in which malaria was not found the spleen rate was 1 gram to each pound of body weight. Malarial pigmentation of the spleen is common in the prehensile tailed species and not yet found by us in the other species. The malarial parasites found closely resemble human quartan and tertian malaria. Nothing that resembles P. falciparum has been found here.
3.
Monkey trypanosomiasis. All species thus far examined by us show this parasite except Ateles dariensis. We have seen but one specimen of this monkey, a juvenile raised in captivity. Adults examined in the wild state will almost certainly show some individuals harboring this parasite. The infection appears to offer little injury to the animals and does not take in the ordinary laboratory animals into which it has been inoculated. Morphological studies will be reported at a later date.
4.
Monkey filariasis. This is an important monkey disease, particularly in the Cebus and Ateles species. We have not yet examined a satisfactory number of the howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata inconsonans Goldman). There is a marked proliferative peritonitis present and in some cases a sero-purulent fluid is found. Vast numbers of adult-parasites are found in the omentum and also free in the cavity. Omental adhesions are common and occasionally pleural and pericardial adhesions also are present. Further studies are in progress and a report pending.
Filariasis in the titi species and the night monkey are of a different order. No adult parasites have been found by us in the cavities of the two did monkeys although their blood films are positive in almost every case.
5.
Malaria is a disease of infant and juvenile life while trypanosomiasis and filariasis are chiefly noted among the adults.
6.
Monkey spirochetosis. This has not been found spontaneously in any but the titi monkey commonly known as the squirrel monkey Leontocebus geoffroyi (Pucheron). It is fatal in most instances to infant and juvenile members of this species in captivity while an adult recovers spontaneously in a very few days. The rate of demonstrable infection in the wild is very low for adults. We have not been able to examine enough juveniles and infants in the wild to learn the incidence in them.
7.
Our chief interest surrounds the possibilities of transfers of these infections to man or domestic animals and our efforts have been used in this direction rather than to complete the protozoological and pathological studies or to enter the equally interesting study of the parasites to be found in the alimentary tract. The old monkeys (in the wild) have much of interest in diseases of bones and joints and the genito-urinary system.
8.
Ectoparasites. These are found but with great difficulty on the animal, although we have seen one severe louse infestation in the Ateles species. It is our belief that the ticks, lice and fleas common to these monkeys are more apt to be found at night while the animal is at rest in its favorite shelter. This of course confronts one with some major problems in observation yet it may be possible to study the dens of night monkeys, Aotus zonalis Goldman, since their habits are quite similar to those of squirrels.
Mosquito studies are in progress in relation to monkey malaria, and tick observations are under way in regard to possible transfers of the monkey spirochete.


Khat leaves were originally used as a stimulant and a remedy against
diseases and khat chewing became a widespread habit that has a deeprooted
sociocultural tradition in Africa and the Middle East. The present
study was undertaken to evaluate the biochemical and toxicological effects of
crude Catha edulis extract sub-acute (7 weeks) administration and to
investigate the biochemical, toxicological and mutagenic effects of Catha
edulis crude extract sub-chronic (13 weeks) administration in rats. Seventy
four Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in this study. The sub-acute
treatment group (38 rats) was further divided into 4 groups (control group
and 500, 1000 and 2000 mglkg body weight treatment groups), while the subchronic
treatment study group (36 rats) was subdivided into three further
groups (control group and 1000 and 2000 rnglkg body weight treatment groups). For genotoxicity assessment we used chromosomal aberrations
assay (CAs) and single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE), the comet assay.
Body weight changes and food consumption were found to be not
significantly different among all treatment groups when compared to the
corresponding controls. We estimated the lipid peroxidation products, as a
biomarker of oxidative stress and free radical activity, malondialdehyde,
MDA (measured as plasma TBARS) and the results in the sub-acute (7
weeks) treatment group were found to be non-significantly different
compared to the control group, while in the 13 weeks treatment groups,
MDA levels in the 1000 and 2000 mglkg body weight treatment groups were
found to be significantly (P < 0.05) lower, by 28% and 30% respectively,
compared to the control group.
Lipid profiles, uric acid, albumin, liver enzymes activities and total and
prostatic acid phosphatase (ACP) results in the sub-acute treatment groups
were found to be non-significantly affected compared to the control group. In
contrast testosterone was found to be 2.8 and 2.4 folds significantly higher
(P< 0.01) in the 1000 and 2000 mglkg body weight treatment groups
respectively, compared to the control group. These levels were also found to
be increased in the 500 mglkg body weight treatment by 54% compared to
the control group although the increase was not significant. Results of serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations after
13 weeks treatment with Catha edulis crude extract were found to be
significantly higher by 18% and 15% respectively (P< 0.05), in the 1000 mg/kg
body weight treatment group compared to the control group. For the
genotoxicity assessment tests we observed conflicting results between the
CAs and comet assay. The results of CAs assay in the 2000 mg/kg body
weight treatment group were found to be significantly higher (7.38%)
compared to the control group (2.2%) (P< 0.05), while in the 1000 mg/kg body
weight treatment group 2.5% aberrated metaphases were observed. On the
other hand results of DNA damage in the comet assay were observed to
show no significant difference between treatment and control groups.
However the predominant chromosomal aberrations scored in the CAs were
chromatoid gaps followed by chromatoid breaks. We can conclude that Catha
edulis leaves contribute antioxidant properties due to its polyphenolic
constituents as well as testosterone up-regulation. Further investigations are
recommended to elucidate the effects of fresh leaves of Catha edulis on
chromosomes and other biomolecules using molecular techniques.


In this article I elaborate and reflect upon the representation of contemporary Japanese mountain ascetic practitioners in an immersive, collaboratively produced documentary film. My intent with this self-reflexive methodology has been to clarify how the continuous presence and participation in ascetic training by two North Americans with camera equipment most certainly altered the nature of our interaction with fellow Shugendô participants and guides, shaped the footage we captured, and determined the kind of story we could tell. I attempt here to shed further light upon important decisions, challenges and dilemmas that emerged with reference to key texts, films and discussions that shaped our collaborative filmmaking sensibilities and practices. Readers interested in the practice and representation of Tantric Buddhism, asceticism, Japanese religious and cultural life, and Shugendô may find these reflections of interest and value.


The transformerless photovoltaic (PV) inverters are the major functional units of modern grid-connected PV energy production systems. In this study, a new optimisation technique is presented for the calculation of the optimal types and values of the components comprising a transformerless PV inverter, such that the PV inverter levelised cost of the generated electricity is minimised. The proposed method constitutes a systematic design process, which is capable to explore the impact of the PV inverter configuration on the trade-off between the PV inverter manufacturing cost and the power losses affecting the corresponding energy production. The design optimisation results demonstrate that the optimal values of the PV inverter design variables depend on the inverter specifications, the technical and economical characteristics of the components used to build the PV inverter and the meteorological conditions prevailing at the installation area. Compared with non-optimised transformerless inverters, the PV inverter structures derived using the proposed design optimisation methodology exhibit lower manufacturing cost and simultaneously are capable of producing more energy into the electric grid system.


Abstract. Despite the great scientific and technological advances in flood hydrology, everyday engineering practices still follow simplistic approaches that are easy to formally implement in ungauged areas. In general, these "recipes" have been developed many decades ago, based on field data from typically few experimental catchments. However, many of them have been neither updated nor validated across all hydroclimatic and geomorphological conditions. This has an obvious impact on the quality and reliability of hydrological studies, and, consequently, on the safety and cost of the related flood protection works. Preliminary results, based on historical flood data from Cyprus and Greece, indicate that a substantial revision of many aspects of flood engineering procedures is required, including the regionalization formulas as well as the modelling concepts themselves. In order to provide a consistent design framework and to ensure realistic predictions of the flood risk (a key issue of the 2007/60/EU Directive) in ungauged basins, it is necessary to rethink the current engineering practices. In this vein, the collection of reliable hydrological data would be essential for re-evaluating the existing "recipes", taking into account local peculiarities, and for updating the modelling methodologies as needed.


The rise and scams of cryptocurrencies have attracted much public, academic, and economic attention. While most cryptocurrencies have already failed, less attention has been given to the long-term regulation of those that might be successful, all of which purport to be 'eternal' stores of value or mediums of exchange. Now is a good time to review this experience and draw lessons for regulators, investors, and promoters interested in better management of risk around alternative currencies, and cryptocurrencies in particular. This paper concludes that conventional risk control concerns are relevant even when a technology is novel. The typical choice of blockchain technology with proof-of-work all but guarantees that efficiency concerns are material, and that the purely digital nature of cryptocurrencies offers opportunities for regulators to insist on comparison of outcomes with simulation modeling as one basis for regulatory control.


This document describes Icarus. Icarus is a programming language that is designed to support mobile software. Icarus provides the basic facilities needed for mobile software (concurrency, communication and mobility) without any of the syntactic sugar found in other languages, such as the windowing toolkit of Java or even some convenient types (like floating point numbers). This allowed is to concentrate on the main features, without being side tracked in the implementation of large libraries. Icarus has a syntax that is very similar to C. It supports procedures, variables, the assignment statement and basic control flow statements (if, for, while). In addition Icarus provides the par-statement, OCCAM style I/O statements. In order to provide mobility, Icaurus has includes two powerful extension s to OCCAM, an ``on-statement'''', which locates a process near another process, and a first class ports, allowing the programmer to pass communication capabilities around.


Severe refractory asthma is characterized by a higher risk of asthma-related symptoms, morbidities, and exacerbations. This disease also determines much greater healthcare costs and deterioration in health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Another concern, which is currently much discussed, is the high percentage of patients needing regular use of oral corticosteroids (OCS), which can lead to several systemic side effects. Airway eosinophilia is present in the majority of asthmatic patients, and elevated levels of blood and sputum eosinophils are associated with worse control of asthma. Regarding severe refractory eosinophilic asthma, interleukin-5 (IL-5) plays a fundamental role in the inflammatory response, due to the profound effect on eosinophils biology. The advent of the biological therapies provided an effective strategy, even if the increased number of molecules with different targets raised the challenge of choosing the right therapy and avoid overlapping. When considering severe refractory eosinophilic asthma and anti-IL-5 treatments, it is not easy to define which drug to choose between mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab. In this article, we carried out an indirect comparison among literature data, especially between OCS reduction studies (ZONDA-SIRIUS) and pivotal studies (SIROCCO-MENSA), evaluating whether the clinical efficacy and the steroid-sparing effect of benralizumab may represent an advantage over other compounds. This data could help the clinician in the decision process of treatment choice, within the different available therapeutic options for eosinophilic refractory severe asthma.


Abstract. Land surface temperature (LST) has received a significant attention for urban health and sustainable development. In recent years, with the rapid urbanization and industrialization, urban heat island phenomenon has prevailed in many cities in developed countries and caused excessive energy consumption, and climatic and environmental deterioration. It is expected that to optimize the composition of land use/cover distribution can reduce the urban heat island phenomenon. Therefore, monitoring the spatial changes and analysing its effects on land surface temperature are crucial for maintaining the healthy urban development in the near future.Based on the above background, this study tried to geographically examine the relationship between the LST and land use/cover changes in Sapporo which is the fifth largest city and a gateway city on the northern island in Japan. We investigated the LST in each land use/cover category from 1985 to 2015 by using Landsat data. The results show that: (1)the land use/cover types and spatial distribution have a great influence on the formation of the LST; (2) the expansion of built-up area is the most significant factor affecting urban heat island during the past 30 years; and (3) the green space and water area help cool the urbanized area. By revealing a spatial relationship between the land use/cover distribution and the LST, this analysis could open an avenue to scientific research on future LST simulation and scenario based on land use/cover changes.Our research goal does not only contribute to the urban health and sustainable development but also provide an important insight into the consequence of the strong city competence.


Smart factories, enabled by digital technologies and concepts, may not be as futuristic as you think. Need inspiration to get started? Here's our UPDATED vision of the factory of the future, and the people and processes that will be impacted.


Leadership is heralded as being critical to addressing the "crisis of governance" facing the Earth's natural systems. While political, economic, and corporate discourses of leadership have been widely and critically interrogated, narratives of environmental leadership remain relatively neglected in the academic literature. The aims of this paper are twofold. First, to highlight the centrality and importance of environmental science's construction and mobilization of leadership discourse. Second, to offer a critical analysis of environmental sciences' deployment of leadership theory and constructs. The authors build on a review of leadership research in environmental science that reveals how leadership is conceptualized and analyzed in this field of study. It is argued that environmental leadership research reflects rather narrow framings of leadership. An analytical typology proposed by Keith Grint is employed to demonstrate how any singular framing of environmental leadership as person, position, process, result, or purpose is problematic and needs to be supplanted by a pluralistic view. The paper concludes by highlighting key areas for improvement in environmental leadership research, with emphasis on how a political ecology of environmental crisis narratives contributes to a more critical body of research on leadership in environmental science.


The fight against money laundering in Canada will require tougher measures that shine a light on the perpetrators who now operate in the shadows, says a new report from the C.D. Howe Institute. In "Why We Fail to Catch Money Launderers 99.9 percent of the Time," author Kevin Comeau supports the creation of a publicly accessible registry of beneficial ownership, and mandatory declarations of beneficial ownership with meaningful sanctions for false declarations.


An exciting new series that teaches students how to use grammar like a native speaker The best way to bring the grammar of a language to life is by experiencing it in context, as it's actually used by native speakers and writers. Designed for intermediate and advanced students, the books in this series put foreign grammar into context for students with an array of engaging texts, including newspaper articles, song lyrics, literary texts, and even transcriptions from TV talk shows. Each chapter focuses on a specific element of grammar. A short text is followed by an explanation of the relevant grammar and several exercises. Exercises center on specific topics and stress everyday words and expressions. Students get to build vocabularies while honing grammar skills. Throughout, elements of grammar that are especially difficult for English speakers are highlighted. A debate on genetic engineering, a discussion of the impact of new immigration laws on Hispanic communities in the United States, an interview with Placid Domingo... these are just a few of the authentic sources on which learners hone their command of Spanish grammar in Spanish Grammar in Context,


Biculturalism among Indigenous College Students Colton D. Miller Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Indigenous* college students in both Canada and the United States have the lowest rates of obtaining postsecondary degrees, and their postsecondary dropout rates are higher than for any other minority (Freeman & Fox, 2005; Mendelson, 2004; Reddy, 1993). There has been very little research done to uncover possible reasons for such low academic achievement and high dropout rates for Indigenous students. Some of the research that has been done indicates that one challenge for Indigenous students is the difficulty in navigating the cultural differences between higher education and their Indigenous cultures. Biculturalism is the ability of an individual to navigate two different cultures (Bell, 1990; Das & Kemp, 1997). Several scholars have suggested that biculturalism is an important construct in understanding academic persistence among Indigenous students (Jackson, Smith & Hill, 2003; Schiller, 1987). This study explored biculturalism among Indigenous college students and how it impacts their higher education experience. Indigenous college students (n=26) from the southwestern United States and central Canada participated in qualitative interviews for the study. The interviews were transcribed and interpreted using a synthesis of qualitative methods. Several themes related to the participants' experience of biculturalism emerged from the qualitative analysis: institutional support for transition to college, racism, types of relationships to native culture, career issues, and family issues. The findings suggested that more needs to be done in terms of providing Indigenous students centers at universities, implementing mentor programs for incoming students, and educating future Indigenous college students, families, and communities about biculturalism and the culture of higher education. *Author's note: The term Indigenous will be used to describe Native American/American Indian, First Nation and Metis student participants. Interviews were collected both in the United States and Canada. The terminology used to describe these populations differs across cultures; therefore, Indigenous will be used as a more general term, to describe the participants. The terminology used by cited authors was retained.


In this paper, I develop a higher-order statistical theory of matching models against images. The basic idea is not only to take into account {\em how much} of an object can be seen in the image, but also {\em what parts} of it are jointly present. I show that this additional information can improve the specificity (i.e., reduce the probability of false positive matches) of a recognition algorithm. I demonstrate formally that most commonly used quality of match measures employed by recognition algorithms are based on an independence assumption. Using the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle and a simple scene-description language as a guide, I show that this independence assumption is not satisfied for common scenes, and propose several important higher-order statistical properties of matches that approximate some aspects of these statistical dependencies. I have implemented a recognition system that takes advantage of this additional statistical information and demonstrate its efficacy in comparisons with a standard recognition system based on bounded error matching. We also observe that the existing use of grouping and segmentation methods has significant effects on the performance of recognition systems that are similar to those resulting from the use of higher-order statistical information. Our analysis provides a statistical framework in which to understand the effects of grouping and segmentation on recognition and suggests ways to take better advantage of such information.


Social desirability describes the tendency of respondents to present themselves in a more positive light than is accurate and is a serious concern in surveys. If researchers are better able to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for social desirability bias, they may be able to devise ways to identify and correct for it. One possibility involves determining whether social desirability is more of a deliberate 'editing' of responses or an automatic, perhaps 'self-deceptive', act. Then researchers could potentially flag conspicuously fast or slow responses to improve data quality. We outline dual-process-related theoretical arguments for both scenarios and test their plausibility using data gathered in a tablet-based CASI survey of pre-service teachers in Germany that were asked to assess their suitability for their chosen profession. Our analysis involves the use of fixed-effects multilevel models that enable us to control for unobserved differences between respondent- and item-characteristics while also examining cross-level interactions between the predictors at various levels. Specifically, we examine the classic respondent- (i.e. need for social approval) and item-related characteristics (i.e. trait desirability) associated with social desirability bias, as well as the speed at which the respondents gave their answers. Doing so allows us to observe under what circumstances the respondents tended to overstate positive characteristics as well as understate negative ones. We find evidence for social desirability as an automatic as well as a deliberate response behaviour. However, the mechanism responsible for determining whether social desirability occurs automatically or deliberately seems to be whether the item content is desirable or undesirable. Desirable traits seem to elicit faster socially desirable responses whereas undesirable traits seem to elicit slower socially desirable responses.


Using a dataset of URLs marked as 'False' by Science Feedback, an organization verifying the credibility of science-related viral information, we investigated the reach of groups and pages sharing misinformation on Facebook during 2019 and 2020, and Facebook's actions to curb its spread. We found that, consistently with what the company publicly announced, Facebook removed large QAnon conspiracy accounts in August 2020, which were instrumental in spreading science misinformation. We also investigated Facebook's 'repeat offenders' policy and found that only some accounts that repeatedly share misinformation display periods in which the popularity of their posts was temporarily reduced. Despite these measures, we have witnessed that most Facebook accounts spreading scientific misinformation have increased their reach at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (March - June 2020), and that a drastic drop in their reach suddenly occurred around the 9th of June, 2020. Meanwhile the reach of a set of mainstream news accounts remained stable across the entire period. No public information was given by Facebook about this sudden decrease.


The authors present a novel algorithm for area minimisation in digital signal processing ASIC design. After determining the optimised fixed point representation for each signal, the proposed algorithm divides abstract operations in design description into partitions so that operations in the same partition can share a hardware module. Experimental results show the efficacy of the proposed algorithm by generating the DSP hardwares requiring smaller area under given performance constraints.


This paper is a response to and a commentary on Vanessa Watson's paper on "African urban fantasies" in this issue of the Journal, which analyzes new urban master plans developed by international architectural firms and property development companies for many cities in sub-Saharan Africa. Taking Watson's argument as an opportunity to think about current urban fantasies in Indian cities, this response offers three reflections. The first looks at the scale of renewal in the plans for African cities and argues that they represent a different order to similar imaginations of special enclaves, zones or gated communities that have become common in cities in the global South. The second reads these plans as a yearning not just for particular built environments and the economic lives they represent but also for a controlled and orderly city free of the messiness of democratic politics, guided by the visions of authoritarian city states such as Dubai and Shanghai. The third theme discusses the critical and exclusionary consequences of these plans in cities across the global South, whether or not they are implemented. Implementing them would realize the disconnect between these plans and the actual citizens of the cities they seek to reshape. Yet even if they just remain on paper, these plans play an important political role in shaping aspirations and urban futures, as well as the possibilities of a more inclusive urban citizenship in the present.


Recent work in semantic parsing for question answering has focused on long and complicated questions, many of which would seem unnatural if asked in a normal conversation between two humans. In an effort to explore a conversational QA setting, we present a more realistic task: answering sequences of simple but inter-related questions. We collect a dataset of 6,066 question sequences that inquire about semi-structured tables from Wikipedia, with 17,553 question-answer pairs in total. To solve this sequential question answering task, we propose a novel dynamic neural semantic parsing framework trained using a weakly supervised reward-guided search. Our model effectively leverages the sequential context to outperform state-of-the-art QA systems that are designed to answer highly complex questions.


This paper rethinks geographical explorations of social difference by interrogating ameliorative and pleasurable aspects of marginal spaces. Re-introducing womyn's separatist spaces contests feminist geographical writing in this area, requiring an examination of both the alternative ways of living that are created, and the pain of producing 'womyn-only' spaces in order for such spaces to exist. The paper draws on qualitative research with 238 attendees at the 31st Michigan Womyn's Music Festival. Womyn spoke of the pleasures of the festival and positive affinities with other womyn, as well as the festival's herstory of conflict, negotiation and compromise. Although accounts relay 'growing pains' that constitute the festival's current form, the current temporal and spatial segregations of 'womyn', through the womyn-born womyn policy, has resulted in something of an impasse. Rather than reductively posing 'the latest problem' of feminist separatism as the exclusion of trans women because of this policy, or unequivocally celebrating the festival's role in womyn's lives and herstory, these polarised conceptualisations are held in tension. This enables a consideration of the paradoxes and juxtaposition of womyn's space and Camp Trans (a protest camp that opposes the womyn-born womyn policy) as productive. In this way, the paper argues for an engagement with marginalised and alternative spaces of difference that allow for positive affectivities and productive tensions that do not neglect relations of power.


As a result of increasing congestion and the sharper constraints on the traffic system with respect to throughput, safety, and air quality, the number of traffic control instruments will increase both in number and in heterogeneity. As more and more traffic control instruments are installed to promote the flow of traffic the probability increases that conflicts will arise or that coordination opportunities are lost when traffic control instruments are applied in the same area. Traffic control instruments can thus no longer be considered separately, but have to be considered as part of a larger network. By modeling the separate instruments as intelligent agents, the actions of the individual instruments can be coordinated. This paper illustrates the benefits of multi-agent coordination and defines a procedure and a new movement-based look-ahead traffic-adaptive control algorithm through which coordination between traffic control instruments can be achieved.


Cyberstalking describes a relatively new form of stalking behaviour where technology is used as the medium of harassment. The term corporate cyberstalking is often used to describe incidents that involve organisations, such as companies and government departments. This paper uses a number of case studies in order to propose a typology of corporate cyberstalking. It is suggested that incidents involving corporate cyberstalking can be divided into two broad groups, depending on whether or not the organisation acts as a stalker or as a victim. Examining the motivations behind corporate cyberstalking allows these groups to be subdidvided further. The motives behind corporate cyberstalking can range from a desire for revenge against an employer to cyberterrorism. The paper also briefly discusses definitions of stalking and cyberstalking, concluding with a revised definition of cyberstalking that is more in keeping with the material discussed.


Two assumptions reign supreme in the secession literature. The first is that separatist groups seeking autonomy necessarily fall into one of two camps, one that stresses essentialist criteria for social membership, the other emphasizing instead a socially constructed collective identity. The second assumption is that secession can only be defined as taking place in the context of a separatist group whose claim to independence hinges on the attempt to galvanize a new state. This article challenges both assumptions by looking to a provocative counter-site. Amongst the Kanaka Maoli of Hawai'i secession is increasingly framed precisely as a rejection of those Western idioms that have historically undergirded colonial expropriation and racial subjection. As such, secession is being framed not as a struggle for new statehood, but rather as a reinvigoration of indigenous lifeworlds. In so doing, the Kanaka Maoli are asserting community boundaries in ways that contest the idea that indigenous identity is solely about biological criteria such as blood quantum, but also challenge the notion that indigenous self-determination can be reduced to postmodern identity politics. The argument I defend suggests that articulation theory can offer us orienting power in situating some of the stakes of Kanaka Maoli stateless secession. Articulation theory expresses the idea that identities are volatile collective self-assertions that take place at discrepant scales of interactive exchange. This article argues that we can detect some important emergent practices of articulation at play in the Kanaka Maoli's experimental revisioning of what secession can mean today.


Objective: To report the outcome of chiropractic care using light impulse finger adjustments on an 8 week old infant who was diagnosed with infantile colic. Clinical Features: An 8 week old female patient presented to the office with classic symptoms of colic. It was reported by the mother that the patient cried for up to 5 hours at a time and that she appeared to wince in pain upon making a bowel movement. The crying spells often lasted well into the night. Interventions and Outcomes: The treatment protocol was limited to chiropractic spinal analysis using static, motion and muscle palpation followed by chiropractic care using light impulse finger adjustments in the supine and side posture positions. The segmental levels that were addressed were C1 and T11. Plan of care included 8 visits over 4 weeks. Improvements were seen after one visit and complete resolution of the symptoms were seen after 8 visits. After one year mom reports that the condition has not returned and the patient is a healthy, thriving one year old. Conclusion: The case of an 8 week old infant with colic is presented. Significant improvement, followed by complete resolution of the condition was observed following the initiation of chiropractic care. More research is certainly warranted in the area of colic and the potential benefits of chiropractic care. The minimally invasive approach of chiropractic adjustments and results observed in the literature suggests that chiropractic could be included in the treatment protocols for infants who present with the condition of colic.


The work presents the investigation results concerning the structure of composite pressure die castings with AlSi11 alloy matrix reinforced with SiC particles. Examination has been held for composites containing 10 and 20 volume percent of SiC particles. The arrang ement of the reinforcing particles within the matrix has been qualitatively assessed in specimens cut out of the castings. The index of distribution was determined on the basis of particle count in elementary measuring fields. The tensile strength, the yield point and elongation of the obtained composite were measured. Composite castings were produced at various values of the piston velocity in the second stage of injection, diverse intensification pressure values, and various injection gate width values. The regression equation describing the change of the considered arrangement particles index and mechanical properties were found as a function of the pressure die casting parameters. The infuence of particle arrangement in composite matrix on mechanical properties these material was examined and the functions o f correlations between values were obtained. The conclusion gives the analysis and the interpretation of the obtained results.


One farmer in Australia commits suicide every four days (AAP, 2008; Judd et al., 2006). They have a higher death and morbidity rate than the general population (Courtney, 2006; Fragar & Franklin, 2000) and are over represented in farm injury statistics (Troeth, 2004). Their steady decline in numbers and the reduction of their local peer networks further increases their social and professional isolation along with their geographical isolation. Farmers, the majority of whom in Australia are generally referred to as men, even though 28% are women (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012), are a group that are difficult to access because of their isolation and reluctance to use health services.

Information Communication Technology (ICT), along with climate change and the media is bringing the attention of rural land desecration and its impact on our farmers and production to the fore. This research masters aims to explore: Will farmers in the area previously known as the rural shire of Crows Nest Queensland, access counselling services by social workers, using web cameras via the internet in their own home?

The project involved recruiting a sample of farmers in the shire of what was known as Crows Nest (the shire). The technology used was video streaming through web cameras via the internet with laptop computers. The usefulness of video streaming using web cameras with a social worker, in offering counselling services to farmers, was evaluated. The research is primarily qualitative with participants completing a written pre - demonstration questionnaire, and immediately following participating in a live web camera interactive demonstration; concluding with a post - demonstration audio interview questionnaire. The responses and data signifies the potential use of offering counselling services to rurally isolated farmers in the privacy of their own environment (home, paddock, tractor) which is applicable for them to be able to access such services via broadband wireless technology. This can assist overcome the issues of the 'tyranny of distance' and other factors such as lack of anonymity, privacy and cost. This research indicates these issues form part of the barriers for farmers in seeking help.

This thesis concludes with recommendations for change in 'farmer well-being' service provision, by redesigning, developing and implementing an alternative service delivery model which could also address employment and training for those in the health industry who have acquired a disability to be able to work within their own home environment. This model would offer professional counselling services delivered to them by professionally trained social workers with a rural (preferably farming) background, using web cameras via the internet in the privacy of their own home.


The performance of many network learning applications crucially hinges on the success of network embedding algorithms, which aim to encode rich network information into low-dimensional vertex-based vector representations. This paper considers a novel variational formulation of network embeddings, with special focus on textual networks. Different from most existing methods that optimize a discriminative objective, we introduce Variational Homophilic Embedding (VHE), a fully generative model that learns network embeddings by modeling the semantic (textual) information with a variational autoencoder, while accounting for the structural (topology) information through a novel homophilic prior design. Homophilic vertex embeddings encourage similar embedding vectors for related (connected) vertices. The VHE encourages better generalization for downstream tasks, robustness to incomplete observations, and the ability to generalize to unseen vertices. Extensive experiments on real-world networks, for multiple tasks, demonstrate that the proposed method achieves consistently superior performance relative to competing state-of-the-art approaches.


Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of chemoradiation on the immune microenvironment to influence and optimally design future neoadjuvant clinical trials. Summary Background Data: Programmed death (PD)-1 inhibitors in metastatic gastroesophageal cancer have demonstrated response rates of approximately 25% in programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1+) tumors. Unfortunately, the majority of patients do not respond. Therefore, a rationale strategy of combining immunotherapeutic agents with chemoradiation in earlier stage esophageal cancer may prevent metastatic disease in patients. Methods: To determine the effects of chemoradiation on resected esophageal adenocarcinomas, we examined the immune microenvironment pre- and post-chemoradiation using immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Additionally, to assess the duration and dependency of radiation-induced PD-L1 upregulation, a surgical rat reflux model of esophageal adenocarcinoma is used. First, tumor-bearing animals were dosed with single-fraction 13Gy or 16Gy radiation to determine safety, dose correlation, and PD-L1 upregulation using qRT-PCR post-radiation. Next, longitudinal PD-L1 expression levels within individual animals were determined using serial endoscopic biopsies at baseline, 1, 5, and 9 weeks post 16Gy radiation. Results: The majority of cancers displayed enhanced interferon &ggr; and activated CD8+ T lymphocytes at the tumor stroma interface. These tumors also demonstrated enhanced upregulation of PD-L1 and multiple other immune checkpoints including TIM3, GITR, IDO1, LAG3, OX40, and KIR. The animal model results indicated PD-L1 upregulation is dose-dependent and transiently elevated post radiation exposure. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings provide insights into the evolving immune landscape after chemoradiation and have significant implications for neoadjuvant trial designs that will combine radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.


The Active Isolated Stretching (AIS) technique proposes that by contracting a muscle (agonist) the opposite muscle (antagonist) will relax through reciprocal inhibition and lengthen without increasing muscle tension (Mattes, 2000). The clinical effectiveness of AIS has been reported but its mechanism of action has not been investigated at the tissue level. Proposed mechanisms for increased range of motion (ROM) include mechanical or neural changes, or an increased stretch tolerance. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in mechanical properties, i.e. stiffness, of skeletal muscle in response to acute and long-term AIS stretching for the hamstring muscle group. Recreationally active university-aged students (female n=8, male n=2) classified as having tight hamstrings, by a knee extension test, volunteered for the study. All stretch procedures were performed on the right leg, with the left leg serving as a control. Each subject was assessed twice: at an initial session and after completing a 6-week AIS hamstring stretch training program. For both test sessions active knee extension (ROM) to a position of "light irritation", passive resisted torque and stiffness were determined before and after completion of the AIS technique (2x10 reps). Data were collected using a Biodex System 3 Pro (Biodex Medical Systems, NY, USA) isokinetic dynamometer. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor vastus lateralis (VL) and hamstring muscle activity during the stretching movements. Between test sessions, 2x10 reps of the AIS bent knee hamstring stretch were performed daily for 6-weeks.


Now available in paperback, "A Master Guide to the Art of Floral Design" is a fresh approach to an ancient art. Exquisite photography and illustrations join with a unique, comprehensive theory to reveal the beauty of flowers and their role as teachers of floral design. Practical, hands-on information about color, the science of lighting, floral care, containers, construction, and alternative techniques complements the concept. A wide-ranging photo gallery provides stunning examples of floral designs, from Continental to Asian to contemporary in spirit, and demonstrates great ideas for casual living, parties, and weddings. A visual delight grounded in practical understanding, this book is directed toward the advanced practitioner but is equally accessible to the floral designer who is just beginning.


A novel rare mutation, homeobox B13 (HOXB13) G84E, was reported to co-segregate with prostate cancer (PCa) in hereditary PCa families and associate with PCa risk in unrelated cases and controls. In this study, we aim to compare the G84E mutation frequency among subjects of different races/ethnicities from various geographic regions in the world and to assess its risk for developing PCa, in the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial. All the 3508 subjects had initial negative prostate biopsy and were biopsied at Year 2 and 4 for detection of PCa. The G84E mutation was detected only in Caucasians, with the highest carrier frequency in Northern Europe (1.06%), followed by Western Europe (0.60%) and North America (0.31%). No mutation carrier was observed in Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Australia and South Africa. In Caucasians, the G84E mutation frequency was 0.99% and 0.24% in positive and negative biopsy subjects, respectively (P = 0.01). In positive biopsy subjects, the frequency was significantly higher in subjects with a positive family history than those without (4.31% versus 0.34%, P = 0.002). In the 4 year follow-up, the PCa detection rate was 53.8% among the 13 mutation carriers and 22.0% among 3186 non-carriers, relative risk = 2.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.07). All mutation carriers shared a common haplotype, suggesting a founder effect. In Finland, the G84E mutation was estimated to occur in the year 1792 (95% credible interval: 1735-1831). In conclusion, the G84E mutation of HOXB13, a relatively recent mutation that likely occurred in Northern Europe, significantly increases risk for PCa.


This chapter discusses how event-related potential (ERP) methodology and research may contribute to the issue of explicit and implicit learning of second languages (L2s). To start, we provide a general introduction to ERPs and an overview of common language-related ERP components, including information about their identifying characteristics, the underlying processes that they are understood to reflect, and whether they reflect explicit or implicit processing and knowledge. After providing this overview of language-related ERPs, we briefly describe the general pattern of ERP components found for L2 processing. Next, we consider the potential contributions of ERPs to explicit and implicit issues in L2 acquisition, and review the L2 literature more precisely by considering the patterns of ERP effects elicited by more explicit and implicit learning conditions in both laboratory and natural settings. Finally, we offer conclusions about the contributions of current L2 ERP research to issues of implicit and explicit L2 acquisition and make suggestions as to future directions for research.


Over the last two decades many aspects of neonatal care have undergone extensive changes, management of enteral feeding included.

In this article current evidence around feed initiation and progression will be reviewed. The feed options available will also be discussed as will management of feed intolerance.

In stable low-risk preterm infants it is increasingly accepted that enteral feeds should be started on day 1.1

In high-risk infants, there is also a move to earlier enteral feeding for many of the same reasons as in lower risk infants; however, audit of practice shows that there remains a more cautious approach.2 Infants at highest risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) are those born extremely preterm, those with growth retardation, those with poor blood flow in utero and unstable infants on ionotropes.

There is a Cochrane review suggesting that there is insufficient data to prove safety of early enteral feeding3; however, it included only 2 trials with a total of 74 participants, very few of which were high risk. In another review authors concluded that the data available could not exclude an increased risk of NEC in the group given early feeds whether trophic or advancing.4 These reviews are based on randomised controlled trial data, which unfortunately is limited, where as there is a substantial amount of evidence from other types of trials suggesting benefit.1 An issue not resolved by the work carried out so far is the question of whether to initiate feeds with formula or human milk, those units with access to donor milk are spared the decision of whether to delay feeds in high-risk infants if human milk is not (yet) available. However evidence suggests any enteral feed early on may be better than gut starvation.

A large multicentred trial is currently being carried …


The imaging performances of multiphoton excitation and confocal laser scanning microscopy are herby considered: in typical experimental imaging conditions, a small finite amount of photon reaches the detector giving shot-noise fluctuations which affects the signal acquired. A significant detriment in the high frequencies transmission capability is obtained. In order to partially recover the high frequencies information lost, the insertion of a pupil plane filter in the microscope illumination light pathway on the objective lens is proposed. We demonstrate high-frequency and resolution enhancement in the case of linear and non linear fluorescence microscope approach under shot-noise condition.


Context. Understanding the evolutionary history of the Magellanic Clouds requires an in-depth exploration and characterization of the stellar content in their outer regions, which ultimately are key to tracing the epochs and nature of past interactions.
Aims. We present new deep images of a shell-like overdensity of stars in the outskirts of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The shell, also detected in photographic plates dating back to the fifties, is located at ∼1.9° from the center of the SMC in the north-east direction.
Methods. The structure and stellar content of this feature were studied with multiband, optical data from the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH) carried out with the Dark Energy Camera on the Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. We also investigate the kinematic of the stars in the shell using the Gaia Data Release 2.
Results. The shell is composed of a young population with an age ∼150 Myr, with no contribution from an old population. Thus, it is hard to explain its origin as the remnant of a tidally disrupted stellar system. The spatial distribution of the young main-sequence stars shows a rich sub-structure, with a spiral arm-like feature emanating from the main shell and a separated small arc of young stars close to the globular cluster NGC 362. We find that the absolute g-band magnitude of the shell is Mg, shell = −10.78 ± 0.02, with a surface brightness of μg, shell = 25.81 ± 0.01 mag arcsec−2.
Conclusion. We have not found any evidence that this feature is of tidal origin or a bright part of a spiral arm-like structure. Instead, we suggest that the shell formed in a recent star formation event, likely triggered by an interaction with the Large Magellanic Cloud and or the Milky Way, ∼150 Myr ago.


The palinurid genus Linuparus White, 1847, has been represented by a single recent species, Linuparus trigonus (Von Siebold). The trawl survey of the northern shelf region of the South China Sea at present being carried out by the R.V. "Cape St. Mary" of the Fisheries Research Station, Hong Kong, has produced numerous examples of this species. Amongst old collections of Crustacea at the Fisheries Research Station, a single example of a specimen of Linuparus was found early in 1963, which showed numerous differences from the specimens obtained on the trawl survey. This specimen lacked data and was badly damaged, making a full comparison with Linuparus trigonus impossible. In January 1964, a second specimen was obtained which confirmed the constancy of the differences previously noted when compared with specimens of Linuparus trigonus of the same size and sex. The second specimen, which is undamaged is considered as the holotype of the new species and the original damaged example as the paratype, the former being deposited at the British Museum (Natural History), London and the latter at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.
Linuparus sordidus sp. nov. (text-fig. 1A; pl. 1, pl. 2 fig. A, C) Material examined. — South China Sea, 19° 40.0'Ν 113°41.0'E to 19° 39.5' Ν 113° 36.0' E, 182-172 fms, coarse sand; Granton Trawl; 5 January 1964; "Cape St. Mary", Cr. 1/64, Stn. 16, Trawl Τ/125. — 1 ♀ (holotype), carapace length 70.5 mm, intact. British Museum (Nat. Hist), Reg. no. 1965.V.21.1.
Origin uncertain, presumably northern part of South China Sea. — 1 ♂ (paratype), carapace length 68.8 mm, badly damaged and with the mouthparts and left branchiostegite removed. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Reg. No. Crust. D.21213.
Description of holotype ♀. — A small Linuparus that shows all the char-


Background: Application of some materials, in order to increase raw water turbidity and to enhance the efficiency of coagulation process is usual. SFBW recycling due to its relatively high volume (4% of total water production) is usual too. In the USA usually in about 30% of water treatment plants SFBW is recycled directly to the inlet of treatment plant line. This study was achieved in order to determine the influence of SFBW recycling on coagulants reduction in Jalalieh water treatment plant. Materials and Methods: In this study the samples were taken from raw water and filter wash water effluent. At the first step, the parameters of pH, turbidity, TDS, EC and temperature were examined for both raw water and SFBW. Then the optimum coagulant dosages for raw were determined by Jar test. The optimum coagulant dosages for raw water and the mixture of 4% SFBW and raw water were determined at the next stage. Finally the data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results of this study showed that the mean values of pH for raw water and SFBW were 8.1 and 7.73 respectively. The mean values of raw water and SFBW turbidity were 7.7 and 237 NTU respectively. The mean values of EC for these two conditions were 253.2 and 240.7 μs/cm respectively. Conclusion: Although it was observed that by recycling 4% of filter wash water there was a 0.72 mg/l reduction in ferric chloride, but the difference was not statistically significant in the range of analyzed turbidity (3.77 25 NTU…)


Over the years extreme weather events have been catastrophic and continue to have overwhelming impacts globally, mainly due to climate change. However, the impacts of extreme weather events have been uneven and devastating in developing countries largely because of lack of resources, weak adaptive capacity and large dependency on climate sensitive livelihoods. Odisha on the eastern coast of India is one of the most disaster-prone states in India with a regular prevalence of extreme events like cyclones, droughts, floods and Heat waves. The state's livelihood is mainly based on weather patterns directly (farming, fisheries) or indirectly (non-farm wage labour, dairy farming) are at stake due to the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events. However, there are very limited studies available which describe the situation, impacts and resilience of extreme weather events in the context of livelihood in the state. The present study is an attempt in this direction to review and examine the impact of extreme weather events (e.g., cyclone, flood, drought and Heat wave) on the livelihood of the population in Odisha. In addition, the study examines the resilience shown by the people and the program and policy adopted by the government on the extreme weather events in the state. The study findings highlight that extreme weather events have affected populations at large, caused substantial economic losses and exerted a disproportionate effect on the vulnerable social groups such as sharecroppers, small and marginal farmers, backward communities, landless labourers, wage labourers, rickshaw pullers and vendors as the nature of work in which they are engaged is susceptible to the effects of extreme weather events. Heat waves, droughts, floods 552 MAUSAM, 70, 3 (July 2019) and cyclones are the important extreme weather events that hamper the livelihoods in Odisha. Frequent occurrence of events has caused a blow to the livelihood resilience of the poor and marginalized people. While immediate coping mechanisms at the local level do provide some relief to the people, but the ability of people to adapt to these disasters is severely affected by the increased frequency of these disasters and there is a dire need to focus towards more sustainable and long-term livelihood solutions.


This volume contains the proceedings of the AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Strategies for Sequential Search and Selection in Real Time, held in June 1990 at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. The conference focused on problems related to sequential observation of random variables and selection of actions in real time. Forty-seven researchers from twelve countries attended the conference.The eighteen papers collected here span four broad topics. The first five papers deal with selection problems in which the reward or cost depends on the observations only through their ranks; such problems have come to be called secretary problems. The next group of papers focuses on sequential search, bandit problems, and scheduling. These are followed by four papers on multicriteria and competitive problems, and the volume ends with four papers on prophet inequalities, records, and extreme values. Aimed at graduate students and researchers in mathematics and statistics, this book will provide readers with a feeling for the breadth and depth of contemporary research in these areas.


Cybercrime is on the rise, and yet many Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in Malaysia have no Digital Forensics Laboratory (DFL) to assist them in the attrition and analysis of digital evidence. From the estimated number of 30 LEAs in Malaysia, sadly, only eight of them owned a DFL. All of the DFLs are concentrated in the capital of Malaysia and none at the state level. LEAs are still depending on the national DFL (CyberSecurity Malaysia) even for simple and straightforward cases. A survey was conducted among LEAs in Malaysia owning a DFL to understand their history of establishing the DFL, the challenges that they faced and the significance of the DFL to their case investigation. The results showed that the while some LEAs faced no challenge in establishing a DFL, some of them took seven to 10 years to do so. The reason was due to the difficulty in convincing their management because of the high costs involved. The results also revealed that with the establishment of a DFL, LEAs were better able to get faster forensic result and to meet agency's timeline expectation. It is also found that LEAs were also able to get more meaningful forensic results on cases that require niche expertise, compared to sending off cases to the national DFL. Other than that, cases are getting more complex, and hence, a continuous stream of budget for equipment and training is inevitable. The result derived from the study is hoped to be used by other LEAs in justifying to their management the benefits of establishing an in-house DFL. Keywords—Digital forensics, digital forensics laboratory, digital evidence, law enforcement agency.


We test the hypothesis that work practices complement IT investment, in part, by accelerating how rapidly employees acquire the skills needed to use new IT systems. We combine support request data from an EMR vendor with survey responses on work practices from 962 employees from 15 client nursing homes. Nursing homes using work practices that prior studies have shown to complement IT investment—those promoting discretion, teamwork, training, high staffing levels, and communication—experienced more rapid declines in requests for technical support. We then show that these benefits are due, in part, because the use of these work practices facilitates learning for workers in frontline occupations who otherwise may not have the freedom to experiment with and adapt the new technology systems. For many frontline workers, discretion was more important than training in explaining IT learning. Implications for the healthcare industry are discussed.