Filtrates from nematode-parasitic fungi have been reported to be toxic to plant-parasitic nematodes. Our objective was to determine the effects of fungal filtrates on second-stage juveniles and eggs of Heterodera glycines. Eleven fungal species that were isolated from cysts extracted from a soybean field in Florida were tested on J2, and five species were tested on eggs in vitro. Each fungal species was grown in Czapek-Dox broth and malt extract broth. No toxic activity was observed for fungi grown in Czapek-Dox broth. Filtrates from Paecilomyces lilacinus, Stagonospora heteroderae, Neocosmospora vasinfecta, and Fusarium solani grown in malt extract broth were toxic to J2, whereas filtrates from Exophiala pisciphila, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium catenulatum, Pyrenochaeta terrestris, Verticillium chlamydosporium, and sterile fungi 1 and 2 were not toxic to J2. Filtrates of P. lilacinus, S. heteroderae, and N. vasinfecta grown in malt extract broth reduced egg viability, whereas F. oxysporum and P. terrestris filtrates had no effect on egg viability.


We present HeatSpace, a system that records and empirically analyzes user behavior in a space and automatically suggests positions and sizes for new displays. The system uses depth cameras to capture 3D geometry and users' perspectives over time. To derive possible display placements, it calculates volumetric heatmaps describing geometric persistence and planarity of structures inside the space. It evaluates visibility of display poses by calculating a volumetric heatmap describing occlusions, position within users' field of view, and viewing angle. Optimal display size is calculated through a heatmap of average viewing distance. Based on the heatmaps and user constraints we sample the space of valid display placements and jointly optimize their positions. This can be useful when installing displays in multi-display environments such as meeting rooms, offices, and train stations.


Welcome to three new puzzles. Solutions to the first two will be published next month; the third is (as yet) unsolved. In each, the issue is how your intuition matches up with the mathematics.


The Supreme Court generally denies plaintiffs standing to challenge the constitutionality of government expenditures if their only basis for standing is that they pay taxes. (1) The Court, however, has created one exception: for taxpayers challenging alleged Establishment Clause violations. (2) This Establishment Clause exception has been criticized, challenged, and narrowed by subsequent cases but never overruled. (3) Last Term, the Court passed on yet another opportunity to overturn the maligned taxpayer standing exception. In Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc., (4) a plurality of the Supreme Court held that federal taxpayers lacked standing to challenge conferences and speeches that promoted the Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, a program created by executive order and funded through general executive branch appropriations. (5) Although Hein denied the plaintiffs standing, the plurality implicitly accepted and perpetuated the premise of the misguided precedents recognizing taxpayer standing: that the nature of the claim can compensate for a plaintiff's otherwise inadequate standing position. In 2001, President Bush issued executive orders creating the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives and Executive Department Centers for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives within several federal agencies and departments. (6) The White House Office and Executive Department Centers were "'created entirely within the executive branch ... by Presidential executive order.'" (7) No congressional legislation authorized their creation, and no law specifically appropriated any money for their activities; the White House Office and Executive Department Centers were "funded [entirely] through general Executive Branch appropriations." (8) Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc., a corporation "opposed to government endorsement of religion," (9) and three of its members brought a lawsuit against the directors of the White House Office and Executive Department Centers. (10) They argued that the directors "violated the Establishment Clause by organizing conferences at which faith-based organizations allegedly "are singled out as being particularly worthy of federal funding'" and are favored over secular groups. (11) "The only asserted basis for standing was that the individual [plaintiffs were] federal taxpayers ... 'opposed to the use of Congressional taxpayer appropriations to advance and promote religion.'" (12) As a general rule, plaintiffs do not have standing to sue the government when the only harm alleged is that their federal taxes are being spent in an unconstitutional manner. (13) The plaintiffs in Hein claimed standing under an exception to the taxpayer standing prohibition that the Supreme Court created in Flast v. Cohen. (14) In Flast, the Supreme Court held that federal taxpayers had standing to challenge exercises of congressional power under the Taxing and Spending Clause of Article I, Section 8 that allegedly violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. (15) The United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin held that the taxpayer-plaintiffs in Hein did not meet the Flast exception for standing and dismissed their claims. (16) The taxpayers, the court reasoned, were not challenging an exercise of congressional power, because the government directors acted "at the President's request and on the President's behalf" and were not "charged with the administration of a congressional program." (17) Insofar as the defendants' "actions did not represent congressional power," the Flast exception did not apply. (18) The Seventh Circuit reversed. (19) Judge Posner authored the majority opinion, which held that the plaintiffs did have standing under the Flast exception because the challenged activities were "financed by a congressional appropriation." (20) Judge Posner reasoned that the Flast exception applied in all cases in which the allegedly unconstitutional government actions resulted in a net marginal cost to the taxpayer greater than zero. …


It is a well established fact that visitors to rural destinations in the UK and other parts of Europe are highly car dependent. This car dependency has resulted in a variety of initiatives intended to tackle the associated undesirable consequences. While there are some success stories, the negative impacts of transport still pervade for residents and visitors in many destination areas. Few studies address the social assumptions that underlie travel behaviour decisions. When Moscovici's social representations theory is employed it suggests that we should develop and draw on shared perceptions, or theories,
of the world around us in order to interpret our behaviour. Social representations theory offers a dynamic approach to understanding how social conceptions shape our understanding of transport and travel behaviour. This approach brings in a theoretical perspective that has been absent from tourism and local transport literature and is largely absent from the wider transport debate. The aim of the study was to enhance the understanding of tourism and leisure mobility in a rural tourism context by applying social representations theory. A case study approach
was employed to provide an in-depth investigation of the transport issues in a fragile tourism destination area: Purbeck, Dorset, UK. The study includes exploratory research to define the important value concepts for the population in the study area relating to transport and tourism, followed by an examination of travel patterns and travel behaviour of visitors to the area through the use of a travel diary. Finally, a questionnaire survey was undertaken with visitors at various attractions in the area. A social representations perspective demonstrates the importance of examining the social reality and the social processes that underlie people's decision making. The findings indicate that there are pervasive representations of tourism and transport forming a socially constructed consensus which shapes views of transport and tourism. While the study shows that people would like public transport to be improved, this is essentially an
idealised representation and an idea perpetuated by a public that makes little use of public transport and has little intention of leaving the car behind. Arguably, people have developed a social construction of how to deal with transport problems whereby the failure of public transport reinforces the existing situation of high car use and there is little attempt to restrict car use. This study challenges this strategy and discusses practical implications for managing mobility in sensitive rural destinations.


Background: Dietary Fibre (DF) has been part of human diet since ever, and its benefits for the human health have been well established and scientifically confirmed. However, it is important to study to what extent people are aware of those benefits. Objective: Having in mind the importance of DF the present work was undertaken to study the level of knowledge of people residing in Portugal about the health effects related to DF. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken on a non-probabilistic sample of 382 adult participants. Descriptive statistics were used together with some inferential tests, all using the software SPSS and considering a level of significance of 5%. Results: The results allowed concluding that people were differently informed about the effects of DF in preventing and/or treating various diseases, being constipation the most recognized, followed in decreasing order by obesity, bowel cancer, cholesterol, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and breast cancer. The results also showed that significant differences were encountered between age groups for most of the diseases evaluated, but not between genders, levels of education or living environments. Conclusion: Generally, it was concluded that the participants in this study were relatively well informed about the roles of DF in preventing and/or treating several diseases.


Advanced manufacturing techniques have improved dramatically in recent years and design freedom for engineered components and systems has never been greater. Despite these advancements, the majority of our design tools for thermal-fluids systems are still rooted within traditional architectures and manufacturing techniques. In particular, the complex nature of two-phase flow and heat transfer has made the development of design methods that can accommodate these complex geometries enabled by new manufacturing techniques challenging. Here, we investigate a new design method for two-phase flow systems. We conduct a multiobjective parameter study considering two-phase flow and heat transfer through a single channel with a circular cross section. To increase our design degrees of freedom, we allow the channel to increase or decrease in cross-sectional area along its flow length, but constrain the channel inlet and outlet to a constant hydraulic diameter. Maximizing heat transfer and minimizing pressure drop are the two design objectives, which we evaluate using two-phase heat transfer correlations and the Homogeneous Equilibrium Model. We find that using small expansion angles can greatly reduce two-phase flow pressure drop and also provide high heat transfer coefficients when compared to straight channel designs. We present a set of feasible designs for varying input heat fluxes, liquid mass flow rates, and channel orientation angles and show how the ideal expansion channel angle varies with these operational conditions.


The Asia Pacific region, and especially East Asia, has experienced rapid economic integration without the 'hard politics' of legally binding economic and political treaties, unlike Europe where integration has been institution‐led. The 'soft politics' and market‐led integration in East Asia set against a background of political tensions and rivalries in key relationships in the region. The paper measures trade and investment performance in the world economy. This allows comparison of bilateral and regional trade and investment flows. A measure of the effect of political distance on both trade and investment flows is also defined. The growth of China‐Japan trade and investment, despite political distance between the two countries is discussed to highlight and elaborate on key findings. The analysis leads to five conclusions. Multilateral institutions are important in reducing economic and political distance between trading partners. While political relations do affect economic relations, their effect is not important across the vast majority of trading relationships. The important effects of political relations on economic relations come in today's world via international investment rather than through international trade. East Asian economies are leading trade and economic integration, measured in terms of their trade and investment performance and their impact on global trade and investment frontiers. Finally, of all the major regional groupings, APEC and ASEAN stand out as arrangements in which there has been no trade diversion, unlike the other formal regional groupings such as NAFTA and the EU in which trade diversion is measurable. The paper finds an 'APEC effect', explains how economics can dominate politics in international economic relations and recommends priority to strengthening regional and international investment regimes to help ameliorate the likely effects of politics on economic integration in the future.


Aim: Abrus precatorius Linn. (Fabaceae) pericarps are used for the treatment of sciatica and alopecia which comprises the toxic protein and alkaloids, abrine, trigonelline, choline, and hypaphorine. Ayurveda urges the use of Abrus pericarps after the Shodhana process (detoxification). The current study was aimed at performing the Shodhana process, Swedana (boiling) of A. precatorius pericarps using cow's milk, and Kanji (sour gruel) as a medium and to evaluate the acute toxicity of pericarps before and after detoxification in cow's milk and Kanji. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity study was carried out as per organization for economic cooperation and development guidelines 425. In acute toxicity study, the intraperitoneal dose (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) of Ashodhita (unprocessed) and Shodhita (processed) white and black varieties of pericarps of A. precatorius was administered to 30 groups in a single dose, and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were determined up to 72 h. Results and Discussion: In acute toxicity, Ashodhita white and black varieties of pericarps of A. precatorius were found toxic, whereas neither mortality nor any significant alteration in behavior was observed in black varieties of pericarps of Shodhita A. precatorius, while some mortality and alteration in behavior were observed in white varieties of pericarps of Shodhita A. precatorius. Conclusion: The white varieties of pericarps are more toxic than black varieties of A. precatorius. It was also found that Shodhana in Kanji is more effective than cow's milk.


Until recently that emerging new medical technologies have obligated societies to review their traditional positions toward death and dying, death was a mysterious and challenging social concept, usually dealt with in the shade of a religious-metaphysical context. In Islam while human is highly dignified as the vicegerent of Allah, death, the separation of soul from the body, is known as an existential, inevitable, unavoidable, continuous and including a process, containing hardship and constriction, purposeful toward the creator and a transitional state from this world toward Hereafter that is created and controlled by God. Thus the religion's approach toward "human dignity" and "the right to die" is fundamental in order to solve those ethical conflicts that mostly emerge at the end of life such as euthanasia and forgoing treatments especially withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining medical interventions. Contrary to rights such as life, work, marriage and medical care that are recognized by the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 1990, as fundamental rights and freedoms which are an integral part of the Islamic religion and most be safeguarded actively, the right to die is not mentioned and usually discussed cautiously. The Muslim jurists arguments are mainly rooted in their interpretation of human dignity and the religious decrees regarding suicide/homicide and the limited and conditional human ownership and stewardship toward his life and body organs, mostly in order to address questions about organ and tissue transplantation in recent years, so they usually validate the humans' rights toward themselves if such rights would not end in serious harm or death of the person. Therefore according to the dominant Islamic interpretation, the right to die seems to be generally unaccepted and counted as contradictory to the Islamic theological underpinnings, which form the basic structure for defining human dignity. On the other hand there are satisfying evidences that help us to justify the right to die for Muslims, at least in some situations. It could be claimed that the extent/scope that Islam holds for humans' ownership or stewardship on their body and life is enough to, at least sometimes, permit them decide about being alive or dead. As a case, despite the general accepted view among Muslim jurists that consider suicide as a prohibited, this prohibition does not seem to be absolute. Some Muslim jurists believe that although active killing a human being (self or others) is seriously forbidden, sinful and unlawful but protecting the self from death is not absolutely incumbent in any condition and while discussing about someone's protection of himself against death the issue could be a "right" and not an "obligation". The implication of such approach in clinical setting is substantial; especially in those countries that health sector is influenced by a Shari'a-based legal systems. Recognizing the right to die is followed by various practical consequences in the cases such as euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide and the validity of non-terminal/terminal patients' wishes/consents for refusing beneficial, life-saving or life-sustaining treatments or their advance directives.


Purpose: The present study was set out to develop a model of entrepreneurial leadership that can recognize success factors of the owners of small and micro tourism enterprises within the South African context. The study attempts to combine various reliable and valid measurement instruments together, in conceptualising a more comprehensive and unified model that could test the nature and extent of the interrelationships between entrepreneurial leadership, market orientation, relationship marketing orientation and small tourism performance identified in a previous study by Van Zyl and Mathur-Helm (2007). Hence, a complex measurement instrument was conceptually constructed by the present study. Problem investigated: The Van Zyl and Mathur-Helm's (2007) study found that entrepreneurial leadership could best be described through a combination of distinct components. Hence the following instruments, entrepreneurial proclivity, ethical orientation, revised self-leadership, market orientation and relationship marketing orientation, with wide ranging dimensions of entrepreneurship, tourism, marketing and leadership, were brought together in formulating a comprehensive and complex measurement instrument. Methodology: It is a descriptive and a theoretical article that conceptually describes the development of a complex measurement instrument and thus secondary data from previous studies are used as comparative analysis for discussions and examinations. Implications: The paper recommends implications for South Africa's small tourism businesses, the government and the training institutions, by suggesting a model of performance predictors that can measure entrepreneurial leadership and can distinguish between successful (performing) and unsuccessful (non-performing) owner-managers of such ventures. Moreover, the instrument is aimed at providing insights into the kind of skills that a particular entrepreneurial leader and / or an owner manager of a small tourism enterprise may need in order to perform optimally in a complex and competitive environment. Originality and Value of Research: The present study will add immense value as South Africa is one of the most popular tourist destination that stands a good prospect of expanding its opportunities for the existing and upcoming tourism ventures. Hence owners, managers and leaders of small tourism enterprises demonstrating leadership characteristics such as high internal locus of control, autonomy and achievement drive, through awareness of such characteristics and acquiring them through skills development will be able to build high performing future businesses. Conclusion: The complex measurement instrument constructed in the present study, by combining the existing tools : entrepreneurial proclivity instrument (Matsuno et al. , 2002); ethical orientation instrument (Forsythe, 1980); revised self leadership instrument (Houghton and Neck, 2002); market orientation instrument (Narver and Slater, 1990); relationship marketing orientation instrument (Sin et al. , 2002) and small tourism performance (Lerner and Harber, 2000; Wood 2002 and 2006) would help in identifying the vital entrepreneurial characteristics described through a combination of different dimensions.


ABSTRACT Gaucher disease, caused by pathological mutations GBA1, encodes the lysosome-resident enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which cleaves glucosylceramide into glucose and ceramide. In Gaucher disease, glucocerebrosidase deficiency leads to lysosomal accumulation of substrate, primarily in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. Gaucher disease has broad clinical heterogeneity, and mutations in GBA1 are a risk factor for the development of different synucleinopathies. Insights into the cell biology and biochemistry of glucocerebrosidase have led to new therapeutic approaches for Gaucher disease including small chemical chaperones. Such chaperones facilitate proper enzyme folding and translocation to lysosomes, thereby preventing premature breakdown of the enzyme in the proteasome. This review discusses recent progress in developing chemical chaperones as a therapy for Gaucher disease, with implications for the treatment of synucleinopathies. It focuses on the development of non-inhibitory glucocerebrosidase chaperones and their therapeutic advantages over inhibitory chaperones, as well as the challenges involved in identifying and validating chemical chaperones.


The financial inclusion improves health in Kenya (FINISH INK) is a public private partnership project funded by the Dutch Government implemented in Busia and Kilifi Counties of Kenya. The aim is to increase access to sustainable sanitation for rural communities through micro-credit initiatives. The project has three components namely: sanitation demand through community led total sanitation plus (CLTS+), sanitation supply side development and financial inclusion. The project has decomposed demand creation into two social marketing strategies namely; community led total sanitation (CLTS) and direct sanitation marketing all which are which linked to sanitation loaning. In Busia, an intensive CLTS intervention was implemented based on three key innovations namely: targeted capacity building schemes; harnessing the existing local social and administrative governance structures; and development of localized low cost sanitation technologies. A combination of these strategies led to achieved of open defecation free status for the rural population in the entire county.


Increased land-use intensity (e.g. clearing of forests for cultivation, urbanization), often results in the loss of ecosystem carbon storage, while changes in productivity resulting from climate change may either help offset or exacerbate losses. However, there are large uncertainties in how land and climate systems will evolve and interact to shape future ecosystem carbon dynamics. To address this we developed the Land Use and Carbon Scenario Simulator (LUCAS) to track changes in land use, land cover, land management, and disturbance, and their impact on ecosystem carbon storage and flux within a scenario-based framework. We have combined a state-and-transition simulation model (STSM) of land change with a stock and flow model of carbon dynamics. Land-change projections downscaled from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) were used to drive changes within the STSM, while the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) ecosystem model was used to derive input parameters for the carbon stock and flow model. The model was applied to the Sierra Nevada Mountains ecoregion in California, USA, a region prone to large wildfires and a forestry sector projected to intensify over the next century. Three scenario simulations were conducted, including a calibration scenario, a climate-change scenario, and an integrated climate- and land-change scenario. Based on results from the calibration scenario, the LUCAS age-structured carbon accounting model was able to accurately reproduce results obtained from the process-based biogeochemical model. Under the climate-only scenario, the ecoregion was projected to be a reliable net sink of carbon, however, when land use and disturbance were introduced, the ecoregion switched to become a net source. This research demonstrates how an integrated approach to carbon accounting can be used to evaluate various drivers of ecosystem carbon change in a robust, yet transparent modeling environment.


First published in 1937. The Book of Songs is a collection of ancient Chinese songs, dating from 800 to 600 B.C. Until this was published in 1937 it had not been translated into English since the middle of nineteenth century, when sinology was still in its infancy. For the first time the original meaning of 290 out of the 305 songs is given, use being made of the advances in the study of old Chinese. The result is not merely a clear picture of early Chinese life, but also the restoration to its proper place in world literature of one of the finest collection of traditional songs.


The aim of the study was to assess indicators of the cognitive potential of children with learning disability complaints, using combined procedure of psychometric assessment (Raven) and assisted cognitive assessment (Constraintseeking questions game with several figures – CSQ SF). Thirty-four learning disabled children were assessed (8 – 11 years). CSQ SF is designed by phases, initial with no assistance (SAJ), assistance (ASS), immediate maintenance (MAN), posterior maintenance (MANP), transference I (TRFI) and transference II (TRFII) and it assesses performance, cognitive operations and behavior. In the sample, 59% of the children were classified below average in Raven. Phases ASS, MAN, MANP, TRF-I and TRF-II in comparison to SAJ shows significant increase of relevant questions and of the number of correct answers (except in the TRFI). There was a significant increase of the number of children with positive cognitive operations in ASS, MAN, TRF-I and TRF-II in relation to SAJ. The positive behaviors occurred in at least 62% in all phases.


The purpose of this study is to identify and quantify factors governing extrudate swell
and melt fracture. In the first part, the factors which control the extrudate swell of
carbon black (N330) filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds at various
states-of-mix were investigated. State-of-mix is quantified by effective filler volume
fraction (EFVF), based on an estimate of the amount of rubber immobilised in the
carbon black agglomerates. Extrudate swell was found to be dominated by recoverable
strain and relaxation time, which are controlled by EFVF. In contrast, shear rate and
the rubber-carbon black tridimensional transient network were not found to influence
extrudate swell significantly.
In the second part, melt fracture of the rubber compounds was investigated in terms of
surface texture wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the greater the severity of the
surface disruption. It was found that wavelength was controlled strongly by state-of mix
(or by EFVF). In addition, a mechanism for melt fracture of the compounds
studied has been proposed, based on average energy at the extrudate surface (t.E).
Lastly, the influences of additives; paraffinic processing oil, stearic acid or a mixture
of predominantly calcium fatty acid soaps on extrudate swell and melt fracture were
investigated. For the rubber compounds with paraffinic processing oil or stearic acid,
EFVF was found to play an important role in extrudate swell. The mixture of fatty
acid soaps was shown to reduce significantly extrudate swell due to the presence of
wall slip. The influence of the fatty acid soaps on extrudate swell is more noticeable
for extrudates obtained from long dies, in which flow is dominated by shear. The
major factors shown to exert a significant influence on melt fracture for the
compounds with paraffinic processing oil or stearic acid are EFVF and green strength
of the extrudate. Wall slip, promoted by a mixture of fatty acid soaps, was also found
to decrease the melt fracture severity, particularly for long dies in which shear stresses are dominant.


In this thesis, I present empirical evidence on the effect of personal taxes on firm-level investment. Exploiting a cross-country panel that consists of 40,608 firms from a total of 115 countries in the period 1999-2013, I employ a linear regression model in which I regress five different definitions of the personal tax wedge against capital investment of firms. I find that the average investment response of firms strongly depends on the definition of the personal tax wedge. My baseline regression reveals that, if the pure personal tax rate increases, firms on average show a positive capital investment response. That is, if firms cannot shift the economic burden of personal taxes to other stakeholders, an increase in personal taxes, ceteris paribus, increases the factor price of labour and thus exerts higher pressure on corporate profits. Profit-maximising firms therefore counteract this pressure by (partially) substituting the more expensive input factor labour by capital, increasing their capital investment. This effect, however, does not hold true for alternative definitions of the personal tax wedge that additionally include social security contributions. Likewise, I obtain mixed results when testing for cross-sectional variation in capital investment responses arising from differences in relative market power, the ability to substitute input factors, and financial constraints. In this context, my thesis provides empirical evidence on the effect of personal taxes on investment behaviour at the firm level and thus adds to current literature, which mainly considers the effect of personal taxes on aggregate investment, economic growth, and total factor productivity.


The effects of immediate spaceflight travel on inflammation and endothelial activation in human endothelial cells (ECs) is not yet established. In addition, theexpression of these biomarkers in revived live ECs recovered from a spaceflight travel has not been reported so far. Endothelial activation is preventable. One of the
major preventive strategies is the usage of antioxidants. Tocotrienols (TCTs) is a more potent antioxidant than tocopherol (TOC). However, the role of Tocotrienol enriched mixed fraction (TEMF) and pure TCT isomers as a potential potent antiatherosclerotic agent in human ECs compared to pure a-TOC is not well established.The anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of TCTs is also unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) the effects of spaceflight travel on the protein and gene expression of inflammation and endothelial activation, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human ECs compared to ground controls, (ii) the protein and gene expression of inflammation and endothelial
activation, NFkB, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) and eNOS in revived live human ECs compared to matched controls (iii) the effects of TEMF, pure TCT isomers, and a-TOC on inflammation, endothelial activation, monocytes binding activity, NFkB and eNOS, and (iv) the most potent pure TCT
isomers on the inhibition of the inflammation, endothelial activation, monocytes binding activity, NFkB and eNOS biomarkers in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated human ECs. The culture medium and ECs from post-spaceflight, revived
and corresponding controls were collected and measured for protein and gene expression of cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-a), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and e-selectin), NFkB and/or STAT-3 and eNOS. Human umbilical vein endothelial
cells (HUVECs) were incubated with various concentrations of TEMF, pure TCT isomers and a-TOC (0.3-10 |iM) together with, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 16 hours. Culture medium and cells were collected and measured for the protein and gene expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, NFkB and eNOS. The immediate post-spaceflight cells showed enhanced expression of cytokine (IL-6), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and NFkB compared to ground controls. Following post spaceflight, the revived cells were shown to have increased expression of IL-6 , ICAM-1 and STAT-3. TEMF and pure TCT isomers reduce IL-6,
ICAM-1, VCAM-1, e-selectin, monocytes binding activity, NFkB and induce eNOS expression. Area under the analysis revealed that pure TCT, particularly y- and 8-isomers have better reduction of inflammation and endothelial activation and greater eNOS increment than TEMF. Delta (8)-TCT is the most potent TCT isomers in terms of as an atheroprotective agent. Spaceflight travel leads to enhanced inflammation and endothelial activation and these remain elevated even after 3 months post spaceflight travel. This study provided a better understanding on the modulation of inflammation and endothelial activation associated with space travel and may direct future studies in the prevention of atherosclerosis in space travel. TEMF and pure TCT isomers exhibit anti-atherosclerotic properties with great potential as
atheroprotective agents. The possible pathway for its anti-atherosclerotic activity is through the NFkB deactivation. a-TOC has inhibitory effects on the antiatherosclerotic properties of TCTs in TEMF.


Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL) in children with functional constipation (FC). Methods: The PedsQL was completed by children with FC ages 5 to 18 years and by the parents of children ages 2 to 18 years. To assess construct validity, all of the parents and children completed the PedsQL Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module (GI module) and children ages 8 to 18 years completed the defecation disorder list. Item response distributions, internal consistency reliability, patient–parent agreement, and discriminating ability were evaluated. Results: Overall, 269 children were enrolled. The PedsQL showed minimal missing responses (self-report: 5.3% with >50% missing, parent report: 2.6% with >50% missing) and achieved satisfactory internal consistency for the total (self-report: &agr; = 0.86, parent report: &agr; = 0.88), physical health (self-report: &agr; = 0.75, parent report &agr; = 0.83), and psychosocial health (self-report: &agr; = 0.80; parent report: &agr; = 0.85) scores. Internal consistency was less convincing for those ages 5 to 7 years (&agr; = 0.53–0.77) than for older individuals. Self-reported health-related quality of life was lower than parent reported, with the exception of children ages 5 to 7 years. Interrater reliability intraclass correlations were 0.52 to 0.61 for the overall population. Correlations among the PedsQL, GI module, and defecation disorder list were consistent with a priori hypotheses and generally supported construct validity. The PedsQL distinguished between a previously published healthy reference sample and children with FC, and between those with mild and severe symptoms (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The self-reported and proxy reported PedsQL demonstrated satisfactory measurement properties in Dutch children with FC ages 8 to 18 years. Further research is needed to establish internal consistency and validity in those ages 5 to 7 years.


In this paper I propose to examine the background to the current crisis which involves both a contraction in the economy due in part to the global crisis, and a collapse in the tax base due to the disappearance of property related taxes. I will argue that key tenets of neo-liberal economic policy that failed are a feature of both the international and domestic aspects of the crisis. The policy approaches to rising house prices and euro membership in the late 1990s were inadequate and contributed to the crisis. Also the success of the moderate pay combined with tax reductions strategy in the 1990.s was incorrectly perceived as the i°low tax modeli± being a driver of sustainable growth for the economy. The focus of fiscal policy for 2010 and the future will also be addressed.


The year 538 A.D. became the turning point in the history of the Roman Empire since so many aspects on political, administrative and economical levels were already switched off that when Justinian declared himself to be a theologian from this year and no longer a soldier, he crossed the barrier of his mandate between what is purely civil obligation and what is religious obligation, similarly to Constantine before, and entered in competition with the papal function and this role is evidence of Justinian's ongoing caesaro-papism. The quest for unification of the empire by unification of the church, the fever for church-building projects with his wife Theodora, the persecution of enemies of the church and heretics, his disdain with the Sabbath although his second name was Sabbatini, his support for suppressing any eschatological fever in line with the church fathers and Oecumenius and yet trying to build the 'Kingdom of God' on earth, all this indicate the problem 538 was for the Roman Empire and the Catholic Church. Archaeological and historical original sources of Justinian and contemporaries of popes, biographer of Justinian and a commentator on Revelation (Oecumenius) are very revealing of these times and the shift or transition of what belonged to the Roman Empire handed over since 538 A.D. to the church and the papal function. The Code of Justinian was a persecuting instrument. Justinian upheld the supremacy of the papacy. He permitted through the Council of Orleans actions to be done on Sunday that Constantine prohibited like travel and preparation of food and cleaning the house. In Novellae CXLIV Justinian instituted a Seventh-day Sabbath persecution. He changed the times and laws ad hoc as his Novellae XLVI and coins of 538 A.D. (XII year) indicate. Private gatherings were persecuted. He had church-manual laws. Justinian studied Systematic Theology on the nature of Christ and wrote homiletical rules for preachers. He gave textcritical advice to Jews and condemned their doctrinal deviations. This theological hobby of the ruler of the once mighty Roman Empire was to be taken over by a more theological competent power that would eventually lead to papal-caesarism until the unsettling of this new aggrandizing paradigm in 1798 by Napoleon. The prophetic embedding of the 1260 days as "years" prophecies in both Daniel 7 and Revelation 12 definitely started in 538 A.D. contrary to W. Spicer's (1918) suggestion of 533 or 538 as two alternative dates or any other dates suggested by other scholars in the history of interpretation in historicism. It is also not just a case of history of interpretation hermeneutics but data solidly supported by archaeology, iconography and original historical sources that coincides with the parameters provided by exegesis of the rest of the Books of Daniel and Revelation added with the exegesis of the detail of the passages under consideration. A necessary ingredient for the historical researcher remains to be the faith that God can predict the future and He did and that the data as well as the prophecies of the Biblical Text are evidence of that.


Homomorphic signatures enable anyone to publicly perform computations on signed data and produce a compact tag to authenticate the results. In this paper, we construct two bounded fully homomorphic signature schemes, as follows. – For any two polynomials d = d(λ), s = s(λ), where λ is the security parameter. Our first scheme is able to evaluate any circuit on the signatures, as long as the depth and size of the circuit are bounded by d and s, respectively. The construction relies on indistinguishability obfuscation and injective (or polynomially bounded pre-image size) one-way functions. – The second scheme, removing the restriction on the size of the circuits, is an extension of the first one, with succinct verification and evaluation keys. More specifically, for an a-prior polynomial d = d(λ), the scheme allows to evaluate any circuit on the signatures, as long as the depth of the circuit is bounded by d. This scheme is based on differing-inputs obfuscation and collision-resistant hash functions and relies on a technique called recording hash of circuits. Both schemes enjoy the composition property. Namely, outputs of previously derived signatures can be reused as inputs for new computations. The length of derived signatures in both schemes is independent of the size of the data set. Moreover, both constructions satisfy a strong privacy notion, we call semi-strong context hiding, which requires that the derived signatures of evaluating any circuit on the signatures of two data sets are identical as long as the evaluations of the circuit on these two data sets are the same.


In August 2012 Kate O'Regan, a former judge of the South African Constitutional Court, was appointed by the premier of the Western Cape to head the Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of Police Inefficiency and a Breakdown in Relations between SAPS and the Community in Khayelitsha. Two years later, on 25 August 2014, the commission submitted its final report and recommendations. In this exchange O'Regan reflects from the inside out on some aspects of the public inquiry into policing in Khayelitsha. Here one finds reference to judicial independence and organisational autonomy of commissions of inquiry; the value of comparative lesson drawing for process design; the importance of creating safe spaces for all participants; and honouring the contributions of participants. Policing, O'Regan concludes, is a truly challenging enterprise. Both political and police leadership carry a moral responsibility to engage systemic and other challenges as identified in both of the Marikana and Khayelitsha reports. Not to do so would imply the abdication of responsibility to address the safety and security concerns of South African citizens.


EQUIPPING ASPIRING ELDERS FOR MINISTRY EFFECTIVENESS AT HARVEST BIBLE CHAPEL, MIAMI, FLORIDA Jason Michael Fevig, D.Min. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2015 Faculty Supervisor: Dr. Danny R. Bowen This project examines the relationship between an individual's biblical understanding of spiritual leadership and the individual's character, biblical convictions, and competency for ministry in the local church. Chapter 1 defines the historical, contextual, and practical issues facing spiritual leaders at Harvest Bible Chapel, Miami, Florida. Chapter 2 presents the biblical and theological basis for male spiritual leadership and shows how the New Testament clearly establishes the spiritual qualities of men aspiring to church leadership. Chapter 3 presents the theoretical and practical issues related to spiritual leadership in the church and shows that God's plan for leading the church requires a man to lead spiritually through his biblical convictions, his character, and through his ministry competency. Chapters 4 and 5 provide the results, analysis, and conclusions of this project. During this ten-week project, the spiritual maturity of the ten men in the congregation who aspired to church eldership were assessed, trained, and equipped. The goal was to explain the office of overseer and show how elders are to be spiritual leaders, which was measured by a pre and post-test survey and an evaluation rubric before and after the treatment phase.


Abstract This study aimed to test the validity of a non-motorised treadmill (NMT) for the measurement of self-paced overground endurance running performance. Ten male runners performed randomised 5-km running time trials on a NMT and an outdoor athletics track. A range of physiological and perceptual responses was measured, and foot strike was classified subjectively. Performance time was strongly correlated (r = 0.82, ICC = 0.86) between running modes, despite running time being significantly longer on the NMT (1264 ± 124 s vs. 1536 ± 130 s for overground and NMT, respectively; P < 0.001). End blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion were significantly higher on the NMT compared to overground. Integrated electromyography was significantly lower on the NMT for three muscles (P < 0.05), and mean stride rate was also significantly lower on the NMT (P = 0.04). Cardiorespiratory responses of heart rate, oxygen uptake and expired air volume demonstrated strong correlations (r = 0.68–0.96, ICC = 0.75–0.97) and no statistical differences (P > 0.05). Runners were consistently slower on the NMT, and as such it should not be used to measure performance over a specific distance. However, the strong correlations suggest that superior overground performance was reflected in relative terms on the NMT, and therefore, it is a valid tool for the assessment of endurance running performance in the laboratory.


This paper presents a novel 3D segmentation framework for structures with spatially varying boundary properties, such as the hippocampus (HC). The proposed method is based on Active Contour Models (ACMs) built on top of the multi-atlas concept. We propose the incorporation of an Adaptive Gradient Distribution on the Boundary map (AGDB) into the ACM framework. AGDB, by being adapted to the evolving contour, constantly redefines, at a voxel level and at each contour evolution, the degree of contribution of the image information and the prior information to the energy minimization. The proposed segmentation scheme was tested for HC segmentation using the publicly available IBSR database.


The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between club performance and revenue in Japanese professional football clubs. In Europe, Union of European Football Association (UEFA) decided to introduce financial fair play (FFP) for the purpose of the sound management for all clubs. In Japan, J.LEAGUE decided to introduce the club license system in 2013. In this way, through importance for the management of J.LEAGUE club would increase. This paper examines, the relationship between revenue and club performance in the J.LEAGUE club by making use of analyzing the panel data from 2005 to 2010. As a result, two-way fixed effect model was selected. This implied that there were differences among each club and there were time effects between seasons. From the scale of fixed effect, clubs in metropolis are not always profitable. And we find that club's performance do not significant affect the revenue.


Previous research has acknowledged the relevance of individuals' perception of own abilities related to the vocational domain, namely career decision self-efficacy beliefs, for their professional success. In the present study, such beliefs were examined among a group of high school seniors who are facing the process of choosing what professional path to pursue after high school. In addition, students' achievement goals and attitudes towards education were also explored. Results indicate mastery approach, performance avoidance and work avoidance goals, as well as participation in extracurricular activities and attitudes towards education, as significant predictors of career decision self-efficacy. Findings indicate the relevance of academic experiences for the development of career decision self-efficacy and provide novel evidence regarding the complex relationship between individuals' educational and vocational considerations, and may be informative for designing future vocational guidance interventions targeted at adolescents transitioning into colleges or the job market, or individuals undergoing similar occupational transitions.


A small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) study was carried out on typical building stones widely used in north-eastern Sicily in several architectonic contexts, aimed at measuring the particle and pore-size distribution in view of stone treatment by protective (Hydrophase) and/or consolidant (Ethyl silicate) agents. Samples of quartzite, sandstone, calcarenite and marble exhibit particle and pore-size dimensions that are inversely proportional to the porosimetric values of the stones.

The particle size of treated stones varies in an analogous way to the grain size of the blank samples. The present paper aims to find a correlation between particle size and porosity in building stones used in ancient monuments. The relationship between particle size and porosity is investigated using SANS techniques, which are applied to characterize the physical, mechanical and thermal behaviour of single mineral grains belonging to different lithologies.


We show that the Adaptive Greedy algorithm of Golovin and Krause achieves an approximation bound of (ln(Q/η)+1) for Stochastic Submodular Cover: here Q is the "goal value" and η is the minimum gap between Q and any attainable utility value Q′<Q. Although this bound was claimed by Golovin and Krause in the original version of their paper, the proof was later shown to be incorrect by Nan and Saligrama. The subsequent corrected proof of Golovin and Krause gives a quadratic bound of (ln(Q/η)+1). A bound of 56(ln(Q/η)+1) is implied by work of Im et al. Other bounds for the problem depend on quantities other than Q and η. Our bound restores the original bound claimed by Golovin and Krause, generalizing the well-known (ln m+1) approximation bound on the greedy algorithm for the classical Set Cover problem, where m is the size of the ground set.


The process of article incorporation early in the genesis of Mauritian Creole (MC) resulted in the occurrence of a bare nouns in argument positions with ambiguous interpretations between (in)definite, singular, plural and generic. A new determiner system gradually emerged, but MC continues to admit bare nouns in argument positions. It is argued in this paper that the process of article incorporation triggered a shift in noun denotation from predicative in French to argumental in MC. Like English bare plurals, MC nouns are of an argumental kind-denoting terms that do not require a determiner in argument positions. The MC singular indefinite article enn and the plural marker bann serve to cderive instances of kinds. The differential behaviour of MC count and mass nouns is attributed to the number feature which must be checked for count nouns, and provides evidence for a phonologically null definite determiner which is licensed in subject position by the specificity marker la.


Population reduction through trapping is among the most common techniques used to mitigate damage caused by pocket gophers in a variety of crops. A new trap called the Gophinator was recently developed that combined many positive attributes of previous pocket gopher traps. Because ef fi cacy data for this trap was lacking, we compared capture rates of this trap to the Macabee trap, the most commonly used pocket gopher trap in the western U.S. We also addressed factors that may in fl uence the ef fi cacy of traps such as cover status of the trap set, season, gender, and weight of the captured pocket gopher. We found the Gophinator trap was more ef fi cacious than the Macabee, likely due to its superior ability to capture larger pocket gophers, which could increase the ef fi cacy of pocket gopher control programs throughout North America. Covered trap sets resulted in greater capture rates during late spring e early summer but not during autumn. However, covered trap sets required more time to implement and did not result in a greater number of captures for an 8-h workday trapping period. If ef fi cacy is paramount, trap sets should be covered during late spring e early summer, but when time is a constraining factor, trap sets left uncovered will be most ef fi cient. Covering trap sets in autumn provided no tangible bene fi ts. (cid:1) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Abstract. Questions of how water arrived on the Earth's surface, how much water is contained in the Earth system as a whole, and how much water will be available in the future in the surface reservoirs are of central importance to our understanding of the Earth. To answer the question about the fate of the Earth's ocean, one has to study the global water cycle under conditions of internal and external forcing processes. Modern estimates suggest that the transport of water to the surface is five times smaller than water movement to the mantle, so that the Earth will lose all its sea-water in one billion years from now. This straightforward extrapolation of subduction-zone fluxes into the future seems doubtful. Using a geophysical modelling approach it was found that only 27% of the modern ocean will be subducted in one billion years. Internal feedbacks will not be the cause of the ocean drying out. Instead, the drying up of surface reservoirs in the future will be due to the increase in temperature caused by a maturing Sun connected to hydrogen escape to outer space. Keywords: Surface water reservoir, water fluxes, regassing, degassing, global water cycle


This paper attempts to emphasize the role of the rate of profit on the balance of payments by integrating the Marxian rate of profit with the post-Keynesian balance-of-payments-constrained growth model (Thirlwall's Law). In this regard, the domestic rate of profit determines the direction of foreign capital, while foreign capital, in turn, influences the rate of profit. The dynamic model between the level of GDP, derived from the extended Thirlwall's law (Thirlwall and Hussain 1982), and the rate of profit is thus created. The theoretical result obtained from the model is compatible with the stylized facts of many small and open economies that experienced rapid economic growth and balance of payments crises from the mobility of foreign capital.


In this monograph we address several interrelated themes influencing the corporate governance debate in today's financial marketplace. These include board independence and effectiveness; the role and the independence of the auditor; shareholder rights and activism; and convergence to a global corporate governance system. Our multi-jurisdictional approach sheds light on fundamental differences in existing governance practices globally given differing approaches to the role of the board, audit practices and ownership structure. We argue that no one system of corporate governance is the benchmark for all companies in all jurisdictions and no system of governance is without its own vulnerabilities. We address comparative aspects of corporate governance practices, including those between the US and UK, and observe that within an Anglo American context the UK offers a viable alternative approach to the US regulatory environment through its comply or explain framework, which includes advantages of being less prescriptive and legalistic. We conclude that while voluntary corporate governance standards have important benefits of flexibility over more prescriptive approaches to governance regulation, investors must take responsibility and play an engaged role in making the comply or explain system a credible alternative to a more prescriptive approach to corporate governance regulation. This raises the role of investor governance as a key component of the overall system of corporate governance.


We present a tunable interference filter for IR and visible light that scans the desired part of the optical spectrum within milliseconds. A single pixel detector measures serially the intensity at selected wavelengths. This concept avoids expensive linear detectors as used for grating spectrometers. The tunable optical interference filter is fabricated by a new porous silicon batch technology using only tow photolithography steps. The refractive index of this filter microplate is gradually modulated in depth to create a Bragg mirror or a Fabry-Perot bandpass filter for a transmission wavelength between 400 nm and 6 micrometers . Two thermal bimorph micro-actuators tilt the plate by up to 90 degrees, changing the incidence angle of the beam to be analyzed. This tunes the wavelength transmitted to be detected by a factor of 1.5, e.g. form 4 micrometers to 6 micrometers . The filter area can be chosen between 0.27 mm by 0.70 mm and 2.50 mm by 3.00 mm, its thickness is typically 30 micrometers . The spectral finesse of 25 is sufficient for most diagnosis applications, e.g. detection of CO2 and CO in combustion processes by their IR absorption bands. Online colorimetery and color correction of desktop printers can be envisaged.


IT practitioners work in a frantic business world, facing new and complex socio-technical arrangements. Their knowledge, mainly gained through previous experiences, is often an imperfect tool as the changing environment challenges previous assumptions or common wisdom. In this context, IS research has been accused, rightly or wrongly, of being irrelevant to practitioners. This paper, however, builds on the belief that IS research can help practitioners better understand and adapt to emerging situations. Contrary to the view seeing rigour and relevance as a dichotomy, it is maintained that IS researchers have a third choice; namely, to be both relevant and rigorous. The paper proposes ways in which IS research can contribute to easing the practitioners' burden of adapting to changes by providing timely, relevant, and rigorous research. It is argued that synergy between relevance and rigour is possible and that Grounded Theory methodology in combination with Case Analysis provides a good framework for rigorous and relevant research of emerging phenomena in information systems.


Philosophical writing about immigration is typically organized around two broad moral principles. The first is the principle of self-governance, according to which a political community has a right to determine its own membership and character - control generally thought to encompass the power to exclude outsiders from the territory. The second is the principle of simple territorial equality, according to which a sovereign must treat equally all people who are present within the territory over which it governs. Immigration scholarship generally assumes that these two principles are correct and is given over to thinking of ways to jointly satisfy these principles. We argue that this approach is mistaken. Under current and foreseeable conditions, it is impossible to jointly satisfy these principles. The best response to this dilemma is to abandon the implausibly strong principle of simple territorial equality and replace it with a more flexible view that draws on our best understandings of political and social equality from outside the immigration context. Doing so demonstrates that policies that give somewhat limited rights to certain immigrants, such as guestworker policies, should not be categorically rejected.


Phytoplankton spring blooms dominated by diatoms and often by Thalassiosira rotula and/or Skeletonema costatum are typical features of coastal seas in the temperate zone. They are usually terminated by nutrient limitation, aggregation and sedimentation events. In the course of climate change increasing temperatures in spring may affect the development of diatom blooms and in particular aggregation, a process in which heterotrophic bacteria play an active role. As heterotrophic microbial processes are favoured more relative to autotrophic processes by increasing temperature, we hypothesize that aggregation will be enhanced with increasing temperature and in particular towards the end of the spring bloom with increasing senescence of the diatoms. To test this hypothesis we examined aggregation in the course of a spring bloom in a mesocosm experiment in the southern North Sea at the in situ temperature of 6°C and at 11°C. Water was transferred to a mesocosm of 720 liter and incubated at the in situ temperature and a 12:12 h light-dark cycle for 3 weeks. Aggregation was assessed in the pre-bloom, bloom and late bloom phase by measuring the formation of aggregates in subsamples incubated for 48 h in rolling tanks at 6°C and 11°C in a 12:12 h light-dark cycle. Aggregation was determined in subsamples withdrawn directly from the mesocosm and in subsamples to which axenic T. rotula cells were added in a concentration of ca. 5000 cells ml-1. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), dissolved organic carbon and dissolved carbohydrate as well as the bacterial abundance and community composition by DGGE and FISH were analysed during the bloom and the aggregation experiments. The addition of T. rotula enhanced aggregation relative to the untreated samples. For the latter, aggregation was rather independent of temperature whereas aggregation was enhanced at the higher temperature when T. rotula was added and in particular towards the end of the bloom. The results suggest that increasing temperature enhances aggregation of phytoplankton spring blooms dominated by T. rotula. This enhanced aggregation may have implications for the trophic transfer of diatom blooms in the food web by reducing the available amount of diatom-derived organic matter to zooplankton.


there she found nowhere to stay, slept at the railway station and returned home next day. A few days later she cut off all her hair as close to the head as possible. On 13.8.59 she was admitted to Netherne Hospital where she was very agitated and disturbed. She was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and treated with Stelazine and reserpine. Affect was recorded as incongruous; at times she was smiling to herself, at times near to tears. No delusions or hallucinations were noted; but there was thought disorder with difficulty in concentration and her talk was at times confused, with frequent interruptions. She eventually settled down, and was then transferred to the National Hospital for investigation of the weakness of the neck. On admission, though quiet and slow, she showed no mental abnormality of a schizophrenic kind. On neurological examination there was bilateral facial weakness, severe weakness of both sternomastoids, weakness of the right scapular muscles, the right deltoid and both triceps muscles. Dr E A Carmichael thought the muscular weakness was due to old poliomyelitis; but this was thought unlikely by Dr R W Gilliatt, owing to the symmetrical weakness of the facial muscles and wasting of the sternomastoids. EMG studies of the right deltoid, pectoralis and rhomboid muscles on two occasions showed in all three muscles slight reduction in motor unit interference pattern on maximal voluntary effort; the motor units were brief, polyphasic, of reduced amplitude. The changes resembled those of a myopathy. A biopsy specimen from the right deltoid showed no abnormality. The EEG was normal. Otological examination showed moderate bilateral deafness, chiefly in the band 4,000-8,000 c/s. Vestibular function was normal, apart from some slight general reduction of caloric responses. Dr C S Hallpike reported that the cause was obscure. The Ishihara test was normal. Blood-films showed typical 'drumsticks' in 10/500; but buccal epithelial cells were chromatin negative. Professor Penrose reported that the blood culture cells might be those of a mosaic Turner's syndrome with about one-fifth of the cells lacking one X chromosome, while the others were probably normal: 'The skin culture cells did not seem to support this view, although there seemed to be quite a number of abnormal karyotypes. As this occurs in cultures not infrequently, I am inclined to discount them and to consider that she probably has the karyotype of a normal female.' Fig 1 shows the myopathic facies and the scoliosis. The syndrome is interesting, combining unaccountable deafness, an unusual form of myopathy and a scoliosis not accounted for by muscular weakness. In view of the positive family history, the schizophienic illness may be coincidental; as far as we knew this is the first case in which schizophrenia has been reported in a case of Turner's syndrome, pure or mosaic. The fact that the patient is the child of first cousins is curious. We wonder whether parental consanguinity can be expected to show in excess in such cases.


Even tough decentralized wastewater treatment solutions have been initiated earlier by NGOs and individuals it was just around the year 2002 that it became a national program. It started with 7 pilot cities in Indonesia and is now (2010) expanded to more than 100 cities ( kota ) and regencies ( kabupaten ) in 22 provinces. This program is known as SANIMAS ( Sanitasi oleh Masyarakat , or Sanitation by Communities). It can be considered as a response to the national policy for encouraging community involvement during planning and development of infrastructure facilities, including sanitation. As demand for urban sanitation services development is increasing, the SANIMAS approach is considered as an option for a quick response to the need of providing sanitation services for low income communities in peri urban areas with population densities between 25 and 100 people/ha. In residential areas with higher population densities the SANIMAS approach would be a feasible first step towards the gradual implementation of community based simplified or condominium sewer networks. In rural and peri-urban areas (with population densities below 25 people/ha) more individual solutions would be applied. For the identification and subsequent implementation of these basic facilities the community lead total sanitation (CLTS) approach is often used. The Indonesian Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) implemented in the period 2006 – 2010 established a framework for planning of sustainable poor-inclusive urban sanitation services in Indonesia through effective and coordinated policy-making, institutional reform, strategic planning and awareness building. The Citywide Sanitation Strategy (CSS) as prepared by the 12 cities involved in ISSDP takes into account lessons learned from the SANIMAS pilot cities and the results of the scaling-up of the SANIMAS program in recent years. In the context of PPSP ( Percepatan Pembangunan Sanitasi Pemukiman – Acceleration of Sanitation Development for Human Settlements) in the period 2010 – 2014, the ISSDP approach for policy making, institutional reform, strategic planning and awareness building will be scaled-up at national level and implemented in 330 cities and regencies throughout Indonesia. This paper provides a brief introduction to urban sanitation development trends in Indonesia, a concise description of SANIMAS and the CSS-planning approach and it outlines experiences gained so far with the incorporation of the SANIMAS concept and its guiding principles into Citywide Sanitation Strategies. Main approaches taken from SANIMAS and incorporated into strategic sanitation planning at city level include; i) selection of systems and technical options, ii) addressing health and environmental impacts, community participation, social and institutional issues. These aspects are found to be crucial to ensure social, financial and technical sustainability of the systems.


In the companion cases of Lafler v. Cooper and Missouri v. Frye the U.S. Supreme Court held that there is a right to effective assistance of counsel during plea bargaining. However, the Court defined effective assistance of counsel in only one narrow phase of plea bargaining: the client counseling phase. The Court said it would not look more broadly at the negotiation process itself as "[b]argaining is, by its nature, defined to a substantial degree by personal style." This statement indicates that the Court does not fully understanding developments in the field of negotiation over the last thirty years. Negotiation scholars and practitioners have moved far beyond defining bargaining simply by "personal style" and instead view negotiation as a skill that can be taught, analyzed, and that already has established basic standards for competency. Negotiation scholars recognize that there are a variety of phases in every negotiation which would include plea bargaining. For example, there is the preparation phase which can include the first client interview, investigating the case, gathering information, doing legal research, and preparing the client for either involvement in the negotiation, or for what the possible options are as outcomes from the negotiation. The next phase is the negotiation phase which can have multiple parts and may start and conclude on different days. Lawyers who fail to properly prepare for the negotiation may also fail to competently negotiate. The final stage of plea bargaining is counseling the client regarding whether to accept the offer. This is the one phase of plea bargaining that the Supreme Court has started to define. This article will offer clear lines and categories that the Court could use to define competency in each of the three stages of plea bargaining. This article concludes that the Court must look beyond the counseling phase and not shy away from defining what is competence in all three phases of plea bargaining. It is not only possible for the Court to define basic competency in the preparation and negotiation phases of plea bargaining, but it is also imperative that the Court do so to meaningfully protect defendants' constitutional right to counsel in plea bargaining.


This chapter examines the creation and manipulation of specific and frames by Muslims in the UK to understand and respond to dominant media narratives in the period after the London bombings. Personal contributions to virtual discussion spaces illustrate the ways in which the process of 'framing' is both an act of rejection of alternative understandings, and an emotional attachment to distant concepts and experiences. Here, contributions by and between Muslims in a range of open and in ethno-religious-specific virtual spaces reveal a variety of different frames through which new and changing media narratives could be understood and addressed. These are explored further using ethnographic and interview data collected over a period of 4 years in 3 cities in the UK. It is suggested that a significant context for the framing process in relation to post 7/7 narratives of militarism and conflict is that of the city. In this respect, key frames are reviewed in light of contemporary local narratives of inter- and intra-ethnic conflict, and developing organised and transitory responses to images of war and conflict by Muslims within these cities.


Writing in the April newsletter of the Drug, Device and Biotech Committee, Steven M. Kohn and Courtney E. Quinn of the Oakland, California, office of Crosby, Heafey, Roach & May discuss the alleged dangers emanating from dietary supplements: Athletes and fitness buffs alike take ephedrine supplements to enhance performance, bulk up or slim down. Yet in the past few years, the alleged dangers posed by dietary supplements containing ephedrine have engendered world-wide media scrutiny. Numerous stories about adverse health impacts related to the supplements may force the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to finalize regulations currently under consideration or to use existing mechanisms to further monitor dietary supplements. Armed with knowledge of current federal regulations and the FDA's proposed regulations regarding ephedrine alkaloid-- containing supplements, members of the dietary supplement industry can be proactive to prevent potential lawsuits and/or government enforcement actions. Background on ephedrine Ephedrine and related alkaloids are the primary ingredients in many dietary supplements sold in drug stores, pharmacies and supermarkets. These products are marketed for a variety of purposes: weight loss, body building, increased energy and as an aid to asthma sufferers. Ephedra, the botanical source of ephedrine alkaloids, has been used in Chinese medicine for more than 5,000 years. Ephedra is sometimes referred to as Ma Huang, Bishop's Tea or Chi Powder. See "Products That Consumers Inquire About," www.cfsan. fda.gov/dms/ds-prod.html. Ephedra and ephedrine alkaloid-containing products, according to the FDA, stimulate the nervous system or heart in a manner similar to amphetamines. Of the 800 reports of adverse events received by the FDA involving more than a hundred dietary supplement products, the most common and consistent finding is the presence of ephedrine alkaloids. To date, the FDA has investigated and reported 140 adverse event reports associated with ephedrine alkaloids, ranging from high blood pressure, heart rate irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors and headaches, to seizures, heart attacks, strokes and death. 62 Fed.Reg. 30677-79, 30690 (June 4, 1997). Nevertheless, even critics of ephedrine alkaloid-containing products concede that these adverse event reports do not provide scientific proof that ephedrine-containing dietary supplements cause these reactions. See Ephedra Education Council, "The Facts About Ephedra," www.ephedra facts.com/thefacts.html. According to the Nutrition Business Journal (November/December 2001), the dietary supplement industry made $16.8 billion dollars in sales profits in 2000. In the same year, sales of herbal supplements exceeded $4.1 billion. Dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids alone constitute a billion dollar industry. The ephedrine alkaloid-containing supplements reach a wide audience-from high school athletes looking to gain a competitive edge, to women looking to lose unwanted pounds. The volume of sales, the wide audience and the recent press coverage regarding ephedrine may leave members of the dietary supplement industry vulnerable to potential lawsuits and possible regulatory enforcement. Supplements and sports In 1999, dietary supplements first made headlines in the arena of alleged sports-related injuries when Anne Marie Capati, a New York woman, died after suffering a stroke at Crunch Fitness in Manhattan. Capati's husband sued the fitness club, alleging his wife's trainer encouraged her to buy supplements containing ephedrine. For months following Capati's death, articles and press coverage questioned the safety of the dietary supplements. See Marilyn Chase, "Workout Fatality Puts Focus on Gyms and Supplements," Wall Street Journal, June 28, 1999, at BI; Terry Prison, "Health Club and Trainer Are Sued in Death, New York Times Abstracts, June 29, 1999. While the debate over the safety of ephedrine alkaloid-containing supplements continues, media coverage of dietary supplements has resurfaced in the past year. …


QUESTIONS: We asked whether the competition among community components (a) destabilizes individual components; (b) increases the asynchrony of their fluctuations; and (c) stabilizes the total community biomass. LOCATION: Seminatural meadow in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. METHODS: We used biomass fluctuation data from a 13‐year removal experiment. The plots used for this study contained, following experimental removal of other species, either mycorrhizal grasses only, mycorrhizal forbs only, or their mixture (grass "monocultures", forb "monocultures", and mixtures, respectively). Yearly peak aboveground biomass was available from ten blocks; biomass of the mixture plots was sorted into forbs and grasses. Temporal variability was characterized by coefficient of variation (CV) and synchrony by correlation coefficient, both calculated from the time series data. RESULTS: The variability of grass monocultures was higher than the variability of forb monocultures, which was slightly lower than the variability of mixtures. The variability of both grasses and forbs was higher in the mixture, where they are in competition with the other group, than in each of their respective monocultures. The correlation coefficients between the biomass of grass and forb monocultures within blocks were mostly positive, indicating that both groups tend to have similar physiological responses to weather fluctuations. The average correlation coefficient between the forbs and grasses in the mixture plots was significantly negative, thus reflecting the effect of competition between these two community components. The CV of the sum of forb and grass monocultures was similar to the CV of mixture plots. CONCLUSIONS: Only competition between grasses and forbs leads to their negative mutual correlation, i.e., to compensatory dynamics. Our results support the hypothesis that competition has a destabilizing effect on individual community components (functional groups in our case) and increases asynchrony of their fluctuations. We have not found its stabilizing effect on the total biomass.


This paper presents a new spectral modeling method for statistical parametric speech synthesis. In contrast to the conventional methods in which high-level spectral parameters, such as mel-cepstra or line spectral pairs, are adopted as the features for hidden Markov model (HMM) based parametric speech synthesis, our new method directly models the distribution of the lower-level, un-transformed or raw spectral envelopes. Instead of using single Gaussian distributions, we adopt restricted Boltzmann machines (RBM) to represent the distribution of the spectral envelopes at each HMM state. We anticipate these will give superior performance in modeling the joint distribution of high-dimensional stochastic vectors. The spectral parameters are derived from the spectral envelope corresponding to the estimated mode of each context-dependent RBM and act as the Gaussian mean vector in the parameter generation procedure at synthesis time. Our experimental results show that the RBM is able to model the distribution of the spectral envelopes with better accuracy and generalization ability than the Gaussian mixture model. As a result, our proposed method can significantly improve the naturalness of the conventional HMM-based speech synthesis system using mel-cepstra.


The C-GEN is a novel permanent magnet generator aimed at reducing overall system mass in direct drive power takeoff applications. The design of a C-GEN generator requires the combination of electromagnetic, structural and thermal models. Models used in the development of design tools applicable to both rotary and linear C-GEN generators are described in this study. The design tool is verified with the experiment results obtained from a 15 kW prototype. A genetic optimisation algorithm is developed combining the analytical model with economical issues to search for most suitable designs for specific applications. Designs are presented using the optimisation design tool for two marine renewable applications: a wave device called Oyster developed by Aquamarine Power and a tidal current device developed by Scotrenewables.


Bitcoin, a virtual currency created in 2009 by an individual or group using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto, is based on a decentralized peer-to-peer system. Transactions are made with no intermediary. There are no banks involved, little to no transaction fees, and transactions are almost instantaneous. Transactions are verified by network nodes, and the network uses a public ledger called the block chain to record transactions. There is no central repository or administrator. Treasury categorizes it as a decentralized virtual currency. As public acceptance increases, so too does the number of merchants willing to accept bitcoin as a form of payment. But even though the public is slowly embracing bitcoin as a form of payment (thus giving it characteristics of a currency), public officials continue to struggle with the question of whether bitcoin is a currency — and therefore subject to appropriate currency regulations — or if it is simply property, making transactions in bitcoin more akin to barter.


Augusto C. Sandino (1895–1934) led a peasant rebellion against the armed forces of the United States which occupied Nicaragua between 1926 and 1932. While much has been written about Sandino's military prowess in this 20th-century guerrilla warfare, less is known about the development of his political thought and intellectual formation. That issue necessarily takes historians to the Mexican Revolution, and specifically to the period between 1923 and 1926 when Sandino was an immigrant worker in the oil fields of the larger Tampico area. Radical labor unionism and anarcho-syndicalism were the principal currents that Sandino encountered, and that helped shape his outlook and subsequent political manifestos. Because Sandino did not directly refer in any detail to this period of his life in subsequent interviews and statements, an examination is made of the cultural and social roots of working-class formations in which he immersed himself. Fortunately, historians have explored the social aspect, labor union activity, economics, and politics of the oil fields in depth (Adleson, Alafita-Mendez, Alcayaga Sasso); Dospital and Hodges were among the first to point to Sandino's early experience in Mexico including his encounters with the metaphysical schools and mentors who shaped the idealism underpinning his anti-imperialism economic, political, military, and cultural thinking. During a military campaign and at the peak of his fame, Sandino returned to Mexico (1929–1930) expecting that the "revolutionary" government, on the one side, and the Communist Party of Mexico, on the other side, as representative of the international communist movement (Comintern) would lend political, financial, and military support for the war in Nicaragua. Cerdas Cruz told that story well, although without the benefit of primary sources. But Sandino was mistaken and eventually felt betrayed by both sides that laid claim to the revolution. He returned to Nicaragua where he fought successfully until the US Marines' withdrawal at the end of 1932. Months after signing a peace treaty, Sandino was assassinated (February 1934) in Managua by the leaders of the proxy military constabulary or Guardia Nacional left behind by the United States in Nicaragua. At that time, he was establishing communes in northern Nicaragua according to the teachings of his first intellectual and spiritual mentors.


Objectives: The World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a public health emer?gency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Since it was first identified, COVID-19 has infected more than one hundred million people worldwide, with more than two million fatalities. This study focuses on the interpretation of the distribution of COVID-19 in Egypt to develop an effective forecasting model that can be used as a decision-making mechanism to administer health interventions and mitigate the transmission of COVID-19. Methods: A model was developed using the data collected by the Egyptian Ministry of Health and used it to predict possible COVID-19 cases in Egypt. Results: Statistics obtained based on time-series and kinetic model analyses suggest that the total number of CO?VID-19 cases in mainland Egypt could reach 11076 per week (March 1, 2020 through January 24, 2021) and the number of simple regenerations could reach 12. Analysis of the ARIMA (2, 1, 2) and (2, 1, 3) sequences shows a rise in the number of COVID-19 events. Conclusion: The developed forecasting model can help the government and medical personnel plan for the imminent conditions and ensure that healthcare systems are prepared to deal with them.


Question paraphrasing is critical in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, especially for question reformulation in question answering (QA). However, choosing an appropriate data source and developing effective methods are challenging tasks. In this paper, we propose a method that exploits Encarta logs to automatically identify question paraphrases and extract templates. Questions from Encarta logs are partitioned into small clusters, within which a perceptron classier is used for identifying question paraphrases. Experiments are conducted and the results have shown: (1) Encarta log data is an eligible data source for question paraphrasing and the user clicks in the data are indicative clues for recognizing paraphrases; (2) the supervised method we present is effective, which can evidently outperform the unsupervised method. Besides, the features introduced to identify paraphrases are sound; (3) the obtained question paraphrase templates are quite effective in question reformulation, enhancing the MRR from 0.2761 to 0.4939 with the questions of TREC QA 2003.


Women workers in a changing world. A Portuguese journalist at the International Labour Conference This article is part of a broader research which is being carried out regarding the relationship between Portugal and the International Labour Organization, with a focus on Portuguese female in the tripartite delegations to the International Labour Conference (ILC). This article refers the participation of the first Portuguese woman in the workers adviser group in 1964, a time when the Portuguese trade unions were not free and in a period at which the international pressure over the country was growing. In 1964, one of the items in ILC agenda was «women workers in a changing world». The main subjects debated during the specialized committee regarding women workers are discussed here.


What preferences motivate the severity of terrorist attacks? I investigate how Boko Haram terrorists adjust their fatalities when unexpectedly deprived of public attention, relative to Al Shabaab terrorists, that were not deprived of public attention. Losing public attention raises the severity of terrorism: Boko Haram terrorist fatalities surged following the rebasing of Nigeria's economy, which catapulted the country into Africa's largest and the top twenty-five worldwide. The largest spike in Boko Haram terrorist fatalities occurred in the wake of the Nigerian Ebola health crisis. Although Boko Haram claims an anti-education sentiment, their fatalities do not actually differ significantly from Al Shabaab fatalities during the Nigerian national basic education examination. Overall, terrorists consider well-being changes as threats that have more validity than the persuasiveness of their own claimed ideologies. The results are robust to acknowledging other conflict actors in Nigeria and Somalia that have distinct motivations. Terrorist groups do not significantly vary the severity of their attacks during Ramadan. Given extremists' vulnerable self-concepts, emphasizing revealed relative preferences may undermine terrorist credibility and recruitment.


Intelligent, ambitious and a rising star in the French artillery, Captain Alfred Dreyfus appeared to have everything: family, money, and the prospect of a post on the General Staff. But his rapid rise had also made him enemies - many of them aristocratic officers in the army's High Command who resented him because he was middle-class, meritocratic and a Jew. In October 1894, the torn fragments of an unsigned memo containing military secrets were retrieved by a cleaning lady from the waste paper basket of Colonel Maximilien von Schwartzkoppen of the German embassy in Paris. When French intelligence discovered they harboured a spy in their midst, Captain Dreyfus, on slender evidence, was charged with selling military secrets to the Germans, found guilty of treason by unanimous verdict and sentenced to life imprisonment on the notorious Devil's Island. The fight to free the wrongfully convicted Dreyfus - over twelve long years, through many trials - is a story rife with heroes and villains, courage and cowardice, dissimulation and deceit. One of the most infamous miscarriages of justice in history, the Dreyfus affair divided France, stunned the world and unleashed violent hatreds and anti-Semitic passions which offered a foretaste of what was to play out in the long, bloody twentieth century to come. Today, amid charged debates over national and religious identity across the globe, its lessons throw into sharp relief the conflicts of the present. In the hands of historian, biographer and prize-winning novelist Piers Paul Read, this masterful epic of the struggle between a minority seeking justice and a military establishment determined to save face comes dramatically alive for a new generation.


Like its larger counterpart, the compact "Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama" by Robert DiYanni features student-centered approaches to literature--from experience to interpretation to evaluation--and an emphasis on making connections between texts and thinking critically about literature. Known for its clear presentation of the formal elements of literature and literary analysis, this compact anthology effectively balances classic, modern, and contemporary works across the three major genres, blending well-known writers with a diverse gathering of newer, international figures. This literary breadth is supplemented by extensive coverage of writing about literature, making this book an excellent text for introduction to literature courses as well as literature-based composition courses.


Many service firms deliver services via a mix of internally developed and delivered (i.e., insourced) and externally developed and delivered (i.e., outsourced) service processes. Service process outsourcing is especially common in e-retailing. Portions of e-retail customer ordering processes and delivery processes can be digitized and contracted to third-party vendors. Via outsourcing, service systems change from dyadic to triadic. Prior research examines consumer perceptions of dyadic (consumer to e-retailer) outcomes, but little research considers service co-delivery with outsourcing partners (i.e., triadic systems). Literature also does not focus on joint associations of service process outsourcing and customer traffic with e-retailer operations. We analyze several years of data on North American e-retailers. We first examine factors associated with e-retailer outsourcing levels, for front-end and back-end service processes. We observe customer traffic is positively associated with future outsourcing. We then examine how outsourcing moderates associations between contemporaneous customer traffic and e-retailer operational performance, as measured by numbers of processed orders, website response times, and customer satisfaction. Results suggest outsourcing levels are associated with operational outcomes, yet surprisingly, high outsourcing and high traffic jointly may not benefit e-retailers.


BACKGROUND
Medically unexplained symptoms and signs are common in the general population and can respond to appropriate managements. We aimed to quantify the types and prevalence of unexplained symptoms and signs experienced by adults with ID and to determine the associated factors.

METHOD
In a population-based study, 1023 adults with ID aged 16 and over had a detailed health assessment, which systematically considered symptoms and signs. Descriptive data were generated on their symptoms and signs. Backwards stepwise logistic modelling was undertaken to determine the factors independently associated with the unexplained symptoms.

RESULTS
Medically unexplained symptoms and signs were present in 664 (64.9%), 3.8 times higher than in the general population, and 470 (45.9%) had multiple unexplained symptoms or signs. Some were similar to those reported in the general population, such as dyspnoea, dyspepsia, headache, nausea and dizziness. However, others are not commonly reported in the general population, including dysphagia, ataxia, polyuria, oedema and skin rash. Having unexplained symptoms and signs was independently associated with older age, female gender, not having Down syndrome, extent of ID and more GP visits in the last 12 months. It was not associated with living in deprived areas, type of living/support arrangements, number of hospital visit in the last 12 months, smoking, autism, problem behaviours or mental disorders.

CONCLUSIONS
People with ID have substantial additional unexplained symptoms and signs, some of which are painful or disabling. These findings should inform the content of health checks undertaken for adults with intellectual disabilities, which should not just focus on management of their long-term conditions and health promotion.


In her contemporaries' imaginations Clara Schumann transcended aesthetic pitfalls endemic to virtuosity. Scholars have stressed her performance of canonic repertory as a practice through which she established this image. In this study I argue that her concerts of the 1830s and 1840s also staged an elevated form of virtuosity through showpieces that inhabited the flagship genres of popular pianism and that, for contemporary critics, possessed qualities of interiority that allowed them to transcend merely physical or "mechanical" engagement with virtuosity. They include Henselt9s etudes and variation sets, Chopin9s "La ci darem" Variations, op. 2, and Clara9s own Romance variee , op. 3, Piano Concerto, op. 7, and Pirate Variations, op. 8. Her 1830s and early 1840s programming offers a window onto a rich intertwining of critical discourse, her own and her peers' compositions, and her strategies as a pianist-composer. This context reveals that aspirations about elevating virtuosity shaped a broader, more varied field of repertory, compositional strategies, and critical responses than we have recognized. It was a capacious, flexible ideology and category whose discourses pervaded the sheet music market, the stage, and the drawing room and embraced not only a venerated, canonic tradition but also the latest popularly styled virtuosic vehicles. In the final stages of the article I propose that Clara Schumann9s 1853 Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann, op. 20, alludes to her work of the 1830s and 1840s, evoking the range of guises this pianist-composer gave to her virtuosity in what was already a wide-ranging career.


The present article proposes a new memory model called Act-In (Activation-Integration). Act-In extends the multiple trace memory models by placing them within the situated cognition perspective. Act-In considers that the activation and integration mechanisms play a key role in memory processes. These mechanisms are involved in both the construction of memory traces and the emergence of knowledge. The model is based on four main assumptions: (1) Memory traces reflect all the components of past experiences and, in particular, their sensory properties, actions performed on the objects in the environment and the emotional states of individuals. Memory traces are therefore distributed across multiple neuronal systems which code the multiple components of the experiences. (2) Knowledge is emergent and is the product of the coupling of the present experience with past experiences. (3) The brain is a categorisation system which develops by accumulating experiences and which, by default, produces categorical knowledge. (4) The emergence of specific knowledge (memories or episodic knowledge) requires very simple mechanisms which occur during learning and/or during retrieval. These assumptions are defended and discussed in the light of the work reported in the literature.


The era that began with the election of the Thatcher and Reagan governments has been dominated by contemporary forms of neoliberalism-based market fundamentalism, globalization as world economic integration and the ideology of free trade, and an attack on big government and social welfare. This book is a historical and theoretical investigation of contemporary neoliberalism in relation to education policy and its rollback of the Keynesian welfare state. It argues that education is the basis of an open society and is a social welfare right in the merging knowledge economy. Drawing on the theoretical lens of Michel Foucault's work on governmentality understood as a form of radical political economy, the book explores and critiques neoliberalism as the ruling ideological consensus. It also questions whether and to what extent its influence will continue, in the face of the destabilization of markets that followed the financial crisis and the global recession that began in 2007, in the advanced liberal economies of the United States and the European Union.