Music and Ultra-Modernism in France examines the priorities of three generational groupings: the pre-war Societe Musicale Independente of Ravel and his circle, Les Six in the 1920s and Jeune France in 1936. Exploring the ideas of consensus, resistance and rupture, the book contributes an important and nuanced reflection to the current debate on modernism in music. It considers the roles composers, critics and biographers played in shaping debates about contemporary music, showing how composers including Ravel, Poulenc, Milhaud, Jolivet and Messiaen and critics such as Paul Landormy, Andre Coeuroy and Roland-Manuel often worked in partnership to bring their ideas to a public forum. It also expands the notion of 'interwar' through the essential inclusion of World War I and the years before, reconfiguring the narrative for that period. This book challenges some of the stereotypes that characterise the period, in particular, neo-classicism and the dominance of secularism. It shows how Stravinsky worked closely with Ravel, Satie and Poulenc and invited audiences and critics to rethink what it meant to be modern. The interwar years were also marked by commemoration and loss. Debussy's wartime death in 1918 stimulated competing efforts (by Emile Vuillermoz, Leon Vallas and Henry Prunieres) to shape his legacy. They were motivated by nostalgia for a lost and glorious generation and a commitment to building a legacy of French achievement. Music and Ultra-Modernism in France argues for the vitality of French music in the period 1913-39 and challenges the received view that the period and its musical culture lacked dynamism, innovation or serious musical debate. BARBARA L. KELLY is Professor of Music at Keele University.


BACKGROUND
Tranexamic acid (TXA) was shown to reduce overall mortality and death secondary to hemorrhage in a large prospective study. This intervention is time sensitive. As such, the Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) guidelines recommend use of this low-cost, safe intervention among patients with possible hemorrhagic shock, penetrating trauma to the thorax or trunk, or extremity amputation.

OBJECTIVE
Prehospital administration of TXA by ground forces in the Afghanistan combat theater is described.

METHODS
We obtained data from the Prehospital Trauma Registry. We searched for all patients with documented hypotension, amputation, or penetrating trauma to the torso.

RESULTS
From January 2013 to September 2014, there were 272 patients who met inclusion criteria. Most injuries (97.8%; n = 266) were battle injuries. Of the 272 patients who met criteria to receive prehospital TXA, 51 (18.8%) received TXA, whereas the remaining 221 (81.2%) did not. Higher proportions of patients receiving TXA versus patients not receiving TXA received hemostatic dressings, pressure dressings, and tourniquet placement. Conversely, the proportion of patients receiving intravenous fluids was higher in the no-TXA group.

CONCLUSION
Overall, proportions of eligible patients receiving TXA were low despite emphasis in the guidelines. The reasons for this low adherence to TCCC guidelines are likely multifactorial. Future research should seek to identify reasons TXA is not given when indicated and to develop training and technology to increase prehospital TXA administration.


Algae are dominant contributors to primary production and have a major impact on biogeochemical cycles because of their unique metabolisms. Few algal genomes have so far been characterized, although whole genome sequences have now been generated from representatives of the green, red and brown algae. In addition, numerous projects are progressing to define algal transcriptomes using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and microarrays. Multiple efforts based on comparative and functional genomics approaches have already generated an influx of exciting data about evolutionary origins and functional innovations of different algal species dispersed throughout the eukaryotic tree of life.

Key concepts:

Algal species have little common phylogeny and are widely dispersed throughout the eukaryotic tree of life.

Red and green algae lie within the Archaeplastida whereas brown algae lie within the Stramenopile and Alveolata lineages.

Brown algae have secondary plastids, thought to be derived from secondary endosymbiosis.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents the best-studied experimental system for algae.

Diatom genomes are highly chimeric in nature, with genes derived from both partners of the secondary endosymbiosis, as well as large numbers of bacterial genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

The existence of C4 photosynthesis in algae has not yet been conclusively demonstrated.

Distinct algal species often comprise ecotypes optimized for growth in specific environmental conditions.

Keywords:

algal genome;
biofuel;
chlamydomonas;
diatom;
prasinophyte;
transcriptome


Abstract Renalcids are a problematic group of mostly Paleozoic microbial fossils. In the Upper Devonian reef complex of the Canning Basin, Western Australia, they grew in cryptic reef environments, such as the undersides of laminar stromatoporoids during Frasnian time and within arborescent thrombolites during Famennian time. Renalcids preferred a pendant growth habit and were often the final phase of microbial encrustation in reef crypts. The micritic chambers of the Upper Devonian renalcids, Shuguria and Izhella, have carbon isotope values 0.3–1.8‰ lower than contemporaneous early marine cements, suggesting incorporation of respired CO2 into the micrite. Based on growth environment and carbon-isotope geochemistry, renalcids are neither fossilized cyanobacteria nor marine algae. Renalcids may be fossilized biofilm clusters, which calcified due to heterotrophic bacterial activity within biofilm microenvironments. The dendritic clots of the renalcids are similar in size and morphology to reported microbial clusters observed in laboratory biofilms and modern bacterial shrubs from travertine deposits. Cloudy microcrystalline cement and weakly laminated micrite immediately surrounding the renalcid chambers may have formed by calcification and sediment agglutination in extra-polymeric substances associated with the biofilm clusters. The biofilm model of renalcids explains their geochemistry, cryptic habitat, and morphology. Preservation of biofilms as renalcids may have required rapid calcite precipitation rates.


Manipulation can be performed when intermediate voting results are known; voters might attempt to vote strategically and try and manipulate the results during an iterative voting process. When only partial voting preferences are available, preference elicitation is necessary. In this paper, we combine two approaches of iterative processes: iterative preference elicitation and iterative voting and study the outcome and performance of a setting where manipulative voters submit partial preferences. We provide practical algorithms for manipulation under the Borda voting rule and evaluate those using different voting centers: the Careful voting center that tries to avoid manipulation and the Naive voting center. We show that in practice, manipulation happens in a low percentage of the settings and has a low impact on the final outcome. The Careful voting center reduces manipulation even further.


The purpose of this research is to describe intelligence in creating realist sculpture works using raw materials of teak roots / teak stumps. This is motivated by the large amount of teak root waste that can be used for art work and capable of producing high economic value. But the results of observations made by the author so far, the work of art produced from teak root material is mostly just responded to as is and or made in an unrealistic form. To answer this problem the method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data obtained by observation in the field, in-depth observations, through literature and internet sources as well as direct practice writers. The writer as a researcher is an actor in the creation of works of art. The results of this study obtained a description of the smart ways of creating realist sculpture by using teak root / teak wood stumps, namely: smart in choosing raw materials, responding to raw materials, forming globally, forming in detail, the process of patching, drying, and finishing. The expected benefit of the results of this study is that it can help researchers / artists steps in creating realist sculpture works using raw materials of teak roots / teak stumps.
Keywords: Intelligent, creative, realist sculpture, teak root (teak hump)


The 'multiple hit' hypothesis of Parkinson disease (PD) suggests that the combination of several risk factors leads to the development of PD. Here, we explore the interaction between two potential causes of PD; a genetic mutation in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene and exposure to the neurotoxin, Paraquat. This project characterizes transgenic BAC rats expressing human LRRK2 bearing the familial PD mutation, R1441G. These rats were tested for PD-related deficits at 3, 6, 9 & 12 months. These rats were then exposed to intraperitoneal injections of Paraquat. We hypothesized that LRRK2 R1441G rats will show increased vulnerability to Paraquat compared to wildtype controls. Our results showed that LRRK2 R1441G rats are not significantly different from wildtype rats by the 12 month stage, suggesting that this mutation alone is insufficient to manifest PD-like features in rats. In addition LRRK2 R1441G rats failed to show increased vulnerability to Paraquat administration.


Five commercial pit additive products were examined for effectiveness of controlling the release of odorous and volatile compounds from swine manure. pH, volatile fatty adds, total solids, total volatile solids, total N, and total ammonia N were monitored, and levels of aerial ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were measured. Odor thresholds were determined by a dynamic triangle forced-choice olfactometer. The five products tested reduced the odor thresholds from 58 to 87% as compared with control samples. Three of the five products showed significant reductions in volatile fatty acids (34-44%; P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the odor threshold is not correlated with volatile fatty acids concentrations existing in the swine manure (coefficient of correlation: r = 0.16). Malodor could be produced by certain types of volatile fatty acids not necessarily present in high concentrations. The abatement of ammonia emission from swine manure was not determined in this study due to low pH values for both the treated and control samples.


BACKGROUND
Inhaled beta(2)-agonist therapy is central to the management of acute asthma. For rapid bronchodilation in severe cases, penetration of inhaled drug to the affected small conducting airway may be impeded, and the intravenous (IV) rather than inhaled administration of bronchodilators may provide an earlier response. IV beta(2)-agonist agents and IV aminophylline may also be considered as additional interventions in this setting and this review compares IV beta-agonist agents and IV aminophylline in the treatment of people with acute asthma.

OBJECTIVES
To compare the benefit of IV beta(2)-agonists versus IV aminophylline for acute asthma treated in the emergency department and in patients admitted to hospital with acute severe asthma.

SEARCH METHODS
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified using the Cochrane Airways Group Register, which is compiled from systematic searches of bibliographic databases as well as handsearching of respiratory journals and conference abstracts. The latest search was run in September 2012. We searched bibliographies from included studies and known reviews were also searched. Primary authors and content experts were contacted to identify eligible studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included RCTs of patients who presented to the emergency department with acute asthma, and patients admitted to hospital with acute severe asthma, and were treated with IV beta(2)-agonists versus IV aminophylline. Two review authors independently selected potentially relevant articles and selected articles for inclusion. Methodological quality was independently assessed using two scoring systems and two review authors.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data were extracted independently by two review authors. Missing data were obtained from authors or calculated from data present in the papers. Trials were combined using a random-effects model for odds ratios (OR) or mean differences (MD) and reported with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

MAIN RESULTS
Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria and in total they included 350 patients. However, opportunities to combine these studies in meta-analyses were limited by the variations in the range of outcomes reported in the trials.Length of stayTwo studies reported length of stay. They were both paediatric trials (with one in paediatric intensive care unit), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (MD 23.19 hours; 95% CI -2.40 to 48.77 hours; 2 studies; N = 73). Individual separate MD analyses for the two studies also indicated no significant difference between the aminophylline and beta(2)-agonist on this outcome. However, this finding should be interpreted with caution owing to the small number of trials and participants the analysis.Pulmonary functionThere were no significant differences in the sequential or summative pulmonary function demonstrated across the studies.Heart rateData for serial heart rates were reported in three studies at various points from 15 to 60 minutes and in each case there were no significant differences between people in the IV aminophylline or beta(2)-agonist groups. The difference between the two groups with respect to final heart rate was statistically significant (MD 10.00; 95% CI 0.99 to 19.01), although these data are from a single, small study and should be interpreted with caution.Adverse effectsThe analyses for giddiness (OR 59.22; 95% CI 2.80 to 1253.05; 1 study; N = 30), nausea/vomiting (where reported as a combined outcome) (OR 14.18; 95% CI 1.62 to 124.52; 2 studies; N = 96) and nausea (OR 6.53; 95% CI 1.60 to 26.72; 2 studies; N = 49) all significantly favoured beta(2)-agonists. In view of the very small number of studies and number of patients contributing to these analyses these results should be interpreted with caution. A closely related review considering the possible benefits of adding IV aminophylline to beta-agonists in adults with acute asthma also indicates a higher incidence of adverse effects associated with IV aminophylline.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
In the included RCTs there was no consistent evidence favouring either IV beta(2)-agonists or IV aminophylline for patients with acute asthma. The opportunity to draw clear conclusions is limited by the heterogeneity of outcomes evaluated and the small sample sizes in the included studies. It is recommended that these data should be viewed carefully alongside the conclusions from separate Cochrane reviews comparing IV beta(2)-agonists plus inhaled beta(2)-agonists versus inhaled beta(2)-agonists alone and IV aminophylline plus inhaled beta(2)-agonists versus inhaled beta(2)-agonists alone.


Early childhood educators often describe classroom quality in terms that indicate we can "recognize it when we see it", but we have struggled to provide measures that capture some of the more subjective components of quality. A multi-level qualitative study was designed as an attempt to better understand and operationalize specific teacher practices occurring in high quality preschool classrooms. Focus group discussions with experienced classroom assessors were conducted to better understand specific attributes present in classrooms where children are engaged in the learning process and participate in classroom activities. Identified themes and constructs from the focus groups were supported by current literature and guided development of a preliminary tool used in classroom observations. Observations were used to support use of some items on the tool, provide needed revisions to language, and to identify additional important contributors to children's engagement. Findings from the classroom observations indicated a low occurrence of many items on the tool, as well as the continued need to provide measurement strategies and tools that capture important contextual factors and unique characteristics existing in classrooms.


Over the last decade, Pakistan has faced several major disasters, involving both natural hazards and conflict. These crises prompted tremendous national and international response, and triggered the Government of Pakistan to establish new institutions, policies, strategies and action plans. Donors, humanitarian and development organisations,however, tend to follow their own policies, plans and interests, which may be quite different from the government entities dealing with humanitarian efforts, climate change and disaster.To what extent do these different perspectives affect the ability of the government to respond effectively and coordinate with humanitarian and development organisations during different phases of a crisis? This article examines the existing institutions, policies and perspectives that guide how government, humanitarian and development organisations, and community members understand risk and vulnerability, and respond to climate changes. It suggests how knowledge sharing and coordination might be improved to better face the challenges of risk and vulnerability reduction in the future.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population. AD currently affects approximately 27 million people worldwide. A pathological hallmark of AD is the accumulation and deposition of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in neuritic plaques and cerebral blood vessels in the brain. The amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that any treatment reducing the production of Aβ or facilitating its clearance is likely to prevent or delay cognitive decline. Passive immunization with anti-Aβ antibodies constitutes a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. Injected anti-Aβ antibodies can slow cognitive decline and decrease Aβ burden. However, Fc-induced responses and high costs of the treatment remain a concern for its wide use in AD patients. Here we report the use of a novel passive immunotherapy approach based on the intracerebral implantation of encapsulated myoblasts genetically engineered to chronically release single-chain Fv antibody fragments (scFv) targeted to the EFRH N-terminus peptide of Aβ, adjacent to the BACE1 secretase cleavage site. Implantation of permeable capsules containing scFV-secreting myoblasts into the brain prevented the production and aggregation of Aβ in the APP23 transgenic AD mouse model, by binding to soluble Aβ species, and interfering with the BACE1 cleavage of huAPP. Functional effects six-month post-implantation in mice showed significant behavioral recovery in anxiety and memory traits. 1H MRS spectroscopy indicated that reduced levels of phosphocholine in the hippocampus following scFv-capsule therapy were preventing neuronal cell membrane disruption. The present work demonstrates the principle of cell encapsulation technology for in situ chronic delivery of antibodies in the CNS and its potential application for AD, and opens the possibility for its use in peripheral antibody delivery. This novel technique could also benefit the various diseases presently treated by antibody administration.


With the rise of neoliberal economy in Europe, decent urban housing has become unaffordable for many Europeans in recent decades. This has further produced socioeconomic pressure on urban-policy makers across the continent. In post-socialist countries such as Serbia, neoliberal development has generally been merged with post-socialist transformation, making them more vulnerable to the deficiency of affordable housing. Moreover, Serbian housing has also been impacted by a distinct socialist housing model and a turbulent recent history. Therefore, housing planning and policy in Serbia cannot be simply prescribed from international level; it requires thoughtful adjustment to local conditions. It is unclear which institutional body had to be responsible for this complex process. The fall of socialism in the former Yugoslavia was marked by the collapse of old socialist-type housing agencies, known as the Housing Funds. New forms of housing agencies, developed to deal with still unregulated property issues in housing, old housing stock, and fragile housing market, have not achieved a wider significance. The aim of this research is to propose the role and basic organisation of future housing-related agencies in Serbia. It is done through the systematisation and analysis of Serbian housing with particular focus on governance and planning, as a premise for the model of housing agencies.


When the first Supreme Court convened in 1790, it was so ill-esteemed that its justices frequently resigned in favor of other pursuits. John Rutledge stepped down as Associate Justice to become a state judge in South Carolina; John Jay resigned as Chief Justice to run for Governor of New York; and Alexander Hamilton declined to replace Jay, pursuing a private law practice instead. As Bernard Schwartz shows in this landmark history, the Supreme Court has indeed travelled a long and interesting journey to its current preeminent place in American life. In A History of the Supreme Court, Schwartz provides the finest, most comprehensive one-volume narrative ever published of our highest court. With impeccable scholarship and a clear, engaging style, he tells the story of the justices and their jurisprudence--and the influence the Court has had on American politics and society. With a keen ability to explain complex legal issues for the nonspecialist, he takes us through both the great and the undistinguised Courts of our nation's history. He provides insight into our foremost justices, such as John Marshall (who established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison, an outstanding display of political calculation as well as fine jurisprudence), Roger Taney (whose legacy has been overshadowed by Dred Scott v. Sanford), Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louis Brandeis, Benjamin Cardozo, and others. He draws on evidence such as personal letters and interviews to show how the court has worked, weaving narrative details into deft discussions of the developments in constitutional law. Schwartz also examines the operations of the court: until 1935, it met in a small room under the Senate--so cramped that the judges had to put on their robes in full view of the spectators. But when the new building was finally opened, one justice called it "almost bombastically pretentious," and another asked, "What are we supposed to do, ride in on nine elephants?" He includes fascinating asides, on the debate in the first Court, for instance, over the use of English-style wigs and gowns (the decision: gowns, no wigs); and on the day Oliver Wendell Holmes announced his resignation--the same day that Earl Warren, as a California District Attorney, argued his first case before the Court. The author brings the story right up to the present day, offering balanced analyses of the pivotal Warren Court and the Rehnquist Court through 1992 (including, of course, the arrival of Clarence Thomas). In addition, he includes four special chapters on watershed cases: Dred Scott v. Sanford, Lochner v. New York, Brown v. Board of Education, and Roe v. Wade. Schwartz not only analyzes the impact of each of these epoch-making cases, he takes us behind the scenes, drawing on all available evidence to show how the justices debated the cases and how they settled on their opinions. Bernard Schwartz is one of the most highly regarded scholars of the Supreme Court, author of dozens of books on the law, and winner of the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel Award. In this remarkable account, he provides the definitive one-volume account of our nation's highest court.


Introduction. Previous investigations that have attempted to relate mechanical parameters to NSLBP groups are often contradictory of each other, and currently clear mechanical markers for LBP remain elusive. In order to move forward in this area, it may be necessary to take a step back, and improve understanding of 'normal' spinal biomechanics (i.e. in low back pain free populations). Indeed, Peach et al. (1998) stated "By knowing what is "normal" and what is "abnormal" it may be possible to provide objective evaluation of rehabilitation protocols, and possibly classify different low back pathologies" (Peach et al. 1998). Therefore, an improved understanding of biomechanical behaviours in groups of back pain free people is desirable, particularly at an inter-vertebral level, an area where clear knowledge gaps still exist. Control of the spine during voluntary movement requires finely-tuned coordination of numerous trunk muscles. This dynamic control is believed to be achieved via communication between three sub-systems, the passive (vertebrae, discs and ligaments), the active (muscles and tendons) and the control (central and peripheral nervous system) systems. Investigating the interplay between these sub-systems however is difficult, as the spine is a complex structure with a hidden kinematic chain. Quantitative fluoroscopy (QF) is an imaging technology capable of measuring continuous spinal kinematics at the inter-vertebral level, and surface electromyography (sEMG) provides a non-invasive means of objectively quantifying muscle activity. This study used QF and sEMG technologies concurrently to investigate relationships between and amongst lumbar kinematic (QF determined) and muscle activity (sEMG determined) variables, during weight-bearing active forward flexion. This was the first time such technologies have been combined to investigate the biomechanics of the lumbar spine in vivo. An improved understanding of normal lumbar kinematic and myoelectric behaviour, will assist in the interpretation of what is abnormal in terms of inter-vertebral spinal mechanics. Methods. Contemporaneous lumbar sEMG and QF motion sequences were recorded during controlled active flexion of 60° in 20 males with no history of low back pain in the previous year. Electrodes were placed adjacent to the spinous processes of T9, L2 and L5 bilaterally, to record the myoelectric activity of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae (TES and LES) and lumbar multifidus (LMU) respectively. QF was used concurrently to measure the maximum inter-vertebral rotation during flexion (IV-RoMmax) and initial attainment rate for the inter-vertebral levels between L2 and S1, as well as each participant's lordotic angle. The sEMG amplitude data were expressed as a percentage of a sub-maximal voluntary contraction (sMVC). Ratios were calculated between the mean sEMG amplitudes of all three muscles examined. Each flexion cycle was also divided into five epochs, and the changes in mean sEMG amplitude between epochs were calculated. This was repeated to determine changes between all epochs for each muscle group. Relationships between IV-RoMmax and all other kinematic, morphological (i.e. lordosis) and muscle activity variables were determined using correlation coefficients, and simple linear regression was used to determine the effects of any significant relationships. The reliability and agreement of the IV-RoMmax, initial attainment rate, and normalised RMS sEMG measurements were also assessed. Results. The reliability and agreement of IV-RoMmax, initial attainment rate and sEMG amplitude measurements were high. There were significant correlations between the IV-RoMmax at specific levels and the IV-RoMmax at other lumbar motion segments (r = -0.64 to 0.65), lordosis (r = -0.52 to 0.54), initial attainment rate (-0.64 to 0.73), sEMG amplitude ratios (r = -0.53) and sEMG amplitude changes (r = -0.48 to 0.59). Simple linear regression analysis of all significant relationships showed that these variables predict between 18% and 42% of the variance in IV-RoMmax. Conclusion. The study found moderately strong relationships between kinematic, morphological and muscle activity amplitude variables and the IV-RoMmax of lumbar motion segments. The effects of individual parameters, when combined, may be important when such inter-vertebral levels are considered to be sources of pain generation or targets for therapy. This is an important consideration for future non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) research, as any attempts to associate these parameters with low back pain (LBP), should also now take in to account the normal biomechanical behaviour of an individual's lumbar spine. Indeed, consideration should be given to the interactions that exists between such parameters, and they should not be considered in isolation. Multivariate investigations in larger samples are warranted to determine the relative independent contribution of these variables to the IV-RoMmax.


Background: At present, Klebsiella oxytoca is emerging as a crucial persisted bacterial pathogen in urinary tract infection (UTI), which causes true public health problems worldwide. This study aimed to detect the incidence of K. oxytoca in patients severe from UTI with antibiotic sensitivity tests that assist urologist doctors for appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for this bacterium. Methods: K. oxytoca isolated clinically from urine samples during the period from January 2018 to December 2019 at the Al-Shomally General Hospital, Babil, Iraq, and a private laboratory in Babil city. A total of 430 patients were involved in this study; urine samples were processed at the hospital laboratory during this period; and a diagnosis has been done by the routine bacteriological diagnosis as well as VITEK® 2 system. Results: Of these 430 urine samples, 122 had bacterial growth; two types of Klebsiella species have been isolated in 18 patients (14.75%) of total specimens; K. pneumonia detected in 16 patients (89%); and K. oxytoca in 2 patients (11%) of the total Klebsiella species. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria (56; 45.90%). K. oxytoca UTI isolates were sensitive to amikacin, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin. However, these isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin, cefotazidime, clindamycin, nitrofurantoin, and cefotaxime. Conclusion: The current study showed an increasing burden of UTI caused by K. oxytoca. Multidrug resistance is associated with K. oxytoca implicated in UTI that causes changeable sensitivity to various antimicrobial agents.


BACKGROUND - Videothoracoscopic for the treatment of hyperhidrosis is carried out by clamping of the sympathetic trunk, with a possibility for reversal in cases of intense compensatory sweating. O BJECTIVE - To evaluate therapeutic success, satisfaction, and compensatory sweating in patients submitted to this technique. M ETHOD - Prospective study in which 45 patients were divided into two groups. Group I: one patient with palmar hyperhidrosis and 20 patients with palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis submitted to a T3 block; Group II: four patients with axillary hyperhidrosis, two with axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis, two with axillary and plantar hyperhidrosis, and 16 with axillary, palmar, and plantar hyperhidrosis submitted to a block of T3 and T4. R ESULTS - In Group I, 95.2% of the patients had palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis, and in Group II, 66.7% had axillary, palmar, and plantar hyperhidrosis. For the palmar region, excellent or good results occurred in 95.3% of Group I and in 94.4% of Group II; in the plantar region, 40% of Group I and 44.5% of Group II presented good results; in the axillary region, 95.8% reported excellent or good results. In six months, 76.2% of Group I and 91.7% of Group II had experienced compensatory sweating, but intense compensatory sweating occurred in only three patients of Group II. C ONCLUSIONS - This treatment proved to be effective for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. At the end of six months, all patients from Group I and 95.9% of the patients from Group II were satisfied with the results.


Revising the author's 1996 argument in "Translation as Phantom Limb," the article argues that the proprioceptive system, a proprioception of the body politic, which controls the phantom limb phenomenon, has a collective extension that organizes group behavior--and that translation is in essence an extremely complex social activity involving the alignment of two collective proprioceptive systems (source-cultural and target-cultural) in order to produce a single text. Through close readings of Viktor Shklovsky's essays on estrangement, the author shows that postcolonial translation theories from the early nineties, like those offered by Venuti, Niranjana, and Cheyfitz, are essentially talking about the enlivening effect temporal and cultural estrangement can have on the readers of a translation. A version of this article was delivered at the 2006 ATA Conference in New Orleans as the Marilyn Gaddis Rose Lecture.


In order to better understand the high complexity of the brain, the detailed study of its individual components clearly seems insufficient. The backbone of complexity in the nervous system is composed of the large scale architectural characteristics of the neuronal network. Newly, by the advent of MR tractography, its investigation is accessible. We report on two important network characteristics that were already guessed from functional investigations and animal ex vivo studies, but never directly addressed in the human subject, ie the small world and hierarchical architecture of the human long-range brain axonal network.


The evolutionary model presented in this paper depicts an industrial sector with a varying degree of economic roundaboutness, i.e. vertical division of labour between producers and users of different types of intermediate products that are ultimately used for the production of a single final product. To include this vertical aspect of industrial dynamics, the model adds the concept of production trees to the evolutionary models of Schumpeterian competition. The specification of this concept suggests the use of the notions of graph theory and the related algorithms of computer science in the treatment of industrial novelty, including structural innovations. Although the model is developed within the Nelson and Winter tradition, the introduction of the 'Austrian' issue of roundaboutness implies a major extension of the research agenda, including production- structure innovations, the emergence and functioning of markets for intermediate products, ways of coping with the instability of upstream markets, the spread of the effects of an upstream innovation, and the measurement of the degree of roundaboutness and of overall productivity. The model reflects a Schumpeterian version of the Bohm-Bawerkian vision of the emergence of increased long-term roundaboutness of production. The Schumpeterian approach implies an innovation- and entrepreneur-driven process of vertical disintegration and reintegration.


The study reported here was undertaken to gauge stakeholders' perceptions in the Rondebosch / Rosebank area of Cape Town with the aim of using these views to guide the design of a possible City Improvement District (CID) for the area. Several surveys and some follow-up structured interviews were conducted. The surveys involved commercial property owners (21), commercial tenants (50), residents (102), shoppers (101) and students (1371). The questionnaires covered the areas of safety and security, litter / grime and cleaning, parking, informal trading, public transport, the public environment, and social issues.
The main finding in respect of safety and security was that it was ranked by all respondent types as the most serious problem in the area. A common complaint is the apparent lack of visible policing. Whilst the cleanliness of the Rondebosch / Rosebank area appears to be 'acceptable', graffiti is perceived as a nuisance. The availability of on-street parking is considered inadequate and vehicles parked on the street are not considered secure. Car guards are seen as annoying or threatening by many. Whilst the concept of informal trading enjoys wide support in principle, the majority of stakeholders want it to be managed by the local authority in specific ways. Mini-bus taxis are not viewed positively and the majority of respondents consider taxis to have a negative impact on the image of the area. The quality of the public environment is well regarded, although the maintenance of pavements and street lighting is seen by some as a problem. Whilst there is considerable tolerance of street children, vagrants and homeless people are perceived to detract from the image of the area, display threatening behaviour, and harass people for food and / or money .
A clear majority of participants would support the introduction of a Rondebosch / Rosebank CID.


ABSTRACT Unlike regular automotive vehicles, which are designed to travel in different types of roads, railway vehicles travel mostly in the same route during their life cycle. To accept the operation of a railway vehicle in a particular network, a homologation process is required according to local standard regulations. In Europe, the standards EN 14363 and UIC 518, which are used for railway vehicle acceptance, require on-track tests and/or numerical simulations. An important advantage of using virtual homologation is the reduction of the high costs associated with on-track tests by studying the railway vehicle performance in different operation conditions. This work proposes a methodology for the improvement of railway vehicle design with the objective of its operation in selected railway tracks by using optimisation. The analyses required for the vehicle improvement are performed under control of the optimisation method global and local optimisation using direct search. To quantify the performance of the vehicle, a new objective function is proposed, which includes: a Dynamic Performance Index, defined as a weighted sum of the indices obtained from the virtual homologation process; the non-compensated acceleration, which is related to the operational velocity; and a penalty associated with cases where the vehicle presents an unacceptable dynamic behaviour according to the standards. Thus, the optimisation process intends not only to improve the quality of the vehicle in terms of running safety and ride quality, but also to increase the vehicle availability via the reduction of the time for a journey while ensuring its operational acceptance under the standards. The design variables include the suspension characteristics and the operational velocity of the vehicle, which are allowed to vary in an acceptable range of variation. The results of the optimisation lead to a global minimum of the objective function in which the suspensions characteristics of the vehicle are optimal for the track, the maximum operational velocity is increased while the safety and ride quality measures of the vehicle, as defined by homologation standards, are either maintained in acceptable values or improved.


This article assesses the evidence used in arguments for the role of the media in conflict and post-conflict situations. It focuses on two broad areas within the literature. First, it examines literature on the contribution of media in war to peace transitions, including an assessment of the evidence used to show how the media may contribute to violent conflict and how they may provoke, or hinder, post-conflict reconstruction. Second, it assesses evidence used in arguments for the role new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) such as the Internet and mobile phones may have in liberation or oppression in developing country contexts. Through reviewing some of the most significant papers that were systematically selected in a literature review on media and conflict, our findings suggest that there are serious gaps in the evidence and the majority of evidence is located in the 'grey literature' or policy documents. The article concludes by suggesting future research agendas to address these gaps.


In the recent years, continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) had a widespread development in Pediatrics due to the fact it is a simple and safe system for fluid management, however, CPD can cause relevant side effects, such as for example symptomatic fluid retention in patients. Thus, the main criteria capable of minimizing the expected morbility and mortality rate remains, de facto, an open question. In the paucity of clinical data concerning the definition and measures the adequacy of dialysis in children treated by means of CPD, the low-volume technique appears an effective modality of the treatment. Due to: (a) the lack, in the authors' knowledge, of commercially available systems for neonatal and pediatric use and (b) the cumbersome and time-consuming surveillance in the manually supervised low-volume CPD, the development of an automatic delivering system appears of interest. In the present paper we describe: (a) the design criteria of a simple and entirely automatic system that is directly settable by pediatric nephrologists and (b) the outcomes of the metrological tests obtained in the in-vitro trials.


Abstract Deforestation is a global phenomenon threatening the biodiversity of many unique forested ecosystems. The volcanic calderas of Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, experienced widespread deforestation from 1860 to 1900 when >98% of the indigenous forest was removed. Streams on the Peninsula possess several regionally‐endemic species. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of historic deforestation on stream faunas by surveying the distribution of endemic and other benthic invertebrate species in relation to remnant and regenerating indigenous forest fragments. Twenty‐seven sites, in nine catchments were surveyed. Three catchments were dominated by forest, three by farmland, and three were predominantly farmland with forested headwaters. Taxonomic richness was significantly greater in forested streams than agricultural streams, particularly for Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa. Distributions of the regionally‐endemic hydrobiosid caddisflies Costachorema peninsulae and Edpercivalia banksiensis were restricted to forest fragments. Two other endemics, the stonefly Zelandobius wardi and the caddisfly Hydrobiosis styx, were rarely collected but seemed to be restricted to headwater sites in forest. In contrast, the blepharicerid Neocurupira chiltoni was widely distributed in streams, regardless of land cover, and in relative abundances unrelated to site location within the catchment. Evidence from Banks Peninsula streams suggests that throughout New Zealand a number of species unknown to science may have been lost because of past deforestation, and that remnant forested habitats may be vital to the conservation and preservation of regionally endemic species.


There is a growing literature looking at how men and women respond differently to competition. We contribute to this literature by studying gender differences in performance in a high-stakes and male dominated competitive environment, expert chess tournaments. Our findings show that women underperform compared to men of the same ability and that the gender composition of games drives this effect. Using within player variation in the conditionally random gender of their opponent, we find that women earn significantly worse outcomes against male opponents. We examine the mechanisms through which this effect operates by using a unique measure of within game quality of play. We find that the gender composition effect is driven by women playing worse against men, rather than by men playing better against women. The gender of the opponent does not affect a male player's quality of play. We also find that men persist longer against women before resigning. These results suggest that the gender composition of competitions affects the behavior of both men and women in ways that are detrimental to the performance of women. Lastly, we study the effect of competitive pressure and find that players' quality of play deteriorates when stakes increase, though we find no differential effect over the gender composition of games.


The rate of acquiring biological data has greatly surpassed our ability to interpret it. At the same time, we have started to understand that evolution of many diseases such as cancer, are the results of the interplay between the disease itself and the immune system of the host. It is now well accepted that cancer is not a single disease, but a "complex collection of distinct genetic diseases united by common hallmarks". Understanding the differences between such disease subtypes is key not only in providing adequate treatments for known subtypes but also identifying new ones. These unforeseen disease subtypes are one of the main reasons high-profile clinical trials fail. To identify such cases, we proposed a classification technique, based on Support Vector Machines, that is able to automatically identify samples that are dissimilar from the classes used for training. We assessed the performance of this approach both with artificial data and data from the UCI machine learning repository. Moreover, we showed in a leukemia experiment that our method is able to identify 65% of the MLL patients when it was trained only on AML vs. ALL. In addition, to augment our ability to understand the disease mechanism in each subgroup, we proposed a systems biology approach able to consider all measured gene expressing changes, thus eliminating the possibility that small but important gene changes (e.g. transcription factors) are omitted from the analysis. We showed that this approach provides consistent results that do not depend on the choice of an arbitrary threshold for the differential regulation. We also showed in a multiple sclerosis study that this approach is able to obtain consistent results across multiple experiments performed by different groups on different technologies, that could not be achieved based solely using differential expression. The cut-off free impact analysis was released as part of the ROntoTools Bioconductor package.


Private military companies are not a transient phenomenon, but probably they present the future providers of military activities. Although security and defense have always been tasks that were exclusively performed by government institutions, the state monopoly on the instruments of force was weakened in the last decades as a result of the privatization trend. This change in the supplier of public services was triggered by worldwide occurring austerity measures which had a severe impact on defense budgets that were already heavily charged with enormous costs for more and more important logistic functions and the development of high-tech weapon systems within most armies. This gap of lacking financial resources and the coeval need in state-of-the-art equipment and service was soon filled by private providers, namely PMCs, being able to work more efficient as public institutions yet still cost-effective. Nevertheless, the defense array cannot be treated like any other industry that is privatized as whenever the exercise of force and weapons is concerned outmost precaution has to exhibit. Bearing in mind recent problems of irregularities at defense contracts tendering procedures and criminal convictions of private military company's employees in the Iraq War it is indispensable to keep a tab on and possibly restrain the suppliers of privatized defense tasks. The options for inclusion of private companies for defense functions are manifold and show many peculiarities. As the United States have commonly taken a stake in international armed conflicts for decades and also have made full use of PMCs, this paper focuses on several aspects of outsourcing within the area of the U.S. Army. (author's abstract)


In this paper we compare the reform experiences of China and India focusing on three specific areas of industrial policy. We begin with a comparison of the macro economic performance of the two countries and find that except on the inflation front China is better placed than India. China has grown at almost double the rate of India largely because of very high savings and investment rates. Of course, economic reforms have provided the necessary policy environment for China to attain and sustain high growth. First we compare the extent of deregulation in China and India in the areas of prices, labor and land laws, and exit policy for firms. We find that the non-state sector of China, which is the main driving force of China's impressive growth has performed so well largely because it operates primarily under market conditions. China has gone far ahead of India in respect of deregulation of their nonstate sector. Price reforms have been extensive, labor is mobile, labor laws are liberal, and firms are free to enter and exit from the market. The results achieved in the process speak for themselves. In India, by contrast, much needs to be done for private sector deregulation, price reform has been limited, labor and land laws are stringent, and while firms have no entry barriers, they do, however, face strong exit barriers. Second, we draw comparison between the Chinese township and village enterprises and the Indian small scale industries. While these have been promoted in both the countries through preferential policies, however, their objectives have been different, and hence the results. Chinese small enterprises are given initial support only as against the policy in India wherein incentives are available as long as a firm remains in small scale. Moreover, in India, items are reserved to be produced exclusively by the small scale industry. While both have grown overtime, the ones in China have grown much faster. Finally, we compare special economic zones of China with export processing zones of India. We find that although both the countries have offered similar incentives to prospective investors, the story is very different in the two countries. The zones in China have been highly successful in attracting foreign investment, promoting exports, and generating employment than they have been in India. We identify a number of factors for the performance differentials in the two countries. Nirupam Bajpai is Development Associate at the Harvard Institute for International Development. Tianlun Jian was a Research Associate at the Harvard Institute for International Development when this paper was written and is now a investment analyst at the Caspian Asset Management, New York. Jeffrey D. Sachs is the Director of the Harvard Institute for International Development and the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade at the Department of Economics, Harvard University.


The Paris Agreement sets a clear target for net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the mid‐21st century. This implies that the transport sector has to reach zero GHG emissions mainly through direct and indirect electrification in the form of synthetic fuels, such as hydrogen and Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) fuels. The results of this research document that this very ambitious target is possible. This research analyses the global solar photovoltaics (PV) demand for achieving the Paris targets in the transport sector by the year 2050. The methodology is composed of the derivation of the transportation demand converted into final energy demand for direct electrification, hydrogen, methane, and FT‐fuels production. The power‐to‐gas (H2, CH4) and power‐to‐liquids (FT fuels) value chains are applied for the total electricity demand, which will be mostly fulfilled by PV, taking into account previous results concerning the renewable electricity share of the energy transition in the power sector for the world structured in 145 regions and results aggregated to nine major regions. The results show a continuous demand increase for all transportation modes till 2050. The total global PV capacity demand by 2050 for the transport sector is estimated to be about 19.1 TWp, thereof 35%, 25%, 7%, and 33% for direct electrification, hydrogen, synthetic natural gas, and FT fuels, respectively. PV will be the key enabler of a full defossilisation of the transport sector with a demand comparable with the power sector but a slightly later growth dynamic, leading to a combined annual PV capacity demand of about 1.8 TWp around 2050.


Recent studies indicate that firms often outsource standard and simple tasks, while keeping complex and important inputs inside their boundaries. This observation is difficult to reconcile with the property rights approach of the firm, which suggests that important components should be outsourced in order to properly incentivize the respective suppliers. In this paper we introduce economies of scope into a property rights model where a producer contracts with two suppliers. The organizational decision is driven by two countervailing effects: the ownership rights effect favors outsourcing, while the "indirect" effect via the suppliers' costs favors vertical integration of both inputs. If production is highly component intensive, and if one input is much more important than the other, we show that vertical integration of the "more important" and outsourcing of the "less important" supplier is chosen in equilibrium. We also consider an open economy setup where the producer decides whether to offshore inputs.


In this paper we describe the design and development of a multi-touch surface and software that challenges current approaches to the production and consumption of comics. Authorship of the comics involves drawing the 'top level' of the story directly onto paper and projecting lower-level narrative elements, such as objects, characters, dialogue, descriptions and/or events onto the paper via a multi-touch interface. In terms of the impact this has upon the experience of reading and writing, the implementation of paper is intended to facilitate the creation of high-level overviews of stories, while the touch surface allows users to generate branches through the addition of artifacts in accordance with certain theories about interactive narratives. This provides the opportunity to participate in the reading and authoring of both traditional, paper-based texts and interactive, digital scenarios. Prototype comics are used to demonstrate this approach to reading and writing top-level and low-level narratives.


Voting behavior which is voters who do not exercise their voting right called as the white group (gol put) is one of the prominent Indonesia political phenomena today especially since the direct election era of 2004.This study discusses The problem which happened in Sub district of Bandung West Java Province, by taking case in 2008 West Java Gubernatorial Election. The main research question is level of non-voters the white group significant enough?Qualitative approach with data collecting include observation, interviews and documentary study. The results showed that the white group happened in Sub district of Bandung dominated by intellectual groups who's enough education and think idealist such as university students, businessmen, teachers, and other middle class communities. White group found expressly not to use their election right and it can be seen from voice letter which is illegal. The elements that influence the voting attitude of the white group voter can be seen from the voters apathetic attitude, the element of administrative technical and lack of socialization.


OBJECTIVES: Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) report lower health-related quality of life (QoL) as compared to healthy controls. The aims of this analysis were to describe which IBS symptoms were rated on a daily diary as most distressing/severe by IBS women, and determine which IBS symptoms were most predictive of lower QoL and have the greatest impact on daily life.METHODS: This report is a secondary analysis of prospective and retrospective symptom severity and impact data, collected on 242 women with IBS, aged 18–48, who were studied between 1997 and 2004.RESULTS: On the daily diary, intestinal gas was the most frequent IBS symptom with subjects reporting at least minimal intestinal gas on 74% of days and moderate or worse severity on 27% of days. Abdominal pain occurred at least minimally on 62% of days. Diarrhea was the least common. Across women, abdominal pain was most strongly related to life impact variables and QoL, followed by intestinal gas and bloating. Analysis of day-to-day variation within women showed that abdominal pain was most strongly correlated with daily life impact variables and constipation had the weakest correlation. While diarrhea had a lower correlation with life impact, this was due to the low prevalence of diarrhea. When it occurs, diarrhea has a large impact. Partial correlation analysis showed that the impact of diarrhea is independent of abdominal pain.CONCLUSION: Abdominal pain is the most disruptive IBS symptom. Diarrhea also has an independent and significant impact when it occurs, especially in those with diarrhea-predominant IBS.


This thesis aims to answer three questions that explore the ways in which preadolescent students participate in a reenactment exercise that is used as an educational technique at the Old South Meeting House, a historic site from the American Revolutionary War in Boston, Massachusetts: How do the students experience the performance-based approach to education?; Do the students enjoy their reenactment experiences?; and How do students navigate between the body of mythologized material surrounding the American Revolutionary War and the educational material with which they are presented during the reenactment exercise and during other formal (classroom) education? Written, drawn, and verbal responses from 76 participating 9and 10-year-olds (American fourth and fifth graders) concerning their experiences with the reenactment program were gathered. Drawing from theoretical foundations in Museum Education, Museum Theater, Theater Education, and the mythologizing of American history, this project explores a convergence of these disciplines. The data generation and analysis of the responses that the students provided were based in Grounded Theory, and analysis was conducted through the use of phenomenographic transcription and categorization, including techniques for analysing drawn data based on models developed for use in studies in Environmental Education. The findings illuminate the dual understandings that students develop to navigate between exciting, mythologized histories of the American Revolution and more historically provable versions that, while providing accurate facts for education, might not possess the same dramatic appeal as exaggerated and romanticized versions. The data also points to the importance of the social aspect of reenactment to the participants. The primary contributions to the fields of Museum Education and Museum Theater Education herein lie mainly in this thesis's additions to discussions on the use of reenactment as an interpretive tool, particularly in terms of exploring the reenactment exercise's influences on the students by whom it was performed.


The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of hypotension (based on mean arterial pressure measurements; MAP) in healthy dogs that were anaesthetised for elective desexing at Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital (MUVH). The secondary aim was to explore any association between gender, age, body mass, heart rate and anaesthetic induction agent with MAP. We hypothesised that MAP less than 60 mmHg would occur in at least 40% of healthy anaesthetised dogs. A historical cohort study was performed using anaesthetic records from dogs desexed by clinicians in the general practice service at MUVH between 2007 and 2011. Each dog was categorised according to the following criteria: I) hypotension - the lowest MAP present for at least two consecutive measurements was less than 60 mmHg, II) mild hypotension - the lowest MAP present for at least two measurements was between 60–79 mmHg and III) normotension - all MAP measurements were between 80–120 mmHg. The frequency of each category (point estimate, 95% confidence interval - CI) was calculated. Records from 188 dogs were included with 87/188 (0.46; 95% CI 0.39-0.53) categorised as hypotensive, 72/188 (0.38; 95% CI 0.31-0.45) as mildly hypotensive and 29/188 (0.15; 95% CI 0.10-0.21) as normotensive. Normotensive dogs were significantly older than hypotensive and mildly hypotensive dogs (P=0.0003 and 0.009 respectively) and hypotensive dogs had significantly lower body mass than mildly hypotensive dogs and normotensive dogs (P=0.008 and P=0.015 respectively). The frequency of hypotension was significantly higher when acepromazine and methadone was administered compared to acepromazine and morphine. The frequency of hypotension observed in the current study was at least as high as hypothesised at approximately 40%. This supports the concern that the development of hypotension is not infrequent and monitoring and managing blood pressure in healthy dogs is important. The significantly higher frequency of hypotension in younger and smaller dogs suggests modification of anaesthetic techniques may be warranted.


In this study, we tested the hypothesis that self-efficacy and self-concept reflect different underlying processes and both are critical to understanding long-term achievement outcomes. Although both types of self-belief are well established in educational psychology, research comparing and contrasting their relationship with achievement has been surprisingly sparse. This is particularly the case when considering critical developmental periods and high-stakes achievement outcomes. In the current research, we use the longitudinal study of Australian youth which uses the 2003 Australian Programme of International Student Assessment cohort (N = 10,370; M [age] = 15) as the first time wave and follows participants over eight years. Using latent path modelling and controlling for a wide range of background covariates, we found: (a) strong relations between achievement, self-efficacy and self-concept in mathematics at age 15; (b) both self-concept and self-efficacy were independent and similarly strong predictors of tertiary entrance ranks at the end of high school; (c) math self-efficacy was a significant predictor of university entry but math self-concept was not; and (d) math self-concept was a significant predictor of undertaking post-school studies in science, technology, engineering or math, but math self-efficacy was not.


The three stages of graben formation (initial, active stretching and thermal subsidence/sedimentary loading) offer different subsidence patterns, and, hence, different patterns of topography and deposition. The pre-rift stage (in rifts without pre-rift doming) is characterized by development of a broad basin with well developed axial and secondary transverse sediment transport. Stratigraphic traps are uniform and display less variation than in the subsequent stages. During the active stretching stage the basin geometry becomes more varied. Rotational fault blocks parallel to the graben margin become activated, and active fault scarps contribute to the instability of the system and to sedimentary transport systems parallel to the graben axis. The active stretching stage generates a topographically complex depositional environment, and potentially offers a great variety of subtle traps. The thermal subsidence/sedimentary loading stage brings the basin back to a less complicated geometry, and several types of unconformity traps will characterize the transition from the active stretching to the cooling stage. The dominant sediment transport system is transverse to the rift axis. The variety in types of subtle traps again is lowered.


Our work addresses long-term motion context issues for predicting future frames. To predict the future precisely, it is required to capture which long-term motion context (e.g., walking or running) the input motion (e.g., leg movement) belongs to. The bottlenecks arising when dealing with the long-term motion context are: (i) how to predict the long-term motion context naturally matching input sequences with limited dynamics, (ii) how to predict the long-term motion context with high-dimensionality (e.g., complex motion). To address the issues, we propose novel motion context-aware video prediction. To solve the bottle-neck (i), we introduce a long-term motion context memory (LMC-Memory) with memory alignment learning. The pro-posed memory alignment learning enables to store long-term motion contexts into the memory and to match them with sequences including limited dynamics. As a result, the long-term context can be recalled from the limited in-put sequence. In addition, to resolve the bottleneck (ii), we propose memory query decomposition to store local motion context (i.e., low-dimensional dynamics) and recall the suitable local context for each local part of the input individually. It enables to boost the alignment effects of the memory. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other sophisticated RNN-based methods, especially in long-term condition. Further, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed network designs by conducting ablation studies and memory feature analysis. The source code of this work is available†.


The book begins with a penetrating analysis of the main features of today's capitalism and in particular the conflict between shareholders and managers. It moves on to focus on the consequences of globalization in the decision-making processes of large corporations and represents an important step in the development of a theory of fraud and corruption within corporations. In the final part, the authors address and explore the consequences of the domination of influential groups over major social and political decisions, on the blurred boundaries between the public and the private sectors and its consequences in the fields of technological regulation and the evolution of public services. In so doing, the authors question the meaning and power of democracy in today's society.


Many spikes in amperometric records of exocytosis events initially exhibit a prespike feature, or foot, which represents a steady-state flux of neurotransmitter through a stable fusion pore spanning both the vesicle and plasma membranes and connecting the vesicle lumen to the extracellular fluid. Here, we present the first evidence indicating that vesicular volume before secretion is strongly correlated with the characteristics of amperometric foot events. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and reserpine have been used to increase and decrease, respectively, the volume of single pheochromocytoma cell vesicles. Amperometry and transmission electron microscopy have been used to determine that as vesicle size is decreased the frequency with which foot events are observed increases, the amount and duration of neurotransmitter released in the foot portion of the event decreases, and vesicles release a greater percentage of their total contents in the foot portion of the event. This previously unidentified correlation provides new insight into how vesicle volume can modulate the activity of the exocytotic fusion pore.


Infinite projected entangled pair states simulations of the S = 1 bilinear-biquadratic Heisenberg model on the square lattice reveal an emergent Haldane phase in between the previously predicted antiferromagnetic and three-sublattice 120 ◦ magnetically ordered phases. This intermediate phase preserves SU(2) spin and translational symmetry but breaks lattice rotational symmetry, and it can be adiabatically connected to the Haldane phase of decoupled S = 1 chains. Our results contradict previous studies which found a direct transition between the two magnetically ordered states.


Comparing results from the UK and the USA, this study shows that even subtle cultural differences between two very similar countries can affect new forms of advertising such as interactive television (iTV) commercials. The UK pioneered the mainstream use of iTV advertising, and now it is a mainstream advertising option in the USA on cable networks and online TV networks like Hulu. This study tests whether effective iTV-ad execution factors identified by a previous study of 500 UK iTV campaigns are similarly effective in the USA based on data from 257 iTV campaigns run on the experimental Wink platform between 1998 and 2004. It finds that specific cultural differences make iTV advertising in the USA unique, but also identifies potential globally effective universals for iTV ads. The results of this study allow advertisers to predict the most effective alternative ideas for iTV advertising campaigns run in the USA and potentially in other countries around the world.


Studies were conducted during wet seasons, 2009 and 2010 to assess the growth and productivity of wet season rice under three crop establishment techniques viz. system of rice intensification (SRI), sowing of sprouted seeds by a drum seeder (DS) and conventional transplanting (CT) under three nutrient management practices viz. recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (80:40:40 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha−1), integrated nutrient management (INM) i.e. 50% R.D.F. + 50% R.D.F. through organic sources (based on nitrogen requirement) and organic management (OM) i.e. 100% of R.D.F. through organic sources (based on nitrogen requirement). The system of rice intensification increased grain yield (6.65 t ha−1) by 18.0 and 25.8% over CT and DS, respectively; whereas, the latter two treatments remained at par. INM registered the highest grain yield of 6.43 t ha−1 which was higher by 11.9 and 19.2% over RDF and OM, respectively. SRI grown under INM recorded the highest productivity of 7.30 t ha−1. SRI fetched the highest gross return ( 77925 ha−1), net return ( 43033 ha−1) and return  −1 (2.28). The crop with INM practices realized the highest gross return ( 75586 ha−1) and net return of ( 40570 ha−1); but the net return was at par with RDF ( 40251 ha−1). The return  −1 (2.45) was the highest with R.D.F. followed by INM (2.16). Maximum N, P and K uptake was observed with SRI method of establishment and integrated nutrient management practices.


Resources often produce more value in combination than they do separately: think of segments of a highway or parts of a machine. I argue that property's defining purpose is to group together complements, and that property law and theory should focus on identifying and realizing valuable bundles of resources. While some complementarities align with traditional asset boundaries and can be protected by exclusion rights, realizing others requires crossing or eschewing boundaries to recombine resources in ways that further larger social, economic, or ecological objectives. The gains associated with the entrenching and excluding functions of property thus vie with the gains that come from breaking through those entrenchments to reconfigure resources and rights. Conceptualizing property as complementarity – a kind of bundling machine – allows both sorts of projects to be accommodated within a common analytic structure. A law-of-complements view thus offers a new way to understand, in functional terms, what is distinctive about property. Taking complementarity seriously also has dramatic distributive implications, given that some of the most valuable complementarities exist between human capital and property.


The 'quantum electrodynamics' of the scattering of radiation from a fully ionized, interacting plasma is to be considered. The plasma particle interaction must properly be treated quantum mechanically when the electron plasma wave phonon energies are comparable to or greater than the mean random electron energies and/or when the phonon momenta are of the order of magnitude or greater than the average electron momenta in the plasma. In these two circumstances or either one of them, the plasma particle inter action must be treated in a quantum mechanical manner. The 'solid-state' plasma recently discussed by D.E.McCumber is an example of a quantum plasma. Whether a classical or a quantum plasma is considered, the collective properties, as well as the single-particle properties, need to be considered. The collective properties of the plasma become important when it interacts with a radiation field in the case where the electron plasma frequency, ωp, is of the same order of magnitude, or exceeds, the operating radiation frequency ω, i.e. ωp≥ω. A criterion to distinguish the properties of a plasma as to whether it is classical or quantum mechanical in nature can be defined in terms of three fundamental lengths of the electron gas. These definitions hold for a one-component plasma. They are: the classical length βe2, the Debye screening length and the thermal de Broglie wavelength defined as 1/kT. From these three quantities, we can define two dimensionless parameters. They are the classical parameter and the quantum parameter δ=λ/λD which is a measure of the quantum effects. For a quantum plasma δ>1 and in the classical limit (h = 0),δ=0, Λ<1. When we take into account the collective behaviour characterized by the plasma oscillations, screening effects are an automatic aspect of the electron plasma gas. It is hoped that the present review article will provide the background material for general understanding of the field and easy access to the current literature. It is also hoped that the present discussion will establish greater interest in this subject. As an example of a calculation of plasma properties, a calculation of the generalized dielectric constant for both a low-density plasma in the classical limit and a high-density plasma in the quantum mechanical limit is performed and compared in a suitable manner.


An analytical tool is presented in order to analyze and elucidate the impact of the optical filter position and steepness on eye opening in an optical vestigial sideband system with direct detection. It is shown that bit sequences containing solitarities (i.e., bit sequences containing single bits surrounded by several bits of opposite kind) are the major bit sequences to cause eye closure. In comparison with double-sideband modulation format, an eye opening penalty of 3-6 dB can be achieved with vestigial sideband format. The analytical tool helps to understand the interrelation between the bit sequence properties and the optical filter parameters.


UK legislation and government policy favour women's rights to bodily autonomy and active involvement in childbirth decision-making including the right to decline recommendations of care/treatment. However, evidence suggests that both women and maternity professionals can face challenges enacting decisions outside of sociocultural norms. This study explored how NHS midwives facilitated women's alternative physiological birthing choices–defined in this study as 'birth choices that go outside of local/national maternity guidelines or when women decline recommended treatment of care, in the pursuit of a physiological birth'. The study was underpinned by a feminist pragmatist theoretical framework and narrative methodology was used to collect professional stories of practice via self-written narratives and interviews. Through purposive and snowball sampling, a diverse sample in terms of age, years of experience, workplace settings and model of care they operated within, 45 NHS midwives from across the UK were recruited. Data were analysed using narrative thematic that generated four themes that described midwives' processes of facilitating women's alternative physiological births: 1. Relationship building, 2. Processes of support and facilitation, 3. Behind the scenes, 4. Birth facilitation. Collectively, the midwives were involved in a wide range of alternative birth choices across all birth settings. Fundamental to their practice was the development of mutually trusting relationships with the women which were strongly asserted a key component of safe care. The participants highlighted a wide range of personal and advanced clinical skills which was framed within an inherent desire to meet the women's needs. Capturing what has been successfully achieved within institutionalised settings, specifically how, maternity providers may benefit from the findings of this study.


The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) holds states and the districts and schools under their jurisdictions accountable for student performance; and it does so according to standards that considerably exceed the requirements of earlier federal legislation. While student achievement must be the primary indicator of performance under NCLB, statewide accountability systems are also required to incorporate one additional academic indicator. At the secondary level, this must be the high school graduation rate (HSGR). The states outlined their plans for implementing the federally-mandated statewide accountability systems in the Consolidated State Application Accountability Workbooks, which were submitted to the U.S. Department of Education for approval. This report presents the results of an analysis of these Workbooks and focuses specifically on provisions related to the definition and measurement of high school graduation rates under NCLB.


Online learning (web-based education) continues to have a significant impact on higher education. Increasingly, students seek fully online programs in a broad range of disciplines at the undergraduate and graduate levels. College faculty have produced increasingly more research focusing on how to teach online, including best practices and appropriate web-based course pedagogy. Faculty and college administrators regularly discuss what curricula is appropriate for online learning versus what curricula does not adapt well into online courses. This is especially true for course content in the psychomotor domain which is typically taught in live lab-based courses and traditional "hands-on" focused classroom presentations. A few of the significant challenges for instructors teaching psychomotor skills in the online course environment include: how to appropriately assess student learning of hands-on skills, how to confirm psychomotor skill acquisition, and how to verify the student can teach the skills to other individuals. This research provides a qualitative focus within a problem solving case study that introduces a possible solution for assessing fitness assessment and exercise training techniques learned in a web-based course. This paper presents background information on the use of web-based learning in the general sphere of higher education and outlines the current range of online education courses in fitness, exercise science, health, and wellness education. This inquiry focuses on a case study analysis exploring the utilization of webcam videos as new assessment tools implemented in a fully web-based course, PRF 711: An Integrated Approach to Fitness and Wellness, offered in an Exercise Science and Health Promotion Graduate Program at California University of Pennsylvania. The web-based graduate program offers several psychomotor skill based courses, recently developed at the University. The research results are analyzed supported by survey data, mining data from assessment documents, online classroom observation, and interviews of several students, the instructor, and three subject matter professionals. One goal of this study was to identify the entry-level technology skills, professional experience, client accessibility, and confidence with technology of students enrolled in the PRF 711 course. Another goal was to analyze the experiences and feedback of five students, who used webcams to submit online video/audio course assignments focused on "hands-on" content in the psychomotor domain, more specifically, fitness assessment and exercise activities. The five students were asked to describe experiences, suggestions, and questions regarding the processes and protocols used during video set-up, video recording, project submission, and instructor feedback. An additional goal was to analyze the experiences of the instructor who implemented the video project protocols, evaluated student video projects, and faux-graded student performance. The study also analyzed interview data collected from a variety of stakeholders who made observations and suggestions regarding the video assessment protocol, the assessment instruments, as well provided feedback at the end of the course regarding summative evaluation of the video assessment intervention. The stakeholders interviewed included the Director of Training and, the Director of Content Development for the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM), who were jointly responsible for designing much of the curriculum used in the PRF 711: An Integrated Approach to Fitness and Wellness course. Additionally, feedback and insight were analyzed from an instructional designer. Constant comparison of stakeholder feedback and analytic induction were used to organize and categorize the data. Study results show that the new webcam video assessment protocol is a viable solution for assessing hands-on skills in the PRF 711 online course. Several challenges, issues, and solutions are addressed. The study results will be used at California University of Pennsylvania to enhance assessment protocols using webcam videos in courses that require the learning of "hands-on" and psychomotor skills. The study results may also be used as a conceptual framework to examine how web-based courses in several disciplines, with a significant amount of psychomotor objectives, could include online video assessment techniques. The implications of this research for healthcare/fitness educators, students, college administrators, and instructional designers is reviewed in the discussion. Suggestions for areas of further research and future practice are included.


In this sweeping social history Dorceta E. Taylor examines the emergence and rise of the multifaceted U.S. conservation movement from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. She shows how race, class, and gender influenced every aspect of the movement, including the establishment of parks; campaigns to protect wild game, birds, and fish; forest conservation; outdoor recreation; and the movement's links to nineteenth-century ideologies. Initially led by white urban elites—whose early efforts discriminated against the lower class and were often tied up with slavery and the appropriation of Native lands—the movement benefited from contributions to policy making, knowledge about the environment, and activism by the poor and working class, people of color, women, and Native Americans. Far-ranging and nuanced, The Rise of the American Conservation Movement comprehensively documents the movement's competing motivations, conflicts, problematic practices, and achievements in new ways.


Multiplication of two numbers is one of the most area consuming arithmetic operations in high-performance circuits as it generates a product with twice the original bit width. The truncation of product bits to the required precision of truncated multipliers offers significant improvements in area, delay and power. The proposed method reduces the number of full adders and half adders during the tree reduction. Usually the product of two numbers appears as output in the form of LSB and MSB. The LSB part is truncated and compressed using MCMAT technique. In previous related papers, the truncation error is reduced using MCMT technique. In this project, truncation error is not more than 1 ulp (unit of least position). While implementing the proposed method experimentally, there is no need of any error compensation circuits and the final output is precised. Hence the area can be saved and the power is also reduced. To further extend the work, digital FIR filter implementation with MCMAT technique is carried out using Wallace Tree Compressor (WTC).


The holdup problem of under-investment in specific capital has been studied extensively. Less attention has been paid to the "holdout" problem of over-investment in outside options. A buyer's gain from (unverifiably) developing an outside option exceeds the joint gain, given rent shifting when an inferior option binds in subsequent bargaining with the seller. Long-term contracts can solve holdout by increasing the buyer's surplus from trade within the relationship. With a nonbinding contract, however, the seller's participation constraint may require the buyer (who may be financially constrained) to pay a large signing bonus. This suggests a novel motive for vertical integration.


Exposing cows to bulls or excretory products of bulls stimulates resumption of ovarian cycling activity in postpartum, suckled, anestrous cows. This biostimulatory effect may be mediated by pheromones produced by bulls that stimulate physiological changes in metabolic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis of cows. In Experiment 1, the hypotheses tested were that concentrations of glucose, NEFA, thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), and T3:T4 ratios do not differ between cows exposed to bulls or steers. The biostimulatory effect of bulls was associated with lower mean concentrations of NEFA in postpartum cows. Experiment 2 was designed to determine if continuous (24-h daily) bull exposure alters temporal patterns of leptin concentrations in postpartum, anestrous cows. Cows exposed to bulls that resumed cycling activity after the start of the experiment tended to have higher leptin concentrations by the end of the 30-d exposure period than cows not exposed to bulls. However, it was not known if these changes were related to resumption of ovarian cycling activity in postpartum, anestrous cows. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that temporal leptin concentrations may depend upon duration of daily bull exposure. Cows had higher daily leptin concentrations and resumed ovarian cycling activity sooner as duration of daily bull exposure increased. In conclusion, as duration of daily bull exposure increases, the biostimulatory effect of bulls alters temporal leptin concentrations and this change may facilitate or support the function of the HPO axis and accelerate resumption of ovarian cycling activity in primiparous, postpartum, suckled, anestrous cows.


In this study we updated the previous compilation of the feeding habits and trophic levels (TROPHs) of Mediterranean fish. In total, 172 publications were retrieved and analysed. Collected data refer to 146 species, with a TROPH value ranging from 2.00 to 4.54. The analysis of TROPH distribution verified the previously proposed classification of species into functional trophic groups. Overall, information on diet composition exits for 203 fish species out of the >700 fishes from the Mediterranean, a fact clearly showing that feeding habits are understudied despite their importance in ecological applications and fisheries management. More than half (60.6%) of these species are classified as omnivores with preference to animal material, 36.5% are carnivores, 1.9% are omnivores with preference to plants, and two (i.e. Siganus luridus and S. rivulatus ) are pure herbivores. Finally, towards the direction of filling in information gaps, recommendations for future research are given.


Vortioxetine is a novel antidepressant with two mechanisms of action – direct effect on several serotonin receptors and serotonin re-uptake inhibition. It shows antidepressant, anxiolytic and cognitive effects during the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this article was to summarize the use of vortioxetine in clinical studies and assess the efficacy and tolerability. Most of the studies reported a statistically significant efficacy for vortioxetine versus placebo. In addition, vortioxetine showed efficacy in patients with an inadequate response to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin-noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors (SNRI) monotherapy and improved cognitive function in patients with MDD. In these studies, vortioxetine was well tolerated – most common observed adverse effect was nausea – and it was not associated with clinically important changes in laboratory test results or vital signs. Vortioxetine showed a relatively low incidence of sexual dysfunction.


The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned that two people are dead and two have recovered after being infected with the bacterial disease melioidosis - a disease that had never before been detected on contiguous US soil. The cases occurred between March and July 2021 in Georgia, Kansas, Texas, and Minnesota. Melioidosis, also called Whitmore's disease, is an infectious disease that can infect humans or animals. The disease is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is predominately a disease of tropical climates, especially in Southeast Asia and northern Australia where it is widespread.


The Omani basement is a critical window into the Neoproterozoic tectonic geography of the Mozambique Ocean and the amalgamation of Gondwana. It is located east of the juvenile arc terranes of the Arabian–Nubian Shield, yet the relationship between the two is not well understood. Magmatic and detrital zircon samples were analysed from four main basement terranes: Mirbat, the Huqf, Jebel Ja'alan and Al Jobah. The U–Pb (zircon) ages from igneous samples give ages between 838 and 765 Ma. The Lu–Hf and oxygen isotopes show that the zircons are juvenile (ɛHf(t) values 10.5–8.7), with low δ18O values (c. 2–6‰). Detritus from sediments in Mirbat, the southernmost basement outcrop, preserves a main age peak at c. 786 Ma, with Lu–Hf between +6.05 and +12.64. Lu–Hf isotopic data for Proterozoic detrital zircons from Jebel Ja'alan suggest that this region was depositionally connected to a source yielding both evolved Tonian and Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic detritus. These sources could correlate to the terranes in India and South China, which record similarly low δ18O values. These data support a model in which Oman formed in its own tectonic domain, accreting onto the Neoproterozoic active margin of a continent. Supplementary material: All U–Pb, hafnium and oxygen data, and figures including all weighted average plots and initial 176Hf/177Hf v. 206Pb/238U age to aid in identifying Pb-loss in the data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4682363


Several methods for screening gene-environment interaction have recently been proposed that address the issue of using gene-environment independence in a data-adaptive way. In this report, the authors present a comparative simulation study of power and type I error properties of 3 classes of procedures: 1) the standard 1-step case-control method; 2) the case-only method that requires an assumption of gene-environment independence for the underlying population; and 3) a variety of hybrid methods, including empirical-Bayes, 2-step, and model averaging, that aim at gaining power by exploiting the assumption of gene-environment independence and yet can protect against false positives when the independence assumption is violated. These studies suggest that, although the case-only method generally has maximum power, it has the potential to create substantial false positives in large-scale studies even when a small fraction of markers are associated with the exposure under study in the underlying population. All the hybrid methods perform well in protecting against such false positives and yet can retain substantial power advantages over standard case-control tests. The authors conclude that, for future genome-wide scans for gene-environment interactions, major power gain is possible by using alternatives to standard case-control analysis. Whether a case-only type scan or one of the hybrid methods should be used depends on the strength and direction of gene-environment interaction and association, the level of tolerance for false positives, and the nature of replication strategies.


While Vietnamese students continue to enrol in international branch university campuses in Vietnam, little is known about the Vietnamese first year transition into these institutions, especially from a cultural perspective. This article presents the findings of four case studies that explored the face strategies used by Vietnamese undergraduate business students in transition to an international branch campus based in Vietnam. The use of collectivist and individualist face strategies was examined in three phases: at commencement, mid-way and at the end of the first year of studies. The findings suggest that collectivist face strategies might not be employed as often as expected by Vietnamese first year students in this context even though they transition from a Confucian heritage culture. Understanding face strategies can help anticipate challenges of Vietnamese students studying in English-medium environments and inform culturally sensitive practices in teaching and learning.


Sexual selection theory states that the premating (ornaments and armaments) sexual traits should trade off with the postmating (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits, assuming that growing and maintaining these traits is expensive and that total reproductive investments are limited. Male-male competition and sperm competition are predicted to affect how males allocate their finite resources to these traits. Here, we studied relative expenditure on pre- and postmating sexual traits among 82 species for three mammalian orders with varying population density using comparative phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that population density affected sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in both Artiodactyla and Carnivora, but not in Primates. However, relative testis mass and sperm size were not affected by population density. Moreover, we did not find associations between the SSD and testis mass or sperm size in three taxonomic groups. The interspecific relationships between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits did not change with increased population density. Our findings suggest that population density did not affect variation in the relationship between pre- and postcopulatory sexual traits for these three mammalian orders.


Over the last decade there have been numerous studies on touchscreen typing by blind people. However, there are no reports about blind users' everyday typing performance and how it relates to laboratory settings. We conducted a longitudinal study involving five participants to investigate how blind users truly type on their smartphones. For 12 weeks, we collected field data, coupled with eight weekly laboratory sessions. This article provides a thorough analysis of everyday typing data and its relationship with controlled laboratory assessments. We improve state-of-the-art techniques to obtain intent from field data, and provide insights on real-world performance. Our findings show that users improve over time, even though it is at a slow rate. Substitutions are the most common type of error and have a significant impact on entry rates in both field and laboratory settings. Results show that participants are 1.3--2 times faster when typing during everyday tasks. On the other hand, they are less accurate. We finished by deriving some implications that should inform the design of a future virtual keyboard for nonvisual input. Moreover, findings should be of interest to keyboard designers and researchers looking to conduct field studies to understand everyday input performance.