Semiconductor nanoparticles, or quantum dots (QDs), are well known to have very unique optical and electronic properties. These properties can be controlled and tailored as a function of several influential factors, including but not limited to the particle size and shape, effect of composition and heterojunction as well as the effect of ligand on the particle surface. This customizable nature leads to extensive experimental and theoretical research on the capabilities of these quantum dots for many application purposes. However, in order to be able to understand and thus further the development of these materials, one must first understand the fundamental interaction within these nanoparticles. In this thesis, I have developed a theoretical method which is called electron-hole explicitly correlated Hartee-Fock (eh-XCHF). It is a variational method for solving the electron-hole Schrodinger equation and has been used in this work to study electron-hole interaction in semiconductor quantum dots. The method was benchmarked with respect to a parabolic quantum dot system, and ground state energy and electron-hole recombination probability were computed. Both of these properties were found to be in good agreement with expected results. Upon successful benchmarking, I have applied the eh-XCHF method to study optical properties of several quantum dot systems including the effect of dot size on exciton binding energy and recombination probability in a CdSe quantum dot, the effect of shape on a CdSe quantum dot, the effect of heterojunction on a CdSe/ZnS quantum dot and the effect of quantum dot-biomolecule interaction within a CdSe-firefly Luciferase protein conjugate system. As metrics for assessing the effect of these influencers on the electron-hole interaction, the exciton binding energy, electron-hole recombination probability and the average electron-hole separation distance have been computed. These excitonic properties have been found to be strongly infuenced by the changing composition of the particle. It has also been found through this work that the explicitly correlated method performs very well when computing these properties as it provides a feasible computational route to compare to both experimental and other theoretical results. Development and Application of Explicitly Correlated Wave Function Based Methods for the Investigation of Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanomaterials


To what extent and in what ways should a teacher educator contribute to a type of teaching development that has long functioned successfully without much involvement of teacher educators? This self-study concerns my learning about my role as teacher educator in a learning study, a Hong Kong adaptation of a teacher-driven Japanese educational and cultural practice, Jugyou Kenkyu, credited with high quality learning outcomes for both teachers and students. My first learning study case forms the retrospective backdrop to the self-study. By describing and evaluating my personal experience of interactions such as recorded meetings and teachers' reflections, I attempt to discern a function for myself within the group. The self-study helped uncover some misguided assumptions and responses in coping with the new context and also provided some preliminary understandings of possible teacher educator responsibilities in this type of initiative.


The main purpose of this project was to focus on determining the physicochemical
properties of roselle calyx, to develop a processing method that would
optimise the colour stability and determining the influences of different treatments on
roselle juice during storage. The physico-chemical characteristics of roselle included
size, weight, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, anthocyanin contents, colour
density, polymeric colour, percent polymeric colour and browning index were
studied. Succinic acid and glucose were the major organic acid and sugar found
present in roselle with 0.51 g/100g and 1.29 g/100g, respectively. The most
biologically effective natural antioxidant vitamins such as ascorbic acid, p-carotene
and lycopene were also determined and quantified by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). The amounts of ascorbic acid, p-carotene and lycopene
contents were 141.09 mg/100g, 1.88 mg/100g and 164.34 mg/100g, respectively.
Two main anthocyan ins namely delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3- sambubioside were present in roselle detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC)
and HPLC.
The optimum conditions for hot water extraction (HWE) of roselle juice was
determined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Time-temperature
combinations in the range of 30-300 minutes and 30-90°C were the independent
variables and their effects on anthocyanins content, colour density and ascorbic acid
were evaluated The results implied an optimum juice extraction condition for HWE
to be at 3.5 hours at 60°C. The juice obtained from HWE method was then compared
with juices obtained from hot water blending (HWB) method, cold water blending
(CWB) method and screw press (SP) method for their physico-chemical
characteristics and sensory evaluation. Results of the study indicated that HWE
method was found to be the most effective extraction method resulting in high
anthocyanins content and ascorbic acid. Sensory evaluation also showed that juice
obtained from HWE method was higher in quality in termed of taste, colours and
flavour. Juice produce through SP method was poor in quality and sensory result
compare with other.
Four different treatments were given to the sample roselle juice: control (no
additions), ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride and sodium metabisulphite. The
influence of storage at 4 ± 2°C, 27 ± 2°C and 40 ± 2°C was investigated. Losses in
anthocyanins and ascorbic acid were very small during 12 weeks storage at 4°C as
compared to 27°C and 40°C. Higher temperature caused anthocyanin degradation
more rapidly. The addition of sodium metabisulphite in roselle juice slowed down the
loss of anthocyanins and correspondingly decreased the rate of polymeric colour.Addition of cysteine hydrochloride had only slight effect on colour stability and
addition of ascorbic acid seemed to increase the degradation on anthocyanin contents.
Addition of cysteine hydrochloride in roselle juice prevents ascorbic acid loss during
storage.


Effective leadership has been cited as essential for creating and sustaining effective schools. Selecting, assigning, and retaining such leaders is a difficult task at best. Characteristics and/or skills deemed essential for effective leaders have been identified by researchers; however, many of our schools continue to produce results that are less than desirable. In addition, leaders who may be effective in one setting may not be in another. Research indicates organizational/school culture may be a contributing factor to the success of these leaders. Moreover, research indicates culture may have an impact on the characteristics perceived as effective/ineffective leadership attributes within these organizations. This study builds upon the research conducted by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) organization and was designed to determine if a relationship exists between the organizational culture of schools and the perceptions of what constitutes effective leadership. The results obtained were similar to those obtained in the GLOBE study and indicated variance existed between the groups' perceptions of effective leadership with the exception of charismatic leadership, which was universally endorsed by the participants. This was significant because the GLOBE Leadership scales used in this study had previously been used only with business leaders. These findings indicate the GLOBE leadership scales may provide relevant information for educational leaders as well as for those in the business world.


Among downtowns of North American metropolitan regions, two have performed especially well in terms of the presence of employment, residential development and diversity of land uses over the last decades: those of Toronto and Chicago. This paper concentrates on the factors responsible for their success. It reviews the history of the two downtowns since World-War-II, giving special attention to the capacity 'macro-decisions' have of creating path dependencies. Identifi ed macro-decisions include strategic investments in downtown-focussed public transit and improvements to the diversity and amenities of the downtowns. Th ere are important differences in the approaches taken in the two downtowns. Th ese relate in part to organizational specifi cities. If in Toronto institutional structures and political coalitions play a major role in explaining the adoption of policies favourable to the downtown, in Chicago it is the priorities of powerful mayors that loom largest. The paper proposes a multicausal model, which shows how numerous decisions of diff erent nature, along with their interactions and consequences, have contributed to positive downtown outcomes in the two cities. The main lesson from the two cases is that downtown success cannot be improvised as it is the outcome of long chains of policies, which interact positively with market trends, favouring core areas.


This case study on mobility in health care demonstrates how ethnography and design research helped Intel meet the business challenge of redressing market share. Ethnography enabled the team to assess the interplay between mobile devices and other hospital technologies, understand how they fit within or subverted existing practices, and document positive and negative features of the technology. Our deliverables not only answered the direct business question, but also expanded the scope of possible solutions.


Three global chemistry-transport models (CTM) are used to quantify the radiative forcing (RF) from aviation NOx emissions, and the resultant reductions in RF from coupling NOx to aerosols via heterogeneous chemistry. One of the models calculates the changes due to aviation black carbon (BC) and sulphate aerosols and their direct RF, as well as the BC indirect effect on cirrus cloudiness. The surface area density of sulphate aerosols is then passed to the other models to compare the resulting photochemical perturbations on NOx through heterogeneous chemical reactions. The perturbation on O3 and CH4 (via OH) is finally evaluated, considering both short- and long-term O3 responses. Ozone RF is calculated using the monthly averaged output of the three CTMs in two independent radiative transfer codes. According to the models, column ozone and CH4 lifetime changes due to coupled NOx/aerosol emissions are, on average, +0.56 Dobson Units (DU) and −1.1 months, respectively, for atmospheric conditions and aviation emissions representative of the year 2006, with an RF of +16.4 and −10.2 mW/m2 for O3 and CH4, respectively. Sulphate aerosol induced changes on ozone column and CH4 lifetime account for −0.028 DU and +0.04 months, respectively, with corresponding RFs of −0.63 and +0.36 mW/m2. Soot-cirrus forcing is calculated to be 4.9 mW/m2.


The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is a global scientific and advocacy organisation dedicated to ensuring an AIDS vaccine for use worldwide. In Africa, IAVI partners with seven research centres who conduct vaccine trials and studies. This research requires extensive medical and scientific writing support, for regulatory submissions and for the publication of data. IAVI and its African partners publish widely in international peer-reviewed publications; however, African authors are underrepresented as first authors. To address this disparity, IAVI created and honed a series of science writing workshops that so far has reached 85 investigators.


What knowledge influences our choice of words when we write or speak? Predicting which word a person will produce next is not easy, even when the linguistic context is known. One task that has been used to assess context dependent word choice is the fill-in-the-blank task, also called the cloze task. The cloze probability of specific context is an empirical measure found by asking many people to fill in the blank. In this paper we harness the power of large corpora to look at the influence of corpus-derived probabilistic information from a word's micro-context on word choice. We asked young adults to complete short phrases called n-grams with up to 20 responses per phrase. The probability of the responded word and the conditional probability of the response given the context were predictive of the frequency with which each response was produced. Furthermore the order in which the participants generated multiple completions of the same context was predicted by the conditional probability as well. These results suggest that word choice in cloze tasks taps into implicit knowledge of a person's past experience with that word in various contexts. Furthermore, the importance of n-gram conditional probabilities in our analysis is further evidence of implicit knowledge about multi-word sequences and support theories of language processing that involve anticipating or predicting based on context.


As designers, consultancies [1] and publicly funded design organisations [2] increasingly acknowledge the potential for the use of Design to positively contribute toward social impact, Social Design is increasingly becoming an essential part of Product Design curriculums around the world to prepare students for evolving practice. Social Design, understood as both design for and with society [2], requires designers to undertake thorough qualitative research which involves engagement, participation, and collaboration [3]. Communities are central to all stages of the design process (enquiry, insight gathering, ideation, and testing). This ensures that the designers' practice is informed with contextual knowledge through holistic approaches to data gathering in relationship-building and empathy studies, which are key features of Social Design research [4]. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its lasting impacts on the health and wellbeing of vulnerable communities in particular, the delivery of the 'Social Design' module at The University of Derby has been adapted to meet the limitations caused by lockdowns and social distancing. In addition to being unable to access communities in-person, restrictions on the amount of time that students can spend on campus and with lecturers also contributed to complexity of the delivery. The teaching of Social Design thus, has been adapted for delivery via blended learning through a physical/digital environment, where students are required to work mainly remotely, to make connections and gather data and insights from communities. This paper presents the adapted research methods, methodologies and design processes, adjusted for use by the lecturers and also those devised by the students themselves when undertaking the design of inclusive and accessible product-service solutions, for the improvement of infrastructure at a local park. The project challenges students to overcome barriers to engagement and participation from economically disadvantaged communities in the city, which includes those with migrant backgrounds, adding to the complexity of devising solutions. Proposed solutions involved adapting not only primary design research methods such as empathy studies and observations, but also the methods by which data was collected, the critical analysis of findings, prototyping, and testing. Objectives set in this project, focus on social need and user experience, accessibility and inclusivity in design, as well as professional practice and research method development in a hybrid physical-digital context. [1] IDEO. Design for Social Impact: How to Guide, 2014. [2] Design Council. Design for Public Good, 2013. [3] Sachs A.; Banz C. & Krohn M. Social Design: Participation and Empowerment, 2018. Lars Muller Publishers/Museum fur Gestaltung Zurich [4] Manzini E. Design, When Everybody Designs: An Introduction to Design for Social Innovation, 2015. MIT Press. [5] Sanoff H. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning, 1999. John Willey & Sons [6] Gauntlett D. Making is Connecting, rev. ed., 2018. Polity Press


A discrete memoryless generalized multiple access channel (GMAC) with confidential messages is studied, where two users attempt to transmit common information to a destination and each user also has private (confidential) information intended for the destination. This channel generalizes the multiple access channel (MAC) in that the two users also receive channel output. It is assumed that each user views the other user as a wiretapper, and wishes to keep its confidential information as secret as possible from the other user. The level of secrecy of the confidential information is measured by the equivocation rate. The performance measure of interest is the rate-equivocation tuple that includes the common rate, two private rates and two equivocation rates as components. The set that includes all achievable rate-equivocation tuples is referred to as the capacity-equivocation region. For the GMAC with one confidential message set, where only one user (user 1) has private (confidential) information for the destination, inner and outer bounds on the capacity-equivocation region are derived. The outer bound provides a tight converse to the secrecy capacity region, which is the set of all achievable rates with user 2 being perfectly ignorant of confidential messages of user 1, thus establishing the secrecy capacity region. Furthermore, the degraded GMAC with one confidential message set is further studied, and the capacity-equivocation region and the secrecy capacity region are established. For the GMAC with two confidential message sets, where both users have confidential messages for the destination, an inner bound on the capacity-equivocation region is obtained. The secrecy rate region is derived, where each user's confidential information is perfectly hidden from the other user


Quantitative identification of physical changes, developments and dynamic position of urban green space is considered as the first step in its planning. By means of the aerial photos taken in 1956, 1974, and 1994 as well as the Quick Bird satellite image captured in 2006, this study has dealt with changes in per capita green space in Khorramabad during these years. First, geometric corrections of the photos were made and their orthophotos were provided. Then, through visual interpretation, city area was estimated over different years. Therefore, dot grid was used to calculate the urban green space during these years. Results show that the ratio of the green space area to total urban area is 10.42, 9.67, 15, and 9.1 percent during these years, respectively. Statistical test results indicate that there is a significant difference between green space percentage in 1994 and those of other years. However, there is no significant difference between green space percentages in 1956, 1974, and 2006. Per capita green space was calculated according to the population data provided by the Statistical Center of Iran. Results suggest that per capita green space in Khorramabad is 5.27, 4.2, 7.73, and 6.88 square meters in 1956, 1974, 1994 and 2006, respectively. Thus, its per capita green space is not proportional to universal standards. The relationship between changes in per capita green space and its percentage does not follow a definite procedure. In conclusion, we must actually consider not only the high ratio of green space but also the regional density, so that we may proportionately increase the green space and then take right decisions.


Background This was the first microbicide trial conducted in Africa to evaluate an antiretroviral-containing vaginal ring as an HIV prevention technology for women. Objectives The trial assessed and compared the safety, acceptability and adherence to product use of a 4-weekly administered vaginal ring containing the antiretroviral microbicide, dapivirine, with a matching placebo ring among women from four countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods 280 Healthy, sexually active, HIV-negative women, aged 18 to 40 years were enrolled with 140 women randomised to a dapivirine vaginal ring (25 mg) and 140 women to a matching placebo ring, inserted 4-weekly and used over a 12-week period. Safety was evaluated by pelvic examination, colposcopy, clinical laboratory assessments, and adverse events. Blood samples for determination of plasma concentrations of dapivirine were collected at Weeks 0, 4 and 12. Residual dapivirine levels in returned rings from dapivirine ring users were determined post-trial. Participant acceptability and adherence to ring use were assessed by self-reports. Results No safety concerns or clinically relevant differences were observed between the dapivirine and placebo ring groups. Plasma dapivirine concentrations immediately prior to ring removal were similar after removal of the first and third ring, suggesting consistent ring use over the 12-week period. No clear relationship was observed between the residual amount of dapivirine in used rings and corresponding plasma concentrations. Self-reported adherence to daily use of the vaginal rings over the 12-week trial period was very high. At the end of the trial, 96% of participants reported that the ring was usually comfortable to wear, and 97% reported that they would be willing to use it in the future if proven effective. Conclusions The dapivirine vaginal ring has a favourable safety and acceptability profile. If proven safe and effective in large-scale trials, it will be an important component of combination HIV prevention approaches for women. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01071174


During neonatal development, tendons undergo a well orchestrated process whereby extensive structural and compositional changes occur in synchrony to produce a normal tissue. Conversely, during the repair response to injury, structural and compositional changes occur, but in this case, a mechanically inferior tendon is produced. An injured tendon that is mechanically inferior has compromised function and reruptures after treatment are commonly observed clinically. As a result, the process of development has been postulated as a potential paradigm through which improved adult tissue healing may occur. First, the role of CD44 in healing was examined through a patellar tendon injury in a CD44 knockout mouse. A beneficial environment post injury was shown to lead to improved function in the CD44 knockout tendons. Second, type XIV collagen was examined in tendons during development and maturity through Col14a1-/-, Col14+/and Col14+/+ flexor digitorum longus tendons. A lack of type XIV collagen during development was associated with reduced mechanical parameters but had no effect in mature tendons. Third, compositional, structural and mechanical properties were quantitatively characterized during multiple stages of neonatal Achilles tendon development in a mouse. Mechanical parameters, collagen content, fibril diameter average and standard deviation all increased with age. Biglycan expression decreased with age while decorin and angular deviation did not change. Fourth, compositional, structural and mechanical parameters were quantified after injury during two different stages of development, early and late. An accelerated healing process was demonstrated during early development over late development. Lastly, regression analysis was used to determine which compositional and structural parameters predicted mechanical parameters during early and late development and healing. Applying these differentially regulated parameters to new treatments may help improve healing in adult tendons. Importantly, this dissertation was conducted in a mouse model which is allows for future mechanistic studies due to the availability of genetically modified mice and commercially available assays. Over all, this dissertation introduces development as a new paradigm through which to study improved function during healing and potential new therapeutic treatments. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Bioengineering First Advisor Dr. Louis J. Soslowsky This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1565


There is a lively debate on the effects of social media use, shaped by self-reported measurements of social media use. However, self-reports have been shown to suffer from low accuracy compared to logged measures of social media use. Even though it is unclear how problematic that measurement error is for our inferences, many scholars call for the exclusive use of 'objective' measures. But if measurement error is not systematic, self-reports will still be informative. In contrast, if there is systematic error, associations between social media use and other variables, including well-being, are likely biased. Here, we report an exploratory five day experience sampling study among 96 participants (435 observations) to understand factors that could relate to low accuracy. First, we asked what stable individual differences are related to low accuracy. Second, we explored what daily states relate to accuracy. Third, we explored whether accuracy relates to well-being. Although we did find evidence for a systematic tendency to overestimate social media use, neither individual differences nor daily states were related to that tendency. Accuracy was also unrelated to well-being. Our results suggest that blindly calling for objective measures foregoes a responsibility to understand measurement error in social media use first.


The article describes the ways in which various aspectual characteristics and markers affect the total vs. partial object alternation in Estonian da-infinitive constructions, where object case usage is far less consistent than it is in finite clauses. The variation in object case in these constructions can be seen as a case of competing motivations, where some elements of the sentence support the use of the total object and others the use of the partial object. Using corpus data, the article explores the interplay between different constructions and aspectual features, revealing a considerable degree of constructionspecificity: while some aspectual features prove significant for object case in all the constructions examined, others may have a substantial impact on object case in one dainfinitive construction but no impact at all in another construction. Moreover, aside from the core criteria which condition the use of the partitive object in all constructions in Estonian (including finite clauses), none of the relationships between aspect and object case in da-infinitive constructions are anywhere close to absolute. Finally, attention is drawn to the notion of the partitive as the default object case and how this default status manifests itself in da-infinitive constructions as compared to finite clauses.


Six pure lines of maize were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replication under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Genetic variation was found between the genotypes for yield potential (Yp) stress yield (Ys), tolerance index (TOL), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM) and stress tolerance index (STI). Stress tolerance index was corrected using a correction coefficient (Ki) and thus a modified stress tolerance index (MSTI) was introduced as the optimal selection criterion for drought-tolerant genotypes. The results of three-D plotting indicated that the most desirable genotype for irrigated and rainfed conditions was the genotype K1515, for non-stressed conditions K18 and for stress conditions K104/3, K760/7 and K126/10.


Funazushi, a fermented food made with crucian carp, is often described as Japan9s most ancient form of sushi. This article evaluates these historical claims and offers some tasting notes, exploring traditional versions of the dish and new interpretations that offer a possible future for sushi. I could never write a global history of sushi without having eaten what has been called the most "ancient form" of sushi, the funazushi found in Shiga Prefecture (Hosking 1996: 43). So on a recent trip to Japan I set aside two days to try to eat as much funazushi as possible. This proved to be challenging for many reasons, not the least of which was the taste of funazushi, which many people find disagreeable. What I learned from the experience was less about sushi9s past than a possibility for sushi9s future.


High‐frequency radio wave diffraction by a perfectly conducting arbitrarily shaped smooth surface is considered analytically. The results of solving the integral equation for surface currents at a gentle surface, when multiple scattering and surface shadowing can be neglected, are presented. The diffraction corrections to GO values of the surface currents were obtained (up to the second order of the small parameter ∼1/k, where k is the wave number of the incident EM wave) depending on the local angle of incidence, surface curvatures, and their space derivatives. It is shown that diffraction caused by the local surface curvature results not only in small corrections to the GO currents, but also gives rise to the surface current components orthogonal to those induced by the incident wave in the local GO limit. These general results are applied to the specific problem of backscattering from a Gaussian statistically rough surface at normal incidence. The diffraction corrections to the GO statistically averaged backscattering cross sections, HH/VV polarization ratio (which is equal to unity in the GO limit) and cross‐polarization coefficient are obtained as functions of the 2nd (surface slope variances) and 4th (surface curvature variances) moments of the surface roughness power spectra. It is shown that diffraction results in the appearance of the cross‐polarized component in the backscattered field, which is equal to zero in the GO limit.


Variation in liveweight change in the ewe flock during periods of poor nutrition can affect farm profitability through the effects of liveweight loss on potential stocking rate, management interventions including supplementary feeding, and ewe and lamb survival and productivity. There is variation between individual animals in their ability to manage periods of poor nutrition, but the links between liveweight change and breeding values in the adult ewe flock have not been quantified. We analysed 5216 liveweight profiles for 2772 ewes managed over 3 years at eight sites across Australia, to define the relative effects of environment, reproductive performance and breeding values on liveweight change. The range in liveweight loss varied from 1.3 kg to 21.6 kg, and for liveweight gain from 0.4 kg to 28.1 kg. Site and year had the largest influence on liveweight change, which demonstrates that seasonal conditions and management were the most important factors influencing liveweight change. Liveweight loss was influenced by previous and current reproductive performance but these effects were small in comparison to the effects of site and year. There were mixed associations with sire breeding values for growth, fat and muscle depending on site. An increase in sire breeding values for fat by 1 mm was associated with a reduction in liveweight loss by up to 1.3 kg regardless of ewe breed, and this was more evident at sites where ewes lost a greater proportion of their liveweight. While management had the greatest effect on liveweight change, there appears to be scope to use breeding values to select sheep that will lose less weight during periods of poor nutrition in some environments.


Escherichia coli thioredoxin binds to a unique flexible loop of 71 amino acid residues, designated the thioredoxin binding domain (TBD), located in the thumb subdomain of bacteriophage T7 gene 5 DNA polymerase. The initial designation of thioredoxin as a processivity factor was premature. Rather it remodels the TBD for interaction with DNA and the other replication proteins. The binding of thioredoxin exposes a number of basic residues on the TBD that lie over the duplex region of the primer-template and increases the processivity of nucleotide polymerization. Two small solvent-exposed loops (loops A and B) located within TBD electrostatically interact with the acidic C-terminal tail of T7 gene 4 helicase-primase, an interaction that is enhanced by the binding of thioredoxin. Several basic residues on the surface of thioredoxin in the polymerase-thioredoxin complex lie in close proximity to the TBD. One of these residues, lysine 36, is located proximal to loop A. The substitution of glutamate for lysine has a dramatic effect on the binding of gene 4 helicase to a DNA polymerase-thioredoxin complex lacking charges on loop B; binding is decreased 15-fold relative to that observed with wild-type thioredoxin. This defective interaction impairs the ability of T7 DNA polymerase-thioredoxin together with T7 helicase to mediate strand displacement synthesis. This is the first demonstration that thioredoxin interacts with replication proteins other than T7 DNA polymerase.


The cities and towns of Japan abound with delightful relatively inexpensive restaurants. Most of them specialize, choosing to focus on one type of food and do it well. They explore variations of flavor and ingredients and frequently offer seasonal dishes. But how do you know what to order? How can you make sense of the jumbled menu in your hands? What if you miss out on a true delicacy? What's What in Japanese Restaurants supplies the answers to these questions and many more, while at the same time providing a fascinating look at Japanese culture through a gustatory lens. Longtime food writer and enthusiast Robb Satterwhite delves into the intricacies of Japanese victuals, restaurant etiquette, and regional food variations. He explores culinary history and furnishes precise sample menus in Japanese and English that allow anyone to decipher, order, and fully enjoy a wholesome Japanese meal. There are over two dozen types of Japanese cuisine from sushi and yakitori to traditiona1 temple fare and tofu cookery. The nuances and pleasures of Japanese food can be endlessly fascinating-if you know how and what to order. For food lovers and diners alike, What's What in Japanese Restaurants is the perfect introduction to authentic Japanese cooking.


This chapter discusses game-based methods of problem solution and data processing, analysis, and information mining. Attention is mainly focused on swarm algorithm and principles used in the task of complex problem solving using computer games. We intensively discuss the interdisciplinary intersection between swarm systems dynamics and computer science, including a variety of data sources and examples. Possibilities of the new approach based on swarm algorithm used in a game or using principles of swarm algorithms to solve the problem are demonstrated here. More precisely, this chap - ter discusses modern methods of calculation and crowd use, so-called gamesourcing, i.e., game-driven crowdsourcing, from various points of view such as history, motiva - tion, or paradigm and presents several examples of contemporary projects of this kind. Ideas, results, and methodologies reported and mentioned here are based on our previ- ous results and experiments that are fully reported here for detailed study in the case of reader's interest. Therefore, this chapter is an overview survey of our research.


This title is Dominic Sandbrook's magnificent account of the late 1970s in Britain - the book behind the major BB2 series "The Seventies". In this gloriously colourful book, Dominic Sandbrook recreates the extraordinary period of the late 1970s in all its chaos and contradiction, revealing it as a decisive point in our recent history. Across the country, a profound argument about the future of the nation was being played out, not just in families and schools but in everything from episodes of "Doctor Who" to singles by the Clash. These years saw the peak of trade union power and the apogee of an old working-class Britain - but also the birth of home computers, the rise of the ready meal and the triumph of the Grantham grocer's daughter who would change our history forever. Reviews: "Magnificent ...if you lived through the late Seventies - or, for that matter, even if you didn't - don't miss this book". ("Mail on Sunday"). "Sandbrook has created a specific style of narrative history, blending high politics, social change and popular culture ...always readable and assured...Anyone who genuinely believes we have never been so badly governed should read this splendid book". (Stephen Robinson, "Sunday Times"). "[Sandbrook] has a remarkable ability to turn a sow's ear into a sulk purse. His subject is depressing, but the book itself is a joy ...[it] benefits from an exceptional cast of characters...As a storyteller, Sandbrook is, without doubt, superb ...[he] is an engaging history capable of impressive insight...When discussing politics, Sandbrook is masterful..."Seasons in the Sun" is a familiar story, yet seldom has it been told with such verve". (Gerard DeGroot, "Seven"). "A brilliant historian...I had never fully appreciated what a truly horrible period it was until reading Sandbrook...You can see all these strange individuals - Thatcher, Rotten, Larkin, Benn - less as free agents expressing their own thoughts, than as the inevitable consequence of the economic and political decline which Sandbrook so skilfully depicts". (A. N. Wilson, "Spectator"). "Nuanced...Sandbrook has rummaged deep into the cultural life of the era to remind us how rich it was, from Bowie to Dennis Potter, Martin Amis to William Golding". (Damian Whitworth, "The Times"). "Sharply and fluently written ...entertaining...By making you quite nostalgic for the present, Sandbrook has done a public service". ("Evening Standard"). About the author: Born in Shropshire ten days before the October 1974 election, Dominic Sandbrook was educated at Oxford, St Andrews and Cambridge. He is the author of three hugely acclaimed books on post-war Britain: "Never Had It So Good", "White Heat" and "State of Emergency", and two books on modern American history, "Eugene McCarthy" and "Mad as Hell". A prolific reviewer and columnist, he writes regularly for the "Sunday Times", "Daily Mail", "New Statesman" and "BBC History".


This study aimed to elucidate the social and behavioral factors and public health system characteristics that influenced pregnant women's adherence to prenatal care. Forty women diagnosed as HIV-positive by rapid test at delivery were included. Socioeconomic data were collected and a semi-structured interview was conducted. Eight women had > 6 prenatal visits and 12 had no visits. Interviews were submitted to qualitative content analysis. The themes fit into two blocks: those seen as hindering adherence, like unwanted pregnancy, lack of family support, prior knowledge of serological status, adverse social context, negative experiences with prenatal care, and disbelief towards prenatal care, and those facilitating adherence, like family support, valuing healthcare, wanting a tubal ligation, receptiveness by the healthcare team, and positive previous experience with prenatal care. Improving our understanding of the socio-cultural context should help promote strategies to reach such women and include them in better quality care.


This thesis maps the end of the millenium in terms of the geostrategic
flux of the post Cold War world system. Using the concept
of turbulence developed in the physics of fluids, and Gilles Deleuze
& Felix Guattari's liquid microphysics of the war machine, a
materialist analysis of violence is developed which cuts through the
binary oppostions of order/chaos, law/violence, war/peace to
construct a cartography of speeds and slowness, collective
compositions and power. Sector 1 defines postmodernity in terms
of cybernetic culture, delineating the distinction between Deleuze &
Guattari's concept of cartography and steering the problem out of
the remit of a juridico/politico/moral discourse telwards physics.
Sector 2 develops a fluid physics of turbulence and connects it to a
materialist analysis of social systems by mapping turbulent and
laminar flow onto Deleuze & Guattari's war machine and apparatus
of capture. A fluid dynamics of insurgency is then outlined with
reference to the geo-strategic undercurrent constituted by Chinese
martial theory. Sector 3 reconfigures social evolution in relation to
the non-linear social physics developed in Sector 2, unmasking the
racism and Imperialism of linear narratives of progress. Instead of
progression from one historical phase to another, the planet is seen
to be composed of a virtual co-existence of modes stretched out on
a continuum of war. This continuum connects the martial modes of
despotic states, disciplinary states and packs. These modes differ in
their degree of compositional laminarization. Sector 4 deploys the
cartography on the emergence of a planetary cybernetic culture and
its relation to a global machinery of war. Postmodern control is
designated as turbulence simulation or programmed catastrophe- a
runaway process of accident or emergency quantizing typified by
implosive turbulence in the core of the world system and its
overexposure. Sector 5 pushes the cartography towards an antifascist
fluid mechanics otherwise denoted as an ethics of speed or a
tao of turbulence.


Rabbit antiserum was prepared against hexokinase isoenzyme type I which was purified from rat brain mitochondria. The antiserum inhibited the activity of the mitochondrial hexokinase type I as well as that of the cytosolic type I enzyme prepared from rat brain, kidney and spleen. It did not, however, inhibit the activity of type II hexokinase from muscle and spleen or that of the type III enzyme from spleen. The results suggest that all hexokinase type I isoenzymes may have a common antigenic site irrespective of their sources, though their responses to a thiol inhibitor are different.


The DSM-IV model of personality disorders is composed of trait sets arranged into 10 theoretically distinct, polythetically assessed categories, with little regard for how the traits comprising these disorders are interrelated and structured. Research since the publication of DSM-III has shown that this model is untenable. The question is not whether this model needs revision; rather, the question is how to move from the existing DSM-IV framework to a model better connected with data. Empirically-based models of personality trait variation provide a starting point for DSM-5, and ongoing research will be used to delineate further the empirical structure of personality traits in the pathological range. The ultimate goal is to frame future DSMs in a way that is maximally useful for clinicians as well as researchers. It is also critical to understand that the DSM-5 is intended to be a living document that will facilitate novel inquiry and clinical applications, as opposed to a document designed to promote and perpetuate a fixed set of constructs. Thus, we view a proposed trait system as a first step on a path to a well-validated, clinically-useful structure.


The European Space Agency (ESA) is planning a Lunar Lander mission in the 2018 timeframe that will demonstrate precise soft landing at the polar regions of the Moon. To ensure a safe and successful landing a careful risk analysis has to be carried out. This is comprised of identifying favorable target areas and evaluating the surface conditions in these areas. Features like craters, boulders, steep slopes, rough surfaces and shadow areas have to be identified in order to assess the risk associated to a landing site in terms of a successful touchdown and subsequent surface operation of the lander. In addition, global illumination conditions at the landing site have to be simulated and analyzed. The Landing Site Risk Analysis software framework (LandSAfe) is a system for the analysis, selection and certification of safe landing sites on the lunar surface. LandSAfe generates several data products including high resolution digital terrain models (DTMs), hazard maps, illumination maps, temperature maps and surface reflectance maps which assist the user in evaluating potential landing site candidates. This paper presents the LandSAfe system and describes the methods and products of the different modules. For one candidate landing site on the rim of Shackleton crater at the south pole of the Moon a high resolution DTM is showcased.


The exploitation pattern of a salt marsh community by Brent Geese in spring is discussed. The two main vegetation types on the salt marsh, one dominated by Puccinellia maritima and the other characterized by the presence of Plantago maritima and Triglochin maritima, are grazed very intensively, so that the geese have to rely on freshly produced plant material. The both vegetation types differ in the frequency of grazing by Brent Geese: Puccinellia dominated areas are visited every 1 or 2 days, while the Plantago areas are visited only once every 4 to 8 days. An explanation for this temporal visitation pattern is sought for by examining the growth patterns of the food plants. A high frequency of visits to Puccinellia areas is in favour of the structure of the vegetation. However, individual Puccinellia shoots need a considerable time (about 20 days) to grow after defoliation in order to offer geese a bite of nearly 2 blades. This urges the geese to graze only a small portion of the shoots present and to scan the sward for the largest available tillers. Grazing frequency and intensity (portion of tillers grazed) are adjusted in such a way to allow the shoots to grow sufficiently. Plantago plants are much more restricted in occurrence than Puccinellia, while on the other hand the larger leaves of the former species offer a higher intake rate to the geese. The timing of visits by goose flocks every 4 to 8 days in the course of the spring to Plantago areas leads to a maximization of the harvested plant material. Social factors must be invoked in the search for mechanisms underlying the timing of visits to the successive sites utilized by the flock in an orderly grazing sequence.


Biospectroscopy and its applications characterise in vitro and in vivo cells with abnormal proliferation capacities. Proliferation of endometrial tissues in regions other than the uterus lining is known as endometriosis. It affects around 10% of women in the UK and worldwide. This study tests Fourier-Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Raman Spectroscopy as a novel approach for early identification and in depth classification of Endometriosis. An implementation of a non-invasive and high-throughput screening method would eliminate bias and thus reduce screening costs. The potential for double screening endometriosis and cervical cancer simultaneously offers a cost effective approach. Each patient spectra can be added to the data base to create a thorough in-depth identification method for varying disease morphologies. Results showed that both spectral techniques successfully detected endometriosis presence when the right pre-processing methods were applied, although Raman spectroscopy carried a higher degree of sensitivity and was able to detect ovarian endometriosis alongside endometriosis. Thus far this study demonstrates that Benzoapyrene (B[a]P) is capable of inducing alterations in exposed Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell populations even at very low doses of 10-9M. B[a]P gradually reduces cell survival after 7 days exposure and induces long-term inhibition of cell growth. High dose exposure of 10-6M B[a]P causes short-term evasion of G1 arrest and accumulation in S phase. These findings indicate that growth kinetics in vitro are important pre-determinants of MCF-7 cell susceptibility to genotoxic agents. Biospectroscopy and computational analysis produced biochemical signatures characterising dose and cell cycle related effects of B[a]P that indicated DNA alterations being induced. Overall the cell cycle is an important factor in genotoxic synthesis and cell proliferation. These findings can be linked to abnormal tumour growth in cancer.


Preparation of some smart PAm-ZTS pH-responsive membranes, via reactions between ZTS and PAm under different conditions, was conducted for testing pressure-driven reverse osmosis membranes (PDROMs) in active rejection of Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, and Ho ionic lanthanide species in their 3 and 4 states. Recent theoretical models to designate the membrane operations were mathematically itemized, after selective characterization of the PDROMs. The pH scale response of the membrane was confirmed using static adsorption and hydraulic pervasion result estimations. The flux across the PAmZTS membrane decreased with the lowering pH value, with drastic decreases between pH 4 and 7, and was both reversible and durable with pH shifts between ~3 and ~8. At lower pH 3, the individual pores were in a closed-state due to the prolonged structure of the amide chains on the porous surfaces. In contrast, at pH 8, the higher pH value, the membrane pores were in an open-state format, because of the collapsed structures of the amide chains. This grants a clear possible approach for manufacturing some pHresponsive composite membranes and inspires further design for their stimuli-responsive actions by incorporating molecularly designed macromolecules, synthesized by controlled polymerization.


This paper investigates empirically the causal relationship between capital account liberalization and economic growth using the Toda and Yamamoto's approach for selected emerging countries during the period 1975-2011. The evidence seems to be supportive of a causality running from capital account liberalization to economic growth. This causality is found to be unidirectional in general with exception of Malaysia and South Korea where the causality in the other direction is also significant. Moreover this causality is found to be running through boosting capital accumulation rather than efficiency. This is particularly true in Malaysia and South Korea especially when we use the Chinn and Ito's financial openness index. All these findings relative to causality also seem to be corroborated by the generalized variance decomposition approach and especially in the case of Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea.


390 June 2014, Vol. 104, No. 6 A meaningful and sustainable outreach programme in southern Gauteng To the Editor: In 2009 a meeting took place between the then Chief of Operations of the Gauteng Health Department, Dr A Rahman, and the academic and clinical heads of Internal Medicine at the three academic hospitals of the University of the Witwatersrand, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH), Helen Joseph Hospital (HJH) and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. Two problems were highlighted: the Department of Internal Medicine had too few subspecialty training posts to accommodate the large number of applicants; and the three cluster hospitals (Sebokeng, Leratong and Edenvale) served by the department were unable to fill their vacant specialist posts. The solution agreed to was that the three cluster hospitals would second their unfilled specialist posts to the Department of Medicine for filling in exchange for a continuous specialist service at the hospitals. The subspecialty training was extended by 1 year to a total of 3 years (already in existence for cardiology subspecialty training) to allow for 1 year of outreach. This was a win-win solution that allowed the Department of Medicine to expand its pool of posts for subspecialty training in exchange for providing muchneeded specialist services at these hospitals. A similar model was adopted by both CHBAH and HJH, whereby two to three physicians (subspecialty fellows) rotate through the Department of Medicine at Sebokeng Hospital (the responsibility of CHBAH) and Leratong Hospital (the responsibility of HJH) for periods of 3 4 months for each of the 3 years. These are both large regional hospitals each with approximately 800 beds. The rotating physicians participate fully in the clinical activities of the respective departments of medicine. They also have administrative and teaching responsibilities. Senior physicians visit the cluster hospitals on a weekly basis. The programme is now in its 5th year and has proved to be a great success. The regional hospitals have benefited by having a continuous on-site specialist service. The junior staff in these hospitals have responded very positively to having on-site specialist supervision and teaching. The rotating physicians have also benefited by being made aware of the importance of outreach in the context of South African healthcare. For the first time in their careers they have been given substantial responsibilities without senior supervision being immediately at hand. The majority of them have responded admirably to these challenges and have contributed meaningfully to these hospitals. The positive spiral created at these two hospitals has also resulted in the recent appointment of permanent specialists at both. It is our view that this type of outreach model could be implemented in other centres in South Africa, with the specific intention of improving the quality of care at regional hospital level. This would fit in very well with the National Health Insurance plan.


The use of synthetic fiber is increasing, replacing cotton fiber in textile industry. Various nonwoven technologies constitute the fastest growing sector of textiles in both the U.S. and rest of the world. This study evaluates the potential for cotton fiber in nonwoven textiles and analyzes the issues of cotton use in nonwovens, with a focus on potential target markets. Data was collected through an online survey conducted among the nonwoven products producing firms. The study shows that cotton is not being used by most of the nonwoven producing firms, with polypropylene as rayon as the primary substitute fibers. Reasons for using the substitute fibers include price, price volatility, processing costs, etc., of cotton. However, it appears to be potential for cotton, especially in hygiene and other products requiring absorbency.


The actual developed generation of automated guided vehicles (AGVs), used for the flow of materials in industrial production lines, offer increased flexibility by storing the reference path in the vehicle's on-board computer. This requires an effective path planning strategy, in particular with respect to navigation, collision avoidance and docking to target stations. Sensors to support these manoeuvres need to be robust, to survive in the rough industrial environment, cheap, to be an alternative to the existing wire-guided vehicles, and accurate, to meet the performance requirements. To cope with all these topics different low-cost sensors have to be used and their information has to be fused by intelligent algorithms. This paper addresses the combination of measurement signals of simple CCD-cameras, odometry sensors and ultrasonic sensors for a low cost approach to free navigation including target docking. The performance of this concept has been proofed by factory trial tests in the frame of the ESPRIT-project RETRARO in the production environment of the company Schoeller-Bregenz, active in the area of wool processing and spinning.


In negotiations of what a standard language is or should be, language criticism – with its evaluation of language and its speakers – has a central role. The article gives an overview of how the attitudes towards standard written as well as spoken British English have developed and changed over time and in the various socio-historical contexts. From a diachronic perspective, a tendency can be observed which begins with an orientation towards the linguistic variety used by the sophisticated elite in the middle of the 18th century and gradually moves towards acceptance and appreciation of local dialects and new standard varieties other than British English in the 20th century. For a long time, however, the ability to use 'correct', i. e. standard language, has been associated with education, appropriate social behaviour and decorum. This view is still subliminally present in British English and other national varieties, such as American English, today. Standardisation also plays a role in the public debates about the politically correct use of certain forms of language as well as in academic discussions about the influence that linguistic discourse exerts upon the attitudes formed about certain social groups.


Alliancing, as a project delivery model, has come a long way since its beginnings in the north Sea oil & gas industry, and its subsequent uptake in Australia in the mid 1990s. now, almost 20 years after the Wandoo Alliance, Australia's first alliance project, alliancing has created for itself a place in the project delivery model armoury of most procurers of significant works, both public and (to a lesser extent) private. Between 2004 and 2009, the total value of alliance projects in the road, rail and water sectors in new South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia was $32 billion. This represented 29% of the total infrastructure spend of $110 billion in the same sectors across the whole of Australia. Before comparing the approaches of the two Project Alliance Agreements (PAAs), it is useful to briefly examine the contextual background to each. The publication of the national Alliance Contracting Guidelines followed a 2009 research study commissioned by the state treasuries of Victoria, new South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. The findings of the study may not have been well received by the state treasuries. One of the key findings of the study was that on average, alliance projects experienced an increase from business case cost estimate to actual outturn cost in the order of 45-55%. Perhaps in response to this finding, the national Alliance Contracting Policy Principles (nACPP), Guide to Alliance Contracting and the nACG PAA appear to be heavily influenced by a desire to achieve value for money (VFM), and these documents adopt certain approaches which might not be considered to align with the principles of a "pure alliance". This article examines and compares the treatment by the two forms of key features common to the standard alliance agreements.


A vital part in the transmission for Scania lorries is the shaft in the rear axle. Since this shaft is divided into two identical parts, these are termed half shafts. Close control of the manufacturing process of these is required. Influence of flow rate, temperature and polymer concentration of the quenchant was investigated. An important controlling factor is the cooling rate used in the hardening process. This factor was selected for investigation in the present study. It was found that high flow rate, low temperature and low polymer concentration gives high cooling rates. Further investigation was performed how the residual stresses, surface hardness and the case depth of the half shafts were affected by the cooling rate. The results show that residual stresses are particularly affected by the cooling rate. Higher cooling rates results in higher residual stresses. Since residual stresses are important for fatigue lifer, a fatigue study was also undertaken.Five half shafts were quenched with a polymer concentration of 5%, and another five with 15%. All ten half shafts were fatigue tested in torsion, using a Scania standardized method. The shafts were loaded in torsion torque with company confidential amplitude, mean equal to zero number of cycles to failure was recorded. In normal production the half shafts are quenched with 10% polymer concentration. No tests with a polymer concentration of 10% were carried out in this investigation since results from this concentration are available from earlier studies.Residual stresses were measured using a relatively new method developed by Scania, called the core drilling method. A 20 cm long portion of the shaft was center drilled in steps, gradually increasing the drill diameter. After each step, the relaxation of surface strain was measured in the longitudinal and transversal directions. Having obtained these data, stresses can be calculated. Residual stresses were also measured by x-ray diffraction. Only surface stresses are obtained in this way, however. These measurements were made for each of the three polymer concentrations. An attempt was also made on trying to simulate the stress formation in the shafts during the heat treatment with FEM and also to calculate the residual stresses after the treatment. Results from the measurements were then compared with the FEM calculated results.Since the number of tested shafts is small, results are not statistically relevant. One may conclude, though, that fatigue life increases with increasing cooling rate, i.e. with decreasing polymer concentration. The fatigue life requirement for all tested shafts was fulfilled. The compressive residual stresses for 5% and 10% polymer concentration are of same magnitude and higher than for those quenched with 15% polymer concentration. The result also shows that the cooling rate does not affect the surface hardness, nor the case depth.


BACKGROUND
Spoken word recognition and speech perception tests in quiet are being used as a routine in assessment of the benefit which children and adult cochlear implant users receive from their devices. Cochlear implant users generally demonstrate high level performances in these test materials as they are able to achieve high level speech perception ability in quiet situations. Although these test materials provide valuable information regarding Cochlear Implant (CI) users' performances in optimal listening conditions, they do not give realistic information regarding performances in adverse listening conditions, which is the case in the everyday environment.

AIMS
The aim of this study was to assess the speech intelligibility performance of post lingual CI users in the presence of noise at different signal-to-noise ratio with the Matrix Test developed for Turkish language.

STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

METHODS
The thirty post lingual implant user adult subjects, who had been using implants for a minimum of one year, were evaluated with Turkish Matrix test. Subjects' speech intelligibility was measured using the adaptive and non-adaptive Matrix Test in quiet and noisy environments.

RESULTS
The results of the study show a correlation between Pure Tone Average (PTA) values of the subjects and Matrix test Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) values in the quiet. Hence, it is possible to asses PTA values of CI users using the Matrix Test also. However, no correlations were found between Matrix SRT values in the quiet and Matrix SRT values in noise. Similarly, the correlation between PTA values and intelligibility scores in noise was also not significant. Therefore, it may not be possible to assess the intelligibility performance of CI users using test batteries performed in quiet conditions.

CONCLUSION
The Matrix Test can be used to assess the benefit of CI users from their systems in everyday life, since it is possible to perform intelligibility test with the Matrix test using a material that CI users experience in their everyday life and it is possible to assess their difficulty in speech discrimination in noisy conditions they have to cope with.


Ohio State's Campus as a Living Laboratory program provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the Ohio State community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of Ohio State. Furthermore, readers should bear in mind that this report may not reflect the current status of activities at Ohio State. We hope the ideas recorded here can be built upon by other students and researchers. We urge you to contact the persons mentioned in this report or appropriate Ohio State offices or departments about the current status of the subject matter of this report.


World wide about 2% of men have a primary deficiency in sperm production. Familial cases of male infertility and chromosomal anomalies associated with this phenotype indicate that there is, at least in some cases, a genetic cause. In particular, deletions of the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome are associated with a failure of sperm production. Deletion screening, using Y-specific markers has defined three regions (AZFa, b, c) that are associated with azoospermia. Each region contains one or more candidate genes that may be responsible for the phenotype. However, mutations have not yet been identified in any of these genes. This review discusses the structural organisation of the human Y chromosome and genes that are candidates for male infertility.


Cocoa, an important crop in Malaysian agriculture is subjected to infestation
by a number of insect species the most important of which is the cocoa pod borer,
Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen. The black cocoa ant, Dolichoderus thoracicus is
found to be effective in controlling this pest.
The abundance of nesting sites is crucial in the establishment of this ant. Coconut
palms afford a great deal of nesting sites in the crown and spadices. A large
number of ants also nests in artificial cocoa leaf-litter nests which basically comprises
of a plastic bag (3 1 x 45 cm) stuffed with dry cocoa leaves. The ants also nests
in the cocoa canopy, between two cocoa leaves that overlapped forming a leaf nest.
The population size of the ant in the three types of nests on a per hectare basis should
be compared to determined the more important nesting site. Hence the objective was
to a) study the distribution of the ants in the spadices of coconut crowns, cocoa canopy
and artificial cocoa leaf-litter nest b) study the effects of time and amount of cocoa
leaf-litter on the size of ant population in the artificial nest and c) determine the
nest site preference of D. thoracicus in the canopy of cocoa trees. A sampling technique using a pipette fitted with a modified tip was developed
to estimate the number of ants and its brood in various types of nests. The end
of the pipette tip was cut to make an opening with a diameter of 4.2 mm. Results
showed that taking seven aliquots of 3 ml per aliquot gave the best estimate for
adults and total number of individuals.
Samples of all three types of nests i.e. spadices, artificial nests and cocoa leaf
nests were obtained and the number of adults and brood on a per hectare basis estimated.
There were significantly more ants in the artificial nests compared to the
other two types of nests.
The nest site preference of the ant in relation to canopy strata was examined.
The ants prefered to live in nests placed at the top and bottom strata of the canopy.
Artificial nests were set up on the cocoa trees and the change in population
size of the ants in the nests over time was observed. The ants colonized the nests after
two months with the population reaching a maximum of about 20 x 1 04 individuals
in about five months.
In another experiment, 1 75 , 3 50, 525 and 700g of dry cocoa leaves were
placed in plastic bags measuring 3 1 x 45 cm. All four treatments were placed on a
cocoa tree. After five months, it was found that the bag with 3 50g of dry leaves had
significantly more ants compared to the other three nests.
This study shows the potential of the artificial cocoa leaf-litter nest in the
establishment of the black cocoa ant especially in a monococoa agroecosystem. In
Malaysia where the cocoa pod borer poses a serious problem, the use of the artificial
nest will help in the establishment of the ants and thus leading to the control of the
most dangerous insect pest of cocoa.


Engineering cell population behavior Attaining the full promise of synthetic biology will require designing population-level behaviors of multiple interacting cell types. As a start, Chen et al. engineered two strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli to produce signaling molecules that regulate transcription in the complementary strain (see the Perspective by Teague and Weiss). The signaling circuit was successfully designed to produce feedback loops that produce synchronous oscillations in transcription between the two strains. A mathematical model helped determine how to modulate the oscillations and control their robustness to perturbations. Science, this issue p. 986; see also p. 924 Two strains of bacteria are designed to synchronize transcription in culture. [Also see Perspective by Teague and Weiss] A challenge of synthetic biology is the creation of cooperative microbial systems that exhibit population-level behaviors. Such systems use cellular signaling mechanisms to regulate gene expression across multiple cell types. We describe the construction of a synthetic microbial consortium consisting of two distinct cell types—an "activator" strain and a "repressor" strain. These strains produced two orthogonal cell-signaling molecules that regulate gene expression within a synthetic circuit spanning both strains. The two strains generated emergent, population-level oscillations only when cultured together. Certain network topologies of the two-strain circuit were better at maintaining robust oscillations than others. The ability to program population-level dynamics through the genetic engineering of multiple cooperative strains points the way toward engineering complex synthetic tissues and organs with multiple cell types.


DNA polymerase θ (Polθ) is a family A polymerase that contains an intrinsic helicase domain. To investigate the function of Polθ in mammalian cells, we have inactivated its polymerase activity in CH12 mouse B lymphoma cells by targeted deletion of the polymerase core domain that contains the catalytic aspartic acid residue. Compared to parental CH12 cells, mutant cells devoid of Polθ polymerase activity exhibited a slightly reduced growth rate, accompanied by increased spontaneous cell death. In addition, mutant cells showed elevated sensitivity to mitomycin C, cisplatin, etoposide, γ‐irradiation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Interestingly, mutant cells were more sensitive to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) than parental cells. This elevated MMS sensitivity relative to WT cells persisted in the presence of methoxyamine, an inhibitor of the major base excision repair (BER) pathway, suggesting that Polθ is involved in tolerance of MMS through a mechanism that appears to be different from BER. These results reveal an important role for Polθ in preventing spontaneous cell death and in tolerance of not only DNA interstrand cross‐links and double strand breaks but also UV adducts and alkylation damage in mammalian lymphocytes.


Responding to environmental threats, such as climate change, air pollution and loss of biodiversity, while also meeting economic needs, represents a major challenge for businesses, governments and society as a whole. International policy makers have presented small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as 'drivers' of sustainable development, playing an instrumental role in delivering a more inclusive 'green growth' agenda, in both developed and emerging economies (e.g. Mazur 2012, OECD 2015). The 'de-growth' movement has also identified smaller enterprises, social ventures and more localised, place-based business models as integral to its economic model (e.g. Jackson 2011, Buch-Hansen 2014). However, many key issues remain unresolved, including the capacity and willingness of SMEs to engage with these alternative visions for a more sustainable economy. In this seminar, I will consider how green growth and de-growth discourses might be reconciled with existing bodies of knowledge about SMEs, with particular reference to their pro-environmental behaviours and growth processes.

References

Buch-Hansen, H. (2014) 'Capitalist diversity and de-growth trajectories to steady-state economies.' Ecological Economics, 106: 167-173.

Jackson, T. (2011) Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet. Abingdon: Earthscan.

Mazur, E. (2012) 'Green Transformation of Small Businesses: Achieving and Going Beyond Environmental Requirements.' OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 47, Paris: OECD. Available at http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/green-transformation-of-small-businesses_5k92r8nmfgxp-en

OECD (2015) 'Emerging technologies and firm dynamics: the implications of green growth.' Issue Note Session 2, Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum. Paris: OECD. Available at: https://issuu.com/oecd.publishing/docs/ggsd_2015_issuepaper2_finalpdf

Biography

Richard Blundel is an organisational researcher with a particular interest in the links between entrepreneurial activity, innovation and environmental sustainability. A common theme in his work is an examination of the nature and consequences of growth in different organisational contexts, including small artisanal food producers, manufacturing businesses and social enterprises. His research has appeared in journals such as Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Enterprise & Society, Industry & Innovation, Prometheus, and the Journal of Small Business Management. He edited The Quarterly Survey of Small Business in Britain (2011-14) and is co-author of Exploring Entrepreneurship (2nd edition) (Sage, 2017). Richard is co-organiser of the ESRC Seminar Series, 'Green Innovation: Making it Work' (2015-16) and is collaborating with Professor Fergus Lyon and Dr Ian Vickers on a project for the recently-established ESRC Centre for Understanding Sustainable Prosperity (CUSP).


Reaction of elemental sulfur with 2-R1 and 2,8-R1,R2-substituted tetracenes (2) in refluxing DMF affords 5,6,11,12 tetrathiotetracenes (1) in good yields (74–99%) for a range of substituents where R1,R2 are: H,H (a); Me,H (b); MeO,H (c); Ph,H (d); Me,Me (e), iPr,Me (f, iPr = iso-propyl, CHMe2), Me,MeO (g); MeO,MeO (h). The reaction rate is limited only by the solubility of the tetracene (2); 2g–h being both the least soluble and slowest reacting. At partial conversion recovered single crystalline 2g led to its X-ray structure determination. Vacuum deposited (substrate deposition temperature 300 K, pressure 7 × 10−6 mbar, source temperature 500 K) thin films from 1 (of initial 88–99% purity) show final electrical conductivities, σ(in plane) from 1.40 × 10−5 S cm−1 (1g) to 3.74 × 10−4 S cm−1 (1b) for the resultant near pristine films; while 1d proved too involatile to be effectively sublimed under these conditions. In comparison, initially 95% pure TTT (1a) based films show σ(in-plane) = 4.33 × 10−5 S cm−1. The purities of 1a–h are highly upgraded during sublimation. Well defined micro-crystallites showing blade, needle or mossy like habits are observed in the films. The Seebeck coefficients (Sb) of the prepared 1 range from 374 (1c) to 900 (1f) μV K−1 (vs. 855 μV K−1 for identically prepared 95% pure TTT, 1a). Doping of films of 1f (R1 = iPr, R2 = Me) with iodine produces optimal p-type behaviour: σ(in-plane) = 7.00 × 10−2 S cm−1, Sb = 175 μV K−1. The latter's power factor (PF) at 0.33 μW m−1 K−2 is more than 500 times that of the equivalent I2-doped TTT films (1a, R1 = R2 = H), previously regarded as the optimal material for thin film thermoelectric devices using acene radical cation motifs.


In this work, the hydroxyapatite was prepared from cortical bone after calcination at 700°C during 1 hour. In order to improve mechanical properties of HA, 5 wt% of the ZrO2 (stabilized with 12.0 wt% CeO2), Al2O3 and TiO2 were added to HA powder as a reinforcing phase. All the powders were sintered at 1300°C for 2 hours. The XRD was utilized to identify the phases composition. It was found that the initial calcined powder is hydroxyapatite with the following chemical composition Ca5(PO4)3OH. In addition, the phenolphthalein test has put into evidence the existence of free CaO. For powders containing ZrO2, the XRD spectra has showed a little percent of formed b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP); the HA was decomposed to (b-TCP) and CaO which forms with ZrO2 the calcium zirconate (CaZrO3). Nevertheless, in powders containing TiO2, the XRD spectra showed that a partial decomposition of HA to b-TCP was occurred with formation of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3). However, for powders containing Al2O3, a nearly full decomposition of HA to b-TCP was occurred, the free Al2O3 was present. Finally, it has been found that HA composites containing a large amount of b-tricalcium phosphate are resorbale than HA composites containing a small amount of b-TCP and they were not well densified. The microhardness values of HA- ZrO2 composites were greater than those of HA- Al2O3 and HATiO2 composites.


In introducing the work of Deleuze and Guattari Massumi says, "A concept is a brick. It can be used to build the courthouse of reason. Or it can be thrown through the window." Therefore, in taking the Deleuzian view that concepts have no subjects or objects other than themselves and that the creation of concepts are acts, this article is conceived as a nomadic inquiry into the possible ethical, affective, and political aspects of the events with which these acts are associated. The article is informed by the author's own collaborative and performative research practices, and the inquiry is sited within the context of his teaching and learning practices in postgraduate education and professional development in higher education in the United Kingdom at the present time. In short, the article explores the ethical implications and sensitivities of the use of creative practices of conceptualization within educational settings of this kind.


As discussed throughout the project (Holguin-Veras 2006), the implementation of off-peak deliveries (OPD) requires both receivers that are willing to accept deliveries during the off-peak hours, as well as carriers willing to provide the service. The project highlighted that receivers, by virtue of being the end customer, have a great deal of influence on what the carriers do. In this context, should a significant number of receivers decide to request off-peak deliveries, it is almost certain that the carriers would follow suit. This fact has important implications becauseshort of mandatory regulations forcing the private sector to do off-peak deliveries-it is clear that the long-term sustainability of off-peak delivery programs require policy incentives to mitigate the impacts on receivers, which are likely to face additional costs. On the other hand, carriers-that stand to benefit from the increased productivity derived from faster travel speeds during the off-peak hours-are likely to participate in off-peak deliveries if sufficient number of receivers request the service. These concepts are to be kept in mind throughout this section. This report focuses on the implementation of off-peak delivery policies.


A promising theoretical perspective on the construction of order and change in the evolution of Large Technical Systems (LTS) is an ecological approach in the social sciences, inspired by various branches of biology and environ-mental sciences. In a multitude of variations, ecological approaches apply one or more ecosystem ideas and related concepts to change and adaptation of social and technical systems. Ecologically inspired models put emphasis on: (1) the dynamic interdependencies and interactions between social actors; (2) the multiplicity of relations between the components and outcomes of these systems; and (3) the existence of multiple and relatively autonomous layers and levels in such systems, along with the emergent relations between these levels. In the social sciences, most of these approaches have been developed in the sociology of organizations (population ecology of organizations; organizational ecology). In the political sciences, approaches from this ecological perspective have been applied to understanding the development of local communities, policy sectors, and interest group systems. An under-exploited variant of this perspective is the concept of an ecology of games which emaphsizes the complexity of nested (public and private) decision-making processes in the context of tight social and technical interdependencies and re-lated conflicts. The goal of this paper is to describe the foundations of the ecology of games as a framework for the study of large technical systems in the communications and information technology sector, and explore its explanatory value to a collection of case studies.


Blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs, facilitate decentralized platforms, and produce distributed trust, creating a foundation for new business models. In the financial industry, blockchain technology allows for the rise of decentralized financial services that may be more decentralized, innovative, interoperable, borderless, and transparent. Decentralized financial services have the potential to reduce transaction costs, broaden financial inclusion, facilitate open access, encourage permissionless innovation, and create new opportunities for entrepreneurs and innovators. In this article, we assess the benefits of decentralized finance, identify existing business models, and evaluate potential challenges and limits. As a new area of financial technology, decentralized finance may reshape the structure of modern finance and create a new landscape for entrepreneurship and innovation, showcasing the potential of decentralization as a foundation for new business models.


Sex chromosomes pose an inherent genetic imbalance between genders. In mammals, one of the female's X-chromosomes undergoes inactivation (Xi). Indirect measurements estimate that about 20% of Xi genes completely or partially escape inactivation. The identity of these escapee genes and their propensity to escape inactivation remain unsolved. A direct method for identifying escapees was applied by quantifying differential allelic expression from single cells. RNA-Seq fragments were assigned to informative SNPs which were labeled by the appropriate parental haplotype. This method was applied for measuring allelic specific expression from Chromosome-X (ChrX) and an autosomal chromosome as a control. We applied the protocol for measuring biallelic expression from ChrX to 104 primary fibroblasts. Out of 215 genes that were considered, only 13 genes (6%) were associated with biallelic expression. The sensitivity of escapees' identification was increased by combining SNP mapping for parental diploid genomes together with RNA-Seq from clonal single cells (25 lymphoblasts). Using complementary protocols, referred to as strict and relaxed, we confidently identified 25 and 31escapee genes, respectively. When pooled versions of 30 and 100 cells were used, <50% of these genes were revealed. We assessed the generality of our protocols in view of an escapee catalog compiled from indirect methods. The overlap between the escapee catalog and the genes' list from this study is statistically significant (P-value of E-07). We conclude that single cells' expression data are instrumental for studying X-inactivation with an improved sensitivity. Finally, our results support the emerging notion of the non-deterministic nature of genes that escape X-chromosome inactivation.


Synucleinopathies comprise a group of neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by deposits of aggregated alpha-synuclein (aSyn) in neurons and glia. The special hallmark is the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neuritis, in which Parkinson's disease is the most prevalent representative of this disease group. It is assumed, that misfolded oligomeric aSyn converts natively-folded monomeric in a templated-induced conversion process (prion-like way) into toxic oligomers, which can advance to the formation of pathologic fibrils. The cause of the misfolding is still unknown, such as the mechanism for the cell-to-cell spreading of pathologic aSyn is not yet completely understood.
In this work, we analyzed the effect of cellular prion protein (PrPC) on the internalization of aSyn. Secondary cells (SH-SY5Y) were treated with monomeric and oligomeric aSyn. The comparison of SH-SY5Y WT cells and stable PRNP transfected SH-SY5Y PrP cells, with an approximately 5-fold overexpression of PrPC showed a significantly higher amount of internalized oligomeric aSyn compared to SH-SY5Y WT cells. Fractionization of the cells into distinct compartments revealed a colocalization of both proteins in the cytosol.
Moreover, we explored the potential binding of aSyn and PrPC by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Here, a stable direct binding affinity of PrPC could be measured for monomeric and oligomeric aSyn.
In vivo studies were conducted with transgenic mice (Tgm83 and ThySyn), exhibiting an aSyn pathology. Crossbreeding the aSyn mouse models with a PrP-KO line (Zurich I) resulted in new double transgenic mouse lines (TgmPrP00 and ThySynPrP00). We observed that PrPC depletion in these mice did not change the expression of transgenic aSyn nor the phosphorylation of the crucial Serine 129. Though, the analysis of the cell compartments of brain lysates revealed a different distribution of aSyn in the subcellular fractions. Mice lacking PrPC had an increased level of aSyn in the cytosol compared to aSyn transgenic mice with intact PrPC WT. In addition to the biochemical analysis, the behavior of these mouse lines was tested, resulting in the rescue of certain deficits induced by the pathological aSyn phenotype in PrPC deficient mice. To identify further proteins involved in aSyn internalization, brain lysates were used to analyze PrPC and aSyn via co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Precipitation of aSyn was successfully tested for PrPC and vice versa has the precipitation of cellular prion resulted in the presence of aSyn. Furthermore, these Co-IPs were analyzed via mass spectrometry to identify additional involved proteins, possibly influencing the interaction of PrPC and aSyn. There, clathrin was successfully detected in both Co-IPs as a possible additional protein.
Altogether, our results implicate the involvement of PrPC as a receptor for aSyn, promoting the internalization and potentially the spreading of misfolded aSyn in a prion-like mechanism that may contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanism in synucleinopathies which is important for future therapies or diagnostics.


The making of legal regulatory orders has become increasingly transnational as legal ideas travel and are adopted, discarded, and refigured. Socio-legal scholars have recently turned to the framework of translation to guide examinations of how law changes from one context to the next and how law itself translates and transforms the subjects and objects it governs. Drawing upon science studies and feminist theory, this article develops critical cultural translation as possible socio-legal methodology and praxis for the study of transnational regulator orders. Furthering this line of inquiry, it addresses the regulation of benefit sharing and the patenting of indigenous San peoples' knowledge in Southern Africa. Critical cultural translation involves a responsibility towards social justice and openness to disorientation, whereby normative legal meanings and language are broken up and reconfigured to allow for a plurality of coalitional politics towards more meaningful social change.


Rapid urban development and climate change are contributing to an increased risk and security of supply to the Darwin Water Supply System. Annual water consumption in Darwin
is well above the national average. End-use measurement is an essential input into the development and assessment of supply side strategies and demand management initiatives.

The Darwin Residential End Use Pilot Study seeks to provide an insight into where, when and how much water is used in residential households in Darwin. High resolution water meters and data loggers were installed on a sample of 10 households. Data loggers recorded water consumption every 10 seconds over a 6 week logging interval. Special purpose Trace Wizard software was used to disaggregate consumption in end uses such as showers, clothes washing, irrigation etc. The study commences during the dry (summer) period which coincides with peak water consumption.

Average daily household consumption across 8 households was 1878.1 L/hh/d with an average per capita consumption of 747.2 L/c/d. Two of the households were omitted from
the study due to data logger failures and statistical relevance. Approximately 77 % of overall consumption was directed to outdoor uses and 23 % to indoor uses. Water consumption was highly skewed towards the highest water users.

Average per capita indoor consumption was disagreggrated into showers (36.5 %), clothes washing (20.6 %), leakage (15.9 %), toilets (13.5 %), faucets (12.5 %) and dishwasher (1 %). Indoor consumption showed minimal variation from studies in other regions. The study supports the use AMR systems to identify leakage during night time flows.

Irrigated areas for each household were calculated and demonstrated a close correlation to overall consumption. This study supports evidence from the DeOreo (2011) study that an outdoor model can be generated to relate lot size to irrigated area and to overall consumption for broader catchment areas. Targeted demand management programs towards
the highest water users can be optimised with consideration to the theoretical irrigation requirements and degree of excess irrigation. Demand management initiatives need to be
targeted to excess irrigators without encouraging deficit irrigators to irrigate.

The study indicates that the use of historical planning estimates to forecast water supply is significantly overestimating water consumption with the increasing trend towards higher housing densities, smaller lot sizes and reduced irrigated areas.

Outdoor water use contributed to an average 93.5 % of peak hour demand between 6pm to 7pm. Cumulative sporadic irrigation events at peak hour had a significant influence on the peaking factor coinciding with optimum and convenient irrigation times.

The annual variations in climatic and transient population cycles suggest that annual consumption alone is a poor indicator of annual performance and in the assessment of
demand management initiatives. Darwin's distinct climate cycle presents opportunities to track demand management initiatives, identify excessive irrigators and households with high level leakage.

A pilot study provides the opportunity to understand the underlying variables that influences both indoor and outdoor end uses in tropical climates and outlines recommendations for future targeted research. The study forms the first phase of an extended project to analyse
seasonal variations of water use in tropical climates.


With its recent decision in Roper v. Simmons, invalidating the imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were younger than 18 when their crimes were committed, the U.S. Supreme Court has heralded a major shift in the perspective of the legal system - and the culture at large - towards adolescents who commit crimes. Invoking social science research as well as a "common sense" understanding of the differences between teenagers and adults, the Court found that as a categorical matter, juveniles are not as culpable as adults and, thus, cannot be classified among the "worst offenders," deserving of the most severe punishment. Yet, in writing for the majority, Justice Kennedy did not base the Court's decision solely on the developmental differences between juveniles and adults or on the arguably stereotyped - and romantic - notion of youth as immature, unpredictable works in progress. His emphasis was also on the grave difficulty - the impossibility, even - of maintaining confidence in a system that relies on human beings, with all their frailties and prejudices, to determine whether the ultimate punishment should be imposed upon society's most violent 16 and 17-year-olds. Simmons explicitly recognizes - and draws a bright line to counteract - the all-too-human tendency to objectify violent juvenile offenders, to consider their youth as an aggravating factor in the calculus, and to perceive and judge them through the lens of stereotype and bias. This article focuses on the way in which implicit bias - seeing the 'type' or 'category' of the person instead of the three-dimensional reality - relates not only to how capital jurors perceive juvenile offenders but also to how law enforcement views the juvenile suspect. It explores how Simmons informs a new approach by both law enforcement and the courts to the questioning of juvenile suspects, one that is consistent with what recent studies have revealed about the ways in which adolescents experience interrogation and is also consistent with the law's approach to the questioning of another group of minors - those who are witnesses or alleged victims of crime. It argues that the time has now come to apply the principal bases of Simmons to the area of juvenile interrogation, and it concludes with proposals aimed at changing the culture behind the questioning of adolescents with reforms and strategies for legislators and judges as well as for police officers and community groups.


We propose a simple recurrent model for detecting rare sound events, when the time boundaries of events are available for training. Our model optimizes the combination of an utterance-level loss, which classifies whether an event occurs in an utterance, and a frame-level loss, which classifies whether each frame corresponds to the event when it does occur. The two losses make use of a shared vectorial representation the event, and are connected by an attention mechanism. We demonstrate our model on Task 2 of the DCASE 2017 challenge, and achieve competitive performance.


The parents of sixty-three patients who were less than twenty-one years old and who had operatively confirmed herniation of a lumbar disc were interviewed regarding a history of sever back pain, sciatica, and herniated disc, to determine whether aggregation of herniation of a lumbar disc occurs in families of patients in this young age-group. The parents of sixty-three additional patients who had a non-spinal orthopaedic diagnosis (control group) were matched for age and sex with the study group and were given the same interview. Of the patients who had herniation of a lumbar disc and were less than twenty-one years old, 32 per cent had a positive family history for that lesion compared with 7 per cent of the control group. The relative risk of development of herniation of a lumbar disc before the age of twenty-one years is estimated to be approximately five times greater in patients who have a positive family history. The results indicate a familial basis for herniation of a lumbar disc in patients who are less than twenty-one years old.


Proposing that people lived (and live) in "emotional communities"-each having its own particular norms of emotional valuation and expression-Barbara H. Rosenwein here discusses some instances from the Early Middle Ages. Drawing on extensive microhistorical research, as well as cognitive and social constructionist theories of the emotions, Rosenwein shows that different emotional communities coexisted, that some were dominant at times, and that religious beliefs affected emotional styles even as those styles helped shape religious expression. This highly original book is both a study of emotional discourse in the Early Middle Ages and a contribution to the debates among historians and social scientists about the nature of human emotions. Rosenwein explores the character of emotional communities as discovered in several case studies: the funerary inscriptions of three different Gallic cities; the writings of Pope Gregory the Great; the affective world of two friends, Gregory of Tours and Venantius Fortunatus; the Neustrian court of Clothar II and his heirs; and finally the tumultuous period of the late seventh century. In this essay, the author presents a new way to consider the history of emotions, inviting others to continue and advance the inquiry. For medievalists, early modernists, and historians of the modern world, the book will be of interest for its persuasive critique of Norbert Elias's highly influential notion of the "civilizing process." Rosenwein's notion of emotional communities is one with which all historians and social scientists working on the emotions will need to contend.


Assessment in an undergraduate physics subject was re-designed to challenge and inspire students to develop and apply their disciplinary and non-disciplinary skills in a practice-based assignment task. The aims of the re-design were to expose students to workplace practice and increase their engagement in the subject. To achieve these aims the assignment was carefully scaffolded to give students the opportunity to improve their scientific writing skills, develop an approach to systematic research, build a greater understanding of the peer-review process and acquire skills in self and team management. The task required students to work in groups to research and write a research paper based on a meta-study model. Their papers were then compiled and published in a student peer-reviewed research journal. The impact of this intervention was evaluated through a focus group discussion with the majority of the students commenting positively on their learning and engagement in the subject. The effectiveness of the assignment design, its scaffolding, the peer-review process and the authenticity of the workplace-setting are discussed. Suggestions are made as to how to further improve this type of assignment design. This workplace-focused intervention may be of interest to educators in other STEM disciplines.


This new four volume collection, Pidgins and Creoles, will showcase the major areas of research and their achievements in this multidisciplinary field. The collection will include both works that represent the status quo as well as those that are controversial in nature but which have nevertheless functioned as major catalysts for the production of knowledge. An important focus of the volumes will be to critically assess existing models, truths, research agendas and methodological frameworks in the research on these languages. While the bulk of research to date has principally investigated so-called English-lexified creoles, the volumes will also draw on work carried out on the range of such languages, crucially including not just creoles but also pidgins.


Multigigabit-per-second true time delay (TTD) was experimentally demonstrated by use of optical coherent transient techniques in a Tm(3+):YAG crystal. A delay accuracy of 1 ps and a delay resolution of 7 ps (both measurement limited) were achieved. The retrieved data retained good fidelity.