Classical mechanics is a singular theory in that real-energy classical particles can never enter classically forbidden regions. However, if one regulates classical mechanics by allowing the energy E of a particle to be complex, the particle exhibits quantum-like behavior: complex-energy classical particles can travel between classically allowed regions separated by potential barriers. When Im E → 0, the classical tunneling probabilities persist. Hence, one can interpret quantum tunneling as an anomaly. A numerical comparison of complex classical tunneling probabilities with quantum tunneling probabilities leads to the conjecture that as Re E increases, complex classical tunneling probabilities approach the corresponding quantum probabilities. Thus, this work attempts to generalize the Bohr correspondence principle from classically allowed to classically forbidden regions.


Pulmonary exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Psae) infection are usually treated with dual intravenous antibiotics for 14 days, despite the lack of evidence for best practice. Intravenous antibiotics are commonly associated with various systemic adverse effects, including renal failure and ototoxicity. Inhaled antibiotics are less likely to cause systematic adverse effects, yet can achieve airway concentrations well above conventional minimum inhibitory concentrations. Typically one inhaled antibiotic is used at a time, but dual inhaled antibiotics (i.e. concomitant use of two different inhaled antibiotics) may have synergistic effect and achieve better results in the treatment of exacerbations. We presented anecdotal evidence for the use of dual inhaled antibiotics as an acute treatment for exacerbations, in the form of a case report. A female in her early thirties with CF and chronic Psae infection improved her FEV 1 by 5% and 2% with two courses of dual inhaled antibiotics to treat exacerbations in 2016. In contrast, her FEV 1 changed by 2%, -2%, 0% and 2%, respectively, with four courses of dual intravenous antibiotics in 2016. Baseline FEV 1 was similar prior to all six courses of treatments. The greater FEV 1 improvements with dual inhaled antibiotics compared to dual intravenous antibiotics suggest the potential role of using dual inhaled antibiotics to treat exacerbations among adults with CF and chronic Psae infection, especially since a greater choice of inhaled anti-pseudomonal antibiotics is now available. A previous study in 1985 has looked at the concomitant administration of inhaled tobramycin and carbenicillin, by reconstituting antibiotics designed for parenteral administration. To our knowledge, this is the first literature to describe the concomitant use of two different antibiotics specifically developed for delivery via the inhaled route.


This work aimed to achieve partial nitrification (PN) in a Sequencing Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor SMBBR with zeolite as a biomass carrier by using sulfide pulses in the presence of organic matter as an inhibitor. Two conditions were evaluated: sulfide (HS−) = 5 mg S/L and vvm (air volume per liquid volume per minute, L of air L−1 of liquid min−1) = 0.1 (condition 1); and a HS− = 10 mg S/L and a vvm = 0.5 (condition 2). The simultaneous effect of organic matter and sulfide was evaluated at a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) = 350 mg/L and HS− = 5 mg S/L, with a vvm = 0.5. As a result, using the sulfide pulse improved the nitrite accumulation in both systems. However, Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) oxidation in both processes decreased by up to 60%. The simultaneous presence of COD and sulfide significantly reduced the TAN and nitrite oxidation, with a COD removal yield of 80% and sulfide oxidation close to 20%. Thus, the use of a sulfide pulse enabled PN in a SMBBR with zeolite. Organic matter, together with the sulfide pulse, almost completely inhibited the nitrification process despite using zeolite.


Polyaniline/graphene composites constitute an important class of electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this paper, we designed a new self-assembly method for preparing polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide three-dimensional porous composite gels with molecular-level uniformity even at a very high PANI content (>80%). The method involves two successive self-assembly processes, namely, two-dimensional assembly of polyaniline on graphene oxide sheets in a water/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone blend solvent, and three-dimensional reduction-assembly of the obtained polyaniline/graphene oxide composite sheets. The prepared polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide composite gels possess a three-dimensional porous network composed of reduced graphene oxide sheets, which are covered by polyaniline molecules with controlled content. Because of this favorable microstructure, the composite shows a high specific capacitance of 808 F g−1 (5717 mF cm−2) at a current density of 53.33 A g−1 (377.4 mA cm−2), as well as excellent rate performance. These results demonstrate that two-step self-assembly is a promising method for precisely controlling the microstructure of reduced graphene oxide based composite electrode materials.


Dopaminergic (DA) and serotonergic (5-HT) projections to striatum and cortex have been implicated as the primary targets of substituted amphetamine (AMP)-induced neurotoxicity, largely on the basis of the propensity of these compounds to cause protracted decrements in DA and 5-HT rather than on the basis of AMP-induced alterations of indices linked to neural damage. Moreover, most studies of AMP-induced neurotoxicity, regardless of the endpoints assessed, have been conducted using a rat model; relatively little attention has been focused on the effects of these compounds in the mouse. Here, we evaluated the potential neurotoxic effects of d-methamphetamine (d-METH), d-methylenedioxyamphetamine (d-MDA), d-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (d-MDMA) and d-fenfluramine (d-FEN) in the C57BL6/J mouse. Astrogliosis, assessed by quantification of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), was taken as the main index of AMP-induced neural damage. A silver degeneration stain also was used to obtain direct evidence of AMP-induced neuronal damage. Assays of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DA and 5-HT were used to assess effects on DA and 5-HT systems. Mice received d-METH (10 mg/kg), d-MDA (20 mg/kg), d-MDMA (20 mg/kg) or d-FEN (25 mg/kg) every 2 hr for a total of four s.c. injections. d-METH, d-MDA and d-MDMA caused a large (300%) increase in striatal GFAP that resolved by 3 weeks and a 50 to 75% decrease in TH and DA that did not resolve. d-METH, d-MDA and d-MDMA also caused fiber and terminal degeneration in striatum as revealed by silver staining. d-FEN did not affect any parameters in striatum. d-METH, d-MDA and d-MDMA also increased GFAP in cortex, effects that were associated with small (10-25%) and transient decrements in cortical 5-HT. d-FEN caused prolonged (weeks) decrements (20%) in cortical 5-HT but did not affect cortical GFAP. The effects of d-METH, d-MDA and d-MDMA were stereoselective and were blocked by pretreatment with MK-801. Core temperature was slightly elevated by d-METH, d-MDA and d-MDMA but was dramatically lowered by d-FEN. The data suggest that d-METH, d-MDA and d-MDMA, but not d-FEN, produce damage to neural elements of mouse striatum and cortex.


Abstract The concentrations of K+, Na+, and proline and the ratio of K+ to Na+ (K+ / Na+) were analyzed in NaCl-unadapted and NaCl-adapted tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells in suspension culture. At 3 to 5 d after inoculation, the NaCl-unadapted cells cultured in 100 mmol L−1 NaCl saline culture medium (Na100 medium) accumulated 28.7 mmol L−1 proline with a low ratio of K+ to Na+ (= 2.8) and the NaCl-adapted cells cultured in the Na100 medium contained 6.28 mmol L−1 proline with a high K+ / Na+ ratio (≧ 7.5). The contents of amino acids for the NaCl-adapted cells in the Na100 medium were similar to those for the NaCl-unadapted cells in a modified LS medium (standard medium). At 14 d after inoculation, the NaCl-unadapted cells in the Na100 medium contained 4.77 mmol L−1 proline and restored the K+ / Na+ ratio from 2.8 to 6.2. These results indicate the presence of a negative correlation between the K+ / Na+ ratio and proline accumulation and suggest that a balance between the K+ / Na+ ratio and proline accumulation may be the factor involved in determining the salt tolerance of plant cells.


Background: Negation occurs frequently in scientific literature, especially in biomedical literature. It has previously been reported that around 13% of sentences found in biomedical research articles contain negation. Historically, the main motivation for identifying negated events has been to ensure their exclusion from lists of extracted interactions. However, recently, there has been a growing interest in negative results, which has resulted in negation detection being identified as a key challenge in biomedical relation extraction. In this article, we focus on the problem of identifying negated bio-events, given gold standard event annotations. Results: We have conducted a detailed analysis of three open access bio-event corpora containing negation information (i.e., GENIA Event, BioInfer and BioNLP'09 ST), and have identified the main types of negated bio-events. We have analysed the key aspects of a machine learning solution to the problem of detecting negated events, including selection of negation cues, feature engineering and the choice of learning algorithm. Combining the best solutions for each aspect of the problem, we propose a novel framework for the identification of negated bioevents. We have evaluated our system on each of the three open access corpora mentioned above. The performance of the system significantly surpasses the best results previously reported on the BioNLP'09 ST corpus, and achieves even better results on the GENIA Event and BioInfer corpora, both of which contain more varied and complex events. Conclusions: Recently, in the field of biomedical text mining, the development and enhancement of event-based systems has received significant interest. The ability to identify negated events is a key performance element for these systems. We have conducted the first detailed study on the analysis and identification of negated bio-events. Our proposed framework can be integrated with state-of-the-art event extraction systems. The resulting systems will be able to extract bio-events with attached polarities from textual documents, which can serve as the foundation for more elaborate systems that are able to detect mutually contradicting bio-events.


Today the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors recognized the San Bernardino County Fire Department Office of Emergency Services for recently being awarded the California Emergency Services Association (CESA) Public Safety Gold Award for its Mass Care and Shelter, Shelter Operations Compound (SHOC) Program. The CESA Public Safety Gold Award is the top award for public safety emergency management programs in the State of California. On Thursday, October 17, 2013, Mike Antonucci, OES Emergency Services Manager and Zack Mullennix, OES Emergency Services Officer, were on hand at this year's CESA Conference in Santa Rosa to receive the award. The CESA State Awards Committee was greatly impressed by the program and called it "an innovative and ground breaking approach to sheltering large groups". San Bernardino County's SHOC Program is a collaborative effort between County Fire, multiple County departments, cities within the Operational Area, the American Red Cross and other partner agencies. The SHOC concept provides a one-stop full-service site for evacuees and shelter residents. It provides for a 3,500 bed human shelter, sheltering for small and large animals, services include medical services, behavioral health, and child care and donations management. The SHOC also contains a Local Assistance Center (LAC). As part of the planning process, the County conducted a table-top exercise in 2012 and a major functional exercise in June 2013. In support of the SHOC Program, OES also developed the Mass Care and Shelter Trailer Cache Project, which currently consists of fifteen 200 bed Trailer Caches deployed throughout the County with an additional 16 Trailer Caches being built over the next few years. When completed the County will have 31 Trailer Caches deployed. The SHOC "concept" was used in a simpler form by the County in both the 2003 and 2007 wildfires. After considerable refinement, coordination and training, the SHOC program is being held up as a model for multi-jurisdictional mega-sheltering. Photos will be posted at www.sbcfire.org under latest news. # # #


This paper reviews the Challenge on Image Demoireing that was part of the New Trends in Image Restoration and Enhancement (NTIRE) workshop, held in conjunction with CVPR 2020. Demoireing is a difficult task of removing moire patterns from an image to reveal an underlying clean image. The challenge was divided into two tracks. Track 1 targeted the single image demoireing problem, which seeks to remove moire patterns from a single image. Track 2 focused on the burst demoireing problem, where a set of degraded moire images of the same scene were provided as input, with the goal of producing a single demoired image as output. The methods were ranked in terms of their fidelity, measured using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) between the ground truth clean images and the restored images produced by the participants' methods. The tracks had 142 and 99 registered participants, respectively, with a total of 14 and 6 submissions in the final testing stage. The entries span the current state-of-the-art in image and burst image demoireing problems.


: Two previous articles described horizontal interarch relations with a simple model developed. This paper required further development of the horizontal relations to allow vertical overlap to be studied. An analysis of orthodontic and dental-prosthetic models provided values to refine horizontal description then guide vertical calculations. Tooth thickness and angles of the maxillary teeth were related to horizontal overlap to produce an estimate of potential overbite. Principles were derived from the calculations and stated. Change can be predicted for overjet and overbite during and after orthodontic treatment. This series of articles expands the logical foundations by rationally considering a broad range of anterior occlusions. There are limitations in observing one or two features of anterior occlusion without comprehending the influence of other significant measurements. Measuring change in anterior overbite is inadequate without concurrently accounting for changes of other variables such as: spacing/enlarging/hypodontia; crowding; buccal relations and tooth thickness. A better understanding of anterior dental relations is possible from use of this model and the principles derived from it.


A three-dimensional coupled thermosphere-ionosphere model for extrasolar giant planets (EXOTIM)
has been developed. This is the first such model reported in the literature. This thesis contains an
extensive description of the model and the methods adopted in modelling the different physical processes
expected in the upper atmospheres and ionospheres of extrasolar giant planets. Modelling the upper
atmosphere is important because the stability of the atmosphere against thermal evaporation is controlled
by the conditions in the thermosphere. The thermosphere is heated by the absorption of EUV and X
ray (XUV) radiation emitted by the host star. The radiation also ionises the neutral species in the
upper atmosphere, which is expected to be composed mainly of molecular and atomic hydrogen, and
atomic helium. Ionisation and subsequent photochemistry leads to the formation of the H^+, H^+_2 , H^+_3 ,
and He^+ ions (and small quantities of HeH^+). H^+_3 emits strongly in the infrared and may act as a
significant coolant in gas giant thermospheres. Assuming photochemical equilibrium, the absorption of
XUV radiation and ion photochemistry were modelled in a self-consistent fashion. The 3D model can
also simulate strong winds affecting the upper atmosphere, and account for both advection and diffusion
of the neutral species around the planet. The results indicate that within 1.0 AU from a solar-type
host star, the upper atmospheres of Jupiter-type EGPs can be substantially cooler and more stable
than implied by studies that ignore the possibility of radiative (H^+_3 ) cooling. In this context, a limiting
distance, or a stability limit, was identified for such EGPs that depends on the composition of the upper
atmosphere and ionosphere, and within which the atmospheres of the planets undergo hydrodynamic
escape. Under restricted conditions, this limit is located around 0.15 AU from a Sun-like host star. The
model was also used to simulate a newly found transiting planet HD17156b, which orbits its host star
on a highly eccentric orbit.


Summary

The prevalence of underweight children worldwide fell from 31per cent in 1990 to 26 per cent in 2008 (UNICEF 2009). However, progress is still slow and very uneven. Half of the countries have made progress on hunger, but levels of malnutrition did not improve in 28 countries and got worse in 24. The case of Peru appears to be an encouraging exception to the rule. With the support of CARE and others organisations from civil society and the donor community, the Peruvian Government has generated the political momentum to overcome obstacles and create national coordination structures and mechanisms, increase public (and private) spending on programs to tackle malnutrition and align social programs with the national nutrition strategy (known as CRECER). This included adding conditionalities on taking children to regular growth monitoring in the Conditional Cash Transfer programme, JUNTOS. The international aid system has also aligned itself around CRECER. After ten years of almost no change in child chronic malnutrition (stunting) rates (25.8 per cent in 1996, and 22.9 per cent in 2005 – with rural rates moving from 40.4 per cent to 40.1 per cent), this change in strategy has started to lead to results: malnutrition rates fell to 17.9 per cent between 2005 and 2010, with reductions mainly occurring in rural areas where malnutrition rates are highest (from 40.1per cent in 2005 to 31.3 per cent in 2010) according to the Peruvian National Statistical Office (INEI). Over 130,000 children under five are now not chronically malnourished who would have been had rates not fallen. Indeed, there is a strong case to be made that these changes would not have occurred without the formation in early 2006 of the Child Nutrition Initiative, and its advocacy success in getting ten Presidential candidates to sign a commitment to reduce chronic malnutrition in children under five by 5 per cent in five years ('5 by 5 by 5'), followed by the support provided subsequently to the new government to meet that commitment.

This paper documents and systematises Peru's recent experience in tackling malnutrition. Through an intensive review of quantitative and qualitative evidence, it argues that success is not explained by the presence of favourable socioeconomic changes in Peru, and it explores the political determinants of success in three dimensions. Horizontally, it looks at government efforts to form policy coalitions across representatives of different government and non-government agencies; it looks at the vertical integration of agencies and programmes between national, regional and municipal governments, and it analyses the allocation of government resources used to fund the government's nutrition effort.

In closing, the paper identifies some salient challenges to ensure long term sustainability of the initiative and draws policy recommendations and knowledge sharing lessons that could be of use for Southern Governments, donor agencies and civil society organisations.


A substantial body of literature is written on the benefits of cross-functional integration between marketing and Supply Chain Management (SCM), nevertheless, a major gap was identified regarding concrete actions needed to be taken to effectively implement such integration and measures to realise and evaluate the integration's impact on performance. Previous research has failed to support the claim about the positive impact of marketing/SCM cross-functional integration on performance. This research proposes a framework to conceptualise marketing/SCM cross-functional integration in order to optimise Supply Chain Performance (SCP) and overall business performance through identifying a set of integrative marketing capabilities and a measurement taxonomy to assess the impact on performance. Due to the novelty of the research, scarce studies and limited cross-functional effective practices, purposive sampling of specific case studies had to be followed. The case studies were selected from the Egyptian Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) market. Five Multinational Companies (MNC) fulfilled a set of criteria to be used as the research case studies and to reflect a global perspective. The research was divided into three phases, exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. The exploratory phase used a semi-structured research approach. At the exploratory phase, the cross-functional integration status between the marketing department and the SCM departments was examined. Moreover, a set of integrative marketing capabilities was explored. These capabilities are claimed to have the ability to impact SCP and business performance if well aligned between the demand creation side of the organisation (marketing and sales) and the demand fulfilment side (SCM). In addition, a list of integrative practical SCP measurements were investigated at this phase in an attempt to compile a measurement taxonomy capable of assessing the impact of integrating/aligning the identified marketing capabilities with SCM. At the second phase, the explanatory phase, the study attempted to support the results of the exploratory phase. The explanatory phase was divided into two parts, Part A and Part B. This phase employed a more structured approach. Part A resulted in defining the strength of the relationship/influence between each identified marketing capability and each SCP attribute (reliability, agility, responsiveness, cost and asset management). Part B resulted in a proposed comprehensive measurement matrix of 28 Performance Indicators (PI) capable of assessing the impact of marketing/SCM cross-functional integration on SCP and business performance. Thus, a conceptual framework was developed to visualise the measured impact of marketing/SCM cross-functional integration on performance through illustrating the influence of integrating each marketing capability on each SCP attribute and that this influence can be measured by specific corresponding PI. Moreover, in order to practically illustrate a cross-functional integration process, a descriptive research phase was conducted. The integration processes of each case study were mapped and in-depth observations were undertaken to follow and understand the level and scheme of cross-functional integration between the marketing department and the SCM department at the case studies. The descriptive phase resulted in a practical cross-functional integration process model based on the best practices of the five MNCs. This research phase followed an unstructured research approach to fully comprehend the cross-functional integration phenomenon. Finally the cross-functional integration process of Unilever Mashreq, a core case study, was demonstrated and the results of its integrative Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were shown in order to serve as a real life example reflecting the integration impact on performance. The research provides an original contribution to knowledge by developing a conceptual framework that can benefit companies by offering a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the marketing/SCM cross-functional integration leading to improved SCP and overall business performance. Moreover, this research also presents a practical integration model to marketing and SCM executives with key cross-functional processes that facilitate implementing successful practices between the demand creation side of the organisation, the marketing department, and the demand fulfilment side of the organisation, the SCM department.


Leaf blotch is a globally important disease of barley crops and other grasses that is caused by at least five host-specialized species in the fungal genus Rhynchosporium. The pathogen R. commune (specialized to barley, brome-grass and Italian ryegrass) has long been considered to reproduce only by asexual means, but there has been accumulating evidence for recombination and gene flow from population genetic studies and the detection of complementary MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 isolates in a c. 1:1 ratio in the field. Here, it is demonstrated that 28 isolates of the closely related species R. agropyri (on couch-grass) and R. secalis (on rye and triticale), collected from Europe, were also either of MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 genotype and that the distribution of mating types did not deviate significantly from a 1:1 ratio. Evidence is then provided for MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 gene expression during mycelial growth for all three species. By contrast, 27 isolates of the more distantly related R. orthosporum (on cocksfoot) and R. lolii (on Italian and perennial ryegrasses) from Europe were exclusively of the MAT1-1 genotype, and expression of the MAT1-1-1 gene could not be detected during mycelial growth. These data suggest that cryptic sexual cycles are more likely to exist for R. commune, R. agropyri and R. secalis than for either R. orthosporum or R. lolii. A phylogenetic analysis of partial MAT1-1 idiomorph sequences resolved these five species into two distinct groups (R. commune, R. agropyri and R. secalis versus R. orthosporum and R. lolii) but provided only limited resolution within each group.


It is not uncommon to hear football being denigrated as a pastime which distracts people from "real" political concerns, "real struggles". And nor is it uncommon to hear the politics of football discussed as a crude class politics; that is, for example, to hear that Carlton and Melbourne are "ruling class" clubs or that Collingwood. Fitzroy and Footscray are the only "true working class" clubs left. Neither of these formulations is of any worth for a serious political analysis of V.F.L. football, as neither of them allows a space for a politics of football as a site in itself. How then should such a politics be constructed? In this paper I want to attempt to answer this question through an examination of the way in which the polities of football is constructed in two recent books concerned with analysing football - Leonie Sandercock and Ian Turner's Up Where, Cazaly? and Bob Stewart's The Australian Football Business. Sadly, these two books are the only two books available which present a serious analysis of V.F.L. football (although there are several articles which present such an analysis) and both are to be highly praised for doing so. However, my concern here is not with the process of reviewing, with condemning or condoning these two books; my concern is with a reading of them to determine what space they allow for a politics of football as a site in itself. I think we can divide both books' treatment of this question into two basic categories: one, where a space is provided for a politics of football which does treat it as a site in itself; and two, where a space is provided for a politics of football only in terms of some essence which exists external to the site of football and determines this site or some aspect of it. As well, in the case of Stewart's book there is a third category - where the analysis does treat football as a site in; itself but in doing so promotes a position on certain issues which I feel should be challenged.


With tourists expecting higher levels of service, information and retail opportunities, visitor centres have become a vital component in providing access to heritage sites, historic buildings, landscapes of natural beauty and monuments. As a consequence, numerous architecturally renowned centres have been designed and built in recent years. It is perhaps no surprise that many have been featured in architectural awards, as they not only offer a 'jewel' of a project to architects, being small in scale but high in profile, but the buildings must also respond sympathetically to a rich physical and cultural context. This book examines the phenomenon of this relatively new, but increasingly popular, building type. It begins with a series of essays which explore the origins and key characteristics of the visitor centre, its relationship between place and landscape, its social role, and its focus on the visitor's needs. It then documents and critically analyses 20 award-winning visitor centres across the United Kingdom, including centres at The Giant's Causeway, Stonehenge, Brockholes, Rosslyn Chapel, Culloden and the Welney Wetland Centre. Each building study is beautifully illustrated with photographs and architectural drawings and includes the essential facts about the building, an experiential description and a full spatial analysis.


The aim of this review was to summarize the studies on noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) which were carried out in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, South-East Europe, and former Soviet Union countries or Newly Independent States in the period from 1970 to 2012. The papers were identified by literature search of all accessible medical and other databases (Scopus, PubMed, Medline, etc.) using the terms "noise; hearing loss, NIHL" as key words and country denomination (in alphabetical order: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, former Yugoslavia, Ukraine). This review comprises both papers published in peer-reviewed international journals and articles from local sources. The main papers' topics included the assessment of the noise hazards in occupational, and very seldom in communal environment, and the prevalence of hearing impairment in employees. Simultaneously, attempts were undertaken to establish the relationship between the degree of hearing impairment and noise exposure. The effect of combined exposures to noise and vibration and/or otoxic chemicals was assessed as well. The influence of environmental, individual, and genetic risk factors on NIHL development was intensively examined. In addition, studies concerning the role of otoacoustic emissions for NIHL monitoring and clinical examinations were conducted. Some animal researches, including molecular genetics, had been also performed. The majority of papers concerned occupational exposures, whereas only a few were dedicated to community noise.


With advances in wireless communications and global position system-enabled devices (such as cellular phones, PDAs and car PCs), vehicle route guidance systems gradually become indispensable equipments for more and more automobile drivers because of its great convenience. Conventional route guidance systems are designed to direct a vehicle along the shortest path from the origin to the destination. However, usually, the shortest path does not result in the smallest travel time because of the dynamic traffic conditions on roadways. Therefore the state-of-the-art route guidance systems incorporate real-time traffic information to find better paths. There are two types of approaches to collecting real-time traffic information: infrastructure-based approach and infrastructure-free approach. The authors adopt infrastructure-free approach to develop a real-time route guidance algorithm, called V2R2 (Vehicle-to-Vehicle Real-time Routing). Our simulation results showed that V2R2 algorithm can effectively find better paths with less travel time than the shortest path. In addition, it can bypass void areas (i.e. the areas containing empty roads) when collecting real-time traffic information. The simulation results validate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed V2R2 algorithm.


Abstract
Purpose: Our aim is to examine ictal onset patterns (IOPs), extratemporal early propagations (EPs) and inner relationship between them based on stereo-electroencephalography recordings in the patients with atypical temporal lobe epilepsy, and to evaluate their impact on seizure prognosis and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery.
Methods: Forty-three patients were included in this retrospective study. Five to sixteen multilead electrodes were implanted per patient. All of them underwent a standard craniotomy for tailored resection of the hypothetical epileptogenic zone. Post-operative seizure status and cognitive outcomes were evaluated by Engle's classification, Wechsler intelligence and Wechsler memory scale.
Results: Four types of IOPs were identified in the 43 patients. The patients with low frequency highamplitude periodic spikes (LFPS) and spike or poly-spike fast discharges (SpFD) had better seizure outcomes. There were ten patients with extratemporal EPs, who had worse clinical outcomes than those without extratemporal EPs (Engel's class I: χ2 =10.689, p=0.001; Engel's class Ia: χ2 =4.251, p=0.039). Three conditions related to IOPs and extratemporal EPs were combined to predict the seizure prognosis after operation. The sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% and 78.6% for Engel's class I, and were 87.0% and 55.0% for Engel's class Ia. The patients with LFPS showed more significant improvement in memory quotient (MQ) but not in full intelligence quotient (FIQ) than those with other IOPs.
Conclusions: IOPs and extratemporal EPs are closely related to seizure status and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery in atypical TLE patients.


ZnAl2O4 (gahnite) is a ceramic which is considered a possible transparent conducting oxide (TCO) due to its wide band gap and transparency for UV. Defects play an important role in controlling the conductivity of a TCO material along with the dopant, which is the main source of conductivity in an otherwise insulating oxide. A comprehensive first-principles density functional theory study for point defects in ZnAl2O4 spinel is presented using the Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof hybrid functional (HSE06) to overcome the band gap problem. We have investigated the formation energies of intrinsic defects which include the Zn, Al, and O vacancy and the antisite defects: Zn at the Al site (Zn-Al) and Al at the Zn site (Al-Zn). The antisite defect Al-Zn has the lowest formation energy and acts as a shallow donor, indicating possible n-type conductivity in ZnAl2O4 spinel by Al doping.


The CLEVELAND CULTURAL COALITION, an umbrella organization for arts organizations, was founded in 1987 with grants from local foundations and the National Endowment for the Arts. Harriet Wadsworth, the first director, served from 1987-93. The organization was then known as the Cleveland Arts Consortium and focused on increasing audiences for member organizations, marketing the arts, and a discount ticket program. In 1994 Sheryl Sereda became the organization's director. The coalition's goals were redefined to include political and financial advocacy for the arts, strengthening financial support for member institutions, and improving access to the arts for citizens of the Greater Cleveland area. The Coalition also received a $150,000 grant for the School/Arts Partnership Program to establish long-term links among the arts, cultural institutions, and the CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. There were 36 member organizations in 1995.


Rasrafaria is a group who s believes JAH s as their God. It came from Jamaika, but Indonesian people just cope their life style. This Rastafaria teach about love, peace and helping other. It shown with prosocial action. Long time ago, Indonesian people known as people with high prosocial act, but unfortunately, during this age, this prosocial act is gonna disappear. It is different with Rastafaria people, they had tried to always do prosocial act. It shown when they giving help for victim disaster such like earth quake, flood and land slide. They cames directly to the location to help the victims. This research tried to giving an image from prosocial act of Rastafarian.
This research involved four subject the member of malang rastafarian and used qualitative descriptive method and used semi structure interviewed and participant observatory as data collecting and use data triangulation as data validity.
This research shown from 4 subject, they had high pro social and shown with action such as helped disaters of victim, collecting fund and became a social workers for victims and cames directly to the location and repair damages infrastructure. Basic of ther value about pro social action is they believed that human is social creatures and can t live alone, they are dependent to
the others and needed help from the other. And the most dominated value is universal value which they tried to help the others. They give helped not just only for Rastafaria group, but for all mankind.


The purpose of this pre-experimental pre-test/post-test design was to identify a group of agricultural education students' knowledge and perceptions towards the use of integrated educational technologies in the classroom. The population was 17 agricultural education students enrolled in an agricultural communications course over a two-year period. A multimedia content development touch screen resource was integrated into the course as a capstone project. Pretest and posttest evaluations showed 6% to 57% changes in knowledge as a result of the digital capstone project. The most significant changes were seen in storyboarding, multimedia project development, and graphic design principles, indicating that students require additional education in these areas. The lowest percentage changes were seen in the same three competencies each year; revealing that students were most knowledgeable in interviewing, technical writing, and giving public presentations. The findings revealed that students gained the most knowledge in technology development, integration and application, rather than interpersonal skill building. This integrated course provides an example of how educators can design courses that not only increase students' communications knowledge and skills, but also gain realistic experience by creating their own multimedia content for public communication.


This book presents an innovative and novel approach to linguistic semantics, beginning with the idea that language can be described as a system for the expression of linguistic Meanings as particular surface forms or Texts. Semantics is specifically that system of rules that ensures a correct transition from a Semantic Representation of the Meaning of a family of synonymous sentences to the Deep Syntactic Representation of a particular sentence. Framed in the terms of Meaning-Text linguistics, this volume discusses in detail the problems of Semantic Representation including the semantic structure of utterances, the semantics of Causation in English, and communicative, or information, structure. Based on the authors life-long dedication to the study of the semantics and syntax of natural language, this book is a paradigm-shifting contribution to the language sciences whose originality and daring will make it essential reading for linguists, anthropologists, semioticians, and computational linguists.


Questions of inequality of wealth frequently arise during times of economic hardship. The stagnant recovery from the 2008 global financial crisis is no exception. Many are quick to condemn inequality as an unjust social phenomenon. This article considers the ethical status of such claims by examining whether inequality is fair or not. Using a neo-Kantian framework first put forward by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, the paper elucidates the presuppositions implied by human action and uses these as a basis for political rights. Once inviolable rights to ownership of one's person and property are established, it follows that income inequality in the absence of coercion is fair. However, since such a condition does not describe modern society, little can be immediately said about the justice of current levels of inequality.


In Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) safety applications, connectivity among vehicles is important to disseminate the upcoming traffic information (e.g., warning messages generated by a source vehicle that detects an accident) to other following vehicles to notify drivers in a timely manner. Because of the highly dynamic VANET topology and the short transmission range mandated for Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) by Federal Communications Commission (FCC), communication links among vehicles are short-lived especially in sparse vehicular density, making the task of establishing (through connection setup process) and maintaining the communications for fast-moving vehicles difficult. Furthermore, when a fixed transmission range is used in dynamically changing VANET, network could be easily suffered by a "broadcast-storm" in dense vehicular density while vehicles in VANET could be disconnected frequently in sparse vehicular density. In addition, when communication channels are overcrowded in VANET, vehicles should be able to switch from one radio frequency (RF) bands to another to make robust communication using spectrum-agile wireless environment. In this paper, we study the connectivity for spectrum-agile VANET in fading channels. Specifically, connectivity enhancement for vehicle-to-vehicle communications for vehicles traveling in opposite directions and for vehicles traveling in same direction is investigated using mathematical analysis and simulation results. Performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using numerical and simulation results.


In the last years, forest certification has become the most important union between the use of forest
resources of timber and non-timber sources, with sustainable and responsible exploitation.
The most important global systems in sustainable forest management certification are PEFC and FSC, both
promote a type of management that has multiple environmental benefits such as biodiversity conservation or
contribution to mitigating climate change, it also provides economic advantages as improve productivity,
rationalizes exploitation and making the products more competitive in local and global markets. It contributes
also to social benefit, creating jobs, helping to improve well-being and development of rural areas.
This study analyzes the evolution that have taken over the years, both forest certification systems and other
aspects related to this topic, in addition to comparing the degree of implementation in Spain, also in the
different autonomous communities, and specifically focus on Galicia and we will analyze business sectors most
closely relate to forest certification.
The actual society inclinations is to have a higher sensitivity and concern for the environment, in this way
forest certification has become a symbol of commitment to the natural environment, so not only forest owners
are interested in this topic, also consumers increasingly opt for products that have a stamp of sustainable forest
management and the demand for these products is increasing in the market.
For this reason is necessary to analyze different consumer trends, through a survey of a sample of population,
that will give us information on topics related with forest certification, preoccupation of the environment and
knowledge about consumer trends in the social level, this material forms the second part of the investigation.


River ecosystems represent complex networks of interacting biological, chemical and geomorphological processes. These processes generate spatial and temporal patterns in biological, chemical and geomorphological variables, and a growing number of these variables are now being used to characterise the status of rivers. However, integrated analyses of these biological-chemical-geomorphological networks have rarely been undertaken, and as a result our knowledge of the underlying processes and how they generate the resulting patterns remains weak. The apparent complexity of the networks involved, and the lack of coherent datasets, represent two key challenges to such analyses. In this paper we describe the application of a novel technique, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), to the investigation of biological, chemical and geomorphological data collected from rivers across England and Wales. The SEM approach is a multivariate statistical technique enabling simultaneous examination of direct and indirect relationships across a network of variables. Further, SEM allows a-priori conceptual or theoretical models to be tested against available data. This is a significant departure from the solely exploratory analyses which characterise other multivariate techniques. We took biological, chemical and river habitat survey data collected by the Environment Agency for 400 sites in rivers spread across England and Wales, and created a single, coherent dataset suitable for SEM analyses. Biological data cover benthic macroinvertebrates, chemical data relate to a range of standard parameters (e.g. BOD, dissolved oxygen and phosphate concentration), and geomorphological data cover factors such as river typology, substrate material and degree of physical modification. We developed a number of a-priori conceptual models, reflecting current research questions or existing knowledge, and tested the ability of these conceptual models to explain the variance and covariance within the dataset. The conceptual models we developed were able to explain correctly the variance and covariance shown by the datasets, proving to be a relevant representation of the processes involved. The models explained 65% of the variance in indices describing benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Dissolved oxygen was of primary importance, but geomorphological factors, including river habitat type and degree of habitat degradation, also had significant explanatory power. The addition of spatial variables, such as latitude or longitude, did not provide additional explanatory power. This suggests that the variables already included in the models effectively represented the eco-regions across which our data were distributed. The models produced new insights into the relative importance of chemical and geomorphological factors for river macroinvertebrate communities. The SEM technique proved a powerful tool for exploring complex biological-chemical-geomorphological networks, for example able to deal with the co-correlations that are common in rivers due to multiple feedback mechanisms.


Residential segregation is a major area of research in demography. Most prior investigations have focused on the segregation of racial/ethnic minorities from the majority white group in cities and metropolitan areas of the United States and several other countries. Few analyses have dealt with the spatial segregation of sexual minorities from the majority. In this paper, we analyze the residential segregation of gay male and lesbian households from heterosexual married and heterosexual cohabiting households. We use two dissimilarity measures of residential segregation and draw on data from the American Community Surveys for 2008 through 2012 to compute segregation scores for the 100 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with the largest gay male and lesbian populations around the year 2010. We show that there is a sizable amount of homosexual-heterosexual residential segregation and that it appears to be a different phenomenon from racial and ethnic residential segregation. We also show that gay male households are more segregated from different-sex partnered households than are lesbian households, and that levels of segregation vary positively across the MSAs with the size of the gay male and lesbian populations.


(Antibiotic is a new bioinformatic tool that was created to detect existing and putative new antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in bacterial genomes. ARG-ANNOT uses a local BLAST program in Bio-Edit software that allows the user to analyze sequences without a Web interface. All AR genetic determinants were collected from published works and online resources; nucleotide and protein sequences were retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database. After building a database that includes 1,689 antibiotic resistance genes, the software was tested in a blind manner using 100 random sequences selected from the database to verify that the sensitivity and specificity were at 100% even when partial sequences were queried. Notably, BLAST analysis results obtained using the rmtF gene sequence (a new aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene sequence that is not included in the database) as a query revealed that the tool was able to link this sequence to short sequences (17 to 40 bp) found in other genes of the rmt family with significant E values. Finally, the analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus allowed the detection of a significantly higher number of AR genes than the Resfinder gene analyzer and 11 point mutations in target genes known to be associated with AR. The average time for the analysis of a genome was 3.35 ± 0.13 min. We have created a concise database for BLAST using a Bio-Edit interface that can detect AR genetic determinants in bacterial genomes and can rapidly and easily discover putative new AR genetic determinants.


Abstract
 As a result of lichenological exploration in Ardahan (Turkey), thirty-four species of lichenicolous fungi belonging to 15 genera were determined on 20 different lichenized fungi. Three lichenicolous fungi — Intralichen lichenicola, Lichenoconium lichenicola, Polycoccum evae — are reported as new to Turkey and the Middle East. In addition Lichenostigma rupicolae, firstly reported from Turkey was also found on Pertusaria sp. for the second time in the world. Their geographical distribution are presented.


Abstract
 The development of Ostreopsis cf. ovata, a toxic benthic dinoflagellate has increased in the North Western Mediterranean Sea, causing health, ecological and economical concerns. In order to understand the ecological impact on macroinvertebrates, a preliminary study was carried on edible grazers, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the limpet Patella spp. Their densities were followed toward the abundance of O. cf. ovata. Thus, in 2008, we performed a monthly field survey in scuba-diving in three sites of the North Western Mediterranean Sea (Genoa, Nice and Villefranche-sur-Mer) at the sea surface and at 1 and 3 m depth. Results showed that at 1 m and 3 m depth, the density of P. lividus was not clearly affected by a strong development of Ostreopsis. Decrease in P. lividus abundance may be due to natural variation or to fishing activities especially in France. Regarding the density of Patella spp., only one significant decrease was observed between July and August 2008 in Genoa. Patella species are living in the interdital zone, we could therefore hypothese that the limpets were intoxicated either by direct ingestion of O. cf ovata by grazing and/or by the toxins released in the surrounding water.


Authorization of the use of force by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is believed to increase levels of public support for military action. While scholars have performed sterling research both in theory and empirics on the power of UNSC authorization, there is still much that we do not understand. In particular, we believe that it is necessary to conduct a further study on 'failed' authorization cases. As Terrence Chapman points out in his theoretical framework, the general public can derive valuable information based on which of the permanent members of the Council casts a veto; this in turn affects public attitudes towards the use of force. An expected veto cast by the perpetual nay-sayer would not serve as information for the general public. However, if the veto is cast by an allied state of a proposer of the authorizing resolution, the negative vote functions as an information short-cut signaling that the use of force presents a variety of problems, thus reducing public support for the military action. Using online survey experiments, we find supportive evidence for this argument. Our data also suggest that surprising negative information changes the perceptions of legitimacy, legality, public goods, and US interest in a proposed military action, but is unrelated to the perception of costs, casualties or duration.


This study discloses Shinto's experiential and existential significance and aims to articulate Shinto's sacred objective. It shows that Shinto, by way of experience, communicates being in the world with nature and with others as a sacred objective. This suggests that Shinto, in communicating its objective, appeals to the emotions more so than to the intellect; and that Shinto's sacred objective does not transcend the natural world of both nature and everyday affairs. This study pursues this goal by showing the experiential and existential dimensions of the three primary features of Shinto: it shows how kami (or kami-ness) is thought of as an awe producing quality of being/s that are mostly associated with the natural world; how Shinto shrines' aesthetics and atmosphere are thought to evoke a feeling of the natural world's sacredness; and how festivals are thought to be ecstatic and effervescent occasions that regenerate an affirmation of being in the world with others. Though this study does not employ a strict methodological approach—insofar as the conclusions herein are based primarily on literature review—it was motivated by an existential outlook on the study of religion and assumes that the term "religion" refers primarily to an existential phenomenon that pertains not necessarily to socio-historical institutions but to a way of being in the world.


Purpose: To evaluate the remaining filling material (gutta-percha/EndoSequence bioceramic sealer) on root canal walls after retreatment using ProTaper universal retreatment (PTUR) system with and without chloroform solvent. Materials and methods: Thirty extracted human premolars with type I root canal system were used. After crown removal and working length determination, all root canals were prepared using nickel–titanium rotary ProTaper system and obturated using gutta-percha as a core filling material with EndoSequence bioceramic sealer. All roots were randomly divided into two equal main groups (n = 15) according to retreatment technique. Group I: filling materials was removed using PTUR system and chloroform as a solvent; while group II: filling materials was removed using PTUR system without solvent. Both groups were cleaved longitudinally and examined under scanning electron microscope to evaluate root canal filling remnants. Results: PTUR system with the aid of chloroform recorded highest values of score percentage of remaining filling material at all tested root canal levels. The values of score percentage of remaining filling materials were significantly lower at coronal level compared to other tested levels. Conclusion: Using chloroform during removal of root canal filling material using rotary instruments was associated with larger amount of residual root canal filling material compared to using rotary instruments only.


This thesis develops new routing methods for large-scale, packet-switched data networks such as the Internet. The methods developed increase network performance by considering routing approaches that take advantage of more available network resources than do current methods. Two approaches are explored: dynamic metric and multipath routing. Dynamic metric routing provides paths that change dynamically in response to network traffic and congestion, thereby increasing network performance because data travel less congested paths. The second approach, multipath routing, provides multiple paths between nodes and allows nodes to use these paths to best increase their network performance. Nodes in this environment achieve increased performance through aggregating the resources of multiple paths.
This thesis implements and analyzes algorithms for these two routing approaches. The first approach develops hybrid-Scout, a dynamic metric routing algorithm that calculates independent and selective dynamic metric paths. These two calculation properties are key to reducing routing costs and avoiding routing instabilities, two difficulties commonly experienced in traditional dynamic metric routing. For the second approach, multipath routing, this thesis develops a complete multipath network that includes the following components: routing algorithms that compute multiple paths, a multipath forwarding method to ensure that data travel their specified paths, and an end-host protocol that effectively uses multiple paths.
Simulations of these two routing approaches and their components demonstrate significant improvement over traditional routing strategies. The hybrid-Scout algorithm requires 3–4 times to 1–2 orders of magnitude less routing cost compared to traditional dynamic metric routing algorithms while delivering comparable network performance. For multipath routing, nodes using the multipath protocol fully exploit the offered paths and increase performance linearly in the additional resources provided by the multipath network. The performance improvements validate the multipath routing algorithms and the effectiveness of the proposed end-host protocol. Furthermore, this new multipath forwarding method allows multipath networks to be supported at low routing costs. This thesis demonstrates that the proposed methods to implement dynamic metric and multipath routing are efficient and deliver significant performance improvements.


Background: Critically ill patients are at particular risk of developing bloodstream infection. Such infections are associated with the development of sepsis, leading to a marked increase in mortality rate. Early detection of the causative organism and appropriate antibiotic treatment are therefore critical for optimum outcome of patients with nosocomial infection. Current infection diagnosis is based on standard blood culture techniques. However, microbiological culture has a number of limitations, not least that it takes several days to confirm infection and is therefore not useful in directing the early treatment with antibiotics. New techniques based on the detection of pathogen DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology have the potential to address these limitations but their clinical utility is still to be proved.Objectives: Develop and evaluate novel PCR-based approaches to bloodstream infection diagnosis in critical illness based on detection and identification of bacterial and fungal DNA in blood.Methods: A range of commercial and ?in-house? PCR-based assays for detection of bacterial and fungal DNA were developed and/or optimised for use in clinical blood samples. These included LightCycler SeptiFast, a CE-marked multi-pathogen assay for common bloodstream pathogens, BactScreen and GramScreen, broad spectrum bacterial assays based on 16S rRNA gene and real-time PCR assays developed to detect a range of clinically important fungal pathogens. Novel approaches to speciation of pathogen DNA using melting temperature (Tm) profiling and high resolution melting analysis (HRMA) were developed. Clinical evaluation of assays was either on blinded clinical isolates or blood samples from critically ill patients with clinical suspicion of bloodstream infection against conventional microbiological culture. Several techniques aimed at improving extraction of pathogen DNA from blood were also investigated. Results: The CE-marked commercial assay SeptiFast showed analytical sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 83% respectively. Concordance with positive culture results was good but high levels of ?false positives? were detected possibly attributed to detection of free pathogen DNA not associated with viable pathogens. The predictive value of a negative SeptiFast test was 98% suggesting that absence of pathogen DNA is a strong indicator of absence of infection. Further studies were aimed at detailed optimisation and validation of 16S rRNA gene real-time PCR assays for bacterial DNA. BactScreen and GramScreen were able to detect a broad range of clinically important bacteria down to <50 CFU/ml blood. A preliminary comparative evaluation against SeptiFast showed BactScreen gave excellent concordance with blood culture results with minimal false positive results compared to SeptiFast. Efficient extraction of pathogen DNA was shown to be a key factor in determining analytical sensitivity and several protocols were evaluated. Low cost approaches to speciation of bacterial DNA were developed by combining broad range real-time PCR with HRMA. A novel HRMA method based on Tm profiling was shown to identify 89% and 96% of blinded clinical isolates at species or genus level respectively. Real-time PCR/HRMA approaches were also successfully developed for detection and identification of fungal pathogens including a range of Candida and Aspergillus species associated with bloodstream fungal infection.Conclusions: These studies have highlighted some of the key factors that need to be considered when developing and validating PCR based assays for pathogen DNA detection in blood. A set of novel tools have been developed for rapid detection and identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens that could address the challenges of infection diagnosis based on pathogen DNA detection. Further work is required, not least in development of more efficient pathogen DNA extraction and detailed clinical validation but the tools described here have the potential to provide cost effective solutions to aid infection diagnosis that would be complementary to current culture-based methods. The provision of time critical information could have a positive impact on clinical decision-making leading to more effective management and treatment of patients with suspected bloodstream infection.


I. INTRODUCTION Any effort to assess the representations of people of African descent in museums must address a number of key issues and confront a number of problems. Museums in Europe have a tradition of marginalizing representations, images and narratives of people from Africa and the Diaspora. This is often evident in the (in)frequency of appearances and the quality of the presented work. Another point of interest is the manner in which these productions are offered. On one level the question arises regarding the representation of the African after the abolition of chattel slavery to this present age of emancipation. On the other level it has become almost commonplace to seek but find little or no positive images of the African Diaspora in these museums. Why has there been such a packaging over the years of the African Diaspora for viewing, displaying and the entertainment of white Europeans? Who gathers and presents African Diaspora cultural artifacts and other material? What criteria are applied during the collection and production of these presentations? And which kinds of museums are inclined to present the African Diaspora in their production? The representation of persons from the African Diaspora in museums in Europe remains problematic. There are still too many narrow and one-sided representations, with distortions and misrepresentations. One of the major reasons that this is the case is that people of African Descent are not commonly employed as administrators, curators and other stakeholders in these museums. People of African descent are hardly consulted to participate in productions and presentations, even when these are dealing with their way of life or cultural practices. The main points of departure in this paper are the articulation and location of representation of the African Diaspora especially from the 19th century to the present day. Additionally I raise questions about the ways in which NiNsee (The National Institute of Dutch Slavery Past and Legacy) is developing its own distinctive image of the Dutch slavery past and its heritage and how it is attempting at the same time to foster an alternative representation of the African Diaspora. In assessing the role of NiNsee, it is imperative to locate Ninsee in the context of museum, galleries and exhibits in the Netherlands. NiNsee is not a museum, but rather it has a gallery and exhibit space. This exhibit space is unique. In this respect it is not a classical museum, like those typically found in many of the cities in the Netherlands or for that matter any place else in Europe. European museums are commonly experienced and adept at displaying paintings, material artifacts, a range of physical items, as well as icons, illustrations and other objects which represent the glory of Europe in general or specifically a certain theme in relation to European history, culture, grandeur, taste, personalities, fancy and what else they choose to place on a pedestal. This is tantamount to a distortion of the real range of European societies and experiences. Eichstedt and Small (2002) offer a description of southern plantation museums and history. According to them, what becomes accepted as history is often what comes from the dominant group--whether it be dominance in the arena of class, race, gender, sexuality, nationality or something else (Eichstedt and Small 2002:16). For a long period of time in the modern age the dominant group not only wrote the history but also determined the content of the museums. This dominance has begun to change, especially with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of migrants in Europe from the former colonies in the Caribbean and also from independent African countries. These groups and individuals have questioned the misrepresentations, challenged the assumptions and proposed more accurate representations. Interest in Europe about Africa and the African Diaspora has always been partial, distorted or deficient. …


Abstract A Fault Tolerant Control System (FTCS) in a Quarter of Vehicle (QoV) model is proposed. The control law is time-varying using a Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) based controller, which includes two scheduling parameters. One parameter for monitoring the nonlinear behavior of the damper, and another for fault accommodation using a reference model obtained by a state observer of the normal operating regime. The QoV model represents a semi-active suspension, including an experimental magneto-rheological damper model. The FTCS is analyzed when the velocity sensor fails abruptly and the QoV model is susceptible to disturbances in the road profile. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the FTCS in terms of vehicle comfort, suspension deflection and road holding in comparison with a conventional LPV based control system. In the FTCS, the comfort index based on the power spectral density is within the desirable bound (1.8) in all range of frequencies, once the sensor fault has occurred; while, the conventional control system deteriorates the comfort 54 %, specially at low frequencies (0-4 Hz). Additionally, the FTCS improves the road holding and suspension deflection indexes, 33% and 39% respectively, when the fault accommodation is considered.


ABSTRACT In this interview, Garlin Gilchrist II, executive director of the University of Michigan's new Center for Social Media Responsibility, discusses potential tools for deterring the spread of fake news and rebuilding the public's trust in reliable sources of news and information. Gilchrist describes how "deep fakes" – audio and video recordings that have been digitally manipulated to convince people that a politician or celebrity, for example, said something that he or she did not actually say, or did something that did not actually happen – could eventually lead to an "information apocalypse" in which fact becomes indistinguishable from fiction, and people give up trying to tell the difference. In the wrong hands, deep fakes could even be weaponized to trigger domestic or international crises. With experience in both computer technology and community organizing, Gilchrist views fake news as a problem that will require an all-hands-on-deck approach akin to the Manhattan Project, involving not only computer scientists and engineers but also social scientists who understand how fake news propagates through social networks, and how to create incentives for spreading accurate information.


The possibility of using fluorescence-microscopy as a routine method for the examination of large numbers of specimens for M. tuberculosis and M. leprae was investigated. Fluorescence-microscopy yields a slightly higher proportion of positive results than the routine Ziehl-Neelsen technique, the examination-time is considerably reduced, the method appeared ultimately to cause less eye-strain and it is cleaner and easier than the Ziehl-Neelsen method. These advantages outweigh the disadvantages of cost of equipment and training and maintenance of a suitable team of workers. The danger of obtaining false-positive results can be overcome by experience and checking of scanty positive and doubtful smears by the Z.N. technique. The method is at present used for about 50% of sputa received for examination. Examination of leprosy smears by F.M., although it appears to give equally good results as the Z.N. technique, has been abandoned, mainly because routine smears submitted for this examination are often unsuitable for this method and have to be restained and re-examined by Z.N. to reach a diagnosis of reasonable certainty.


The susceptibility of reef-building corals to climatic anomalies is well documented and a cause of great concern for the future of coral reefs. Reef corals are normally considered to tolerate only a narrow range of climatic conditions with only a small number of species considered heat-tolerant. Occasionally however, corals can be seen thriving in unusually harsh reef settings and these are cause for some optimism about the future of coral reefs. Here we document for the first time a diverse assemblage of 225 species of hard corals occurring in the intertidal zone of the Bonaparte Archipelago, north western Australia. We compare the environmental conditions at our study site (tidal regime, SST and level of turbidity) with those experienced at four other more typical tropical reef locations with similar levels of diversity. Physical extremes in the Bonaparte Archipelago include tidal oscillations of up to 8 m, long subaerial exposure times (>3.5 hrs), prolonged exposure to high SST and fluctuating turbidity levels. We conclude the timing of low tide in the coolest parts of the day ameliorates the severity of subaerial exposure, and the combination of strong currents and a naturally high sediment regime helps to offset light and heat stress. The low level of anthropogenic impact and proximity to the Indo-west Pacific centre of diversity are likely to further promote resistance and resilience in this community. This assemblage provides an indication of what corals may have existed in other nearshore locations in the past prior to widespread coastal development, eutrophication, coral predator and disease outbreaks and coral bleaching events. Our results call for a re-evaluation of what conditions are optimal for coral survival, and the Bonaparte intertidal community presents an ideal model system for exploring how species resilience is conferred in the absence of confounding factors such as pollution.


Developing flexible, high-energy and low-cost rechargeable batteries is critical to fulfil the increasing demands of flexible electronic devices. In this work, we report a high-performance nitrogen-doped carbon-coated LiTi2(PO4)3 (N-ccLTP) prepared via a one-pot carbonization incorporating sol–gel method. The N-ccLTP anode demonstrates an excellent rate capability with a superior cycle life up to 1000–2000 cycles at high C-rates (5C and 10C). Using the N-ccLTP anode coupled to a LiMn2O4 cathode, we develop high-areal-capacity flexible aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs). Under a wide range of bending curvatures at continuous and cyclic bending modes, the flexible ALIBs show no degradation from the non-bending state and demonstrated superior stability with a high areal capacity of 1.2–1.4 mA h cm−2 and a high volumetric energy density of 26–31 mW h cm−3. The designs of the N-ccLTP anode material and the flexible device structure offer effective strategies to develop high-performance flexible ALIBs for flexible electronic applications.


Courtly Visions: The Ise Stories and the Politics of Cultural Appropriation traces-through the visual and literary record-the reception and use of the tenth-century literary romance through the seventeenth century. Ise monogatari (The Ise Stories) takes shape in a salon of politically disenfranchised courtiers, then transforms later in the Heian period (794-1185) into a key subtext for autobiographical writings by female aristocrats. In the twelfth century it is turned into an esoteric religious text, while in the fourteenth it is used as cultural capital in the struggles within the imperial household. Mostow further examines the development of the standardized iconographies of the Rinpa school and the printed Saga-bon edition, exploring what these tell us about how the Ise was being read and why. The study ends with an Epilogue that briefly surveys the uses Ise was put to throughout the Edo period and into the modern day.


Developments in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), wireless communication systems and ad-hoc networking have created new dimensions to improve asset management not only during the operational phase but throughout an asset's lifecycle based on using improved quality of information obtained with respect to two key aspects of an asset: its location and condition. In this paper, we present our experience as well as lessons learnt from building a prototype condition monitoring platform to demonstrate and to evaluate the use of COTS wireless sensor networks to develop a prototype condition monitoring platform with the aim of improving asset management by providing accurate and real-time information.


Abstract. Landslides are devastating phenomena that cause huge damage around the world. This paper presents a quasi-global landslide model derived using satellite precipitation data, land-use land cover maps, and 250 m topography information. This suggested landslide model is based on the Support Vector Machines (SVM), a machine learning algorithm. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) landslide inventory data is used as observations and reference data. In all, 70% of the data are used for model development and training, whereas 30% are used for validation and verification. The results of 100 random subsamples of available landslide observations revealed that the suggested landslide model can predict historical landslides reliably. The average error of 100 iterations of landslide prediction is estimated to be approximately 7%, while approximately 2% false landslide events are observed.


In order to understand whom among the non-disabled older population experiences a health problem later in life and applies for Social Security Disability Insurance, it is necessary to investigate patterns of coverage and reasons for non-coverage. This paper shows that while the safety net program covers most American workers, a substantial group of older women is not covered. In this sense, the program is not helpful to workers reaching their late 50's and early 60's with health-related problems.


Adverse drug events are a leading cause of danger and cost in health care. We could reduce both the danger and the cost if we had accurate models to predict, at prescription time for each drug, which patients are most at risk for known adverse reactions to that drug, such as myocardial infarction (MI, or "heart attack") if given a Cox2 inhibitor, angioedema if given an ACE inhibitor, or bleeding if given an anticoagulant such as Warfarin. We address this task for the specific case of Cox2 inhibitors, a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or pain reliever that is easier on the gastrointestinal system than most NSAIDS. Because of the MI adverse drug reaction, some but not all very effective Cox2 inhibitors were removed from the market. Specifically, we use machine learning to predict which patients on a Cox2 inhibitor would suffer an MI. An important issue for machine learning is that we do not know which of these patients might have suffered an MI even without the drug. To begin to make some headway on this important problem, we compare our predictive model for MI for patients on Cox2 inhibitors against a more general model for predicting MI among a broader population not on Cox2 inhibitors.


At a time when political, environmental and social gloom can seem overpowering, this remarkable work offers a lucid, affirmative and well-argued case for hope. Tracing a history of activism and social change over the past five decades - including the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Zapatista uprising in Mexico to Seattle in 1999, and the worldwide marches against the war in Iraq - Solnit proposes a vision of cause-and-effect relations that provides new grounds for political engagement. Solnit's book is accessible and essential reading. Drawing from thinkers of the last century - including Woolf, Ghandi, Borges, Benjamin and Havel. She creates a manifesto for optimism for the twenty-first century and gives us all true reasons to never surrender.


In which ways are environments (post-)socialist and how do they come about? How is the relationship between the built environment, memory, and debates on identity enacted? What are the spatial, material, visual, and aesthetic dimensions of these (post-)socialist enactments or interventions? And how do such (post-)socialist interventions in environments become (re)curated? By addressing these questions, this volume releases ›curation‹ from its usual museological framing and carries it into urban environments and private life-worlds, from predominantly state-sponsored institutional settings with often normative orientations into spheres of subjectification, social creativity, and material commemorative culture.


Sodium is the major extracellular cation in the body and hence and is the major determinant of extracellular fluid (ECF) content and serum osmolarity. Volume overload contributed by increased sodium is a major problem in patients on hemodialysis (HD). Sodium entry occurs in hemodialysis patients from dietary intake, dialysis fluid or from saline infusions given during the hemodialysis session. Currently, all patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in our centre and hospitals world-wide are dialysed with dialysate sodium of 138 meq/L and this dialysate sodium level used as a standard value in all patients irrespective of their blood sodium values. Patients undergoing dialysis have an individualized sodium and osmolarity value which are known as sodium and osmolar set point . respectively, and are unique for each patient and is highly conserved. A higher dialysate sodium concentration more than the patient's plasma sodium level will cause sodium gain during dialysis and increase the total body sodium. This promotes interdialytic fluid ingestion in order to restore an individual's sodium and osmolar set point. These patients might be actually having a lower sodium set point and if so, with each hemodialysis session, more sodium is continuously being added to their body, contributing to increased thirst, interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and blood pressure. Long standing fluid overload can lead to uncontrolled hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and thus, lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Theoretically, it looks advantageous to use tailor made dialysate sodium to avoid addition of excess sodium to the body during hemodialysis sessions. Several studies have been done regarding the individualization of sodium prescription in HD patients, but the results have been inconsistent. There are very few studies from India regarding sodium set points in our HD population and by prescribing Individualized dialysate sodium prescription, co-morbidities mentioned above will be drastically reduced. Our aim was to investigate and study the beneficial effects of individualized sodium profiling on patients undergoing dialysis.


Abstract Objective We evaluated the feasibility of an exclusive endoscopic transcanal transpromontorial approach (EETTA) for the treatment of small vestibular schwannomas (VSs) limited to the internal auditory canal (IAC), and introduced a modification without external auditory canal closure. Methods Between June 2016 and June 2017, seven patients with VS underwent surgery using a modified EETTA. Treatment outcomes, including efficacy of tumor resection, preservation of function, operation time, and quality of life (QOL), were evaluated. Results The patients preoperatively exhibited Koos Grade I/II tumors and severe-to-profound hearing loss. Gross total resection was accomplished in all cases. There were no major complications, and all patients exhibited normal facial nerve function immediately after surgery. The mean follow-up period was 12.9 months. The operation time (average 196.3 ± 64.9 minutes) and hospitalization period (average 7.4 ± 1.0 days) were favorable. Short Form-36 scores for QOL showed unremarkable results compared with previous reports. Conclusions The modified EETTA was effective in the removal of VSs in the IAC. It can be an alternative surgical option for small VSs.


Autonomous adaptation in the water sector is assessed to derive lessons for more successful climate change adaptation from six empirical, consistently designed river management case studies based on projects of WWF. They show that when adaptation measures are considered in the context of common problems in water management, many practical ways of building resilience to climate change through mainstream programs are evident. The cases are mainly from developing countries—India, China, Mexico, Brazil, the lower Danube basin and Tanzania—where efforts to reduce environmental degradation and enhance livelihoods have directly helped to reduce vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change. The key lessons include: the benefits of concurrent measures for improving livelihoods and reducing physical vulnerability; the need to enhance and fund local institutions to mainstream adaptation programmes; and the value in implementing 'no and low regrets' measures despite uncertainties.


A First Course in Systems Biologyis a textbook designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Its main focus is the development of computational models and their applications to diverse biological systems. Because the biological sciences have become so complex that no individual can acquire complete knowledge in any given area of specialization, the education of future systems biologists must instead develop a student's ability to retrieve, reformat, merge, and interpret complex biological information. This book provides the reader with the background and mastery of methods to execute standard systems biology tasks, understand the modern literature, and launch into specialized courses or projects that address biological questions using theoretical and computational means. The format is a combination of instructional text and references to primary literature, complemented by sets of small-scale exercises that enable hands-on experience, and larger-scale, often open-ended questions for further reflection.


SUMMARYAmong the soil amendments, peat has the advantages of promoting a very good top growth and dense root system, when properly irrigated to avoid poor aeration. It has the disadvantages of not being able to withstand compaction and can become excessively wet if proper irrigation practices are not followed. Lignified wood has the advantages of withstanding compaction, providing high infiltration rates, allowing good aeration, maintaining an extended supply of nitrogen under leaching conditions, and promoting a good root system under a high oxygen diffusion rate (ODR). It has the disadvantages of contributing to soil salinity, and apparently requires a higher ODR for maximum root growth. Calcined clay has the advantages of withstanding compaction, providing high infiltration rate and allowing for good aeration. Its disadvantage is that although it promotes deep roots, they are rather sparse with few roothairs.
Better results were obtained with irrigation based upon tensiometer records than by irrigation according to a set calendar schedule. Advantages over the set program chosen for this experiment included a savings in water, improvement in soil aeration, and reduction in soil compact ability. One requirement in irrigating by tensiometer records is that excess water must be applied periodically to cause leaching, if salinity becomes too high.
The wetting-agent treatment (at only 3 ppm), increased the infiltration rate of the unamended soil, reduced compactability of peat-amended soil, and also resulted in some other effects of minor significance. Other research in progress indicates that the relationships between wetting agents and plant growth are extremely complex, and no general conclusions are likely for some time.


From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs' Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the "groves and sands" of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.


Psychoanalysis and Woman collects for the first time in one volume the most important psychoanalytic writings on female sexuality and women from Freud's contemporaries through French feminisms to postmodernism and post-feminism. These primary texts introduce the reader to a broad spectrum of works by primarily women theorists writing within a number of different psychoanalytic traditions.Psychoanalysis and Woman makes available a number of fundamental, yet obscure and inaccessible early psychoanalytic documents by women and places them within the context of later women psychoanalytic theorists. Editor Shelley Saguaro provides a concise contextual introduction addressing some of the sexual political issues raised by psychoanalysis, while each section of the volume is prefaced with more specific biographical and cultural introductory material. Topics addressed include new reproductive and sexual technologies, cybernetics, androgyny, the third sex, pornography, and psychoanalysis and contemporary media/film theory.Contributors include Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Helene Deutsch, Jeanne Lampl-de Groot, Joan Riviere, Maria Torok, Melanie Klein, Nancy Chodorow, Juliet Mitchell, Noreen O'Connor and Joanna Ryan, Carl G. Jung, Esther Harding, Maria von Franz, Marion Woodman, Jacques Lacan, H l ne Cixous, Luce Irigaray, Julie Kristeva, Mary Jane Sherfey, Monique Wittig, Jacqeline Rose, Camille Paglia, Judith Butler, and Jane Flax.


We investigate the impact of owner-occupied housing on financial portfolio and mortgage choice under stochastic inflation and real interest rates. To this end we develop a dynamic framework in which investors can invest in stocks and bonds with different maturities. We use a continuous-time model with CRRA preferences and calibrate the model parameters using data on inflation rates and equity, bond, and house prices. For the case of no short-sale constraints, we derive an implicit solution and identify the main channels through which the housing to total wealth ratio and the horizon affect financial portfolio choice. This solution is used to interpret numerical results that we provide when the investor has short-sale constraints. We also use our framework to investigate optimal mortgage size and type. A moderately risk-averse investor prefers an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM), while a more risk-averse investor prefers a fixedrate mortgage (FRM). A combination of an ARM and an FRM further improves welfare. Choosing a suboptimal mortgage leads to utility losses up to 6%.


From the Publisher:
Written by a world-renowned expert on programming methodology, this book shows how to build production-quality programs—programs that are reliable, easy to maintain, and quick to modify. Its emphasis is on modular program construction: how to get the modules right and how to organize a program as a collection of modules. The book presents a methodology effective for either an individual programmer, who may be writing a small program or a single module in a larger one; or a software engineer, who may be part of a team developing a complex program comprised of many modules. Both audiences will acquire a solid foundation for object-oriented program design and component-based software development from this methodology.

Because each module in a program corresponds to an abstraction, such as a collection of documents or a routine to search the collection for documents of interest, the book first explains the kinds of abstractions most useful to programmers: procedures; iteration abstractions; and, most critically, data abstractions. Indeed, the author treats data abstraction as the central paradigm in object-oriented program design and implementation. The author also shows, with numerous examples, how to develop informal specifications that define these abstractions—specifications that describe what the modules do—and then discusses how to implement the modules so that they do what they are supposed to do with acceptable performance.

Other topics discussed include:

Encapsulation and the need for an implementation to provide the behavior defined by the specification Tradeoffs between simplicity and performanceTechniques to help readers of code understand and reason about it, focusing on such properties as rep invariants and abstraction functions Type hierarchy and its use in defining families of related data abstractions Debugging, testing, and requirements analysis Program design as a top-down, iterative process, and design patterns

The Java programming language is used for the book's examples. However, the techniques presented are language independent, and an introduction to key Java concepts is included for programmers who may not be familiar with the language.


Recent years have seen an increased demand for designers to be able to design for users in different and unfamiliar cultures. This demand has resulted in a recent research focus on culture and design. However, a state of the art review revealed limited focus thus far on the influence of designers' and users' cultures on both individual designs and the design process as a whole. The key research questions to examine the influence of the designers' and users' cultures on designs and the design process were addressed via 1:1 design studies with German and Indian design students, where the results of the design process (design concepts) were evaluated with the help of experts.

The 1:1 design studies indicated little difference in the steps in the design process followed between designers from the two cultures or when designing for different cultures, except for variations in strategy based on the target culture/persona. The expert evaluation of the designs showed clear influences of designers' culture on the design, along with the fact that intimate knowledge of target user/user's culture played an important role in the success of designing for the unfamiliar.

In order to help better design for unfamiliar cultures, a modified design process was suggested, with an explicit call to understand the difference in perceptions between the designer and the target user/culture. The suggested modified design process was validated through multiphase design activity with design students in Germany and India. The validation studies showed the modified design process and the perception studies had a positive impact on designing for both familiar and unfamiliar cultures. However, qualitative analysis and feedback revealed the need to develop a simpler tool to understand perceptions.

One envisioned consequence of this thesis is the formal sensitisation of students to aspects of culture and its influence on design, which in turn would help students be better prepared to design for different and unfamiliar users/cultures. Finally, the future scope of research based on this thesis could include the development of formal methods and parameters to measure cultural engagement of various products and product categories, and research into the mapping of popularly used cultural dimensions onto product design and design process.

From a larger perspective, this thesis makes an original contribution to research in the area of culture and design by addressing the identified gap in research through a study of the influence of culture (designers' and users') on both individuals designs and the design process as a whole, thereby building on and complementing the work done by Razzaghi (2007). The methodology used to examine the identified research questions establishes an initial framework to compare designs and design processes across cultures. The suggestion of the modified design process along with the perception studies adds to the body of work in the area of methods and tools to design for different cultures. Furthermore, a preliminary idea about a mixed card sort method is made in response to one of the findings, in an attempt to develop simpler tools for designers to understand perceptions.


Red state vs. blue state. Republican vs. Democrat. Fox News vs. The Daily Show. The so-called culture wars have become such a fixture of American politics that dividing the country into rival camps seems natural and political gridlock seems inevitable. Entering the fray, Solon Simmons offers an intriguing twist on the debate: Our disagreements come not from unbridgeable divides, but from differing interpretations of a single underlying American tradition-liberalism. Both champions of traditional liberal values, Republicans have become the party of individual freedom while Democrats wear the mantle of tolerance. Lost in this battle of sides is the third pillar of liberalism-equality. Simmons charts the course of American politics through the episodes of Meet the Press. On the air since 1945, Meet the Press provides an unparalleled record of living conversation about the most pressing issues of the day. In weekly discussions, the people who directly influenced policy and held the reins of power in Washington set the political agenda for the country. Listening to what these people had to say-and importantly how they said it-Meet the Press opens a window on how our political parties have become so divided and how notions of equality were lost in the process. Telling the story of the American Century, Simmons investigates four themes that have defined politics and, in turn, debate on Meet the Press-war and foreign affairs, debt and taxation, race struggles, and class and labor relations-and demonstrates how political leaders have transformed these important political issues into symbolic pawns as each party advocates for their own understanding of liberty, whether freedom or tolerance. Ultimately, with The Eclipse of Equality, he looks to bring back to the debate the question lurking in the shadows-how can we ensure the protection of a peaceful civil society and equality for all?


This chapter examines traditional theories in global politics. It begins with a discussion of early liberal approaches, with particular emphasis on liberal international theory whose proponents include U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and Norman Angell. Liberal international theory is characterised by an optimism concerning the prospects of a peaceful international order established through strong international institutions underpinned by international law. The chapter proceeds by considering the emergence of 'realism' as a general approach to the study of politics, along with the different approaches to the study of international politics following World War II, including positivism. It also explores the rise of the English School and the concept of international society before concluding with an analysis of neo-liberalism and neorealism that resulted from revisions of both liberalism and realism in the post-war period.