Despite being commonplace in American households a generation ago, corporal punishment of children has been subjected to criticism and shifting attitudes in recent years. Many school districts have banned it, and many child advocates recommend that parents no longer spank or strike their children. In this book, social theorist Michael Donnelly and family violence expert Murray A. Straus tap the expertise of social science scholars and researchers who address issues of corporal punishment, a subject that is now characterized as a key issue in child welfare. The contributors discuss corporal punishment, its use, causes, and consequences, drawing on a wide array of comparative, psychological, and sociological theories. Together, they clarify the analytical issues and lay a strong foundation for future research and interdisciplinary collaboration.


Nacrtak Forest roads provide access for people to study, enjoy or contemplate natural ecosystems. Therefore, roads are one of the most important tools needed in forestry. Forest roads are built by excavation of soil and rock. Rockfall occurs during construction works, caused by excavated rock pieces on embankment slopes and by blasting of block rock masses. This study analyzes rockfall damage to trees during forest road construction. Injuries, branches brokenness, trunk wounds and collapse were defined as tree damages because of rockfall during road construction. These damages have been analyzed by site measurements and statistical analysis. In the study area it has been determined that 90.48% of damaged trees are in the first 10 m after the beginning of the embankment slope, and the rest of the trees are positioned between 11 m and 23 m away from the beginning of the embankment slope. The average injury area of the damaged trees was calculated as 1,081 cm2 for the first 10 m from the embankment slope, and an injury area of 1,463 cm2 was calculated for between 11 m and 23 m on the embankment slope. This is a very important result in terms of forest protection. Wooden obstruction or synthetic holders should be used as preventative measures in the first 10 m of the embankment slope of the road to block rockfall or slow it down.


In this thesis we develop a theory of program refinement and equivalence which can be used to develop practical tools for program development, analysis and modification. The theory is based on the use of general specifications and an imperative kernel language. We use weakest preconditions, expressed as formulae in infinitary logic to prove refinement and equivalence between programs. The kernel language is extended by means of "definitional transformations" which define new concepts in terms of those already present. The extensions include practical programming constructs, including recursive procedures, local variables, functions and expressions with sideeffects. This expands the language into a "Wide Spectrum Language" which covers the whole range of operations from general specifications to assignments, jumps and labels. We develop theorems for proving the termination of recursive and iterative programs, transforming specifications into recursive programs and transforming recursive procedures into iterative equivalents. We develop a rigorous framework for reasoning about programs with exit statements that terminate nested loops from within; and this forms the basis for many efficiency-improving and restructuring transformations. These are used as a tool for program analysis and to derive algorithms by transforming their specifications. We show that the methods of top-down design and program verification using assertions can be viewed as the application of a small subset of transformations.


Children's literature has traditionally tended to be aimed primarily at raising and educating children. The setting has played an important role as a didactic and educational element, especially in literature for boys, where the natural setting has been pictured as a space of freedom without boundaries, following the pattern of the robinsonade. However, the didactic literature for girls was more related to the eighteenth-century genre of conduct literature, a British tradition aimed at giving girls and young women a sense of how they ought to behave, think, feel and respond, following conservative ideals of manners and morals. With this tradition in mind, it is quite interesting that many Norwegian books written for children and teens between the 1930s and 1970s take place in the Arctic, several of them with young girls as heroines and protagonists. Drawing on theories of the didactic function of children's literature, focusing especially on the Arctic landscape as setting, this article examines three girls' books from the period 1930–1950 and the roles and spaces this literature present as available for girls and young women. It addresses questions of the significance of the Arctic setting, and asks what kind of space these narratives offer and what kind of limitations and possibilities the representations contain.


Recent work by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) establishes an empirical modelling strategy which takes full account of the structural, non-(log-)linear impact of trade barriers on trade in new trade theory models. Structural new trade theory models have never been used to evaluate and quantify the role of endogenous preferential trade agreement (PTA) membership for trade in a way which is consistent with general equilibrium. Apart from this gap, the present paper aims at delivering an empirical model which takes into account both that preferential trade agreement membership is endogenous and that the world matrix of bilateral trade flows contains numerous zero entries. These features are treated in an encompassing way by means of (possibly two-part) Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation with endogenous binary indicator variables in the empirical model.


Abstract. Using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) data, a method, dubbed the "variance method", is developed for retrieving nighttime aerosol optical thickness (τ) values through the examination of the dispersion of radiance values above an artificial light source. Based on the improvement of a previous algorithm, this updated method derives a semi-quantitative indicator of nighttime τ using artificial light sources. Nighttime τ retrievals from the newly developed method are inter-compared with an interpolated value from late afternoon and early morning ground observations from four AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sites as well as column-integrated τ from one High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) site at Huntsville, AL, during the NASA Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) campaign, providing full diel coverage. Sensitivity studies are performed to examine the effects of lunar illumination on VIIRS τ retrievals made via the variance method, revealing that lunar contamination may have a smaller impact than previously thought; however, the small sample size of this study limits the conclusiveness thus far. VIIRS τ retrievals yield a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.60 and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.18 when compared against straddling daytime-averaged AERONET τ values. Preliminary results suggest that artificial light sources can be used for estimating regional and global nighttime aerosol distributions in the future.


Inferring trait networks from a large volume of genetically correlated diverse phenotypes such as yield, architecture, and disease resistance can provide information on the manner in which complex phenotypes are interrelated. However, studies on statistical methods tailored to multi-dimensional phenotypes are limited, whereas numerous methods are available for evaluating the massive number of genetic markers. Factor analysis operates at the level of latent variables predicted to generate observed responses. The objectives of this study were to illustrate the manner in which data-driven exploratory factor analysis can map observed phenotypes into a smaller number of latent variables and infer a genomic latent factor network using 45 agro-morphological, disease, and grain mineral phenotypes measured in synthetic hexaploid wheat lines (Triticum Aestivum L.). In total, eight latent factors including grain yield, architecture, flag leaf-related traits, grain minerals, yellow rust, two types of stem rust, and leaf rust were identified as common sources of the observed phenotypes. The genetic component of the factor scores for each latent variable was fed into a Bayesian network to obtain a trait structure reflecting the genetic interdependency among traits. Three directed paths were consistently identified by two Bayesian network algorithms. Flag leaf-related traits influenced leaf rust, and yellow rust and stem rust influenced grain yield. Additional paths that were identified included flag leaf-related traits to minerals and minerals to architecture. This study shows that data-driven exploratory factor analysis can reveal smaller dimensional common latent phenotypes that are likely to give rise to numerous observed field phenotypes without relying on prior biological knowledge. The inferred genomic latent factor structure from the Bayesian network provides insights for plant breeding to simultaneously improve multiple traits, as an intervention on one trait will affect the values of focal phenotypes in an interrelated complex trait system.


Abstract Clinoforms are classical geological features. Examples in the rock record or in seismic reflection data that originally formed in shallow water can potentially help to locate paleo–sea level, but their precise links with sea level need to be established using modern examples before such inferences can be made accurately. Some near-shore areas of high wave energy and steep coasts host sand bodies with upwards-convex surfaces. These clinoforms have been suggested to have been created from sand exported from the upper shoreface during stormy conditions, and deposited at depths where wave action diminishes below the threshold of motion (Field and Roy 1984; Hernandez-Molina et al. 2000). We have compiled the shapes of these bodies in a variety of wave environments in order to test this idea. The interpreted depths at which the sand surface steepens (i.e., the clinoform rollover) vary from 21 m off southern California to deeper than 50 m off SE Australia. To assess the link with wave action, rollover depths were compared with adjacent deep-water wave properties over the period 1992–2001 in the ERA-40 reanalysis dataset. Rollover bed shear stresses were computed from properties representing average wave conditions and from properties associated with upper–percentile conditions. Stresses were found to reach 0.1–0.5 Pa during upper 5-percentile wave conditions, exceeding the sediment threshold of motion estimated from reported grain-size data. Sediment to below the rollover is therefore mobile during extreme wave conditions.


Abstract We have considered a wide array of scenarios for Europa's chemical evolution in an attempt to explain the presence of ice and hydrated materials on its surface and to understand the physical and chemical nature of any ocean that may lie below. We postulate that, following formation of the jovian system, the europan evolutionary sequence has as its major links: (a) initial carbonaceous chondrite rock, (b) global primordial aqueous differentiation and formation of an impure primordial hydrous crust, (c) brine evolution and intracrustal differentiation, (d) degassing of Europa's mantle and gas venting, (e) hydrothermal processes, and (f) chemical surface alteration. Our models were developed in the context of constraints provided by Galileo imaging, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, and gravity and magnetometer data. Low-temperature aqueous differentiation from a carbonaceous CI or CM chondrite precursor, without further chemical processing, would result in a crust/ocean enriched in magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate, consistent with Galileo spectroscopy. Within the bounds of this simple model, a wide range of possible layered structures may result; the final state depends on the details of intracrustal differentiation. Devolatilization of the rocky mantle and hydrothermal brine reactions could have produced very different ocean/crust compositions, e.g., an ocean/crust of sodium carbonate or sulfuric acid, or a crust containing abundant clathrate hydrates. Realistic chemical–physical evolution scenarios differ greatly in detailed predictions, but they generally call for a highly impure and chemically layered crust. Some of these models could lead also to lateral chemical heterogeneities by diapiric upwellings and/or cryovolcanism. We describe some plausible geological consequences of the physical–chemical structures predicted from these scenarios. These predicted consequences and observed aspects of Europa's geology may serve as a basis for further analys is and discrimination among several alternative scenarios. Most chemical pathways could support viable ecosystems based on analogy with the metabolic and physiological versatility of terrestrial microorganisms.


This paper aims to provide insights that help transport academics and policy makers appreciate the potentials and limitations of information provision as a means to changing car-drivers' travel choices. The focus is on a modal shift from private car to public transport and changes in car-drivers' choices for departure times and routes towards a more even distribution of traffic within the available road network. These insights are gained through a review of more than 15 years of literature concerning the use and effects of travel information among car-drivers. Based on the performed review, a number of generic, integrative insights are derived, including the following: it appears that our expectations with respect to the effects of information provision on travel choices in general may be mildly optimistic, particularly for behavioural changes not involving changes in mode-choice. In the longer term, the effects of information provision, when presented to travelers in suitable formats, are likely to be somewhat stronger than the short term effects, due to learning dynamics.


Abstract Biological research in agriculture needs a lot of specialised electronic sensors in order to fulfil different goals, like as: climate monitoring, soil and fruit assessment, control of insects and diseases, chemical pollutants, identification and control of weeds, crop tracking, and so on. That research must be supported by consistent biological models able to simulate diverse environmental conditions, in order to predict the right human actions before risky biological damage could be irreversible. In this paper an experimental distributed network based on climatic and biological wireless sensors is described, for providing real measurements in order to validate different biological models used for viticulture applications.


Novel host records and feeding behaviors are reported for five species in three genera of two cassidine beetle tribes, Hemisphaerotini and Imatidiini, from Ecuador. Carludovica Ruiz and Pav. (Cyclanthaceae) is reported as a new plant family and genus host for two species of Spaethiella Barber and Bridwell. Calathea G. Mey (Marantaceae) is reported as the first host record for Aslamidium capense (Herbst) and Calathea lutea Schult. and Calathea majestica (Linden) H. Kenn. are reported as the first host records for Aslamidium semicirculare (Olivier). Immature stages of Demotispa elaeicola (Aslam) are reported for the first time; larvae are external folivores and both larvae and pupae are solitary and lack exuvio-fecal shields. The adults and larvae of D. elaeicola feed by rasping palm fruits, a rare feeding pattern in Cassidinae.


The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed performance comparison of feature detector/descriptor methods, particularly when their various combinations are used for image-matching. The localization experiments of a mobile robot in an indoor environment are presented as a case study. In these experiments, 3090 query images and 127 dataset images were used. This study includes five methods for feature detectors (features from accelerated segment test (FAST), oriented FAST and rotated binary robust independent elementary features (BRIEF) (ORB), speeded-up robust features (SURF), scale invariant feature transform (SIFT), and binary robust invariant scalable keypoints (BRISK)) and five other methods for feature descriptors (BRIEF, BRISK, SIFT, SURF, and ORB). These methods were used in 23 different combinations and it was possible to obtain meaningful and consistent comparison results using the performance criteria defined in this study. All of these methods were used independently and separately from each other as either feature detector or descriptor. The performance analysis shows the discriminative power of various combinations of detector and descriptor methods. The analysis is completed using five parameters: (i) accuracy, (ii) time, (iii) angle difference between keypoints, (iv) number of correct matches, and (v) distance between correctly matched keypoints. In a range of ${60^{\circ}}$, covering five rotational pose points for our system, the FAST-SURF combination had the lowest distance and angle difference values and the highest number of matched keypoints. SIFT-SURF was the most accurate combination with a 98.41% correct classification rate. The fastest algorithm was ORB-BRIEF, with a total running time of 21,303.30 s to match 560 images captured during motion with 127 dataset images.


The aim of this article is to present a conceptualization of cultural groups and cultural difference that provides a middle course between the Scylla of essentialism and the Charybdis of reductionism. The method I employ is the social mechanism approach. I argue that cultural groups and cultural difference should be understood as the result of cognitive and social processes of categorization. I describe two such processes in particular: categorization by others and selfcategorization. Categorization by others is caused by processes of ascription:the attribution by outsiders of certain characteristics, beliefs, and practices to individuals who share a specific attribute. Self-categorization is caused by processes of inscription and community-building: the adoption of certain beliefs and practices as a result of socialization and enculturation. I therefore shift the focus from groups to categories, and from categories to processes of categorization. I show that this analytical distinction between categorization by others and self-categorization can clarify an ambiguity in dominant debates in contemporary multiculturalism. I conclude by indicating how injustices, commonly associated with multiculturalism, can better be understood as socially generated injustices, and how government should deal with these injustices.


Fertilization of the ocean by eolian dust and icebergs is an effective mechanism to enhance primary productivity. In particular, high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) areas where phytoplankton growth is critically iron-limited, such as the subarctic Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean, are proposed to respond to increases in bioavailable Fe supply with enhanced phytoplankton productivity and carbon export to the seafloor. While Fe-fertilization from dust is widely acknowledged to explain a higher export production during glacial periods in the Southern Ocean, paleoceanographic records supporting links between productivity and eolian dust and/or icebergs in the North Pacific are scarce. By combining independent proxies indicative of ice-sheet dynamics and ocean productivity from a single marine sedimentary record (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program [IODP] Site U1417), we present a comprehensive data set of phytoplankton response to different fertilization mechanisms in the subarctic northeast Pacific between 1.5 and 0.5 Ma, including the Mid Pleistocene Transition. Importantly, the timing of the fertilization events is more strongly controlled by local ice-sheet extent than by glacial-interglacial climate variability. Our findings indicate that fertilization by glacigenic debris results in productivity events in HNLC areas adjacent to ice sheets, and that this mechanism may represent an important, yet rarely considered, driver of phytoplankton growth.


For gearbox condition monitoring, because the difficulty of sensor installation, it is a common practice to measure the vibration at a location far from the fault source. In addition operating the gearbox under different loads and speeds also produces the vibration signals with different components. The vibration measured in this way may be distorted significantly by the effect of signal transmission paths and the interference from other sources. The suppression of distortions is thus a key issue for the remote measurements based condition monitoring. In this paper, the influences of transducer locations and operating conditions on the vibration signal are investigated on a typical gearbox transmission system for the detection of the faults induced to the gearbox. The experimental study results show that the performance of traditional signal processing techniques is not sufficient to reveal fault detection information. However, the new feature from the spectrum of time synchronous average (TSA) signal is very effective in suppressing noise and hence leads to better detection of the local faults induced to the gear system.


Facial recognition offers a totalizing new surveillance power. Police now have the capability to monitor, track, and identify faces through networked surveillance cameras and datasets of billions of images. Whether identifying a particular suspect from a still photo, or identifying every person who walks past a digital camera, the privacy and security impacts of facial recognition are profound and troubling.

This Article explores the constitutional design problem at the heart of facial recognition surveillance systems. One might hope that the Fourth Amendment – designed to restrain police power and enacted to limit governmental overreach – would have something to say about this powerful and permeating surveillance technology. But current doctrine and constitutional theory offers little privacy protection and less practical security than one might expect. Even worse, by studying the Fourth Amendment through the lens of facial recognition technology other doctrinal limitations come into focus. Issues of error rates, racial bias, unfairness, and transparency in policing more generally become magnified when trying to design a new surveillance system for law enforcement.

The Article then offers a constitutional design solution to some forms of facial recognition surveillance. The Supreme Court's recent cases on digital technologies suggest a way to "future-proof" the Fourth Amendment in the face of certain types of mass surveillance technologies. In addition, this Article suggests a new legislative framework for facial recognition to fill in the privacy and legitimacy gaps left by the current Fourth Amendment doctrine.


This paper tackles the modelling of large, complex and multivariate time series panels in a probabilistic setting. To this extent, we present a novel approach reconciling classical state space models with deep learning methods. By augmenting state space models with normalizing flows, we mitigate imprecisions stemming from idealized assumptions in state space models. The resulting model is highly flexible while still retaining many of the attractive properties of state space models, e.g., uncertainty and observation errors are properly accounted for, inference is tractable, sampling is efficient and good generalization performance is observed, even in low data regimes. We demonstrate competitiveness against state-of-the-art deep learning methods on the tasks of forecasting real world data and handling varying levels of missing data.


An ideal cognitively-inspired memory system would compress and organize incoming items. The Kanerva Machine (Wu et al, 2018) is a Bayesian model that naturally implements online memory compression. However, the organization of the Kanerva Machine is limited by its use of a single Gaussian random matrix for storage. Here we introduce the Product Kanerva Machine, which dynamically combines many smaller Kanerva Machines. Its hierarchical structure provides a principled way to abstract invariant features and gives scaling and capacity advantages over single Kanerva Machines. We show that it can exhibit unsupervised clustering, find sparse and combinatorial allocation patterns, and discover spatial tunings that approximately factorize simple images by object.


In the era of big data, there are more and more organizations trying to establish a new breed of executive, Chief Data Officer (CDO), to identify new business opportunity from data assets and optimize corporate revenue. However, the relationship between CDO presence and firm's financial performance has not been rigorously studied and validated in literature. Based on upper echelon theory and strategic change perspectives, we examined the impact of pre-performance on the CDO appointment, as well as the CDO presence on post-performance. We collected a multi-industry dataset of 68 firms with a CDO position. The results show that the return on assets (ROA) is positively related to CDO appointment, while, market to book ratio (M/B) is negatively related to CDO appointment. In addition, we found that firms with CDO have superior financial performance than their peers who do not. This study provides an initial step towards understanding the empirical linkages between CDO presence and firm performance.


Previous studies in rats, mice, and in vitro systems showed that 6-NC can be metabolically activated by two major pathways: (1) the formation of N-hydroxy-6-aminochrysene by nitroreduction to yield three major adducts, N-(dG-8-yl)-6-AC, 5-(dG-N(2)-yl)-6-AC, and N-(dA-8-yl)-6-AC, and (2) the formation of trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxylaminochrysene (1,2-DHD-6-NHOH-C) by a combination of nitroreduction and ring oxidation pathways to yield N-(dG-8-yl)-1,2-DHD-6-AC, 5-(dG-N(2)-yl)-1,2-DHD-6-AC and N-(dA-8-yl)-1,2-DHD-6-AC. These DNA lesions are likely to cause mutations if they are not removed by cellular defense mechanisms before DNA replication occurs. Here, we compared for the first time, in HeLa cell extracts in vitro, the relative nucleotide excision repair (NER) efficiencies of DNA lesions derived from simple nitroreduction and from a combination of nitroreduction and ring oxidation pathways. We show that the N-(dG-8-yl)-1,2-DHD-6-AC adduct is more resistant to NER than the N-(dG-8-yl)-6-AC adduct by a factor of ∼2. Furthermore, the N-(dA-8-yl)-6-AC is much more resistant to repair since its NER efficiency is ∼8-fold lower than that of the N-(dG-8-yl)-6-AC adduct. On the basis of our previous study and the present investigation, lesions derived from 6-NC and benzo[a]pyrene can be ranked from the most to the least resistant lesion as follows: N-(dA-8-yl)-6-AC > N-(dG-8-yl)-1,2-DHD-6-AC > 5-(dG-N(2)-yl)-6-AC ≃ N-(dG-8-yl)-6-AC ≃ (+)-7R,8S,9S,10S-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-derived trans-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-N(2)-dG adduct. The slow repair of the various lesions derived from 6-NC and thus their potential persistence in mammalian tissue could in part account for the powerful carcinogenicity of 6-NC as compared to B[a]P in the rat mammary gland.


Severe influenza illness or death is a serious concern among the elderly population despite vaccination. To investigate how the adaptive immune response after vaccination varies with the patient's age, Jung et al., in a recent issue of the JCI, extensively analyzed the serum antibody response in different age groups after immunization with the egg-based influenza vaccine Fluzone. As expected, the immune response in young adults was dominated by antibodies targeting the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein. On the contrary, the serological repertoire of elderly donors was characterized by cross-reactive (CR) antibodies recognizing non-HA antigens. Surprisingly, a substantial fraction of these CR antibodies targeted sulfated glycans typical of egg-produced proteins, which does not provide protection against human influenza viruses. Overall, these findings are of great value in understanding suboptimal immunity after influenza vaccination and shaping future vaccine efforts that will achieve increased protection in the elderly.


The Experience Factory (EF) is an infrastructure designed to support experience management (e.g., the reuse of experience) in software organizations. It supports the collection, processing, management, analysis, and dissemination of experiences made on the job. One key issue of experience management is the aggregation of these documented experiences into more valuable patterns and laws. In this article, we describe how the different activities in an experience factory can be supported by knowledge services. Knowledge services are especially valuable for maturing activities, such as formalization and generalization. We describe how to leverage Web 2.0 concepts as features of an experience management system in order to implement the knowledge services.


With the use of a baited stereo-video camera system, this study semiquantitatively defined the habitat associations of 4 species of Lutjanidae: Opakapaka (Pristipomoides filamentosus), Kalekale (P. sieboldii), Onaga (Etelis coruscans), and Ehu (E. carbunculus). Fish abundance and length data from 6 locations in the main Hawaiian Islands were evaluated for species-specific and size-specific differences between regions and habitat types. Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter were used to classify habitats into 4 types on the basis of substrate (hard or soft) and slope (high or low). Depth was a major influence on bottomfish distributions. Opakapaka occurred at depths shallower than the depths at which other species were observed, and this species showed an ontogenetic shift to deeper water with increasing size. Opakapaka and Ehu had an overall preference for hard substrate with low slope (hard-low), and Onaga was found over both hard-low and hard-high
habitats. No significant habitat preferences were recorded for Kalekale. Opakapaka, Kalekale, and Onaga exhibited size-related shifts with habitat type. A move into hard-high environments with increasing size was evident for Opakapaka and Kalekale. Onaga was seen predominantly in hard-low habitats at smaller sizes and in either hard-low or hard-high at larger sizes. These ontogenetic habitat shifts could be driven by reproductive triggers because they roughly coincided with the length at sexual maturity of each species. However, further studies are required to determine causality. No ontogenetic shifts were seen for Ehu, but only a limited number of juveniles were observed. Regional variations in abundance and length were also found and could be related to fishing pressure or large-scale habitat features.


Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.


This research is focused on two serial killers in the late 1800s and comparing the amount of media coverage for each case. They are H.H. Holm es who was killing in Chicago, Illinois and the Servant Girl Annihilator in Austin, Texas. Holmes was caught and convicted, while the Servant Girl Annihilator was not. This research shows that this was due, in majority , to the amount of media coverage for both cases. The Servant Girl Annihilator had minimal media coverage, mostly because of racial issues at the time, and he was never caught. In contrast , Holmes was convicted for insurance fraud and his case was covered nationwide, which caused people in Chicago to report Holmes's odd behavior in the city to authorities . The argument of this research is that media coverage impacted the level of police investigation, which was why the Servant Girl Annihilator was not caught , while Holmes was. The sources that have been used for this research are newspaper articles and articles from psychological and historical journals.


Since energy prices are expected to carry on rising, this paper assesses some of the options available to governments and policy-makers if they are to successfully tackle fuel poverty whilst simultaneously managing the transition to a low-carbon economy.

The authors:

claim fuel poverty can only be reduced by a focus on the energy efficiency and energy bills of those in fuel poverty, especially low-income vulnerable households;

propose that dramatically increasing the energy efficiency of fuel-poor homes is the long-term solution to fuel poverty;

outline potential new approaches to help ensure fuel poverty initiatives are better targeted at fuel poor households;

suggest these measures will have significant social and environmental benefits.


ABSTRACT We redefine the genus Yuukianura Yosii, 1955, and we give an updated list of its nine species. Four of these species initially described in other genera are transferred to Yuukianura: Lobella (Lobella) yasudai Yosii, 1966, Lobella pacifica Yosii, 1971, Protanura Bellinger & Christiansen, 1974, and Pseudocolonavis rosea Kim & Lee, 2000. Two species described as Yuukianura (Yuukianura cavicola Yosii, 1956 and Y. nomurai Yosii, 1956) are considered as Lobellini incertae sedis. A new species, Yuukianura judithae n. sp., is described from Santo Island in Vanuatu, Melanesia. It differs from other species of the genus by a combination of characters including total lack of eyes, two chaetae on the ocular tubercle (Ocp absent), (5 + 5) dorsal chaetae on Th. I, (3 + S) chaetae in chaetal group DL of Th. II–III, two chaetae in group Di of Abd. I–IV (Di3 absent) and untoothed claw. The species also shows three characters unusual for Neanurinae Boerner, 1901: a strong reduction of tibiotarsal chaetotaxy, the absence of macrochaeta De1 on Abd. I–IV and the presence of conspicuous buttonhole structures dorsally on head, Abd. I and Abd. IV. The new species occurs in both forest and cave habitats, not in mangrove or seashore habitats, in contrast to most members of the genus. In caves, it often lives in large number on guano piles of bats or swiftlets, and is the first record of a Neanuridae Yosii, 1956 in such an habitat.


Problem Solving with Data Structures, First Edition is not a traditional data structures textbook that teaches concepts in an abstract, and often dry, context that focuses on data structures using numbers. Instead, this book takes a more creative approach that uses media and simulations (specifically, trees and linked lists of images and music), to make concepts more concrete, more relatable, and therefore much more motivating for students. This book is appropriate for both majors and non-majors. It provides an introduction to object-oriented programming in Java, arrays, linked lists, trees, stacks, queues, lists, maps, and heaps. It also covers an existing simulation package (Greenfoot) and how to create continuous and discrete event simulations.


The ability of some Mediterranean plant species to absorb heavy metals present in wastewater from treatment plants is researched. Their tolerance to high concentrations of heavy metals is also assessed. Myoporum sp., Nerium oleander and Geranium sp. were irrigated with wastewater, normal irrigation water, and irrigation water enriched with metals. The concentration of metals in the wastewater, irrigation water, in the soil, and in the leaves, tissues and roots of the plants were measured. The results show that treatment of plants with wastewater gives slightly increased concentrations of metals in leaves and roots. In contrast, irrigation with high concentrations of Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ (up to 1000 mg/1) resulted to significantly higher concentrations of these metals in the roots than in the leaves. However, all plants have been shown to tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals except Nerium oleander, which exhibited strong toxicity in leaves. The tolerance of these Mediterranean plant species to polluted environments allows them to be irrigated by wastewater from treatment plants, so as to achieve the best environmental rehabilitation of desertified Mediterranean areas.


Background: Child abuse is a significant public health and social problem worldwide. It can be described as a failure to provide care and protection for children by the parents or other caregivers. This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in abused children and their families. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the psychosocial support unit of a pediatric hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran, from 2012 to 2013. The participants consisted of child abuse cases and their parents who referred to the psychosocial support unit to receive services. Services delivered in this unit included parenting skills training, psychiatric treatments, and supportive services. The effectiveness of the interventions was assessed with Child Abuse Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ). Participants were assessed at baseline, at 3, and 6 months follow-ups. ANOVA with repeated measures and Friedman test were used to evaluate the effect of the interventions. Results: A total of 68 children and their parents enrolled in this study, of whom 53% were males. Post-intervention follow-ups revealed significant changes in mothers' general health questionnaire (p<0.001), and children's conduct problem (p<0.05), hyperactivity (p<0.001), and peer problems (p<0.05). Physical and emotional abuses significantly decreased (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that psychosocial interventions effectively improved child-parents interaction and mental health of parents. The effectiveness of interventions based on subgroup analysis and implications of the results have been discussed for further development of psychosocial interventions in the health system.


There is an emerging consensus that the exclusion of religion from the public school curriculum is neither intellectually honest nor in the public interest, Mr. Lickona says, and he suggests seven ways whereby educators can constitutionally incorporate religion into character education. ONE NIGHT, at the end of my graduate course on character education, a student stayed to talk. He said he lifted weights competitively but was finding it increasingly difficult to compete because so many people in the sport use steroids. "I don't do steroids, and I never will," he said, "but just about everybody else does, and they get away with it." I asked him how athletes can continue to use steroids when everything you read says that steroids can make you sterile, cause cancer, and do other terrible things to your body. He replied, "People know all that, but they don't care." He said that, the week before, the professor in one of his physical education courses had shown a videotape that reported the results of a survey of amateur weight lifters. The survey posed this question: "If you could take a drug that would guarantee you'd win every competition for five years, but at the end of five years the drug would be certain to kill you, would you take that drug?" A majority of the weight lifters said yes.1 If we ask ourselves why a significant number of young people in our society would trade their very lives for five years of drug-dependent success, we must answer: they are spiritually adrift. They lack an ennobling vision of human dignity, human destiny, and the ultimate meaning of life. As one mother said upon hearing the results of that survey, "Those young men don't know why they're here." Before their character is formed by the worst aspects of our culture, young people should be helped to reflect on life's largest questions. One can argue that, without religion's call to the transcendent, most of us are more tempted, as the weight lifters were, to make gods of other things: money, pleasure, power, or success at any price. The condition of our democracy is also profoundly affected by religion, as recent public discourse has reminded us. Last year, the Council on Civil Society issued A Call to Civil Society: Why Democracy Needs Moral Truths, identifying 12 "seedbeds of civic virtue" that are society's foundational sources of competence, character, and citizenship. One of these crucial seedbeds, the report says, is "faith communities and religious institutions." A Call to Civil Society notes that a great majority of Americans consider religion to be of great importance in their lives. During any given week, U.S. church and synagogue attendance is estimated to be 13 times the total attendance at all U.S. sporting events. Voluntary financial contributions to houses of worship exceed total ticket revenues from professional sports by a factor of 14 to 1. Faith communities in the U.S. also form the spiritual backbone of our nation's sizable philanthropic and charitable sector. "If a central task of every generation is moral transmission," the report continues, religion historically has probably been the primary force that transmits from one generation to another the moral understandings that are essential to liberal democratic institutions. Religion is especially suited to this task because it focuses our minds and our hearts on obligations to each other that arise out of our shared createdness. By elevating our sights toward others and toward ultimate concerns, religious institutions help turn us away from self-centeredness, or what Tocqueville terms "egotism," democracy's most dangerous temptation.2 Research on Religion and Youths Is there research to confirm the assertion that religion serves personal fulfillment and the common good? In fact, there is a fair amount of empirical evidence that points to the contribution that religion makes to healthy human development and in particular to the development of the young. …


The Tax Reform Act of 1986 signed by President Ronald Reagan, and the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, signed by President George W. Bush are the most significant tax reforms the United States has seen in the past thirty years. While both bills have gained notoriety for "broadening the tax base" by eliminating tax preferences and deductions, neither approach has been clearly proposed as an answer to the current fiscal cliff. Half the political base blames the "Bush tax cuts" for current fiscal deficits because of the massive decrease in tax rates without compensating for lost revenue. The other half admires the "Reagan tax cuts" for broadening the tax base while lowering rates, but do not seem to believe those principles can translate to today's economy. Indeed, experts do not agree that past, proven principles can help stabilize the current economy. The current United States debt level and yearly deficit should trigger appropriate tax policies to create greater revenue from the tax code. In this paper, I propose that the primary focus of tax reform should be lowering the budget deficit through increased tax revenue. There are primarily two ways in which the tax code can generate revenue: (1) increase the individual income tax rates, or (2) broaden the tax base by making more income subject to taxation. Broadening the tax base is a more viable option than simply raising individual income tax rates because of the inherent fairness and efficiency that accompanies base broadening. Reform through base broadening eliminates taxpayer's ability to take deductions and equitably places more taxpayers on the same footing from a taxation perspective. As in the 1980's, broadening the base will result not only in decreasing the national debt and yearly deficit, but could potentially give a greater number of Americans larger take-home pay. Both political parties have pandered to interest groups causing tax reform to be arithmetically easy, but almost politically impossible. Tax reform is political by nature because any change to existing policy and legal structures comes from political bodies changing legislation. While the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and the Bush tax cuts of 2001 and 2003 dealt with many complex issues such as government spending, corporate tax rates, and gift and estate tax rates, both approaches relied on politics, not arithmetic, nor policy to produce tax reform. This paper will attempt to compare the two acts while narrowing its analysis on individual income tax rates and the effects broadening the tax base has on fiscal policy. Part I sets out taxation and broadening the base. Part II shows the history and politics of the respective tax reform acts. Part III compares the two reforms of Reagan and Bush. Part IV analyzes the effects prior reforms could have on the current United States economy if implemented today, with a special focus on broadening the tax base. Part V sets out the potential solutions for tax reform with an emphasis on President Obama's and former 2012 Republican Presidential candidate Mitt Romney's tax plans. Ultimately, this paper concludes that broadening the tax base is the best way of addressing, at least in part, the current United States debt.


ABSTRACT This article looks at the history of post-war state-building in South Sudan through a study of one of the region's many return migration projects. South Sudan was arguably the subject of the first state-led mass repatriation campaign of twentieth-century Africa, after the first civil war that escalated in 1963 and ended in 1972 with the Addis Ababa Agreement. Using archival material from the newly reformulated South Sudan National Archives in Juba, this paper examines this comparatively forgotten post-war return and reconstruction project in South Sudan from 1969 to 1974. In this period, civil war ideas, staff, and techniques were recycled into an apparently benevolent and 'peace-building' project of Relief, Repatriation and Rehabilitation. The returns management project set out where the returning citizens of Sudan should go, how they should settle, live, and relate to the state. This study argues that this project developed and entrenched particular wartime state ideas of its imagined South Sudanese population, and the nature of its compact with its society. It argues for a longer view of the continuities of war- and peacetime population control, as a way to explore postcolonial ideas of 'good government'. The return and resettlement period also demonstrates the South Sudanese populations' expanding repertoire of engagement as post-war citizens: return migration and resettlement projects are good opportunities for people to reformulate their skills and tactics of negotiating, approaching, cheating, and avoiding a 'new' state.


Environmental purchasing consists of purchasing's involvement in activities that include reduction, reuse, and recycling of materials. Despite the valuable role that the purchasing function can play in an organization's environmental activities, research is only now beginning to emerge in this area. The authors present a reliable and valid scale used to measure environmental purchasing, examine the company-specific factors that impact these activities, and compare the actions of U.S. purchasing managers to those of their German counterparts. Directions for much needed future research are then proposed.


AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular and systemic energy homeostasis which achieves this through the phosphorylation of a myriad of downstream targets. One target is TBC1D1 a Rab-GTPase-activating protein that regulates glucose uptake in muscle cells by integrating insulin signalling with that promoted by muscle contraction. Ser237 in TBC1D1 is a target for phosphorylation by AMPK, an event which may be important in regulating glucose uptake. Here, we show AMPK heterotrimers containing the α1, but not the α2, isoform of the catalytic subunit form an unusual and stable association with TBC1D1, but not its paralogue AS160. The interaction between the two proteins is direct, involves a dual interaction mechanism employing both phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains of TBC1D1 and is increased by two different pharmacological activators of AMPK (AICAR and A769962). The interaction enhances the efficiency by which AMPK phosphorylates TBC1D1 on its key regulatory site, Ser237. Furthermore, the interaction is reduced by a naturally occurring R125W mutation in the PTB1 domain of TBC1D1, previously found to be associated with severe familial obesity in females, with a concomitant reduction in Ser237 phosphorylation. Our observations provide evidence for a functional difference between AMPK α-subunits and extend the repertoire of protein kinases that interact with substrates via stabilisation mechanisms that modify the efficacy of substrate phosphorylation.


The presented study aims to assess the possibility of simulating changes in cardiac cell electrophysiology due to K897T polymorphism in the Caucasian population. In the first part of the experiment, the parameters of the equations describing channel gating were fitted to the experimental data. Then, the action potentials of midmyocardial cells of 100 individuals were simulated in the in vitro - in vivo extrapolation system - ToxComp. Mean APD90 for the entire simulated population is 352.05 ms (SD = 21.69 ms). Mean APD90 for the 80 individuals with the WT version of the hERG gene and for the 20 K897T homo- and heterozygotes is respectively 349.08 ms (SD = 21.09 ms) and 363.95ms (SD = 20.41 ms). The ToxComp system can be useful in predicting the impact of genetic variability on drug triggered cardiac cell electrophysiology interference.


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The increased complexity of the business environment, such as globalization of the market, faster introduction of new products, more interdependencies among firms and financial crises, has reduced the forecasting accuracy of conventional prediction methods based on historical data or experts. How can we predict the future? Where can we find information about the future?

Over the past decade, some in the business world have come to believe that the best forecasts emerge from neither past behavior patterns nor far-removed experts who analyze markets, but rather crowds; the front-line employees who are working directly with new products and services and interacting daily with buyers, sellers and customers in the field, as they have the most relevant and updated information and knowledge required for forecasting. A prediction market, an elegant and well-designed method for capturing the wisdom of crowds and predicting the outcome of a future event, has been, therefore, introduced. Its promising forecasting results have inspired much enthusiasm among both researchers and practitioners in recent years.

This dissertation adopts the information-based view to investigate the effect of information transparency on traders' behavior and prediction market performance. The research consists of three empirical studies. The case study investigates the activity of and dynamic interactions between traders in an internal prediction market. The subsequent laboratory experiment examines the effect of price information transparency on market performance via traders' behavior. The final field experiment further investigates different levels of price information transparency in an internal prediction market in a real business environment. The dissertation distinguishes clearly between information aggregation efficiency and market predictive accuracy for the analysis of prediction market performance by defining and developing a measurement of information aggregation efficiency. This research, as a whole, contributes to the academic literature on information transparency and prediction markets, and also demonstrates the considerable potential of prediction markets in managerial decision-making.


Previous implantation experiments have investigated the interaction between a series of PEO/PBT copolymers (Polyactive®) and bone tissue, and shown the morphology of bone-bonding with several PEO/PBT ratios. However , the underlying mechanism of bonebonding r emains largely unknown . Therefore , an invitro approach was chosen to obtain more information on the event s occurring at the PEO/PBT copolymer-bone interface. Rat marrow cells were cultured on two PEO/PBT copolymer proportions: a 60/40 ratio which is known to bond with bone tissue in-vivo and a 30170 ratio which , within one year of implantation, does not bond with bone. Evaluation was performed with light microscopy , scanning , backscatter and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Surface calcification of the 60/40 material was observed . Undecalcified specimens revealed a continuum between material calcification and biologically elaborated mineralized matrix. An electron-dense region was frequently observed at the interface of this material. No signs of calcification were seen within the surface of the stiffer 30/70 polymer . Mineralized matrix was found in contact with the surface of the 30/70 but the absence of a continuity was evident at all resolutions . These results indicate that reproduction of the in-vivo findings and a rapid differentiation between different PEO/PBT ratios can be accomplished in-vitro. The rat marrow system may therefore represent a controlled tool to achieve a better understanding of the events occurring at the bonePEO/PBT copolymer interface.


Entanglement is an important concept in quantum information, quantum communication, and quantum computing. We provide a geometrical analysis of entanglement and separability for all the rank 2 quantum mixed states: complete analysis for the bipartite states and partial analysis for the multipartite states. For each rank 2 mixed state, we define its unique Bloch sphere, that is spanned by the eigenstates of its density matrix. We characterize those Bloch spheres into exactly five classes of entanglement and separability, give examples for each class, and prove that those are the only classes.


Introduction: Healthcare assistants perform a broad range of clinical and administrative tasks across many clinical settings and are supervised by most professional groups. This diversity creates challenges for maintaining a consistent scope of practice and consistent patterns of skill utilisation. It is not clear whether formal education in universities for allied health assistants (AHAs) could better shape the role and opportunities for the AHA workforce. Methods and analysis: An exploratory qualitative study was designed to investigate the perspectives of senior allied health clinicians and academics about the educational needs and workplace opportunities for AHAs. We were interested in whether university education for AHAs could help to shape consistent roles and expectations of AHAs for the future workforce. A convenience sample of participants was invited to exploratory semi-structured interviews, and their responses were thematically analysed and integrated. Results: Twelve participants, representing eight different allied health professions, were interviewed. Three themes emerged. Participants described the diverse roles, capabilities and expectations of the health assistant workforce. Current vocational training was considered inconsistent and insufficient, and participants reported significant local training occurring to meet the expectations of different work environments. Future educational pathways in university were not supported by any participants for many, largely practical, reasons.  Conclusion: University-level education does not appear to be a feasible tool to ensure consistent workforce roles and expectations for allied health assistants. Instead, AHAs need integrated educational pathways across vocational training and workplace environments. Continued workforce design is required to align assistant and professional roles and expectations.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether glucocorticoid (GC) administration alters hippocampal cerebral blood flow (CBF) or volume in dogs.

ANIMALS
6 clinically normal adult Beagles.

PROCEDURES
Each dog underwent CT and MRI to measure the CBF in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortex and the volume of the hippocampus in each hemisphere of the brain before (day 0) and during (days 7 and 21) a 21-day treatment with prednisolone (1.0 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) and famotidine (0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h). Results for hippocampal volume, anesthesia-related variables, and semiquantitative measurements of CBF (hemisphere-specific ratios of the CBF in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and thalamus relative to the CBF in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex and the left cerebral cortex CBF-to-right cerebral cortex CBF ratio) were compared across assessment time points (days 0, 7, and 21).

RESULTS
The ratios of CBF in the right hippocampus and right thalamus to that in the right cerebral cortex on day 21 were significantly lower than those on day 0. No meaningful differences were detected in results for the hippocampal volume in either hemisphere or for the anesthesia-related variables across the 3 time points.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results indicated that GC administration reduced CBF in the hippocampus and thalamus in dogs of the present study, similar to that which occurs in humans. Research on GC-related brain alteration in dogs could potentially contribute to advancements in understanding Alzheimer disease in humans and neurodegenerative conditions in dogs.


Rather than follow the machinations of a singular artist in the production and exhibition of an interactive artwork, this paper uses an actor-network approach to collectively hold to account a whole host of actors that literally make a difference in the production of an interactive artwork, Biophilia (2004-2007). My main argument is that in order for any action to take place both humans and non-humans must on some level collectively work together, or, in actor-network terms translate one another. However, such new relations are predicated and indeed just as dependent on and what these new actors are willing to give up as it is to do with what they can offer. Needless to say that when the negotiations are momentarily over, actors give up individual goals and compel others to collectively form new definitions, new intentions and new goals with each interaction. In other words, the "˜work' represents neither the beginning nor the end of a particular event, but is described more as a continually shifting and cumulative series of distributed actions.


This paper explores the need for a robust grounding in disability studies as the cornerstone for high quality research into the cultural significance of Paralympic sport. All too often scholars working in the broad field of Olympic studies who exploring issues related to the Paralympics have paid only lip service to the fact that disability activism and its related academic field of disability studies have something to offer. Much of the work in disability studies is grounded in substantive disciplines such as anthropology, history, politics and sociology. In this paper we will address a number of key texts in the field and highlight how grounding Paralympic research in these and similarly robust outputs, which in spite of changing fashion in nomenclature, are still of great value today. We will conclude with a call to all scholars in the field of parasport studies to pay more than a passing reference to disability studies literature in hopes that it will encourage them to be more vigorous in their critique of this distinctive sporting culture.


The Persians held sway over the Greek imagination for more than 200 years. The image of Persia shifted in that time from xenophobic hostility, caused through fear of the encroaching presence of the Persian empire, through to curious acceptance of its dominance. Much study has been given to the formative decades of the construction of the Persian "Other" in Greek art, but the fourth-century image of Persia has remained relatively unexplored. This paper demonstrates how Greek artists of the period 380–330 BCE fixated on the life and accomplishments of the court of the Achaemenid Great Kings and argues that instead of offering an orientalist clichéd view of Persian life, it attempted to understand and disseminate bone fide Iranian images of court society.


Purpose: Zero risk construction is only a dream not reality as there is nothing certainity in the real world and scientists are only capable of coverting the same into risk with high level data science. The practice of risk management is an attempt to highlight risk elements with a case of urban road construction in Sindhupalchowk district, Province 3, Nepal.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The 5-point Likert scale questionnaire survey was done to collect the primary data. Risk Management Practice is documented based on survey response in percentage through charts and graphs. Field visit were done for visual assessment of the construction procedure along with key informant interview and Secondary data of Detail Project Reports, Design and Drawings were effectively analyzed. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability and triangulations were done for validity.
Findings/Result: The results from this research indicates that contractor's organization are averagely aware with a mean score of 3.30 about Risk Management Practice and averagely practicing risk management formally with mean score of 2.83. They are averagely analyzing risk management techniques with mean score of 3.07. Mean score is slightly higher based on client's perspective with score for awareness being 3.93 and score for risk management being practiced formally is 3.13. Risk analysis score based on client's management is 3.40. Mostly adopted technique of risk identification is monitoring and evaluation report of similar past projects and direct judgment is widely used technique for risk assessment of road construction projects at Sindhupalchowk district based on both client's and contractor's perspective. Risk response strategy based on contractor's perspective is monitoring the risk and preparing contingency plan whereas that for client is transfer of risk.
Originality/Value: It is action research which is significant for professional to understand the practices of risk management being adopted by Nepalese Contractors in hilly region of Nepal.
Paper Type: Ex-Post Facto Research


The effects of austerity in response to financial crises are widely contested and assumed to cause significant electoral backlash. Nonetheless, governments routinely adopt austerity when confronting economic downturns and swelling deficits. We explore this puzzle by distinguishing public acceptance of austerity as a general approach and support for specific austerity packages. Using original survey data from five European countries, we show that austerity is in fact the preferred response among most voters. We develop potential explanations for this surprising preference and demonstrate the empirical limitations of accounts centered on economic interests or an intuitive framing advantage. Instead, we show that the preference for austerity is highly sensitive to its political backers and precise composition of spending cuts and tax hikes. Using a novel approach to estimate support for historical austerity programs, we contend that governments' strategic crafting of policy packages is a key factor underlying the support for austerity.


The legal system should be used to objectively resolve church disputes. This statement is both simple and controversial. Many Pastors, Attorneys, and Judges are vehemently opposed to the legal system's involvement in anything that pierces the secular-sacred veil. Unfortunately, it is time that these critics awaken to the very real problem of church disputes. Whether the Church is an intentional tortfeasor, or the Pastor has sexually abused a person with whom he is counseling, the legal system is an appropriate arbitrator of divisive issues within the Church. Courts should no longer merely claim that an issue touches upon religion and, therefore, cannot be adjudicated. Instead, the neutral principles of law test developed by the Supreme Court must be restated in order to provide those that have been wronged by the Church with a legal remedy. The Free Exercise of Religion should not provide immunity for social harms.


Background: Nurse prescribing is undergoing
major reforms in the western world to expand
the prescribing powers of nurses, although
the move to allow opiod prescribing is still
met with some debate and concern. Yet nurses
have been prescribing morphine in sub Saharan
Africa since 200�. A lack of access to doctors
coupled with the large number of patients with
cancer and HIV resulted in the development of
an innovative programme to allow nurses to
prescribe morphine. Following policy changes in
200� nurses who have completed a nine month
Community Palliative Care Course at Hospice
Africa Uganda are permitted to prescribe
morphine. The aim of this study was to evaluate
the impact of this extended prescribing
Methods: A qualitative methodology using focus
group interviews was adopted for the study to
enable group discussion and interaction to take
place (Bloor et al 200�, Vaughn et al �996). A
purposive sample of members from clinical
and educational teams and current students
from Hospice Africa Uganda were invited to
participate in the study. 24 volunteers and
participated in three audio taped focus groups.
Data was analysed for emerging themes using
thematic analysis.
Results and Discussion: There was a general
consensus that nurses' being allowed to
prescribe morphine was having a positive effect
of patients, their families and the clinical team.
Benefits including pain relief and enhancing the
patient's quality of life were noted. Economic
impacts of reduced travelling costs to obtain
the morphine were stressed. Course students
referred to their initial concerns surrounding
prescribing morphine and the importance of
the course in preparing them for the role.
The ongoing problem of a limited supply of
morphine was also noted. This paper discusses
these findings and potential explanations given.
Ongoing research to assess measurable clinical
outcomes is discussed


The Early to Middle Jurassic Talkeetna Arc section exposed in the Chugach Mountains of south–central Alaska is 5–18 km wide and extends for over 150 km. This accreted island arc includes exposures of upper mantle to volcanic upper crust. The section comprises six lithological units, in order of decreasing depth: (1) residual upper mantle harzburgite (with lesser proportions of dunite); (2) pyroxenite; (3) basal gabbronorite; (4) lower crustal gabbronorite; (5) mid-crustal plutonic rocks; (6) volcanic rocks. The pyroxenites overlie residual mantle peridotite, with some interfingering of the two along the contact. The basal gabbronorite overlies pyroxenite, again with some interfingering of the two units along their contact. Lower crustal gabbronorite ( (cid:1) 10 km thick) includes abundant rocks with well-developed modal layering. The mid-crustal plutonic rocks include a heterogeneous assemblage of gabbroic rocks, dioritic to tonalitic rocks (30–40% area), and concentrations of mafic dikes and chilled mafic inclusions. The volcanic rocks ( (cid:2) 7 km thick) range from basalt to rhyolite. Many of the evolved volcanic compositions are a result of fractional crystallization processes whose cumulate products are directly observable in the lower crustal gabbronorites. For example, Ti and Eu enrichments in lower crustal gabbronorites are mirrored by Ti and Eu depletions in evolved volcanic rocks. In addition, calculated parental liquids from ion microprobe analyses of clinopyroxene in lower crustal gabbronorites indicate that the clinopyroxenes crystallized in equilibrium with liquids whose compositions were the same as those of the volcanic rocks. The compositional variation of the main series of volcanic and chilled mafic rocks can be modeled through fractionation of observed phase compositions and phase proportions in lower crustal gabbronorite (i.e. cumulates). Primary, mantle-derived melts in the Talkeetna Arc underwent fractionation of pyroxenite at the base of the crust. Our calculations suggest that more than 25 wt % of the primary melts crystallized as pyroxenites at the base of the crust. The discrepancy between the observed proportion of pyroxenites (less than 5% of the arc section) and the proportion required by crystal fractionation modeling (more than 25%) may be best understood as the result of gravitational instability, with dense ultramafic cumulates, probably together with dense garnet granulites, foundering into the underlying mantle during the time when the Talkeetna Arc was magmatically active, or in the initial phases of slow cooling (and sub-solidus garnet growth) immediately after the cessation of arc activity.


1Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) are two poorly understood Motor neuron diseases. Both diseases eventually prove fatal and their complex pathogenesis makes them difficult to treat. We reviewed the current literature to produce a comprehensive but succinct guide to ALS and SMA for the undergraduate. We review the genetics, aetiology and pathogenesis to identify similarities and differences between the two diseases. This knowledge was then used to identify and analyses current and possible future treatments. For ALS, Riluzole is currently the best, and only, licensed treatment as it increases lifeexpectancy by 2 to 3 months. It however only treats the symptoms. Treatments based on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)'s effects on glutamate controlled calcium channels may prove beneficial in the future, as may recombinant human Insulin like Growth Factor-1 (rhIGF-1) if administration methods are improved. Because of the "gain of function" nature of ALS, prophylactic strategies involving anti-oxidant vitamins are unlikely to prove effective. Additionally, we propose a widespread involvement of Valosin Containing Protein in ALS pathogenesis. Treatment of SMA focuses mainly on raising cytosolic Full Length Survival Motor Neuron protein (FL-SMN) levels, primarily through Histone Deacetylase inhibitors, such as valproic acid, hydroxyurea and phenylbutyrate. These have shown modest benefit but significant side effects. Thyrotropine Releasing Hormone (TRH) and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists have also been trialled, with few side effects. SMA is also a key target for gene therapy. Finally, Stem cell technology promises a cure for both conditions but, in reality, is many challenging years away from clinical application.


We study the design of monitoring in dynamic settings with moral hazard. An agent (e.g. a firm) benefits from reputation for quality, and a principal (e.g. a regulator) can learn the agent's quality via costly inspections. Monitoring plays two roles: an incentive role, because outcomes of inspections affect agent's reputation, and an informational role because the principal directly values the information. We characterize the optimal monitoring policy inducing full effort. When information is the principal's main concern, optimal monitoring is deterministic with periodic reviews. When incentive provision is the main concern, optimal monitoring is random with a constant hazard rate.


Abstract. The increased usage of the environmental monitoring system and sensors, installed on a day-to-day basis to explore information and monitor the cities' environment and pollution conditions, are in demand. Sensor networking advancement with quality and quantity of environmental data has given rise to increasing techniques and methodologies supporting spatiotemporal data interactive visualisation analyses. Moreover, Visualisation (Vis) and Visual Analytics (VA) of spatiotemporal data have become essential for research, policymakers, and industries to improve energy efficiency, environmental management, and cities' air pollution planning. A platform covering Vis and VA of spatiotemporal data collected from a city helps to portray such techniques' potential in exploring crucial environmental inside, which is still required. Therefore, this work presents Vis and VA interface for the spatiotemporal data represented in terms of location, including time, and several measured attributes like Particular Matter (PM) PM2.5 and PM10, along with humidity, and wind (speed and direction) to assess the detailed temporal patterns of these parameters in Stuttgart, Germany. The time series are analysed using the unsupervised HDBSCAN clustering on a series of (above mentioned) parameters. Furthermore, with the in-depth sensors nature understanding and trends, Machine Learning (ML) approach called Transformers Network predictor model is integrated, that takes successive time values of parameters as input with sensors' locations and predict the future dominant (highly measured) values with location in time as the output. The selected parameters variations are compared and analysed in the spatiotemporal frame to provide detailed estimations on how average conditions would change in a region over the time. This work would help to get a better insight into the urban system and enable the sustainable development of cities by improving human interaction with the spatiotemporal data. Hence, the increasing environmental problems for big industrial cities could be alarmed and reduced for the future with proposed work.


Mapping Spectral Traces is an international and interdisciplinary
Virginia Tech Humanities Symposium that considers
how difficult pasts can be researched, documented,
represented, and animated in responsible and ethical
ways. Held at historic, educational, and artistic venues
in Blacksburg, Christiansburg, and Roanoke, the series
calls on Virginia Tech faculty and students, local community
members and leaders, and invited international artists
and scholars to engage with a larger public to consider
and develop socially engaged and creative research
practices that might enable us to become witnesses
of the geographies of loss that continue to structure local
and global worlds. The range of events and venues,
and forms of collaboration and conversation is intended
to allow participants to explore multi-sensual aesthetic
forms, alternative narratives, and activist topographies
that delve into terrains not usually observable on Cartesian
maps. International and local artists, scholars, and
practitioners will consider the following questions through
exhibitions, workshops, excursions, lectures, and forums.


This paper approaches, for the first time, the estimation of a collective household demand system from a Bayesian perspective. Using prior information on equivalence scales, as well as restrictions implied by theory, tight credible intervals are found for resource shares, a measure of the distribution of economic well-being in a household. A modern MCMC sampling method provides a complete picture of the high-dimensional parameter vector's posterior distribution and allows for reliable inference. The share of household earnings generated by a household member is estimated to have a positive effect on her share of household resources in a sample of couples from the US Consumer Expenditure survey. An increase in the earnings share of one percentage point is estimated to result in a shift of between 0:05% and 0:14% of household resources in the same direction, meaning that spouses partially insure one another against such shifts. The estimates imply an expected shift of 0:71% of household resources from the average man to the average woman in the same sample between 2008 and 2012, when men lost jobs at a greater rate than women.


Most histories of the Civil War era portray the struggle over slavery as a conflict that exclusively pitted North against South, free labor against slave labor, and black against white. In "Freedom's Frontier," Stacey L. Smith examines the battle over slavery as it unfolded on the multiracial Pacific Coast. Despite its antislavery constitution, California was home to a dizzying array of bound and semibound labor systems: African American slavery, American Indian indenture, Latino and Chinese contract labor, and a brutal sex traffic in bound Indian and Chinese women. Using untapped legislative and court records, Smith reconstructs the lives of California's unfree workers and documents the political and legal struggles over their destiny as the nation moved through the Civil War, emancipation, and Reconstruction. Smith reveals that the state's anti-Chinese movement, forged in its struggle over unfree labor, reached eastward to transform federal Reconstruction policy and national race relations for decades to come. Throughout, she illuminates the startling ways in which the contest over slavery's fate included a western struggle that encompassed diverse labor systems and workers not easily classified as free or slave, black or white.


OBJECTIVES
In bipolar disorder (BD), dysregulation of mood may result from white matter abnormalities that disrupt fronto-subcortical circuits. In this study, we explore such abnormalities using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), an imaging technique capable of detecting subtle changes not visible with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and voxel-based analysis.

METHODS
Thirty-six patients with BD, all but two receiving antidepressants or mood stabilizers, and 28 healthy controls matched for age and gender were studied. Diffusion-weighted echoplanar images (DW-EPI) were obtained using a 1.5T scanner. Voxel-based analysis was performed using SPM 2. Differences between the groups in mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy (FA) were explored.

RESULTS
In the patient group, mean diffusivity was increased in the right posterior frontal and bilateral prefrontal white matter, while FA was decreased [corrected] in the inferior, middle temporal and middle occipital regions. The areas of increased mean diffusivity overlapped with those previously found to be abnormal using volumetric MRI and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) in the same group of patients.

CONCLUSIONS
White matter abnormalities, predominantly in the fronto-temporal regions, can be detected in patients with BD using DTI. The neuropathology of these abnormalities is uncertain, but neuronal and axonal loss, myelin abnormalities and alterations in axonal packing density are likely to be relevant. The neuroprotective effects of some antidepressants and mood stabilizers make it unlikely that medication effects could explain the abnormalities described here, although minor effects cannot be excluded.


Purpose

By applying the information-motivation-behavioral (IMB) skills model, the purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and indirect effects of credit card knowledge and social motivation on credit card misuse behavior mediated through credit card self-efficacy among college students in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 427 participants was surveyed. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the hypothesized model.

Findings

Credit card knowledge and social motivation were inversely associated with credit card misuse mediated through credit card self-efficacy. Credit card knowledge had a direct negative relationship with credit card misuse. The results confirm the theoretical relationships in the IMB model.

Practical implications

The results offer several implications for bank marketers and policy makers. The IMB model could be used to predict credit card abuse among college students; credit card literacy programs should incorporate strategies that can enhance students' knowledge, social motivation, and behavioral skills with regard to responsible use of credit cards.

Originality/value

This study is unique in that it applies the IMB model to examine predictors of credit card misuse among college students.


The design of an optical logic parallel processor is described. The central component is a Fabry-Perot cavity, filled with a nonlinear layer and a linear anisotropic layer, such as a sheet of mica. The two logic states are represented by two orthogonal states of the polarization of the light beam. Polarization logic, compared with on/off logic (bright or dark), requires less power, generates less heat, and is better suited for cascading.


In this paper, we analyze the link between nutrition and poverty in two Asian countries where monetary-based poverty reduction was especially successful. Thailand and Viet Nam are two emerging market economies where poverty rates are now below 10% and are declining further. Despite this success, it is not clear to what extent this success has translated into similar improvements in the nutritional situation of the people and especially of children. We find that undernutrition continues to be a problem in Viet Nam with child underweight rates of 27% and therefore higher than headcount rates of the $1.25 poverty line. Also, Thailand, after the economic crisis, with 19% of children underweight, is still above the World Health Organization's threshold. We investigate the factors that influence nutrition outcomes, measured as Z-scores of the weight-for-age indicator, by using Tobit regressions for four different groups of children, based on income (poor vs. non-poor) and nutrition (underweight vs. non-underweight). We find that poverty and income influence nutrition outcomes, but other factors such as mother's height, education, migration and sanitation also affect nutrition. Coefficients of respective variables differ by poverty status. Our conclusion that non-monetary factors matter to reduce undernutrition, and, therefore, monetary poverty reduction is not a sufficient condition, is further underlined by a prediction of future undernutrition rates based on regressions. Also, we find that, even under the assumption of high growth, income growth alone will not be able to reduce undernutrition to a level of low severity until the year 2030. JEL Classification: I31, I32, O10 ADBI Working Paper 623 Waibel and Hohfeld


This study was motivated by the observation that most Namibian children have not developed adequate reading habits. The study gauged the percentages of Namibian children who either do or do not read in their free time. It also explored the reasons why some children do not read in their leisure time; the kinds of reading material readers are inclined to choose; whether they prefer to read either in their mother tongue or in English; and the role of traditional storytelling and oral literature as a form of pre-literacy in Namibia. The findings revealed a picture of deprivation in the schools and environment of the majority of Namibian children. Of the 1 402 Grade 6 students in seven regions of Namibia selected for the study, 77.6 per cent do not read in their free time, while 22.4 per cent, most of whom attend well-resourced, mainly urban schools, read in their free time. Many children struggle to read, and reading materials, particularly in their mother tongues are scarce. The study established relationships between the students' reading behaviour and various other factors, including resource provision in Namibian schools, the availability of reading materials in the environment as well as the socio-economic conditions of Namibian families. Extensive recommendations have been made for government, educators, libraries, publishers and other authorities responsible for the education of children, including ways in which a more concerted effort could be made to promote good reading habits and develop the various Namibian languages.


Citizen science data are increasingly making valuable contributions to ecological studies. However, many citizen science surveys are also designed to encourage wide participation and therefore the participants have a range of natural history expertise, leading to variation and potentially bias in the data. We assessed a recently proposed measure of observer expertise, calculated based on the average numbers of species recorded by observers. We investigated if this observer expertise score is associated with how often an observer reports any individual species. Species reporting rates increased monotonically with the observer's expertise score for 197 of 200 species, suggesting that this expertise score describes inter‐observer variation in the detectability of individual species. Expertise scores were incorporated into single‐species occupancy models as a covariate, to explain inter‐observer variation in detectability. Including expertise as a detectability covariate led to improved model fit and improved predictive performance on validation data. The expertise score had a large effect on the estimated detectability, comparable in magnitude to the effect of the duration of the observation period. Expertise scores were also included into single‐species occupancy models that estimated seasonal patterns in species occupancy and seasonal expertise effects. The addition of a seasonal effect of expertise led to improved model fit and increased predictive performance on validation data. The seasonal expertise accounted for bias that may be introduced by seasonal differences in the effect of expertise, caused by changes in the environment or species behaviour. Measures of observer expertise included in models as a covariate can account for heterogeneity and bias introduced by variable expertise, although in this example the differences in estimated occupancy were small. This method of incorporating observer expertise can be used in any regression model of species occurrence, occupancy, abundance, or density to produce more reliable ecological inference and may be most important where citizen science schemes encourage wide participation. Overall, the results highlight the value of recording observer identity and other detectability covariates, to control for sources of bias associated with the observation process.


Introduction Anti-glycan antibodies are a promising tool for differential diagnosis and disease stratification of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). We longitudinally assessed level and status changes of anti-glycan antibodies over time in individual CD patients as well as determinants of this phenomenon. Methods 859 serum samples derived from a cohort of 253 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients (207 CD, 46 ulcerative colitis (UC)) were tested for the presence of anti-laminarin (Anti-L), anti-chitin (Anti-C), anti-chitobioside (ACCA), anti-laminaribioside (ALCA), anti-mannobioside (AMCA) and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (gASCA) antibodies by ELISA. All patients had at least two and up to eleven serum samples taken during the disease course. Results Median follow-up time for CD was 17.4 months (Interquartile range (IQR) 8.0, 31.6 months) and for UC 10.9 months (IQR 4.9, 21.0 months). In a subgroup of CD subjects marked changes in the overall immune response (quartile sum score) and levels of individual markers were observed over time. The marker status (positive versus negative) remained widely stable. Neither clinical phenotype nor NOD2 genotype was associated with the observed fluctuations. In a longitudinal analysis neither changes in disease activity nor CD behavior led to alterations in the levels of the glycan markers. The ability of the panel to discriminate CD from UC or its association with CD phenotypes remained stable during follow-up. In the serum of UC patients neither significant level nor status changes were observed. Conclusions While the levels of anti-glycan antibodies fluctuate in a subgroup of CD patients the antibody status is widely stable over time.


In the first comprehensive history of the fraternity known to outsiders primarily for its secrecy and rituals, Steven Bullock traces Freemasonry through its first century in America. He follows the order from its origins in Britain and its introduction into North America in the 1730s to its near-destruction by a massive anti-Masonic movement almost a century later and its subsequent reconfiguration into the brotherhood we know today. With a membership that included Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Paul Revere, and Andrew Jackson, Freemasonry is fascinating in its own right, but Bullock also places the movement at the center of the transformation of American society and culture from the colonial era to the rise of Jacksonian democracy. Using lodge records, members' reminiscences and correspondence, and local and Masonic histories, Bullock links Freemasonry with the changing ideals of early American society. Although the fraternity began among colonial elites, its spread during the Revolution and afterward allowed it to play an important role in shaping the new nation's ideas of liberty and equality. Ironically, however, the more inclusive and universalist Masonic ideas became, the more threatening its members' economic and emotional bonds seemed to outsiders, sparking an explosive attack on the fraternity after 1826. American History |A comprehensive history of the first century of Freemasonry in America.


Imagine a world in which our furniture moves around like legged robots, interacts with us, and changes shape and function during the day according to our needs. This is the long term vision we have in the Roombots project. To work towards this dream, we are developing modular robotic modules that have rotational degrees of freedom for locomotion as well as active connection mechanisms for runtime reconfiguration. A piece of furniture, e.g. a stool, will thus be composed of several modules that activate their rotational joints together to implement locomotor gaits, and will be able to change shape, e.g. transforming into a chair, by sequences of attachments and detachments of modules. In this article, we firstly present the project and the hardware we are currently developing. We explore how reconfiguration from a configuration A to a configuration B can be controlled in a distributed fashion. This is done using meta-modules-two Roombots modules connected serially-that use broadcast signals and connections to a structured ground to collectively build desired structures without the need of a centralized planner. We then present how locomotion controllers can be implemented in a distributed system of coupled oscillators-one per degree of freedom-similarly to the concept of central pattern generators (CPGs) found in the spinal cord of vertebrate animals. The CPGs are based on coupled phase oscillators to ensure synchronized behavior and have different output filters to allow switching between oscillations and rotations. A stochastic optimization algorithm is used to explore optimal CPG configurations for different simulated Roombots structures.


Structured lipid (SL) containing of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) at outer position and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) at sn-2 position has superior dietary and absorption characteristics. The most methods for the enzymatic synthesis of SL were through two steps process, so that it was inefficient. Caprilic acid was usually used as a source of MCFA. In this research, SL was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification between fish oil and lauric acid. The specific lipase from Mucor miehei was used as catalyzed. Factors, such as the incubation time, substrate mole ratio, and reaction temperature were evaluated. The incorporation and the position of lauric acid on glycerol backbone and glyceride profile were determined. The results showed that SL containing of lauric acid at the outer position and PUFA at sn-2 was successfully synthesized, and it was done through one step process. From regiospecific determination, it showed that the position of lauric acid incorporation was only at the sn-1 and sn-3. Only 0.87% of lauric acid was incorporated at the sn-2. The optimum time and temperature of the reaction, and the substrate mole ratio were 12 h, 50?C and 1:10, respectively, in which the incorporation of lauric acid was 62.8% (mol). Glyceride profile was affected by incubation time, substrate mole ratio and reaction temperature. Triglyceride concentration decreased with an increase in the incubation time (> 12 h). In contrast, the diglyceride concentration increased at longer incubation time (> 12 h). Beside, triglyceride concentration increased with an increase in substrate mole ratio to 1:10, but it decreased when mole ratio of substrate was 1:15. At higher temperature (50?C), triglyceride decreased with an increase in the reaction temperature. In summary, the SL was successfully synthesized by the interesterification of fish oil and lauric acid using specific lipase of Mucor miehei. Key words : Interesterification, fish oil, lauric acid, structured lipids, lipase


Billions of people around the world live at the margins – pushed or kept out, often in silence, without adequate protection of the law. Denied healthcare, citizenship or fair pay, those unprotected by the law have problems that are both real and relentless, impacting their ability to reap the benefits of sustainable development. Despite this crushing reality, access to justice is a bedrock principle undergirding human rights. Despite its centrality, justice was not explicitly included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This omission was corrected when the SDGs were adopted with a stand‐alone goal on justice. While Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 was the result of years of political, strategic and scholarly work by human rights advocates, development practitioners and academics, its promise lies beyond the technocratic realms of development programming, by insisting that people's own experience of justice – and injustice – must remain at the center of efforts to assess progress toward a world where no one is 'left behind'.


The mesopredator release hypothesis (MRH) predicts that reduced abundance of top-order predators results in an increase in the abundance of smaller predators (mesopredators) due to a reduction in intra-guild predation and competition. The irruption of mesopredators that follows the removal of top-order predators can have detrimental impacts on the prey of the mesopredators. Here we investigated the mechanisms via which the presence of a top-order predator can benefit prey species. We tested predictions made according to the MRH and foraging theory by contrasting the abundances of an invasive mesopredator (red fox Vulpes vulpes) and an endangered prey species (dusky hopping mouse Notomys fuscus), predator diets, and N. fuscus foraging behaviour in the presence and absence of a top-predator (dingo Canis lupus dingo). As predicted by the MRH, foxes were more abundant where dingoes were absent. Dietary overlap between sympatric dingoes and foxes was extensive, and fox was recorded in 1 dingo scat possibly indicating intra-guild predation. Notomys fuscus were more likely to occur in fox scats than dingo scats and as predicted by the MRH N. fuscus were less abundant in the absence of dingoes. The population increase of N. fuscus following rainfall was dampened in the absence of dingoes suggesting that mesopredator release can attenuate bottom-up effects, although it remains conceivable that differences in grazing regimes associated with dingo exclusion could have also influenced N. fuscus abundance. Notomys fuscus exhibited lower giving-up densities in the presence of dingoes, consistent with the prediction that their perceived risk of predation would be lower and foraging efficiency greater in the presence of a top-predator. Our results suggest that mesopredator suppression by a top predator can create a safer environment for prey species where the frequency of fatal encounters between predators and prey is reduced and the non-consumptive effects of predators are lower.


We studied the thermal ecology of an introduced population of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis siculus , in Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). We measured field body temperatures of adult lizards, as well as air and substrate temperatures at their capture places, during spring and summer. We assessed the relations between body and air temperatures, and between body and substrate temperatures, for both seasons. We studied the preferred temperature range of P. siculus in a laboratory thermal gradient. In addition, we recorded the operative temperatures of the habitat of the Italian wall lizard during summer. Then, we calculated the three indexes of behavioural thermoregulation for summer: thermal quality of the habitat, accuracy of thermoregulation, and effectiveness of thermoregulation. As expected, our results show that Italian wall lizards achieved significantly higher body temperatures during summer than during spring. Body temperatures were not significantly related to air temperatures in spring, but the correlation was significant in summer. In addition, body temperatures were not significantly related to substrate temperatures for any season. The preferred temperature range of the species was similar for males and females: 28.40-31.57 °C. Introduced Italian wall lizards of Menorca are effective thermoregulators, with an effectiveness of 0.82 during summer.


Abstract:This article traces the history of the word anxiety and explores its use as a way to describe the act of literary interpretation. Returning to Stanley Fish's idea of the interpretive community, the article argues that pedagogy often reinforces anxiety as an individual, isolating experience. This bespeaks a larger concern about the role of pedagogy in student and faculty life. The article concludes by encouraging faculty to consider anxiety as an energy that can be productively harnessed through the construction of a more emotionally aware interpretive community.