This is an exit survey of visitors to British Columbia, dealing with the volume, origin, expenditures, travel patterns, and personal cliaracteristics of out-ofprovince travelers. The intormation was gathered by interviewing approximately 10,000 visitors crossing the borders by automobile, bus, train, ship, and plane. Supplementary information was gathered by the use of a mailback questionnaire. This report was prepared for the British Columbia Department of Travel Industry, 1019 Wharf Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Z2.


This chapter analyzes the appropriateness of accountability standards (e.g., SA 8000, AA 1000) for compliance and integrity driven ethics management. Based on an overview of compliance and integ-rity as two distinct strategies for ethics management, we develop a simple framework to analyze the suitability of accountability standards with respect to the specific requirements for both approaches. We thus try to provide an answer to the practical question of standard choice and seek to clarify the underlying theoretical assumptions and logics that inform both the design of standards and the decision-making process for or against a specific ethics tool at the organizational level. The chapter also provides practitioners with guidance on how to align their targets in the area of ethics management in the context of the implementation of accountability standards with a compliance or an integrity cen-tered strategy, or — as often found in practice — a mix of both. Our conceptual framework is sufficiently flexible to be applied to a variety of ethics tools; however, in our empirical review towards the end of this chapter, we focus on SA 8000 since this initiative is one of the most widely used tools for social accounting.


The paper, available in English and French, targeted at government, private sector and civil society, seeks to stimulate a debate regarding the palm oil industry's growing demand for large tracts of land in Cameroon, notably in forest areas. The government of Cameroon has committed to become an emerging economy by 2035, and the agricultural sector has a major role to play in achieving this goal. Cameroon is committed to expand its production of oil, and to address its current net balance of trade (as of 2012, Cameroon imports 50,000 tons of palm oil per year). There are concerns that leasing large tracts of forest to the international agricultural industry is not the way to address the demand for palm oil. WWF, together with IRD and CIFOR, have prepared this briefing paper to stimulate a debate around the issue and to support the government with constructive ideas on how palm oil expansion can be achieved sustainably in order to support the country's economic growth strategy. The paper calls for an emphasis on a sustainable oil palm industry, specifically on:finding suitable degraded lands to expand oil palm plantations focusing on improving yields promoting a small-holder approach improving transparency adopting the principles of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)


Banks is back - and this time he's investigating the murder of one of his own. Detective Inspector Bill Quinn is killed by a crossbow in the tranquil grounds of a police rehabilitation centre, and compromising photos are found in his room. DCI Banks, brought in to investigate, is assailed on all sides. By Joanna Passero, the Professional Standards inspector who insists on shadowing the investigation in case of police corruption. By his own conviction that a policeman shouldn't be deemed guilty without evidence. By Annie Cabbot, back at work after six months' recuperation, and beset by her own doubts and demons. And by an English girl who disappeared in Estonia six years ago, who seems to hold the secret at the heart of this case ...


Over the past two decades, Lean Production has begun to replace traditional manufacturing techniques around the world, mainly due to the success of the Toyota Motor Company. One key to Toyota's success that many American companies have not been able to emulate is the transformation of their suppliers to the lean philosophy. This lack of supplier transformation in America is due to a variety of reasons including differences in supplier proximity, supplier relationships, supplier performance levels, and the ordering policies used for supplied parts. The focus of this research is analyzing the impact of ordering policies for supplied parts of a manufacturing cell utilizing Lean Production techniques. This thesis presents a simulation analysis of a multi-stage, lean manufacturing cell that produces a family of products. The analysis investigates how the ordering policy for supplied parts affects the performance of the cell under conditions of demand variability and imperfect supplier performance. The ordering policies evaluated are a periodic-review inventory control policy (s, S) and two kanban policies. The performance of the cell is measured by the flowtime of the product through the cell, the on-time-delivery to their customer, the number of products shipped each week, the amount of work-in-process inventory in the cell, the approximate percentage of time the cell was stocked out, and the average supplied part inventory levels for the cell. Using this simulation model, an experimental analysis is conducted using an augmented central composite design. Then, a multivariate analysis is performed on the results of the experiments. The results obtained from this study suggest that the preferred ordering policy for supplied parts is the (s, S) inventory policy for most levels of the other three factors and most of the performance measures. This policy, however, results in increased levels of supplied part inventory, which is the primary reason for the high performance for most response variables. This increased inventory is in direct conflict with the emphasis on inventory and waste reduction, one of the key principles of Lean Production. Furthermore, the inflated kanban policy tends to perform well at high levels of supplier on-time delivery and low levels of customer demand variability. These results are consistent with the proper conditions under which to implement Lean Production: good supplier performance and level customer demand. Thus, while the (s, S) inventory policy may be advantageous as a company begins transitioning to Lean Production, the inflated kanban policy may be preferable once the company has established good supplier performance and level customer demand.


Aim To describe, analyse and interpret symbolic leadership in Swedish public hospitals.

Background Swedish hospitals are undergoing major structural changes. Hospitals are amalgamated in order to increase productivity and accessibility and reduce health care costs.

Method In-depth interviews have been performed with 54 politicians, senior civil servants, medical directors and trade union representatives at nine hospitals. The interviews have been analysed and interpreted following a grounded theory approach.

Findings The results show that leadership is manifested in two dimensions—management and symbolic leadership. The management dimension comprises general leadership aspects like planning, regulation and control. In the symbolic leadership dimension, the leader acts as a guide, inspirer and visionary. Leaders consider they are acting in two large arenas: a public arena and a hospital arena. In the public arena their professional competence is thought to be most important and in the hospital arena their social competence.

Conclusions Structural changes in Swedish hospitals have forced the actors to come out into the public arena, where they increasingly meet the media and have to defend budget cut-backs. This reduces their manoeuvring space in the hospital arena. When leaders work as a team, and make full use of their symbolic role, this helps to promote the process of transition. Symbolic leadership has a potential to increase the role repertory for not least the head nurse.


Computational materials science based on first-principles calculations is widely used to evaluate the thermodynamic, kinetic and electronic properties of materials, ranging from alloys, semiconductors and ceramics for a wide range of energy applications. The accuracy of density functional theory in estimating materials properties enables the screening and predicting of new materials with novel chemistries. In this chapter, we develop thermodynamic and kinetic models used to describe battery materials, briefly review the various approximations within density functional theory calculations and provide selected applications using the calculations and models to identify and/or understand novel materials for electrode and coating applications within Mg (and multivalent) batteries. We demonstrate the versatility of theory models and first-principles calculations to aid the interpretation of challenging experiments, especially within the realm of Mg batteries.


UNLABELLED
Many time-consuming analyses of next -: generation sequencing data can be addressed with modern cloud computing. The Apache Hadoop-based solutions have become popular in genomics BECAUSE OF: their scalability in a cloud infrastructure. So far, most of these tools have been used for batch data processing rather than interactive data querying. The SparkSeq software has been created to take advantage of a new MapReduce framework, Apache Spark, for next-generation sequencing data. SparkSeq is a general-purpose, flexible and easily extendable library for genomic cloud computing. It can be used to build genomic analysis pipelines in Scala and run them in an interactive way. SparkSeq opens up the possibility of customized ad hoc secondary analyses and iterative machine learning algorithms. This article demonstrates its scalability and overall fast performance by running the analyses of sequencing datasets. Tests of SparkSeq also prove that the use of cache and HDFS block size can be tuned for the optimal performance on multiple worker nodes.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
Available under open source Apache 2.0 license: https://bitbucket.org/mwiewiorka/sparkseq/.


This paper investigates the trading and investment behavior of the institutional investors in the Indian capital market post-financial crisis and their effect on the market performance. The study is based on the panel data sets drawn from the NIFTY 500 companies for eight years from FY 2008 –09 to FY 2015–16, employing panel data econometric models (fixed effect and random effect) analysis. The results suggest that foreign institutional investors (FII) are having the edge over the domestic institutional investors (DII) in the Indian market. FIIs enhance the market performance, whereas DIIs dampen the market performance. Subsequently, we find that equity investment from banks and insurance companies have a detrimental effect, while mutual fund investment has no significant impact on the market performance of the Indian firms. These results imply that FIIs are better-informed players and follow the positive feedback trading behavior. On the other hand, DIIs, banks, and insurance companies are contrary investors and act as negative feedback traders.


Objective. To investigate prevalence and patient-reported outcomes of dental implants in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). Methods. A total of 205 female patients from an observational cohort study answered oral health questionnaires about periodontal signs and symptoms, dentures, dental implants, comorbidities, and therapies that may interfere with bone remodeling. Data were compared with the reports of 87 female healthy controls. Results. The patients were older than the controls (58 ± 12 and 54 ± 14 yrs, respectively) and differed substantially in the prevalence of self-reported gingivitis (60% and 35%), self-reported periodontitis (19% and 8%), and in the numbers of remaining teeth (21 ± 7 and 24 ± 5). Patients more frequently had removable prostheses (36% compared with 23%) and dental implants (16% compared with 7%). The 32 patients with SS with dental implants had a mean number of 3.1 ± 2.0 implants. Notably, for patients with implants, their oldest existing implant survived for a mean period of 4.9 ± 5.4 years. A total of 5 of 104 (4.8%) implants in the patients and none of the 14 implants in the controls had to be removed. A total of 75% of the patients were highly satisfied with the implants and 97% would recommend them to other patients with SS. Conclusion. A substantial portion of patients with SS have dental complications and require subsequent implants. The majority were satisfied with the implants and would recommend them to other patients. The high implant survival rate may encourage patients, rheumatologists, and dentists to consider dental implants for the treatment of patients with SS.


This article illustrates the development and preliminary results of SELINE, a self-opening neural interface. The advantages of this innovative neural interface are: higher selectivity due to its three-dimensional structure and efficient anchorage system to the nervous tissue. The device is made of polyimide that is a lightweight, flexible and biocompatible polymer. The electrode has been microfabricated using lithographic techniques; electrical and mechanical tests have been performed to evaluate the integrity of the device. Successful results have been obtained in the development of the electrode with excellent mechanical and electrical properties.


The evolution of intrinsic stress in multilayers and its behavior with growing number of periods and/or during radiation exposure, i.e. thermal treatment, becomes important in many X-ray optical applications. In Ni/C X-ray optical multilayers fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at room temperature with typical period thickness d approx. 4.0 nm microstructure and intrinsic stress are analyzed with growing period number up to the layer stack delamination. Microstructure of single layers and interfaces and morphology of the total layer stack were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray reflectometry and diffraction. A clear indication of nano-crystallites was found for the Ni-layers, whereas the carbon layers were always amorphous. The diffraction pattern of a 300 period Ni/C layer stack hint at a hexagonal structure of the Ni crystallites with the (011)-lattice plane parallel to the Si substrate surface. Thus the elastic misfit between the Ni- and C-layers seems to be minimized. To investigate the evolution of stresses in the growing up Ni/C multilayers depth dependent stresses in the Si (100) substrate were analyzed using X-ray results of the stress tensor for Si-crystal of the substrate averaged over different penetration depths (0.6 and 3.6 μm). The found dependence of the substrate stresses on the total layer thickness point at low compressive stresses in the PLD-fabricated Ni/C X-ray optics in the range below -100 MPa at least up to a total layer thickness of 1200 nm (300 periods). An increase of the compressive stresses was obtained only for stacks of more than 300 periods. A delamination of the layer stack in part was observed at 900 periods.


The management of dugongs (Dugong dugon) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) is a complex social and ecological problem. Dugongs and green turtles are protected by Australian national and sub-national conservation legislation. Both species are important cultural, spiritual and economic (i.e., subsistence) resources for Indigenous Australians. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Traditional Owners may hunt these species to satisfy personal, domestic, or non-commercial communal needs. Torres Strait, not only has the largest population of dugongs in the world and one of the largest breeding populations of green turtles, but also has high rates of Indigenous hunting compared to other parts of Australia. Consequently, management of the traditional Torres Strait dugong and green turtle fisheries needs to include social–ecological considerations and involve Torres Strait Island communities. The ecological scales at which dugongs and green turtle operate are large. Dugongs undertake large-scale movements and green turtles undertake breeding migrations, which means the populations that are hunted by Torres Strait Islanders are also hunted or impacted by threats in other countries and in waters off mainland Australia. Thus, management of these populations needs to occur at local, state, national and international scales.

To inform the development of management arrangements for the traditional dugong and green turtle fisheries in Torres Strait I aimed to provide an overall context for management at different spatial scales and investigate opportunities and challenges associated with co-management, particularly community-based monitoring.

The development of a participatory research process, particularly the research agreement, cultural reference group and employment of Indigenous research counterparts was integral to the study being resilient to external perceptions of hunting reported in the media that threatened to cause hunters to withdraw their participation from the project. Without a process to establish trust, hunters were concerned that the information they provided would be used against them to stop them from hunting. Hence, the process I undertook confirms the importance of strong, resilient co-management partnerships.

The risk to dugongs from hunting was evaluated based on spatial data about hunting patterns and dugong distribution and relative abundance. More than 60% (10,690 km²) of the areas supporting very high and high densities of dugongs are at low risk from hunting because hunting is largely restricted to areas close to inhabited islands (i.e., within 30 km). Nevertheless, the areas accessed by hunters also include a substantial amount (6,007 km²) of the very high and high dugong density areas, most of which are the 'sea country' of individual communities. A spatial decision framework based on knowledge of jurisdictional arrangements suggested that different types of management will be appropriate in different parts of the Torres Strait region and that the relative importance of different co-management partners changes with spatial scale.

Hunters and elders from Hammond Island were interviewed regarding the need for local management, their perceptions of different management tools and multi-scale co-management from a community perspective. The Hammond Islanders considered some management tools, such as quotas and spatial management, appropriate to incorporate into co-management plans, but that other tools, such as seasonal closures and sex/size-based limits, were inappropriate because of social and cultural factors. Community-based management approaches were considered important especially the application of: (1) cultural norms to the development of tools to achieve compliance and enforcement within the community; and (2) consensus-based decision-making, with regard to the use of more formal rules. The need for cooperation with other communities and stakeholders across spatial scales was also recognised, particularly with regard to enforcement. Overall, the results suggested that co-management is likely to be a more appropriate approach for managing dugongs and green turtles in Torres Strait than either community-based management or government-driven management.

Re-analysis of data from two catch-monitoring projects previously conducted in Torres Strait to collect catch statistics and/or life-history parameters on dugongs: (1) occasional sampling and (2) census by an outsider showed that occasional sampling would not provide robust catch-estimates at the individual community level as required for community-based management. I investigated an alternative strategy that considered hunter as the sampling unit. Hunters in the Kaiwalagal communities of Hammond Island and Thursday Island recorded information on datasheets on the number of animals taken, demographic information about the animals taken and information on hunting patterns. Indigenous research counterparts recruited hunters to participate, distributed and collected datasheets, collected biological samples from harvested animals and helped provide feedback to hunters and their communities about the results and progress of the project. The results suggest that a community based approach, such as hunter self-monitoring, will be a more reliable and cost effective approach for determining catch-estimates for dugongs and green turtles to inform co-management at the community level than alternatives such as occasional sampling or census by scientists (e.g., professionally-based monitoring). Hunter self monitoring has fewer limitations and more benefits than the alternatives with respect to: accuracy and precision of the catch estimates, financial costs, trust by communities and capacity to feedback results to communities in a timely manner.

Determining the sustainability of the catch requires demographic information about the animals taken as well as the number of animals taken. Hunters recorded information that was more straightforward (e.g., sex) more often than information that was more complex (e.g., reproductive status) and specimens were rarely collected. In addition, hunters did not record unsuccessful trips and therefore an understanding of catch-per-unit-effort could not be obtained. The amount and complexity of information to be collected should ideally be increased in stages as hunters become more proficient, with training in the provision of information at each stage.

Collection of information about hunting patterns, including social and cultural considerations, can provide important insight about hunting pressure, which can be useful for guiding decisions regarding the choice and application of management tools. Some of the management options included in the Community Dugong and Turtle Management Plans of other Torres Strait communities, such as stopping spotlighting of green turtles at night, could be effective in reducing catch, but could be difficult to implement. Dugongs and green turtles were caught mostly for general consumption. Therefore, management strategies that limit hunting to ceremonies may be difficult to implement due to the social pressure on hunters, particularly the few prolific hunters who are regularly asked by others to hunt for them. Thus, efforts to change beliefs and behaviours regarding hunting management needs to go beyond hunters to the broader community.

Although community-based catch-monitoring will be more appropriate than occasional sampling by professionals to inform co-management of the Torres Strait dugong and green turtle fisheries, there are significant challenges to its implementation. Obtaining insights into the population status and sustainability of the catch will require monitoring temporal trends in a series of indicators using a framework, such as developed in this thesis, to assist in accessing and coordinating the functions necessary to develop and implement a catch-monitoring project. Such a framework could be used by a coordinating organisation such as the Torres Strait Regional Authority to access the necessary technical skills and plan a monitoring project, including highlighting where capacity-building is needed.


Recent advancements in metabolomics and fluxomics methods and ever-increasing amount of available experimental data necessitate systems-oriented methodologies for efficient and systematic integration of data into consistent large-scale kinetic models capable of giving new insights in cell physiology and providing reliable guidance for metabolic engineering. The development of large scale kinetic models is often hampered by (i) incomplete/no knowledge about rate laws in addition to uncertain or missing information about their kinetic parameters; (ii) difficulties in determining the exact intracellular states due to insufficient experimental information and large degrees of flexibility in the stoichiometry of metabolic networks. ORACLE (Optimization and Risk Analysis of Complex Living Entities), a computational framework that accounts explicitly for mechanistic properties of enzymes and integrates network thermodynamics, physico-chemical constraints in metabolic network and available experimental data can be used to address the aforementioned issues. ORACLE relies on Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) and Thermodynamic Flux Balance Analysis (TFBA) supported by a range of statistics and systems theory methods, allowing us to uncover all the possible intracellular network states consistent with the available experimental data. This is followed by the computation of control coefficients in the metabolic network to guide the formulation of possible alternatives for metabolic engineering. We demonstrate the application of this methodology in an actual metabolic engineering problem: improving the xylose uptake rate of a glucose-xylose co-utilizing recombinant S. cerevisiae strain through a cycle between experimental lab work and modeling efforts. More specifically, using the given fermentation data we identified network flux and concentration profiles representing possible physiological states of the base strain. Then, we have identified targets that consistently lead to improved flux through xylose transporters (XTR) across these profiles. The targets identified by our kinetic models are experimentally validated demonstrating the predictive capabilities of ORACLE. Time:


The advent of advanced virtualized IT infrastructures that can be provisioned as on-demand services, known as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) Cloud Computing, has created new research challenges and opportunities. The capability to rapidly allocate and deallocate seemingly infinite amounts of system resources is a defining characteristic of this technological trend. Operating multi-tier applications on a continuously changing environment is one of the big challenges in IaaS Cloud Computing. This challenge is even more daring, if applications are not running at one specific Cloud site but on multiple different sites of various providers. This work is motivated by the need for new deployment description approaches that target application run-time aspects in federated Clouds. We propose six key requirements for IaaS deployment description languages that facilitates continuous application deployment on a permanently changing infrastructure across multiple Cloud sites: software deployment on dynamic virtual machine resource pools, continuous system supervision and change management, a generic model for federated Clouds, automated software configuration management, multi-tier dependency management, and use of a machine-readable language.


Objective: To describe a unique movement disorder and its clinical treatment response. Background: Neuropathic tremor (NT) is a movement disorder typified by tremor occurring in the isolated context of peripheral neuropathy. Its phenomenology consists of a postural and/or kinetic tremor affecting the distal upper extremities with a typical frequency range between 3 to 6 Hz. The mechanism underlying NT is not well characterized and the etiology is broad, but there has been no clear relationship between neuropathy and tremor severity. It is estimated that 58% of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) experience tremor, contributing to greater disability. NT responds to treatment of the underlying neuropathy in only a small number of cases. Design/Methods: Video-case report. Results: A 57-year-old, right-handed woman presented for further evaluation of tremor in the context of CIDP. Her neuropathy preceded the tremors by ten years and manifested with progressive sensory and motor deficits and sensory ataxia. Nerve conduction studies were remarkable for demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy with serum studies identifying elevated titers of sulphated glucuronyl paragloboside (SGPG) antibodies. Her tremor affected the bilateral hands and was predominantly postural-kinetic, causing disability when eating, drinking and writing. The remainder of her exam was consistent with neuropathy. She had a robust, early response to treatment with intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) with waning of effect towards the end of each six-week cycle. She was also taking propranolol and primidone daily and this was unchanged during treatment. Conclusions: We report a case of NT secondary to CIDP that had a robust response to treatment with IVIg. Response to treatment for neuropathic tremor is variable and better predictors of response to IVIg will need to be identified. The case and potential response predictors will be discussed. Disclosure: Dr. Spears has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hess has nothing to disclose. Dr. Okun has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with National Parkinson Foundation, Medscape, Mededicus. Dr. Triggs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Almeida has nothing to disclose.


Abstract
 Vamsapriya comprises two species from bamboo and is characterized by erect, rigid, dark brown, synnematous conidiophores, monotretic conidiogenous cells and brown to dark brown, septate, conidia in chains. Vamsapriya indica, the generic type of Vamsapriya, was recollected and isolated from bamboo culms in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand and is described, illustrated and epitypified in this paper. Two new species in the genus were also discovered and are introduced as V. khunkonensis and V. bambusicola. The new species differs from the type and the other known species, V. mahabaleshwarensis, in the shape and size of the conidia. Maximum-parsimony (MP) analysis of combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data and Bayesian analysis based on multi-gene data set of betatubulin, ITS, LSU, and RPB2 show Vamsapriya belongs in Xylariaceae, Xylariales.


With a declining birthrate and an aging population, Japan is increasingly finding itself in deeper financial difficulties. Recognizing these conditions, the government is now examining a framework for maintaining fiscal sustainability, mainly at the Council of Economic and Fiscal Policy. The predominant cause of such financial difficulties is the existence of financial deficit which has persevered for several years. In the background, however, it has also been largely influenced by the increasing social security cost . In actual fact, social security benefit made up 11.3% of the annual GDP in 1987, rising to 16.8% in 2003, which was an increase of about 1.5 times. On the other hand, the financial balance (relative to GDP) of the general government account accrued a 0.3% surplus in 1987, but a 7.7% deficit in 2003. This paper presents a hypothesis, as one of possible explanations, that the supplementing of social security benefits by the financial deficit also acts as a factor to encourage the decline in birthrate.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in development and regulate the expression of many animal genes by post-transcriptional gene silencing. Here we describe the cloning and expression of new miRNAs from zebrafish. By high-throughput sequencing of small-RNA cDNA libraries from 5-day-old zebrafish larvae and adult zebrafish brain we found 139 known miRNAs and 66 new miRNAs. For 65 known miRNAs and for 11 new miRNAs we also cloned the miRNA star sequence. We analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns for 35 new miRNAs and for 32 known miRNAs in the zebrafish by whole mount in situ hybridization and northern blotting. Overall, 23 of the 35 new miRNAs and 30 of the 32 known miRNAs could be detected. We found that most miRNAs were expressed during later stages of development. Some were expressed ubiquitously, but many of the miRNAs were expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Most newly discovered miRNAs have low expression levels and are less conserved in other vertebrate species. Our cloning and expression analysis indicates that most abundant and conserved miRNAs in zebrafish are now known.


Top management teams may be critical for developing organizations that can keep abreast of marketplace changes and innovate. Several streams of strategy research have argued that conflict and diversity promote top management team effectiveness. This study proposes that how top management teams manage conflict can greatly contribute to their effective leadership of organizational innovation. A total of 378 executives from 105 organizations in China completed measures of conflict management (cooperative, competitive, and avoiding) and productive conflict (an outcome of conflict). Separately, 105 CEOs from these firms indicated their team's effectiveness and their organization's innovativeness. Results support the theory that conflict management can contribute to making top management teams effective. Structural equation analysis suggests that cooperative conflict management promotes productive conflict and top management team effectiveness that in turn result in organizational innovation. These results, coupled with previous research, were interpreted as suggesting that cooperative conflict management is an important contributor to effective top management teams even in the collectivist culture of China. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005.


Spontaneous corporal coordination in empathic and non-empathic interactions Carlos Cornejo Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile Diego Cosmelli Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile Esteban Hurtado Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile Vladimir L´ opez Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile Abstract: Research on corporal and gestural coordination during conversations has evidenced behavioral matching and synchronized coordination. Following the hypothesis that coordination phenomena are related to empathy (Gallese, 2001; Lipps, 1900), we used a motion capture system to follow head movements of 28 pairs of subjects during conversations. Half the dyads were instructed to know each other (empathic condition). Subjects in the remaining dyads expected the other to lie (non-empathic condition). Positions were cross-correlated in time for each dyad. A mirroring-coordination analysis (one moving left equivalent to another moving right) showed that subjects in both conditions tend to mirror each other within the range of one second. A corresponding-coordination analysis (one moving left equivalent to the other moving left) yielded a statistically significant difference between conditions: coordination still appeared in the empathic condition, but disappeared in the non-empathic condition. We discuss the implications of distinguishing the two kinds of coordination.


The existence of formal water markets in the European context is limited to the Spanish case, despite its rationale being deeply rooted in the economic literature. In Italy, formal water markets are widely criticized and they are not supported by the national legislation. However, due to some specificity, a form of water reallocation exists in a number of rainwater harvesting reservoirs in the North of Italy. The aims of the analysis are the description of such an institutional arrangement and the economic assessment of the reallocation mechanism, including the distribution of its gains. We formulate a semi-empirical mathematical programming model to study the outcomes of different institutional scenarios. The results suggest that the reallocation increases the gross margins of the area, and that the distribution of the gains are in favour of water buyers. Despite its inefficiencies, the institutional arrangement present in the area adds flexibility to a system that is likely to face major changes in the next decades.


The U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory's (NETL) 50 kWth chemical looping reactor (CLR) has an underperforming cyclone, which was designed using empirical correlations. To improve the performance of this cyclone using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based modeling simulations, four critical design parameters including the vortex tube radius and length, barrel radius, and the inlet width and height were optimized. NETL's open source multiphase flow with interphase exchange (MFiX) CFD code has been used to model a series of cyclones by systematically varying the geometric design parameters. To perform the optimization process, the surrogate modeling and sensitivity analysis followed by the optimization capability in nodeworks was used. The basic methodology for the process is to employ a statistical design of experiments (DOE) method to generate sampling simulations that fill the design space. Corresponding CFD models are then created, executed, and postprocessed. A response surface is created to characterize the relationship between input parameters and the quantities of interest (QoI). Finally, the CFD-surrogate is used by an optimization method to find the optimal design condition based on the objective and constraints prescribed. The resulting optimal cyclone has a larger diameter and longer vortex tube, a larger diameter barrel, and a taller and narrower solids inlet. The improved design has a predicted pressure drop 11 times lower than the original design while reducing the mass loss by a factor of 2.3.


It is known that the direct binding of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21, also called Cdk-interacting protein 1 (p21), to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) results in the inhibition of PCNA-dependent DNA synthesis. We provide evidence that p21 first inhibits the replication factor C-catalyzed loading of PCNA onto DNA and second prevents the binding of DNA polymerase delta core to the PCNA clamp assembled on DNA. The second effect contributes most to the inhibition of pol delta holoenzyme activity. p21 primarily inhibited the DNA synthesis resulting from multiple reassembly of DNA polymerase delta holoenzyme. On the other hand, an ability of the PCNA clamp to translocate along double-stranded DNA was not affected by p21. These data were confirmed with a mutant of p21 that is unable to bind PCNA and therefore neither inhibited clamp assembly nor prevented the loading of DNA polymerase delta core onto DNA. Our data suggest that p21 does not discriminate in vitro "repair" and "replication" DNA synthesis based on template length but does act preferentially on polymerization which encounters obstacles to progress.


Nonlinear encoding of SIFT features has recently shown good promise in image classification. This scheme is able to reduce the training complexity of the traditional bag-of-feature approaches while achieving better performance. As a result, it is suitable for large-scale image classification applications. However, existing nonlinear encoding methods do not explicitly consider the spatial relationship when encoding the local features, but merely leaving the spatial information used at a later stage, e.g. through the spatial pyramid matching, is largely inadequate. In this paper, we propose a joint sparse coding and dictionary learning scheme that take the spatial information into consideration in encoding. Our experiments on synthetic data and benchmark data demonstrate that the proposed scheme can learn a better dictionary and achieve higher classification accuracy.


Entrepreneurship, and particularly the nurse entrepreneur, faces many challenges in establishing and growing a healthy business. Two particular trends which come to mind relate to the difficulty in obtaining funding for start-up, and sustaining oneself during the development phase. What we often neglect to take into account is the funding requirements once a practice has been established, or the financial implications in the event of an adverse event. This article will focus on the practice which is up and running, once the initial start up has been achieved.


Published anonymously in 1797, Hannah Webster Foster's The Coquette grabbed American interest with its ripped-from-the-headlines story of sex and scandal. A steady best seller for decades, the seduction novel was passed down through generations; indeed, its heroine became better known than the book's author. A year later, Foster's lesser-known follow-up, The Boarding School, provided an equally compelling portrait of women at the turn of the nineteenth century in the same epistolary form. Both novels can now be read in conversation with each other in this new Norton Critical Edition based on the respective first edition texts; the author's original spelling, punctuation, and usage are retained while obvious printer's errors are corrected. The texts are joined with a detailed introduction to Foster's legacy and Elizabeth Whitman's life along with explanatory annotations and a note on the text. "Sources and Contexts" unearths a wealth of original material about the environment the works were produced in and the real-life people who inspired them. The three sections, "On Coquetry," "The Life and Death of Elizabeth Whitman," and "The Nineteenth-Century Legacy," include new and corrected transcriptions of Whitman's letters to Ruth and Joel Barlow, an inventory of items found at Whitman's room at her death, popular representations of Elizabeth Whitman, and unauthorized sequels to The Coquette. Seven illustrations, including three of Eliza Wharton, are included to enrich the reading experience. "Criticism" brings together nine diverse contemporary interpretations. Contributors include Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Claire C. Pettengill, Julia A. Stern, Gillian Brown, Jeffrey H. Richards, and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, among others. Chronologies of the lives of Hannah Webster Foster and Elizabeth Whitman are included along with a Selected Bibliography.


Public and private spending on nanotechnology research and development continues to increase. At the same time, government agencies around the world are spending millions to assess the potential risks to nanotechnology workers, the public, and the environment. However, innovative and opportunistic manufacturers are not waiting for test results before forging ahead. This Note focuses on the obligation of such manufacturers under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to report and/or test nanomaterials for their effects on health, safety, and the environment prior to their release into the stream of commerce. In addition, this Note addresses the duty of manufacturers to protect workers from recognized hazards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act).


Conformal Welding of Uniform Random Trees Joel Barnes Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Steffen Rohde Department of Mathematics A conformally balanced tree is an embedding of a given planar map into the plane with constraints on the harmonic measure of its edges such that the resulting set is unique up to scale and rotation. Bishop [10] showed that there exists a conformal map from the exterior of the disc to the complement of such a tree. The preimage of the tree under the map is a conformal welding map which induces a lamination of the unit circle that corresponds exactly to the encoding of the tree as an excursion. We consider the distributional limits of the maps for the uniform measure on random walk excursions as the number of steps goes to infinity, normalized by conformal radius, and we show that subsequential limits are almost surely nontrivial. Additionally, we investigate the properties of laminations resulting from consistent distributions on ordered trees with variable edge length. Burdzy, Pal, and Swanson [11] considered solid spheres of small radius reflecting in the unit interval with mass being added to the system from the left at constant rate, killed when reaching the right boundary. By transforming to a system with zero-width particles moving as independent Brownian motion, they derived a limiting stationary distribution for a particular initial distribution, as the width of a particle decreases to zero and the number of particles increases to infinity. This space-removing transformation has a direct analogy in the isomorphism between a new unbounded-range exclusion process and a superimposition of random walks with random boundary. We derive the hydrodynamic limit for these isomorphic processes.


3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), even more devastating than TNT but with an extremely low saturated vapor pressure (4.85 ppt), is often used in military and even terrorist attacks, and so there is a huge demand for its field detection. Conventional detection methods can hardly detect RDX, and no direct vapor detection has been reported based on a fluorescence method because RDX has no aromatic rings and hence it does not have a strong enough interaction with the fluorescent probe. By the introduction of Boc-NH– into the side chain terminal of polyfluorene, a conjugated polymer probe, PF6-Boc, has been designed and synthesized. The probe showed 91% fluorescence quenching in saturated RDX vapor and retained a 66% quenching response even after 8 cycles. A respectable ultrasensitive detection limit of 0.041 ppt was obtained. From simulated landmine detection experiments (RDX buried under sand), the probe showed a significant black quenching spot on the fluorescent filter paper within 5 min and the quenching spots became darker over time, even though the explosives were isolated in the soil and the air flow had a negative effect. The ultra-sensitive sensing performance, reusability and excellent performance in simulation experiments all demonstrate the great potential of PF6-Boc for the direct and on-site detection of RDX. The concept of the functionalization of the side chains of conjugated polymers to facilitate the PET process provides a new route for the detection of very low vapor pressure explosive vapors.


Background: evidence-based medicine requires
critical appraisal of published research. This is often
done by reading the abstracts alone of published
papers. This study examined how well structured
abstracts reflect the articles they summarize in
medical journals. Methods: a total of 20 papers reporting original
randomized trials were obtained from four general
medical journals. Key study details, results, and
conclusions were extracted from the full articles.
Abstracts were examined to see what information
from the article was included, and they were
scrutinized for inaccuracies, data not presented in
the main body, and ambiguous statements. Results: nineteen abstracts (95%; 95% CI 75 to 100%)
correctly stated the primary outcome. Eight abstracts
(40%; 19% to 64%) were deficient in some way. Three
(15%; 3% to 38%) contained incorrect or inconsistent
figures or data. Six abstracts (30%; 12% to 54%)
contained data not present in the full article. Discussion: almost half of the abstracts studied
contained some data inconsistent with the full article,
or missing altogether. Authors and editors need
to ensure that abstracts are of a high quality and
accurately reflect the papers they are summarizing.
CONSORT guidelines provide helpful indications as
to what should be included in abstracts reporting
clinical trials


Small datasets are ubiquitous in drug discovery as data generation is expensive and can be restricted for ethical reasons (e.g. in vivo experiments). A widely applied technique in early drug discovery to identify novel active molecules against a protein target is modeling quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). It is known to be extremely challenging, as available measurements of compound activities range in the low dozens or hundreds. However, many such related datasets exist, each with a small number of datapoints, opening up the opportunity for few-shot learning after pretraining on a substantially larger corpus of data. At the same time, many few-shot learning methods are currently evaluated in the computer-vision domain. We propose that expansion into a new application, as well as the possibility to use explicitly graph-structured data, will drive exciting progress in few-shot learning. Here, we provide a few-shot learning dataset (FS-Mol) and complementary benchmarking procedure. We define a set of tasks on which few-shot learning methods can be evaluated, with a separate set of tasks for use in pretraining. In addition, we implement and evaluate a number of existing single-task, multi-task, and meta-learning approaches as baselines for the community. We hope that our dataset, support code release, and baselines will encourage future work on this extremely challenging new domain for few-shot learning.


Background Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a serious genetic disease characterised by premature spondyloarthropathy. Homogentisate-lowering therapy is being investigated for AKU. Nitisinone decreases homogentisic acid (HGA) in AKU but the dose-response relationship has not been previously studied. Methods Suitability Of Nitisinone In Alkaptonuria 1 (SONIA 1) was an international, multicentre, randomised, open-label, no-treatment controlled, parallel-group, dose-response study. The primary objective was to investigate the effect of different doses of nitisinone once daily on 24-h urinary HGA excretion (u-HGA24) in patients with AKU after 4 weeks of treatment. Forty patients were randomised into five groups of eight patients each, with groups receiving no treatment or 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg and 8 mg of nitisinone. Findings A clear dose-response relationship was observed between nitisinone and the urinary excretion of HGA. At 4 weeks, the adjusted geometric mean u-HGA24 was 31.53 mmol, 3.26 mmol, 1.44 mmol, 0.57 mmol and 0.15 mmol for the no treatment or 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg and 8 mg doses, respectively. For the most efficacious dose, 8 mg daily, this corresponds to a mean reduction of u-HGA24 of 98.8% compared with baseline. An increase in tyrosine levels was seen at all doses but the dose-response relationship was less clear than the effect on HGA. Despite tyrosinaemia, there were no safety concerns and no serious adverse events were reported over the 4 weeks of nitisinone therapy. Conclusions In this study in patients with AKU, nitisinone therapy decreased urinary HGA excretion to low levels in a dose-dependent manner and was well tolerated within the studied dose range. Trial registration number EudraCT number: 2012-005340-24. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCTO1828463.


Tactical planning models for the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry can quickly become intractable due to the extremely large number of Stock Keeping Units (SKUs). We propose an SKU decomposition algorithm that is aimed at being able to solve cases containing thousands of SKUs. The full tactical planning model is decomposed into a set of single SKU models. These models are then solved sequentially. The capacity used by other SKUs is removed from the available capacity and, at a certain penalty cost, a violation of the capacity is initially allowed. By slowly increasing the penalty cost, the capacity violations are decreased until a feasible solution is obtained. Using the algorithm it was possible to obtain solutions within a few percent of optimality for example cases containing 10 and 25 SKUs. It was also possible to solve a larger 100 SKU case for which the full space model was intractable. The main advantage of the algorithm is that the required CPU time scales approximately linearly with the number of SKUs.


1. We studied the responses to odor of a central olfactory processing organ and subsequent central outputs in the terrestrial mollusk Limax maximus. We used extracellular recording techniques and optical recording from preparations stained with a voltage-sensitive dye to characterize network responses in the central organ and whole nerve recording to characterize central odor-elicited outputs. 2. The central olfactory organ, the procerebral (PC) lobe, is a highly interconnected network of local olfactory interneurons that receives input from primary olfactory receptors. In the absence of odor the PC network is known to exhibit periodic waves of excitation and inhibition at a frequency of approximately 0.7 Hz. Here we study how different odor inputs affect the intrinsic oscillatory dynamics. 3. Odor stimulation causes the propagation of electrical activity along the lobe to transiently switch from the state with propagating waves, with typical phase shifts of one half cycle along the lobe, to a state with few or no phase differences along the lobe. The collapse of the phase gradient typically occurs without spatially localized changes in the amplitude of the oscillation, at least on the scale of our optical resolution, approximately 0.1 times the length of the lobe. In some trials, however, we resolved spatial nonuniformities in the magnitude of excitation across the lobe. 4. The collapse of the phase gradient along the lobe in response to odor stimulation is robust on a trial-by-trial basis. Further, the change in phase gradient can occur with little or no change in the frequency of oscillation, as occasionally observed in response to weak odor stimulation. 5. Typically odor stimulation causes changes in the frequency of the oscillation. Two odors, one attractive (potato) and one repellent (amyl acetate), produced different patterns of change; potato induced a transient increase in frequency, whereas amyl acetate produced an initial decrease in frequency followed by a transient increase in frequency. We do not yet know whether these frequency change patterns are unique to these specific odors or to their behavioral meaning. 6. Previous work demonstrated direct connections from the PC lobe to the buccal and pedal ganglia, centers controlling feeding and locomotion, respectively. To establish a correlation between odor-induced changes in the PC lobe and activation of such centers and subsequently effector organs, we recorded from selected central connectives and peripheral nerve roots. The dependence of odor-elicited activity recorded in connectives and nerve roots on PC integrity was assessed by measurements of odor-elicited activity before and after PC ablation. 7. Odor stimulation caused activation of multiple units in the cerebrobuccal connective. One output of the buccal ganglion, the salivary nerve, also showed odor-elicited activation of an identified unit, the slow burster. The necessity of the PC lobe for activation of the slow burster was established by measurements of odor-elicited activity before and after PC ablation. 8. Odor stimulation also caused activation of multiple units in the buccal mass retractor nerve. Activation of a fraction of these units (3 of 10) was dependent on an intact PC lobe, like the slow burster neuron in the salivary nerve. 9. Our results clearly show how stimuli may lead to changes in the spatial-temporal pattern of activity in a central circuit without changing the overall average level of activity in that circuit.


One of the main symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disturbed experience of body size and shape. Although patients are underweight, they experience their body as bigger than it in reality is. Previous studies were mainly conducted by (clinical) psychologists and psychiatrists, and almost exclusively focused on bodily cognitions and visual processing of body-related information. In this thesis a more cognitive neuroscience approach was adopted. This allowed for investigating multimodal body image disturbances, body schema disturbances, and the plasticity of body representation in AN. Body image is mainly involved in conscious body-related perception. We developed and validated a task which assesses the metric aspects of tactile body image. Participants were blindfolded and received two simultaneous tactile stimuli to their forearm and abdomen. The results showed that compared to healthy females, AN patients overestimated the distance between the two tactile stimuli. This implies a disturbance in tactile body image in AN. Group differences on tasks assessing lower level somatosensory perception were identified as well. Regression analyses indicated that overestimation of tactile distances in the AN group is related to higher order aspects of AN pathology as well as to lower level aspects of tactile perception (at receptor level). The (unconscious) body schema is crucial in planning and performing actions. We developed and validated a task that assesses body schema disturbances. Participants walked through apertures varying in width. Notably, participants were led to believe that the apertures were not of relevance, and that they participated in a haptic memory experiment. This ensured that participants did not consciously focus on their walking behaviour. The results showed that healthy females started rotating their shoulders as soon as an aperture was 25% wider than their own shoulders. AN patients, however, already started rotating their shoulder for apertures that were 40% wider than their own shoulders. AN patients thus rotated their body for apertures that they could objective walk straight through. This indicates that AN patients movements are based on an enlarged internal model of body size, i.e. they show a disturbance in body schema. Plasticity of body representation in AN was assessed with an adapted version of the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI). Here participants estimated the size of their own hand and a rubber hand before and after induction of the RHI. In both the experimental and control condition participants estimated their own hand more accurately after multisensory input during induction of the RHI was provided (i.e. stroking of the own occluded hand and the visible rubber hand). This implies that the disturbed experience of body size in AN is not static but can be changed. Taken together the present thesis shows that the disturbed experience of body size goes beyond "merely" thinking and seeing the own body as fat, it even affects perception of touch and unconscious movements. AN patients feel fatter with their body and behave as if they are bigger than they actually are. It was also shown that the disturbed experience of body size can be corrected using multisensory input.


This project focuses on propaganda posters produced during the Second World War (1939
to 1945), primarily by the British government, aimed chiefly at their civilian population.
The project uses Foucauldian discourse analysis and content analysis to investigate the
images and their context, and identify key themes across a wide range of posters, over a
long time-frame. This thesis contributes to an historical understanding of the British
popular propaganda experience, largely ignored in previous historical research.
 Drawing on material from several archives, including the Imperial War Museum (IWM),
the Public Record Office (PRO) and Mass-Observation (M-O), the project also uses
questionnaires to elicit memories of the posters, and a poster database to collect together
material which would otherwise remain dispersed. The thesis sets the posters against a
background of contextual material, it identifies key propaganda theories, discerns relevant
poster styles and recognises British poster style as one of pragmatic functionalism. The
thesis outlines the poster production and distribution processes of the Ministry of
Information (MOI) and considers the first (highly criticised) posters before concentrating
on four case studies, each of which is structured in three sections: the planning (context),
the design, and the reception of the posters.
 The first case study examines what people were fighting for, and identifies their 'imagined
community', by considering urban and rural representations of the UK in the posters. The
second case study considers industrial propaganda, emphasises the idea of the island
nation, and identifies those involved in the industrial effort. The third case study looks at
the 'enemy within', and examines who was excluded from, or was considered damaging to,
the war effort. The fourth case study explores in detail who was compromising the war
effort through their sexual behaviour, putting themselves at risk of venereal disease. The
thesis argues that the posters drew heavily on longer term discourses emanating from new
and established institutions, although there was often a clear distinction between those that
drew on the past and tradition, and those that pushed forward to the future.


Objective: To review the effectiveness of chiropractic care using an upper cervical technique in the case of a 35-year-old female who presented with chronic daily tension and migraine headaches, and to summarize, in an Appendix, the examination findings and results for 100 additional chronic headache cases. Clinical Features: At age 23, the patient, a professional ice skater, sustained a concussion by hitting her head against the ice. Prior to the concussion, no health problems were reported. Following the concussion, tension and migraine headaches ensued. Symptoms persisted over the next twelve years, during which time the patient utilized daily pain medications. Intervention: During the patient's initial chiropractic examination, evidence of a subluxation stemming from the upper cervical spine was found through thermographic and radiographic diagnostics. Chiropractic care using an upper cervical technique was administered to correct and stabilize the patient's upper neck injury. Diagnostics and care were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the International Upper Cervical Chiropractic Association. Outcome: Evaluation of the patient's condition occurred by doctor's observation, patient's subjective description of symptoms, and thermographic scans. All headaches were absent following three months of care. At the conclusion of her case at one year, all symptoms remained absent. Conclusion: The onset of the symptoms following the patient's fall on her head; the immediate reduction in symptoms correlating with the initiation of care; and the complete absence of all symptoms within three months of care; suggest a link between the patient's concussion, the upper cervical subluxation, and her headaches. Further investigation into upper cervical trauma as a contributing factor to headaches should be pursued.


Background: General practice systems in the Nordic countries share certain common features. The sector is based on the Nordic model of a tax-financed supply of services with a political objective of equal access for all. The countries also share the challenges of increased political expectations to deliver primary prevention and increased workload as patients from hospital care are discharged earlier. However, within this common framework, primary care is organized differently. This is particularly in relation to the private-public mix, remuneration systems and the use of financial and non-financial incentives. Objective: The objective of this paper is to compare the differences and similarities in primary care among the Nordic countries, to create a mapping of the future plans and reforms linked to remuneration and incentives schemes, and to discuss the pros and cons for these plans with reference to the literature. An additional objective is to identify gaps in the literature and future research opportunities. Results/Conclusions: Despite the many similarities within the Nordic health care systems, the primary care sectors function under highly different arrangements. Most important are the differences in the gate-keeping function, private versus salaried practices, possibilities for corporate ownership, skill-mix and the organisational structure. Current reforms and political agendas appear to focus on the side effects of the individual countries' specific systems. For example, countries with salaried systems with geographical responsibility are introducing incentives for private practice and more choices for patients. Countries with systems largely based on private practice are introducing more monitoring and public regulation to control budgets. We also see that new governments tends to bring different views on the future organisation of primary care, which provide considerable political tension but few actual changes. Interestingly, Sweden appears to be the most innovative in relation to introducing new incentive schemes, perhaps because decisions are made at a more decentralised level. Published: April 2016.


Changes in monsoon patterns not only affect ecosystems and societies but also the global climate system in terms of heat energy and humidity transfer from the equator to higher latitudes. However, understanding the mechanisms that drive monsoon variability on longer timescales remains a challenge, partly due to sparse paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic data.This thesis, which contributes new hydroclimate data sets for the Asian monsoon region, seeks to advance our understanding of the mechanisms that contributed to Southeast Asian summer monsoon variability in the past. Moreover, it explores how past climatic conditions may have impacted societies and ecosystems. In this study lake sediment and peat sequences from northeastern and southern Thailand have been investigated using organic geochemistry, and more specifically the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of specific biomarkers (n-alkanes, botryococcenes, and highly branched isoprenoids).The hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf waxes (δDwax) in Thailand was shown to relate to the amount of precipitation and the extent of the El Nino Southern Oscillation. Higher values of δDwax can be interpreted as reflecting relatively dry climatic conditions, whereas lower values relate to wetter conditions.The hydroclimate reconstruction for northeastern Thailand, based on the sedimentary record of Lake Kumphawapi, suggests higher moisture availability between ca. 10,700 cal. BP and ca. 7,000 cal. BP likely related to a strengthened early Holocene summer monsoon. Moisture availability decreased during the mid-Holocene, but seems to have increased again around 2,000 years ago and has fluctuated since. The high-resolution Lake Pa Kho peat sequence, which allows for a sub-centennial reconstruction of moisture availability, indicates that the wettest period occurred between ca. 700 and ca. 1000 CE whereas driest intervals were from ca. 50 BCE to ca. 700 CE and from ca. 1300 to ca. 1500 CE. Hydroclimate comparison of Pa Kho's δDwax record with other paleoclimate records from the Asian-Pacific region suggests that El Nino-like conditions led to Northeastern Thailand being wetter, whereas La Nina-like conditions led to drier conditions.Regional hydroclimate variability also greatly influenced the Angkor Civilization, which flourished between ca. 845 and ca. 1450 CE. The shift from drier to wetter conditions coincided in time with the rise of the Angkor Civilization and likely favored the intense agriculture needed to sustain the empire. The gradual decline in moisture availability, which started after ca. 1000 years CE, could have stretched the hydrological capacity of Angkor to its limit. It is suggested that Angkor's population resorted to unconventional water sources, such as wetlands, as population growth continued, but summer monsoon rains weakened.The 150-year long record of Lake Nong Thale Prong in southern Thailand offers insights into decadal-scale hydroclimatic changes that can be connected to the instrumental record. δDwax-based hydroclimate was drier from ~1857 to 1916 CE and ~1970 to 2010 CE and wetter from ~1916 to 1969 CE. Drier climatic conditions between ~1857 and 1916 CE coincided with oligotrophic lake waters and a dominance of the green algae Botryococcus braunii. Higher rainfall between ~1916 and 1969 CE concurred with an increase in diatom blooms while eutrophic lake water conditions were established between ~1970–2010 CE.


An indispensable companion for readers, writers, and even casual users of the language, the "Penguin Modern Classics" edition of Kingsley Amis' "The King's English" features a new introduction by Martin Amis. "The King's English" is Kingsley Amis' authoritative and witty guide to the use and abuse of the English language. A scourge of illiteracy and a thorn in the side of pretension, Amis provides indispensable advice about the linguistic blunders that lie in wait for us, from danglers and four-letter words to jargon and even Welsh rarebit. If you have ever wondered whether it's acceptable to start a sentence with 'and', to boldly split an infinitive, or to cross your sevens in the French style, Amis has the answer - or a trenchant opinion. By turns reflective, acerbic and provocative, "The King's English" is for anyone who cares about how the English language is used. Kingsley Amis (1922-1995), born in London, wrote poetry, criticism, and short stories, but is best remembered as the novelist whose works offered a comic deconstruction of post-war Britain. Amis explored his disillusionment with British society in novels such as "Lucky Jim" (1954) and "That Uncertain Feeling" (1955); his other works include "The Green Man" (1970), "Stanley and the Women" (1984), and "The Old Devils" (1986) which won the Booker Prize. If you enjoyed "The King's English" you might like Amis' "Lucky Jim", also available in "Penguin Modern Classics". "A terrific book...learned, robust, aggressive, extremely funny". (Sebastian Faulks).


A stimulating and inviting tour of modern economics centered on the story of one of its most important breakthroughs. In 1980, the twenty-four-year-old graduate student Paul Romer tackled one of the oldest puzzles in economics. Eight years later he solved it. This book tells the story of what has come to be called the new growth theory: the paradox identified by Adam Smith more than two hundred years earlier, its disappearance and occasional resurfacing in the nineteenth century, the development of new technical tools in the twentieth century, and finally the student who could see further than his teachers. Fascinating in its own right, new growth theory helps to explain dominant first-mover firms like IBM or Microsoft, underscores the value of intellectual property, and provides essential advice to those concerned with the expansion of the economy. Like James Gleick's Chaos or Brian Greene's The Elegant Universe, this revealing book takes us to the frontlines of scientific research; not since Robert Heilbroner's classic work The Worldly Philosophers have we had as attractive a glimpse of the essential science of economics.


Abstract The choice of the mandrel material has a significant bearing on the properties of the sputter-coated beryllium shell needed for NIF targets. Here, we present our work on screening four mandrel materials, their impact on the Be shell and issues related to their subsequent removal. Beryllium shells sputter deposited on hollow glow discharge polymer or GDP spheres met most of the target specifications. However, they had greater opacity due to partial oxidation of the Be during the GDP burnout step. Poly (α-methyl styrene), silicon and nickel beads were explored as alternative mandrels but were plagued with problems such as cracking of the Be shell or incomplete removal. The most promising approach was a two-step coating process mediated by a thin 6μm Be mandrel that is made using GDP.


For the past eighteen years, Romania has been engaged in a process of democratization and efforts to ensure religious freedom for minorities. Nevertheless, the 2007 Religious Freedom Report released by the US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor shows that Romania continues to discriminate among religious groups and that the state has not properly addressed the ongoing conflict between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. (2) In spite of bitter and unresolved disputes that have occasionally erupted into violent and isolated clashes at the grassroots level, heightened hostility among church figures, and demonizing rhetoric at the institutional level, the conflict has not reached resolution. Through the study of archives, books, articles, and interviews of both sides, this article aims to offer a better understanding of the conflict, assess the current situation and propose solutions. A Historical Background The Romanian Greek Catholic Church (formally known as the Romanian Church United with Rome) was initiated towards the end of the seventeenth century by the Austrian state which took over Transylvania and was looking for a way to strengthen its control through Catholicism. This area was dominated by a majority of Hungarian and Saxon (Sass) population, followers of reformed faiths and characterized by anti-Habsburg feelings. The Romanians were promised civic and judicial rights equal with the ones of the privileged minorities. (3) A lot had been written about the material interest and financial reasons which might have determined the church union, while ignoring the spiritual context and the feelings that dominated the area at that time. In the seventeen century, the Romanian population in this region faced the civilizing pressure of the Calvinist population, which tried to convert not assimilate them. (4) Many of the writings from that period represent a reaction to this cultural policy. The equality and emancipation that were promised were not carried out and the country was often troubled by dramatic events and an attempt to return to Orthodoxy: Oprea Miclaus in 1690, Ioan Tirca during the Rakoczi rebellion 1703-1709, Visarion Sarai in 1740, and Sofronie from Cioara in 1760. (5) The union survived despite all these movements. The newly formed church developed slowly and arduously. An important moment was marked by Ioan Inocentiu MicuKlein who established Blaj as an Episcopal town and initiated the schooling system, strengthened the parishes, founded the political doctrine based on the illuminist ideas of that time, and set up the political struggle for the nation's emancipation. (6) Following Micu-Klein's exile, the progress of education and culture continued. In 1791, the Romanians in Transylvania wrote the first political program (Supplex Libellus Valachorum) in which the Greek Catholic Church played a really important role. During the eighteenth century, the Greek Catholic Church in Romania continued to develop, as did the arguments with the Orthodox followers. After 1760, a Romanian Orthodox Bishopric was established in Ardeal. There were now two national churches, each with a specific doctrine and culture. (7) In time, the two churches drew closer and the Orthodox appropriated the idea of a modern Romanian nation promoted by the Greek Catholics. (8) In 1848, the two churches were fighting together and this is how they will continue in the future, until the official disbanding of the Greek Catholic Church in 1948. (9) The inter-war period was characterized by a peaceful cohabitation, but also a fast rise of nationalism and Romanian chauvinism, which led to a movement called "Garda de Fier" (the Iron Guard). The movement soon started to attack the Greek Catholic Church and Western values, and went so far as to say that a genuine Romanian is necessarily an Orthodox and that the Greek Catholic Church should be disbanded. (10) These attitudes were part of a larger trend that rejected modern civilization, decadent democracy, and rational culture. …


Purpose: Today online shopping is a trend of times of the world as well as it is also constantly expanding and blooming in China. In addition to online shopping is more and more popular among the younger generation. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of what makes young fashion consumers in China satisfied with their online shopping experience. To fulfill this purpose, this study contains comprehensive dimensions regarding "15 influential factors" and "positive preference of online shopping". The final results can be applied to make improvements and advantages to compete in nowadays' online shopping tendency.Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the conceptual framework is developed based on previous studies. Due to a large number of data, a quantitative method was adapted in this study. In order to collect data, I chose survey contains a self-completed questionnaire with closed questions. All the respondents were young Chinese fashion online shopping consumers, whose ages should from 18 to 29 years old (including 18 and 29).Findings: Compared with previous studies, 12 of these "15 influential factors" to a certain extent affect young Chinese Fashion online shopping consumers' satisfaction, which are convenience, price of product, faster delivery, online communication, online community, information quality, visual of website, usability of website, transaction capability, customization, payment security and different payment ways. Research limitations/implications: The study is limited to consider all dimensions of influential factors, which can improve young Chinese Fashion online shopping consumers' satisfaction. Also, by using a non-probability sample, the respondents are limited to include all age group. However, it also shows the valuable insights and understanding in this area. Future research should consider measuring effectiveness from both online retailers and online consumers perspective.Originality/value: Little attention has been devoted to factors influencing young Chinese fashion consumers' online shopping satisfaction. This is the study that attempts to fill this gap by developing the investigation to find out the relationship between young Chinese fashion consumers' satisfaction and different influential factors.


Disk image and Audio CD files migrated from a CD created by Team Fat for the game "Balkan Caldron Part 2." The original CD consisted of 10 "tracks." Track 1 was written to the CD as a data track, but in actuality served as a file directory where Sanger stored two versions of the music: 1) 8-bit/11k for the game as developed in 1998, and 2) 16-bit/44k/Stero for future incarnations that may support high resolution sound. The .WAV tracks written to the CD as an Audio CD (Tracks 2 - 10) appear to be copies of the 16-bit version, and are included here as a .tar file.


Most scientific research is fueled by research equipment (instruments); typically hardware purchased to suit a particular research question. Examples range from 17th century microscopes to modern particle colliders and high-throughput sequencers. Here, we studied the information sources used by academic researchers to assess scientific instruments, and reveal evidence of a worrying confluence of incentives similar to those that drove the biopharmaceutical industry to adopt controversial practices such as ghostwriting and hidden sponsorship. Our findings suggest there are little understood incentives against disclosure in the peer-reviewed literature on scientific instruments; constituting an underappreciated threat to scientific standards of trustworthiness and transparency. We believe that a public debate and subsequent editorial policy action are urgently required.


Warming and changing fire regimes in the northern (≥45°N) latitudes have consequences for land‐atmosphere carbon feedbacks to climate change. A terrestrial carbon flux model integrating satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and burned area records with global meteorology data was used to quantify daily vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) over a pan‐boreal/Arctic domain and their sensitivity to climate variability, drought, and fire from 2000 to 2010. Model validation against regional tower carbon flux measurements showed overall good agreement for GPP (47 sites: R = 0.83, root mean square difference (RMSD) = 1.93 g C m−2 d−1) and consistency for NEE (22 sites: R = 0.56, RMSD = 1.46 g C m−2 d−1). The model simulations also tracked post‐fire NEE recovery indicated from three boreal tower fire chronosequence networks but with larger model uncertainty during early succession. Annual GPP was significantly (p < 0.005) larger in warmer years than in colder years, except for Eurasian boreal forest, which showed greater drought sensitivity due to characteristic warmer, drier growing seasons relative to other areas. The NEE response to climate variability and fire was mitigated by compensating changes in GPP and respiration, though NEE carbon losses were generally observed in areas with severe drought or burning. Drought and temperature variations also had larger regional impacts on GPP and NEE than fire during the study period, though fire disturbances were heterogeneous, with larger impacts on carbon fluxes for some areas and years. These results are being used to inform development of similar operational carbon products for the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission.


Abstract We determined detailed U–Pb ages for zircons in migmatitic granites densely exposed in the Namche Barwa peak (NBP) area, the core area of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS). The cores of these zircons show ages ranging from 863 to 1,256 Ma, with high Th/U ratios. These ages correspond to the crystallization age of the Proterozoic Indian continental basement. The majority of zircon rims from these migmatitic granites yield a significant age peak at about 8 Ma with an increase in Th/U ratios, suggesting that a large-scale partial crustal melting event occurred at 8 Ma in the NBP area. Because thermochronologic results have demonstrated that a rapid denudation started around 8 Ma, we interpret this large-scale partial melting of the crust as a decompression melting caused by rapid denudation in the NBP area. The rapid denudation at 8 Ma probably resulted from the combination of tectonic activities and surface erosion.


This thesis addresses ways to provide a visual experience through a sequence of spatial experiences placed within the landscape; in particular to strengthen the relationship between man and his surroundings. It focuses on the importance of spaces between the architecture, as opposed to just the buildings themselves. In studying the connections between spatial and visual forces, this thesis explores how the buildings interact to contain the landscape. In Oregon along the Columbia River, small wineries have thrived among the regions agriculture. This thesis proposes the design of a winery for Troutdale, a small town outside Portland. Troutdale provides opportunities to strengthen the connection between community and the larger environment. In addition, a farmers market will be the interface between the town and the surrounding landscape. Looking critically at where program elements are situated on the site to maximize the variety of uses and their direct connection to the landscape.


implications of the information-based, knowledge-driven, service-intensive economy. They know what the new game requires: speed, flexibility and continuous self-renewal. They even are recognizing that skilled and motivated people are central to the operations of any company that wishes to flourish in the new age. And yet, a decade of organizational delayering, destaffing, restructuring and reengineering has produced employees who are more exhausted than empowered, more cynical than self-renewing. Worse still, in many companies only marginal managerial attention — if that— is focused on the problems of employee capability and motivation. Somewhere between theory and practice, precious human capital is being misused, wasted or lost. Having studied more than 20 companies in the process of trying to transform themselves, we have concluded that although structure is undoubtedly an impediment to the process, an even bigger barrier is managers' outdated understanding of strategy. (See "The Evolving Focus of Strategy.") At the heart of the problem is a failure to recognize that although the past three decades have brought dramatic changes in both external strategic imperatives and internal strategic resources, many companies continue to have outmoded strategic perspectives. In the competitive-strategy model in which many of today's leaders were trained, sophisticated strategic-planning systems were supposed to help senior managers decide which businesses to grow and which to harvest.1 Unfortunately, all the planning and investment were unable to stop the competition from imitating or leapfrogging their carefully developed product-market positions. In the late 1980s, the search for more dynamic, adaptive and sustainable advantage led many to supplement their analysis of external competition with an internal-competency assessment. They recognized that development of resources and capabilities would be more difficult to imitate: The core-competency Human, not financial, capital must be the starting point and ongoing foundation of a successful strategy.


This paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of short term training measures on the matching processes in West Germany. The empirical analysis is based on regional data for local employment office districts for the period from January 2003 to December 2004. The empirical model relies on a dynamic version of a matching function augmented by short term training measures. In order to obtain consistent estimates in the presence of a dynamic panel data model and endogenous regressors, GMM estimation methods are applied.


Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by activation of cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages related to a spectrum of hyperinflammatory disorders. The clinical findings mainly include high fever, cytopenia, splenomegaly, phagocytosis, and proliferation of histiocytes in lymphoreticular tissue. To the best of our knowledge, transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD) in a 13-day old male newborn with HLH is being reported first time in the literature. The aim of this report was to emphasize the importance of blood products irradiation in the prevention of the development of graft versus host disease especially among high-risk subjects such as newborns with HLH.


Web 2.0 represents a revolution in terms of the possibilities it offers for facilitating communication and collaboration between users – something that has become increasingly common in the world of research. A mere few years ago, the information produced by scientists and scholars remained in the hands of a very limited circle of institutions and publishers, as if it were a guarded secret. Today that secret is being shouted from the rooftops and shared with the rest of the scientific community in order to make it more accessible and to allow new advances. A clear example of this can be found in the social sciences, where there is a constant increase in the production of articles and materials that in turn serve for the pursuit of further research, thereby promoting the continuous development of scientific knowledge. This new situation is being fostered by the proliferation of tools and applications that make it possible, but also by a change in mentality towards a philosophy of exchange and open access. In this article, we will examine this phenomenon using a methodological system based on the analysis of platforms for the exchange of scientific knowledge, and especially social networks (both general and specialising in the social sciences), in order to demonstrate their potential in a society that is becoming increasingly aware of the need to overcome physical or institutional boundaries and move forward together.


Background The supply chains addressing the global demand for major recreational drugs are hardly addressed due to international contracts, particularly the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Currently applied regulatory changes have several disadvantages ranging from political tensions to the neglect of ecological aspects. The aim of this study is to show some implications associated with a transformation of the recreational drug market that is focused on self-supply of different categories of drugs. The concepts of "farmability", the feasibility to cultivate relevant plants and fungi, and "pharmability", the feasibility to refine materials to drugs by chemical synthesis, purification etc., are addressed. Methods 68 drug experts were invited to fill out an online survey on the feasibility of self-supply of different categories of drugs. The online survey was a five-point Likert scale and had seven questions. Results 26 experts (38.2%) responded to the online questionnaire. Cannabinoids were considered easy to cultivate/manufacture, depressants and psychedelics were ranked with moderate difficulty, opioids and stimulants were regarded as difficult to cultivate/manufacture, and empathogens/entactogens and dissociatives were ranked very difficult. The study found that some controlled substances, in particular cannabis, could be decriminalised without the need for a commercial market. However, some drug categories, such as dissociatives and empathogens/entactogens, would require the establishment of professional manufacturers. Psychedelics and depressants are ranked in between. Conclusion Different drugs are associated with different cultivation and/or manufacturing steps with contrasting difficulty levels. Those differences are likely to shape use prevalence to more accessible and safer drug markets which also decrease the involvement of organised crime groups. Hence, when decriminalising the possession of drugs for personal use, it is therefore recommended to allow also for personal cultivation or cultivation within social clubs. This is particularly relevant for drugs with moderate to high farmability but also if pharmability is sufficiently high.


The piezoelectric effect is analyzed as a means to produce X-rays. A mass of crystalline piezoelectric material is used to convert a low-voltage input electrical signal into a high-voltage output signal by storing energy in a longitudinally vibrating mechanical wave. Output energy is extracted in the form of a high-voltage electron beam using a field-emission diode mounted on the surface of the crystal. The electron beam produces X-rays via bremsstrahlung interactions with a metallic surface.


This paper presents a Bayesian approach for active tactile exploration of a planar shape in the presence of both localization and shape uncertainty. The goal is to dock the robot's end-effector against the shape—reaching a point of contact that resists a desired load—with as few probing actions as possible. The proposed method repeatedly performs inference, planning, and execution steps. Given a prior probability distribution over object shape and sensor readings from previously executed motions, the posterior distribution is inferred using a novel and efficient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method. The optimal docking site is chosen to maximize docking probability, using a closed-form probabilistic simulation that accepts rigid and compliant motion models under Coulomb friction. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this method requires fewer exploration actions to dock than heuristics and information-gain strategies.


This study has focused on the concept of quality management in the educational context and the role that Heads of Departments play, as part of management in enhancing qualrty in schools. Quality, nowadays, is at the top of most agendas and improving quality probably the most challenging task facing institutions and the education department. The Department of Education has however introduced policies, like, Whole School Evaluation, Performance Management and Development System and Developmental Appraisal, which are all consolidated into one system, namely, the Integrated Quality Management system (IQMS). All these are endeavours to address the quality issue in schools through evaluation. The department also takes cognisance of the fact that at the core of quality is good management. The changes in the new dispensation, in terms of education has thus set new parameters for management practices in schools. As a direct consequence of these changes, for example, there was the introduction of the South African Schools Act no. 84 of 1996 from which new structures for management evolved. This evolution led to new roles and responsibilities for school managers, the School Governing Body (SGB) and the proliferation of school management teams (SMTs). Because central to quality management in any organization is a well defined structure with clear roles and responsibilities, this study focuses also on middle management's contribution to ensure effectiveness in a school system. The role of HODS, the context under which they function, factors that affect their performance together with skills that they possess are examined order to determine why delivery of quality service, in secondary schools in the Klerksdorp Area is still a challenge.


This demo shows an interactive paper system called MixPad, which features using mice and keyboards to enhance the conventional pen-finger-gesture based interaction with paper documents. Similar to many interactive paper systems, MixPad adopts a mobile camera-projector unit to recognize paper documents, detect pen and finger gestures and provide visual feedback. Unlike these systems, MixPad allows using mice and keyboards to help users interact with fine-grained document content on paper (e.g. individual words and user-defined arbitrary regions), and to facilitate cross-media operations. For instance, to copy a document segment from paper to a laptop, one first points a finger of her non-dominant hand to the segment roughly, and then uses a mouse in her dominant hand to refine the selection and drag it to the laptop; she can also type text as a detailed comment on a paper document. This novel interaction paradigm combines the advantages of mice, keyboards, pens and fingers, and therefore enables rich digital functions on paper.


Which doctors prescribe which drugs to which patients? Who upvotes which answers on what topics on Quora? Who has followed whom on Twitter/Weibo? These relationships are all visible in data, and they all contain a wealth of information that could be extracted to be knowledge/wisdom. Statistical Relational Learning (SRL) is a recent growing field which extends traditional machine learning from single-table to multiple inter-related tables. It aims to provide integrated statistical analysis of heterogeneous and interdependent complex data. In the thesis, I focus on modelling the interactions between different attributes and the link itself for such complex heterogeneous and richly interconnected data. First, I describe the FactorBase system which combines advanced analytics from statistical-relational machine learning (SRL) with database systems. Within FactorBase, all statistical objects are stored as first-class citizens as well as raw data. This new SQL-based framework pushes the multi-relational model discovery into a relational database management system. Secondly, to solve the scalability issue of computing cross-table sufficient statistics, a new Virtual Join algorithm is proposed and implemented in FactorBase. Bayesian networks (BNs) and Dependency Networks (DNs) are two major classes of SRL. Thirdly, I utilize FactorBase to extend the state-of-the-art learning algorithm for BN of generative modelling with link uncertainty. The learned model captures correlations between link types, link features, and attributes of nodes, simultaneously. Finally, a fast hybrid approach is proposed for instance level discriminative learning of DNs with competitive predictive power but substantially better scalability.


A series of smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the transformation of primary organic aerosol (POA) and formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during the photooxidation of dilute exhaust from a fleet of gasoline and diesel motor vehicles and two gasturbine engines. In experiments where POA was present in the chamber at the onset of photooxidation, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to determine separate POA and SOA factors from aerosol mass spectrometer data. A 2-factor solution, with one POA factor and one SOA factor, was sufficient to describe the organic aerosol for gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, and one of the gas-turbine engines. Experiments with the second gas-turbine engine required a 3-factor PMF solution with a POA factor and two SOA factors. Results from the PMF analysis were compared to the residual method for determining SOA and POA mass concentrations. The residual method apportioned a larger fraction of the organic aerosol mass as POA because it assumes that all mass at m / z 57 is associated with POA. The POA mass spectrum for the gasoline and diesel vehicles exhibited high abundances of the C nH2n+1 series of ions ( m / z43, 57, etc.) and was similar to the mass spectra of the hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol factor determined from ambient data sets with one exception, a diesel vehicle equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst. POA mass spectra for the gas-turbine engines are enriched in the C nH2n−1 series of ions ( m / z41, 55, etc.), consistent with the composition of the lubricating oil used in these engines. The SOA formed from the three sources exhibits high abundances of m / z 44 and 43, indicative of mild oxidation. The SOA mass spectra are consistent with less-oxidized ambient SV-OOA (semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosols) and fall within the triangular region of f 44 versusf 43 defined by ambient measurements. However there is poor absolute agreement between the experimentally derived SOA mass spectra and ambient OOA factors, though this poor agreement should be expected based on the variability of ambient OOA factors. Van Krevelen analysis of the POA and SOA factors for gasoline and diesel experiments reveal slopes of−0.50 and−0.40, respectively. This suggests that the oxidation chemistry in these experiments is a combination of carboxylic acid and alcohol/peroxide formation, consistent with ambient oxidation chemistry.