We present a novel concept to generate sub-picosecond pulses from a passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 microchip laser system with an adjustable wavelength shift up to a few tens of nanometers around the original emission wavelength of 1064 nm. This concept comprises two stages: one that carries out a nonlinear compression of fiber-amplified microchip pulses and a subsequent stage in which the compressed pulses are coupled into a further waveguide structure followed by a bandpass filter. In a proof-of-principle experiment, pedestal-free 0.62 ps long pulses have been demonstrated with a wavelength shift to 1045 nm.


We collected 39 species of fish from 10 sites along the East Fork of White Lick Creek in Marion and Hendricks counties, Indiana from May through August 2002 in order to quantify stream quality prior to the start of construction on Interstate Highway 70. These included 10 families, with 1 species each of Lepisosteidae, Clupeidae, Poeciliidae, Atherinidae, Cottidae; 2 species of Ictaluridae; 4 species of Percidae; 6 species of Catostomidae; 9 species of Centrarchidae; and 13 species of Cyprinidae. The most abundant species we encountered were: spotfin shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera), silverjaw minnow (Notropis buccatus), sand shiner (N. stramineus), bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus), striped shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus), central stoneroller {Campostoma anomalum), largemouth bass {Micropterus sal- moides), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum), fathead minnow (Pi- mephales promelas), rainbow darter {Etheostoma caeruleum), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and the orangethroat darter (Etheostoma spectabile). We documented eight new county records for Hendricks County and one new county record for Marion County. Species richness, abundance of fish, and a modified Index of Biological Integrity for the seining sites were all positively correlated with distance downstream from Indianapolis. A trend toward greater fish abundance was also recorded with increasing distance from Interstate Highway 70. Results suggest that urbanization of Hendricks and Marion counties has had a negative impact on the quality of the East Fork of White Lick Creek.


Clinical psychologists have been dealing with miserable feelings since their discipline was established. In the last 30 years, neuroscientists have made major headway in the understanding of the sources of anger, depression, and fear. Today, whole industries profit from this knowledge--producing pills for every sort of pathological mood disturbance. But until recently, few neuroscientists focused on the subject of happiness. Now, in The Science of Happiness, leading German science journalist Stefan Klein ranges widely across the latest frontiers of neuroscience and neuropsychology to explain how happiness is fostered in our brains and what biological purpose it serves (and, importantly, how we can control our negative feelings and emotions). In addition, he explains the neurophysiology of our passions (the elementary rules of which are hardwired into our brains), the power of consciousness, and how we can use it. In a final section, Klein explores the conditions required to foster the "pursuit of happiness." A remarkable synthesis of a growing body of research that has not heretofore been brought together in one accessible book, The Science of Happiness will ultimately help each of us understand our own quest for happiness--and our fostering of it, as well.


Generalized quantile regressions, including the conditional quantiles and expectiles as special cases, are useful alternatives to the conditional means for characterizing a conditional distribution, especially when the interest lies in the tails. We develop a functional data analysis approach to jointly estimate a family of generalized quantile regressions. Our approach assumes that the generalized quantile regressions share some common features that can be summarized by a small number of principal component functions. The principal component functions are modeled as splines and are estimated by minimizing a penalized asymmetric loss measure. An iterative least asymmetrically weighted squares algorithm is developed for computation. While separate estimation of individual generalized quantile regressions usually suffers from large variability due to lack of suffcient data, by borrowing strength across data sets, our joint estimation approach signifcantly improves the estimation effciency, which is demonstrated in a simulation study. The proposed method is applied to data from 150 weather stations in China to obtain the generalized quantile curves of the volatility of the temperature at these stations. These curves are needed to adjust temperature risk factors so that gaussianity is achieved. The normal distribution of temperature variations is vital for pricing weather derivatives with tools from mathematical finance.


Despite repeated controversy over implementing high dams in the Himalayan region, the Government of India has completed the fi rst stage of Tehri Dam hydroelectric project with power generating capacity of 1,000 MW. Being the third dam of its kind after Bhakra and Pong in India, Tehri Dam has faced several social, legal and engineering challenges. Most of them may be lessons for the whole Himalayan region including Nepal. The Tehri Dam Project was initiated in 1970s with technical support from the USSR. Later, with the establishment of Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, the project was resumed with new dimensions to be developed in three stages: Tehri Dam Project with 1,000 MW in Stage 1, Koteshwar Power Plant with 400 MW capacity in Stage-2, and Tehri Pump Storage Plant with 1,000 MW capacity providing altogether 2,400 MW of clean hydro electric energy in Stage-3. The fi rst stage project was commissioned in 2006 while the second stage is under construction. The major outcome of the Tehri Dam Project is its successful implementation of rehabilitation and resettlement plans through the establishment of the New Tehri town in the Garhwal hills and adjacent areas. This article shares the technical innovation of Tehri Dam Project from socio-engineering perspective. Key words : Tehri Dam Project; Storage hydropower project; Rehabilitation and resettlement; India DOI: 10.3126/hn.v5i0.2481 Hydro Nepal Vol. 5, July 2009 Page:26-30


Did you know the name Jessica was first used in "The Merchant of Venice"? Or that Freud's idea of a healthy sex life came from Shakespeake? Nearly four hundred years after his death, Shakespeare permeates our everyday lives: from the words we speak to the teenage heartthrobs we worship to the political rhetoric spewed by the twenty-four-hour news cycle. In the pages of this wickedly clever little book, "Esquire" columnist Stephen Marche uncovers the hidden influence of Shakespeare in our culture, including these fascinating tidbits: Shakespeare coined over 1,700 words, including hobnob, glow, lackluster, and dawn; Paul Robeson's 1943 performance as "Othello on Broadway" was a seminal moment in black history; Tolstoy wrote an entire book about Shakespeare's failures as a writer; in 1936, the Nazi Party tried to claim Shakespeare as a Germanic writer; without Shakespeare, the book titles "Infinite Jest", "The Sound and the Fury", and "Brave New World" wouldn't exist. Stephen Marche has cherry-picked the sweetest and most savory historical footnotes from Shakespeare's work and life to create this unique celebration of the greatest writer of all time.


The chemical compositions of uraninites from five major deposit types (tabular, unconformity, vein, metasomatic, and igneous), measured by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS, underline the extreme chemical variation of natural uraninite, due to different formation conditions prevailing at each deposit type. Apart from the major elements always analyzed in uraninite (U, Th, Y, REE, Pb, as well as Si, Ca, and Fe), several additional elements are present in uraninite to a significant degree: Mn (overall median value of 6088 ppm), V (4528 ppm), Na (2365 ppm), As (2251 ppm), W (1811 ppm), Mg (441 ppm), Sb (286 ppm), Sr (261 ppm), Ti (235 ppm), Mo (133 ppm), Bi (125 ppm), and Ba (118 ppm). Uraninites from different deposit types have distinct chemical compositions: tabular-type uraninites have the lowest Th, Y, and REE and the highest trace elements, in particular Mg, Mn, and V; sandstone-hosted unconformity-related uraninites have the lowest Y and the highest Fe, Na, Cu, Ni, and Ni; basement-hosted unconformity-related uraninites have the lowest Ca and Fe and the highest Ti, Ni, and W; metasomatism-related uraninites have the lowest Y and the highest Th and Si; and igneous uraninites have the lowest trace elements and the highest Th, Y, REE, Zr, and Hf. The vein-type uraninites have the most variable chemical compositions. In addition to the REE spectra, with only the igneous uraninites displaying a negative Eu anomaly, the chemical compositions of uraninites can be used with high confidence as provenance indicators.


Complex networks of many interacting units occur in diverse areas as, for example, gene regulation, neural networks, economic interactions, and the organization of the internet. Many of these networks exhibit complex, non-Hamiltonian dynamics that strongly depends on network topology. In addition, ensembles of dynamical networks communicating with each other often show emergent behavior - for example, in development (morphogenesis) of multicellular organisms cell-cell communication can coordinate the dynamics of gene regulatory networks, leading to complex spatial patterns. The purpose of this thesis is threefold: first, to gain insight into the interdependence between network dynamics and -topology; second, to explore how this interdependence, together with local rewiring events, can contribute to evolution of network topologies with properties as, e.g., observed for gene regulatory networks; third, to investigate how local interactions between coupled networks can lead to robust and reproduceable emergence of spatial patterns and solve functional tasks in morphogenesis. This train of thoughts is pursued in the following steps: (i) First, the critical connectivity of Random Threshold Networks is calculated analytically by combination of a new combinatorial approach to ``damage spreading'' with an annealed approximation. A non-trivial dependence of damage propagation on the in-degree of network nodes is identified that may have important consequences for the evolution of network topologies. (ii) Then, a model of topological network evolution is studied in the context of evolving gene regulatory networks. This model leads to evolution of network topologies close to criticality, however, with a degree-distribution and activity pattern that deviate from random networks, in good agreement with statistical data obtained for real gene networks. (iii) Thereafter, morphogenesis by coupled regulatory networks is studied. Starting from experimental observations in Hydra, a gene network model capable of {\em de novo pattern formation} and regulation of pattern proportions is developed, providing a network-based, alternative scenario to gradient-based explanations of these morphogenetic processes. (iv) Robustness of this model with respect to two type of perturbations often found in biological organisms, stochastic update errors and cell flow, is studied. It is shown that noise-induced control contributes to pattern stabilization, even under cell flow. A first order phase transition is found at vanishing noise, a second order phase transition at increased cell flow. (v) Finally, a two-dimensional extension of the morphogenetic model is studied. Here, a competition between inititial symmetry breaking and neighborhood-dependent state changes of cells leads to sharp and localized boundaries of spatial activity domains, as required for robust self-organization of position information in a two-dimensional tissue


Mashhad, the second largest city in Iran, like many other big cities, is faced with increasing traffic congestion owing to rapidly increasing population and annual pilgrimage. In recent years, Mashhad traffic and transportation authorities have been challenged with how to manage the increasing congestion with limited budgets for major roadway construction projects. Mashhad has recognized the need to improve the existing system capacity to get the most out of their cur- rent transportation system infrastructures. Since most of the delay times occur at signalized intersections, using an intelligent control system with proper capabilities to overcome the growing traffic requirements is recommended. Following comprehensive studies carried out with the aim of developing the Mashhad traffic control center, the SCATS adaptive traffic control system was introduced as the selected intelligent control system for integrating signalized intersections. The first intersection was equipped with this system in 2005. This paper describes the results of a field evaluation in which fixed actuated-coordinated signal timings are compared with those dynamically computed by SCATS. The ef- fects of this system on optimizing fuel consumption as well as reducing air pollutants are fully discussed. It is found that SCATS consistently reduced travel times and the average delay per stopped or approaching vehicle. The positive impact of adaptive traffic control systems on fuel consumption and air pollution are also highlighted.


W. E. B. Du Bois was the preeminent black scholar of his era. He was also a principal founder and for twenty-eight years an executive officer of the nation's most effective civil rights organization, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Even though Du Bois was best known for his lifelong stance against racial oppression, he represented much more. He condemned the racism of the white world but also criticized African Americans for mistakes of their own. He opposed segregation but had reservations about integration. Today he would be known as a pluralist. In Du Bois and His Rivals, Raymond Wolters provides a distinctive biography of this great pioneer of the American civil rights movement. Readers are able to follow the outline of Du Bois's life, but the book's main emphasis is on discrete scenes in his life, especially the controversies that pitted Du Bois against his principal black rivals. He challenged Booker T. Washington because he could not abide Washington's conciliatory approach toward powerful whites. At the same time, Du Bois's pluralism led him to oppose the leading separatists and integrationists of his day. He berated Marcus Garvey for giving up on America and urging blacks to pursue a separate destiny. He also rejected Walter White's insistence that integration was the best way to promote the advancement of black people. Du Bois felt that American blacks should be full-fledged Americans, with all the rights of other American citizens. However, he believed that they should also preserve and develop enough racial distinctiveness to enable them to maintain and foster a sense of racial identity, community, and pride. Du Bois and His Rivals shows that Du Bois stood for much more than protest against racial oppression. He was also committed to pluralism, and his pluralism emphasized the importance of traditional standards and of internal cooperation within the black community. Anyone interested in the civil rights movement, black history, or the history of the United States during the early twentieth century will find this book valuable.


Within three areas in Southeastern Norway, Lake Mjosa district, As and Moss - Jeloy, groundwater samples for chemical analysis were collected during the years 1971–77 from 98 drilled wells in bedrocks. The water was taken at depths ranging from 15 m to 110 m below the land surface. The groundwater surface is usually present well below the overlying unconsolidated deposits of glacial, glacifluvial or marine origin. The movement of groundwater within the aquifers investigated is so slow that regional changes in water quality is not only dependent on weathering in the unsaturated zone, but also dependent on the solution of reservoir rocks below the groundwater surface. Variations in specific electrical conductance (20°C) largely reflects the different reservoir rock types. The highest values, around 550 μS/cm, are typically found in dark calcareous shales, while sandstones and gneisses give values around 300 μS/cm. The areas As and Moss-Jeloy are situated below the Late-Postglacial marine limit. The groundwater is here more or less influenced by ancient sea salts, perhaps also by fossil sea water, left over in sediments or in rock fractures. Brackish groundwater was also found. The composition of groundwater is largely governed by mineral-water equilibria. Most investigated water samples have not reached equilibrium with their surrounding minerals.


This thesis questions to what extent Catholic schools
in Australia, England and Wales, and the United States are
being able to form their pupils in Catholic social
principles today. Catholic schools, because of what they
are and of what they purport to be, must always be open to
questions of authenticity.
Over recent years there has been a steady and subtle,
but very significant, increase in the role of governments in
non-government education in Australia, England and Wales and
the United States. There is concern that non-government
schools, particularly Catholic schools, may be becoming
unwitting and complacent vehicles of government policy,
whether it be a Labour government in Australia, a
Conservative government in England and Wales, or a
Republican government in the United States.
The thesis examines the nature of this government
intervention in Catholic schools in these countries over
recent years, and considers whether such intervention has
been antithetical to the school's capacity to develop the
pupils in a sound understanding of Catholic social justice
principles. It looks at reasons why Catholic schools in
these countries today have difficulty reconciling their aims
for social justice with prevailing government's economic and
social policies. It is a comparative study, to see how an
analysis of such developments in England, Wales and the
United States can illuminate these issues in Australia. The thesis attempts to locate, evaluate and synthesise
evidence to give a much clearer picture of the difficulties
Catholic schools have to face in their call to evangelise
modern youth. The investigative method used is essentially
a historical analysis of policy documents of the Catholic
Church, of the popes, bishops and Catholic education bodies,
of the governments and Courts of the countries concerned, of
recent statistical data, and of a series of informal
interviews. Visits were made to a number of Catholic
tertiary institutions to estimate current input in terms of
modern Catholic social teaching.
In the conclusion the thesis offers strategies to
current Catholic educational administrators which may help
improve the effectiveness of their Catholic social justice
teaching.


A sensor responsive to iron was constructed by fusing a promoterless ice nucleation activity gene (inaZ) to an iron-regulated promoter of a genomic region involved in pyoverdine (fluorescent siderophore) (pvd) production in Pseudomonas syringae. Cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. syringae that contained the pvd-inaZ fusion expressed iron-responsive ice nucleation activity in the bean rhizosphere and phyllosphere, respectively, and in culture. Addition of Fe(III) to leaves or soil reduced the apparent transcription of the pvd-inaZ reporter gene, as shown by a reduction in the number of ice nuclei produced, indicating that Fe(III) was primarily responsible for mediating transcription of the pvd-inaZ gene even in natural environments. A Pseudomonas sp. strain having an intact iceC gene, which conferred Fe-insensitive expression of ice nucleation activity, was included in all studies to account for small strain- or environment-dependent differences in the ability of bacterial cells to produce ice nuclei. Thus, a comparison of the ice nucleation activity conferred by pvd-inaZ with the activity conferred by iceC revealed the bioavailability of iron in culture or natural habitats. The relative ice nucleation activities expressed by strains containing iceC or pvd-inaZ indicated that, while not abundant, Fe(III) is not present at extremely low concentrations at all microsites colonized by bacteria on plant surfaces. Biological sensors that are constructed by fusing inaZ to chemically responsive promoters provide a novel way to characterize chemical constituents of microbial habitats.


The most important for the stability of Europe and Czech milk market is to remain competitive in world markets, as the main way for balance on the internal market is based on successful export of dairy products to third countries. Price volatility and environmental sustainability are seen as the most serious current problems in the dairy industry and dairy farming. The aim of this paper is to assess the development of the production and milk prices in the EU and assess the main factors that affect labour productivity. The number of cows per worker is one of the most important factors affecting labour productivity. Effect of prices on labour productivity in monetary expression is not as significant as is usually assumed. The technical equipment of labour should be an important factor influencing the number of cows per worker. The hypothesis that higher technical equipment of labour should create better conditions for higher productivity could be assumed.


The western horse mackerel stock is currently managed by annual TACs covering only part of its distribution area. No stock assessment has been accepted and recent ICES advice has consistently been for status quo catches. In 2006, the Pelagic Regional Advisory Committee asked scientists to help with developing a harvest control rule for the stock that would both meet conservation and stability objectives. An initial questionnaire was circulated to the industry, to elicit feedback on possible management options. A series of Harvest Control Rules were developed. These were tested by simulation and presented to the RAC at a number of meetings. Results will be presented within the ICES advisory process and elsewhere in the scientific literature. This is a developing approach involving scientists and stakeholders in an iterative process. The problems encountered and lessons learned, are discussed.


The purpose of this article is to examine two issues central to the tort of negligence: the role of reliance in establishing a duty of care; and the relationship between the harm-within-risk rule and the rule excluding liability for coincidental harm as tests for legal causation. I will use the unusual facts of Bhamra v Dubb in which the defendant caterer was under a duty not to serve eggs for religious reasons, and the guest suffered from a known egg allergy and ultimately died, as a platform for this analysis.

While the Court of Appeal was correct in establishing a duty towards Bhamra on Bhamra's reliance that eggs would not be served, it erred in limiting the duty to those aware that they suffer from egg allergy. Assuming there are reasons to avoid imposing a general duty on caterers towards those who are foreseeably people of ordinary susceptibility, guests avoiding a product for religious reasons have informational and medical susceptibilities which justify that a duty be owed to them. More generally, reliance on misrepresentation that a food served is 'free from' could justify duty and liability even in the absence of a claimant's knowledge of his egg allergy.

As a matter of legal causation, I defend the position (recently challenged in the literature) that the rule against liability for coincidences is different from the harm-within-risk rule. The injury suffered by a (hypothetical) guest unaware of his egg allergy is neither coincidental nor outside the scope of the relevant risk. It is not a coincidence, since the risk of suffering an allergy injury is typically increased by a 'free from' misrepresentation. The harm is within the relevant risk, since the guest's informational vulnerability is one of the reasons which makes serving him with eggs negligent – the fear he would suffer also a physical injury.


In metal forming operations, the friction between die and workpiece is a complex phenomenon and has a strong influence on the metal forming parameters and the product quality. This study aims to investigate the effect of friction in cold forging operations using different friction models. In the analyses, the forging operations are simulated using the Coulomb and constant friction models, and the results are compared with the simulation results obtained by using the variable friction models developed by Wanheim—Bay (general friction model) and Levanov, which are integrated into the program. Cylinder upsetting and bolt head forging are numerically simulated and the cylinder upsetting results are compared with the experimental data. The results showed that depending on the workpiece geometry and the contact pressure, the coefficient of friction may change significantly during the process and the constant coefficient of friction may not simulate the actual friction condition in the cold forging process.


This paper discusses informing, i.e. increasing people's understanding of reality by providing representations of this reality. The Hegelian inquiry system is used to explain the nature of informing. Understanding the Hegelian inquiry system is essential for making informed decisions where the reality can be ambiguous and where sources of bias and manipulation have to be understood for increasing the level of free-informed choice. This inquiry system metaphorically identifies information masters and slaves, and we propose critical dialectic information triangulation (CDIT) tools for information slaves (i.e. non-experts) in dialect interactions with informative systems owned by supposed information masters. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research on informative triangulation tools for the internet and management information systems.


The naming of eleven banks as "too big to fail (TBTF)" in 1984 led bond raters to raise their ratings on new bond issues of TBTF banks about a notch relative to those of other, unnamed banks. The relationship between bond spreads and ratings for the TBTF banks tended to flatten after that event, suggesting that investors were even more optimistic than raters about the probability of support for those banks. The spread-rating relationship in the 1990s remained flatter for TBTF banks (or their descendants) even after the passage of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA), suggesting that investors still see those banks as TBTF. Until investors are disabused of such beliefs, investor discipline of big banks will be less than complete.


beta-Adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) and beta-arrestin function in the homologous or agonist-activated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. The isoforms beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 are highly enriched in and localized to the dendritic knobs and cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons where the initial events of olfactory signal transduction occur. Odorants induce a rapid and transient elevation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), which activates a nonspecific cation channel and produces membrane depolarization. Preincubation of rat olfactory cilia with antibodies raised against beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 increased the odorant-induced elevation of cAMP and attenuated desensitization. These results suggest that beta ARK-2 and beta-arrestin-2 mediate agonist-dependent desensitization in olfaction.


This essay is part of a symposium on a series of Supreme Court decisions during the 1990s that reinvigorated, and at times reinvented, federalism-based limits on congressional power, a constitutional doctrine that has lain dormant since a trilogy of post-New Deal decisions repudiating the Court's Lochner era jurisprudence of reserved state powers. The long term practical impact of the recent decisions remains unclear, even if the basic contours of the new doctrine are fairly discernable. Indeed, the new federalism raises more questions than it answers, and its final frontiers will depend on how the Supreme Court resolves this next generation of federalism questions.I focus on one subset of questions raised by the recent federalism decisions: their implications for the scope of "other" federal powers, particularly the power to enforce the Reconstruction Amendments and the spending power. Until recently, the commerce power has been the dominant focus of cases concerning the scope of federal authority, and the Supreme Court has paid relatively less attention to the scope of other federal powers. But many of the new federalism limits are specific to the commerce power and do not appear to apply to other federal powers. In light of new sovereignty-based limits on the commerce power, including the "no commandeering rule" and decisions denying Congress the authority to abrogate state sovereign immunity under the commerce power, the power to enforce the Reconstruction Amendments and the spending power are especially attractive and potentially expansive alternative bases of authority for federal action. It is therefore to be expected that the courts will increasingly confront questions concerning the scope of these other federal powers. How the courts resolve those questions will go a long way toward determining whether the new federalism effects a significant practical shift in the balance of federal and state authority. Beyond its practical significance, the resolution of these issues is of immense doctrinal interest because the courts are engaged in their first extended analysis of the scope of congressional power to enforce the Reconstruction Amendments since the nineteenth century, and may soon address the spending power in much the same way.


Abstract. The occurrence of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in our atmosphere has a profound impact on the properties and lifetime of supercooled clouds. To date, the identities, sources and abundances of particles capable of nucleating ice at relatively low supercoolings (T  >  −15 °C) remain enigmatic. While biomolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates have been implicated as important high-temperature INPs, the lack of knowledge on the environmental fates of these species makes it difficult to assess their potential atmospheric impacts. Here we show that such nanoscale ice-nucleating proteins from a common soil-borne fungus (Fusarium avenaceum) preferentially bind to and confer their ice-nucleating properties to kaolinite. The ice-nucleating activity of the proteinaceous INPs is unaffected by adsorption to the clay, and once bound the proteins do not readily desorb, retaining much of the activity even after multiple washings with pure water. The atmospheric implications of the finding that biological residues can confer their ice-nucleating ability to dust particles are discussed.


Computational requirements often impose limitations on the spatial and temporal resolutions of atmospheric CO2 inversions, increasing aggregation and representation errors. This study enables higher spatial and temporal resolution inversions with spatial and temporal error structures similar to those used in other published inversions by representing the prior flux error covariances as a Kronecker product of spatial and temporal covariances and by using spectral methods for the spatial correlations. Compared to existing inversion systems that are forced to degrade the resolution of the problem in order to bring the dimensionality down to computationally tractable levels, this inversion framework is able to take advantage of mesoscale transport simulations and more of the complexity of spatial and temporal covariances in the surface CO2 fluxes. This approach was successfully implemented over one month with an identical‐twin observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) using a set of assumptions about the prior flux uncertainties compatible both with continental‐scale uncertainty estimates and with comparisons of vegetation models to flux towers. The demonstration illustrates the potential of the newly developed inversion system to use high‐temporal‐resolution information from the North American tower network, to extract high‐resolution information about CO2 fluxes that is inaccessible to coarser resolution inversion systems, and to simultaneously optimize an ensemble of prior estimates. This demonstration sets the stage for regional flux inversions that can take full advantage of the high‐resolution data available in tower CO2 records and mesoscale atmospheric transport reanalyses, include more realistic prior error structures, and explore specifying prior fluxes with ensembles.


The Swiss central bank last week abandoned its euro exchange rate ceiling. This column argues that the fallout from the decision demonstrates the inherent weaknesses of the regulator-approved standard risk models used in financial institutions. These models under-forecast risk before the announcement and over-forecast risk after the announcement, getting it wrong in all states of the world.


The Geological Curators' Group, established in 1974, undertook a survey in 1981 investigating the "State and Status of Geology in United Kingdom Museums". This survey, the first of its kind, set out to provide a snap-shot impression of how the nation's geological collections were cared for, regarded, used and housed. It allowed the Geological Curators' Group to focus its members' efforts, influencing, where possible, policy decisions regarding the future of many "at risk" collections and assisting museums in need to specialist curatorial advice. In 2001 it was felt that more than enough time had elapsed since the original survey, and that there was a need to repeat the process, explore other areas of museum management, care and use of collections and compare, where able, the results from the two surveys 20 years apart. With access to new funding opportunities, museums have expanded and in some cases changed beyond all recognition. More funding appears to be available to all, but with 45% of respondees listing lack of staff time or expertise as their biggest "threat", will the "new" curators or collection managers be able to dedicate the resources to chasing these elusive funding streams and proving that they are meeting targets and performance indicators whilst maintaining often historically and scientifically important collections? The United Kingdom has a unique history in the field of geological curation and collections, with many museums holding collections and specimens of un-recognised scientific and historical value. Should the heritage and culture community feel confidence in their continued care? What problems do we, the curators, perceive with the current "State and Status" of the collections we hold in trust? The "State and Status of Geological Collections in United Kingdom Museums: 2001" report provides another "snap-shot" of the UK's collections and explores how the position of these collections has changed in 20 years.


Castor seed oil (Ricinus communis) is a prominent feed stock towards the generation of renewable materials for industrial production. The reach presence of ricinoleic fatty acid at 87.5% provides pendant hydroxyl functional groups, which is an essential site for chemical formulations. This paper presents the synthesis, characterization, and evaluations on antibacterial and anticorrosive activities of synthesized hybrid composites from Ricinus communis seed oil. N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy ethyl)-12-hydroxy Ricinus communis oil fatty amide (HERCA) was synthesized via aminolysis polyol formation route. Upon reacting HERCA with succinic acid at a high temperature of about 145 oC, a polyesteramide (RCPEA) was formed. This ester product undergoes urethanation and subsequently interfaced with modified hybrid material. The synthesized composites were characterized using spectroscopic methods such as FT- IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Selected physicochemical parameters were also carried out on the products. Coating performance on cured resins was examined.


Difficulties to adopt an international price of carbon has highlighted one of the most important objectives of countries: preserve their industries' competitiveness. This article follows this idea and aims to evaluate the multisectoral and international impact of an energy shock. More precisely, the focus is made on a carbon tax and its impact on unit cost of production. In this article, the focus is made on a way to go through the limits of the inputoutput analysis by endogenizing technical coefficients. Using a flexible cost function permits to remove the non-substitution hypothesis and allows all sectors to optimize their demand of inputs. We use a Generalized Leontief (LG) implicit cost function in our input-output model. We show that this implicit cost function matches with the price input-output model in physical data. Finally, we study the impact of a carbon tax (40€/tCO2 or 80€/tCO2) at a European level. A cost competitiveness analysis shows that Poland would be mainly impacted by the tax, unlike the other European countries that maintain their competitiveness at the international level at the lower rate of tax. A strong heterogeneity among countries and industries stresses the necessity to focus negotiations on the recycling of the product of the tax. Then we compare the impact of the tax in France and in Germany and find a little impact on France's competitiveness contrary to Germany. Nevertheless, if the tax is adopted at the European level, the French Manufacturing sector would be more impacted by the indirect effect of the tax through intermediate consumption.


Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are ubiquitous in almost all biological processes and are often corrupted in diseased states. A detailed understanding of PPIs is therefore key to understanding cellular physiology and can yield attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we describe the development and structural characterization of novel Escherichia coli CueO multi-copper oxidase variants engineered to recapitulate protein–protein interactions with commensurate modulation of their enzymatic activities. The fully integrated single-protein sensors were developed through modular grafting of ligand-specific peptides into a highly compliant and flexible methionine-rich loop of CueO. Sensitive detection of diverse ligand classes exemplified by antibodies, an E3 ligase, MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2), and protease (SplB from Staphylococcus aureus) was achieved in a simple mix and measure homogeneous format with visually observable colorimetric readouts. Therapeutic antagonism of MDM2 by small molecules and peptides in clinical development for treatment of cancer patients was assayed using the MDM2-binding CueO enzyme. Structural characterization of the free and MDM2-bound CueO variant provided functional insight into signal-transducing mechanisms of the engineered enzymes and highlighted the robustness of CueO as a stable and compliant scaffold for multiple applications.


The great crested newt, Triturus cristatus, is a European Protected Species. Its legal protection requires appropriate mitigation and compensation measures to be developed for populations threatened by built development in order to demonstrate no likely detriment to the maintenance of the favourable conservation status of the species in its natural range. A major
regeneration project at a site near Neath Port Talbot in South Wales, United Kingdom, resulted in the destruction of the breeding sites and associated terrestrial habitats of a population of great crested newts. Capture and translocation of 9,500 newts of all life stages was undertaken between 2009 and 2016 to an adjacent receptor site with waterbodies and extensive terrestrial habitats. Eggs and larvae have been observed in waterbodies in the receptor site throughout the monitoring period from 2013 to 2017, and great crested newts are colonising new waterbodies. The translocated population was much larger than the population size predicted from the baseline surveys of waterbodies on the development site. The design, planning and licensing of mitigation and compensation schemes for great crested newts threatened by built development projects need to give full weight to the limitations of survey methods when estimating the size of a population.


In "Native Internal Migration and the Labor Market Impact of Immigration,†George Borjas (2006) identifies a strong negative correlation between immigration and native-born employment in the US using local area data. This relationship is particularly strong at the metropolitan area level, weaker but still significant at the state level, and weakest at the Census region level. In this note, we show that Borjas's negative correlation arises due to the construction of the dependent and explanatory variables rather than from any true negative association between the employment growth of immigrants and natives. Borjas regresses log native employment, ln(Nt), on the share of foreign-born employment, pt = Mt/(Mt + Nt), across skill-state-year cells. The specification therefore includes native employment in the numerator of the dependent variable and in the denominator of the explanatory variable. This builds a negative correlation into the model that is particularly strong if the variance of Nt relative to Mt is large. To illustrate, we first show that state and city level regressions of the standardized native employment change, (Nt+10−Nt)/(Mt+Nt), on standardized immigration, (Mt+10 −Mt)/(Mt+Nt), always find a positive and mostly significant correlation between the two. Second, we randomly simulate changes in the native and foreign-born workforce with a data generating process that has zero or positive correlation between the shocks I"Mt and I"Nt (i.e., so that immigration is associated with either no change or an increase in native employment). Borjas specifications employing this simulated data estimate large and significantly negative coefficients as long as the variance of I"Nt is larger than the variance of I"Mt, which is true in observed state-level and city-level data.


Aggregation in the presence of data processing lags distorts the information content of data, violating orthogonality restrictions that hold at the individual level. Though the phenomenon is general, it is illustrated here for the life cycle-permanent model. Cross-section and pooled-panel data induce information-aggregation bias akin to that in aggregate time series. Calculations show that information-aggregation can seriously bias tests of the life cycle model on aggregate time series, cross-section, and pooled-panel data.


In transmission microscopy, many objects are three dimensional, that is, they are thicker than the depth of focus of the imaging system. The three-dimensional (3-D) image-intensity distribution consists of a series of two-dimensional images (optical slices) with different parts of the object in focus. First, we deal with the fundamental limitations of 3-D imaging with classical optical systems. Second, a transfer theory of 3-D image formation is derived that relates the 3-D object (complex index of refraction) to the 3-D image intensity distribution in first-order Born approximation. This theory applies to weak objects that do not scatter much light. Since, in a microscope, the illumination is neither coherent nor completely incoherent, a theory for partially coherent light is needed, but in this case the object phase distribution and the absorptive parts of the object play different roles. Finally, some experimental results are presented.


Part I: Introduction: The Time Periods of English. Language Change. Sources of Information on Language Change. Linguistic Preliminaries. The Sounds of English, and Symbols Used to Describe Them: Consonants. Vowels. Structure of The Book. Part II: The Pre-History of English: Timeline of Events 1. The Indo-European Period. The Indo-Europeans and Linguistic Relatedness: The Beginnings. The Development of Historical Linguistics. Genetic Relatedness. Linguistic Developments. The Indo-European Language Family: Family Tree Relationships. The Indo-European Family. Indo-Iranian. Indic. Iranian. Armenian. Albanian. Balto-Slavonic. Slavonic. Baltic. Hellenic. Italic. Celtic. Brythonic. Goidelic. Germanic. East Germanic. North Germanic. West Germanic. Low Germanic. High Germanic. Yiddish. From Indo-European to Germanic: Prosody. The Consonant System: Sound Shifts. Grimm's Law. Verner's Law. The Second Consonant Shift. Possible Explanations For The High German (Second) Sound Shift. The Vowel System. Morphology. Syntax. Lexicon. Semantics. Indo-European/Germanic Texts. Neogrammarians, Structuralists and Contemporary Linguistic Models. Typological Classification: Universals. Morphological Typology. Sociolinguistic Focus. The Indo-European Tribes and The Spread of Language. Language Contact and Language Change: Archaeological Linguistics: Language Contact. Archaeological Linguistics. Part III: Old English 450-1100: Timeline of Events 2. The Old English Period. Social and Political History: Britain Before The English. The Anglo-Saxon Invasions. Anglo-Saaxon Influence. Scandinavian Influence. Linguistic Developments: The Sounds, Structure and Typology of Old English: The Structure of Old English. Oe Consonants. Vowels: From Germanic to Old English. Old English Vowels. Old English Gender. Inflection In Old English. The Noun. The Adjective. Oe Personal Pronouns. The Old English Verb. Strong Verbs. Weak Verbs. Irregular Verbs. Old English Syntax. The Use of The Cases. Word Order. Old English Vocabulary. Word Formation. Linguistic/Literary Achievements: Texts. Prose. Poetry. The Dialects of Old English: . Sociolinguistic Focus: Language Contact. Latin and Celtic. The Scandinavians. The Character of Scandinavian Loan Words. Part IV: Middle English: Timeline of Events 3. The Middle English Period. Social and Political History: Politcal History : The Norman Conquest to Edward I. Social History. The Establishment of Towns and Burghs and The Beginnings of Social Stratification. Linguistic Developments: Middle English Sounds and Structure, With Particular Emphasis on The Breakdown of The Inflectional System and Its Linguistic Typological Implications: Major Changes to The Sound System. The Consonants. Consonant Changes From Old to Middle English. The Vowels In Stressed Syllables. Vowels In Unstressed Syllables. Lengthening and Shortening. Summary Table of Vowel Changes From Old to Middle English. The Formation of Middle English Diphthongs. Major Morphological Changes From Old to Middle English. Loss of Inflections. Other Changes In The Morphological System. Verbs. Middle English Syntax. The Lexicon: Loan Words From French. Two French Sources. Middle English Dialects: Linguistic/Literary Achievements. Middle English Literature. Language. Genre. Sociolinguistic Focus: Social Stratification, Multilingualism and Dialect Variation: Language Contact - The Myth of Middle English Creolisation: English Re-established. Language and The Rise of The Middle Class. The Development of Standard English. The Evolution of Me 'Standard' English. The Question of Middle English Creolisation: Myth?. Definitions. Pidgins and Creoles In England?. Thomason and Kaufman and The Arguments For and Against Creolisation In Middle English. On The Sociolinguistic History of /H/-Dropping In English. Conclusion. Part V: Early Modern English: Timeline of Events 4. The Early Modern English Period. Social and Political History: Historical and Social Background. Internal Stability and Colonial Expansion. Linguistic Developments: The Variable Character of Early Modern English: Phonolgy. Consonants. Vowels. The Great Vowel Shift. Morphology. Nouns. Pronouns. Adjectives, Adverbs. Verbs. The Spread of Northern Forms. Syntax. Periphrastic Do. Progressive Verb Forms. Passives. Sample Text. Vocabulary. The Anxious State of English: The Search For Authority. Dictionaries and The Question of Linguistic Authority Swift's and Johnson's View of Language. Linguistic and Literary Achievement: Sociolinguistic Focus: Cariation In Early Modern English. Standardisation. The Printing Press. The Renaissance and The Protestant Reformation. English Established. Orthography: The Orthoepists. The Great Vowel Shift. Phonological Change. Case Study: Power and Solidarity Relations In Early Modern English. Part VI: Present Day English: Timeline of Events 5. Present Day English. Introduction. Social and Political History: The Age of Revolutions, Wars and Imperialism. Urbanisation, Industrialisation and Social Stratification. Linguistic Developments: Morphology and Syntax. Morphology. Syntax. The Lexicon. Colonialism, Contac, and Borrowings. Neologisms. Illustrative Texts. Modern English Dialects: Traditional Dialects. Modern Dialects. Received Pronunciation (Rp): The Social Background. Characteristics of Rp. Rp, Estuary English and 'The Queen's English'. Sociolinguistic Focus: English In Scotland, Ireland and Wales: Multilingualism In Britain: English In The British Isles. English In Scotland. English In Wales. English In Ireland. Irish English Dialects. Immigrant Varieties of English In Britain. Immigration to Britain In The Pde Period. Colonial Immigration and Language. Part VII: English In The United States: Timeline of Events 6. America In The Modern Period. Social and Political History: . Settlement and Language. Settlement By Region. The Original Thirteen Colonies. The Pronunciation of /R/ In The Mid Atlantic - New England Dialect Regions. The Middle West. The South and West. The Development of American English: The Strength and Maintenance of Dialect Boundaries. How, Why and When American English Began to Diverge From British English. Physical Separation. The Different Physical Conditions Encountered By The Settlers. Contact With Immigrant Non-Native Speakers of English. Developing Political Differences and The Growing American Sense of National Identity. Language Variation In The United States: Uniformity and Diversity In Early American English. Regional Dialect Divisions In American English. The Lexicon. Phonolgy: Consonants. Phonolgy: Vowels. Social and Ethnic Dialects. Social Class and Language Change. Ethnicity. African American Vernacular English. Traditional Dialects and The Resistance to Change. Part VIII: World-Wide English: Timeline of Events 7. World-Wide English. Social and Political History: The Spread of English Across The Globe: British Colonialism. Canada. The Caribbean. Australia. New Zealand. South Africa. South Asia. Former Colonial Africa: West Africa. East Africa. South East Asia and South Pacific. An Overview of The Use of English Throughout The World. English As A Global Language: The Industrial Revolution. American Economic Superiority and Political Leadership. American Technological Domination. The Boom In English Language Teaching. The Need For A Global Language. Structural Considerations. Global and At The Same Time Local. English As A Killer Language: Language Death. Language and Communication Technology. The Future of English: Bibliography. Index.


Can new data sources from online platforms help to measure local economic activity? Government datasets from agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau provide the standard measures of local economic activity at the local level. However, these statistics typically appear only after multi-year lags, and the public-facing versions are aggregated to the county or ZIP code level. In contrast, crowdsourced data from online platforms such as Yelp are often contemporaneous and geographically finer than official government statistics. In this paper, we present evidence that Yelp data can complement government surveys by measuring economic activity in close to real time, at a granular level, and at almost any geographic scale. Changes in the number of businesses and restaurants reviewed on Yelp can predict changes in the number of overall establishments and restaurants in County Business Patterns. An algorithm using contemporaneous and lagged Yelp data can explain 29.2 percent of the residual variance after accounting for lagged CBP data, in a testing sample not used to generate the algorithm. The algorithm is more accurate for denser, wealthier, and more educated ZIP codes.


This article explores the responses of three Christian women's organisations, the WCTU, YWCA and the Anglican Mothers' Union, to the arrival and development of the motion picture industry in Australia. It argues that, as Christian mothers, members of these organisations felt a particular moral responsibility to ensure that the film industry was regulated and censored appropriately. The article charts the evolution of their campaigns which, despite their unease at various elements of the "modern" world about them, encouraged women to act both individually and in organisational groups to make their concerns and demands known both to local cinema owners and political figures. Their responses and engagement with the complex, gendered world of the cinema ultimately changed their view of roles and responsibilities of modern Christian mothers.


Amphipod material collected from Brazil on Ilha do Arvoredo, (Santa Catarina), Campos Basin, (Rio de Janeiro) and Espirito Santo Basin (Espirito Santo) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean yielded new taxonomic findings for the subfamily Phtisicinae Vassilenko, 1968. Hemiproto wigleyi McCain, 1968, previously recorded from the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea, is herein redescribed and recorded for the first time from the Brazilian coast. The type material of Phtisica verae Quitete, 1979, a poorly described species recorded from Brazil and based only on its original description, was examined and considered herein as a junior synonym of P. marina Slabber, 1769, a well-known and widely distributed species from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In this paper, Phtisica marina is redescribed, with its two morphotypes of male gnathopod two, and compared with previous descriptions. The geographic distribution of both H. wigleyi and P. marina is provided.


Abstract Background The Platform Randomised trial of INterventions against COVID-19 In older peoPLE (PRINCIPLE) trial has provided in-pandemic evidence of what does not work in the early primary care management of coronavirus-2019 disease (COVID-19). PRINCIPLE's first finding was that azithromycin and doxycycline were not effective. Aim To explore the extent to which azithromycin and doxycycline were being used in-pandemic, and the scope for trial findings impacting on practice. Design and Setting We compared crude rates of prescribing and respiratory tract infections (RTI) in 2020, the pandemic year, with 2019, using the Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC). Methods We used a negative binomial model including age-band, gender, socioeconomic status, and NHS region to compare azithromycin and doxycycline lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), and influenza-like-illness (ILI) in 2020 with 2019; reporting incident rate ratios (IRR) between years and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results Azithromycin prescriptions increased 7% in 2020 compared to 2019, whereas doxycycline decreased by 7%. Concurrently, LRTI and URTI incidence fell by over half (58.3% and 54.4% respectively) while ILI rose slightly (6.4%). The overall percentage of RTI prescribed azithromycin rose by 42.1% between 2019 and 2020, doxycycline increased by 33%. Our adjusted IRR showed azithromycin prescribing was 22% higher in 2020 (IRR=1.22, 95%CI:1.19-1.26, p<0.0001), for every unit rise in confirmed COVID there was an associated 3% rise in prescription (IRR=1.026, 95%CI 1.024-1.0285, p<0.0001); whereas these measures were static for doxycycline. Conclusion PRINCIPLE trial flags scope for improvement in antimicrobial stewardship.


This paper compares market designs intended to solve the resource adequacy (RA) problem, and finds that, in spite of rivalrous claims, the most advanced designs have nearly converged. The original dichotomy between approaches based on long-term energy contracts and those based on short-term capacity markets spawned two design tracks. Long-term contracts led to call-option obligations which provide market-power control and the ability to strengthen performance incentives, but this approach fails to replace the missing money at the root of the adequacy problem. Hogan's energy-only market fills this gap. On the other track, the short-term capacity markets (ICAP) spawned long-term capacity market designs. In 2004, ISO New England proposed a short-term market with hedged performance incentives essentially based on high spot prices. In 2005 we developed for New England a forward capacity market with load obligated to purchase a target level of capacity covered by an energy call option. The two tracks have now converged on two conclusions: (1) High real-time energy prices should provide performance incentives. (2) High energy prices should be hedged with call options. We argue that two more conclusions are needed: (3) Capacity targets rather than high and volatile spot prices should guide investment, and (4) long-term physically based options should be purchased in a forward market for capacity. The result will be that adequacy is maintained, performance incentives are restored, market power and risks are reduced from present levels, and prices are hedged down to a level below the present price cap.


This paper analyzes the applications of artificial intelligence to the legal industry, specifically in the fields of legal research and contract drafting. First, it will look at the implications of artificial intelligence (A.I.) for the current practice of law. Second, it will delve into the future implications of A.I. on law firms and the possible regulatory challenges that come with A.I. The proliferation of A.I. in the legal sphere will give laymen (clients) access to the information and services traditionally provided exclusively by attorneys. With an increase in access to these services will come a change in the role that lawyers must play. A.I. is a tool that will increase access to cheaper and more efficient services, but non-lawyers lack the training to analyze and understand information it puts out. The role of lawyers will change to fill this role, namely utilizing these tools to create a better work product with greater efficiency for their clients.


Background and Aim: The effect of exercise training on Thyroid hormone secretion is a controversial topic. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of selected aerobic training on thyroxin (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and cortisol hormone levels in athlete and non-athlete women after exhaustive exercise sessions was performed. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study with pre and post, among the female volunteers, 20 women whom of which qualified were randomly selected and divided into two athlete (n=10) and non-athlete (n=10) groups. Subjects of both groups did exhaustive exercise (Bruce test) before and after eight weeks of progressive aerobic training (increasing running and climbing stairs with 45 to 85% of maximum heart rate and 3 times in a week). Blood samples were collected immediately after each session of exhaustive exercise and analyzed with a specific kit of the hormone and radio-immunoassay method. In order to compare the means, the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test was performed. Results: Results indicated that following eight weeks of aerobic training in the athletes group, the T3 (P=0.01) and T4 (P=0.002) hormones' levels in response to exhaustive activity significantly increased but these changes were not significant in non-athletes. On the other hand, the amounts of cortisol in response to this activity significantly decreased in both groups (P =0.04). Conclusion: Overall, results showed that regular aerobic exercise training can adjust cortisol response to physical stress in female athletes and non-athletes. This is while no considerable effect was seen on thyroid hormone levels T3 and T4.


"nvestigate the effects of variations in lease terms on the effective rents and effective rents per square metre of commercial properties in Frankfurt. A review of previous literature, largely based on cross-sectional hedonic price studies, will provide a framework for the discussion and evaluation of the application of cross-sectional hedonic rental analysis (the characteristics theory of value) to the analysis of the determinants of commercial rents in Frankfurt in 2007. eAtisreali, a major property company, provided data on transaction rents and other attributes for 555 commercial properties in and around Frankfurt in 2007. For a variety of reasons the data set to be analysed was reduced to 343 letting transactions. A model produced an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.84 for the rents of properties and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.65 for the rents per metre squared of the same properties. The models tested conventional attributes of the properties including physical factors such as size, quality features such as the degree of modernisation and location in the CBD or peripheral districts. However, the models also sought to test for variations in qualitative characteristics such as variations in lease terms. Thus this paper seeks to analyse the size and significance of and to evaluate the consequences of variations in lease terms for effective transactional rents. The authors are aware of philosophical, methodological and practical issues associated with the application of the characteristics theory of value in commercial property markets n these issues will be discussed and evaluated. Recommendations will be made for the development and application of pluralist quantitative/qualitative approaches to analysing and evaluating rents in commercial property markets.""


The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904-1940. By Richard W. Harrison. 366 pages. $39.95. Reviewed by Stephen J. Blank, Professor of National Security Studies, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. Operational art, or what Harrison calls "the theory and practice of waging war at the operational level," is a Russian theory and played a critical role in the development of Soviet military thought during the interwar period and after World War II. The Russian or Soviet military of 1921-39 was arguably the most theoretically advanced and profound in terms of thinking about the nature of future wars, the requirements for waging them, and about the conduct of operations (the actual practice of that theory, with which this book is not concerned, was probably a rather different affair). The military's attention to these issues, however, or, perhaps more precisely, its ability to learn from contemporary practice, was lost after 1936 due to the politicization of the military and all other Soviet thought, along with the purges throughout Russian society. Only through enormous and probably unnecessary suffering and travail did the Soviet army begin to relearn what it had known in the 1943-45 period and to build its postwar doctrine on that foundation. Because so much of the literature of the interwar period was banned or lost, Harrison has performed something of a miracle. This is a stunning piece of scholarship, for the author has resurrected this literature or discovered its analogues in the hitherto closed Soviet archives and he presents it to readers in exemplary style. In so doing Harrison demonstrates that the concept of operational art originated in Tsarist thinking and practice before and then during World War I as a direct outgrowth of the negative experiences of those wars and the subsequent civil war and war against Poland. Subsequently the concept of the operational level and of operational art developed haltingly, step by tragic step. The lessons that ultimately gave this concept substance emerged out of those horrible wars of 1914-21 which presented Soviet commanders with novel problems and circumstances, not to mention political and ideological requirements quite unlike what had occurred in Western Europe. After 1921 the Soviet debates regarding the nature and scope of the operational level, and its strategic and logistical requirements, grew steadily in sophistication among a brilliant group of Tsarist and Soviet military thinkers who fought endlessly and lethally over such issues. …


As more complex and distributed applications come into play in today's Internet architecture, the need to have the adequate network architecture to support them with greater speed at lower costs has gained importance. Evolution in the nature of the applications have started to put significant stress on the networks and data centers which have to accommodate the demands of the highly distributed applications. Even though dedicated load balancers for each server can be used, this method is not cost effective and it is vulnerable to congestion and failure. In order to circumvent this problem, dynamic load balancing schemes, which adapt themselves to real-time network traffic, should be adopted. Frequent monitoring of the network traffic allows the load to be distributed fairly over the resources, but since it increases the communication overhead in the network, it deteriorates the system performance in terms of throughput and latency. In this work, our goal is to investigate how fairness and network performance are affected by fine tuning the monitoring and flow rule timeout parameters of an OpenFlow-based dynamic load balancer for data centers which uses real-time network traffic to make traffic-adaptive routing decisions.


The prevalence of clinical obesity in Britain has doubled in the past decade. The Health of the Nation initiative has set ambitious targets for reversing the trend in recognition of the serious health burden which will accrue, but efforts to develop prevention and treatment strategies are handicapped by uncertainty as to the aetiology of the problem. It is generally assumed that ready access to highly palatable foods induces excess consumption and that obesity is caused by simple gluttony. There is evidence that a high fat diet does override normal satiety mechanisms. However, average recorded energy intake in Britain has declined substantially as obesity rates have escalated. The implication is that levels of physical activity, and hence energy needs, have declined even faster. Evidence suggests that modern inactive lifestyles are at least as important as diet in the aetiology of obesity and possibly represent the dominant factor.


BACKGROUND & AIMS
Persistent inflammation contributes to progression of liver damage in chronic HCV (cHCV) infection. Repeated exposure to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands results in tolerance, a protective mechanism aimed at limiting inflammation.

METHODS
Monocytes/macrophages were repeatedly stimulated via proinflammatory cytokine-inducing TLRs and evaluated for activation markers.

RESULTS
Unlike monocytes of controls or patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the monocytes of cHCV patients were hyperresponsive and failed to show homo- or heterotolerance to TLR ligands, manifested by elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production. Serum levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, endotoxin (TLR4 ligand), and HCV core protein (TLR2 ligand) were elevated in cHCV patients suggesting potential mechanisms for in vivo monocyte preactivation. Treatment of normal monocytes with IFN-gamma resulted in loss of tolerance to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or HCV core protein. Furthermore, we found increased levels of MyD88-IRAK1 complexes and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity both in monocytes of cHCV patients and in normal monocytes that lost TLR tolerance after IFN-gamma + LPS pretreatment. In vitro differentiation of TLR non-tolerant cHCV monocytes into macrophages restored their capacity to exhibit TLR tolerance to LPS and HCV core protein, and this could be reversed by administration of IFN-gamma. cHCV patients exhibited increased TNF-alpha in the circulation and in the liver. In cHCV livers, we found Kupffer cell/macrophage activation indicated by increased CD163 and CD33 expression.

CONCLUSIONS
We identified that host-derived factors (IFN-gamma and endotoxin) and viral factors (HCV core protein) act in tandem to induce and maintain monocyte/macrophage activation, thus favoring persistent inflammation in patients with cHCV infection.


A 12 year-old girl presented with a 10-month-history of the left lateral neck pain. The patient had been examined by eight physicians and multiple diagnoses had been made before. Despite treatments, neck pain had not been relieved and the intensity of the pain had gradually increased. On admission, there was local tenderness on the left side of the neck and cervical movements were restricted. The neurological examination and routine laboratory tests were normal. Except for decreasing cervical lordosis, of previous plain radiographs and magnetic resonance images of the cervical spine were normal. Based on clinical signs and symptoms, we suspected that the patient had a cervical mass. A soft tissue ultrasonography of the neck showed a suspicious bony hypertrophy or calcification-like lesion in the level of the fourth cervical vertebra. The subsequent computed tomography scanning confirmed a tumour in the left transverse process of the fourth cervical vertebra. After the tumour was excised, its pathological examination revealed osteoblastoma. Neck pain disappeared after surgery. Recurrence was not seen in the final follow-up. Careful clinical and radiologic evaluation should be performed in all pediatric patients with neck pain to rule out bone tumours. Although osteoblastoma is rare, diagnosis is commonly delayed and effective treatment is important to prevent neurologic complications and recurrence. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2009;55:89-93.


The objectives of the current work were to carry out a survey on timber sector in Mozambique and to determine chemical, calorific and machinability features of selected species. Mozambican timber sector was described as dominated by selective harvesting practices on a few hardwood species out of 118 species growing in the forest with potential for industrial timber. Selective logging is believed to be due to the demand in both domestic and international markets of traditionally used, and lack of technical data on lesser used species. In order to avert the negative effect of selective logging, this work argued the need to widen the resource base by studying lesser used species. Taking into account stock volumes recorded in the last forest inventory, the lesser used species, Acacia nigrescens Oliv, Icuria dunensis Wieringa, Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia Pax, and Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum were selected to assess their chemical, calorific and machinability features. Lesser used species were compared with traditionally used species, namely, Afzelia quanzensis Welwn, Milletia stuhlmannii Taub, Pericopsis angolensis Meeweven, and Pterocarpus angolensis DC, regarding chemical and calorific features. Aiming to get a thorough chemical characterization along radial direction, samples for chemical analyses were taken from sapwood, outer and inner heartwood. Chemical, proximate and ultimate analyses were performed according to standard methods. The contents of carbohydrates, extractive, ash, volatiles and high heating values were in ranges considered normal for tropical species. Contents of lignin and minerals were unexpectedly high in Pseudolachnostylis, reaching 37.51% and 2.2% (wt%, extractive free) on a dry basis, respectively. Based on the determined chemical features, it was concluded that Acacia and Pseudolachnostylis were similar to well-known, whereas Icuria and Sterculia differed from the known species. In ranking of all studied species using fuelwood value index (FVI), Acacia was best ranked, whereas Sterculia was worst ranked. Acacia, Pericopsis, Pseudolachnostylis and Sterculia, considered as lesser used in the study, were subjected to experiments for cutting forces and tool wearing measurements. Density measurements on samples for cutting forces and tool wearing experiments were performed with the aid of a CT scanner. Two different cutting tools 20˚ and 30˚ rake angle were used. Before cutting, the edge radius of the tools was measured. Main cutting force in 90˚-90˚ and 90˚-0˚ cutting directions were measured by piezoelectric gauge. Tool wearing experiments were performed on a shaper using cemented carbide tools for woodworking and fixed cutting conditions. Edge recession and tool wear radius were measured for monitoring tool wearing. Ranking the species using cutting forces only or tool wearing only for machinability recorded different earnings, and for measuring the net effect of machining output variables, this work suggested the Digraph and Matrix Method as an expeditious and integrated method to evaluate the machinability of lesser used species. Based on the calculated indexes, the easiest species to be machined was Sterculia, whereas the most difficult species to be machined was Acacia. Cutting forces earned by Acacia seemed to have been affected by anatomical features not measured in current work.


ABSTRACT The respiratory mycobiome is an important but understudied component of the human microbiota. Like bacteria, fungi can cause severe lung diseases, but their infection rates are much lower. This study compared the bacterial and fungal communities of sputum samples from a large cohort of 56 adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) during nonexacerbation periods and under continuous antibiotic treatment. Molecular fingerprinting based on single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis revealed fundamental differences between bacterial and fungal communities. Both groups of microorganisms were taxonomically classified by identification of gene sequences (16S rRNA and internal transcript spacer), and prevalences of single taxa were determined for the entire cohort. Major bacterial pathogens were frequently observed, whereas fungi of known pathogenicity in CF were detected only in low numbers. Fungal species richness increased without reaching a constant level (saturation), whereas bacterial richness showed saturation after 50 patients were analyzed. In contrast to bacteria, a large number of fungal species were observed together with high fluctuations over time and among patients. These findings demonstrated that the mycobiome was dominated by transient species, which strongly suggested that the main driving force was their presence in inhaled air rather than colonization. Considering the high exposure of human airways to fungal spores, we concluded that fungi have low colonization abilities in CF, and colonization by pathogenic fungal species may be considered a rare event. A comprehensive understanding of the conditions promoting fungal colonization may offer the opportunity to prevent colonization and substantially reduce or even eliminate fungus-related disease progression in CF.


Worldmaking is a fresh and compelling new take on the history of American diplomacy. Rather than retracing a familiar story of realism versus idealism, David Milne suggests that U.S. foreign policy has also been crucially divided between those who view statecraft as an art and those who believe it can aspire toward the certainties of science. Worldmaking follows a colorful cast of characters who built on each other's ideas to create the policies we have today. Woodrow Wilson's Universalism and moralism led Sigmund Freud to diagnose a messiah complex. Walter Lippmann was an internationally syndicated columnist who commanded the attention of leaders as diverse as Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Charles de Gaulle. Paul Wolfowitz was the intellectual architect of the 2003 invasion of Iraq—an ardent admirer of Wilson's attempt to "make the world safe for democracy." Each was engaged in a process of worldmaking, formulating strategies that sought to deploy the nation's vast military and economic power—or indeed its retraction through a domestic reorientation—to "make" a world in which America is best positioned to thrive. From the age of steam engines to the age of drones, Milne reveals patterns of aspirant worldmaking that have remained impervious to the passage of time. The result is a panoramic history of U.S. foreign policy driven by ideas and the lives and times of their creators.


BACKGROUND
Although proper outpatient asthma management sometimes requires care from subspecialists, there is little information on factors affecting receipt of subspecialty care in a managed care setting.

OBJECTIVE
To determine factors associated with receipt of subspecialty care for children with asthma in a managed care organization.

METHODS
We conducted an analysis of the claims from 3163 children with asthma enrolled in a university-based managed care organization from January 1998 to October 2000. We used logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with an outpatient asthma visit with an allergist or pulmonologist.

RESULTS
Of the 3163 patients, 443 (14%) had at least 1 subspecialist visit for asthma; 354 (80%) were seen by an allergist, 63 (14%) were seen by a pulmonologist, and 26 (6%) were seen by both. In multivariate analysis, patients with more severe asthma (odds ratio [OR], 3.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.99-4.86) and older patients (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07) were more likely to receive care from a subspecialist. Compared with Medicaid patients, both non-Medicaid patients with copayment (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.85-4.43) and non-Medicaid patients without any copayment (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.35-4.93) were more likely to receive care from an asthma subspecialist.

CONCLUSIONS
Children insured by Medicaid are less likely to receive care from subspecialists for asthma. Reasons may be due to health care system-related factors, such as accessibility of subspecialists, to physician referral decisions, and/or to patient factors, such as adherence to recommendations to see a subspecialist. Our findings suggest a need to further investigate health care system barriers, physician referral, and patient acceptance and completion of subspecialty referral.


The diffraction efficiency η of analog and quantized amplitude holograms is treated. Possible ways to manipulate η are discussed in terms of utilization of different kinds of freedom in the reconstructed field. Iterative methods to increase η are suggested, and experimental results are presented. The methods are based on iterative Fouriertransform algorithms. Results of iterative and noniterative quantization techniques are compared with respect to their dependence on the original analog hologram.


I. IntroductionThese are interesting times in the fight against fraud and corruption. The principal multilateral development banks (MDBs) ,1 mirroring and building upon trends in other areas of international cooperation, are converging on strategies of how to best address and encourage the development of coordinated governance and anticorruption (GAC) strategies. A growing, principles-based consensus of what the GAC agenda should be and how it should be advanced is emerging, particularly in the areas of "debarments"2- that is, decisions to exclude an entity or individual from receiving contracts and/or other benefits through MDB financing-as well as sanctions at large.3 In addition to establishing uniform, princi* pie-based standards for investigations among international financial institutions (IFIs), common definitions of sanctionable practices, and a common system of mutual enforcement of debarment or "cross-debarment," the MDBs also are working to further integrate and coordinate their respective systems.While room for further harmonization and improvement remains, the clear trend is towards an increasing convergence among the MDBs and, in certain respects, towards a broader convergence among a larger group of international actors. This trend should help to provide an even playing field across the market for international development work, thereby providing greater certainty to potential contractors and bidders. Harmonizing the systems regulating the international development market will help to ensure that a greater percentage of resources actually go to the sponsored development projects, which will increase the benefit to the intended beneficiaries of the projects-the poor. At the same time, such cooperation should help to further the spread of the rule of law through example and solidarity-that is, through the comportment of both the MDBs and contractors.This Essay will be divided into three parts: First, bearing in mind that other published materials have more closely examined the evolution of the World Bank's sanctions system,4 Part II will very briefly outline the legal basis, nature, and evolution of the sanctions system of the World Bank Group (WBG) .5 Then, Part III will consider the points of coordination, commonality, and harmonization among the MDBs, with particular attention being paid to cross-debarment. Finally, Part IV will consider possible lines for future developments among sanctions systems.II. The Evolution of the World Bank's Sanctions SystemA. Legal Basis for SanctionsWhile the WBG has been at the forefront of international organizations in the fight against fraud and corruption in development projects, for many years the World Bank (Bank) hesitated to address fraud and corruption directly.6 The Bank has always made efforts to prevent what is euphemistically referred to as "leakage" through fiduciary systems by putting in place procedures such as procurement rules, financial reporting and audits, and controls on disbursement.7 At the same time, a widespread perception existed that matters of governance and anti-corruption were political issues with little or no relevance to the Bank's mandate of economic development.8 More particularly, Bank involvement in these matters was construed as inevitably running afoul of the "political prohibition" in the Bank's Articles of Agreement.9 Notably, a similar prohibition exists for most of the other MDBs.10 Over time, however, the Bank has recognized the deleterious effects of corruption-on society at large and on economic development in particular.11 As a result, the Bank's thinking has evolved: today the Bank understands that, if properly implemented,12 efforts to fight corruption are not only acceptable but are actually necessary to fulfilling the Bank's mandate.13The Bank's sanctions system finds specific legal support in the Bank's "fiduciary duty"-its obligation under the Articles to ensure that loan proceeds are used for their intended purposes, with due attention to economy and efficiency. …


Phenolic acids are secondary plant metabolites that may have protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer in experimental studies. To date, limited data exist on the quantitative intake of phenolic acids. We estimated the intake of phenolic acids and their food sources and associated lifestyle factors in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Phenolic acid intakes were estimated for 36,037 subjects aged 35-74 years and recruited between 1992 and 2000 in ten European countries using a standardised 24 h recall software (EPIC-Soft), and their food sources were identified. Dietary data were linked to the Phenol-Explorer database, which contains data on forty-five aglycones of phenolic acids in 452 foods. The total phenolic acid intake was highest in Aarhus, Denmark (1265·5 and 980·7 mg/d in men and women, respectively), while the intake was lowest in Greece (213·2 and 158·6 mg/d in men and women, respectively). The hydroxycinnamic acid subclass was the main contributor to the total phenolic acid intake, accounting for 84·6-95·3% of intake depending on the region. Hydroxybenzoic acids accounted for 4·6-14·4%, hydroxyphenylacetic acids 0·1-0·8% and hydroxyphenylpropanoic acids ≤ 0·1% for all regions. An increasing south-north gradient of consumption was also found. Coffee was the main food source of phenolic acids and accounted for 55·3-80·7% of the total phenolic acid intake, followed by fruits, vegetables and nuts. A high heterogeneity in phenolic acid intake was observed across the European countries in the EPIC cohort, which will allow further exploration of the associations with the risk of diseases.


Multi-walled carbon nanotubes intertwined with porous Co3O4 nanoflakes (Co3O4/MWNT) have been hydrothermally synthesized to form a three dimensional network with superior electrical and ionic conductivity and tested as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The electrochemical measurements on the Co3O4/MWNT composites demonstrated a reversible capacity of 708 mA h g 1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g 1 and discharge capacities of 773, 805, 698, and 491 mA h g 1 at current densities of 100, 200, 400, and 800 mA g , respectively. The superior cycling and rate performances were attributed to the formed network structure, in which the entanglement and flexibility of MWNTs buffered the volume change of Co3O4 during the charge–discharge process and improved the electrical conductivity of the electrode.


BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have repeatedly been characterised as a population of chronically ill patients with a higher than normal prevalence of depression. Susceptibility for depression has been noted in patients with certain other chronic conditions. This systematic review was conducted to achieve a more definite answer to the question: do patients with COPD show a higher than normal prevalence of depression? METHODS Studies in English language journals were retrieved by an electronic search over the period from 1966 to December 1997 and by an extended search of reference lists, and were included or excluded according to a system of diagnostic and methodological criteria. RESULTS Ten studies were included, of which only four had a case-control design. Three of the case-control studies reported an increased prevalence of depression among patients with COPD which was statistically significant in only one. The fourth controlled study found a significantly increased depression score among COPD patients. Of the remaining six uncontrolled studies three found a high baseline prevalence of depression among their study group. CONCLUSIONS An association between COPD and depression was found in the four controlled studies. The two methodologically best conducted studies that did not detect a statistically significant higher prevalence lacked power. The two studies that did find a significant association used a questionable depression measure. The prevalence of depression was high compared with general population figures in three of six non-controlled studies. The empirical evidence for a significant risk of depression in patients with COPD remains inconclusive, due to the poor methodological quality of most of the published studies, the lack of studies with an adequate sample size, and variability in instruments and cut off scores used to measure depression.


A large number of model probability density functions (PDFs) are used to analyze atmospheric scintillation statistics. We have analyzed scintillation data from two different experimental setups covering a range of scintillation strengths to determine which candidate model PDFs best describe the experimental data. The PDFs were fitted to the experimental data using the method of least squares. The root-mean-squared fitting error was used to monitor the goodness of fit. The results of the fitting were found to depend strongly on the scintillation strength. We find that the log normally modulated Rician and the log normal PDFs are the best fit to the experimental data over the range of scintillation strengths encountered.


Breeding sites of the Japanese Murrelet Synthliboramphus wumizusume are restricted to some small islands off Japan, but its breeding behavior and postbreeding dispersal are poorly known. On May 2003, an observation of a chick was reported in the south of Boso Peninsula, southeast Japan. On 16 May 2006, I observed two adults and two putative chicks of the Japanese Murrelet, on the coast of Tateyama City at the south end of Boso peninsula. This site is c. 70 km away from the nearest islands where this species is known to breed.


Abstract. We have carried out an inter-comparison between EddyUH and EddyPro®, two public software packages for post-field processing of eddy covariance data. Datasets including carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour fluxes measured over 2 months at a wetland in southern Finland and carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes measured over 3 months at an urban site in Helsinki were processed and analysed. The purpose was to estimate the flux uncertainty due to the use of different software packages and to evaluate the most critical processing steps, determining the largest deviations in the calculated fluxes. Turbulent fluxes calculated with a reference combination of processing steps were in good agreement, the systematic difference between the two software packages being up to 2.0 and 6.7 % for half-hour and cumulative sum values, respectively. The raw data preparation and processing steps were consistent between the software packages, and most of the deviations in the estimated fluxes were due to the flux corrections. Among the different calculation procedures analysed, the spectral correction had the biggest impact for closed-path latent heat fluxes, reaching a nocturnal median value of 15 % at the wetland site. We found up to a 43 % median value of deviation (with respect to the run with all corrections included) if the closed-path carbon dioxide flux is calculated without the dilution correction, while the methane fluxes were up to 10 % lower without both dilution and spectroscopic corrections. The Webb–Pearman–Leuning (WPL) and spectroscopic corrections were the most critical steps for open-path systems. However, we found also large spectral correction factors for the open-path methane fluxes, due to the sensor separation effect.


This study was conducted in three Shehias within Micheweni district, Pemba to assess the extent of climate change impacts and crop yields. Specifically, the study aimed to identify and assess climate change impacts to small scale farmers, assess the link between precipitation, temperature, sea level rise, crop/fish production, identify and assess climate change adaptation strategies by small-scale farmers in the District. Primary data were obtained through focus group discussions, key informants and households. Household questionnaires and checklists were used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data to obtain information from respondents. In each Shehia, a sample of 30 households was randomly selected from the register for household interviews. Climate data were obtained from Pemba Meteorological Headquater at Chake Chake Airport and the Matangatuani station. Secondary data were extracted from literature review. Data analysis was done using excel (to get descriptive statistics), Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), correlation analysis and content analysis methods. The trend of climate measured for the last 30 years showed decreasing precipitation and increased temperatures. The highest annual average rainfall was 196.2 mm (1986) and the lowest 72.5 mm (2001) measured at the Matangatuani Meteorological station. Crop failure, low crop production, soil infertility, crop pests / diseases and sea water intrusion were major climate change impacts. Results indicated annual decrease of crop production in the past 10 years, with pests and diseases, uneven distributed low rainfall and extended drought periods. Crop rotation, use of improved seeds and new crop varieties, fertilizer application, irrigation, mixed cropping and adjusting sowing dates were some of adaptation strategies. Sea water rise and intrusion constrained paddy farms production where fish and salt farming contributed to environmental degradation in farming areas. The decrease of crop production resulted mostly from climate variations; hence community should establish short term and drought resistant crops.


The purpose was to examine relationships between individual characteristics, leadership, group cohesion, and risk and safety attitudes among Swedish conscripts (N = 389). The longitudinal questionnaire study revealed positive associations between safety-specific leadership and safety attitudes, while safety skepticism and leadership promoting risk taking were associated with stronger attitudes of necessary risk taking. Attitudes of unnecessary risk taking, on the other hand, were negatively related to safety-specific leadership and group cohesion, but positively associated with safety fatalism and leadership promoting risk taking. Decreases in safety attitudes were found between basic and unit training. The results highlight the importance of a balanced leadership.


The aim of the paper is to analyse the features of the digital labour connected with the so-called platform economy. Many platform-based business models rely on a new composition of capital capable of capturing personal information and transforming it into big data. Starting with the example of the Facebook business model, we explain the valorisation process at the core of platform capitalism, stressing the relevance of digital labour, to clarify the crucial distinction between labour and work. Our analysis differs from Fuchs and Sevignani's thesis about digital work and digital labour and seems consistent with the idea that Facebook extracts a rent from the information produced by the free labour of its users.


Purpose: The study analyzes culinary tourism owned by restaurants in South Tangerang City to find out whether there is tourist satisfaction and what are the factors that can provide culinary tourists' satisfaction. This research is also to find out, whether a restaurant in South Tangerang City has become a popular culinary destination. Design/Methodology/Approach: Respondent data collected on tabulations, processed and analyzed by SEM Wrap PLS. Findings: The results show a positive and significant relationship between service quality and tourist satisfaction, a positive and significant relationship between service quality and tourist loyalty through tourist satisfaction. The results also show a positive and significant relationship between tourist satisfaction and tourist loyalty. Practical Implications: For entrepreneurs in the field of culinary tourism to develop strategies to increase the value of a culinary tourism service product. Providing benefits for the development of halal culinary tourism. Helping the South Tangerang City government in developing halal culinary tourism. Originality/Value: The study provides a deeper understanding of the desires of culinary tourists to restaurants in South Tangerang City.


In establishing National Bioethics Organisations (NBOs), liberal democracies seek to acknowledge the diversity of strongly held ethical positions and the imperative to engage in public debate about important bioethical decisions. NBOs are typically given a range of responsibilities, including contributing to and stimulating public debate; providing expert opinion on relevant issues for policy deliberations; and developing public policy. The state is now found to have an interest in areas previously thought to be a matter of individual choice. NBOs can provide one way of opening up public debate to allow the diversity of views to be heard in a manner that is well-informed, articulate and responsive to both expert and 'lay' public views. We draw on debates in political theory about democratic decision-making and on the policy making roles of some key NBOs. We are particularly interested in examining the capacity of NBOs to meet the democratic ideal of effective participation by the public, or citizenry, especially by those who are directly affected by the policies, in the development of effective public policy. We provide a basic framework for policy development involving NBOs that can begin to meet this ideal, a process of 'contested deliberation'.