As database application performance depends on the utilization of the disk and memory hierarchy, and the speed gap between the processor and memory components widens, smart data placement plays a central role in increasing locality and in improving memory utilization. Existing techniques, however, do not optimize accesses to all levels of memory hierarchy and for all the different workloads, because each storage level uses different technology (cache, memory, disks) and each application accesses data using different (often conflicting) patterns. This paper introduces Clotho, a new buffer pool and storage management architecture. Clotho decouples in-memory page layout from data organization on non-volatile storage devices, enabling independent data layout design at each level of the storage hierarchy. Using Clotho, a DBMS can maximize cache and memory utilization by (a) transparently using appropriate data layouts on memory and non-volatile storage, and (b) dynamically synthesizing data pages to follow application access patterns at each level as needed. Clotho enables (a) independently-tailored page layouts for dynamically changing as well as compound workloads, and (b) use of alternative technologies at each level (e.g., disk arrays or MEMS-based storage devices). We describe the Clotho design and implementation using disk array logical volumes and simulated MEMS-based storage devices, and we evaluate performance under a variety of workloads.


The mechanism of the thermal imidization of solid-state polyamic acid was studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using the two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy method. It is assumed that two isomers exist in a polyamic acid segment: one is called the para-segment, which favors imidization reaction, the other is the meta-segment, which is not in favor for imidization unless the temperature is high enough. The results show that the imidization process differs for the two states of polyamic acid segments. The para-segment is more sensitive to the heat environment for the formation of imide ring, and it will take several intermediate steps to complete the ring closure at the aid of the solvent. As for the meta-segment, the ring will be closed before the imide formation due to the powerful energy provided in the high-temperature environment, and the ever-increasing chain rigidity and the loss of solvent during the heating process make this path the only option to continue the imidization process.


Conversations on social media networks that discuss a crisis incident as it unfolds have become a norm in recent years. Left to its own devices, such conversations could quickly degenerate into rumor mills. Little research has thus far examined the correction of rumors on social media. Using the thirdperson effect as a theoretical underpinning, we developed a model of collective rumor correction on social media based on an incident surrounding the death hoax of a political figure. Tweets from Twitter were collected and analyzed for the period when a spike of circulating rumors speculating the demise of Singapore's first prime minister was detected. Corrections of the rumor also went viral on the same day. Our study reveals that corrective behavior during a death hoax situation on Twitter is characterized by affirmative and rational rebuttals verifiable by credible sources. While the inclusion of credible sources is essential for both rumor diffusion and corrections, correcting a rumor differs from its diffusion in that unambiguity and low emotional levels are crucial. Key characteristics of collective rumor correction identified by this study have implications for both theory and practice. We discussed these implications together with the study's limitations and suggestions for future research.


Several researchers have established a link between the presence of house mouse (Mus domesticus) infestations and detrimental effects on human health. Controlling mouse infestations therefore requires methods that are quick, safe and effective. A tamper-resistant bait station with a wax block which is manufactured to fit within it so that it cannot be shaken out is considered the safest way to present the bait. However, some authors have expressed concern about the efficacy of this method. Research to examine the effects of bait stations on the feeding of mice infesting domestic dwellings was undertaken in the city of Manchester, UK. Working in conjunction with Manchester City Council, suitable sites were found. A balanced Latin Square experimental design was employed to overcome any operational biases that could have occurred. Non-toxic baits were presented in one of four ways: whole wheat in a cardboard box; whole wheat in a open tray; whole wheat in a tamper-resistant box; and a non-toxic wax block in a tamper-resistant box. Baits were placed in four different locations within dwellings and during the feeding trial; the bait stations were rotated, so that each bait type was presented in each location. The bait take from 12 dwellings within 3 housing blocks was recorded. Three-quarters of the bait consumed during the trial was taken from the cardboard box. No bait was taken from the tamper-resistant box containing the wax block. Risk assessments should drive the approach adopted in presenting rodenticide. Dwellings where vulnerable adults/children/pets are present may represent a risk of accidental poisoning may require a regime with tamper-resistant bait boxes containing wax blocks, to prevent baits being accessed. However, a balance between the safest and the most effective presentation of bait is needed and in areas where there is unlikely to be any access to baits (e.g. behind kitchen kickboards), use of alternatives must remain to ensure the shift resolution of infestations. Where bait can be placed safely and there are no children or pets present, cardboard boxes provide an effective means of ensuring that bait is consumed by the mice infesting domestic dwellings.


Abstract
 There is little published information on this plant pathogenic fungus, which is limited to parts of Asia. It infects Rubus spp., which exist in other regions of the world with similar environmental conditions; therefore this species may pose a threat to native or agricultural plants if introduced.


Online and media cultures have a dominant influence on modern society. This type of culture is characterized by specific forms of expression and ethical and aesthetic features mediated by technology. Virtual communication is one reflection of the phenomena of culture reflected through technology. The chapter identifies the typology of virtual communication using a systems approach as an example of online and media culture. This is based on the analysis of the development of social networks and forms of communication and shows the trends in the dynamics of virtual communication. The new environment, with its distinctive characteristics, indicators, forms, and images, creates new opportunities and new risks for humans and their cultures.


Are the federal sentencing practices too tough? This Article answers that question in light of the purposes of criminal sentencing: just punishment and crime control. The Article contents that the Federal Sentencing Guidelines satisfy both of these goals but that mandatory minimum sentences are redundant and should be reconsidered. On the dimension of just punishment, the Guidelines generally track social norms by providing prison sentences that are consistent with the public's view of appropriate punishment. On the dimension of crime control, the Guidelines create significant incapacitative and deterrence benefits by prescribing substantial penalties for serious federal crimes with high costs to victims. The Article concludes that, given this strong potential as cost-effective crime control measures, it is hard to understand how the Guidelines can be deemed too severe. It further finds that the mandatory minimum sentences serve only to prevent downward departures from the Guidelines in unusual cases, which can lead to possible injustices in particular cases.


Abstract. We present HYPERstream, an innovative streamflow routing scheme based on the width function instantaneous unit hydrograph (WFIUH) theory, which is specifically designed to facilitate coupling with weather forecasting and climate models. The proposed routing scheme preserves geomorphological dispersion of the river network when dealing with horizontal hydrological fluxes, irrespective of the computational grid size inherited from the overlaying climate model providing the meteorological forcing. This is achieved by simulating routing within the river network through suitable transfer functions obtained by applying the WFIUH theory to the desired level of detail. The underlying principle is similar to the block-effective dispersion employed in groundwater hydrology, with the transfer functions used to represent the effect on streamflow of morphological heterogeneity at scales smaller than the computational grid. Transfer functions are constructed for each grid cell with respect to the nodes of the network where streamflow is simulated, by taking advantage of the detailed morphological information contained in the digital elevation model (DEM) of the zone of interest. These characteristics make HYPERstream well suited for multi-scale applications, ranging from catchment up to continental scale, and to investigate extreme events (e.g., floods) that require an accurate description of routing through the river network. The routing scheme enjoys parsimony in the adopted parametrization and computational efficiency, leading to a dramatic reduction of the computational effort with respect to full-gridded models at comparable level of accuracy. HYPERstream is designed with a simple and flexible modular structure that allows for the selection of any rainfall-runoff model to be coupled with the routing scheme and the choice of different hillslope processes to be represented, and it makes the framework particularly suitable to massive parallelization, customization according to the specific user needs and preferences, and continuous development and improvements.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to characterize patient antibodies before and after cadaver and/or living-donor kidney transplantation and to correlate these data with the clinical course after transplantation.

METHODS
Sera from 69 cadaver, 9 living-related and 2 patients waiting for living-donor kidney transplantation were analyzed by the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) test, flow cytometry (FCXM) and ELISA.

RESULTS
FCXM revealed that 15.0% of patients before transplantation and 16.7% after transplantation had antibodies to donor cells. 10.3% patients were positive before and after transplantation (+/+), while 6.8% developed antibodies early after transplantation (-/+). Analysis of the specificity of those antibodies by ELISA showed that it was directed to: 1) mismatched donor HLA antigens 2) antigens belonging to the same cross-reacting group (CREG) as the mismatched donor antigens 3) HLA antigens not expressed by donor cells or, probably, to non-HLA antigens.

CONCLUSION
Anti-HLA antibodies were detected in patients before and after transplantation and in most cases their anti-HLA specificity could be determined. Fast and precise characterization of antibodies in patients before and after transplantation can be performed by both sensitive methods--FCXM and ELISA--which may help predict the onset of immunological complications and, consequently, improve the prognosis after organ transplantation.


Purpose: This investigation collected clinical and radiographic data from a retrospective chart review of patients receiving ferric sulfate pulpotomies with a sub-base of zinc oxide eugenol in a clinical practice over a five-year period. Methods and Materials: Clinical and radiographic data were available for 242 primary molars in 171 children with follow-up times ranging from 4-57 mos (mean=19 mos). Results: The overall radiographic success rate ranged from 7480%. The frequency of normal appearing pulps decreased over time. The most frequently observed pulpal responses were calcific metamorphosis (6-33%) and internal resorption (7-18%). Overall clinical success was 99%. Only 9 of the 242 teeth were extracted due to radiographic and/or clinical failure. A survival analysis demonstrated that the overall cumulative probability of survival remained high over time with a cumulative survival of over 90% after 3 years. Conclusions: The overall success rates in this study are lower than those reported previously in the literature for ferric sulfate pulpotomies, but are comparable with those reported for 1:5 dilution, 5-min formocresol pulpotomies. (Pediatr Dent 22:192-199, 2000)


Supercritical CO2 Brayton Power cycle is getting commercially attractive for power generation due to its numerous advantages like zero water discharge, compactness, low environmental emission and potential to reach high thermal efficiency. A typical recuperated sCO2 closed cycle consists of three heat exchangers (main heat exchanger, cooler and recuperator) and two turbomachinery (sCO2 turbine and sCO2 compressor). The cooler using ambient air for cooling is the focus of this study. Steady state air cooler model is set up to study the effect of air cooler size on cycle efficiency. The effect of change in ambient air temperature on air cooler pinch point for different air cooler sizes is analyzed using transient air cooler model. The simulation is setup for design of approximately 100MWe sCO2 cycle with operating temperature of 700° C and pressure of 250 barA. Transient calculations are done using LMS AMESim. LMS AMESim is Siemens PLM commercially available software. This work thus serves as a framework to develop a design basis for air cooler in sCO2 cycle as a function of transient operating conditions.


England first adopted Germanic law banning nonpossessory secured transactions because at the time, England was controlled by the Normans. The ban persisted as long as statutes favored alternative security devices, namely the pledge and the collusive judgment, the major competing security device. But the allowance of interest after 1571 obviated the advantage of the pledge to surreptitiously generate interest under the usury ban. The 1677 Statute of Frauds destroyed the priority of the collusive judgment, changing its priority from date of the judgment entered to the delivery of the writ of execution to the sheriff for execution. The nonpossessory secured transaction appeared shortly thereafter in both England and America. When challenged by third parties during the eighteenth century, the Anglo-American nonpossessory secured transaction faced threats from the 1571 Fraudulent Conveyance Statute and the reputed ownership clause of the 1624 Bankruptcy Statute. Courts generally upheld these transactions under the absolute-conditional rule, and later the rebuttable rule devised to allow oral transactions in compliance with the sale of goods provision of the 1677 Statute of Frauds. Only where the reputed ownership clause applied, for English merchants in bankruptcy proceedings and later for Pennsylvania merchants, did the courts strike down the nonpossessory secured transaction as fraudulent. By focusing on the few Pennsylvania cases applying the per se fraud rule, and then only after 1819, the fraudulent theorists cut off any attempt to understand the reason for the transaction. The transaction long served a useful function to compel compliance with promises after the collapse of the collusive judgment in 1677 until made fraudulent by the chattel mortgage acts.


Abstract The government reached its 2019 goal of 72% for the employment rate. Yet, the policymaking arena has already rushed to raise the target to 75%. This official employment rate, which measures the share of the employed in the 15–64 aged population, however, conceals large differences both between and within age groups. Particularly problematic is that it overlooks the weak employment situation of those with only a primary education and of persons of foreign background born abroad. In view of this it may be asked whether the official employment rate really is to be considered as a reasonable goal and guiding principle for employment policies. It includes school-aged groups and even youngsters still obliged to participate in compulsory education. It neglects the fact that growing numbers of adults leave working life for upskilling or reskilling due to rapid technological change. Hence, the activity rate (the joint share of students and employed) would be a more relevant indicator especially in the case of youngsters but increasingly so also for adults. Left aside are also key questions such as: Why has the employment rate risen in some age groups but not in others? What is the quality of the employment relationships underlying the observed increase in employment? The design of policy measures needs to be supported by information on group-specific employment rates supplemented with more precise quantitative as well as qualitative indicators.


Though image-to-sequence generation models have become overwhelmingly popular in human-computer communications, they suffer from strongly favoring safe generic questions (``What is in this picture?''). Generating uninformative but relevant questions is not sufficient or useful. We argue that a good question is one that has a tightly focused purpose --- one that is aimed at expecting a specific type of response. We build a model that maximizes mutual information between the image, the expected answer and the generated question. To overcome the non-differentiability of discrete natural language tokens, we introduce a variational continuous latent space onto which the expected answers project. We regularize this latent space with a second latent space that ensures clustering of similar answers. Even when we don't know the expected answer, this second latent space can generate goal-driven questions specifically aimed at extracting objects (``what is the person throwing''), attributes, (``What kind of shirt is the person wearing?''), color (``what color is the frisbee?''), material (``What material is the frisbee?''), etc. We quantitatively show that our model is able to retain information about an expected answer category, resulting in more diverse, goal-driven questions. We launch our model on a set of real world images and extract previously unseen visual concepts.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate which ethical considerations play a role in the assessment of absenteeism due to sickness and of disability, and how these are dealt with.

DESIGN
Qualitative, exploratory study.

METHOD
We conducted interviews with 32 individual professional practitioners: 8 occupational health physicians, 8 insurance company physicians, 8 general practitioners, and 8 psychologists, with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire. During the interview we differentiated between 4 clusters of questions referring to the ethical, legal, interdisciplinary, and professional context, respectively. The study revealed only the spectrum of ethical considerations that played a role, and not the representativeness. For this reason the results did not allow for quantitative conclusions.

RESULTS
Differences in the manner of thinking and behaving between health-care providers stem from differences in ethical considerations and in background beliefs. These differences hinder effective cooperation within the occupational health sector.

CONCLUSION
To improve professional performance and to achieve more responsible decision-making those involved need to be aware of their ethical considerations and background beliefs and to make them explicit, possibly with the aid of a checklist.


The tumour promoter and protein kinase C agonist, 12-O-tetranodecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), has been reported to show a radiomimetic action because it transiently delays the passage of HeLa cells through the G2 phase, as do ionizing radiation and other DNA damaging agents. Caffeine is known to override the G2 delay imposed by DNA damage; it is shown here that caffeine does not override the radiomimetic delay imposed by TPA in HeLa, but instead enhances it, without affecting G2 progression in control cells. Most of the other agents which more specifically affect some of the diverse range of caffeine targets either do not affect G2 progression after TPA, or delay G2 progression in control cells and exert a further delay in the presence of TPA. The exception is 2-aminopurine, a protein kinase inhibitor which has been shown to have an action similar to that of caffeine is allowing progression of the cell cycle to mitosis after the inhibition of DNA synthesis, without affecting normal cycle progression through G2. This agent, like caffeine, also has the contrary action of retarding cycle progression after TPA. It is concluded that the G2 delays induced by ionizing radiation and by TPA operate by different mechanisms, which are modulated in opposite senses by mechanisms involving protein kinase inhibition.


The question of how to structure and package the residential experience is a deeply interesting and difficult one. How physically large or small should residential holdings be? How densely should they be clustered? Should spaces for working, recreating, cooking, and bathing be contained within the private residential unit, shared with other households, or procured a la carte? How permanent should the connection be between a household and a living space? How much control should households have over the environment surrounding the dwelling unit? Answers to these and many other queries differ both within and between societies. This keynote address, delivered at Academia Sinica's Fourth Conference on Law and Economic Analysis in June 2012, shows how a law and economics perspective that emphasizes problems of scale can illuminate the task of configuring residential property optimally.


When a mobile robot is deployed in a field environment, e.g., during a disaster response application, the capability of adapting its navigational behaviors to unstructured terrains is essential for effective and safe robot navigation. In this paper, we introduce a novel joint terrain representation and apprenticeship learning approach to implement robot adaptation to unstructured terrains. Different from conventional learning-based adaptation techniques, our approach provides a unified problem formulation that integrates representation and apprenticeship learning under a unified regularized optimization framework, instead of treating them as separate and independent procedures. Our approach also has the capability to automatically identify discriminative feature modalities, which can improve the robustness of robot adaptation. In addition, we implement a new optimization algorithm to solve the formulated problem, which provides a theoretical guarantee to converge to the global optimal solution. In the experiments, we extensively evaluate the proposed approach in real-world scenarios, in which a mobile robot navigates on familiar and unfamiliar unstructured terrains. Experimental results have shown that the proposed approach is able to transfer human expertise to robots with small errors, achieve superior performance compared with previous and baseline methods, and provide intuitive insights on the importance of terrain feature modalities.


The objective of this study was to determine factors that can predict the intellectual performance and educational attainment of adolescents living in poverty. Data of Mexican adolescents from rural and urban areas (N = 1,093, 55.8% male, 61% urban) and their mothers were analyzed. The data came from a probabilistic sample with national representativeness of beneficiary households of the governmental program to fight poverty Oportunidades. Mothers and children were surveyed separately at home using questionnaires. Results from structural equations modeling revealed that higher intellectual performance was determined by older age, higher maternal intellectual performance and education, more adequate parenting practices, fewer siblings, and less insecure neighborhoods. Higher educational attainment was predicted by older age, higher intellectual performance, and more psychological resources. Data explained 25% of the variance of intellectual performance, and 39% of the variance of educational attainment. Results are discussed regarding the possibility of enhancing intellectual performance and education.


One of the educational development problems is the gap in the quality of education between regions and community groups, as well as gender. This article has examined gender, religion, patriarchy and the educational discrimination faced by coastal women who are a part of the Madura culture in East Java. This study employed a qualitative approach by interviewing 70 informants who consisted of school dropouts, the parents of daughters who had dropped out, teachers, and community leaders. This study found there to be several key findings. In the Madura culture, the concept of gender for women is always associated with the domestic roles. Madurese women experience cultural and structural pressure regarding gender equality, especially for the women coming from poor families. The patriarchal culture is perpetuated through religious dogma and it has become a way of life and a code of conduct. The phenomenon of gender inequality faced by women in Indonesian society, such as in the coastal regions of East Java, cannot be separated from the existence of a patriarchal culture which is a way of life and a code of conduct. Coastal women do not only experience cultural pressure due to the patriarchal culture but they also experience structural pressure. This is because most of them come from poor families. Gender equality is difficult to achieve, particularly for Madurese women living on the coast due to their low socioeconomic status. The relevant empowerment model in the coastal communities related to gender inequality in education. This could start by reconstructing the thoughts of the coastal communities about gender through the existing socioreligious institutions, both formal and informal. In addition, there must be an economic empowerment of the coastal families. This is so then the daughters no longer become victims who must bear the economic burden of the family by dropping out of school or entering into early marriage.


Transverse mass and rapidity distributions for charged pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons are reported for square root of [sNN]=200 GeV pp and Au+Au collisions at Relativistic Heary Ion Collider (RHIC). Chemical and kinetic equilibrium model fits to our data reveal strong radial flow and long duration from chemical to kinetic freeze-out in central Au+Au collisions. The chemical freeze-out temperature appears to be independent of initial conditions at RHIC energies.


Dr DORIS ODLUM (Poole, Dorset) writes: ... When electric convulsion therapy (ECT) first became available after 1938 (leading article, 4 October, p 1) it proved to be a tremendous boon in cutting short the attack of "endogenous" depression and restoring the patient to his normal mood. For some years the method of application was crude and distressing to the patients, but even so a great mnany people accepted it and were most grateful for it. Since then the methods have been greatly improved, but with the introduction of the antidepressant drugs there has been a tendency to undervalue and to delay or avoid using ECT in cases where it would be of great benefit in cutting short the illness. TIhis is much to be regretted and deprives many people of the help they and their families so greatly need. My own experience has chiefly been as a consultant psychiatrist in general hospitals in London and the provinces and in private practice. My patients have therefore all been entirely free agents. I do not remember any who regretted their acceptance of ECT and can recall hundreds who had good reason to bless it.


The aim of the study was to determine the farm level technical efficiency and its determinants among smallholder sugarcane farmers in Malava Sub-county, Western Kenya. Primary data were collected using questionnaires from a sample of 384 farmers through systematic random sampling.  The study applied stochastic frontier analysis and Tobit regression analysis using computer software STATA. The results found that technical efficiency of sugarcane farmers ranges from almost zero to 0.9829, with mean value of 0.7069, implying that an average farmer could increase sugarcane productivity by 29.31% at the existing level of resources. Maximum likelihood estimate of technical efficiency depicted that the use of fertilizer, labour, seed-cane and farm size are positive and significant at 1% level in determining technical efficiency. Tobit regression analysis showed that education, farming experience, family size, credit access and extension services were positive and significant in contributing to technical efficiency. However, age of the farmer, farm distance from home and contract engagement was negatively influencing technical efficiency. The study recommends the Kenyan government to formulate policies that ensure provision of quality extension services, increased credit access and education among smallholder sugarcane farmers. The results also recommended the need for a review of the existing contract engagement policies among sugarcane farmers.

 Key words: Technical efficiency, stochastic frontier analysis, tobit, sugarcane.


The biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and protein are essential processes which cells carry out in different ways. The regulation of these processes varies from cell to cell but ultimately enhances the production of desired products as well as gives a better understanding to the functionality of the genes. The process that cells and viruses use to regulate the way the information in their genes is turned into gene products varies. Although a functional gene product may be an RNA or a protein, the majority of known mechanisms regulate protein coding genes. Any step of the gene's expression may be modulated, from DNA-RNA transcription to the post-translational modification of a protein. In cloning the regulation of the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein occurs in the individual process resulting in the outcome of a 'perfectly' cloned gene. Furthermore, gene regulation drives the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, leading to the creation of different cell types in multicellular organisms. This review takes a look at some of the ways in which these processes are regulated. ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY


OBJECTIVE
This study aims to investigate the demographic, toxicological characteristics of the mad honey intoxication at ages 65 and above, to analyze the electrocardiographic parameters, and to compare with the mad honey intoxication at ages below 65 years.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Eighty-two patients, who had been treated and followed-up between June 2013 and November 2014 in the Emergency Service of the Findikli State Hospital, Turkey, due to diagnosis of mad honey intoxication, were included in our observational study. Age, gender, toxicological characteristics, laboratory parameters, heart rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, laboratory analyses and electrocardiographic data of the patients were recorded and analyzed. Patients with known coronary artery disease, chronic renal failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, history of thyroid disease and electrolyte imbalance were not included in the study.

RESULTS
Eighty-two (80.5% was male and the mean age was 53 ± 15 years) patients followed-up due to mad honey intoxication were included in our study. There were 64 (78%) patients aged below 65 years, and 18 (22%) patients aged 65 and above. The mean heart rate was 45 ± 7 beats/min, systolic blood pressure was 83 ± 12 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was 52 ± 9 mmHg on admission. The onset of symptoms of the patients was found as 0.84 hours on average after mad honey consumption, the average amount of honey consumed was 3.7 ± 1.1 tablespoons, and the mean recovery time of the symptoms was found to be 1.04 hours. The most common presenting symptoms were nausea-vomiting in 82 (100%) patients and dizziness in 73 (89%) patients. Patients were found to consume mad honey mostly for achieving a remission in gastrointestinal complaints (n=18, 22%), and for utilizing its blood pressure lowering properties (n=11, 13.4%), in addition to the dietary consumption. Looking at the heart rates of the patients on admission to the emergency service, 65 (79.3%) patients had normal sinus rhythm/sinus bradycardia, 12 (14.6%) patients had a 1st degree atrioventricular block, 3 (3.7%) patients had nodal rhythm, 1 (1.2%) patient had atrial fibrillation and 1 (1.2%) patient had preexcitation. There were no significant pathological findings in the routine laboratory examinations of patients. It was found that all patients achieved normal sinus rhythm and normal blood pressure values after medical treatment, and were discharged approximately 5.65 hours after observation and follow-up. In our study, prolonged intensive-care need, pacemaker need and mortality caused by mad honey intoxication were not found. In the comparison of data of all patients above and below 65 years of age, there was a statistically significant finding that the geriatric patients consume mad honey mostly for hypotensive purposes and gastrointestinal complaints; in addition, the symptoms were starting early and the recovery period was longer in geriatric patients.

CONCLUSIONS
The mad honey poisoning should be considered in previously healthy patients with unexplained symptoms of bradycardia, hypotension, and atrioventricular block. Therefore, diet history should carefully be obtained from the patients admitted with bradycardia and hypotension. And, in addition to the primary cardiac, neurological and metabolic disorders, mad honey intoxication should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. In geriatric patients admitted due to mad honey intoxication, the mad honey is usually consumed to reduce blood pressure and resolve gastrointestinal problems; and, their symptoms begin early, and last longer after mad honey consumption. In terms of other parameters, the geriatric age group has similar characteristics to non-geriatric age group.


In recent years, expanded porphyrins have emerged as a promising class of π-conjugated molecules that display unique electronic, optical and conformational properties. Several expanded porphyrins can switch between planar and twisted conformations, which have different photophysical properties. Such a change of topology involves a Hückel-Möbius aromaticity switch in a single molecule and it can be induced by solvent, pH and metallation. These features make expanded porphyrins suitable for the development of a novel type of molecular switches for molecular electronic devices. Octaphyrins consisting of eight pyrrole rings, exhibit twisted-Hückel, Möbius and Hückel π-conjugation topologies depending on the oxidation and protonation state, with distinct electronic structures and aromaticity. Our working hypothesis is that a significant change in the conductance of expanded porphyrins will be observed after the topology switching. Despite the potential of Hückel-Möbius systems as conductance switches, the relationship between the conductance and the molecular topology is not yet understood. We have explored the performance of local descriptors of conductivity in simple molecules, as well as the relationship with conductance. Since these indexes provide a qualitative measure of delocalization and conductance in the probe molecules, we have carried out a local analysis of electrical conductance changes as a function of the π-conjugation in two examples. In one of them, the locality of the electronic changes ensures the ability of these indexes to describe the conductance as local. Moreover, it enables to identify which conformational switch would be more efficient from an electronic device perspective. However, we also show that it is not always possible to reduce conductance changes to one bond, and in those molecules where a deep rearrangement occurs far from the structural perturbation, local measures show a limited efficiency. This is a first step for the description of the connection between the molecular structure and conductance in molecular switches.


The spacesuit, particularly the spacesuit glove, creates a barrier between astronauts and their environment. Motivated by the vision of facilitating full-body immersion for effortless space exploration, it is necessary to understand the sensory needs of astronauts during extra-vehicular activities (EVAs). In this paper, we present the outcomes from a two-week field study performed at the Mars Desert Research Station, a facility where crews carry out Marssimulated missions. We used a combination of methods (a haptic logbook, technology probes, and interviews) to investigate user needs for haptic feedback in EVAs in order to inform the design of a haptic glove. Our results contradict the common belief that a haptic technology should always convey as much information as possible, but should rather offer a controllable transfer. Based on these findings, we identified two main design requirements to enhance haptic feedback through the glove: (i) transfer of the shape and pressure features of haptic information and (ii) control of the amount of haptic information. We present the implementation of these design requirements in the form of the concept and first prototype of ExoSkin. ExoSkin is a morphing haptic feedback layer that augments spacesuit gloves by controlling the transfer of haptic information from the outside world onto the astronauts' skin.


Many states have "prudent layperson" mandates that require health plans to reimburse hospitals for emergency department (ED) care delivered to patients who believe that they have symptoms warranting emergency treatment. Increased, and possibly unnec- essary, ED use has often been attributed to these policies. We use data from thirty-five states to study relationships between passage of prudent layperson policies in the late 1990s and ED use among the privately insured. None of the analyses show evidence that the mandates are associated with increased use. We conclude that prudent layperson mandates are not associated with increases in ED visits among privately insured patients.


All academic disciplines periodically appraise their effectiveness, evaluating the progress of previous scholarship and judging which approaches are useful and which are not. Although no field could survive if it did nothing but appraise its progress, occasional appraisals are important and if done well can help advance the field.This book investigates how international relations theorists can better equip themselves to determine the state of scholarly work in their field. It takes as its starting point Imre Lakatos's influential theory of scientific change, and in particular his methodology of scientific research programs (MSRP). It uses MSRP to organize its analysis of major research programs over the last several decades and uses MSRP's criteria for theoretical progress to evaluate these programs. The contributors appraise the progress of institutional theory, varieties of realist and liberal theory, operational code analysis, and other research programs in international relations. Their analyses reveal the strengths and limits of Lakatosian criteria and the need for metatheoretical metrics for evaluating scientific progress.


The use of support constraints for improving the quality of Fourier spectra and their associated images is discussed as well as the relationship between the two domains. Theoretical relationships are derived that predict the noise reduction in both the image domain and the Fourier domain achieved by single and repeated application of support constraints for the case of wide-sense stationary Fourier-domain noise. It is shown that the application of support constraints can increase noise inside the support constraint if the application is not done correctly. An iterative algorithm is proposed that enforces support constraints in such a way that noise is never increased inside the support constraint and the algorithm achieves the minimum possible noise in a finite number of steps.


Criticality of a software system refers to the severity of the impact of a failure. In a high-criticality system, failure risks significant loss of life or damage to the environment. In a low-criticality system, failure may risk a downgrade in user-experience. As criticality of a software system increases, so too does the cost and time to develop that software: raising the criticality also raises the assurance level, with the highest levels requiring extensive, expensive, independent certification. For modern cyber-physical systems, including autonomous aircraft and other vehicles, the traditional approach of isolating systems of different criticality by using completely separate physical hardware, is no longer practical, being both restrictive and inefficient. The result is mixed-criticality systems, where software applications with different criticalities execute on the same hardware. Sufficient mechanisms are required to ascertain that software in mixed-criticality systems is sufficiently isolated, otherwise, all software on that hardware is promoted to the highest criticality level, driving up costs to impractical levels. For mixed-criticality systems to be viable, both spatial and temporal isolation are required. Current aviation standards allow for mixed-criticality systems where temporal and spatial resources are strictly and statically partitioned in time and space, allowing some improvement over fully isolated hardware. However, further improvements are not only possible, but required for future innovation in cyber-physical systems. This thesis explores further operating systems mechanisms to allow for mixedcriticality software to share resources in far less restrictive ways, opening further possibilities in cyber-physical system design without sacrificing assurance properties. Two key properties are required: first, time must be managed as a central resource of the system, while allowing for overbooking with asymmetric protection without increasing certification burdens. Second, components of different criticalities should be able to safely share resources without suffering undue utilisation penalties. We present a model for capability-controlled access to processing time without incurring over-head related capacity loss or restricting user policy, including processing time in shared resources. This is achieved by combining the idea of resource reservations, from resource kernels, with the concept of resource overbooking, which is central to policy freedom. The result is the core mechanisms of scheduling contexts, scheduling context donation over IPC, and timeout exceptions which allow system designers to designate their own resource allocation policies. We follow with an implementation of the model in the seL4 microkernel, a highassurance, high-performance platform. Our final contribution is a thorough evaluation, including microbenchmarks, whole system benchmarks, and isolation benchmarks. The microand system benchmarks show that our implementation is low overhead, while the user-level scheduling benchmark demonstrates policy freedom in terms of scheduling is retained. Finally, our isolation benchmarks show that our processor temporal isolation mechanisms are effective, even in the case of shared resources.


We study the dynamical stripe instabilities on the geometries with hyperscaling violation in the IR, which asymptotically approach AdS4 in the UV. The instabilities break the translational invariance spontaneously and are induced by the axion term ∼aF∧F in the bulk action. We first study the perturbation equations in the probe limit, and find that there is a strong correlation between the stripe instabilities caused by the axion term and parameters of the theories which determine the IR hyperscaling violation. Contrary to the IR AdS2 case, the effect of the axion term for the stripe instabilities can be enhanced/suppressed at low temperature depending on the parameters. For a certain one-parameter family of the hyperscaling violation, we find the onset of the stripe instability analytically in the axion coupling tuned model. For a more generic parameter range of hyperscaling violation, we study the instability onset by searching for the zero mode numerically on the full geometries. We also argue that quite analogous results hold after taking into account the graviton fluctuation, i.e., beyond the probe limit.


OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in children aged 24 to 59 months and to evaluate the risk of medically attended events (MAEs) in a subcohort of children who had multiple annual doses of TIV over their lifetimes.

DESIGN
Self-controlled screening study.

SETTING
Seven US managed care organizations from October 1, 2002, to March 31, 2006.

PARTICIPANTS
Children aged 24 to 59 months who received at least 1 TIV dose (66 283 children and 91 692 TIV doses).

EXPOSURE
Vaccination with TIV.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Medically attended events in inpatient and emergency department settings in one of the following risk windows: 0 to 2, 1 to 14, or 1 to 42 days after vaccination. All MAEs that met the screening criteria of incidence rate ratios (IRRs) exceeding 1.0 and P ≤ .05 or IRRs exceeding 2.0 and P < .20 underwent medical record review. A secondary analysis examined the risk of MAEs in children who had multiple annual lifetime TIV doses.

RESULTS
Nine diagnoses met the screening criteria. After medical record review, gastrointestinal tract symptoms (IRR, 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.25), gastrointestinal tract disorders (7.70; 1.11-53.52), and fever (1.71; 1.64-1.80) remained significantly associated with vaccination. None of the events seemed to be serious, and none had complications. In the secondary analysis, there was an apparent dose response for vaccine and allergic reactions in the 1- to 3-day risk window.

CONCLUSIONS
There was no evidence of serious MAEs following vaccination with TIV among children aged 24 to 59 months. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the risk of MAEs in children with multiple lifetime TIV doses.


The 3-D scattering potential of microscopic objects is reconstructed as well as the 2-D equivalent object from amplitude and phase data of the scattered field. The experimental setup and results are presented and discussed alongside corresponding computer simulations. In the computational simulation, several small coated spheres were assumed, and the scatter field data were determined by the Mie diffraction theory. In the experiment, a small sphere of 40-microm diam was used, and the scattered field was measured by interferometric methods. Two alternative methods were used to record the scattered field data; their sensitivity to phase quantization is discussed. Since in the experimental situation the scattered field data can only be determined in a very restricted range, a distinct smear of the PSF of this imaging process results. We describe the consequences of this drawback in terms of this PSF. On the other hand, we show that this allows a reduction of computation time in the digital inversion of the scattered field data.


Aims: Increasing proportions of Scandinavian children and children in other Western countries live in joint physical custody, moving between parents' homes when parents live apart. Children and parents in non-intact families are at risk of worse mental health. The potential influence of parental ill-health on child well-being in the context of differing living arrangements has not been studied thoroughly. This study investigates the psychological complaints of children in joint physical custody in comparison to children in sole parental care and nuclear families, while controlling for socioeconomic differences and parental ill-health. Methods: Data were obtained from Statistics Sweden's yearly Survey of Living Conditions 2007–2011 and child supplements with children 10–18 years, living in households of adult participants. Children in joint physical custody (n=391) were compared with children in sole parental care (n=654) and children in nuclear families (n=3,639), using a scale of psychological complaints as the outcome measure. Results: Multiple regression modelling showed that children in joint physical custody did not report higher levels of psychological complaints than those in nuclear families, while children in sole parental care reported elevated levels of complaints compared with those in joint physical custody. Adding socioeconomic variables and parental ill-health only marginally attenuated the coefficients for the living arrangement groups. Low parental education and parental worry/anxiety were however associated with higher levels of psychological complaints. Conclusions: Psychological complaints were lower among adolescents in joint physical custody than in adolescents in sole parental care. The difference was not explained by parental ill-health or socioeconomic variables.


New processing models are being adopted in Big Data engineering to overcome the limitations of traditional technology. Among them, MapReduce stands out by allowing for the processing of large volumes of data over a distributed infrastructure that can change during runtime. The developer only designs the functionality of the program and its execution is managed by a distributed system. As a consequence, a program can behave differently at each execution because it is automatically adapted to the resources available at each moment. Therefore, when the program has a design fault, this could be revealed in some executions and masked in others. However, during testing, these faults are usually masked because the test infrastructure is stable, and they are only revealed in production because the environment is more aggressive with infrastructure failures, among other reasons. This paper proposes new testing techniques that aimed to detect these design faults by simulating different infrastructure configurations. The testing techniques generate a representative set of infrastructure configurations that as whole are more likely to reveal failures using random testing, and partition testing together with combinatorial testing. The techniques are automated by using a test execution engine called MRTest that is able to detect these faults using only the test input data, regardless of the expected output. Our empirical evaluation shows that MRTest can automatically detect these design faults within a reasonable time.


1. The turnover of fibrinogen was studied in twenty-eight patients after moderate and major surgical operations and in a contrast group of thirteen patients suffering from miscellaneous chronic disorders. 2. After operation the mean biological half-life of fibrinogen was 60.1 h (SD 16.4) and the mean plasma loss of fibrinogen was 40.1% (SD 12.6) of the intravascular fibrinogen pool each 24 h. In the contrast group, respective values of 96.2 h (SD 13.1) and 22.5% (SD 2.0) were obtained, which are in agreement with published values for the normal catabolism of fibrinogen. 3. When the post-operative increase in the plasma fibrinogen pool was taken into account, a massive increase in the absolute plasma loss of fibrinogen was observed with values approaching those reported for albumin turnover. 4. Possible sites of loss and the relevance of this investigation to the detection of disseminated intravascular coagulation and venous thrombosis are discussed.


Abstract
 From Bonaire, we here provide the first documented case of the green turtle feeding on the invasive seagrass, Halophila stipulacea, in the Caribbean. The seagrass is rapidly invading existing seagrass meadows and altering key foraging habitat of this endangered marine reptile throughout the eastern Caribbean. We expect that more records of green turtles feeding on this invasive species will gradually follow from throughout the region and that the green turtle might alter its foraging behavior in response to the changing species composition of its foraging habitat.


1. Coenagrion mercuriale is one of Europe's rarest and most threatened damselflies. It is listed in the European Community (EC) Habitats and Species Directive and is the only odonate currently given priority status in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Information regarding patterns of movement and dispersal in this species is required to guide conservation and management programmes. Management is currently geared towards habitat restoration of isolated subpopulations, with little attention paid to the metapopulation and landscape context. 2. A multisite mark-release-recapture project was carried out in the valley of the River Itchen in southern England to determine the extent of movement and the factors affecting movement of mature adults of this endangered damselfly. A total of 8708 individuals was marked. 3. The species was found to be extremely sedentary, with dispersal limited to an area of contiguous habitat. The median net lifetime movement was 31.9 m and 66% of individuals moved less than 50 m in their lifetime. Movements of greater than 500 m were rare and the longest recorded movement was 1.79 km. This makes it the most sedentary odonate that has been studied in the UK. 4. The highest recapture rates and the lowest movement distances were recorded at the most isolated site. Time between capture and recapture, and day in season had an effect on movement, and individuals travelled further on their first than on subsequent moves. There was no consistent effect of age or sex on distance moved. 5. There was strong evidence for inverse density-dependent movement, with individuals moving further in low-density than high-density populations. This is the first time that inverse density-dependent movement has, to our knowledge, been observed in a natural population of odonates. 6. Synthesis and applications. Coenagrion mercuriale, along with many other invertebrate species of conservation concern, lives in a management-dependent mid-successional habitat. However, the species is highly sedentary. Furthermore, patterns of movement and dispersal are strongly affected by landscape structure and population density. This means that it is unable to recolonize isolated sites and requires 'stepping stone' habitats to improve its chances of survival in the medium to long term. Suitable habitat management between sites that are beyond the dispersal distance of individuals can be used to connect or reconnect populations. Within existing sites only small sections of habitat should be managed in any one year and new areas should be created close to existing populations. The long-term persistence of C. mercuriale and other invertebrate species requires a landscape approach to management, with connectivity an important part of management planning. It is clear that carefully conducted studies of movement and dispersal are key components in guiding invertebrate conservation strategies.


SETTING
In persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a decreased tuberculin reaction cut-point of > or = 5 mm induration is recommended.

OBJECTIVE
To determine tuberculosis risk in non-anergic HIV-infected persons with 5-9 mm tuberculin reactions.

DESIGN
A prospective study with semi-annual tuberculin and anergy testing, HIV antibody and T cell subset assays, and active surveillance for tuberculosis.

RESULTS
Participants were 572 HIV-seronegative and 241 HIV-seropositive non-anergic drug users. No tuberculosis occurred in HIV-seronegative persons. Tuberculosis incidence among HIV-seropositive drug users was 3.3, 7.7, 0, and 0.34 per 100 person-years in those with tuberculin reaction sizes of > or = 10 mm, 5-9 mm, 1-4 mm, and 0 mm, respectively, and was significantly increased in persons with 5-9 mm induration compared with those with 0-4 mm induration (rate ratio 27.7, 95%CI 2.9-268). Among persons with reaction sizes of 5-9 mm, tuberculosis occurred exclusively in those with CD4+ lymphocyte counts <500/mm3 at the time of their 5-9 mm tuberculin reactions.

CONCLUSION
HIV-infected persons with tuberculin reaction sizes of 5-9 mm are at increased risk for tuberculosis compared to non-anergic persons with smaller (0-4 mm) reaction sizes. However, this increased risk may be limited to those with low CD4+ lymphocyte counts at the time of tuberculin testing.


Forests and water are inextricably linked, and people are dependent on forested lands to provide clean, reliable water supplies for drinking and to support local economies. These water supplies are at risk of degradation from a growing population, continued conversion of forests to other land uses, and climate change. Given the variety of threats to surface water, it is important for forest managers to know how much of the drinking water supply originates in forests they manage and what populations and communities are served by that water. In this analysis, we used a hydrologic model, Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI), and a database of surface water intakes to quantify the extent to which people depend on surface water from USDA Forest Service National Forest System (NFS) lands and State and private forest lands in the South. We computed the water yield for NFS lands in addition to other land cover types, and accumulated and tracked water from NFS and State and private forest lands through the river network. We then estimated the population served by water from NFS lands across the South using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Safe Drinking Water Act database of drinking water intakes. We estimated that NFS lands contributed 3.4 percent and State and private forest lands 32.4 percent of the approximately 900 million m3/year of total surface water supply in the region. Of the 6,724 public surface water intakes in the South, 1,541 intakes serving 19.0 million people receive some water from all NFS lands in and upstream of the 13 Southern States. Of the 1,541 intakes, 427 received more than 20 percent of their water from NFS lands and served 3.2 million people. Similarly, 6,188 intakes serving 48.7 million people receive some water from State and private forest lands. Of the 6,188 intakes, 3,143 received more than 20 percent of their water from State and private forest lands and served 29.0 million people. These results highlight the importance of southern forests in providing clean and dependable water supplies to downstream communities. While environmental and economic factors are likely to interact and cause changes in water availability and quality, forest conservation and proper management can help mitigate these effects.


Banding Together It is important to understand how and where the Antarctic Ice Sheet and underlying ground are coupled, if we want to predict the glacial contribution to sea level rise. Sergienko and Hindmarsh (p. 1086, published online 7 November) used observations of ice surface velocities, ice surface elevations, and bed elevations to perform inverse calculations of basal shear stress. Areas of high basal stress were distributed in riblike patterns embedded in much larger areas of no basal shear stress, which may affect the rates at which ice is discharged into the ocean. Sheer stress between the ice and the underlying bedrock of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers is concentrated into bands. Fast-flowing glaciers and ice streams are pathways for ice discharge from the interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to ice shelves, at rates controlled by conditions at the ice-bed interface. Using recently compiled high-resolution data sets and a standard inverse method, we computed basal shear stress distributions beneath Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, which are currently losing mass at an accelerating rate. The inversions reveal the presence of riblike patterns of very high basal shear stress embedded within much larger areas with zero basal shear stress. Their colocation with highs in the gradient of hydraulic potential suggests that subglacial water may control the evolution of these high–shear-stress ribs, potentially causing migration of the grounding line by changes in basal resistance in its vicinity.


Excerpt] The real challenge for those involved in designing competency-based educational programs is to recognize the complexity of competence as a concept. Only then can they effectively delineate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that learners must acquire to be able to perform within each domain at a predetermined level and to recognize that the expected level of performance within each domain will vary depending on the learner's stage of education and the specialty he or she is learning. The authors of this book help us do just that. They examine the challenges facing medical education and introduce the concept of "discourse" as a mechanism both for examining the idea of competence and considering how to implement competency-based education. In so doing, they provide us with a new way to ask the questions that are at the heart of every report advocating change, every criticism of medical education, and every conversation that questions why health care is the way it is today.


This is the first paper of a series devoted to the micro-mechanical modeling of clayey soils, by means of discrete element simulations. We specifically focus here on the effect of the platy shape of particles by reducing the interactions between particles to mechanical contact forces (i.e., neither electrostatic repulsion nor van der Waals forces are taken into account). The particles are three-dimensional square plates, approximated as spheropolyhedra. Several samples composed of particles of different levels of platyness (related to the ratio of length to thickness) were numerically prepared and sheared up to large deformations. We analyzed the shear strength, packing fraction, orientation of the particles, connectivity, fabric of the interactions network, and interaction forces as functions of the platyness.We find that both the mechanical behavior and microstructure are strongly dependent on the degree of platyness. The principal underlying phenomenon is the alignment of particle faces along a particular direction. This ordering phenomenon, which emerges even for shapes that deviate only slightly from that of a sphere, enhances the ability of the packing to develop an anisotropic structure leading to large shear strength, especially as a consequence of the fabric and mobilization of friction forces. Moreover, the connectivity of the packings and their packing fraction also evolve with the platyness. In particular, the packing fraction evolves in a nonmonotonic fashion, as observed in other granular materials composed of elongated or angular particles.


We present a multiobjective methodology, based on evolutionary computation, for solving the sensor planning problem for an active vision system. The application of different representation schemes, that allow to consider either fixed or variable size camera networks in a single evolutionary process, is studied. Furthermore, a novel representation of the recombination and mutation operators is brought forth. The developed methodology is incorporated into a 3D simulation environment and experimental results shown. Results validate the flexibility and effectiveness of our approach and offer new research alternatives in the field of sensor planning.


The incorporation of numerical weather predictions (NWP) into a flood warning system can increase forecast lead times from a few hours to a few days. A single NWP forecast from a single forecast centre, however, is insufficient as it involves considerable non‐predictable uncertainties and can lead to a high number of false or missed warnings. Weather forecasts using multiple NWPs from various weather centres implemented on catchment hydrology can provide significantly improved early flood warning. The availability of global ensemble weather prediction systems through the 'THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble' (TIGGE) offers a new opportunity for the development of state‐of‐the‐art early flood forecasting systems. This paper presents a case study using the TIGGE database for flood warning on a meso‐scale catchment (4062 km2) located in the Midlands region of England. For the first time, a research attempt is made to set up a coupled atmospheric‐hydrologic‐hydraulic cascade system driven by the TIGGE ensemble forecasts. A probabilistic discharge and flood inundation forecast is provided as the end product to study the potential benefits of using the TIGGE database. The study shows that precipitation input uncertainties dominate and propagate through the cascade chain. The current NWPs fall short of representing the spatial precipitation variability on such a comparatively small catchment, which indicates need to improve NWPs resolution and/or disaggregating techniques to narrow down the spatial gap between meteorology and hydrology. The spread of discharge forecasts varies from centre to centre, but it is generally large and implies a significant level of uncertainties. Nevertheless, the results show the TIGGE database is a promising tool to forecast flood inundation, comparable with that driven by raingauge observation. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society


The aim of this study is to understand how governance mechanisms in cross-sector collaborations (CSCs) for sustainability affect value creation and capture and subsequently the survival of this organizational form. Drawing on a longitudinal, participatory, single-case study of collaborative action in the textile industry, we identify three governance mechanisms—safeguarding, bundling and connecting—that coevolve with the rising and waning of collaborative tensions and the shifting levels of action in the CSC we studied. These mechanisms aided value creation and helped facilitate private value capture. We integrate these insights into a process model that visualizes the interplay between governance mechanisms of tensions and systems of value creation and capture in CSCs for sustainability. Our study contributes to the cross-sector collaboration literature by providing a dynamic and nuanced understanding of how governance mechanisms influence outcomes in CSCs for sustainability. We also add to the business model for sustainability literature by theorizing the value creation and capture system of collaborative rather than individual organizations. Our findings have important implications for policymakers who fund collaborative organizations and practitioners who manage or participate in them.


In this major biography, Catherine Peters explores the complicated life of Wilkie Collins, the greatest of the Victorian "Sensation" novelists and author of the famous "Woman in White" and "The Moonstone." An intimate of Dickens and of the Pre-Raphaelites Holman Hunt and Millais, Collins was called the "king of inventors" by his publisher. On the surface, he was charming, unpretentious, and extremely good company, beloved by men and women. Beneath this facade, however, he was a complex and haunted man, addicted to laudanum, and his powerful, often violent novels revealed a dark side of Victorian life. He supported two common-law wives and their children, and as Peters shows, he provoked scandal by refusing to cloak his complicated love affairs in the customary hypocritical pretense of the period.Having discovered a hitherto unknown autobiography by Wilkie Collins's mother, Peters draws on this document and on thousands of Collins's unpublished letters to create this provocative picture of his life and times. She describes in detail the saga of his exhausting struggle for better copyright protection for authors, especially for English authors in the United States. She has also studied the manuscripts of his novels, plays, and stories, including those which he did not complete, finding that some of his neglected novels turn out to be much more interesting than most readers realize today. This edition of the book has been supplemented to include an appendix describing Collins's "Tahitian" novel. Written when he was twenty, the manuscript of this work, "Iolani," was thought to have disappeared, but it has recently been rediscovered and sold to a private collector. For any Collins enthusiast, or for anyone interested in the literary history of the Victorian period, "The King of Inventors" provides a vivid account of Collins's unusual personal life in the context of his literary and artistic friendships and of newly revealed facts about the two women with whom he shared his "double life."Originally published in 1993.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905."


The effects of UV-C radiation on the microbiological and chemical quality of hybrid Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus mesopotamicus fillets were examined daily over a period of 6 days. The samples were submitted to three different packaging conditions: (VP) vacuum packaging; (UV-L) VP+UV-C radiation at lower dose (55.83 mJ/cm2); or (UV-H) VP+UV-C radiation at higher dose (160.97 mJ/cm2). The microbial groups examined presented lower growth rate as well as lower number of colonies in the stationary phase in samples submitted to UV-L and UV-H when compared to VP. The UV-C radiation (UV-L and UV-H) accelerated TVB-N and improved biogenic amine production, while preventing a major production of ammonia in fish samples. The results of the current study suggest that UV-C radiation enhanced the shelf-life of Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus mesopotamicus fillets by at least 50% by slowing down microbial growth parameters and delaying chemical changes.

Practical Applications

Nonthermal technologies are being applied as a viable alternative to thermal techniques, frequently used in processing of fresh food products. UV-C radiation is a new nonthermal technique that can lead to superficial decontamination of fresh fish fillets and presents low-cost as well as easy implementation in food processing industries. This technology does not produce any reactivity, chemical waste or undesirable by-products. However, there are few data on the use of this technique in food processing, mainly in fish products. Thus, this study will provide key information for the control of the microbial growth and chemical compounds production originated during vacuum-packed fish spoilage.


Multi-task clustering and multi-view clustering have severally found wide applications and received much attention in recent years. Nevertheless, there are many clustering problems that involve both multi-task clustering and multiview clustering, i.e., the tasks are closely related and each task can be analyzed from multiple views. In this paper, for non-negative data (e.g., documents), we introduce a multi-task multi-view clustering (MTMVC) framework which integrates within-view-task clustering, multi-view relationship learning and multi-task relationship learning. We then propose a specific algorithm to optimize the MT-MVC framework. Experimental results show the superiority of the proposed algorithm over either multi-task clustering algorithms or multi-view clustering algorithms for multi-task clustering of multiview data.


Canadians take pride in the peacekeeping legacy of their country. Looking back over the history of United Nations (UN) peace operations, episodes that loom large include Lester B. Pearson's role in the creation of the first peacekeeping force, the rapid deployment of Canadian troops to Cyprus, the battles of Sarajevo in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Medak Pocket in Croatia, and the actions of Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire as force commander in Rwanda. Until 1989, Canada had participated in every UN mission. In total, Canada contributed more than 10 percent of total UN military personnel deployed since 1947.1The perception of Canada as a leader in UN-led peace operations suffers when juxtaposed against Canada's current troop contributions.3 In October 2007, there were 173 individuals-mostly police-deployed to UN-led peace operations. The number of Canadian forces (CF) personnel deployed to UNled peace operations, at 58, was at its lowest point since the creation of the first peacekeeping force in 1956. Moreover, Canada had no military or police officers located in the department of peacekeeping operations (DPKO) in New York and no military commanders, police commissioners, or special representatives of the UN secretary general were Canadian.3 These numbers seem to paint a bleak picture of Canada's commitment to UN-led peace operations, particularly when contrasted with the 2774 soldiers Canada contributed to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operations in Afghanistan during the same time period.4 While most NATO operations are UN-mandated, they are not synonymous with UN-led operations. Contributing to one organization's operations to the exclusion of another's can have serious political consequences.It is extremely important for Canada to reenergize its commitment to UN-led peace operations. In light of the recent emphasis on NATO-led operations-particularly since NATO began engaging in "out-of-area" operations, such as its mission in Afghanistan and its technical support to the African Union (AU) in Darfur-questions have been posed about whether Canada should distance itself from UN-led peace operations, which have come under fire for being too politicized. This view is short sighted. It was fewer than 15 years ago when Canada pulled its forces out of Germany following its reunification and the signature of the conventional forces in Europe treaty, that it was accused of neglecting the alliance in favour of the UN (which was heavily engaged in the UN mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina, among other missions), an accusation that dogged Canada's political engagement at NATO until it made a substantial commitment to the NATO-led international security assistance force in 2003. Canada cannot afford to run the same risk at the UN. With 192 members to NATO's 26 and engagement in a broad array of social, political, cultural, and security issues, the UN will remain Canada's main forum for engaging with the world into the foreseeable future. Even within the security sphere, the UN remains the most relevant forum for a wide variety of security issues that other political organizations simply cannot address: coordination of security actors, civilian police, peacebuilding, human security, disarmament, demobilization and rehabilitation, security sector reform, refugees, humanitarian aid, and humanitarian relief operations. These aspects of peace operations are areas in which Canada can gain valuable political currency by employing its existing strengths. This can only be accomplished through the UN.This discussion identifies what avenues Canada can take in the midterm to ensure it continues to contribute in a meaningful way to UN-led peace operations. It concludes that Canada can best contribute to UN-led peace operations by augmenting its capacities in the areas of administration, coordination, and training, as well as by ensuring the provision of resources for police tasks, aiding with civilian recruitment, providing leadership in gender integration, and supporting enabling arrangements for mission-essential equipment. …


This paper tests the new-dialect formation model of Peter Trudgill (1986 et seq) by examining several phonological features of Tibetan as spoken in the diaspora community of Kathmandu, Nepal. Established by an influx of migrants from many dialect regions beginning in 1959, this presents a unique opportunity to study koineization, new dialect formation, in progress. Trudgill's model predicts that a new dialect should largely emerge in the second generation born in the new region, exhibiting both simplification, the failure of marked variants to transmit across generations, and focusing, the selection of particular variants as a new norm for the community's new variety. Data from seventy-three sociolinguistic interviews was coded for phonological and lexical variables known to differ across Tibetan-speaking regions, and NeighborNets were constructed in SplitsTree. Results indicate that regionally marked variables were not transmitted into the first or second generation of Diaspora-raised speakers, but Diaspora speakers exhibited a high degree of variation comparable to that of speakers from the numerically- and socially-dominant U-Tsang region. That younger speakers have not yet converged on a single new variety suggests a role for additional factors to affect the rate of koineization.


In this study, we assess global hydropower potential using runoff and stream flow data, along with turbine technology performance, cost assumptions, and consideration of protected areas. The results provide the first comprehensive quantification of global hydropower potential including gross, technical, economic, and exploitable estimates. Total global potential of gross, technical, economic, and exploitable hydropower are estimated to be approximately 128, 26, 21, and 16 petawatt hours per year, respectively. The economic and exploitable potential of hydropower are calculated at less than 9 cents per kW h. We find that hydropower has the potential to supply a significant portion of world energy needs, although this potential varies substantially by region. Globally, exploitable hydropower potential is comparable to total electricity demand in 2005. Hydropower plays different roles in each country owing to regional variation in potential relative to electricity demand. In some countries such as the Congo, there is sufficient hydropower potential (>10 times) to meet all electricity demands, while in other countries such as United Kingdom, hydropower potential can only accommodate a small portion (<3%) of total demand. A sensitivity analysis indicates that hydropower estimates are sensitive to a number of parameters: design flow (varying by −10% to +0% at less than 9 cents per kW h), cost assumptions (by −35% to +12%), turbine efficiency (by −40% to +20%), stream flow (by −35% to +35%), fixed charge rate (by −15% to 10%), and protected land (by −15% to 20%). This sensitivity analysis emphasizes the reliable role of hydropower for future energy systems, when compared to other renewable energy resources with larger uncertainty in their future potentials.


The integration of refugees and migrants in general into the labour market – and into society at large –stands at the forefront of current policy debate. And rightly so: better integration enriches not only the migrant, but also the host country's population and its public finances. A number of recent noteworthy publications have therefore studied the labour market integration process and how to improve it. While the diverse background of new arrivals is often acknowledged in these studies, on-the-ground labour market integration programmes too often follow a one-size-fits-all approach. In this Policy Insights study, we argue that there is a particularly strong case for labour market integration measures specifically geared towards female migrants. The primary reason is the traditionally low female labour market participation in the majority of source countries, which translates into a large excess gender gap in labour market integration among non-EU migrants in Europe. This gap is further mirrored by other important aspects of societal integration. We argue that this lack of labour market integration inhibits wider societal integration of female migrants. Hence, integration efforts need to more explicitly take the gender dimension into account and further analyse the determinants of the gender gap in integration. A mapping of successful initiatives targeting migrant women, as has been done in recent best-practice guidelines, is therefore essential. However, these studies mainly stress that the number of targeted measures is currently insufficient.


The purpose of this thesis paper is to describe the body of work titled Dark Cozy Place. This project is the result of immersion and play in the mediated public imagery of the control system that is commodity culture. A mental space that is impersonal and manipulative, that of mass media as it is disseminated in both public and private spaces, was made personal through visual translations such as drawing, printmaking, photographing, painting, building and rebuilding.


The Supreme Court of Vermont affirmed the ruling of the District Court that involuntary treatment orders of indefinite duration for mentally ill persons were unconstitutional unless subject to the same state-initiated periodic review as orders for involuntarily hospitalized mental patients. Constitutional due process requires the state to justify its orders for outpatient treatment as well as for confinement because the freedom of nonhospitalized mentally ill persons is also restricted by the mandatory treatment procedures. Accordingly, the court required the state to institute a mechanism for periodic review of the patients' progress.


In recent years, studies of memory have blossomed in the humanities. (Klein 2000, Radstone 2000, Zelizer 1995)2 In anthropology in particular, a vast number of scholars are currently occupied with research about memory. (Candau 1998, Climo and Cattell 2002, Olick and Robbins 1998) The list of contributions in this recent field of research is too voluminous to even begin to report. In every new anthropological publication, there is another article about social, cultural or material memory. Anthropology of Memory has become a respected course of many American and European University programs, something that would have been unthinkable 20 years ago. Also, conferences and workshops are being organized with a special focus on memory issues, something that would also have been unthinkable 20 years ago.3 However, they are many unsettled areas in the field of memory studies. Historians have indeed begun warning us against the "terminological profusion" and the "semantic overload" of the notion (Kansteiner 2002, Klein 2000). Gillis observes that "memory seems to be losing precise meaning in proportion to its growing rhetorical power" (Gillis 1984: 3). As historian Jay Winter cogently writes, "The only fixed point is the near ubiquity of the term [memory]. Just as we use words like love and hate without ever knowing their full or shared significance, so are we bound to go on using the term "memory," the historical signature of our generation" (Winter 2000: 13). From the idea that "a society or a culture can remember and forget" (Are not only individuals capable of remembering?)4 to the widely used notion of "vicarious memory"5 and the questionable validity of the notion of memory in approaching certain trans-cultural contexts,6 a broad range of fundamental epistemological issues are still to be raised with regard to memory. The point that I would like to emphasize here concerns the "danger of overextension" of the concept. A concept losing precise meaning, memory can also be approached as an expansive notion. For Gedi and Elam, "'collective memory' has become the all-pervading concept which in effect stands for all sorts of human cognitive products generally" (Gedi & Elam 1996: 40). In particular, historians have already underscored the risks of entanglement of memory and identity (Gillis 1994, Megill 1998). Some anthropologists, too, started expressing concerns about the "dangers of overextension that are inherent in the current boom of memory" (Fabian 1999: 51). For Fabian, the "concept of memory may become indistinguishable from either identity or culture" (ibid: 51). Jonathan Boyarin concurs, noting that "identity and memory are virtually the same" (Boyarin 1994: 23). In this essay, I contend that the current usage of the notion by anthropologists can be a source of confusion as it tends to encompass many features of the notion of culture itself. I argue that this process of conceptual extension leading to the entanglement of memory and culture merits careful scrutiny as it tells us a great deal about the anthropological project. Needless to say, I will raise many questions and give very few answers. This piece should be taken as an epistemological challenge rather than a pessimistic reproach. Memory in Anthropology: a Historical Perspective It is unfortunate that there has not been yet a history, a genealogy of the concept of memory in anthropology, whereas the ongoing obsession with memory in the humanities has been abundantly documented. In a powerful article, Klein reminds us that "Memory grew incredibly marginal, and in 1964 The Dictionary of the Social Sciences claimed that the word verged on extinction [...] The 1968 Edition of the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences declined to define memory at all, despite the luxury of stretching its contents out for 7 volumes. By 1976 [...] Raymond Williams's classic study, Keywords, [...] ignored memory. [...] Little more than two decades separate memory's virtual disappearance and triumphal return" (Klein 2000: 131). …


Abstract In total, there are 11 confirmed records of the olive ridley turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, from the Persian Gulf through June 2015, including 9 and 2 records from northern and southern coasts of the Gulf, respectively. Furthermore, on 16 May 2013, nesting was recorded from Nayband Marine-Coastal National Park, which is the first record of olive ridley nesting in the Gulf and is also the most northerly nesting account for the species in the Western Indian Ocean. Although few, these records suggest that the species lives and reproduces in the Persian Gulf.


Long before the political conventions of 2004, the Kerry and Bush campaigns and their surrogates were laying the groundwork for the fall campaign with heavy ad buys. Some of the assertions made on each side were misleading. Here we explore three misleading claims made on each side in the weeks following the effective end of the 2004 primary season and ask, Did they work? If so, with whom? Results from the National Annenberg Election Survey show that some of these misleading claims about George W. Bush and John Kerry were believed by a majority of citizens. Democrats were more likely to believe deceptive claims about Bush, whereas Republicans were more likely to embrace deceptive claims about Kerry. The claim that "George W. Bush favors sending American jobs overseas" gained traction in battleground states, even when demographic variables and party identification were taken into consideration.


Buried or concealed penis is an uncommon condition in which the penile shaft is partially or completely obscured by preputial skin. In the majority of cases, it is congenital. Many patients are ill-advisedly referred for circumcision, a procedure which can compromise future repair and cosmetic outcome. We report on the management and outcome of two boys with congenital buried penis, one of whom was initially referred to the authors for circumcision.


A relatively simple model for elucidating the holographic storage mechanism in bleached silver halide recording materials is developed. In this model the storage of holographic gratings includes three separate contributions that are due to silver halide grains, a gelatin matrix, and voids in the gelatin matrix. Linear refractive-index-modulation-versus-exposure responses are assumed for the individual contributions, which are summed to produce the overall diffraction-efficiency (DE)-versus-exposure response. Calculated and experimental results reveal that, through reduction of one or more of the contributions to the holographic storage in a composite emulsion system through chemical means, the maximum achievable DE's increase and may reach 100% in the case of a homogeneous and lossless phase grating. Specifically, the addition of sulfite or triethanolamine to the processing formulations in a reversal bleach processing procedure or in a silver halide sensitized gelatin procedure had the effect of increasing the experimental DE's. The corresponding calculated DE-versus-exposure responses indicate that these additives suppressed the gelatin tanning or matrix void contributions.


Constipation is a condition that is difficult to define. It is a common problem occurring in adults and children. Numerous factors can cause constipation in children, including a change in diet and emotional causes. Children with constipation may, however, present with unusual symptoms. Simple advice about sufficient dietary fibre and fluid intake may be all that is needed. Referral to the doctor would be best if these measures are unsuccessful. Diagnosis and treatment of persistent constipation are important to prevent possible complications such as anal fissure, stool withholding and encopresis.


Career is an area through which its interaction with gender explains the dynamism between men, women, workand organizations. It is argued that career is gendered i.e. it goes according to marked divisions of men and women.
However, the question of the gendered nature of career is still less understood. This article aims to highlight emerging concepts and realities about the gendered nature of careers. The paper first theorizes gender and careers, presentssome data on demography, employment and career positions by gender in Malaysia and in a selected university in the country. The paper then highlights the implications of the gendered nature of careers to individuals and the institution; and finally draws conclusions and identifies challenges in terms of policy development in higher education. Keywords: Career, gender, career development


What are the social impacts of a new, less efficient public transport system in a city that is known for its inequality concerning access to daily activities and participation in urban life? More precisely, what are the implications of a re-regulated transport system, if the city has previously gone through a long period of deregulation? Are the changes limited to altered accessibility conditions, or are there further consequences for people's travel competencies, habits and mobility patterns? And what does that mean for the dissolution or manifestation of social inequality and risks of social exclusion? With a specific regard to these interests, this work specifically focuses on the case of Santiago de Chile. There the public transport policy passed from a period of complete de-regulation in the 1970s and 1980s to a period of re-regulation as of the 1990s. During the deregulation period, the services had been characterized by an uncoordinated oversupply of private busses that existed in parallel to the more expensive public metro. In order to suspend the stigmatization of bus-based transport as the 'mode for the poor', the sophisticated 'Transantiago' bus system was implemented in February 2007, which was modelled of the famous BRT system 'Transmilenio' in Bogota. The Transantiago project included the total re-design of the network system and the private operating companies at one glance. It introduced new vehicles and infrastructures as well as an electronic ticketing system that combined the bus and metro systems in a tariff union. Unfortunately, the ambitious project failed, due to various political, technical and social reasons. Up until today, the acceptance and satisfaction of the inhabitants with Transantiago have been rather low. Being aware of the importance of the technical problems, this study concentrates on the social problems and the related impacts Transantiago has had on people's daily life. The research is done on the basis of three hypotheses that are strongly based on the concept of 'motility', i.e. the potential to be mobile, including the set of factors which enable spatial mobility (access, competencies and appropriation). The hypotheses are tested on the basis of a mixed approach that combines various qualitative methods with an 'ad-hoc' survey of 2000 households in five different areas of the metropolitan Santiago area. The survey results are analysed on the basis of various spatial and statistical procedures, including, among others, structural equation modelling. We first consider the relation between the differences related to mobility and the social differences during the period of deregulation and describe the major mobility patterns and habits developed during that time (hypothesis 1). Then we come to the Transantiago failures and the changes imposed on people's accessibility conditions, travel competencies, preferences and habits (hypothesis 2). Finally we also explore the impact the Transantiago system has had on people's daily life, more precisely on people's daily activities and the activity locations as well as the main travel modes used to reach these locations. Comparing people's current activity patterns and travel patterns with those of the deregulated transport period, we intend to reveal if Transantiago has aggravated or alleviated existing mobility inequalities and related risks of social exclusion (hypothesis 3). The results show that mobility patterns developed during the deregulated period have had a strong negative impact on people's ability to get used to and accept the sophisticated Transantiago system. Particularly people of low income, people of a lower education level, people without access to a private car and people who live in peripheral areas and don't have direct access to the metro were most heavily impacted. Sometimes, older people and women within these groups suffered more than younger adults and men. The initial difficulties have had a negative impact on the current evaluation and image of public transport, and on the other hand they have exacerbated already existing risks of social exclusion and segregation. Especially the more 'vulnerable' inhabitants have adapted their daily activity patterns and travel patterns. They travel less for job-related and leisure-related purposes; they prefer other modes to bus-based public transport and remain often closer to their place of residence than before the Transantiago implementation. Nonetheless, Transantiago has also had some positive impacts such as increased spatial mobility for inhabitants with direct access to the metro, low travel expenditures due to permanent operating subsidies as well as reduced environmental emissions and safety problems. After all, it is hardly possible to definitively determine if the current mobility-related and social inequalities are effectively a consequence of the Transantiago system. It is also unclear if these inequalities have today a more widespread impact than during the deregulated transport period. In general, throughout this study the important influence of income and social status on inhabitants' mobility conditions and travel behaviour is revealed. Alternative concepts related to residential preferences and urban lifestyles turn out to be less pertinent to the explanation of social differences in travel behaviour. This also means that transport policy aimed at equal mobility conditions can only give a contribution to social inclusion. Therefore, additional urban and social measures are needed. This work consists of six parts. Following the introduction (chapter 1), a broad theoretical framework is presented where the different topics of interest are discussed and examples of empirical studies are presented, with a focus on emerging economies (chapter 2): transport regulation and deregulation and recent trends in public transport policy and supply (2.1); the various spatial, social and individual determinants of travel behaviour and mobility patterns and the implications for transport research (2.2); mobility inequality as possible source of social exclusion, which calls for transport policy making with a focus on social equity (2.3). After having presented the research hypotheses and the methodology employed (chapter 3), the case study area of Santiago is introduced. In this context we describe the development from the deregulated transport period up until today with regard to four issues: the spatial and social structure of the city as well as the development of transport policy and people's mobility patterns (chapter 4). Each of the three hypotheses is analysed and evaluated on the basis of the own empiric works (chapter 5). The work concludes with a synthesis as well as some final remarks and implications for the development of transport policy in Santiago and other cities in emerging economies, where comprehensive transport changes are envisaged (chapter 6).


This thesis contains a detailed study of the genre of contemporary South Asian women's writings in English. It is still a relatively young literary subculture, and thus the majority of the works here discussed are those produced from the 1980s onwards. The study takes into account the postcolonial legacy of a culturally, racially and religiously diverse South Asia as well as the current social changes and upheavals in the region. The study encompasses the works of those writing both from within and without South Asia, noting the different social patterns emerging as a result of the geographical locations of the authors. The research primarily investigates issues pertinent to these writers; as women writers, as South Asian writers, as South Asian women writers, and as South Asian women writers writing in English. One key issue is the negotiation by these writers between the English language and the South Asian reality. Because it is literature written by the women of a traditionally proudly patriarchal society where the position of women has mostly been one of subservience, another form of negotiation in the literature is that between the centre and the periphery, the Self and the Other. In the course of this study, it will be seen that South Asian women writers have carved out a space for themselves on the literary scene, and staked an intellectual, literary and emotional territory of their own. The thesis focuses in particular on the representation of women, within the genre as well as in other contexts. Their literature creates images and identities of and for South Asia, South Asians, and South Asian women. The diasporic writers in particular play a vital role in the promotion and distribution of these images. The research also considers how readers respond to this literature and how publishers market the same.