The study of the neural basis of olfaction is important both for understanding the sense of smell and for understanding the mechanisms of neural computation. In the olfactory bulb (OB), the spatial patterning of both sensory inputs and synaptic interactions is crucial for processing odor information, although this patterning alone is not sufficient. Recent studies have suggested that representations of odor may already be distributed and dynamic in the first olfactory relay. The growing evidence demonstrating a functional role for the temporal structure of bulbar neuronal activity supports this assumption. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying this temporal structure have never been thoroughly studied. Our study focused on gamma (40-100 Hz) network oscillations in the mammalian OB, which is a form of temporal patterning in bulbar activity elicited by olfactory stimuli. We used computational modeling combined with electrophysiological recordings to investigate the basic synaptic organization necessary and sufficient to generate sustained gamma rhythms. We found that features of gamma oscillations obtained in vitro were identical to those of a model based on lateral inhibition as the coupling modality (i.e., low irregular firing rate and high oscillation stability). In contrast, they differed substantially from those of a model based on lateral excitatory coupling (i.e., high regular firing rate and instable oscillations). Therefore we could precisely tune the oscillation frequency by changing the kinetics of inhibitory events supporting the lateral inhibition. Moreover, gradually decreasing GABAergic synaptic transmission decreased the degree of relay neuron synchronization in response to sensory inputs, both theoretically and experimentally. Thus we have shown that lateral inhibition provides a mechanism by which the dynamic processing of odor information might be finely tuned within the OB circuit.


Layered structures making use of viscoelastic materials are very effective especially for the passive vibration control of small satellite because of its lightweight and easiness to handle. But, even the masses of damping elements are not ignorable and which causes the change of vibrational characteristics. Vibration control of solar panel is important because the fracture of solar cell turn to be fatal for the mission of the small satellite. Therefore, an effective way of passive damping may play a big role on controlling the overall response of small satellite in wide frequency domain and the specific response which causes fracture. This research first examines the frequency responses of certain points of solar panel by evaluating the influence of pasting positions of damping elements and of thicknesses of viscoelastic and constraining layers. Then the thickness of each layer and the pasting points of damping elements are taken as design variables, and optimum values are found respectively by using Multi Objective Genetic Algorism (MOGA). The optimum model obtained by the optimization of pasting points is more effective in comparison with one by the thickness optimization because the ratio of strain energy absorbed by viscoelastic layer turn out to be higher than that absorbed by constraining layer at lower frequency domain. Finally the thicknesses and pasting points are optimized simultaneously whose results attain the most effective vibrational characteristics through overall the frequency domain (02500Hz). The percentage of strain energy absorbed by viscoelastic layer is increased considerably. In consequence, simultaneous optimization of layers and pasting position can give very effective means for design decision of the high damping performance through wide range of frequency domain.


Abstract The acid hydrogen peroxide system has been evaluated in more detail in the presence of a coarse Norway spruce thermomechanical pulp (TMP). The effects of parameters on the reactions involved were determined, such as pH, retention time, pulp consistency, type of iron catalyst, and the amount of dissolved organic material. Residual hydrogen peroxide, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved iron, and total fiber charge were quantified and the hydroxyl radical activity was monitored. The results showed that a catalyst of free ferrous ions (Fe2+) gave more reactions with the lignocellulosic material than ferric ions (Fe3+) chelated with EDTA. Furthermore, there were somewhat more reactions with the TMP when there was less dissolved organic material in the liquid phase from the start. Hydroxyl radicals were detected in all cases, but the level differed depending on the conditions used. It is likely that the iron must bind with the TMP or be in close proximity for the hydroxyl radicals to react with the pulp.


The investigation of IT adoption and diffusion in organisations is a core topic of the IS discipline. However, orthodox theories take a mostly rationalist view that treats adoption as a decision situation. In this paper, we aim to show that it is necessary to appreciate the process nature of taking new technology into organisational contexts, and the open-ended nature of this process in terms of social sense-making about the new technology. At the same time, as more and more organisations let social media be part of work and communication practices, understanding what happens when individuals begin to experiment with and participate in these new mediums is increasingly important. Against this backdrop, we present the findings of an in-depth data analysis of enterprise-based short message communications shared across the Yammer enterprise social network at international service consultancy Capgemini. We focus on appropriation-related communication in the first nine months of uptake. By undertaking a time-trend analysis we identify the essential phases in which sense-making and appropriation take place as Yammer is enrolled into Capgemini practices. Our study makes an important contribution toward understanding the processes of technology appropriation in general and sense-making in social media in particular.


We propose Intermediate Layer Optimization (ILO), a novel optimization algorithm for solving inverse problems with deep generative models. Instead of optimizing only over the initial latent code, we progressively change the input layer obtaining successively more expressive generators. To explore the higher dimensional spaces, our method searches for latent codes that lie within a small $l_1$ ball around the manifold induced by the previous layer. Our theoretical analysis shows that by keeping the radius of the ball relatively small, we can improve the established error bound for compressed sensing with deep generative models. We empirically show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods introduced in StyleGAN-2 and PULSE for a wide range of inverse problems including inpainting, denoising, super-resolution and compressed sensing.


The present investigation determined how different antioxidants incorporated into the sperm diluent for cold storage of semen affected sperm motility and spermatozoan fertility capabilities of the rainbow trout. For the evaluations, fresh semen (C) and semen that had been stored without diluents (T1) were used as control groups. The diluents were prepared using a base of UCT diluents (T2), adding grape polyphenol (0.1 g 100 mL -1 ) (T3), trolox C (0.1 g 100 mL -1 ) (T4), polyphenol (0.1 g 100 mL -1 ) plus trolox (0.1 g 100 mL -1 ) (T5), and vitamin C (0.018 g 100 mL -1 ) (T6). The incorporation of antioxidants into sperm diluents prolongs motility and fertility of rainbow trout semen. The results show that by day two, all of the treatments showed level 5 sperm motility. After seven days of storage, only T3 and T6 dropped to level 4 sperm motility. The duration of flagellate activity on this day was maximal for T3 with 36.87 ± 0.51 s and minimal for T6 with 29.78 ± 0.52 s. On day seven, fertility was maintained with no statistically significant differences between the control and T2 (92.80 ± 0.62%), T3 (83.66 ± 2.52%), T4 (90.46 ± 1.60%), T5 (83.57 ± 2.75%), and T6 (83.57 ± 2.30%). By days 10 and 17 of storage, the fertility of T1 was zero and that of T2 was significantly lower than the control group. On day 17, the highest percentage of fertilization was 97.38 ± 1.85% for T5 and the lowest value was 64.69 ± 3.76% for T2. The results allow concluding that the sperm viability of semen stored with different antioxidants is significantly prolonged.


This article is the first to point out that a few relatively low-profile lawsuits involving Uber's liability under the ADA could have an outcome-determinative effect on O'Connor v. Uber Technologies, Inc., the blockbuster employment misclassification case brought against the startup by its own drivers. Because both types of lawsuits hinge on the role that drivers play within Uber's business model, a ruling in favor of ADA liability which compelled Uber to exert additional control over its drivers would also, in turn, jeopardize the drivers' legal status as independent contractors. Such an outcome would be catastrophic to Uber's core business model, costing the company hundreds of millions of dollars. And because Uber is but one of hundreds of Silicon Valley startups to have adopted a similar business model, a misclassification ruling against the tech giant could set in motion a domino effect that impacts scores of companies throughout the "on-demand" economy. Hundreds of millions, if not billions, of dollars may hang in the balance of a few ADA cases. So, too, may the rights of some 57 million Americans with disabilities, for whom victory could come to represent a major civil rights milestone.


We suggest there is a need for a fresh perspective on the design and development of middleware for high-performance workflows and workflow systems. We argue for a building blocks approach, outline a description of this approach and define their properties. We discuss RADICAL-Cybertools as one implementation of the building blocks concept, showing how they have been designed and developed in accordance with this approach. We discuss three case-studies where RADICAL-Cybertools have been used to develop new workflow systems capabilities and in-tegrated to enhance existing ones, illustrating the potential and promise of the building blocks approach.


The international tax problems of today are typically beyond the scope of a single nation to solve. However, the prospect of multinational problem solving, often under the auspices of an international organization, unleashes objections grounded in sovereignty. Despite widespread reliance on sovereignty arguments, little attention has been directed at what precisely is meant by sovereignty and what place it has in international tax policy. This article contends that a loss of sovereignty undermines both significant functional roles played by a nation-state (revenue and fiscal policy) and important normative governance values (accountability and democratic legitimacy). Whether these limitations are severe enough to demand that a sovereign state recall its taxing powers from an international body (or not surrender them initially) depends on the nature of the powers in question and the necessity for a coordinated global response. Part I develops the basic nexus between sovereignty and taxation. Part II examines the use of sovereignty in the debates and analyses surrounding three international tax case studies. Drawing upon the case studies, Part III considers how sovereignty claims are manipulated in tax debates, how states think about sovereignty in taxation, and what their decisions, in turn, suggest about the future of international tax and the prospects for international cooperation.


We analyze a series of full-Sun observations performed with the SoHO/SUMER instrument between March and October 1996. Some parameters (radiance, shift and width) of the S vi 93.3 nm , S vi 94.4 nm , and Ly e line profiles were computed on board. Radiances and line-of-sight velocities in a large central region of the Sun are studied statistically: distributions of solar structures, field Fourier spectra and structure functions are obtained. The structures have distributions with power-law tails, the Fourier spectra of the radiance fields also display power laws, and the normalized structure functions of the radiance and velocity fields increase at small scales. These results support the idea of the existence of small scales, created by turbulence, and of intermittency of the observed fields. These properties may provide insight into the processes needed for heating the transition region, or, if confirmed in the corona, the corona itself. The difficulties encountered in this analysis, especially for the velocity data, underline the need for sensitive ultraviolet imaging spectrometers.


Abstract Achillea kellalensis is an endemic medicinal plant in Iran. In this investigation essential oil content and composition of this plant was determined. Essential oil was obtained by water distillation method. Chemical compositions were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Essential oil yield was about 0.7% (w/w). Twenty-six compounds were identified representing 98.2% of the total oil. The major compounds were found to be α-thujone (70.78%), 1,8-cineol (10.87%) and camphor (6.74%).


Recently, methods of statistical estimation theory have been applied by Bialek and collaborators (1991) to reconstruct time-varying velocity signals and to investigate the processing of visual information by a directionally selective motion detector in the fly's visual system, the H1 cell. We summarize here our theoretical results obtained by studying these reconstructions starting from a simple model of H1 based on experimental data. Under additional technical assumptions, we derive a closed expression for the Fourier transform of the optimal reconstruction filter in terms of the statistics of the stimulus and the characteristics of the model neuron, such as its firing rate. It is shown that linear reconstruction filters will change in a nontrivial way if the statistics of the signal or the mean firing rate of the cell changes. Analytical expressions are then derived for the mean square error in the reconstructions and the lower bound on the rate of information transmission that was estimated experimentally by Bialek et al. (1991). For plausible values of the parameters, the model is in qualitative agreement with experimental data. We show that the rate of information transmission and mean square error represent different measures of the reconstructions: in particular, satisfactory reconstructions in terms of the mean square error can be achieved only using stimuli that are matched to the properties of the recorded cell. Finally, it is shown that at least for the class of models presented here, reconstruction methods can be understood as a generalization of the more familiar reverse-correlation technique.


The development of cloud computing has facilitate the organizations with its services. This makes the security and privacy of the cloud even more significant. Diversification and obfuscation approaches are of the most promising proactive techniques that protect computers from harmful malware, by preventing them to take advantage of the security vulnerabilities. There is a large body of research on the use of diversification and obfuscation techniques for improving the security in various domains, including cloud computing. Cloud computing provides an excellent setting for applying diversification/obfuscation, as the computing platforms (virtual machines) are implemented in software. The main objective of this study is to determine in what ways obfuscation and diversification techniques are used to enhance the security and privacy of the cloud computing, and discover the potential avenues for the further research. To achieve this goal, we systematically review and report the papers that discuss/propose a technique to enhance the security and privacy of the cloud, using diversification and obfuscation techniques. As the result of the search we collected 43 papers published on the topic. In this report we present the process of data collection, analysis of the results, and classification of the related studies. The classification is done based on how the diversification/obfuscation techniques are used to enhance the security in cloud computing environment. The presented study gives a clear view of the state of the art of the existing works in the field, and sheds light on the areas remained intact which could be avenues for further research. The existing works cover surprisingly a small set of the wealth of opportunities for diversification/obfuscation.


Providing an overview of the latest computational approaches to estimate rate constants for thermal reactions, this book addresses the theories behind various first-principle and approximation methods that have emerged in the last twenty years with validation examples. It presents in-depth applications of those theories to a wide range of basic and applied research areas. When doing modeling and simulation of chemical reactions (as in many other cases), one often has to compromise between higher-accuracy/higher-precision approaches (which are usually time-consuming) and approximate/lower-precision approaches (which often has the advantage of speed in providing results). This book covers both approaches. It is augmented by a wide-range of applications of the above methods to fuel combustion, unimolecular and bimolecular reactions, isomerization, polymerization, and to emission control of nitrogen oxides. An excellent resource for academics and industry members in physical chemistry, chemical engineering, and related fields.


Considerable research attention has been devoted to the question of whether and to what extent changes in welfare policy legislated in the 1990s might have deterred immigrant participation in welfare programs, although only post-1996 immigrants were explicitly targeted by most of the changes. Some analysts have argued that such so-called chilling effects have lowered immigrant participation, and others have argued that this is true only in California. This paper analyzes the role of local labor market conditions in explaining declines in the welfare participation trends of immigrants and reductions in the nativity participation gap for the period 1994 to 1999. The data, extracted from the March Current Population Survey, indicate that immigrants' participation in welfare declined more rapidly than natives' during the latter half of the decade. Our results show that variation in the unemployment and employment rates across MSAs and states explain the observed relative post-welfare reform decrease among immigrants, with immigrant welfare utilization being sensitive to changes in both employment and unemployment rates. The inclusion of state fixed effects in probability models suggests that the relative decline among immigrants is not due to unobservable heterogeneity across states, but rather to differences in local labor market conditions. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.


This study focused on the effectiveness of integrating traditional plant community analyses with landscape ecological analyses based on remotely sensed data. A temporal analysis of plant community diversity was conducted for major plant communities of the Ray Roberts Lake area using transect monitoring data collected between 1987 and 1997. Landscape analyses were performed with FRAGSTATS*ARC using classified SPOT satellite imagery for 1987 and 1997. Although the methodology developed in this work was exploratory, it was found that characterizing the dynamics of major plant communities in the study area produced a more effective and insightful analysis of Ray Roberts Lake area landscape dynamics.


High temperatures can pose significant thermoregulation challenges for endotherms, and determining how individual species respond to high temperatures will be important for predicting the impact of global warming on wild populations. Animals can adjust their behaviour or physiology to cope with higher temperatures, but the physical costs of these changes are not well known. We assessed the effect of temperature on foraging behaviour, thermoregulatory behaviour and body condition in a wild, habituated population of Western Australian Magpies Cracticus tibicen dorsalis. Focal observation techniques were used to record individual behaviours, and body mass change was measured across a wide range of air temperatures. We found that temperature had a significant effect on behaviour, with temperatures exceeding 27 °C resulting in a significant decline in foraging effort. Individuals increased heat dissipation behaviours as temperatures rose, leading to a trade-off between foraging and heat dissipation. Individuals lost body condition over the five-month summer period, but there was no significant difference in the daily change in body mass on cool days versus hot days. Our research reveals significant changes in daily behaviour in accordance with temperature, but did not detect a measurable cost of this change. We therefore conclude that rising temperatures are likely to impact the behaviour of individuals in wild populations, but the potential flow-on effects of these behavioural changes are unclear.


Abstract Lithium mineralization is common in the Central Iberian Zone and, to a lesser extent, in the Galizia-Trás-Os-Montes Zone of Spain and Portugal, occurring along a ~500 km-long NNW-SSE striking belt. There are different styles of Li mineralization along this belt; they are mainly associated with aplite-pegmatite bodies and, to a much lesser extent, with veins of quartz and phosphate. Lithium mineralization in the Central Iberian Zone may be classified into four types: aplite-pegmatite dykes occurring in pegmatitic fields, Li mineralization associated with leucogranitic cupolas, beryl-phosphate pegmatites and quartz-montebrasite veins. The main Li minerals of these bodies include Li-mica, spodumene and/or petalite in the pegmatitic fields and leucogranitic cupolas; triphylite-lithiophilite in the beryl-phosphate pegmatites, and amblygonite-montebrasite in the quartz-montebrasite veins. The origin of these different styles of mineralization is considered to be related to differentiation of peraluminous melts, which were generated by partial melting of metasedimentary rocks during the Variscan orogeny. On the basis of paragenesis and chemical composition, the pegmatitic fields and Li mineralization associated with granitic cupolas record the highest fractionation levels, whereas the beryl-phosphate pegmatites and quartz-montebrasite veins show lower degrees of fractionation. There are a number of textural and mineralogical indicators for Li exploration in the Central Iberian Zone and in the Galizia-Trás-Os-Montes Zone, with the highest economic potential for Li being in the pegmatite fields.


Coordinated single-offer school assignment systems are a popular education reform. We show that uncoordinated offers in NYC's school assignment mechanism generated mismatches. One-third of applicants were unassigned after the main round and later administratively placed at less desirable schools. We evaluate the effects of the new coordinated mechanism based on deferred acceptance using estimated student preferences. The new mechanism achieves 80% of the possible gains from a no-choice neighborhood extreme to a utilitarian benchmark. Coordinating offers dominates the effects of further algorithm modifications. Students most likely to be previously administratively assigned experienced the largest gains in welfare and subsequent achievement.


CONTEXT
In overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the relative benefit of delaying infertility treatment to lose weight vs seeking immediate treatment is unknown.

OBJECTIVE
We compared the results of two, multicenter, concurrent clinical trials treating infertility in women with PCOS.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This was a secondary analysis of two randomized trials conducted at academic health centers studying women 18-40 years of age who were overweight/obese and infertile with PCOS.

INTERVENTION
We compared immediate treatment with clomiphene from the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II (PPCOS II) trial (N = 187) to delayed treatment with clomiphene after preconception treatment with continuous oral contraceptives, lifestyle modification (Lifestyle: including caloric restriction, antiobesity medication, behavioral modification, and exercise) or the combination of both (combined) from the Treatment of Hyperandrogenism Versus Insulin Resistance in Infertile Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (OWL PCOS) trial (N = 142).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Live birth, pregnancy loss, and ovulation were measured.

RESULTS
In PPCOS II, after four cycles of clomiphene, the cumulative per-cycle ovulation rate was 44.7% (277/619) and the cumulative live birth rate was 10.2% (19/187), nearly identical to that after oral contraceptive pretreatment in the OWL PCOS trial (ovulation 45% [67/149] and live birth: 8.5% [4/47]). In comparison, deferred clomiphene treatment preceded by lifestyle and combined treatment in OWL PCOS offered a significantly better cumulative ovulation rate compared to immediate treatment with clomiphene. (Lifestyle: 62.0% [80/129]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.7; P = .003; combined: 64.3% [83/129]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8; P < .001 and a significantly better live birth rate lifestyle: 25.0% [12/48]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7; P = .01 and combined: 25.5% [12/47]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.8; P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS
These data show the benefit of improved ovulation and live birth with delayed infertility treatment with clomiphene citrate when preceded by lifestyle modification with weight loss compared with immediate treatment. Pretreatment with oral contraceptives likely has little effect on the ovulation and live birth rate compared with immediate treatment.


Dynamic optimization can be used to determine optimal input profiles for dynamic processes. Due to plant-model mismatch and disturbances, the optimal inputs determined through model-based optimization will, in general, not be optimal for the plant. Modifier adaptation is a methodology that uses measurements to achieve optimality in the presence of uncertainty. Modifier-adaptation schemes have been developed for the real-time optimization of plants operating at steady state. In this paper, the concept of modifier adaptation is extended to transient plants such as batch processes. Two different schemes are proposed, and their performance is illustrated via the simulation of a semi-batch reaction system.


China is on a spending spree on health care, with total outlays predicted to triple from $357 billion in 2011 to $1 trillion in 2020, when the government hopes to have implemented universal coverage. The reforms include expanding insurance coverage, reconfiguring drug pricing, and promoting primary care, as well as money for research into traditional Chinese medicines and an overhaul of the drug pricing system—a move that could affect pharmaceutical research. The health ministry, meanwhile, is pushing the training of more medical professionals, updating China9s mental health infrastructure and backing the development of hospitals.


Fortunately, the two travelers arrived before sunset. Earlier in the day, on 5 May 1674, John Eliot and Daniel Gookin had set out from Boston for Wamesit, the northernmost of the fourteen Indian "praying towns" within the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the one most subjected to retaliatory attacks from raiding bands of Mohawks in the previous few years. Upon safe arrival, the Englishmen greeted their Pennacook friends and gathered as many as they could at the wigwam of Wannalancet, the head sachem of Wamesit, where Eliot, the aging missionary to the Indians, proceeded to talk about the meaning of the parable of the marriage of the king's son in Matthew 22:1—4. Wannalancet, according to Gookin, was a "sober and grave person, and of years, between fifty and sixty"; he had from the beginning been "loving and friendly to the English," and in return they had tried to encourage him to embrace Christianity. Although the English missionaries would have desired him to readily accept the gospel message they preached, Wannalancet voluntarily incorporated Christian practices slowly, over time, without necessarily repudiating his native culture and traditional religious practices.1 For four years Wannalancet "had been willing to hear the word of God preached"; when Eliot or other missionaries made their periodic visits to Wamesit, Wannalancet made sure he was there. Over time, Wannalancet adopted the English practices of keeping the Sabbath, learning to go to any available meeting or instruction, fellowshipping, and refraining from various activities proscribed by the town's praying leaders. Despite all that, however, the English missionaries still complained that he "hath stood off" since he had "not yielded up himself personally."2


Property law has a particular problem with non-owners. Although property law has a very clear understanding of the rights of "owners," it has only a vague understanding of the rights of "non-owners." The problem is significant, because modern property law is so often called upon to balance the rights and needs of owners and non-owners. With so vague an understanding of one set of rights, property law cannot adequately perform this function. The New Jersey case of State v. Shack exemplifies this problem, because it purports to be a case about protecting non-owners. By examining both the case and the texts upon which the Court relied in deciding the case, this Article argues that the New Jersey Supreme Court could not understand, and therefore could not adequately protect, the non-owners in the case. Instead, in its effort to evince a set of rights powerful enough to overcome the property owner's rights, the Court eliminated the voices of the migrant workers it claimed to protect. This Article draws upon postcolonialist theory both in examining the problem and in prescribing a solution. In its prescription, the Article proposes a pragmatic form of postcolonialist inquiry as a theoretical foundation for protecting non-owners in property law. Relying on the less iconic case of Hilder v. St. Peter, the Article proposes three devices within the common law tradition that are well suited to the task of representing and protecting non-owners. As Hilder demonstrates, by the pragmatic use of storytelling, the personalization of claims, and the precise matching of remedies to harm and need, legal decision-makers can more fully consider and protect the rights and needs of non-owners.


In the UK, the need for more quantitatively-skilled citizens and employees has been widely publicised. This skills deficit has prompted a wide range of policy initiatives and academic research into quantitative methods (QM(s)) learning-teaching across all levels of education. Although the academic literature has provided useful insights into the learning-teaching of QM(s), it has overlooked key questions concerning the character of QM(s) across Social Science disciplines and the role of non-human actors. This thesis begins to fill this gap in the literature by adopting Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to explore the learning-teaching of QM(s) within four Higher Education Social Science subjects. To investigate the actor-networks that QM(s) is comprised of, and located within, an assemblage of methods was used, including: semi-structured interviews, concept mapping, participant observation and document analysis. Together, these methods capture QM(s) across Harvey's (2004) three spaces (abstract, relative, and relational), supplementing ANT's own relational understanding of space(-time). Challenging the passive and singular framings of QM(s), presented within policy initiatives and the literature, here, QM(s) was found to be a character occupying multiple positions of agency, taught content, and locations on participants' concept maps. Within the teaching-learning environments, the construction of QM(s) as linear, fixed and learnt through doing was translated by worksheets and correct answers, producing a characterisation of QM(s) as a passive, linear activity of completing tests. When placed within disciplinary actor-networks, QM(s) was identified as performing a variety of roles: providing patterns/trends; offering reliable answers and predictions; aiding theory testing; and assisting decision-making. However, these positionings were being challenged by new techniques, software, and learning-teaching environments. These findings imply that instead of a focus on differentiating QM(s) knowledge, to successfully integrate QM(s) with disciplinary knowledges attention should be given to QM(s') link to data and theoretical positionings. Overall, this thesis provides an original contribution to knowledge through its adoption of ANT, a theory not before applied to QM(s) learning-teaching research. In doing this, it challenges common assumptions made within the literature to provide new insights into the character of QM(s) and the role of previously overshadowed non-human actors.


Digitalization is reshaping finance, opening new market and development opportunities, and bringing with it new risks. Digital finance, or 'fintech', makes a difference by providing access to more, better and cheaper data, removing unnecessary intermediation, enhancing efficiency to reduce barriers and catalyzing innovation. The current crisis has transformed digital finance from a convenience into an existential lifeline.

The UN Secretary General's Task Force on Digital Financing for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlights the potential of fintech, for example, to crowd in SDG-related risk and impact data into financing decisions, reduce financing costs, open opportunities for business innovations particularly those targeting the poor, and enable citizens to have a greater say over their money, as savers, lenders, investors, and tax payers. It also has identified risks that need to be mitigated if it is to be an enabler of financing aligned to the SDGs.

One feature of digitalization, and a source of risk as well as opportunity, is that it enables ever-increasing returns to scale, increasing market concentration: 'network effects'. A small number of digital finance platforms, often arising from 'BigTech' particularly e-commerce, social media, and indeed governments, have grown rapidly, a direction of travel likely to accelerate as a result of the crisis.

These 'global digital finance' platforms, of 'BigFintech', will be increasingly impactful across the world, particularly in developing countries with smaller, weaker or under-developed financial systems, economies, and policy frameworks but where also the opportunities for transformation are greatest. With such extensive footprints, there is need, and yet challenges to securing the most appropriate policies, regulations, and broadly governance.

Governance considerations of BigFintech are often narrowly focused, setting aside many SDG aspects, risks and opportunities. Moreover, they are likewise often not inclusive, notably of the voices of countries most likely to be directly impacted, particularly outside of the major economies. The Task Force's 'Dialogue on Global Digital Finance' has been established as a complementary and supportive initiative aiming to enhance and rebalance governance debate, innovation and developments with these two factors in mind.


Adults may still be catching up to digital age, but digital youth bring to school digital skills they learn from each other. Comparative ethnographic analysis of three middle schools that vary by student class and race reveals that students' similar digital skills are differently transformed by teachers into cultural capital for achievement. Teachers effectively discipline students' digital play but in different ways. At a school serving working-class Latino youth, students are told their digital expressions are irrelevant to learning; at a school with mostly middle-class Asian American youth, students' digital expressions are seen as threats to their ability to succeed academically; and at a private school with mainly wealthy white youth, students' digital skills are positioned as essential to school success. Insofar as digital competency represents a kind of cultural capital, the minority and working-class students also have that capital. But theirs is not translated into teacher-supported opportunities for achievement.


Gaskill's essay situates Stephen Crane's well-known fascination with color within the historical and philosophical contexts of the late-nineteenth century. The invention of bright synthetic dyes and pigments and their applications within emerging advertising culture combined with theories of color sensation and perception offered by empirical psychologists to produce new opportunities for and understandings of color experience. Color-increasingly puzzled over in the abstract, apart from any instantiations within objects-came to be regarded as an affective force with direct and controllable effects on human minds and bodies.
In stories such as "The Blue Hotel" and "The Broken-Down Van" and in the novels The Red Badge of Courage and The Third Violet, Crane draws from and contributes to these experiments with abstract or "pure" color. He uses color to explore the networks of sensation, perception, and language that constitute experience, and he develops a literary style that lifts the feeling of colors from their visual appearances in order to bring his language into contact with the sensory and affective force of color. In this regard, Crane's color techniques relate to late-nineteenth-century philosophical discussions of qualia. This essay elaborates on these themes and practices-touching on Goethe's Theory of Colours, Art Nouveau, the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, and chromotherapy-to offer an account of Crane's colors that revises critical accounts of his "impressionism" and that attends to historical understandings of the character of experience.


Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is a destructive pest of brassicaceous plants around the world. Biological control of this pest has attained much attention being environment friendly. Parasitism rate and growth of the endoparasitoid species, Cotesia giomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied on first (L I) and second (L2) larval instars of P. brassicae. Adult fresh mass and developmental time ofthe parasitoid was higher when it parasitized Ll than L2 of host larvae. Thus, host instars contributed significant variations to parasitoids adult mass accumulation during their development. Parasitized host caterpillars in L2 grew significantly larger than in L I due to less parasitism rate. Similarly, the development of C. glomerata was faster in Lias compared to L2. Larval mortality of the host and parasitoid was also significantly higher in case of Ll. It is indicated from the study that C. glomerata has a promising role managing P. brassicae larvae at early stages.


This work investigates dengue affected localities of Delhi using static and dynamic environmental factors and their possible spatial relationships. The static variables include soil drainage, built-up area and vegetation. The dynamic variables represent seasonal precipitation and temperature data for past hundred years. Significance test (t-test) provided deterministic evidence of variable importance to model. Weighted sum and quantile classification helped to create a final risk map. The model indicated non-uniform distribution of risk across the state and showed elevated risk in urban built-up areas mainly alongside the river Yamuna. Three years (2007, 2008 and 2009) data for confirmed dengue cases for affected localities were obtained from Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) for validation. 57.98% of the reported cases were observed under high risk category as modeled in this study. Modeling results indicate that environmental factors like precipitation, temperature, soil drainage, built-up area and vegetation govern mosquito breeding and are correlated with human dengue risk. The approach verified that dengue risk can be modeled at the state level and can be modified for risk predictions of other vector-borne diseases in varied ecological regions.


Are optimal monetary and fiscal policies time consistent in a monetary economy? Yes, but if and only if under commitment the Friedman rule of setting nominal interest rates to zero is optimal. This result is of applied interest because the Friedman rule is optimal for the standard preferences used in applied work, those consistent with the growth facts. (Replaced by Staff Report No: 305)


Abstract Although cockroaches were the dominant insects in various Paleozoic and Mesozoic insect assemblages, their general morphology was extremely conservative. One of the most common of them, the Jurassic-Cretaceous family Mesoblattinidae, is described here for the first time on the basis of completely preserved specimens. Ninety-two specimens of Perlucipecta aurea gen. et sp. n. reveal details of head, mandible, male tergal glands and terminal hook; cercal, leg and antennal sensilla. Its congener, P. vrsanskyi is described from the same sediments of the Yixian Formation (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous). The forewing venation variability of P. aurea, analysed for the first time in this family is nearly identical (CV = 6.23 %) with variability of two species of family Blattulidae that occur at the same locality (CV = 6.22 %; 5.72 %). The transitional nature of morphological characters represented by asymmetry between left and right wings (simple/branched forewing SC and hind wing M) in P. aurea documents the phylogenetic relation between the families Mesoblattinidae and Ectobiidae


OBJECTIVE
To review the literature about the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia and glycemic control in children and adults with sepsis and critical illness.

SOURCES
Non-systematic survey of the medical literature using MEDLINE and terms hyperglycemia, glycemic control, intensive insulin therapy, sepsis and intensive care. Articles were selected according to their relevance based on the authors' opinion.

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
Hyperglycemia is frequent in critically ill children and it is associated with worsened outcome. In adults, there is no consensus on the efficacy and safety of glycemic control. We describe the possible mechanisms involved in glucose toxicity and the beneficial effects of glycemic control. Initial studies showed that use of insulin to achieve glycemic control reduced morbidity and mortality in adult intensive care; however, recent studies have failed to confirm these findings. Importantly, it is evident that glycemic control is associated with increased incidence of hypoglycemia. The efficacy of glycemic control has not yet been studied in critically ill children.

CONCLUSION
Glycemic control is a novel therapeutic option in critical care. Conflicting evidence in adults means that before we apply this approach to pediatrics it will need to be assessed in clinical trial.


The paper reports the results of a survey carried out in Western Australia to ascertain how teachers and principals view the work of psychologists (guidance officers) in schools. A representative sample of teachers in primary and secondary schools rated the frequency of a wide range of activities they perceived being carried out by psychologists, how well these activities were carried out, and whether they would like to see more or less of them. Perceptions of the process and quality of service delivery and the qualifications and experience of guidance officers were also sampled. The results indicated that traditional child‐centred activities were still rated by most school staff as occurring more frequently than newer, system‐centred ones. There were significant differences in the perception of the quantity and qualities of services received between teachers and principals and between those with most contact with psychologists versus those with least. Implications of the results for education‐based psychological services are discussed.


Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major outcomes of metabolic impairments in humans, which result from several genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, a 'microbiome hypothesis' has been proposed as a result of several studies that have attempted to understand underlying mechanisms of CVDs. Similar to CVDs, both genetic and environmental factors, especially diets, have a major impact on shaping gut microbiota and their functions. In the past decade, strong evidence has emerged to confirm the role of gut microbiota in contributing to the onset of CVDs. However, a comprehensive understanding of interactions among diet, host genotype, gut micro‐ biota and CVDs is still facing challenges due to the complicated nature of CVDs. In this chapter, we review the present state of our knowledge about the contributory role of gut microbiota in CVDs and discuss the knowledge gaps that warrant further investigations. Moreover, we review the potential intervention strategies that may target the microbiota‐driven pathology in CVDs and discuss the strength and weakness of animal models in studying the roles of gut microbiota in CVDs.


Surfactin is an anionic surfactant generated by bacteria. Although it has high ability to decrease interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water, it binds with bivalent cations and forms precipitation. Because the precipitation causes the significant reduction of reservoir permeability, surfactin cannot be applied to EOR in oil reservoir whose bivalent cations concentration is more than 100 ppm. This study investigated methods for applying surfactin to reservoir containing bivalent cations with high concentration.
 Screening of an effective binding inhibitor was carried out by measuring turbidity of the solution containing 0.3 wt% of surfactin, 900 ppm of calcium ion, and inhibitor candidates such as alcohols, chelating agents, cationic surfactants, and ion capturing substances. Influence of the inhibitors on surfactin capacity for decreasing IFT was also evaluated by measuring IFT between the solution and oil. The best inhibitor was finally selected through the injectivity tests using Berea sandstone core which was saturated with calcium solution. EOR potential of the solution containing the inhibitor was evaluated by the core flooding experiments.
 Citric acid and trisodium citrate inhibited binding of surfactin with calcium ion with lower concentration such as 0.6 wt%, they were selected as potential inhibitors and subjected to the IFT measurements. Both of them had strong potential as co-surfactants of the surfactin because IFT was greatly decreased to less than 0.1 mN/m which was less than a tenth as compared with IFT between the pure surfactin solution and oil. Trisodium citrate however caused significant permeability reduction on the injectivity tests whereas citric acid could be injected into the core without permeability reduction. The high pH value of trisodium citrate solution might cause the dissolution of ferrum and aluminum in the core and the colloids of ferrous hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide were formed in the core, which brought the significant permeability reduction. Citric acid was selected as the best inhibitor and subjected to the core flooding experiments. 25 % of oil remaining after primary recovery was recovered by injecting the solution containing 0.3 wt% of surfactin, 0.6 wt% of citric acid and 900 ppm of calcium ion. Rise in the differential pressure was not found during the injection of the solution, which suggested that citric acid was effective for inhibiting the precipitation in oil reservoir. Moreover, 25 % of recovery factor was 5 % higher than the recovery factor obtained by injecting pure surfactin solution. Citric acid is also effective for enhancing the surfactin capacity for increasing the recovery factor.
 Citric acid has dual role as the binding inhibitor and co-surfactant. Because citric acid is environmentally friendly and cheap chemical, it can be promising additive which increase the applicable reservoir and potential of surfactant EOR.


In image compression, classical block-based separable transforms tend to be inefficient when image blocks contain arbitrarily shaped discontinuities. For this reason, transforms incorporating directional information are an appealing alternative. In this paper, we propose a new approach to this problem, namely, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) that can be steered in any chosen direction. Such transform, called steerable DCT (SDCT), allows to rotate in a flexible way pairs of basis vectors, and enables precise matching of directionality in each image block, achieving improved coding efficiency. The optimal rotation angles for SDCT can be represented as solution of a suitable rate-distortion (RD) problem. We propose iterative methods to search such solution, and we develop a fully fledged image encoder to practically compare our techniques with other competing transforms. Analytical and numerical results prove that SDCT outperforms both DCT and state-of-the-art directional transforms.


The invention relates to a device for storing platelike substrates, particularly wafers or test wafers, like those, in particular, used for manufacturing electronic components. The aim of the invention is to make a reliable access to the substrates possible even when storage elements, which can be separated from one another, of the device are affected by manufacturing mistakes. For such a device that, for each substrate, has a number of storage elements, which follow one another in a direction of stacking and which can move relative to one another, in which the storage elements have a stacking area, which is provided for placing the respective storage element inside a stack of storage elements, compensating means are therefore provided in order to compensate for stacking errors in the direction of stacking.


This doctoral dissertation explores the language-planning role of audiovisual translation through a case study of Flemish public service broadcasting (VRT). VRT has since its establishment been a significant language-planning agent for the Dutch language in Belgium. Areas, like Belgium, where a smaller or minority language is spoken, generally rely more on translation activity than major language areas do. The written standard, therefore, is disseminated to a significant extent through translated texts rather than original texts. Subtitles in many such language areas have become significant disseminators of the written standard and can be an underestimated language-planning tool. This dissertation investigates the use of marked Belgian Dutch lexis in VRT television subtitles over a fifteen year period, and compares it to the common practice in both original and translated literary texts. The Dutch written standard, shared by Belgium, and the Netherlands in Europe, is still exclusively Netherlandic. VRT's general language policy, since the late 1990s, has gradually become more open to the use of the Belgian national variety. By means of a
diachronic analysis of a representative corpus of television subtitles, the extent to which this Belgian variety has recently been used specifically in subtitles (a written text type) is investigated. If VRT increasingly includes Belgian Dutch words and phrases in its subtitles, this practice could provide a counterbalance to the on-going purist approach of the transnational Dutch publishing industry. This could mean that VRT, through its subtitles, is now contributing to the development of a richer, more inclusive Dutch written standard, reflecting the diversity of Dutch with all its national varieties (Netherlandic, Belgian, Surinam, and Caribbean Dutch). This research yields original data in relation to the use and dissemination of Belgian Dutch variants in Belgium, and in doing so illustrates the language planning scope and effects of audiovisual media and subtitles, in general.


Carbocyanine dyes have a long-standing tradition in fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy, due to their photostability and large spectral separation between individual dye species. Herein, we explore the versatility of cyanine dyes to probe the dynamics of nucleic acids and we report on the interrelation of fluorophores, RNA, and metal ions, namely K+ and Mg2+. Photophysical parameters including the fluorescence lifetime, quantum yield and dynamic anisotropy are monitored as a function of the nucleic acid composition, conformation, and metal ion abundance. Occasional excursions to a non-fluorescent cis-state hint at the remarkable sensitivity of carbocyanines to their local environment. Comparison of time-correlated single photon experiments with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the propensity of photoisomerization is dictated by sterical constraints imposed on the fluorophore. Structural features in the vicinity of the dye play a crucial role in RNA recognition and have far-reaching implications on the mobility of the fluorescent probe. An atomic level description of the mutual interactions will ultimately benefit the quantitative interpretation of single-molecule FRET measurements on large RNA systems.


There are a large number of conceptual hydrological models available today. It is not easy to immediately identify the similarities and differences between the different models. The Swedish HBV model and the Chinese Xinanjiang model are two examples of conceptual, semi-distributed, rainfall-runoff models. The Xinanjiang model was designed for use in humid and semi-humid regions, with no routine for the snowmelt runoff, whereas the snow routine is an important part of the HBV model in many applications. The model structures of the two models may be described in four routines, compared in this paper. The integral structures of them are similar, but there are some differences, especially in the runoff production routine. The physical significance and physical definitions of some model parameters were analyzed. Both models were tested in two basins. Both models gave similar results, and both models performed well in the application. The similarity of the results obtained by different model structures leads to the following two conclusions. First, more effort should probably be spent on the improvement of input data quality and coverage than on the development of more detailed model structures only. Second, inference about basin behavior and characteristics from the values of calibrated model parameters must be made with great caution.


Inspired by experimental Z-pinch results, we investigate plasma turbulence undergoing compression. In addition to Z-pinches, plasma turbulence can be compressed in a range of natural and laboratory settings, including inertial fusion experiments and astrophysical molecular clouds. The plasma viscosity, when modeled as described by Braginskii, depends strongly on both temperature and ionization state, giving it the possibility to have a large range of behavior. Here, we highlight the importance of viscous variation in these settings, as well as various insights that can be gained by considering this variation. Included are a "sudden viscous dissipation" effect that leads to a new concept for inertial fusion or X-ray bursts and a bound on turbulent energy behavior under compression. This bound, which was previously applied in inviscid molecular cloud turbulence, is here shown in an application to turbulence that transitions from inviscid to viscous regimes. The task of understanding turbulence under compression can be cast as the process of seeking a "quasi equation of state" for turbulent energy under compression.Inspired by experimental Z-pinch results, we investigate plasma turbulence undergoing compression. In addition to Z-pinches, plasma turbulence can be compressed in a range of natural and laboratory settings, including inertial fusion experiments and astrophysical molecular clouds. The plasma viscosity, when modeled as described by Braginskii, depends strongly on both temperature and ionization state, giving it the possibility to have a large range of behavior. Here, we highlight the importance of viscous variation in these settings, as well as various insights that can be gained by considering this variation. Included are a "sudden viscous dissipation" effect that leads to a new concept for inertial fusion or X-ray bursts and a bound on turbulent energy behavior under compression. This bound, which was previously applied in inviscid molecular cloud turbulence, is here shown in an application to turbulence that transitions from inviscid to viscous regimes. The task of understanding turbulence under compres...


This paper explores notions of 'voice' as it relates to Web 2.0. We begin by tracing the social meanings of Web 2.0 technologies Brazil. There the notions of 'voice' as conceived of in the American media are absent, yet significant collective action took place online through a kind of speaking out. Next the paper describes the conflation of voice with a notion of social networks to explain how the American media misread the Brazilian action. This is achieved by an incredible plasticity and abstraction of the Web 2.0′ construct, which flattens otherwise qualitatively meaningful distinctions. This puts us on some ground to raise the issue of how abstractions might become relationships. This, we argue, is evidenced both in terms of how Brazilians might interpret online relationships, and how Web 2.0 hype betrays a politics of abstraction at work in the wider economy.


Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea) leaves from 'ita osu' market of Ijebu Ode, Ogun state, Nigeria, were collected and qualitatively analysed for identification of phytochemical constituents. The results showed the presence of bioactive constituents of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenes. Phlobatannins, anthraquinones and sterols were not detected. The proximate analysis of the leaves revealed a composition of 11.20% moisture, 8.22% ash, 22.4% crude protein, 2.74% crude fat, 7.25% crude fibre, 63.39% NFE, 9.8% alcohol soluble extractive value, 4.32% water soluble extractive value and 0.65% acid insoluble ash value. The significance of this plant was discussed in relation to the presence of these metabolites as well as the proximate values. The presence of some phytochemicals like saponins and flavonoids explained the medicinal action of the plant encountered in its therapeutic uses.


Current analytical and numerical modeling suggest the existence of ubiquitous thin current sheets in the corona that could explain the observed heating requirements. On the other hand, new high resolution observations of the corona indicate that its magnetic field may tend to organize itself in fine strand-like structures of few hundred kilometers widths. The link between small structure in models and the observed widths of strand-like structure several orders of magnitude larger is still not clear. A popular theoretical scenario is the nanoflare model, in which each strand is the product of an ensemble of heating events. Here, we suggest an alternative mechanism for strand generation. Through forward modeling of three-dimensional MHD simulations we show that small amplitude transverse MHD waves can lead in a few periods time to strand-like structure in loops in EUV intensity images. Our model is based on previous numerical work showing that transverse MHD oscillations can lead to Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities that deform the cross-sectional area of loops. While previous work has focused on large amplitude oscillations, here we show that the instability can occur even for low wave amplitudes for long and thin loops, matching those presently observed in the corona. We show that the vortices generated from the instability are velocity sheared regions with enhanced emissivity hosting current sheets. Strands result as a complex combination of the vortices and the line-of-sight angle, last for timescales of a period, and can be observed for spatial resolutions of a tenth of loop radius.


Nitromethane being immiscible in gasoline is often added to methanol to enhance the engine power output. But with the use of methanol as the base fuel, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the spark ignition (SI) engine often doubles due to its lower heating value. To constrain this increase to a marginal value, a tri-component fuel blend consisting of nitromethane-alcohol-gasoline was prepared and observed to be stable. Methanol, ethanol, and butanol were the chosen alcohols for the tests due to their popularity as alternate fuels for SI engines. Tests on a small (35cc) two-stroke SI engine revealed that the torque produced with the use of tri-component blends was comparable with nitromethane-methanol blend and was on an average 1.35 times higher than gasoline. However, the BSFC with the nitromethane-butanol-gasoline blend was 50% lower than nitromethane-methanol blend and was only 14% higher than gasoline. The emission analysis showed lower HC emissions with the tri-component blends proving the improved combustion efficiency due to better mixing of the fuel-air mixture. Combustion analysis showed the increased heat release rate with nitromethane addition due to its higher flame speeds.


Global flow of information forms a basis for active citizenship at local, regional and national levels of society. Information, exchange and education hold a potential to empower individuals for personal development, working life purposes and public life. In raising people's awareness of the ways of the world, piecemeal, factual and true data as well as personally held values play a crucial role. Here we study the potential of software packages for analysing social scientists' use of values in journal articles. Results show that a combination of software tools yields useful information for further research on the contents of social science articles relating to an extraordinary phenomenon.


Road accidents are typically analyzed to address influences of human, vehicle, and environmental (primarily infrastructure) factors. A new methodology, based on a "Venn diagram" analysis, gives a broader perspective on the probable factors, and combinations of factors, contributing both to the occurrence of a crash and to sustaining injuries in that crash. The methodology was applied to 214 accidents on the Mumbai-Pune expressway. Factors contributing to accidents and injuries were addressed. The major human factors influencing accidents on this roadway were speeding (30%) and falling asleep (29%), while injuries were primarily due to lack of seat belt use (46%). The leading infrastructure factor for injuries was impact with a roadside manmade structure (28%), and the main vehicle factor for injuries was passenger compartment intrusion (73%). This methodology can help identify effective vehicle and infrastructure-related solutions for preventing accidents and mitigating injuries in India. (A)


When an open system of classical point particles interacting by Newtonian gravity collapses and relaxes violently, an arbitrary amount of energy may, in principle, be carried away by particles which escape to infinity. We investigate here, using numerical simulations, how this released energy and other related quantities (notably the binding energy and size of the virialized structure) depend on the initial conditions, for the one-parameter family of starting configurations given by randomly distributing N cold particles in a spherical volume. Previous studies have established that the minimal size reached by the system scales approximately as N 1/3 , a behaviour which follows trivially when the growth of perturbations (which regularize the singularity of the cold collapse in the N → oo limit) is assumed to be unaffected by the boundaries. Our study shows that the energy ejected grows approximately in proportion to N 1 /3 , while the fraction of the initial mass ejected grows only very slowly with N, approximately logarithmically, in the range of N simulated. We examine in detail the mechanism of this mass and energy ejection, showing explicitly that it arises from the interplay of the growth of perturbations with the finite size of the system. A net lag of particles compared to their uniform spherical collapse trajectories develops first at the boundaries and then propagates into the volume during the collapse. Particles in the outer shells are then ejected as they scatter through the time-dependent potential of an already re-expanding central core. Using modified initial configurations, we explore the importance of fluctuations at different scales and discreteness (i.e. non-Vlasov) effects in the dynamics.


Abstract Neotropical migrant birds have undergone significant changes in population size, due in part to alterations in the landscape in their breeding range. Some alterations have resulted in the isolation of areas containing optimal habitat for breeding. Isolation between habitat fragments could reduce gene flow between populations, which might result in loss of genetic variation due to genetic drift. To test whether isolation due to distance between populations may affect migratory birds as much as sedentary birds, we used four microsatellite loci as genetic markers to compare gene flow and population structure in migratory and sedentary House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon and T. musculus, respectively). If migratory behavior enhanced gene flow, we expected to find that populations of migratory birds were genetically more similar than populations of sedentary birds, and that gene flow declined more rapidly with distance in sedentary than in migratory populations. Blood samples were collected from 18–25 migratory House Wrens at each of six sites in Ohio separated by distances from 25 to over 300 km, and from 16–20 sedentary House Wrens at each of six sites in Costa Rica, also at distances up to 350 km. We used heterologous microsatellite primers to obtain estimates for RST (population subdivision) and Nm (number of immigrants per generation) in relation to distance between pairs of populations. In the migratory populations, Mantel permutational tests showed no effect of distance on RST or Nm at distances between 25 and 300 km. In the sedentary birds, RST increased and Nm decreased significantly as distance between populations increased from 25 to 300 km. FST values were not different from those obtained using Slatkin's (1995) RST statistics. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that migratory behavior enhances gene flow.


A novel surrogate model is proposed in lieu of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code for fast nonlinear aerodynamic modeling. First, a nonlinear function is identified on selected interpolation points defined by discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM). The flow field is then reconstructed by a least square approximation of flow modes extracted by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The proposed model is applied in the prediction of limit cycle oscillation for a plunge/pitch airfoil and a delta wing with linear structural model, results are validate against a time accurate CFD-FEM code. The results show the model is able to replicate the aerodynamic forces and flow fields with sufficient accuracy while requiring a fraction of CFD cost.


ABSTRACT Municipalities increasingly engage in cooperation with other municipalities to realize economies of scale and scope, to solve 'wicked problems' and to manage border crossing challenges. Often, such cooperation is manifested in rather formalized meta-organizations, with their own resources, employees and management. In this study, we map managers' networking capabilities, more specifically the intensity of their external networking abilities. Furthermore, we aim to understand the effects of both manager and organizational characteristics on external networking. The empirical study focuses on a political-administrative meta-organization, regional councils in Norway. The findings display the importance of 'capacity' for external managerial networking.


This paper examines the relevance of McKinnon's complementarity hypothesis in Tanzania using the Johansen-Juselius cointegration method and error-correction model. The study was motivated by the current controversy over the positive role of financial liberalisation on savings, financial deepening, investment efficiency and economic growth. Contrary to the results obtained from some previous studies, the empirical results of this study reveal a strong support for the complementarity between money and physical capital in Tanzania. This applies irrespective of whether the model is estimated in a static long-run formulation (cointegration model) or in the dynamic formulation (error-correction model).


Carbon is one of the most important elements on Earth. It is the basis of life, it is stored and mobilized throughout the Earth from core to crust and it is the basis of the energy sources that are vital to human civilization. This issue will focus on the origins of carbon on Earth, the roles played by large-scale catastrophic carbon perturbations in mass extinctions, the movement and distribution of carbon in large igneous provinces, and the role carbon plays in icehouse–greenhouse climate transitions in deep time. Present-day carbon fluxes on Earth are changing rapidly, and it is of utmost importance that scientists understand Earth's carbon cycle to secure a sustainable future.


Contributions of Iberian-born writers have gone largely unrecognized by most European and American readers. The rich history of literary achievements in the Iberian Penninsula is now available in this unprecedented dictionary. Defining literature in the broad sense, the Dictionary includes historical, religious, cultural and philosophical writings as well as prose, poetry, and drama from the Iberian Peninsula. Virtually all entries have been composed by noted scholars and are complemented wherever possible by bibliographies of primary texts and selected critical studies as well as existing English translations of primary texts. This two-volume work generally includes literature from the tenth century to the mid-1980s and--with a few exceptions--is limited to writers born in the Iberian Peninsula. A guide to determining the format of the Dictionary was the classic Diccionario de Literatura Espanola by German Bleiberg and Julian Marias. But this updated and reworked version devotes more attention to writings by formerly neglected or forgotten works by female authors and to writers in major languages other than Spanish in the peninsula, including Portuguese, Catalan and Galician. There are also entries on major time periods, movements, and other topics. Titles of works discussed are translated to English. Wherever possible, the text of each entry is followed by a three part bibliography; and some cross-referencing. The Dictionary will appeal to English-speaking non-specialists as well as scholars of Iberian literature.


Background: The shortage of medical providers in rural areas is one of the greatest barriers to accessing healthcare in the United States. Mental healthcare providers are especially limited in numbers and availability in rural areas. Although all individuals living rurally have challenges with receiving care, one group that demonstrates an exceptional deficiency with access to care is veterans. The numbers of veterans living rurally are significantly higher than vets living close to urban or suburban centers of care. Considering the shortages of mental health providers, alternatives to traditional in-person therapy are needed in order to adequately address the needs of rurally located veterans. Recently, psychotherapy via video teleconferencing has been suggested as a way of reaching a greater number of veterans. But is this approach equivalent to in-person therapy in the treatment of PTSD? Methods: An exhaustive search was conducted using Medline-OVID, CINAHL, and Google Scholar using the keywords: mental health, veterans, rural, and telemedicine. Relevant articles were assessed for quality using GRADE. Results: Three studies met the search criteria and were included in this systematic review. The first study, Frueh et al, is a randomized controlled study (RCT) to compare the efficacy of psychotherapy delivered via video teleconferencing or in-person therapy for combat-related PTSD. This study showed a comparable treatment effect and patient satisfaction between the two different methods. The second study, Morland et al, is a non-inferiority-designed RCT comparing anger management therapy delivered either by video teleconferencing or same-room therapy to veterans with PTSD. This study demonstrated similar satisfaction in both groups and an improvement in both anger and PTSD symptoms in the video teleconferencing group. The third study, Ziemba et al, is a two-arm RCT with either active-duty or veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom comparing psychotherapy administered via video teleconferencing or in-person. This study indicated equivalence between the two types of therapies. Conclusion: Psychotherapy administered to veterans with PTSD living in rural areas via video teleconferencing has been shown to be equivalent to traditional in-person therapy. Multiple studies show promise for a broader application of psychotherapy via video teleconferencing to help with the shortage of mental health providers in rural areas; however, further studies are needed to investigate the extent to which telemedicine can be used effectively.


What would it mean to live in cities designed to foster feelings of connectedness to the ocean? As coastal cities begin planning for climate change and rising sea levels, author Timothy Beatley sees opportunities for rethinking the relationship between urban development and the ocean. Modern society is more dependent upon ocean resources than people are commonly aware of, from oil and gas extraction to wind energy, to the vast amounts of fish harvested globally, to medicinal compounds derived from sea creatures, and more. In Blue Urbanism, Beatley argues that, given all we've gained from the sea, city policies, plans, and daily urban life should acknowledge and support a healthy ocean environment. The book explores issues ranging from urban design and land use, to resource extraction and renewable energy, to educating urbanites about the wonders of marine life. Beatley looks at how emerging practices like "community supported fisheries" and aquaponics can provide a sustainable alternative to industrial fishing practices. Other chapters delve into incentives for increasing use of wind and tidal energy as renewable options to oil and gas extraction that damages ocean life, and how the shipping industry is becoming more "green." Additionally, urban citizens, he explains, have many opportunities to interact meaningfully with the ocean, from beach cleanups to helping scientists gather data. Ultimately, he explains that we must create a culture of "ocean literacy" using a variety of approaches, from building design and art installations that draw inspiration from marine forms, to encouraging citizen volunteerism related to oceans, to city-sponsored research, and support for new laws that protect marine health. Equal parts inspiration and practical advice for urban planners, ocean activists, and policymakers, Blue Urbanism offers a comprehensive look at the challenges and great potential for urban areas to integrate ocean health into their policy and planning goals.


Society is self-organising or re-creative in the sense that new emergent structures result from interactions of actors, these structures enable and constrain actions and stimulate further practices. Political self-organisation is a reflexive process where political agents co-ordinate their actions in such a way that political power structures emerge and are differentiated, these structures enable and constrain political activities and stimulate further political practices. Power and the establishment of collective decisions are central aspects of the self-organisation of politics. In the modern State system laws are the most important power structures that stimulate political practices. The modern State consists of two subsystems (the system of rule and the system of civil society), it is organised around the competitive accumulation of power. Central features of the modern state include the regulation of economic autopoiesis, it organises and defends the autopoiesis of society within a bounded territory by making use of the monopoly of the means of coercion, it organises the self-observation, self-containment and self-description of modern society and is a meta-storage mechanism of social information. The Postfordist mode of development of society that is based on economic globalisation and transnationalisation has changed the role of the state. Actors such as transnational corporations (TNCs), non-government organisations (NGOs) and non-profit organisations (NPOs) are gaining increased importance, the structural coupling between the economy and the State is becoming more rigid in the direction where the economy influences the state system, parts of the welfare system are either shifted to the mode of economic autopoiesis or to the system of civil society. Postfordism is shaped by an increase dominance of economic autopoiesis over political, cultural and life-world autopoiesis. This doesn't imply a 'weak state' or the end of the nation state, the latter transforms its functions and answers with measures of re-organisation to the increased globalisation and complexity of the world. Self-observation, self-containment and self-description are altered by the nation state in such a way that the closure of society increases although the openness of the world economy grows.


Summary

1. The quality of allochthonous organic matter influences the transfer of energy and nutrients through recipient food webs. We investigated the effects of variation in the composition of riparian forests (deciduous, mixed, coniferous) on the elemental imbalance between basal resources and consumers in streams, on consumer feeding and on potential feedbacks to riparian systems via emergent aquatic insects.

2. We tested for differences in elemental stoichiometry (carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus; C/N/P) and stable isotopes (∂13C and ∂15N) between deciduous (red alder, Alnus rubra) and coniferous litter (western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla) and among abundant stream invertebrates from streams draining different riparian forests (deciduous, mixed, coniferous). We then assessed shredder feeding preferences (of the trichopteran, Lepidostoma unicolor) for litter incubated in streams with these different forest types and quantified differences in emergence of aquatic and semiaquatic insects among streams.

3. Both initial (non-incubated) and stream-incubated A. rubra litter had lower C/N and C/P and were more depleted in ∂13C and more enriched in ∂15N, than T. heterophylla litter. The stoichiometry of invertebrate tissue did not vary significantly among taxa or with riparian forest composition. A predator (the plecopteran Chloroperlidae) and a collector-gatherer (the ephemeropteran Paraleptophlebia gregalis) from mixed and coniferous forest streams were more enriched in ∂13C and ∂15N isotopes than those from deciduous streams, suggesting that low availability of palatable, N-rich A. rubra litter may constrain energy flow and nutrient fluxes up through the food web in systems with little or no A. rubra.

4. Consumption of A. rubra litter by L. unicolor was most rapid when the litter had been incubated in streams draining deciduous forests, whereas consumption of T. heterophylla litter was not influenced by the composition of the riparian forest.

5. Peak insect emergence from coniferous forest streams occurred 1 month earlier and at 2–3× higher density than from mixed and deciduous-forest streams, but total biomass of emerging insects throughout the study period was not different between forest types. Assemblages of emerging insects were different between deciduous and coniferous forest streams, and taxon richness and diversity were nearly 2× greater from deciduous than from coniferous forest streams.

6. Forest composition influences stream invertebrate feeding and could have reciprocal feedbacks onto riparian systems via altered insect emergence.


The paper studies incentives of low-quality sellers to disclose negative information about their product. We develop a model where one's quality can be communicated via cheap-talk messages only. This setting limits ability of high-quality sellers to separate as any communication strategy they pursue can be costlessly imitated by low-quality sellers. Two factors that can incentivize low-quality sellers to communicate their quality are buyers' risk-attitude and competition. Quality disclosure reduces buyers' risk thereby increasing their willingness to pay. It also introduces product differentiation softening the competition. We show that equilibria where low-quality sellers separate exist under monopoly and duopoly. Even though low-quality sellers can costlessly imitate high-quality sellers, equilibria where high-quality sellers separate can also exist but under duopoly only.


Here is cutting edge research on complementary schooling in Britain. The book brings together new and innovative language-focused research on complementary schools that serve the linguistic, cultural and social needs of a wide range of ethno-linguistic communities in Britain. It examines the language and literacy practices, the policy and curricular innovation that pertain in complementary schools in Britain today, and the experiences of the children who attend them. Complementary schools have been on the margins of educational policy as research sites in their own right but recently this has changed. Now recognized as 'safe spaces' in which young children can explore their identities, they are seen as central to policy initiatives for promoting the languages of Britain. This book picks up on the spate of recent research to explore: the range of language and literacy practices in complementary schools; their innovations in policy and curriculum; and, how the pupils, teachers and parents negotiate social identities and affiliations. The book demonstrates the importance of complementary schools in the lives and learning of bilingual pupils. "Sites of Multilingualism" is essential reading for researchers and students in the fields of bilingual education and bilingualism, sociolinguistics, sociology and anthropology. It will also be relevant to teachers and teacher educators in complementary and mainstream schools and also to policy makers.


T cell activation is thought to require two events: engagement of the T cell receptor with antigen that is presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC), and costimulatory signals that involve engagement of other molecule pairs between the T cell and the APC. One such costimulatory pair is the inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) present on T cells and its ligand B7HRP-1. Three groups have analyzed the contribution of this interaction to immune function in vivo by generating ICOS-null mice. ICOS-deficient mice exhibited defects in T cell activation and proliferation, failing to produce critical cytokines including interleukins 2 and 4. The absence of ICOS also impaired the ability of T cells to direct the appropriate humoral response to antigens, indicating its importance in promoting T cell-B cell collaboration. The findings are summarized by Schwartz, who suggests that this costimulatory molecule has important implications in allergic reactions and the inflammatory response in humans. Dong, C., Juedes, A.E., Temann, U.-A., Shresta, S., Allison, J.P., Ruddle, N.H., and Flavell, R.A. (2000) ICOS co-stimulatory receptor is essential for T-cell activation and function. Nature 409: 97-101. [Online Journal] McAdam, A.J., Greenwald, R.J., Levin, M.A., Chernova, T., Malenkovich, N., Ling, V., Freeman, G.J., and Sharpe, A.H. (2000) ICOS is critical for CD40-mediated antibody class switching. Nature 409: 102-105. [Online Journal] Tafuri, A., Shahinian, A., Bladt, F., Yoshinaga, S.K., Jordana, M., Wakeham, A., Boucher, L.-M., Bouchard, D., Chan, V.S.F., Duncan, G., Odermatt, B., Ho, A., Itie, A., Horan, T., Whoriskey, J.S., Pawson, T., Penninger, J.M., Ohashi, P.S., and Mak, T.W. (2000) ICOS is essential for effective T-helper-cell responses. Nature 409: 105-109. [Online Journal] Schwartz, R.H. (2000) It takes more than two to tango. Nature 409: 31-32. [Online Journal]


The underlying structure of process evaluation and the predictors of employees' satisfaction with an intervention was assessed using factor analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The management in an organization initiated the intervention to improve the psychosocial work environment and to raise employees' competence in interpersonal relationships. The sample consists of 172 employees in an economy and real estate unit of an organization situated in central Norway. The sample consists of 49 % women and 51 % men with age ranging from 24 to 70 years. Results from the factor analysis produced a four-factor structure, but only two (process communication and process leadership role) of these factors were kept in the final analysis. The two process factors significantly predicted the level of employees' satisfaction with the intervention after controlling for gender, personality, engagement, and commitment. Conclusively, these findings suggest that both the richness of communication and the roles of leadership influence participants' appraisal as well as their satisfaction with the content of an intervention. Subsequently, future intervention programs ought to consider these two factors during the planning phase of an intervention.


Purpose
Big Data is likely to have significant implications for the way in which services are planned, organised or delivered as well as the way in which we evaluate them. The increase in data availability creates particular challenges for evaluators in the field of integrated care and the purpose of this paper is to set out how we may usefully reframe these challenges in the longer term.

Design/methodology/approach
Using the characteristics of Big Data as defined in the literature, the paper develops a narrative around the data and research design challenges and how they influence evaluation studies in the field of care integration.

Findings
Big Data will have significant implications for how we conduct integrated care evaluations. In particular, dynamic modelling and study designs capable of accommodating new epistemic foundations for the phenomena of social organisations, such as emergence and feedback loops, are likely to be most helpful. Big Data also generates opportunities for exploratory data analysis approaches, as opposed to static model development and testing. Evaluators may find research designs useful that champion realist approaches or single-n designs.

Originality/value
This paper reflects on the emerging literature and changing practice of data generation and data use in health care. It draws on organisational theory and outlines implications of Big Data for evaluating care integration initiatives.


The on board energy storage system with Ultracaps for railway vehicles presented in this paper seems to be a reliable technical solution with an enormous energy saving potential. Bombardier Transportation has equipped one bogie of a prototype LRV (light rail vehicle) for the public transportation operator RNV in Mannheim with a MITRAC Energy Saver. Outstanding feature is the daily operation of the energy storage unit in daily passenger service, and this even since September 2003. The experiences are very positive. The measured traction energy saving of approximately 30% confirmed fully the former calculations. Running the energy storage device on board of a tram brings additionally following benefits: (i) a dramatic reduction of the peak power demand (ii) catenary free operation" on several hundred meters without power supply from the catenary (iii) catenary free city center by on board storage and recharging stations. Applying the energy storage devices in Metro systems has a similar effect as in case of LRVs. However the savings distribution in the whole system will be a little bit different. Due to higher regeneration capability of metro systems the expected share of the train propulsion saving will be lower. It will be compensated by a considerable reduction of the line losses, especially for systems with low rated catenary voltages (600 V or 750 V). Very promising are energy storage applications in propulsion systems of diesel-electrical multiple units (DEMUs). These vehicles lack possibilities to use the braking energy of the train. Energy storage systems on board of DEMUs bring high fuel savings together with the corresponding emission reduction. On top of that the energy storage leads to a booster effect - extra power during acceleration from the storage, by adding the limited weight of the MITRAC Energy Saver.


Legumes are an important source of high-value proteins and edible oils in the human diet. However, they are also a known and frequent source of severe allergic reactions to foods. Immediate-type allergic reactions are elicited by allergenic proteins (allergens), mediated by their interaction with the immune system via allergen-specific antibodies of the isotype immunoglobulin E (IgE). These specific IgE antibodies to total protein of the allergenic food, e.g. peanut, can be measured in vitro to diagnose an allergic sensitization. While specific IgE to total protein extracts indicates a sensitization, it is not necessarily a proof for clinical reactivity. In contrast, the measurement of specific IgE to selected allergen components, such as the peanut 2S albumin Ara h 2, has been proposed to improve the in vitro diagnostic specificity for a clinical reactivity. In this context, specific recognition patterns of IgE binding at the protein level, and further at the peptide level, may allow the development of advanced diagnostic approaches, and innovative therapeutic reagents. However, knowledge about the relevance of allergenic storage proteins, such as 2S albumins and 7S globulins, of the legumes peanut, pea and soybean and their IgE-binding peptides is in part controversial or limited.
Therefore, this study aimed to determine the serum IgE binding of legume-allergic versus sensitized but clinically tolerant children to homologous 2S and 7S legume allergens from peanut, pea and soybean at the protein and peptide level.
In this study, sera from legume-allergic as well as sensitized but clinically tolerant children with legume extract-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kUA/L were included. Total protein extracts and recombinant 7S globulins and 2S albumins of peanut, pea, and soybean, respectively, were prepared. Afterwards, serum IgE binding to legume extracts and recombinant legume allergens was individually determined by means of densitometric immunoblot analysis. Overlapping peptides (15 AA; offset 4 AA) representing the full-length allergens were synthesized and analyzed for their ability to bind serum IgE on CelluSpotTM multipeptide microarrays. The influence of post-translational hydroxylation of proline residues in peanut Ara h 2 on the capacity to bind serum IgE and thus on the diagnostic value was additionally investigated on the peptide level. Potential candidate diagnostic peptides specific for peanut and pea allergy were identified, according to predefined selection criteria that were established in this study. Finally, the diagnostic value of the investigated recombinant legume allergens and of the potential candidate diagnostic peptides was determined as area under curve (AUC) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. By doing so, it should be determined whether peptides may serve as additional or alternative reagents in the in vitro diagnosis of legume allergy. However, due to the very limited number of available and included soybean-allergic patients, soybean was excluded from a detailed analysis of candidate diagnostic peptides and ROC curve analysis. According to immunoblot analysis and the specific limit of detection, serum IgE of 48%, 79% and 50% of peanut-, pea- and soybean-allergic children bound to the 7S globulins rAra h 1, rPis s 1 and rGly m 5.03, respectively. Of the peanut-, pea- and soybean-sensitized but tolerant children 8%, 20% and 20% showed a serum IgE binding to the respective 7S globulins.
The most striking difference between the three legumes could be observed regarding the relevance of the 2S albumins. In immunoblot analysis, 65% and 78% of peanut-allergic children showed a serum IgE binding to rAra h 2.01 and rAra h 2.02, respectively. In contrast, serum IgE of peanut-sensitized but tolerant patients did not bind to any of both Ara h 2 isoforms. Hence, the relevance and the diagnostic value of both 2S albumin isoforms, especially of rAra h 2.02, in peanut allergy were further highlighted. Based on immunoblot analyses, such clinical relevance of 2S albumins could not be found in pea and soybean. Here, negligible or no serum IgE binding to 2S albumins was detectable in pea- as well as soybean-allergic children. Based on the ROC curve analysis of the investigated recombinant proteins analyzed in immunoblot, rAra h 2.02 (AUC 0.86) and rPis s 1 (AUC 0.86) had the highest diagnostic value in peanut and pea allergy, respectively, also compared to the respective total legume protein extract.
With regard to potential diagnostic peptides, two Ara h 2-derived peptide pairs (AUC 0.87-0.90) with a diagnostic value comparable to that of full-length rAra h 2.02 (AUC 0.86) could be identified for peanut allergy. Each of the two peptide pairs contains at least one peptide with hydroxylated proline residues. In addition, it could be observed that hydroxylation of proline residues in Ara h 2-derived peptides increased the sensitivity while maintaining the specificity which makes this post-translational modification an interesting target for future diagnostic approaches. Moreover, for pea allergy eleven candidate diagnostic peptides of Pis s 1 could be identified. Compared to pea extract and rPis s 1, the candidate peptides had, with an AUC of 0.99, the highest diagnostic value in this pea study population.
In this pediatric study population, general differences in allergenic potency of the 2S and 7S storage proteins of the three investigated legumes were apparent. In peanut, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 could be identified as relevant allergens. However, based on immunoblot analysis, the 2S albumin Ara h 2, in particular the isoform Ara h 2.02, was the most relevant allergen with the highest diagnostic value in this peanut study population. In contrast, in pea and soybean 2S albumins were excluded as relevant allergens in this study. In pea, the 7S globulin Pis s 1 was identified as a major and immunodominant allergen. A similar trend seemed to be observed for Gly m 5.03 and soybean, but due to the limited number of soybean-allergic patients included in this study, no further conclusions can be drawn.
In addition, the investigation of IgE binding at the linear peptide level revealed that peptides with a diagnostic value that is comparable or even better than that of the respective full-length recombinant proteins could be identified. These peptides may potentially serve as additional or alternative reagents in the in vitro diagnosis of legume allergy; however, this requires verification in a prospective study.
Moreover, based on this study, additional knowledge about relevant allergens and their IgE-binding sites was obtained. This knowledge can support the development of novel therapeutic reagents with improved characteristics. In this context, IgE binding to short peptides of allergens was investigated to localize IgE-binding sites in approximation to linear (continuous) IgE epitopes. It could be shown that linear IgE-binding epitopes of natural Ara h 2, as represented by a 27-mer peptide, still induced relevant mast cell degranulation. This finding underpins the potential relevance of linear IgE-binding sites with regard to total allergenic potency, and should thus be considered in the development of novel reagents for the immunotherapeutic treatment of peanut allergy as otherwise patients might be at high risk of unintended side effects. In addition, identified immunodominant IgE-binding sites of Pis s 1 may allow the development of hypoallergenic substitution variants for allergen-specific immunotherapy of pea allergy. The relevance of these findings with regard to efficacy and safety can be further addressed in preclinical models of peanut and pea allergy, respectively.


Energy UK is the trade association for the GB energy industry with a membership of over 100 suppliers, generators, and stakeholders with a business interest in the production and supply of electricity and gas for domestic and business consumers. Our membership covers over 90% of both UK power generation and the energy supply market for UK homes. We represent the diverse nature of the UK's energy industry – from established FTSE 100 companies right through to new, growing suppliers and generators, which now make up over half of our membership.