Abstract. Smoke aerosols prevail throughout Amazonia because of widespread biomass burning during the dry season, and external mixing, low variability in the particle size distribution and low particle hygroscopicity are typical. There can be profound effects on cloud properties. This study uses an adiabatic cloud model to simulate the activation of smoke particles as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for three hypothetical case studies, chosen as to resemble biomass burning aerosol observations in Amazonia. The relative importance of variability in hygroscopicity, mixing state, and activation kinetics for the activated fraction and maximum supersaturation is assessed. For a population with κp = 0.04, an overestimation of the cloud droplet number concentration Nd for the three selected case studies between 22.4 ± 1.4 and 54.3 ± 3.7 % was obtained when assuming a hygroscopicity parameter κp = 0.20. Assuming internal mixing of the aerosol population led to overestimations of up to 20 % of Nd when a group of particles with medium hygroscopicity was present in the externally mixed population cases. However, the overestimations were below 10 % for external mixtures between very low and low-hygroscopicity particles, as seems to be the case for Amazon smoke particles. Kinetic limitations were significant for medium- and high-hygroscopicity particles, and much lower for very low and low-hygroscopicity particles. When particles were assumed to be at equilibrium and to respond instantly to changes in the air parcel supersaturation, the overestimation of the droplet concentration was up to  ∼  100 % in internally mixed populations, and up to  ∼  250 % in externally mixed ones, being larger for the higher values of hygroscopicity. In addition, a perceptible delay between the times when maximum supersaturation and maximum aerosol activated fraction are reached was noticed and, for aerosol populations with effective hygroscopicity κpeff higher than a certain threshold value, the delay in particle activation was such that no particles were activated at the time of maximum supersaturation. Considering internally mixed populations, for an updraft velocity W = 0.5 m s−1 this threshold of no activation varied between κpeff = 0.35 and κpeff = 0.5 for the different case studies. However, for low hygroscopicity, kinetic limitations played a weaker role for CCN activation of particles, even when taking into account the large aerosol mass and number concentrations. For the very low range of hygroscopicities, the overestimation of the droplet concentration due to the equilibrium assumption was lowest and the delay between the times when maximum supersaturation and maximum activated fraction were reached was greatly reduced or no longer observed (depending on the case study). These findings on uncertainties and sensitivities provide guidance on appropriate simplifications that can be used for modeling of smoke aerosols within general circulation models. The use of medium values of hygroscopicity representative of smoke aerosols for other biomass burning regions on Earth can lead to significant errors compared to the use of low hygroscopicity for Amazonia (between 0.05 and 0.13, according to available observations). Also in this region, consideration of the biomass burning population as internally mixed will lead to small errors in the droplet concentration, while significantly increasing the computational burden. Regardless of the large smoke aerosol loads in the region during the dry season, kinetic limitations are expected to be low.


Abstract:Nicaragua's 2016 elections saw President Daniel Ortega win a third consecutive term, and his wife, Rosario Murillo, become Vice President, in the face of an opposition abstention campaign. Since winning the presidency in 2007, Ortega has consolidated control over Nicaragua's institutions and economy while rejecting his revolutionary roots, stifling opposition parties and civil society, and enriching his family and associates. Ortega's move from electoral victory to caudillo-style strongman rule offers a Latin American parallel to contemporary autocratic transitions in cases like Russia, Turkey, and Hungary. Absent a crisis, Nicaraguans face an uphill battle to restore democracy and avert a new family dynasty.


In a dramatic, moving work of historical reporting and personal discovery, an award-winning journalist sets out to trace the story of what happened to his parents, a fascinating but star-crossed interracial couple, and arrives at a new understanding of the family dramas that shaped their lives-and his own. In a dramatic, moving work of historical reporting and personal discovery, Mark Whitaker, award-winning journalist, sets out to trace the story of what happened to his parents, a fascinating but star-crossed interracial couple, and arrives at a new understanding of the family dramas that shaped their lives-and his own. His father, "Syl" Whitaker, was the charismatic grandson of slaves who grew up the child of black undertakers from Pittsburgh and went on to become a groundbreaking scholar of Africa. His mother, Jeanne Theis, was a shy World War II refugee from France whose father, a Huguenot pastor, helped hide thousands of Jews from the Nazis and Vichy police. They met in the mid-1950s, when he was a college student and she was his professor, and they carried on a secret romance for more than a year before marrying and having two boys. Eventually they split in a bitter divorce that was followed by decades of unhappiness as his mother coped with self-recrimination and depression while trying to raise her sons by herself, and his father spiraled into an alcoholic descent that destroyed his once meteoric career. Based on extensive interviews and documentary research as well as his own personal recollections and insights, My Long Trip Home is a reporter's search for the factual and emotional truth about a complicated and compelling family, a successful adult's exploration of how he rose from a turbulent childhood to a groundbreaking career, and, ultimately, a son's haunting meditation on the nature of love, loss, identity, and forgiveness.


We present the measurement of distributed mode coupling along tapered single-mode fibers using optical frequency-domain reflectometry. The energy re-distribution through Rayleigh backscatter amplitude as a function of distance with a 13 μm resolution over the whole taper region is measured. The wavelength shifts between the fundamental mode and high order modes of the taper are theoretically derived and experimentally verified by using autocorrelation data processing. An accurate measurement of refractive index differences in both gentle and abrupt tapers is achieved with a spatial resolution of ~2 cm. The measured results and theoretical values match well in gentle taper. It is found that the physical length of mode coupling of abrupt taper is longer than its geometric length, while both lengths are the same in gentle taper. The measurement is rapid, repeatable and nondestructive.


This study investigates the effect of financial perception and behaviour on; (a) general accounts and services, (b) investment/savings and (c) insurance/assurance Using FinScope dataset from South Africa over the period 2003 to 2009,ordered probit, generalized ordered probit and pseudo panel micro-econometric techniques have been employed. Results based on all three estimations support the hypothesis that financial perception has a greater effect on the decision to access and use general accounts and services. The cross section and pooled models confirm the hypothesis that the effect of financial behaviour is greater than financial perception when making decisions on the take-up and use of investment financial services. It is also observed that the degree of responsiveness of financial perception on access to, and use of financial services decreases as the depth of usage deepens from basic to advance levels of financial products. In a policy context, targeting demand-side factors to increase access to and use of financial services should be financial type and level specific. Furthermore, the approach should be based on an understanding of the experiences of borrowers.


Abstract Paleoecological statistics calculated for fossil assemblages are often influenced by biases that may act at more than one scale. These biases are difficult to detect without an overarching method that can accommodate the spatial attributes of fossil specimens. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to manage, analyze, synthesize, and archive large amounts of paleontological data within a geospatial framework. This study uses GIS to test the impact of variation in sampling area and rate of sediment accumulation on two commonly employed paleoecological statistics—species richness and relative body size. Mammals of the Willwood Formation (early Eocene) from the central part of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA, serve as a test case. Fossil localities outlined on U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps were digitized and GIS was used to estimate their two-dimensional areas. This metric was compared directly with species richness to test sampling area bias and also was used to calculate the density of species per unit area, which could be compared among various samples. Tests were constructed to examine variation at the locality scale and across the basin. Results of the analysis of the sampling area bias showed that species richness increased significantly with increasing sampling area and that rarefaction, the commonly used method of standardizing richness, did not remove the sampling area-richness relationship when the magnitude of area variation was >∼1 km2. Results of the analysis of compositional variation related to changes in rate of sediment accumulation showed that locality-scale changes did not have a significant influence on assemblage composition.


The ambiguity of the due diligence standard of the Full Protection and Security obligation in investment treaties persists to this day. A recent ICSID tribunal found a developing state liable for breaching the Full Protection and Security obligation due to its inability to protect a foreign investment against terrorist attacks in a remote deserted area. In this article, we analytically criticize the Ampal v. Egypt arbitral award against the comprehensive factual matrix behind the case. Based on our criticism of Ampal, we argue that developing states should not be liable for failing to prevent or stop terrorist attacks under the Full Protection and Security obligation when they exert efforts relevant to their limited capacity to offer such protection. Further, we argue that investors should also optimize political risk insurance offered by the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency when they choose to invest in a host state that might be vulnerable to terrorist attacks, might face potential insurgencies, or suffer from political turmoil. Finally, we highlight the importance of integrating other subfields of international law – such as international human rights law – to the international investment arbitration system, especially in defining what acts or omissions are required of a host state to fulfill the due diligence standard of the Full Protection and Security Obligation.


This paper proposes that variance in interpreter performance is dependent on factors of both general cognitive ability and personality. Whilst there is no doubt of the interplay between individual personality traits and job performance across many occupations, the greatest interest lies in determining which traits play the most important role; and to what extent these variables impact on learning and achievement. The paper reports on a study of 110 accredited signed language interpreters in Australia. Psychological constructs of self-efficacy, goal orientation and negative affectivity were measured, as were interpreter ratings of self-perceived competence as practitioners. The most significant finding revealed the dimension of emotional stability (represented on the negative end of the continuum by traits of anxiety and neuroticism, and measured in this study by the negative affectivity scale) as a predictor of interpreter's self-perceived competence. Based on these findings, recommendations for admission testing and interpreter education curricula are discussed.


Molybdenum cofactor sulfurases (MCSUs) are important enzymes for plant development and response to environmental queues, including processes such as nitrogen metabolism and regulation of the abscisic acid levels in plant tissues. We cloned and sequenced MCSU gene from barley and performed in silico comparison with rice, tomato, and Arabidopsis. Physico-chemical properties and subcellular predictions were found to be similar in different plant species. All MCSUs had three critical domains: aminotransferase class-V (Pfam: PF00266), MOSC N-terminal beta barrel (Pfam: PF03476), and MOSC (Pfam: PF03473). Secondary structure analysis revealed that random coils were the most abundant, followed by α-helices and extended strands. Predicted binding sites of MCSUs were different in barley and Arabidopsis , whereas rice and tomato showed the same pattern. A conserved triple-cysteine motif was detected in all MCSUs with cys438-cys440-cys445, cys431-cys433-cys438, cys428-cys430-cys435, and cys425-cys427-cys432 in barley, rice, Arabidopsis, and tomato, respectively. Furthermore, a 3D structure analysis indicated that structural divergences were present in all MCSUs, even in the core domain structure. Phylogenetic analysis of MCSUs revealed that monocot-dicot divergence was clearly observed with high bootstrap values. The results of this study will contribute to the understanding of MCSU genes and proteins in plants. The data of this study will also constitute a scientific basis for wet-lab and in silico studies of MCSUs.


There are several experimental reports that have demonstrated a remarkable increase in conduction of ions along the interface between water and a polar-lipid monolayer as contrasted with that in a bulk-water phase. A simple model was developed for the collective ionic modes of a charged spherical membrane that takes the increase into account. Starting from the hydrodynamic equations for surface ions inside and outside a cell, the dispersion relation for intrinsic cellular electrical oscillations was obtained. Properties were calculated for surface-plasmon modes as well as for a resonant response of a charged membrane bilayer to microwave pumping.


The coexistence of different technologies within the same spectrum swaths, as well as the distributed, non-coordinated channel assignment for WLANs is becoming not only an important research topic, but also a matter of sustainability for the trend we witness in moving all last-hop communications on wireless links to unleash the users from their wires and tethers. This work proposes, implements and evaluates a strategy that allows an entire 802.11 Basic Service Set (BSS) to dynamically hop between the available channels always selecting the "best" one. The selection not only guarantees the hopping BSS performances well above what can be achieved with a static selection, but it also minimizes the interference toward other BSSs, so that the overall performance of the system maximizes resource utilization. The performance of the protocol and strategy we propose is tested with an implementation on off-the-shelf 802.11g cards; the experiments are run in labs and around the campus of the University of Trento.


Galactokinaseless mutants of Escherichia coli are, in general, phenotypically constitutive for the remaining enzymes of the galactose pathway, a phenomenon which has been attributed to internal induction (Jordan, Yarmolinsky & Kalckar, 1962). One exceptional, kinaseless, mutant, though constitutive during stationary phase, is inducible during logarithmic growth. This mutant, w3092~, also produces a constitutive concentration of enzyme after confluent growth on solid medium and continues to do so even after 3-5 generations of subsequent logarithmic growth in liquid medium. This effect of growth on solid medium is peculiar to ~ 3 0 9 2 ~ . It does not occur in other inducible strains, including galactosefermenting revertants of w3092~, nor in ~ 3 0 9 2 ~ itself grown as isolated colonies. Even in confluently grown organisms it is lost after storage at 4" for several days. In each case high degrees of enzyme synthesis can be prevented by an inhibitor of induction of the galactose enzymes, methylP-u-thiogalactoside, and are therefore attributed to internal induction. Though the enzyme concentrations decrease rapidly when the cultures resume logarithmic growth after stationary phase, high concentrations may persist up to the fifth generation after confluent growth on solid medium and then decline to reach the basal level only after the 12th generation. The inducibility of ~ 3 0 9 2 ~ (A character) was shown to be independent of the mutation to kinaseless, since other kinaseless mutants derived from a galactose-fermenting revertant of ~ 3 0 9 2 ~ still carried the A character.


When parties conclude a contract, there is a glimmer of consensus and when that contract is reduced to writing, at least in the English tradition, elaborate terms are crafted with much care and precision from established precedents and the skilled use of language to reflect the agreement reached by the parties. But the glimmer of consensus obscures the fact that there can hardly ever be complete agreement on every minute detail of the contract and no matter how carefully or with how much elaboration a contract is drafted, the ideal of a perfect contract remains eternally beyond the reach of the drafter. No matter how clearly the parties express themselves and no matter how well drafted a contract may be, it is never beyond the realm of possibility that the contract may yet contain some omission. There are various reasons why an omission may occur: Unforeseen circumstances may arise; circumstances change; parties change; needs change; conflicts of interest are ever present. Whatever the reason, omissions arise with sufficient frequency to warrant the existence of legal rules which explain in which circumstances a court may supply an omission. This is often done by the implication of certain unexpressed terms in a contract. The aim with this analysis is to consider the various kinds of unexpressed terms that can be implied in a contract from a comparative perspective against the backdrop of the judgment of the England and Wales Court of Appeals (Civil Division) in Baker Tilly (a firm) v Makar ([2010] EWCA Civ 1411).


Objective: It was planned to compare bipolar I patients (BP-I) with personality disorder (PD) and without any personality disorder in terms of variables such as disease characteristics, disease course, suicide risk, alcohol and substance use. Methods: This cross-sectional study 99 patients with BP I according to DSM-IV TR and gave to informed consent were included. Sociodemographic Data Form, Hamilton Depression Scale, Young Mania Scale, and DSM-IV-TR-SCID-II were administered to participants. Results: At least one PD was detected in 38 (38.4%) patients with BP-I. Histrionic type (18%) PD was the most common in patients. Two types of PD were found in 21.2% and three types of PD were found in 6.1% of the participants. In patients without personality disorder, the mean number of hospitalizations and the total number of manic episodes were high while the total number of depressive episodes was low. The incidence of atypical depression, attempted suicide, and alcohol-substance abuse were statistically higher in patients with multiple PD than non-PD group. Conclusion: BP-I patients with multiple PD have more depressive episodes than non-PD patients; this group of patients should be considered as a special subgroup that should be followed carefully because of the atypical nature of these attacks, more suicide rates and the use of more alcohol and substance. In addition, these patients lower hospitalization times may need to be interpreted in favor of not being able to complete the treatment. For this reason, it may be important to monitor these patients out-patiently.


Sports has an important role for the health of present societies and the next generations as an element of urban design. Sports facilities have strong effects on the social life in urban areas. The facilities supply the communication between the dynamics of the cities and generate synergy in the city life of people interacting with each other for improvement in their lives. Before the construction of the sports facilities, the planners must evaluate the type and size of them in terms of the population of the whole city and, the population of neighboring settlement areas, which use the facility. Entropy can be used as a criterion for the quantitative measure of spatial information on maps. In the study, the location of the sports facilities in Istanbul are compared by using the entropy as a quantitative criterion. As a result, the success of the location selection for the sports facilities in urban areas are estimated by using the entropy as a component. Metric entropy method and applications were carried out by a case study in the city of Istanbul for defining the spatial distribution of sports facility locations with the posts of people including "sports" and sports-related keywords on social media.


The objective of the study was to develop a topical poly herbal gel for the treatment of mild acne vulgaris. Aqueous extracts of Garcinia mangostana and Aloe vera were formulated in an aqueous based carbopol-934(1%w/w) gel system. Preformulation studies on solubility, partition co-efficient, MIC, MBC were determined along with compatibility studies using a validated HPLC method. Six formulations of the gel were prepared by varying the proportions of polymers and evaluated for their physicochemical properties like pH, spreadability, viscosity and microbial assay. Based on these tests, formulation F-6 containing 1% carbopol-934 was selected as best formulation and carried over to in-vitro drug diffusion studies wherein it showed Cumulative Drug Release of 81.03% at the end of 8 hours with a flux of 0.0879 mg/cm2/hr.The microbial assay of all the formulations demonstrated better inhibitory activity against Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis compared to the marketed clindamycin phosphate gel in equivalent amounts of application. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that aqueous extract of Garcinia mangostana and Aloe vera can be formulated in an aqueous based gel system for topical therapy of mild acne vulgaris.


The study attempts to see the trends, stock of achievements, and impact of road network on economic growth in Ethiopia. To do so, descriptive and econometric analyses are utilized. From the descriptive analysis, the findings indicate that the stock of road network is by now growing at an encouraging pace. The government?s spending has reached tenfold relative to what it was a decade ago. It also reveals that donors are not following the footsteps of the government in financing road projects. The issue of rural accessibility still remains far from the desired target level that the country needs to have. Regarding community roads, both the management and accountancy is weak, even to analyze its impact. Thus, the country needs to do a lot to graduate to middle income country status in terms of road network expansion, community road management and administration, and improved accessibility. The econometric analysis is based on time series data extending from 1971-2009. Augmented Cobb-Douglas production function is used to investigate the impact of roads on economic growth. The model is estimated using a two-step efficient GMM estimator. The findings reveal that the total road network has significant growthspurring impact. When the network is disaggregated, asphalt road also has a positive sectoral impact, but gravel roads fail to significantly affect both overall and sectoral GDP growth, including agricultural GDP. By way of recommendation, donors need to strengthen their support on road financing, the government needs to expand the road network with the aim of increasing the current rural accessibility, and more attention has to be given for community road management and accountancy. Lastly, gravel road expansion has to be made to meet the target level of the road network and simultaneously ascertain rural accessibility, thereby improving agricultural productivity and market access of the poor rural population.


Hard x-ray microscopy with nanometer resolution will open frontiers in the study of materials and devices, environmental sciences, and life sciences by utilizing the unique characterization capabilities of x-rays. Here we report two-dimensional nanofocusing by multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs), a type of diffractive optics that is in principle capable of focusing x-rays to 1 nm. We demonstrate focusing to a 25 × 27 nm(2) FWHM spot with an efficiency of 2% at a photon energy of 12 keV, and to a 25 × 40 nm(2) FWHM spot with an efficiency of 17% at a photon energy of 19.5 keV.


High-speed milling operations are often limited by regenerative vibrations. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of spindle speed variation on machine tool chatter in high-speed milling. The stability analysis of triangular and sinusoidal shape variations is made numerically with the semi-discretization method. Parametric studies show also the influence of the frequency and amplitude variation parameters. This modeling is validated experimentally by variable spindle speed cutting tests with a triangular shape. Stable and unstable tests are analyzed in term of amplitude vibration and surface roughness degradation. This work reveals that stability must be considered at period variation scale. It is also shown that spindle speed variation can be efficiently used to suppress chatter in the flip lobe area.


BACKGROUND
Islet cells from pig could be used as an alternative to the current treatment of diabetic patients. However, xenotransplantation from pig to humans may be associated with the risk of transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) that are present in the genome of all pigs and infect human cells in vitro. Although transplantation of pig islet cells for treatment of diabetes may be not accompanied by immunosuppression that may facilitate virus survival, since islets will be used encapsulated, it is nevertheless of importance to study whether islet cells release PERVs able to infect human cells during co-incubation.

MATERIAL/METHODS
Isolated islets from German landrace pigs were incubated with highly susceptible human 293 cells for one week. In order to prevent microchimerism 293 cells were made neomycin-resistant (293(neo+)), that allows the elimination of pig cells by a selection medium. The infection of 293(neo+ )target cells was analysed by PCR using PERV-specific primers up to fi ve weeks after co-cultivation. In addition, expression of viral mRNA in pig islet cells was studied by RT-PCR analysis, the expression of viral protein by FACS analysis.

RESULTS
Despite the presence of numerous PERV proviruses in the genome of all pigs, no expression of PERV was observed in German landrace pig islet cells, neither as mRNA, nor as protein, nor as viral particles.

CONCLUSIONS
Islet cells from German landrace pigs do not express PERVs and may therefore be used for breeding genetically modified pigs suitable for xenotransplantation and treatment of diabetes.


The initial discovery of protein phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism for the control of glycogen metabolism has led to intense interest of protein phosphorylation in regulating protein function (Cohen et al. 2001). Kinases play a variety of roles in many physiological processes within cells and represent one of the largest families in the human genome with over 500 members comprising protein serine/threonine tyrosine and dual-specificity kinases (Manning et al. 2002). Phosphorylation of proteins is one of the most significant signal transduction mechanisms which regulate intracellular processes such as transport growth metabolism apoptosis cystoskeletal arrangement and hormone responses (Bononi et al. 2011; Heidenreich et al. 1991; Manning et al. 2002; Pawson et al. 2000). As such abnormal phosphorylation of proteins can be either a cause or a consequence of disease. Kinases are regulated by activator and inhibitor proteins ligand binding and phosphorylation by other proteins or via autophosphorylation (Hanks et al. 1991; Hug et al. 1993; Scott 1991; Taylor et al. 1990; Taylor et al. 1992). Since kinases play key functions in many cellular processes they represent an attractive target for therapeutic interventions in many disease states such as cancer inflammation diabetes and arthritis (Cohen et al. 2010; Fry et al. 1994; Karin 2005; Mayers et al. 2005). In particular the serine/threonine family of kinases comprises approximately 125 of the 500 family of kinases and includes the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and protein kinase C (PKC). These kinases are implicated in the regulation of cell growth and are the focus of this current study.


Doubtless, architecture is one of the invaluable and profitable resources of countries holding the necessary infrastructure of the industry or seeking to build them. Tourism is a complex of phenomena and relations coming from interactions among tourists, capitals, hosting governments and communities, scientific institutions, transformation firms, and hosting and control of the tourists. One of the lucrative tourist sources is artistic and architectural phenomena which stand for the civilization of each country as civilization is a combination of symbols and historical and cultural revelations that are evidences for fort and identity of a nation and their persistence among other nations and civilizations. One of these revelations and symbols is historical houses and textures that have mostly been museums or places of interest that are restored today. In these buildings, Iranian art and architecture reveals itself from the past and demonstrates its mutual effect. Taking care of cultural identity in building, least use of natural resources and life qualities, this architecture meets a lot of principles which are financially efficient. The aim of this paper is to introduce the patterns of sustainable architecture in old Iranian architecture; it also examines old houses particularly Jalil Arazi house in Ghazvin which is a bright example of sustainable architecture. Climate, ecology, atmosphere, building's body, appropriate form and beautiful design are some of the main factors in sustainable architecture. That's why Iranian architects have been welcome to anything looking good to the eye and have revealed it in traditional architecture; some of these visual scenes include patterns of decorative designs, stucco, glass works, sash windows, brickworks, etc. This paper has implemented on biblical and archival method by survey and is provided the results as a paper.


This dissertation presents investigations on dynamics of discrete-time quantum walk and some of its applications. Quantum walks has been exploited as an useful tool for quantum algorithms in quantum computing. Beyond quantum computational purposes, it has been used to explain and control the dynamics in various physical systems. In order to use the quantum walk to its fullest potential, it is important to know and optimize the properties purely due to quantum dynamics and in presence of noise. Various studies of its dynamics in the absence and presence of noise have been reported. We propose new approaches to optimize the dynamics, discuss symmetries and effect of noise on the quantum walk. Making use of its properties, we propose the use of quantum walk as an efficient new tool for various applications in physical systems and quantum information processing. In the first and second part of this dissertation, we discuss evolution process of the quantum walks, propose and demonstrate the optimization of discrete-time quantum walk using quantum coin operation from SU(2) group and discuss some of its properties. We investigate symmetry operations and environmental effects on dynamics of the walk on a line and an n-cycle highlighting the interplay between noise and topology. Using the properties and behavior of quantum walk discussed in part two, in part three we propose the application of quantum walk to realize quantum phase transition in optical lattice, that is to efficiently control and redistribute ultracold atoms in optical lattice. We also discuss the implementation scheme. Another application we consider is creation of spatial entanglement using quantum walk on a quantum many body system.


Historical evidence suggests that great wildfires burning in the Lake States and Canada can affect atmo- spheric conditions several hundred miles away (Smith 1950; Wexler 1950). Several 'dark' or 'yellow' days, as such events are commonly called, have been recorded, often with anecdotal or direct evidence pointing to wildfires as the source (Plummer 1912; Ludlum 1972). One such 'dark day' occurred across New England in 1780, a year in which people were technologically unable to confirm the source of such a phenomenon. Here we combine written accounts and fire scar evidence to document wildfire as the likely source of the infamous Dark Day of 1780.


Abstract. Large scale maps and image mosaics are representative geospatial data that can be extracted from UAV images. Map drawing using UAV images can be performed either by creating orthoimages and digitizing them, or by stereo plotting. While maps generated by digitization may serve the need for geospatial data, many institutions and organizations require map drawing using stereoscopic vision on stereo plotting systems. However, there are several aspects to be checked for UAV images to be utilized for stereo plotting. The first aspect is the accuracy of exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) generated through automated bundle adjustment processes. It is well known that GPS and IMU sensors mounted on a UAV are not very accurate. It is necessary to adjust initial EOPs accurately using tie points. For this purpose, we have developed a photogrammetric incremental bundle adjustment procedure. The second aspect is unstable shooting conditions compared to aerial photographing. Unstable image acquisition may bring uneven stereo coverage, which will result in accuracy loss eventually. Oblique stereo pairs will create eye fatigue. The third aspect is small coverage of UAV images. This aspect will raise efficiency issue for stereo plotting of UAV images. More importantly, this aspect will make contour generation from UAV images very difficult. This paper will discuss effects relate to these three aspects. In this study, we tried to generate 1 : 1,000 scale map from the dataset using EOPs generated from software developed in-house. We evaluated Y-disparity of the tie points extracted automatically through the photogrammetric incremental bundle adjustment process. We could confirm that stereoscopic viewing is possible. Stereoscopic plotting work was carried out by a professional photogrammetrist. In order to analyse the accuracy of the map drawing using stereoscopic vision, we compared the horizontal and vertical position difference between adjacent models after drawing a specific model. The results of analysis showed that the errors were within the specification of 1 : 1,000 map. Although the Y-parallax can be eliminated, it is still necessary to improve the accuracy of absolute ground position error in order to apply this technique to the actual work. There are a few models in which the difference in height between adjacent models is about 40 cm. We analysed the stability of UAV images by checking angle differences between adjacent images. We also analysed the average area covered by one stereo model and discussed the possible difficulty associated with this narrow coverage. In the future we consider how to reduce position errors and improve map drawing performances from UAVs.


This research report is based on a study on decentralized human resource management in two LGAs namely Dodoma Municipal and Chamwino District Councils. The study was motivated by the wider acknowledgement that decentralization of human resource management functions to lower levels of governance is crucial strategic policy agenda in the wake of new public management and local government reforms geared towards empowering LGAs in Tanzania.The study attempts to assess whether HR functions are best performed by a centralized or decentralized governmental structure, an issue hitherto studied in the Tanzania context. It focuses on three HR practices which are recruitment and selection, training and development, and rewards. It explores the positive and negative outcome of HRM decentralization as well as determinants for effective HRM decentralization at Dodoma Municipal and Chamwino District Councils. The study adopted case study design and employed triangulation by going beyond the sampled LGAs to include the Prime Minister's Office – Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) and the Public Service Recruitment Secretariat (PSRS). Questionnaires, interview guides and document review were used to gather data. The findings indicate that, both Chamwino District Council and Dodoma Municipal Council have no autonomy to recruit and select staff since the function is done by the Public Service Recruitment Secretariat. It was found that recruitment and selection is partially done in the LGAs by identifying vacancies and proposing the budget which has to be approved by the Ministry of Public Service and Ministry under which the staff category falls. This involvement of different ministries creates delays in decision making of HR matters. It surfaced that some flexibility were in the offing to empower councils to recruit low cadre personnel from nearby areas to reduce costs of recruitment while the public service recruitment secretariat would continue processing recruitment personnel in the professional cadres. Although the government training strategy underscores that staff training should be primarily focused on enhancing job specific knowledge and skills, the findings indicates that some staff pursue training not related to their job spheres. This is not accidental because it is geared towards career attrition from low pay to high pay jobs.It was found that rewards are centralized save for recommendation letters issued to hard working staff and incentives such as subsistence allowance. This system was necessitated by limited financial resources at the councils. These were indeed perceived as necessary but not sufficient motivation given the greater value of tangible rewardsIt emerges that centralization and decentralization have merits and demerits. The appropriateness of whatever option greatly depends on the context.


The BEM is well established as a solid numerical technique for the analysis of acoustic and wave propagation problems. Its numerical formulation relies on previous knowledge of the Green's functions for the specific problem to be studied, and thus it is usually limited to homogeneous media or to media incorporating regions with piecewise constant or with well-defined variations (such as linearly varying) of properties. In fact, the definition of these Green's functions becomes difficult whenever more generic cases are considered, such as when the properties of the propagation media vary from point to point. For this case, when the properties of the medium inside a sub-region exhibit spatial variations, alternative approaches have to be used. In this work, a frequency domain model based on the joint use of the BEM and of the Kansa's method is proposed to model such systems. In that model, the BEM is used to model the homogeneous part of the propagation domain, while Kansa's method is used to model an heterogeneity, which may exhibit velocity variations from point to point. In the interface between the two parts of the domain, continuity of velocities and pressures are imposed. Kansa's method is applied here making use of Multiquadric (MQ) RBFs, which incorporate a shape parameter that strongly influence the quality of its results. To overcome this problem, a general strategy based on the assessment of the domain error in the enforcement of the governing PDE is introduced to allow the definition of adequate values of this shape parameter.


The paper makes statistics of world men decathlon world annual best performances in ten years during 2004~2013, applies principal component analysis and BP neural network combinative method to establish prediction model. The paper carries on principal component analysis of statistical data, and solves four principal components. On the basis of principal component analysis result, take previous year men decathlon four principal components as input, and the second year men decathlon performances as output, it establishes BP neural network model. The paper takes neural network training with performances during 2004~2011, uses performances from 2011 to 2013 to detect established prediction model accuracy, applies 2013 principal component data into predicting, and gets men decathlon annual best performance in 2014 is 8750.5 points. Take principal component analysis' data handling result as input, it solves men decathlon individual event many data and each individual event performance stronger correlations bad impacts on prediction model's prediction accuracy, enhances prediction model's prediction accuracy, and expands BP neural network predication model application.


Andy warhol (1928 - 87) was a phenomenon. He remains a phenomenon to this day, not only through his own work but also through that of the many admirers and followers who populate the stage of contemporary art. This sumptuous volume presents the first full-scale exploration of warhol's tremendous influence across the generations of artists that have succeeded him. Warhol brought to the art world a unique awareness of the relationship that art might have with popular consumer culture and tabloid news, with celebrity, and with sexuality. Each of these themes is explored through visual dialogues between warhol and some sixty artists, among them John Baldessari, Vija Celmins, Gilbert & George, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Robert Gober, Nan Goldin, Damien Hirst, Alfredo Jaar, Deborah Kass, Alex Katz, Jeff Koons, Barbara Kruger, Glenn Ligon, Robert Mapplethorpe, Vik Muniz, Takashi Murakami, Bruce Nauman, Cady Noland, Elizabeth Peyton, Sigmar Polke, Richard Prince, Gerhard Richter, Ed Ruscha, Cindy Sherman and Luc Tuymans. These juxtapositions not only demonstrate warhol's overt influence but also suggest how artists have either worked in parallel modes or developed his model in dynamic new directions. Featuring commentary by many of the world's leading contemporary artists, as well as a major essay by the celebrated critic Mark Rosenthal and an extensive illustrated chronology, Regarding Warhol is an out-standing publication that will be essential reading for anyone with an interest in contemporary art.


MgB2 wire is a promising superconductor for the superconducting links for the high-luminosity upgrade of the large Hadron collider at CERN. The mechanical properties of MgB2 must be fully quantified for the cable design, and in this study, we evaluate the Young's modulus of MgB2 filaments in wires with a practical level of critical current. The Young's moduli of MgB2 filaments by two different processes, in situ and ex situ, were compared. Two different evaluation methods were applied to an in situ MgB2 wire, a single-fiber tensile test and a tensile test after removing Monel. In addition, the Young's modulus of the few-micron-thick Nb–Ni reaction layer in an ex situ processed wire was evaluated using a nanoindentation testing technique to improve the accuracy of analysis based on the rule of mixtures. The Young's moduli of the in situ and ex situ MgB2 wires were in the range of 76–97 GPa and no distinct difference depending on the fabrication process was found.


Whilst the market for electronic books (or e-books) is still stuttering into life in France and represents less than 1% of publishers' turnover, the commercial strategies being implemented by both traditional and new players in the book publishing industry are laying the foundations for various possible publishing industry configurations. Dematerialisation is leading to changes which are likely to affect whole industry, e.g. the emergence and the disappearance of various industry players, the loss, creation and transfer of value and industry restructuring.The market faces issues such as technical constraints, i.e. interoperability between file formats and reader hardware. It is also subject to legislative support or change governing the publishing trade in France, covering such matters as intellectual property rights, taxation, price-fixing methods, etc. This snapshot aims to summarise the possible futures of the e-book economy.


Abstract The Swedish Tax Agency is responsible for controlling as well as informing and assisting the taxpayers. Even if these tasks are not necessarily contradictory, they can be difficult to perform all at once. In their performance of duties, tax agency employees have to meet the expectations of the management as well as of the taxpayers. The goal fulfilment of the Tax Agency is contingent on the organisation's ability to provide a stress-free working environment. Stress may cause physical and psychological problems.


Father this year I toured the West Coast with some recently discovered videotapes, presenting a posthumous premiere of works by the 1980s video artist Tom Rubnitz. Rubnitz is best remembered for his late-career short, a sandwich tutorial entitled Pickle Surprise (1989, 1 min. 30 sec.), in which drag queens Lady Bunny, RuPaul Charles, Sister Dimension, and a gaggle of assorted performers and club kids meant a decidedly American recipe (Or the construction of a perfect sandwich--"Take an English muffin! Spread sandwich spread! Plop the ham thusly please!"--leading Ru Paul to beg the question of the hour, "Where's the pickle?" Lady Bunny giggles knowingly into the camera. "That's the surprise." The figures who performed befbre Rubnitz's lens (Tabboo!, john Sex, John Kelly. Frieda. Hapi Phace, and Ann Magnuson, to name a few predominantly peopled the booming East Village art scene of the mid-198.0s. Most of them called i he Pyramid Club home--partieularkt he Sunday night "Whispers" party, a drag performance review organized by Hapi Phaee that would host visiting perlbrmers like Jayne Count y or Vaginal Davis, in addition to the club's experimental drag pedigree of Ethyl Eichelberger, International Chrysis, Lypsinka, resident DI Sister Dimension, the Funione crew from Atlanta--Larry Tee, Lady Bunny, and RuPaul Charles.--and, later, Antony Flegartv's early theater troupe, Blacklips Performance Cult. These acts drew upon pop culture and the post-punk. New Wave, and N.) Wave scenes du jour, combining them with experimental theater approaches. Some performers even drilled in from Charles Ludlam's Ridiculous Theatrical Company. (1) As a haven for outre performance, the Pyramid was remarkable enough to attract the devout attention of not just Rtamitz. but another notable video mediary Nelson Sullivan, who shot hundreds oF hours id rootage in the club, 'vith the cumbersome video technology of the era. Sullivan employed a handheld documentary style that has since found great secondary life on his estate's YouTube channel. 5ninthavenueproject. where his fly-on-t he-wall approach grants access to the period's most vital live arts. Rubnitz also shot various tapes cunt a ini ng "doe." style fbotage (such as From the Files qf the Pyramid Cocktail Lounge, 1983, 6 min.), though his output is predominantly diegetic. Collahorating with the talents around him and evolving live performances into short tapes. Rubnitz created new. subversive worlds vith his flourishing nightclub contemporaries. Presenting a program ofthese titles at the Billy Wilder Theater in Los Angeles this winter, I was joined by Magnuson who, during the question-and-answer session, spoke to the authorial intent of these collaborations, like her 15-minute tape with Rubnitz, Made For 7-1. (1984). "There was no practical application to any of it," she explained, when asked where these works initially screened. Pausing for a moment's reflection, Magnuson continued, "and that's what made the time so magical." Here, Magnuson was not singular; other performers who frequented the club created a diverse range of artistic productions with wild abandon, both independently and collaboratively, from 12-inch singles and plays at La Ma Nla Experimental Theatre, to large-scale paintings and art videos a product of (and beyond) the weekly performance slots that the Pvramid boasted. Magnuson's observation caused me to wonder what figures today occupy this space of creative production and playful subversion. And how does that social club component, so essential 10 the Last Village movement, manikst in an age of social media? What are the products that this contemporary out re drag and queer performance culture sends out into the world? What will it leave behind? As luck would have it, shortly after I returned from the tour. I was dragged out to a local Brooklyn dive bar to watch the hit reality television shom RuPaul'sl Drag Race and a live drag show that immediately followed. …


The Poincaré-Hopf relation is studied for molecular electrostatic potentials (MESPs) of a few test systems such as cyclopropane, cyclobutane, pyridine, and benzene. Appropriate spheres centered at various points, including the center of mass of the system under study, are constructed and the MESP gradient is evaluated on the corresponding spherical grid. The change in directional nature of MESP gradient on the surface of these spheres gives indication of the critical points of the function. This is used for developing a method for locating the critical points of MESP. The strategy also enables a general definition of the Euler characteristic (EC) of the molecule, independent of any region or space. Further, the effect of basis set and level of theory on the EC is discussed.


This report documents the scale of the Melbourne's recent inner-city high rise apartment boom and the scale of its likely further expansion. It shows that it is an investor led boom, which is disconnected from any underlying increased preference for apartment living. It is delivering thousands of tiny apartments which reflect developers' interest in maximising the number that can be packed into the building site and investors' preferences for an apartment product selling for less than $500,000. The report examines the social and economic consequences of the boom for Melbourne.


This large scale study focuses on quantifying what X-rays diagnostic prediction tasks generalize well across multiple different datasets. We present evidence that the issue of generalization is not due to a shift in the images but instead a shift in the labels. We study the cross-domain performance, agreement between models, and model representations. We find interesting discrepancies between performance and agreement where models which both achieve good performance disagree in their predictions as well as models which agree yet achieve poor performance. We also test for concept similarity by regularizing a network to group tasks across multiple datasets together and observe variation across the tasks. All code is made available online and data is publicly available: this https URL


Nitrogen (N) isotope fractionation and symbiotic N fixation were investigated in the shrub legume tagasaste, growing in the glasshouse and field. In a pot study of effectively nodulated plants supplied with 0, 1, 5 and 10 mM nitrate [stable isotope 15N (δ15N) of 3.45‰], the δ15N of dry matter N of fully symbiotic cultures indicated a greater isotope fractionation during distribution of N between nodules, stems, leaves and roots than for N2 fixation itself, with whole-plant δ15N being near zero (–0.46 to 0.42‰). Regardless of whether plants were field-grown, pot-cultured, fixing N2 or utilising mineral N, woody stems were depleted in 15N relative to all other plant parts. The similar orders of ranking of δ15N for plant components of the nitrate-treated and fully symbiotic plants, and a general increase in δ15N as plants were exposed to increasing concentrations of nitrate, indicated that N isotope fractionation can be accounted for, and thus not undermine 15N natural abundance as means of measuring N2 fixation inputs in tagasaste trees. In pot culture the percentage of plant N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) by symbiotic N2 fixation fell from 85 to 37% when the nitrate supply was increased from 1 to 10 mM, with evidence of nitrate N being preferentially allocated to roots. δ15N natural abundance assessments of N2 fixation of 4-year-old trees of field-grown tagasaste in alley (550 trees ha-1) or plantation (2330 trees ha-1) spacing were undertaken at a study site at Moora, Western Australia, over a 2-year period of shoot regrowth (coppicing). Cumulative N yields and %Ndfa were similar for trees of alley and plantation spacing, with much less coppice N accumulation in the first compared to the second year after cutting. Scaling values from a tree to plot area basis, and using a mean %Ndfa value of 83% for all trees at the site, inputs of fixed N into current biomass plus fallen litter over the 2 years of coppicing were calculated to be 83 kg N ha-1 year-1 for the alley and 390 kg N ha-1 year-1 for the plantation spacing. Although the plantation tagasaste fixed 587 kg N ha-1 in the second year, close to the maximum value reported in the literature for any N2-fixing system, this should not be seen as typical where the trees are used for animal production, since grazing and cutting management will substantially reduce productivity and N2 fixation input.


Quest for Beauty: The Architecture, Landscapes, and Collections of John Yeon Portland Art Museum, Oregon 13 May–3 September 2017

It was the compelling power of towering snowcapped mountains, deep forests, and sharp peaks plunging precipitously into the Pacific Ocean that served as the driving force of John Yeon's life. Born in 1910, he grew up in the shadow of an ambitious father who began as a logger, rose to become a leading figure in Portland, Oregon, and in 1913 supervised the construction of the state's first paved highway along the Columbia Gorge, the nation's first scenic route. Equally important was Yeon's mother, whose pioneering family began as homesteaders in Portland in the 1850s and through whom her son acquired an appreciation of the arts. Thus early on Yeon was drawn to the vast scale and powerful pull of the natural beauty of untouched wilderness—the rugged Oregon coastline, the deep Columbia Gorge with its powerful river, the flora and fauna of the forest—but also to the small scale and refinement of fine art.

Having grown up in privileged circumstances and inherited wealth, Yeon turned to architecture in his late teens. He worked summers in the offices of A. E. Doyle, Portland's largest and most successful architectural firm, whose practice followed the classicizing tradition of McKim, Mead & White, and in the office of the Beaux-Arts–trained architect Herman Brookman. Granted access to their extensive libraries of architectural books, Yeon acquired a knowledge of and taste for European traditions at once Palladian and English picturesque. …


A number of recent investigations have revealed that transverse waves are ubiquitous in the solar chromosphere. The vast majority of these have been reported in limb spicules and active region fibrils. We investigate long-lived, quiet-Sun, on-disk features such as chromospheric mottles (jet-like features located at the boundaries of supergranular cells) and their transverse motions. The observations were obtained with the Rapid Oscillations in the Solar Atmosphere instrument at the Dunn Solar Telescope. The data set is comprised of simultaneous imaging in the Hα core, Ca ii K, and G band of an on-disk quiet-Sun region. Time–distance techniques are used to study the characteristics of the transverse oscillations. We detect over 40 transverse oscillations in both bright and dark mottles, with periods ranging from 70 to 280 s, with the most frequent occurrence at ∼165 s. The velocity amplitudes and transverse displacements exhibit characteristics similar to limb spicules. Neighboring mottles oscillating in-phase are also observed. The transverse oscillations of individual mottles are interpreted in terms of magnetohydrodynamic kink waves. Their estimated periods and damping times are consistent with phase mixing and resonant mode conversion.


A Fuzzy Logic Ramp Metering Algorithm was implemented on 126 ramps in the greater Seattle area. This report documents the implementation of the Fuzzy Logic Ramp Metering Algorithm at the Northwest District of the Washington State Department of Transportation. This programmer's guide contains the software design for the new and modified code, the integration procedure, the results of software regression testing, the test results of new functionality, a discussion of the performance evaluation software used, the algorithm's transferability to other regions, and recommendations for the future. Two other related reports cover the project's research approach, evaluation method, and the results of on-line testing of the Fuzzy Logic Ramp Metering Algorithm, as well as the algorithm design and tuning technique.


Hypereutrophic Upper Klamath Lake has been studied for almost 50 years to evaluate the nature, cause, and effects of its very productive waters. Mitigation of undesirable effects of massive cyanobacterial blooms requires understanding their modern causes as well as their history. Knowledge of the pre-settlement natural limnology of this system can provide guidelines for lake restoration and management of land and water use strategies to maximize the benefits of this aquatic resource. This investigation uses a paleolimnological approach to document the nature and chronology of limnological and biological changes in Upper Klamath Lake for the past 200 years, covering the time when the lake was first described until today. A 45-cm gravity core, dated by 210 Pb and diatom correlations, was analyzed for diatoms, pollen, akinetes (resting spores) of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , reworked tephra shards, and sediment magnetic character-istics. Pollen profiles show little vegetation change during this time. In contrast, diatoms indicative of increased nutrient fluxes (P and Si) increase moderately, coinciding with the settlement of the region by Euro-Americans. Numerous settlement activities, including draining of lake-margin marshes, upstream agriculture and timber harvest, road construction, and boat traffic, may have affected the lake. Magnetic properties and reworked tephra suggest riparian changes throughout the basin and increased lithogenic sediment delivery to the lake, especially after 1920 when the marshes near the mouth of the Williamson River were drained and converted to agricultural and pasture land. Drainage and channelization also decreased the ability of the marshes to function as traps and filters for upstream water and sediments. Akinetes of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae record progressive eutrophication of Upper Klamath Lake beginning in the 20th century and particularly after 1920 when lake-margin marsh reclamation more than doubled. The coincidence of limnological changes and human activities following European settlement suggests a major impact on the Upper Klamath Lake ecosystem, although ascribing specific limnological changes to specific human activities is difficult.


The growing debate about physician aid-in-dying has often invoked the Netherlands as a case study and has drawn somewhat indiscriminately on the Dutch experience to support arguements both for and against physician-assisted suicide and, especially, euthanasia. In December 1990 the Insititute for Bioethics in Maastricht assembled a group of seven Dutch and seven international experts for a two-day conference to examine the practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands. The conference was explicity intended to promote better understanding of the Dutch situation and to foster a critical yet constructive dialogue concerning these practices. Thus in addition to papers outlining the current state of law and practice, presentations addressed the social and ethical dimensions of physician aid-in-dying. Given its topic and goals, the conference quite naturally took the form of scrutinizing, debating, and justifying the practices of Dutch physicians in caring for patients at the end of life. In his opening remarks Dr. L.B.J. Stuyt, president of the conference, noted that a central concern was the "wide divergence in the definition of term" that hampers mutual understanding and must be clarified. To lay the foundation for our further discussions, then, I examined the current Dutch definition of euthanasia. What Are We Talking About? Although |euthanasia' has been performed and publicly debated in the Netherlands for several decades, here as elsewhere the word is still used for many different practices of helping patients in their last moments of life. The Dutch debate has developed a growing consensus by focusing on competent patients who request that a doctor either assist them to take their own life (assisted suicide) or actively end life for them (euthanasia). The definition of euthanasia widely accepted in the Netherlands is: the active termination of a patient's life at his or her request, by a physician. Although euthanasia is technically illegal, physicians who adhere to three important conditions recognized by the courts and endorsed by the State Commission on Euthanasia in 1985[1] are in practice not subject to criminal sanctions. Voluntariness. The patient's request must be persistent, conscious and freely made. In the Netherlands "voluntary euthanasia" is a tautology and "involuntary euthanasia" a contradiction in terms. Unbearable suffering. The patient's suffering, including but not limited to physical pain, cannot be relieved by any other means; both physician and patient must consider the patient's condition to be beyond recovery or amelioration. Consultation. The attending physician must consult with a colleague regarding the patient's condition and the genuineness and appropriateness of the request for euthanasia. Dutch law independently requires that physicians accurately report the cause of death and though not specifically directed toward the practice of euthanasia, this provision figures importantly as a safeguard. The extent to which it is actually adhered to has, however, been the focus of considerable debate and was recently addressed in two independent surveys of Dutch physicians.[2] It is important to stress that several medical practices at the end of life are not considered euthanasia under this definition: respecting tha patient's refusal of treatment (whether before or after treatment has begun), abstaining from medically futile treatment, and giving needed pain medication in doses that may hasten death. Just as it is incorrect to state that euthanasia is legal (it is specifically prohibited by Article 293 of the Dutch Penal Code), it is an oversimplification to state that euthanasia is accepted in the Netherlands. Certainly both debate and practice are more open and developed in the Netherlands than in other Western countries, but Dutch society recognizes that many serious question remain. Moreover, in working toward a comprehensive ethical and legal framework to guide practice we must remember that definitions are not morally neutral. …


This article reports on the stages of developing respondent rapport and affinity during the qualitative research interview process. It advances knowledge in terms of respondent dialogue in the collection of data and its subsequent analysis. The article assesses how the researchers overcame a cautious and suspicious reception from interview respondents. The interviewees were trade union leaders who had been 'requested' by management to partake in a research. The paper will detail not only how the researchers had to overcome the union leaders' suspicions but it will also explicate how the process of developing a good rapport can be beneficial to the collection of quality data. From this practical advice can be given about the essence of developing a good rapport with interviewees.


Sensitivity enhancement of a whispering-gallery-mode microsphere resonance-shift sensor by coating of a high-refractive index (RI) layer is examined for TM polarization. The enhancement of sensitivity in response to particle adsorption or a RI change of the surroundings at the optimized layer thickness is greater for the TM mode compared with the TE mode, but the TM mode requires a thicker layer. A particular choice of the layer thickness allows the TE and TM shifts to match. Matching of the resonance frequency of the two modes is also examined.


Distinguishing between the money that functions in the world market and the money that functions internally in an economy has troubled many theorists. This paper is informed by the Marxist approach to money in general and world money in particular and argues that the theoretical difficulty derives from a fundamental misconception with regard to the forms of money. Consequently, the paper offers an analysis of the forms of money and shows that a new form emerged as early as 1914 associated with the world market, which might be called quasi-world-money, such as the US dollar. The analysis provides a framework within which to comprehend the residual but essential role of gold in parallel to quasi-world-money. The framework also allows for money convertibility to be redefined appropriately.


Theaetetus is certainly one of the most complex dialogues and one of the most difficult to read, and its terminal part perhaps constitutes its most enigmatic aspect, because we are not told who Plato is conversing with and why, regarding the "theory of the dream" expressed as follows: "science is a true opinion accompanied by logos" (201c9-d1); thethree definitions of logos given by Socrates all prove insufficient for defining science. The intent of the Conference whose Proceedings are published here was mainly to draw attention to two themes: one historical and the other more theoretical. From the historical point of view, on several occasions the name of Antisthenes has been mentioned, but not everyone was in agreement; from the theoretical point of view, one wonders what logos is able to define science and to what knowledge Socrates alludes, when at the end of the dialogue he invites Theodorus (and Theaetetus) to meet again the next morning to continue the search. But what search?


This thesis contains a creative and a contextual component. The creative paper is an example of what I call an "accretionary narrative" (a form of fragmented prose fiction I discuss in the contextual paper) set in nineteenth-century Chicago. How and why did Chicago, a mosquito-infested swamp with one log cabin that lay in the middle of nowhere, become America's second-largest city of 1.7 million people within a century?

The first fragment is set in 1800 and tells a tale of land appropriation; the last fragment is set in 1900 with the secret opening of the largest and most complicated sanitary engineering project the world had ever seen. Between these disparate moments lies a web of connections that draw people and places together, and tells a story about the growth of a vast new city. In the contextual paper I examine a contemporary form of prose fiction in which diverse fragments interconnect and contribute towards the creation of a single unifying narrative. These are texts I call 'accretionary narratives'. I identify what are and what are not accretionary narratives, and discuss the uncertainty that exists over their classification among literary critics and within the book market where there are conflicting views over whether they should be categorised as 'novels' or 'short story collections'. Using three core texts as exemplars, I examine the common tendencies and techniques of accretionary narratives, and look into both the creative possibilities the form opens up, and the potential problems it can pose. Finally, I propose that texts sharing these tendencies should be judged participants in the same literary genre, and discuss why recognition of such a genre might be to the mutual benefit of both reader and writer. I also look ahead and consider how accretionary narratives might evolve in an age of digital writing.


Global flows of e-waste from the Global North to the Global South continue to damage local environments and harm human health. Weak e-waste regulations and limited use of safety measures for e-waste workers in Accra, Ghana, foster an exploitative environment within the industry, and pose health risks for those working and living near e-waste processing sites. This paper presents an integrated review of over 40 e-waste studies specific to Accra, with particular emphasis on the well-studied e-waste processing site in Agbogbloshie, and synthesizes the existing research base across interdisciplinary themes of human health, environmental health, globalization, trade and informalization, and public policy. Despite significant international attention to Accra's e-waste problem, loopholes within international environmental regulations and treaties provide few incentives and resources for Ghana to strengthen protections for human and environmental health. After a decade of e-waste research in Accra, the crisis continues to intensify; we present a renewed vision for sustainable e-waste policy reform in Ghana and beyond.


International Journal of Exercise Science 11(3): 468-478, 2018. The purpose of the current study was to determine changes in balance and strength following an eccentric resistance training program in communitydwelling older adults who reported no history of falling. Participants (N = 14, 8 female, 6 male; age = 63.5 ± 2.0 years) completed an 8-week eccentric exercise training intervention on a commercially available eccentric step machine. Training included 2 training sessions per week, with a duration of 5 to 10 minutes and an intensity of 30 to 50% maximal eccentric strength. Single leg stance, 30-second repeated chair stand, timed up-and-go, and maximal eccentric strength were assessed at baseline, mid-point, and within one week of the final training session. In addition, total negative work and rating of perceived exertion were recorded for each exercise session. Negative work completed in training increased approximately three times, while rating of perceived exertion plateaued at the mid-point of training. The results indicated that significant improvements were observed in the 30-second repeated chair stand (p< .001), the timed up-and-go (p < .001), and maximal eccentric strength (p < .001), while there was no significant change in single leg stance time based on post-hoc analyses. The eccentric training was sufficient to yield improved performance on balance and strength tasks. These improvements, in community-dwelling individuals reporting no previous falls, indicate eccentric training may be a viable modality for older individuals aiming to minimize future fall-risk and prolong physical independence.


We recently identified BIG3 as a negative regulator of insulin granule biogenesis and reported increased insulin secretion in BIG3-knockout (BKO) mice. To pinpoint the site of action for BIG3, we investigated whether BIG3 regulates quantal insulin granule exocytosis. We established an assay to detect insulin granule exocytosis by recording ATP-elicited currents at high temporal resolution by patch clamp. Similarly to insulin, ATP release was increased in BKO β-cells. Although the frequency of insulin granule exocytosis was increased in BKO β-cells, quantal size or release kinetics remained unchanged. Electron microscopy studies showed that the number of insulin granules was increased by >60% in BKO β-cells. However, the number of morphologically docked granules was unaltered. The number of insulin granules having significant distances away from plasma membrane was greatly increased in BKO β-cells. Thus, BIG3 negatively regulates insulin granule exocytosis by restricting insulin granule biogenesis without the release kinetics of individual granules at the final exocytotic steps being affected. Depletion of BIG3 leads to an enlarged releasable pool of insulin granules, which accounts for increased release frequency and consequently increased insulin secretion.


Recent assessments of occupational licensing have shown varying effects of the institution on labor market outcomes. This study revisits the relationship between occupational licensing and labor market outcomes by analyzing a new topical module to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Relative to previously available data, the topical module offers more detailed information on occupational licensing from government, with larger sample sizes and access to richer sets of person-level characteristics. We exploit this larger and more detailed data set to examine the labor market outcomes of occupational licensing and how workers obtain these licenses from government. More specifically, we analyze whether there is evidence of a licensing wage premium, and how this premium varies with aspects of the regulatory regime such as the requirements to obtain a license or certification and the level of government oversight. After controlling for observable heterogeneity, including occupational status, we find that those with a license earn higher pay, are more likely to be employed, and have a higher probability of retirement and pension plan offers.


A common complaint about online auctions for consumer goods is the presence of ``snipers,'' who place bids in the final seconds of sequential ascending auctions with predetermined ending times. The literature conjectures that snipers are best-responding to the existence of ``incremental" bidders that bid up to their valuation only as they are outbid. Snipers aim to catch these incremental bidders at a price below their reserve, with no time to respond. As a consequence, these incremental bidders may experience regret when they are outbid at the last moment at a price below their reservation value. We measure the effect of this experience on a new buyer's propensity to participate in future auctions. We show the effect to be causal using a carefully selected subset of auctions from eBay.com and instrumental variables estimation strategy. Bidders respond to sniping quite strongly and are between 4 and 18 percent less likely to return to the platform.


Motivated by the question of correctness of a specific implementation of concurrent buffers in the lambda calculus with futures underlying Alice ML, we prove that concurrent buffers and handled futures can correctly encode each other. Our translations map waiting on handled futures to queuing of concurrent buffers and vice versa. Correctness of translations means that they preserve and reflect the observations of may- and must-convergence. As a consequence of compositionality, they are also adequate with respect to a contextually defined notion of observational program semantics. We demonstrate that our approach to the correctness of implementations applies uniformly to the whole compilation process from high-level to low-level concurrent languages.


ABSTRACT Interactions between Escherichia coli K1, which causes meningitis in neonates, and macrophages have not been explored well. In this study we found that E. coli K1 was able to enter, survive, and replicate intracellularly in both murine and human macrophage cell lines, as well as in monocytes and macrophages of newborn rats. In addition, we demonstrated that OmpA + E. coli also enters and replicates in human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) expression on E. coli contributes to binding to macrophages, phagocytosis, and survival within macrophages. Opsonization with either complement proteins or antibody is not required for uptake and survival of the bacteria within the macrophages. Transmission electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry studies with the infected macrophages indicated that OmpA+E. coli multiplies enormously in a single phagosome and bursts the cell. Internalization of OmpA+E. coli by RAW 264.7 cells occurred by both actin- and microtubule-dependent processes, which are independent of RGD-mediated integrin receptors. Internalization and intracellular survival within phagocytic cells thus may play an important role in the development of bacteremia, which is crucial for E. coli crossing of the blood-brain barrier.


Demand response (DR), distributed generation (DG), and distributed energy storage (DES) are important ingredients of the emerging smart grid paradigm. For ease of reference we refer to these resources collectively as distributed energy resources (DER). Although much of the DER emerging under smart grid are targeted at the distribution level, DER, and more specifically DR resources, are considered important elements for reliable and economic operation of the transmission system and the wholesale markets. In fact, viewed from transmission and wholesale operations, sometimes the term ¿virtual power plant¿ is used to refer to these resources. In the context of energy and ancillary service markets facilitated by the independent system operators (ISOs)/regional transmission organizations (RTOs), the market products DER/DR can offer may include energy, ancillary services, and/or capacity, depending on the ISO/RTO market design and applicable operational standards. In this paper we first explore the main industry drivers of smart grid and the different facets of DER under the smart grid paradigm. We then concentrate on DR and summarize the existing and evolving programs at different ISOs/RTOs and the product markets they can participate in. We conclude by addressing some of the challenges and potential solutions for implementation of DR under smart grid and market paradigms.


Theorizing on procedural justice has assumed that people's reactions to outgroup authorities are to a large extent based on instrumental concerns. Therefore, attention is primarily directed to outcomes rather than procedures in encounters with outgroup authorities. In the current article we propose that in order for people dealing with outgroup authorities to be strongly affected by procedural fairness, the available outcome information should be ambiguous. Furthermore, we argue that people confronted with an outgroup authority react particularly negatively to unfair procedures that give them negative outcome expectancies. These patterns are not expected in encounters with ingroup authorities. Two experiments support our line of reasoning. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for the integration of theoretical perspectives on procedural justice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Whether comparing networks to each other or to random expectation, measuring dissimilarity is essential to understanding the complex phenomena under study. However, determining the structural dissimilarity between networks is an ill-defined problem, as there is no canonical way to compare two networks. Indeed, many of the existing approaches for network comparison differ in their heuristics, efficiency, interpretability, and theoretical soundness. Thus, having a notion of distance that is built on theoretically robust first principles and that is interpretable with respect to features ubiquitous in complex networks would allow for a meaningful comparison between different networks. Here we introduce a theoretically sound and efficient new measure of graph distance, based on the "length spectrum" function from algebraic topology, which compares the structure of two undirected, unweighted graphs by considering their non-backtracking cycles. We show how this distance relates to structural features such as presence of hubs and triangles through the behavior of the eigenvalues of the so-called non-backtracking matrix, and we showcase its ability to discriminate between networks in both real and synthetic data sets. By taking a topological interpretation of non-backtracking cycles, this work presents a novel application of Topological Data Analysis to the study of complex networks.


Intimate Enemies: Jews and Arabs in a Shared Land, by Meron Benvenisti. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1995. xiii + 234 pages. Notes to p. 236. Index to p. 260. $24.95. Meron Benvenisti's Intimate Enemies is a haunting portrait of the connections linking Jews and Arabs and the grievances dividing them. The dispute between Israelis and Palestinians is intractable, according to Benvenisti, not simply because of conflicting claims to the same land but rather because the two people share the same symbols. For Benvenisti, neither battlelines nor borders between the communities can be drawn rationally or coherently. Benvenisti's West Bank Data Project, a careful record of how Israeli governments confiscated land for Jewish settlements and subordinated the economy of the people conquered in the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, provides Benvenisti support for his view, but this book is not a dispassionate analysis. Rather than present a convincing argument, the book, instead, casts an unmistakable spell. Through the West Bank Data Project, Benvenisti has demolished the notion that the Israeli occupation was benign. Two aspects of Israel's occupation draw the most intense scrutiny: land ownership and employment. Benvenisti and his associates demonstrate how Israeli governments have discovered in both Ottoman laws and British mandatory laws justification for confiscating land. Paying close attention to formal records allowed Israeli governments to seize properties that had never been formally registered or that were declared vital for security. Whose security, Benvenisti asks? The other significant issue for Benvenisti is work. The 1967 war brought Palestinians into contact with a dynamic economy. Thousands left their villages and found employment in the new Jewish settlements or in the newly built Jewish neighborhoods in Jerusalem. Many travelled to jobs in the cities spread along the country's coastal plain. Israel's occupation, particularly during its first decade, raised living standards for Palestinians. But the occupation had its ironic legacies, and these are the focus of Intimate Enemies. Economic integration changed Palestinian consciousness. Instead of expressing gratitude for higher rates of employment, Palestinians began to challenge Israeli employers on the conditions of work and the unfair distribution of benefits between Arab and Jewish workers. As the proportion of land sold to speculators increased, Palestinians began to challenge the grounds on which Israeli governments allowed such sales, and they carried their objections before Israel's courts, requesting justice in accordance with Israeli legal standards. But it was unrealistic to assume that the courts could bear fully the burden of enforcing a concept of equality which had not yet been accepted by the political leadership. As the Israeli appetite for land grew, Palestinians, with nowhere else to turn for redress, increasingly resorted to violence. Violence sometimes took the form of spontaneous outbursts of rage. At other times, attacks were organized against what Palestinians perceived to be the forces of repression. …


How many generations are needed for bacteria to gain antibiotic resistance and to what extent does antibiotic concentration make a difference? To address these questions, pure Escherichia coli was cultured on nutrient agar in the presence of low, medium, and high concentrations of amoxicillin. Surviving bacteria were repeatedly cultured for four consecutive generations, and the sensitivity of bacteria was measured within each generation. We measured antibiotic sensitivity by evaluating the diameter of the inhibition zone around antibiotic-saturated discs of all three amoxicillin concentrations. Although exposing bacteria to extremely heavy antibiotic concentrations resulted in greater inhibition zones around antibiotic-saturated discs, there were no major differences in sensitivity relative to the much lower concentrations studied. We also found that bacteria gained significant resistance upon first exposure to the antibiotic. In fact, the reduction in average inhibition zones was much greater in early generations than in late generations. We conclude that E. coli can gain major resistance upon surviving early exposure to amoxicillin, which suggests that antibiotic courses of medication should be prescribed to completely clear the body of bacterial infection upon first antibiotic exposure.


This poster presents the recently launched Journal of Open Archaeology Data (JOAD). JOAD encourages the open archiving of data, rewards researchers, and makes data publicly findable. The journal features peer reviewed data papers describing archaeology datasets with high reuse potential. We are working with a number of specialist and institutional data repositories to ensure that the associated data is professionally archived, preserved, and publicly available. Equally importantly, the data and the papers are citable, and reuse will be tracked. JOAD is part of the new Ubiquity Press Metajournals platform, which also includes journals for research software archiving


One of the services provided at the Swedish Public Employment Services is job coaching. Since 2012, that service has been organized according to a voucher-based choice system. In 2013, a performance indicator of job coaching providers was made available at an online website. This study examines to what extent such information affected job coaches' ability to attract participants, as well as how the use of provider ratings varied across different groups of participants. The results indicate that the performance indicator strengthened the positive link between "quality" of services and the number of new participants that signed up with a provider. At the same time, there is evidence showing that more vulnerable groups, such as the less educated and those born outside Europe, do not use the rating values to the same extent as others. It appears that there is a tradeoff as to efficiency and inequality with respect to services that are contracted to private companies in a system based on consumer choice.


We studied cascaded optical rectification processes for intense terahertz (THz) pulse generation in electro-optic crystals using simulations based on one-dimensional coupled propagation equations of THz and optical fields. We found that under ideal conditions of perfect phase matching and no absorption, cascaded optical rectification processes produce intense THz pulses with efficiencies exceeding the Manley-Rowe limit. Large red shifting of the pump light spectrum was observed. Effects of finite optical and THz absorption, phase mismatches, and pulse width were examined using parameters of a ZnTe crystal pumped by 800 nm pulses. THz field enhancement by multiple pulse pumping was also studied.


Astronomical images taken by ground-based telescopes suffer degradation due to atmospheric turbulence. This degradation can be tackled by costly hardware-based approaches such as adaptive optics, or by sophisticated software-based methods such as lucky imaging, speckle imaging, or multi-frame deconvolution. Software-based methods process a sequence of images to reconstruct a deblurred high-quality image. However, existing approaches are limited in one or several aspects: (i) they process all images in batch mode, which for thousands of images is prohibitive; (ii) they do not reconstruct a super-resolved image, even though an image sequence often contains enough information; (iii) they are unable to deal with saturated pixels; and (iv) they are usually non-blind, i.e., they assume the blur kernels to be known. In this paper we present a new method for multi-frame deconvolution called online blind deconvolution (OBD) that overcomes all these limitations simultaneously. Encouraging results on simulated and real astronomical images demonstrate that OBD yields deblurred images of comparable and often better quality than existing approaches.


Data quality is a critical factor in scientific information systems, especially taking into account the fact that the methods used to capture data are constantly being revised and improved which means that data collected over time may have variable quality. We present an approach that we implemented for giving feedback on data quality and report on a study of its use in the food sciences. We distinguish between two main types of data quality feedback, one concerning the validation of data at input time and the other with analysing the quality of data already stored in a database. We propose a general data quality framework and analysis toolkit that allows users to configure both the data quality metrics and how these metrics are visualised. We describe how the toolkit was integrated into a system for the management of food composition data before presenting the results of a questionnaire-based study used to evaluate both the data quality framework and how feedback on data quality is presented to the users.


Many coastal fishes use inshore nursery habitats as juveniles, but it is often difficult to define which nursery areas supply most recruits to adult populations. We tested whether trace ele- ment concentrations in otoliths can be used to identify which of 2 nursery habitats (bays or shallow open coast) were occupied by juvenile California halibut. Juveniles from bays in 1998 had concen- trations of Cu and Pb in their otoliths that were higher than those in open coast juveniles of the same year. This broad-scale difference between bay and open coast juveniles remained intact when bay juveniles from 1994 to 1997 were added to the comparison, and juvenile halibut could be assigned to their nursery habitat of origin quite accurately (83%) using otolith concentrations of Cu and Pb. At a finer spatial scale, otolith concentrations of Cu and Pb differed among individual bays, and fish from the same bay could differ among years, precluding their use as markers of nursery habitat use at these scales. Like halibut otoliths, sediments from bays had higher concentrations of Cu and Pb than open coast nursery sites, and this difference was consistent over 11 yr. Otoliths and sediments from individual bays, however, showed no correlation in Cu and Pb concentrations. The concentration of Cu and Pb in sediments and their deposition in otoliths were thus loosely matched at a broad scale, though the underlying cause of this link is not known. A discriminant model, parameterized using Cu and Pb levels in juvenile otoliths, was used to classify prior nursery habitat use by 19 larger halibut (of unknown origin). Eleven of these halibut had high levels of Cu and Pb in the part of the otolith deposited as a juvenile, and were classified as of bay origin. The other 8 halibut had low otolith Cu and Pb levels in the juvenile portion of their otoliths and were classified as having used open coast nurseries. Overall, our results suggest that this approach has the potential to allow identification of nursery habitat use by California halibut at a broad scale (bay vs open coast) but not at a fine scale (individual bays).


Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important opportunistic pathogen that may cause invasive life-threatening infections, like sepsis and pneumonia. Due to the increasing antibiotic resistance, the development of an effective vaccine against S. aureus is needed. Although a correlate of protection against staphylococcal diseases is not yet established, several findings suggest that both antibodies and CD4 T cells might contribute to optimal immunity. In this study, we show that adjuvanting a multivalent vaccine (4C-Staph) with MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion licensed in human vaccines, further potentiated antigen-specific IgG titers and CD4 T-cell responses compared to alum and conferred protection in the peritonitis model of S. aureus infection. Moreover, we showed that MF59- and alum-adjuvanted 4C-Staph vaccines induced persistent antigen-specific humoral and T-cell responses, and protected mice from infection up to 4 months after immunization. Furthermore, 4C-Staph formulated with MF59 was used to investigate which immune compartment is involved in vaccine-induced protection. Using CD4 T cell-depleted mice or B cell-deficient mice, we demonstrated that both T and B-cell responses contributed to 4C-Staph vaccine-mediated protective immunity. However, the role of CD4 T cells seemed more evident in the presence of low-antibody responses. This study provides preclinical data further supporting the use of the adjuvanted 4C-Staph vaccines against S. aureus diseases, and provides critical insights on the correlates of protective immunity necessary to combat this pathogen.


During the many years that we have been doing career development work, we have asked ourselves why some students seem to be very engaged and self-directed in their work, while others look to us for direction and answers. Some manage the ambiguity of the career development process well, while others find it painful. Some are open to the journey of self-discovery, while others seem to resist new ideas and ways of understanding themselves in the world of work. These differences seem to occur unrelated to age, gender, and socioeconomic level. We have looked to existing career development theories, particularly those that deal with vocational personality and environment (Holland, for example), development (Super, for example), and social learning (Krumboltz, for example) to explain these differences. These founding, well-respected theories have informed career development practice for many years, but they are based on thinking from the modern industrial era and, as such, they focus on the career development needs of white middle class men in traditional organizational systems (Savickas, 2003). Furthermore, these theories do not seem to account for individual differences to adequately explain the individual cognitive processes people use when acquiring and integrating career information (Knefelkamp & Sleptiza, 1976). To that end, complementary theories that address cognitive processes in all clients, including women and adults in transition, and those which take learning styles into consideration are needed. We have found it helpful to draw from cognitive theories beyond those used in traditional career development to inform our teaching and counseling, in order to help us work with students with varying cognitive developmental levels. In our work in the classroom, as well as in individual sessions, we have noticed that many of our students genuinely enjoy the opportunity to engage in the discovery of self. Others, however, find the lack of clarity and clear direction unbearable. Our search for answers that explain these differences has taken us to the literature on cognitive development. Here we have found insights that have helped inform our career advising and teaching. Cognitive Development Theory Cognitive development theory, as originally developed by William Perry (Perry, 1999) posits that people advance through stages of cognitive development that are sequential and developmental. Depending on their level, there are qualitative differences in the way they approach and understand a task. To that end, teachers and counselors should take a person's cognitive development into account when providing career information (Knefelkamp & Sleptiza, 1976). There are several cognitive development models: Piaget's, Kohlberg's, and Perry's are among the best known. Perry's is categorized as a stage theory. This article will focus on Perry's and other stage theories similar to his. Perry's Model William Perry (Perry, 1999) studied the cognitive development of college students at Harvard in the 1950s and 1960s. He found that students go through four stages (with nine overlapping positions), of intellectual development, initially seeing knowledge as simplistic and dualistic, and progressing to a level where their view of the world and themselves is highly complex and contextual and where they see knowledge as actively constructed by themselves based on their existing cognitive structures. He called these stages Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism and Commitment (Perry, 1999). According to Perry, students in the first stage, Dualism, see life in polarities, as "we-right-good" versus "others-bad-wrong," and resist thinking independently, drawing their own conclusions, and stating their own points of view. They may believe it is some external authority's role to tell what career to choose. In Multiplicity, students may wait for the right thing to happen to them before they make a decision about career choice. …