Parties and celebrations are an inherent part of becoming an adult. They provide young people with an opportunity to socialise with friends, meet people and to celebrate significant life events. However a combination of certain factors can increase the risk of injury to young people when they celebrate, including when they travel to, from and between parties. Effective safe celebrating strategies and initiatives require a broader perspective than simply targeting youth and their families. They must adopt a multi-strategic approach in order to foster positive safe celebrating relationships and messages that flow between individuals and their local schools, peers, community and culture. Youthsafe's research has also revealed that due to their spontaneous, unsupervised and unplanned nature, young people are at greater risk of injury during minor celebrations. These are smaller, local or neighbourhood events and activities that often have a primary focus on alcohol and drug consumption and frequently occur in locations with limited safe transport options, such as parks, beaches, riversides and private homes. When combined with adolescents inexperience, vulnerability to peer influence and propensity for risk taking and sensation seeking behaviour, the injury risks associated with minor celebrations may not be understood or accepted, let alone adequately planned for and managed. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E217713


The geomagnetic field often experiences large fluctuations, especially at high latitudes in the auroral zones. We have found, using simulations, that there are significant differences in the substorm signature, in certain coordinate systems, as a function of longitude. This is confirmed by the analysis of real, measured data from comparable locations. Large geomagnetic fluctuations pose challenges for companies involved in resource exploitation since the Earth's magnetic field is used as the reference when navigating drilling equipment. It is widely known that geomagnetic activity increases with increasing latitude and that the largest fluctuations are caused by substorms. In the auroral zones, substorms are common phenomena, occurring almost every night. In principle, the magnitude of geomagnetic disturbances from two identical substorms along concurrent geomagnetic latitudes around the globe, at different local times, will be the same. However, the signature of a substorm will change as a function of geomagnetic longitude due to varying declination, dipole declination, and horizontal magnetic field along constant geomagnetic latitudes. To investigate and quantify this, we applied a simple substorm current wedge model in combination with a dipole representation of the Earth's magnetic field to simulate magnetic substorms of different morphologies and local times. The results of these simulations were compared to statistical data from observatories and are discussed in the context of resource exploitation in the Arctic. We also attempt to determine and quantify areas in the auroral zone where there is a potential for increased space weather challenges compared to other areas.


Background: Coronary artery stenosis is one of the atherosclerotic complications which can lead to decreased oxygen supply in heart tissue and heart attack. rs1050450 Polymorphism is one of polymorphisms in GPx1 gene that may change its antioxidant activity. Furthermore, two polymorphisms of NADPH Oxidase, rs4673 and rs13306294, are suggested to have a role in the function of this enzyme. In this study, we examined the rs1050450, rs4673 and rs13306294 polymorphisms in the patients with coronary artery stenosis.

Materials and Methods: 190 angiography subjects are subdivided into two groups (patients (n =114) and control (n =76)). Lipid profile and polymorphic sites were measured by routine laboratory tests and RFLP-(ARMS) PCR, respectively.

Results: In this study we, observed the significant difference between serum LDL level and degree of stenosis. Also, we observed significant difference for rs13306294 polymorphism between patients and controls. On the controlling age, gender and BMI, no correlations were observed between rs13306294, rs1050450 and rs4673 polymorphisms and coronary artery stenosis (P<0.05).
Conclusion: rs13306294, rs4673 and rs13306294 polymorphisms have not a basic role in the progression of coronary artery stenosis.

Keywords: Stenosis, Polymorphism, Rs4673, Rs1050450, Rs13306294.


1. The relationship between clotting time and heparin dosage has been studied in the dog.

2. On the addition of heparin to blood in vitro, a linear relation is found between heparin dosage and the logarithm of the clotting time obtained. The sensitivity of the blood sample to the action of added heparin is influenced both by the individual (coagulability of the blood before withdrawal) and by the technics of withdrawal and of determination of the clotting time. It is indicated that alterations in the latter may be used to extend the range of measurable hypocoagulability due to heparin. Incubation of heparin with blood for ten minutes increases its anticoagulant effect.

3. When moderate doses of heparin are injected intravenously, five to fifteen minutes are required for the clotting time to reach a maximum. No evidence of a biphasic response was obtained. The maximum clotting time obtained is greater than it is with the same amount of heparin added to the blood in vitro, due to the effect of incubation of heparin with blood on its anticoagulant activity. The in- terval required for the clotting time to return to normal is quite short, and with a given dosage is constant with different animals. Factors influencing the relation between duration of hypocoagulability and dosage are discussed.

4. A test has been devised to determine the sensitivity of the animal to the anticoagulant action of heparin. The clotting time response to certain concentrations of heparin added to the blood in vitro is determined. A fixed dose of heparin is then injected intravenously and the clotting time response is again determined. The response in vitro measures the sensitivity of the clotting system to heparin, while the in vivo response, when interpreted in the light of the in vitro response, measures the ability of the body to remove heparin from the circulation.

5. By means of this test, it has been determined that anesthesia with pentobarbital decreased the coagulability of the blood, urethane had no effect on coagulability, while the effect of ether was variable. The injection of india ink and evisceration caused a hypercoagulability, while removal of the kidneys had little effect.

6. When the sensitivity of the blood to the anticoagulant action of heparin was tested during these procedures, pentobarbital and nephrectomy had no effect, ether caused an increase in sensitivity, urethane a decrease. The injection of india ink and also evisceration markedly decreased the sensitivity of the blood to the anticoagulant action of heparin.

7. Anesthesia with pentobarbital, ether or urethane, the injection of india ink, removal of the kidneys, or removal of the gastrointestinal tract, had no effect on the duration of heparin action in the body.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are greatly indebted to Professor C. H. Best for his interest and encouragement in these studies, and to Dr. J. Markowitz for performing the experimental surgery for us. The study was supported by a grant from the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation.


Typically, guidelines for design of interactive multimedia systems have been based on intuitive beliefs of designers rather than being founded on relevant research and theory. As advances in technology create new opportunities for education, it is important to use a range of theoretical perspectives to optimize use of new technology in teaching and learning. This article explores behaviorist and cognitive approaches to interactive multimedia instructional design (ID). Basic concepts, characteristics of ID, and comparisons between each are discussed. Interface design guidelines for learning with multimedia are presented, which link theory with practice in effective multimedia ID. Universal Design for Learning is described, which sheds light on future research in ID to accommodate the diversity of learners. Major conclusions include that no one theoretical foundation exists for ID practice that is suitable for all applications. Dick and Carey's behaviorist model, Willis' constructivist model, Reigeluth's Elaboration Theory, Keller's ARCS model, Merrill's Instructional Transaction Theory, and Gagne's learning hierarchy illustrate the abundance of theoretical frameworks to assist designers in decision making. Theories continually evolve or are revised as a result of research or critique by designers or theorists in the field. In the long term a blending of behaviorist and cognitive approaches seems inevitable. ********** Behaviorism and cognitivism are the two dominant theoretical positions in the field of learning with interactive courseware (Jonassen, 1991; Atkins, 1993; Hannafin, Hannafin, Hooper, Rieber, & Kini, 1996). Developments in design of such materials appear to have followed shifts in the dominant paradigms within psychology. Early computer-based materials are seen to be influenced by behaviorist concepts while discovery learning materials are felt to be founded on later cognitive models of information processing and constructivism. The increase in cognitive approaches in the 1980s may be due as much to technology developments in object-oriented programming, hypermedia, and interactive video as to the rise within psychology of cognitive theorists (Atkins, 1993). Designers are adopting a mixed approach to design because it offers complete flexibility (Atkins, 1993). For example, some business and industry designers reveal a blending of analysis and evaluation of the objectivist approach with simulations and individualized progress of constructivist approaches (Dick, 1996). Typically, however, guidelines for design of interactive multimedia systems have been based on intuitive beliefs of designers rather than being founded on relevant psychological, pedagogical, and technological research and theory (Hannafin & Hooper, 1989; Park & Hannafin, 1993; Spiro, Feltovich, Jacobson, & Coulson, 1991). Intuition and creativity have played major roles in the development and implementation of constructivist learning environments (Dick, 1997) for a reason. Until the appearance of the Recursive and Reflective, Design and Development (R2D2) model by Willis (1995), there had been almost no articles detailing explicit alternatives to the Dick and Carey objectivist model to help designers create instructional materials based on constructivist theory. The Dick and Carey model, which is in its fifth edition (Dick, Carey, & Carey, 2001), has been the leading behavioral instructional systems design model (Willis, 1995; Willis & Wright, 2000) since it became public in 1968. Park and Hannafin (1993) indicated that the psychological foundation, in general, focuses on how learners think, learn, and process information and is largely media-independent. This foundation is based on research and theory on meaningful learning, schema theory, prior knowledge, hierarchical cognitive structure, elaboration, depth of processing, generative learning, situated learning, conceptual models and metaphors, and dual coding theory. …


Motivated by causal inference problems, we propose a novel method for regression that minimizes the statistical dependence between regressors and residuals. The key advantage of this approach to regression is that it does not assume a particular distribution of the noise, i.e., it is non-parametric with respect to the noise distribution. We argue that the proposed regression method is well suited to the task of causal inference in additive noise models. A practical disadvantage is that the resulting optimization problem is generally non-convex and can be difficult to solve. Nevertheless, we report good results on one of the tasks of the NIPS 2008 Causality Challenge, where the goal is to distinguish causes from effects in pairs of statistically dependent variables. In addition, we propose an algorithm for efficiently inferring causal models from observational data for more than two variables. The required number of regressions and independence tests is quadratic in the number of variables, which is a significant improvement over the simple method that tests all possible DAGs.


Scholars frequently protest against reference to the real child in relation to adult-authored children's literature. My dissertation exposes the fundamental flaw in extending this injunction to the literary production of real children. By recovering the wildly popular, critically acclaimed and bestselling juvenilia of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, I contend that child-authored texts make manifest individual children's absorption and manipulation of culture. Although critics such as Beverly Lyon Clark aptly note a growing bifurcation of children's and adult's literature at the turn of the century, I argue that adult and child authors alike participated in the construction of the "real child" as a trope of literary representation. In highlighting the centrality of the child's individualistic voice to both juvenilia's success and canonical literature's innovations, however, I resist literary-historical narratives that characterize the era of the Cult of the Child as one straightforwardly invested in childhood innocence. Instead, I claim that authors such as Henry James, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Mark Twain joined the contemporary critics of child writers such as Marjory Fleming and Opal Whiteley in promoting a highly paradoxical aesthetics of innocence integral to the pursuit of narrative authenticity. I illustrate how the co-existence of idealized notions and pragmatic concerns regarding children in this time rendered the "long-defended gate" of childhood a prized but flexible boundary between innocence and experience. In keeping with such developments as the play movement, child study, and child-centered education, adults not only perceived children's precocious talents as directly dependent upon their naivete, but also went to great lengths to school children in this natural state. By reading juvenilia as children's literature, however, I offer an interpretative methodology that resists Romantic binaries positing adults' and children's knowledge as distinctive from one another. Far from supporting Jacqueline Rose's thesis that literature "colonizes" children, I assert that juvenilia marketed to young readers reveal the ways in which real children may actively engage with constructions of innocence and overcome the "impossible" power imbalance between children's literature and children.


The explosive growth of the Internet has extended to the wireless domain. The number of Internet users and mobile devices with wireless Internet access is continuously increasing. However, the network resource is essentially limited, and fair service is a key issue in bandwidth allocation. The main objective of this research is to provide fair service in terms of throughput among wireless stations using the TCP window size according to Access Point (AP) queue size for fair bandwidth allocation in wireless LANs.
In the first part of this research the focus is on the issue of fairness among stations having different numbers and directions of flow. It is shown in this part that the current WLANs allocate bandwidth unfairly. It is also identified that the cause of this unfairness problem is TCP cumulative ACK mechanism combined with the packet dropping mechanism of AP queue and the irregular space for each station in AP queue. The proposed method allocates converged bandwidth by introducing weighted window method which adjusts the TCP window size based on the current conditions of the network. Therefore, this method works in wireless nodes without requiring any modification in MAC. The second part dealt with the fair bandwidth allocation problem for different required bandwidth which aims to improve weighted window method to assure fair channel is fairly shared between wireless nodes in the same class of bandwidth. The proposed class-based weighted window method adjusts the TCP window size of each station according to their weights. So the stations share the wireless channel fairly in terms of throughput. The proposed methods can guarantee fair service in terms of throughput among wireless users either they require the same or different bandwidth.


BACKGROUND
Control interventions in randomised trials provide a frame of reference for the experimental interventions and enable estimations of causality. In the case of randomised trials assessing patients with mental health disorders, many different control interventions are used, and the choice of control intervention may have considerable impact on the estimated effects of the treatments being evaluated.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the benefits and harms of typical control interventions in randomised trials with patients with mental health disorders. The difference in effects between control interventions translates directly to the impact a control group has on the estimated effect of an experimental intervention. We aimed primarily to assess the difference in effects between (i) wait-list versus no-treatment, (ii) usual care versus wait-list or no-treatment, and (iii) placebo interventions (all placebo interventions combined or psychological, pharmacological, and physical placebos individually) versus wait-list or no-treatment. Wait-list patients are offered the experimental intervention by the researchers after the trial has been finalised if it offers more benefits than harms, while no-treatment participants are not offered the experimental intervention by the researchers.

SEARCH METHODS
In March 2018, we searched MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Embase, CENTRAL, and seven other databases and six trials registers.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised trials assessing patients with a mental health disorder that compared wait-list, usual care, or placebo interventions with wait-list or no-treatment .

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed for eligibility. Review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane's risk of bias tool. GRADE was used to assess the quality of the evidence. We contacted researchers working in the field to ask for data from additional published and unpublished trials. A pre-planned decision hierarchy was used to select one benefit and one harm outcome from each trial. For the assessment of benefits, we summarised continuous data as standardised mean differences (SMDs) and dichotomous data as risk ratios (RRs). We used risk differences (RDs) for the assessment of adverse events. We used random-effects models for all statistical analyses. We used subgroup analysis to explore potential causes for heterogeneity (e.g. type of placebo) and sensitivity analyses to explore the robustness of the primary analyses (e.g. fixed-effect model).

MAIN RESULTS
We included 96 randomised trials (4200 participants), ranging from 8 to 393 participants in each trial. 83 trials (3614 participants) provided usable data. The trials included 15 different mental health disorders, the most common being anxiety (25 trials), depression (16 trials), and sleep-wake disorders (11 trials). All 96 trials were assessed as high risk of bias partly because of the inability to blind participants and personnel in trials with two control interventions. The quality of evidence was rated low to very low, mostly due to risk of bias, imprecision in estimates, and heterogeneity. Only one trial compared wait-list versus no-treatment directly but the authors were not able to provide us with any usable data on the comparison. Five trials compared usual care versus wait-list or no-treatment and found a SMD -0.33 (95% CI -0.83 to 0.16, I² = 86%, 523 participants) on benefits. The difference between all placebo interventions combined versus wait-list or no-treatment was SMD -0.37 (95% CI -0.49 to -0.25, I² = 41%, 65 trials, 2446 participants) on benefits. There was evidence of some asymmetry in the funnel plot (Egger's test P value of 0.087). Almost all the trials were small. Subgroup analysis found a moderate effect in favour of psychological placebos SMD -0.49 (95% CI -0.64 to -0.30; I² = 53%, 39 trials, 1656 participants). The effect of pharmacological placebos versus wait-list or no-treatment on benefits was SMD -0.14 (95% CI -0.39 to 0.11, 9 trials, 279 participants) and the effect of physical placebos was SMD -0.21 (95% CI -0.35 to -0.08, I² = 0%, 17 trials, 896 participants). We found large variations in effect sizes in the psychological and pharmacological placebo comparisons. For specific mental health disorders, we found significant differences in favour of all placebos for sleep-wake disorders, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders, but the analyses were imprecise due to sparse data. We found no significant differences in harms for any of the comparisons but the analyses suffered from sparse data. When using a fixed-effect model in a sensitivity analysis on the comparison for usual care versus wait-list and no-treatment, the results were significant with an SMD of -0.46 (95 % CI -0.64 to -0.28). We reported an alternative risk of bias model where we excluded the blinding domains seeing how issues with blinding may be seen as part of the review investigation itself. However, this did not markedly change the overall risk of bias profile as most of the trials still included one or more unclear bias domains.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We found marked variations in effects between placebo versus no-treatment and wait-list and between subtypes of placebo with the same comparisons. Almost all the trials were small with considerable methodological and clinical variability in factors such as mental health population, contents of the included control interventions, and outcome domains. All trials were assessed as high risk of bias and the evidence quality was low to very low. When researchers decide to use placebos or usual care control interventions in trials with people with mental health disorders it will often lead to lower estimated effects of the experimental intervention than when using wait-list or no-treatment controls. The choice of a control intervention therefore has considerable impact on how effective a mental health treatment appears to be. Methodological guideline development is needed to reach a consensus on future standards for the design and reporting of control interventions in mental health intervention research.


Water resources in Central Asia are scarce, so complicated issues arise from this. Kazakhstan is a Central Asian landlocked country, which has mostly closed drainage basins, characterized by endorheic lakes that do not drain to the oceans. These endorheic lakes are very sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic influences. Very few studies have been conducted on the hydrological cycle of the small endorheic lakes. This work reviews the endorheic lakes within Burabay National Nature Park (BNNP), Northern Kazakhstan. BNNP is a small ecozone consisting of terminal lakes watersheds covered by mixed forests and grasslands. These endorheic lakes have been drying out during the last one hundred years or so with the water level decrease accelerated in the past few decades. According to historical observations (1935–2014), on the one hand precipitation amounts did not significantly change, while on the other hand, air temperature steadily increased. The lake level decrease is most probably caused by a water budget deficit, with evaporation exceeding the precipitation inputs in the long term. The direct anthropogenic impact (water abstraction) plays a minor role in the deterioration of water levels, with most significant impacts through localized land‐use changes such as road and building construction in the catchments. The future of the park's sensitive ecosystems in a changing climate is uncertain; therefore, BNNP requires modern ecohydrological monitoring methods and analysis tools to improve our understanding of its hydrological cycle variability, and to enable us to develop adequate adaptation and mitigation measures. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1227. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1227


Abstract. Here we present a speleothem isotope record (POM2) from Ascunsă Cave (Romania) that provides new data on past climate changes in the Carpathian–Balkan region from 8.2 ka until the present. This paper describes an approach to constrain the effect of temperature changes on calcite δ18O values in stalagmite POM2 over the course of the middle Holocene (6–4 ka), and across the 8.2 and 3.2 ka rapid climate change events. Independent pollen temperature reconstructions are used to this purpose. The approach combines the temperature-dependent isotope fractionation of rain water during condensation and fractionation resulting from calcite precipitation at the given cave temperature. The only prior assumptions are that pollen-derived average annual temperature reflects average cave temperature, and that pollen-derived coldest and warmest month temperatures reflect the range of condensation temperatures of rain above the cave site. This approach constrains a range of values between which speleothem δ18O changes should be found if controlled only by surface temperature variations at the cave site. Deviations of the change in δ18Ocspel values from the calculated temperature-constrained range of change are interpreted towards large-scale variability of climate–hydrology. Following this approach, we show that an additional ∼0.6‰ enrichment of δ18Oc in the POM2 stalagmite was caused by changing hydrological patterns in SW Romania across the middle Holocene, most likely comprising local evaporation from the soil and an increase in Mediterranean moisture δ18O. Further, by extending the calculations to other speleothem records from around the entire Mediterranean basin, it appears that all eastern Mediterranean speleothems recorded a similar isotopic enrichment due to changing hydrology, whereas all changes recorded in speleothems from the western Mediterranean are fully explained by temperature variation alone. This highlights a different hydrological evolution between the two sides of the Mediterranean. Our results also demonstrate that during the 8.2 ka event, POM2 stable isotope data essentially fit the temperature-constrained isotopic variability. In the case of the 3.2 ka event, an additional climate-related hydrological factor is more evident. This implies a different rainfall pattern in the Southern Carpathian region during this event at the end of the Bronze Age.


Courts have employed the concept of "targeting" to limit the reach of personal jurisdiction and applicable law on the Internet. To determine whether a defendant has targeted a particular country or state—and whether the defendant should be subject to the jurisdiction of and law in that country or state—courts consider various factors, such as the language, the top-level domain, and the currency used by the defendant on the Internet. However, developments in Internet technology and increasing Internet actor and user sophistication put the significance of the factors into question. In the absence of a defendant's express limitation on the territorial reach of its actions, such as through geoblocking or disclaimers accompanied by defendant conduct that is consistent with any disclaimers, courts should assume that the defendant has targeted all countries connected to the Internet. This approach may result in courts finding personal jurisdiction over a defendant more frequently, thus raising legitimate concerns about possible "overexposure" of Internet actors to personal jurisdiction and applicable law. However, any overexposure that might result from this approach will be mitigated by a number of procedural and practical constraints and, to the extent that overexposure might exist, additional solutions should be created from the already existing solutions that address complexities in individual national legal systems.


In Regional Trading Arrangements among Developing Countries: The ASEAN Example, Research Report 103, Dean A. DeRosa examines the experiences of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with regional investment and trade arrangements and presents a quantitative analysis of the economic implications of the new ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). The report focuses on the new trading area's potential for significantly reducing trade and macroeconomic policy-related disincentives to greater agricultural production and trade by the ASEAN countries, compared with an alternative policy of broader trade liberalization.


The 'debate' section of the Review aims at contributing to the reflection on current ethical, legal, or practical controversies around humanitarian issues. In this issue of the Review, we invited two experts in international humanitarian law (IHL) and multinational peace operations – Professor Eric David and Professor Ola Engdahl – to debate on the way in which the involvement of a multinational force may affect the classification of a situation. This question is particularly relevant to establishing whether the situation amounts to an armed conflict or not and, if so, whether the conflict is international or non-international in nature. This in turn will determine the rights and obligations of each party, especially in a context in which multinational forces are increasingly likely to participate in the hostilities.


The experiment was conducted at experimental area of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment on screening of Iranian wheat landraces for micronutrient deficiency was carried out. Method was performed for devising an efficient system for screening of Iranian wheat landraces for tolerance to micronutrient deficiency. A set of 202 Iranian wheat landraces along with checks (PBW 621, HD 2967, HD 3086, WH 1105, PDW 291 and TL 2908) were used. The experiment was carried out in glasses using sand culture. Seeds were cut from middle and embryo part was used for germination studies. Murashige and Skoog (MS) macro-salts nutrient solution was used to create micronutrient deficiency for 40 days. The observations on root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight were recorded after 40 days. The result based on frequency distribution was found to be approximately normal for all seedling traits under micronutrient deficiency. Genotype IR175 had maximum seedling length (72 cm) and minimum seedling length was recorded in IR187 (17 cm). Maximum seedling fresh weight was recorded in genotype IR26 (3.73 g) and IR125 was recorded minimum seedling fresh weight (0.12 g). Genotype IR26 had maximum seedling dry weight (0.60 g) and IR97 was recorded minimum seedling dry weight (0.04 g). Iranian landraces i.e. IR26, IR55, IR83, IR30, IR13, IR40, IR191, IR20, IR4, IR16 were found to be the best landraces tolerant to micronutrient deficiency on the basis of seedling dry weight.


Museums are usually seen as arenas for the authorised presentations of reality, based on serious, professional knowledge. Yet, in spite of the impossibility of giving anything but a highly abstract and extremely selective impression in an exhibition, very few museums problematize this or discuss their priorities with their public. They don't ask "what are the other truths of the matter?" Though the essays in this collection are not written with museums and truth as their explicit subject, they highlight contested truths, the absence of the truth of the underprivileged, whether one truth is more worthy than the other, and whether lesser truths can dilute the value of greater truths. One of the articles included here lets youngsters choose which truth is most probable or just, while another talks about an exhibition where the public must choose which truth to adhere to before entering. One shows how a political change gives a new opportunity to finally restore valuable truths of the past to the present, and another describes the highly dangerous task of making museums and memorials for the truths of the oppressed. Lastly, one explores whether we live in a period where the sources for authorized truths are fragmented and questioned, and asks, what should the consequences for museums be?


The comprehensive A-to-Z guide on network security, fully revised and updated Network security is constantly evolving, and this comprehensive guide has been thoroughly updated to cover the newest developments. If you are responsible for network security, this is the reference you need at your side. Covering new techniques, technology, and methods for approaching security, it also examines new trends and best practices being used by many organizations. The revised Network Security Bible complements the Cisco Academy course instruction in networking security. Covers all core areas of network security and how they interrelate Fully revised to address new techniques, technology, and methods for securing an enterprise worldwide Examines new trends and best practices in use by organizations to secure their enterprises Features additional chapters on areas related to data protection/correlation and forensics Includes cutting-edge topics such as integrated cybersecurity and sections on Security Landscape, with chapters on validating security, data protection, forensics, and attacks and threats If you need to get up to date or stay current on network security, Network Security Bible, 2nd Edition covers everything you need to know.


Even at the dawn of the genomics era, the family history is still very relevant, being a proxy for genetic, environmental, and behavioral risks to health. The family history can be used to inform risk stratification, allowing for judicious use of screening and opening the door to early and even prophylactic treatment. This review aims to re-energize our use of the family history in primary care practice. Family history is still relevant, being a proxy for genetic, environmental, and behavioral risks to health.


One of the most basic and widely accepted principles of political governance is that that the State is justified in promulgating laws to protect individuals from harm by others. The state's power to legislate and protect against a variety of harms, including the harm of being made to suffer physical pain, has been recognized in both domestic and international law. "The Government of course has an obligation to protect its citizens from harm." The exercise of this power is up to the prudential judgment of state and our national legislatures, however, and not a constant constitutional imperative.This power of protection encompasses all living creatures, as well as developing fetal human life. Thirteen states and the United States House of Representatives have passed legislation that strictly limits abortions during the second half of the pregnancy, generally after nineteen weeks gestation, to protect the developing human person from pain. These laws, known as Pain-Capable Child Protection Acts, strictly limit abortion after the point of gestation when the unborn child has developed the capacity to feel pain during the process of an abortion. Proponents argue that protecting an unborn child from such pain is a natural extension of the long tradition in American law prohibiting acts that inflict unwarranted suffering on human beings and other sentient creatures. Opponents argue that such laws are based on scientific speculation and inflammatory rhetoric. Given the large number of states adopting Pain-Capable Child Protection Acts it is no surprise that these arguments are now before federal courts. This article explores the arguments supporting the existence of fetal pain and the constitutionality of abortion limits at twenty weeks gestation.


Development of semiand fullyautomated trading systems is becoming increasingly popular in the financial market. Our aim is to develop a scalable lightweight distributed trading system that is self-configuring, self-healing, and provides fast execution of trades with high availability. We used a peer-to-peer (P2P) platform which would allow for the flexibility of non-static nodes dispersed across the globe to securely communicate with each other and configure accordingly. A P2P network also allows machines in the network to discover available services. In such a domain, the machines in the network can be fine-tuned to heal from faults in the network, the most damaging being the network partitioning issue. These features were found very useful for development of our trading system.


This paper is the first to analyze importance of monitoring costs in real options analysis. Monitoring costs, in this context, are tied to the process of making key investment or management decisions. Monitoring costs differ from previously considered types of frictions, as they make it optimal to spread decisions (and not only actions) in time. In the first part of the paper, we present a qualitative introduction of monitoring costs in real options analysis and their effects on the optimal decisions during the life of the real option. In the second part, we implement numeric valuation of a real option in the presence of two types of frictions, monitoring costs and option maintenance costs. We illustrate our results using a number of three-dimensional surface plots. We analyze effects of the two frictions on the option value and the optimal decision timing and supplement our results by analyzing sensitivities to all major parameters of the model. The surface plots serve two purposes. First, they allow to quantify importance of the considered frictions. Second, they could be consulted as qualitative indicators in analyzing projects with similar characteristics.


The properties and behavior of pure aqueous foams have been quite extensively studied. On the other hand, very little is known about the chemical interactions between foaming agents and paper/board making raw materials in aqueous fiber-foam suspensions. The objective of this examination was to increase the understanding of basic mechanisms affecting fiber-foam suspension. In particular, gaining understanding of the chemical interactions between foaming agents and paper/board making raw materials was of great interest. The foaming behavior of pulp formulations in the presence of three anionic and four non-ionic foaming aids was tested with a tailor-made foaming test environment. Foaming aids for testing were chosen based on their reported good foaming properties, environmental safety, and availability as bulk chemicals, as well as their insensitivity to changes in temperature and pH within limits relevant to the foam forming process. Foam formed hand sheets with different furnish recipes were made and tested to evaluate the effect of the three selected foaming agents (selected based on their foaming characteristics) on the formation and retention processes, the technical properties of the hand sheets, and the performance of other chemicals used in paper/board manufacturing in the presence of the foaming aids. Additionally, the potential of utilizing the selected foaming aids in practical foam forming of paper or board was verified in a small-scale pilot trial. The results obtained in these laboratory and pilot-scale studies showed that the type and amount of foaming aids used have significant effects on foam properties, filler retention, sizing, dewatering, bulk, and mechanical properties of the fiber network. In fact, the selection of the foaming aid and its interaction with other wet end additives seems to be one of the key factors affecting the processability and quality of foam formed products.


Summary A biological system is more than the sum of its parts – it accomplishes many functions via synergy. Deconstructing the system down to the molecular mechanism level necessitates the complement of reconstructing functions on all levels, i.e., in our conceptualization of biology and its perturbations, our experimental models and computer modelling. Toxicology contains the somewhat arbitrary subclass "systemic toxicities"; however, there is no relevant toxic insult or general disease that is not systemic. At least inflammation and repair are involved that require coordinated signaling mechanisms across the organism. However, the more body components involved, the greater the challenge to recapitulate such toxicities using non-animal models. Here, the shortcomings of current systemic testing and the development of alternative approaches are summarized. We argue that we need a systematic approach to integrating existing knowledge as exemplified by systematic reviews and other evidence-based approaches. Such knowledge can guide us in modelling these systems using bioengineering and virtual computer models, i.e., via systems biology or systems toxicology approaches. Experimental multi-organon-chip and microphysiological systems (MPS) provide a more physiological view of the organism, facilitating more comprehensive coverage of systemic toxicities, i.e., the perturbation on organism level, without using substitute organisms (animals). The next challenge is to establish disease models, i.e., micropathophysiological systems (MPPS), to expand their utility to encompass biomedicine. Combining computational and experimental systems approaches and the challenges of validating them are discussed. The suggested 3S approach promises to leverage 21st century technology and systematic thinking to achieve a paradigm change in studying systemic effects.


This thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of lanthanide complexes of the macrocyclic ligand calix[2]phenylene[2]pyrrolide. The reactivity of these complexes is investigated and discussed. The reductive abilities of these complexes are tested through reaction with a series of pyridines and diazines. The flexibility and reactivity of the macrocyclic ligand is contrasted with a related, more rigid ligand.

Chapter 1 establishes a background of the lanthanide metals and organolanthanide chemistry. Organolanthanide complexes of the ubiquitous cyclopentadienyl and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands are introduced. Non-cyclopentadienyl ligands are briefly discussed, with a focus on the use of calix[4]pyrrolide as a macrocyclic ligand. Modifications of the calix[4]pyrrolide ligand are introduced, with a focus on trans-N,N'-dimethyl-meso-octaethylcalix[4]pyrrolide and meso-octamethyl-calix[2]phenylene[2]pyrrolide.

Chapter 2 discusses the preparation and characterisation of precursors, key reagents and benchmark lanthanide(II) and (III) reference complexes. Conformational characteristics of these complexes are compared, with a focus on detail of the solid state structures obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The contrasting structures of dilithiated calix[2]phenylene[2]pyrrole and an analogous potassium complex are described. Metathesis of the dilithiated macrocycle with samarium diiodide is shown to form complexes with samarium bound within the macrocyclic cavity. The effect of ancillary coordinated solvent molecules on the conformation of these complexes is investigated. The oxidation state of lanthanides in macrocyclic complexes is discussed. Unambiguous europium(II) and samarium(III) complexes are synthesised and characterised in order to identify whether conformational changes to the macrocycle indicate the oxidation state of the lanthanide metal centre. An interesting polymeric samarium complex free of ancillary ligands is described.

Chapter 3 focuses on the preparation of a series of samarium calix[2]phenylene[2]pyrrolide complexes with pyridine and pyridine-based ligands. Where possible, analogous europium complexes are also described in order to compare their structural characteristics in the solid state. This investigation produced some unexpected results, such as an easily-reducible molecule observed acting as neutrally charged ancillary ligand. This Chapter covers the reactivity of selected pyridines, diazines, and sterically bulky linked- or fused-ring heterocyclic molecules with a samarium macrocyclic complex. Where relevant, comparisons are drawn with analogous samarium cyclopentadienyl-based complexes and complexes of the related macrocyclic ligand trans-N,N'-dimethyl-meso-octaethylcalix[4]pyrrolide.

Concluding remarks and avenues of work warranting future investigation are presented in Chapter 4. The experimental syntheses and characterisation data of complexes prepared in this thesis are provided in Chapter 5. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data has been included electronically in the form of crystallographic information files (.CIF) in Appendix A.


Age estimation and face verification across aging are important problems with a wide range of applications. It is well known that age and identity information are encoded in both texture and shape of the face. Building on recent advances in landmark extraction and statistical techniques for landmark-based shape analysis, we consider these problems using facial shapes. We show that by using well-defined shape spaces and their associated geometry, one can obtain significant performance improvements in both age estimation and face verification. Toward this end, we propose to model the facial shapes as points on a Grassmann manifold. Age estimation and face verification are then considered as regression and classification problems on this manifold. Algorithms for regression and classification are designed to take into account the geometry of the underlying space. The proposed method is flexible and can be used as a standalone age estimator or classifier, and we also present methods for fusion with texture-based algorithms.


Ore-forming hydrothermal systems often show signs of boiling. In certain classes of deposits—such as low-sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag veins—the chemical consequences of boiling are often considered the cause of ore mineral precipitation, while in others the role of boiling may rather lie in enforcing a favorable pressure-temperature regime. In yet other cases it may, however, be just a passive record of the conditions during ore formation, with little or no direct causal relation to the actual metal enrichment.

A quantitative understanding of the occurrence, the spatial and temporal extent, and the dynamic evolution of boiling zones in hydrothermal systems on a generic level, as well as for specific systems, can help in determining the role of boiling and is thus a potentially valuable tool in economic geology. However, while numerical simulation of the simultaneous flow of coexisting fluid phases (water, oil and gas) is a routinely used key tool in hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir management (Gerritsen and Durlofsky 2005), it has not yet found a similar position in the study and exploration of mineral resources. This is at least partly due to the fact that the geological context of hydrothermal mineral deposits is more difficult to resolve with geophysical methods and, hence, the overall geometry for which simulation of fluid flow should be carried out, is often less clear.

Nevertheless, proper simulation methods have emerged rather recently and have found some application in the hydrothermal regime. Simulations are now a tool to understand and manage individual geothermal fields. O'Sullivan et al. (2001) provide a recent review and Pruess (1990) gives a summary of the basic simulation methods. So-called high-enthalpy geothermal systems often operate under conditions of boiling and are considered to be at least hydrologically equivalent to epithermal hydrothermal systems (Hedenquist et al. 1992). However, studies that have specifically investigated the …


'Why can't I just be a gamer? Why do I have to be a "female gamer"?' While a generic term for all gamers may be looming on the horizon, there are still aspects of play which draw clear boundaries between male and female gamers. These boundaries, however, are often illusions. In Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Games (MMOs), several networks exist within the game space, and one such network is that of 'female character'. For male players to gain a part in this network, many gender-bend, and the gender of the character is what determines their actions not the gender of the players themselves. When men use female avatars, they engage in behaviours which they believe are typical feminine acts, (healing, fighting from a distance, etc.) but these are based on false perceptions about gender roles. Gaining access to this network is one which requires constant performance; however, it is a network which is often inhospitable for real-world women.


For multi-actuators speed control system driven by single pump, several effective control methods have been proposed, such as flow feedback control, etc. These methods are effective only to the engineering equipment with fewer actuators. As for large ships with more than ten actuators required for speed control, using traditional control methods will result in that costs much, the structure of the hydraulic system is very complicated, even unable to realize. In order to meet the coordinate action of many actuators, two ways based on throttle control and pressure compensation control are introduced in this paper. The research results based on the theoretical analysis of speed control error and adaptability, simulation research and experimental confirmation indicate that the throttle control method is limited by the number of actuators, load size and the speed error, but the pressure compensation control method is helpful to enhance rationality and the coordination of flow distribution between various actuators.


In this paper, modified low-complex, hybrid architectures for digital, oversampled sigma-delta digital-to-analog converters (ΣΔDACs) are explored in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and subDAC complexity. The studied techniques illustrate the trade-off in terms of noise-shaper and DAC implementation complexity and loss in SNR. It is found that a fair amount of improvement in SNR is achieved by maintaining low-complexity of noise shaper. The complexity of the subDAC is yet a parameter, directly related to the number of output bits from the noise shaper. Two different architectures are investigated with respect to subDAC complexity and noise shaper complexity. It is shown that the required number of DAC unit elements (DUE) can be reduced to half.


We obtained and analyzed two Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra of the white dwarf in the DA plus dMe binary Feige 24. The spectra, obtained at orbital quadratures, provide new estimates of the white dwarf motion and gravitational redshift resulting in revised white dwarf parameters. An analysis of interstellar absorption lines reveals the presence of two clouds (+3.1 km s-1, +17.6 km s-1) in the line of sight toward Feige 24; one of these clouds (+17.6 km s-1) is identified with the "local cloud." A study of the Lyα H I and D I interstellar medium lines shows that the deuterium-to-hydrogen abundance ratio (D/H = 1.3 × 10-5) is consistent with other measurements supporting a relative constancy of this ratio throughout the local interstellar medium. The total hydrogen column density measured with Lyα (log nH = 2.95 × 1018 cm-2) is in agreement with EUV Lyman continuum flux measurements. Finally, we present a complete abundance pattern for the white dwarf, demonstrating the predominance of iron and nickel over lighter elements. Residual ionization imbalance in the case of several elements, most notably in the case of O IV/O V, which cannot be explained by temperature or surface gravity variations, may indicate the presence of other atmospheric constituents, inhomogeneous stratification of oxygen in the photosphere, and/or remaining inaccuracies in the treatment of model atoms. The abundance patterns in Feige 24 and in the hot DA white dwarf G191-B2B are remarkably similar, indicating that the same processes are operating equally in both stars.


Clinical signs indicated that Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) was suspected to be present in Indonesia. Serological investigation was carried out by collecting a number of 242 serum samples from Tangerang, Bogor, Cianjurm Ciawi, Cicurug dan Magelang, tested using serum neutralization (SN) test. The results of SN test indicated that SHS has been identified in these investigation areas. Based on the fact that these are the center for parent stock breeders it could be suspected taht the disease might have been speread to several areas of chicken farms in this country. It would be wise if a control program be formulated since this time, to ensure that everything is well prepared in case SHS situation develops into unfavorable condition.


ABSTRACT The expedition commanded by the Frenchman Nicolas Thomas Baudin aboard the ships Le Géographe and Le Naturaliste (and Le Casuarina for the return journey) to the southern hemisphere between 1800-1804 collected specimens from numerous locations including the Canary Islands (Tenerife), Île de France (Mauritius), Cape Town (South Africa), Australia and Timor. Additionally, specimens were donated or purchased from locations not visited including the Comoros, Madagascar and Sumatra. Unfortunately, Baudin died at Île de France on the return trip so the responsibility of the account of the voyage was given to other members of the expedition. Responsibility for writing up the primary account of the voyage was granted to François Péron, who published the first volume of the narrative of the Voyage de Découvertes aux Terres Australes in 1807. Following his death in 1810, the second volume of the narrative was completed by Louis de Freycinet and published in 1816. The other four volumes of the Voyage included three atlases (the first by expedition artists Charles-Alexandre Lesueur and Nicolas-Martin Petit in 1807 and the second and third by Freycinet in 1811 and 1812), and a volume entitled Navigation et Géographie by Freycinet in 1815. Based on recent and on-going research, a review of many of the original documents is presented here, revealing hitherto unpublished details about who collected and donated mammals to the expedition. Research was conducted mainly in the collections of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) in Paris and their associated acquisition books. The Baudin expedition was responsible for an unprecedented collection of over 100 000 specimens of natural history, which remains the single largest collection of natural history specimens from Australia. A total of 101 mammal taxa relating to the Baudin expedition were identified during this study, which included 51 species described as a result of the expedition and 50 species that were described either before or subsequently, but not associated with the expedition. Of the taxa described, 20 species and three subspecies are currently recognised valid. During this study 43 museum specimens that were referable to 29 taxa were identified and at least five specimens seem to have been misplaced based on the information available. These specimens were derived from 24 holotypes, four paratypes, three syntypes, five lectotypes, and six paralectotypes and one topotype that are currently held at the MNHN. Some of these specimens are part of the estimated 51 mammals that were brought back alive to France on the boats. Charles-Alexandre Lesueur's illustrations complemented this study; of the 177 that are held at the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle du Havre, 149 could be attributed to one or more species and 28 were of unidentified species.


Recent decades have seen a dual and simultaneous shift in conflict trends. With the end of the Cold War and superpower support, conflicts have become increasingly intrastate and increasingly localized, dependent for their sustenance upon local assistance and national resources. Yet this localization of conflict has coincided with the increasingly international aspect of conflicts, with humanitarian intervention and UN peacekeeping becoming ever more prevalent. The aim of this paper is to provide a framework for understanding these shifting relations between the global and the local. This is accomplished through an analysis of actor-network theory and its rejoinders to reductionist understandings of conflict. Rather than reducing the eruption of violence down to greed, grievance, or ancient hatred, actor-network theory aims to examine conflict networks and their specific composition of local, material, and global actors. Three aspects of these networks are highlighted in particular: the personal networks of local individuals, the material actors, and the conflict network as a system. With these clarified the final section turns to an analysis of some of the primary modalities through which global actors relate and embed themselves within local networks.


This paper uses a case study in the Maritime provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) to compare farmer observations of climate change and its impacts on production agriculture with the modelled projections available in the scientific literature. Farmers have typically been ignored in discussions of climate change in the region, leading to a homogenous knowledge structure; I argue that such a structure undermines the project of climate change assessment and adaptation. Semi-structured interviews (n=40) were performed with small-scale vegetable farmers across the Maritimes, and analysed using grounded theory methodology to establish a series of observational themes and insights. The study found that farmers' observations across the region widely corroborate with the established modelled projections; in many areas, the observations have allowed for more precise assessment of impacts than using models alone. I argue that farmers should be included in the discussion around climate change in a more formal sense in order to provide the best information possible to policymakers and researchers.


The constant claims related to the lack of physical and logistical, particularly multimodal infrastructure (routes, ports, airports and networks of interconnected transport) required for the economic development of the country, are forcing consideration of this theme as a corporeal parameter, and not an exogenous one to the companies and of the territory. So far, it has been one of the most contested elements for its impact on the productive and competitive capacity for the opening of international trade with Colombia. In the face of this, it is necessary to do a review of the contribution that it generates for an economy counting on a good and efficient infrastructure equal to the conditions of production and access to the international markets, and especially the territories, as is the case of various regions of the country who aim for such a point of view. Internalizing such variables will allow realization of the adjustments the country needs in such themes and in particular how much of a relationship should exist between the territorial productive conditions with respect to the developments in infrastructure and the scope of both in face of international commercial possibilities. This article is a product from the perspective of the International Business of a research project called "Economic spatial impact of the projects of physical and geographical infrastructure in Antioquia State (Colombia)". PHASE 1: Urabá's Port and PHASE 2: complementary Geo-infrastructure ", in agreement between the University of Medellin, the institution ESUMER (High school of Marketing) of Medellin and the company of analysis georreferencial INFOMAPAS in Medellin.


Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) pose an emerging threat to public health sector worldwide. They are one of the potent nosocomial pathogens and cause variety of infections including pneumonia, septicaemia, wound infections, urinary tract infections and catheter-associated infections. From the last two decades, these pathogens are becoming more powerful due to the acquisition of resistomes on different types of plasmids and transposons. There are four main mechanisms of antibacterial resistance such as efflux pump, target alteration, membrane permeability and notably enzymes hydrolysis. K. pneumoniae produce different types of enzymes but most importantly extended spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL), carbapenemase and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL). K. pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) producing isolates displayed resistance not only against the β-lactam drugs (penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems) but also to other classes of antibiotics (aminoglycosides and quinolones). Therapeutic options available to treat serious infections caused by these extensively drug-resistant pathogens are limited to colistin, tigecycline and fosfomycin. Hence, combination therapy has also been recommended to treat such bacteria with clinical side effects, therefore, new treatment regime must be required. Moreover, we are relying on conventional diagnostic tools, however, novel techniques must be required for robust identification of multi-drug-resistant bacteria.


Laguna Las Vueltas (LLV) area retains the morphology of a late Pleistocene watershed that was flooded during a mid-Holocene marine transgression. Sediments associated with a paleosol dated at 22,582 cal yr BP reflect subaerial exposure of the area prior to the submergence during the marine transgression. This transgression produced an extensive tidal flat near the mouth of the former LLV watershed by 7,477 cal yr BP. Subsequent decoupling of the Las Vueltas valley from the sea occurred through the growth of a baymouth barrier and a beach-ridge plain to the east. This decoupling turned the lagoon into a pan environment in which subsequent lake-level fluctuations were controlled by climate. A lunette dune developed at the pans in the former lagoon, providing a narrow corridor where humans trapped, killed and processed guanacos as early as 3,402 cal yr BP. Changes in aeolian sedimentation hint at increased aridity during the past 500 years.


Individuals' preferences for risk and inequality are measured through choices between imagined societies and lotteries. The median relative risk aversion, which is often seen to reflect social inequality aversion, is between 2 and 3. Most people are also found to be individually inequality-averse, reflecting a willingness to pay for living in a more equal society. Left-wing voters and women are both more risk and inequality-averse than others. The model allows for non-monotonic SWFs, implying that welfare may decrease with an individual's income at high-income levels, which is illustrated in simulations based on the empirical results.


Patients aged 55 and over who were referred to a general hospital between 1976 and 1987 because of self‐poisoning or self‐injury were studied. The 675 individuals comprised 8.7% of suicide attempters of all ages. The mean annual rate of attempts in the 55‐64 year age group was almost double that of the 65+ age group. In the younger age group the female:male ratio of rates for the whole study period was 1.3, whereas in the older age group it was close to unity. Rates were highest in the divorced of both sexes and also high in single and widowed males. Married males had particularly low rates. Relatively few people were receiving psychiatric care at the time of their attempts. There was no evidence of any major change in rates of attempted suicide during the study period, unlike in younger people in whom rates have declined. However, there were changes in the substances used for self‐poisoning, with a very marked decline in the use of barbiturates and increasing use of non‐opiate analgesics, especially paracetamol. Repetition of attempts within one year of a first attempt during the study period occurred in nearly one in 10 cases.


As old as the rumored existence of cannibalistic practices is the fascination with mankind's consumption of fellow human beings. The term cannibal was coined by Christopher Columbus when native guides on his voyage to the "New World" told him stories of tribes that fed on human flesh. In 1979 William Arens published a study called The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy, in which he expressed concern over the field of anthropology's apparent need for the existence of cannibalism in order to form itself as a valid discipline. His study produced an uproar among anthropologists, who quickly wrote responses focused on proving the existence of cannibalism despite Arens' implications, and thus ironically confirmed Arens' argument--we need cannibals. This need is firmly rooted in the human psyche, as evidenced by cannibalism's consistent appearance in literature, whether in literal or metaphorical form. In the years that followed the discovery of the Americas, the cannibal was re-interpreted and re-presented with varying degrees of sympathy or condemnation, depending on the purpose behind each portrayal of his "reality." Whether anthropophagy occurs by necessity or from desire, through hatred or through ritual, in an act of vengeance or in an act of savagery, the possible motivations for such behavior are outnumbered only by the texts that explore them. The appearance of cannibalism in three works by contemporary Mexican writer Carmen Boullosa reminds us that the cannibal is just as much a part of human nature as it is of history. In his book Cannibalism: from sacrifice to survival, psychologist Hans Askenasy considers the various reasons why a person would want to consume another person. Besides the obvious reason--hunger--there are a slew of other possible "motivational factors" for cannibalism. In a chapter entitled "Punishment, Indifference, and Unification," Askenasy provides three factors that eerily coincide with separate instances of cannibalism in three different narrative works of Carmen Boullosa. While these three forms of cannibalism (namely, punitive, unitive, and profane cannibalism) appear neatly categorized in Askenasy's work, applying them to Boullosa's characters serves merely as a departure point for an exploration of acts of consumption that seem to result from both a psychological and a physical need to devour the Other. Set in the past, present and future, respectively, Boullosa's Son vacas, somos puercos, Isabel, and Cielos de la tierra all involve bizarre cases of cannibalism that serve to underscore the author's own concerns regarding the destructive impulses behind human behavior. In Son vacas, somos puercos, set in the Caribbean of colonial times, the protagonist Smeeks serves as ship's surgeon under the tyrannical rule of a French pirate named L'Olonnais, or "Nau." While Smeeks is the primary narrator of the novel, at different moments in the text he cedes narration to others, as in the extraordinary case of Nau's death. Nau narrates his own demise as he is captured and eaten alive by cannibals. It seems a just end for a man who wreaked havoc on colonial society, cruelly abusing both natives and colonists alike. The Indians' cannibalism can be attributed to revenge rather than hunger, as their leader delivers a speech about avenging the deaths of the tribe's loved ones. This punitive cannibalism is preceded by a ritual in which the women of the tribe abuse Nau, tying him to a hammock to force themselves on him before later cutting off his eyelashes and slapping him. The misogynistic pirate continues to blame the female sex for his current situation, even though he isn't sure exactly how they are to blame. He watches as the children devour parts of his body, until the loss of blood causes him to lose consciousness. Nau's defiance in the face of the tribal women exemplifies the general sense of scorn for the female sex felt among the European pirates, who call themselves free "pigs" as opposed to the domesticated "cows" that marry, settle, and pay tribute to the crowns of Europe. …


1. The value of progestogen therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss was assessed in 30 women, by a preliminary randomized controlled trial of gestronol or mestranol, in comparison with a placebo. 2. When the skeletal response was measured by photon absorptiometry, bone mineral loss was prevented by both the oestrogen and the progestogen. 3. We confirm that mestranol significantly reduced the urinary output of hydroxyproline-containing peptide, but this did not occur during gestronol therapy, suggesting that progestogen has a different action on bone, perhaps stimulating bone formation.


PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to simplify EBT film-based dosimetry calibration. In addition, two different approaches are proposed for film and scanner non-uniformity reduction.

METHODS
EBT films, EBT3 and EBT2 were exposed under a calibration plan using 6X flattening-filter-free (FFF) photon beams. In method 1, pre-irradiation scans were carried out and subtracted from post-irradiation scans to calculate net-optical density (net OD), removing non-uniformity from both scanner and film. In method 2, two unexposed films were independently scanned for each irradiated film scan and subtracted from post-irradiation scans. Calibration curves were then generated using the calibration plan dose and the film net OD values. Finally, a set of time-dependent correction factors were derived from the calibration curves. The per-batch average correction factors were applied in order to test the feasibility of using a per-batch generic calibration curve. All converted film doses were verified against the planned dose. The scanner light effect on the film dose was estimated by measuring the changes in mean pixel value.

RESULTS
Up to 7% pixel value change was noted four days after exposure. A correction was necessary if a generic calibration curve was utilized. The method to remove non-uniformity using the pre-exposure film (method 1) was more stable than using two unexposed films (method 2). The batch average correction factors reduced calibration curve differences to less than 0.6%. The dose effect from each scan was minimal (∼0.1 cGy).

CONCLUSION
It is feasible to use one generic calibration curve per film batch with a time-dependent correction factor table without compromising overall EBT film dosimetry accuracy. This method may alleviate the current practice of the typical labor intensive film-based dosimetry for patient specific QA as well as physics commissioning tasks.


The IPCC recognises Africa as a whole to be "one of the most vulnerable continents to climate variability and change because of multiple stresses and low adaptive capacity. Climate change is likely to exacerbate the dry conditions already experienced in southern Africa. And when rainfall does come, it is likely to be more intense, leading to erosion and flood damage. This will affect the poor most, with resulting constraints on employment opportunities and declining wages. But at present these predictions gain little policy traction in southern African countries. The multilateral climate change process is complicated and slow, and policymakers often see serious action on climate change as a domestic 'vote loser'. One way to raise climate change concerns further up the policymakers' agenda is to try to put an economic value on the environmental impacts of climate change. Figures that provide a clear message about the expected impact of climate change will be powerful motivators for policymakers in developing countries to start considering climate change as a part of their national development policies. This study is a first attempt to provide some economic indicators of how climate change will affect Namibia – one of the most vulnerable countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Focusing on natural resources, the study aims to assess the likely economic values of some of the most important environmental and socio-economic impacts of climate change in Namibia, and also to capture how some of the most important impacts might affect the overall structure of the economy.


Abstract The use of species traits to characterize the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities has become well established in the ecological literature. This approach holds much potential for predicting changes of both species and species assemblages along environmental gradients in terms of traits that are sensitive to local environmental conditions. Further, in the burgeoning field of biomonitoring, a functional approach provides a predictive basis for understanding community-level responses along gradients of environmental alteration caused by humans. Despite much progress in recent years, the full potential of the functional traits-based approach is currently limited by several factors, both conceptual and methodological. Most notably, we lack adequate understanding of how individual traits are intercorrelated and how this lack of independence among traits reflects phylogenetic (evolutionary) constraint. A better understanding is needed if we are to make the transition from a largely univariate approach that considers single-trait responses along single environmental gradients to a multivariate one that more realistically accounts for the responses of many traits across multiple environmental gradients characteristic of most human-dominated landscapes. Our primary objective in this paper is to explore the issue of inter-trait correlations for lotic insects and to identify opportunities and challenges for advancing the theory and application of traits-based approaches in stream community ecology. We created a new database on species-trait composition of North American lotic insects. Using published accounts and expert opinion, we collected information on 20 species traits (in 59 trait states) that fell into 4 broad categories: life-history, morphological, mobility, and ecological. First, we demonstrate the importance of considering how the linkage of specific trait states within a taxon is critical to developing a more-robust traits-based community ecology. Second, we examine the statistical correlations among traits and trait states for the 311 taxa to identify trait syndromes and specify which traits provide unique (uncorrelated) information that can be used to guide trait selection in ecological studies. Third, we examine the evolutionary associations among traits by mapping trait states onto a phylogentic tree derived from morphological and molecular analyses and classifications from the literature. We examine the evolutionary lability of individual traits by assessing the extent to which they are unconstrained by phylogenic relationships across the taxa. By focusing on the lability of traits within lotic genera of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, taxa often used as water-quality indicators, we show how a traits-based approach can allow a priori expectations of the differential response of these taxa to specific environmental gradients. We conclude with some ideas about how specific trait linkages, statistical correlations among traits, and evolutionary lability of traits can be used in combination with a mechanistic understanding of trait response along environmental gradients to select robust traits useful for a more predictive community ecology. We indicate how these new insights can direct the research in statistical modeling that is necessary to achieve the full potential of models that can predict how multiple traits will respond along multiple environmental gradients.


INTRODUCTION: Osteosynthesis with open reduction technique in comminuted fracture has several disadvantages like increase rate of non-union, soft tissue problem, infection and implant failure. These problems may be overcome by percutaneous bridge plating technique which preserve the vascularity and soft tissue attachment of fracture fragments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients were involve in this study . All of twenty- five patients with closed comminuted diaphyseal fractures of femur (n-10) and tibia (n-15) were operated on using the principle indirect reduction and biological fixation with bridge plate under image intensifier. Partial and full weight bearing were allowed according to clinical and radiological union. RESULTS: Most regained excellent range of motion of knee and ankle. Mean time of radiological union was 20.12 weeks. Two patients had superficial skin problem which healed with local wound care. One patient had non union which was healed by bone grafting. In this study excellent result was seen in 18 cases, good in five and fair in two patients. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that minimally invasive bridge plating is an effective alternative for treatment of comminuted diaphyseal fracture of long bones. These complex fractures give complete recovery of normal limb function at an ear ly stage with less complication.


We study signal recovery on graphs based on two sampling strategies: random sampling and experimentally designed sampling. We propose a new class of smooth graph signals, called approximately bandlimited. We then propose two recovery strategies based on random sampling and experimentally designed sampling. The proposed recovery strategy based on experimentally designed sampling uses sampling scores, which is similar to the leverage scores used in the matrix approximation. We show that while both strategies are unbiased estimators for the low-frequency components, the convergence rate of experimentally designed sampling is much faster than that of random sampling when a graph is irregular1. We validate the proposed recovery strategies on three specific graphs: a ring graph, an Erdös-Rényi graph, and a star graph. The simulation results support the theoretical analysis.


Many high-income countries have cut public health care spending since the global economic downturn in 2008. In some cases these cuts have been accompanied by calls to expand private financing to improve the efficiency of health systems. In low and middle-income countries seeking to increase access to health care, it is sometimes suggested that private financing is more effective than public financing because of weak state institutions and bureaucratic shortcomings.

In this paper, we review the theoretical and empirical evidence on private financing in terms of cost, efficiency, equity and financial protection. We consider private health insurance, medical savings accounts and user charges in high, middle and low-income countries.

The theoretical and empirical evidence reveals major market failures in the health sector. It is unlikely that private financing generates better results than public financing. Still, as private financing options are heterogeneous, it is possible that a particular form might play a beneficial role in a specific setting. Given the current state of knowledge, however, any calls to increase private financing must be accompanied by robust evidence, such as real world pilot studies.


Probabilistic models with weighted formulas, known as Markov models or log-linear models, are used in many domains. Recent models of weighted orderings between elements that have been proposed as flexible tools to express preferences under uncertainty, are also potentially useful in applications like planning, temporal reasoning, and user modeling. Their computational properties are very different from those of conventional Markov models; because of the transitivity of the "less than" relation, standard methods that exploit structure of the models, such as variable elimination, are not directly applicable, as there are no conditional independencies between the orderings within connected components. The best known algorithms for general inference in these models are exponential in the number of statements. Here, we present the first algorithms that exploit the available structure. We begin with the special case of models in the form of chains; we present an exact O(n3) algorithm, where n is the total number of elements. Next, we generalize this technique to models in which the set of statements are comprised of arbitrary sets of atomic weighted preference formulas (while the query and evidence are conjunctions of atomic preference formulas), and the resulting exact algorithm runs in time O(m * n2 * nc), where m is the number of preference formulas, n is the number of elements, and c is the maximum number of elements in a linear cut (which depends both on the structure of the model and the order in which the elements are processed)—therefore, this algorithm is tractable for cases in which c can be bounded to a low value. Finally, we report on the results of an empirical evaluation of both algorithms, showing how they scale with reasonably-sized models.


Abstract: The first record of the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (c. 183 Ma) from the Southern Hemisphere is described from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, identified chemostratigraphically on the basis of a relative increase in marine organic carbon and a characteristic negative carbon-isotope excursion (δ13Corg) in bulk rock and fossil wood. The negative excursion of −6‰ in bulk organic carbon (falling to −31.3‰) crosses the boundary of the tenuicostatum–hoelderi Andean ammonite Zones, equivalent to the tenuicostatum–falciferum/serpentinum zones of Europe. These data indicate that the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event was a global phenomenon. Supplementary material: A detailed stratigraphic log, chemostratigraphic data and nannofossil data are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18411.


Background Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs may be received more warmly if a program is presented with the emphasis on performance improvement. Objective To examine the effect of an original exercise program (GLAB program) using ReaLine BalanceShoes (RBS) on measures of athletic performance in young volleyball players. Design A single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Setting Three volleyball teams. Participants 57 volleyball players aged 16–22 with no current history of lower extremity injuries; 29 players (17 females, 12 males) allocated to the intervention group; 28 players (17 females, 11 males) to the control group. Interventions The intervention group used RBS, a shoe-type training device aimed for correcting dynamic knee abduction. The sole of the RBS remains horizontally balanced only if the knee-over-the-toe position is maintained. A 4-staged progressive exercise program was developed, including slow closed-chain strengthening, joint realignment (restoring screw-home movement), balancing (biofeedback), feed-forward (landing) and plyometric (jumping) components. The control group performed same exercises without wearing RBS. One session taking 15 min was executed 3 days a week for 4 weeks. Main outcome measurements Vertical jump height (VJH) and single-leg hop distance (SLHD). Results Average increase in VJH and SLHD (right and left) of the intervention group were 4.5 ± 5.3 cm, 9.0 ± 9.9 cm, and 10.2 ± 11.9 cm, respectively; corresponding values in the control group were 0.9 ± 3.7 cm, 5.7 ± 8.8 cm, 2.6 ± 12.8 cm. Between-group comparisons indicated the GLAB program resulted in greater improvements in VJH and left SLHD as compared with the control program (p=0.004, 0.02, respectively). Conclusion The GLAB program using the RBS enhanced athletic performance. A noteworthy is a VJH increase by 4.5 cm only in 4 weeks. This finding would likely be helpful in promoting injury prevention program to athlete at large.


Antibacterial molecules are generally considered as secondary metabolites produced by bacteria during the stationary phase of their growth, which can kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria. Nowadays, the unsystematic use of antibiotics has resulted in resistant bacteria. Investigation of new antibacterial metabolites and the identification of unexplored antibacterial exhibiting bacteria are necessary. In this study, the bacterial isolate MK-4 was obtained from the soil of the local habitat (Karak, Pakistan). The isolate MK-4 was preliminarily screened for antibacterial activity against a set of Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against 9 ATCC bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus (29213), Staphylococcus epidermidis (12228), Escherichia coli (25922), Salmonella typhimurium (14028), Shigella flexneri (12022), Streptoccocus pneumonia (6305), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27853), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13889) and Vibrio cholerae (9459) and 4 clinical multidrug-resistant (A. buemannii, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa). Antibacterial activity was measured as zone of inhibition (ZOI) in mm. Identification of bacterial isolate B. subtilis MK-4 was based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing apart from biochemical and morphological characteristics. The isolate was further optimized for growth as well as for antibacterial metabolites production at different pH, temperature and incubation time. The isolate MK-4 showed maximum growth at 30°C, maximum antibacterial activity at 37°C. MK-4 exhibited maximum growth and antibacterial activity at pH 8 after 48 hours incubation time.


Higher education is in a state of transformation across the world. The 2009 synthesis report from the Global University Network for Innovation (GUNI) entitled 'Higher Education at a time of Transformation: New Dynamics for Social Responsibility' draws attention to the many challenges that confront the sector that stem from those of wider society. It argues that we must move beyond the 'ivory tower' or market‐oriented university' towards one that innovatively adds value to the process of social transformation. However, there are emerging tensions that bear upon this question and coalesce around such issues as reactive versus proactive approaches with respect to knowledge paradigms; a focus on the knowledge economy versus the knowledge society; and knowledge relevance versus competitively driven knowledge. One approach to higher education that attempts to grapple in with these issues is 'The Graduates in the 21st Century Enhancement Theme' within the Scottish higher education system. This goes some way to recognising that graduate attributes rest, not simply on the ability to aster knowledge content, but perhaps more importantly on the personal qualities that graduates acquire during the course of their learning. These qualities are now regarded as key aspects of being able to contribute to the evolving globalised knowledge society and economy. This paper offers a sympathetic and yet critical appraisal of this approach as it attempts to inculcate and develop in students a range of abilities to deal with complexity, uncertainty and multi or transdisciplinarity. The demands made upon such attributes are ones that are not only concerned with employability but also an increasing concern with global issues and the development of civic awareness and responsibility. It is argued that these pressures, in effect, lead to a concern with how graduates develop their sense of identity as something that is engineered and re‐engineered to meet these demands. Paper presented at the 7th Pan-European Standing Group on International Relations Conference. Politics in Hard Times: International Relations Responses to the Financial Crisis, Stockholm, 9-11 September 2010


Performing mechanical design around sensors is a critical skill which all engineering students should be familiar with. Of equal importance is gathering and correctly interpreting electrical data from engineering tests. The aim of this project is to design a force versus displacement test stand for applications related to the measurement of spring force-displacement correlation. The design uses a strain gauge load cell, and a magnetic linear encoder to provide accurate, repeatable force and travel measurements. A mechanical design to mount each sensor was created based initial project constraints. Finite element analysis was performed on all critical components to ensure that the design meets or exceeds requirements. A data acquisition system was designed for these sensors using a LabVIEW interface. This allowed the force and displacement data to be interpreted and synchronized. The design also features a control interface and a quick-change tool base to promote ease of use. Additionally, the controller also saves gathered test data to a spreadsheet for later use. This apparatus is used to measure springs, solenoids, O-rings, and friction in slide fits. This project helps engineers to work more efficiently and analyze sensitive component interactions.


The past decade has witnessed an exponential growth in literature on the diverse
forms, practices, and politics of mobility. Research on migration has
been at the forefront of this field. Themes in this respect include heterogeneous
practices that have developed out of traditions of resistance to a global historical
trajectory of imperialism and colonialism. In response to such historical
transformations of recent decades, the nature of postcolonial inquiry has
evolved. Such changing postcolonial trajectories and power negotiations are
more pronounced in specific parts of the world than in others. To that end,
"Postcolonial Intersections: Asia on the Move" is a special section that engages,
examines, and analyzes everyday power negotiations, focusing particularly
on Asia. Such everyday negotiations explicitly point to pressure points
and movements across multiple geosocial scales where gender, religion, age,
social class, and caste, to name a few, are constantly negotiated and redefined
via changing subjectivities.


During 1996-1998 60,619 mosquitoes were collected around Cairns, Australia and processed for Alphavirus isolation. Thirty-three isolates of Ross River (RR) virus were made from 9 species, Aedes imprimens, Aedes kochi, Aedes notoscriptus, Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, Culex gelidus, Mansonia septempunctata, Verrallina (formerly Aedes) carmenti, and Verrallina lineatus. Attempts to isolate RR virus from 121 Aedes aegypti were unsuccessful. Twenty-six (79%) of the isolates came from within 1 km of a colony of spectacled flying-foxes, Pteropus conspicillatus. The minimum infection rate for these mosquitoes was 1.0 compared with 0.2 per 1,000 for mosquitoes trapped at all other sites. Ross River virus has not previously been isolated from Ae. imprimens, Cx. gelidus, Ma. septempunctata, Ve. carmenti, or Ve. lineatus. This is also the first isolation of an arbovirus from Cx. gelidus in Australia. In conclusion, the vector status of Ve. carmenti, Ae. aegypti and Ma. septempunctata warrants further study. This study also provides evidence that P. conspicillatus may be a reservoir host.


Promotion of continence and management of incontinence is an important aspect of nursing practice. Within the last decade, more than 300 specialist continence advisors have been appointed throughout the United Kingdom, following the recommendations of Dame Phyllis Friend, then Chief Nursing Officer at the Department of Health and the Action on Incontinence Working Group (1983). The aim of this book is to present contributions from individuals who are specialists within this field, who have undertaken individual research or who have a critical command of the research into incontinence. Each chapter presents their subject along with a critical review of the literature and research evidence from which clinical nursing practice should be based. Recommendations for practice are made and areas for further research identified. The book is intended for a wide audience, clinically and geographically. In Chapter 1, Anne Mohide reviews recent studies dealing with the prevalence of urinary incontinence, highlighting the need for clear definitions and the difficulty of comparing studies due to different methodological approaches. Chapter 2 presents the causes and types of urinary incontinence necessary for deciding upon the most appropriate clinical management. Chapter 3 deals with the assessment of incontinence using a variety of techniques, such as interviews, physical examination, use of bladder (frequency/volume) charts to establish baseline micturition patterns and non-invasive techniques to obtain clinical specimens. Finally, the use of urodynamic investigations for the accurate diagnosis of urinary incontinence are described. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the promotion of continence using bladder re-education or pelvic floor muscle re-education. Chapter 5 goes on to deal with clinical practices for the re-education of pelvic floor muscles, using exercise, electrical stimulation and biofeedback. Chapters 6, 7 and 8 deal with the management of incontinence using a variety of incontinence aids and appliances, intermittent self catheterization and the use of an indwelling urethral catheter. Chapter 9 presents a definitive account of faecal incontinence, its prevalence, aetiology and practical management. Chapter 10 describes the initiatives and strategies for the promotion of continence and management of incontinence by setting up a Continence Advisory Service. In chapter 11, Brenda Roe presents a critical review of the literature pertaining to patient education and incontinence and discusses the role of the nurse versus nurse specialist for continence teaching.


A hypergraph is 2-intersecting if any two edges intersect in at least two vertices. Blais, Weinstein and Yoshida asked (as a first step to a more general problem) whether every 2-intersecting hypergraph has a vertex coloring with a constant number of colors so that each hyperedge has at least $\min(|e|,3)$ colors. We show that there is such a coloring with at most 5 colors (which is best possible).


In this paper we address whether foreign regulations affect the domestic activity of a select group of internationally active banks in Chile, for the 2002q2-2013q4 sample period. We find that the spillover effects generated by changes in the prudential policy abroad have a positive, but relatively weak impact on domestic lending. When comparing the two dimensions of prudential regulations, i.e. inward transmission through international exposure of domestic banks and through affiliates of foreign-owned banks, the spillovers transmitted through the first approach are stronger and economically more significant than through the foreign subsidiary relationship. This result is robust to different specifications, and might suggest that foreign subsidiaries in Chile behave just like domestic banks, as they have to comply with the local regulation in the same way as local banks. Above all, capital requirements appear to be the most significant prudential policy affecting domestic lending.


Luzon, the Philippines, is wedged between east- and west-directed subducting slabs. Westward subduction has resulted in pre-Miocene igneous rocks from northern Luzon characterized by 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratios typical of intra-oceanic arcs where sediment involvement is minor. In addition, Pliocene to Holocene volcanic eruptions of Sr and Nd isotopic signatures similar to those of the pre-Miocene rocks have developed along the Bicol arc in southern Luzon. These rocks are also associated with the westward subduction. In contrast, Pliocene to Holocene volcanoes have been generated by eastward subduction along the western coast of central Luzon (the Bataan arc in the north and the Mindoro arc in the south) and are significantly higher in radiogenic Sr and lower in radiogenic Nd than the rocks discussed above. The pre-Miocene and Bicol arc isotopic characteristics appear to reflect the mixing of small amounts of products from the Philippine Sea crust with the mantle wedge. Magmas erupted along the Bataan and Mindoro arcs may reflect that larger amounts of sediment are available for subduction in the South China Sea. Rocks containing the highest radiogenic Sr and lowest radiogenic Nd values so far noted in Philippine igneous rocks occur in the Mindoro arc and may have been contaminated by slivers of the continental Mindoro-North Palawan terrane, which apparently had been carried down to mantle depths after the collision of this terrane and the arc in the Miocene. These interpretations imply that Nd (and, by inference, other rare-earth elements) can migrate from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge. Thus, variable Nd isotopic ratios in island-arc magmas (e.g., Sunda and Lesser Antilles arcs) may not be a primary feature of the mantle wedge, but a consequence of variations in the release of Nd from the subducted slab.


In August 2004, a National Forest fire crew extinguished a 1.2 ha fire in a wilderness area ~40 km northeast of Santa Barbara, California. Examination revealed that the fire originated on a landslide dotted with superheated fumaroles. A 4 m borehole punched near the hottest (262 °C) fumarole had a maximum temperature of 307 °C. Temperatures in this borehole have been decreasing by ~0.1 °C/d, although the cooling rate is higher when the slide is dry. Gas from the fumaroles and boreholes is mostly air with 3–8 vol% carbon dioxide and trace amounts of carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, and propane. The carbon dioxide is 14 C-dead. The ratios of methane to ethane plus propane [C 1 /(C 2 + C 3 )] range from 3.6 to 14. Carbon isotope values for the CO 2 range from −14‰ to −23‰ δ 13 C. 3 He/ 4 He values range from 0.96 to 0.97 times that of air. The anomalous heat is interpreted to be due to rapid oxidation of iron sulfide augmented by combustion of carbonaceous matter within the formation.


Internet-Based Workplace Communications: Industry and Academic Applications examines the different ways in which online media are becoming a part of and affecting educational and professional writing practices. By overvieiwng how Internet-based technologies affect the communication process, this timely book provides educators with a synopsis of the tools and techniques that could be applied to a variety of educational and professional activities. Similarly, by covering the uses of online media in communication education, this book provides employers with insights related to the Internet-related discourse skills of prospective employees. This book serves as a bridge between educational developments and industry practices, and readers from a broad range of backgrounds learn of different concepts, technologies, and techniques that can affect the online communication process.


We propose a configuration of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-visible light communication (VLC) system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation and an adaptive Nyquist windowing of the OFDM signal in the receiver. Based on this configuration, we demonstrate a 750-Mb/s WDM-VLC transmission based on RGB light-emitting diode (LED) with a distance of 70 cm. The measured bit error rate (BER) for all channels are under the pre-forward error correction limit of 3.8 \times 10-3. The BER performances of all the channels of the proposed WDM-VLC system show considerable improvement compared with those of the system without Nyquist windowing.