Discover how to take advantage of the many new features in SharePoint 2010 SharePoint 2010 is a significant leap forward from the 2007 release, and 'you will find that there are a ton of features built into the platform for you to leverage in your solution development. Because SharePoint is a broad platform that covers a lot, this book also covers quite a bit of ground. As a Wrox Beginning book, the goal of Beginning SharePoint 2010 Development is to get you started with many of the fundamentals so that you can continue on to advanced programming beyond this book. In this book, you will see coverage of the following: Getting started with development for SharePoint 2010 Becoming familiar with tools that you will use to develop for SharePoint Becoming familiar with common SharePoint development tasks Programming against lists and developing custom Web parts Integrating line-of-business (LOB) data with SharePoint and Microsoft Office Integrating Silverlight and SharePoint Creating service-oriented solutions for SharePoint Integrating SharePoint and Microsoft Office Security fundamentalsin SharePoint This book will not cover SharePoint 2007, but will cover areas that span SharePoint Foundation 2010 and SharePoint Server 2010. The book's goal is to quickly take you from the basics of SharePoint, to installing and configuring a development environment, and then into how you can develop for SharePoint. The book is heavy on coding exercises, but tries to stick to a common set of .NET patterns to ensure you walk away with understanding the different ways in which you can code for SharePoint. Moving from beginning to advanced means that you can expect the walkthroughs and chapters to become increasingly more complex within each chapter and throughout the book. The walkthroughs have been created to be concise and to guide you through all of the steps you must accomplish to complete a coding task. The structure of the book mimics the development ramp-up cycle for SharePoint. That is, you must first understand the breadth of the SharePoint platform. You then install it and the development environment; and then you begin to code - simple at first, but tasks that grow increasingly more complex. You will find that when coding against SharePoint, you may do certain things more (such as programming against lists and creating custom Web Parts). As such, these topics are covered in Part II of the book. Also, you may find that, as you advance in your SharePoint development, you will need to incorporate either Silverlight or Web services in your SharePoint solutions. Because you would likely combine these types of tasks inside of a custom Web Part, list-based application, or event receiver, these were placed in Part III of the book. Beginning SharePoint 2010 Developmentis aimed at the developer who is new to SharePoint. The book assumes you have some programming experience and a passion to learn how to develop for SharePoint. But this book does not assume that you've programmed against SharePoint before. With regard to your general development background, the two assumptions in this book are that you have some familiarity with Web development, and you have an understanding of .NET programming. With regard to Web development, this book assumes that you understand HTML, and may have an understanding of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Extensible Markup Language/Extensible Stylesheet Language (XML/XSL), and dynamic languages such as JavaScript. You may have a light understanding of ASP.NET and are looking to apply this knowledge to the SharePoint space. In any case, you have some understanding of the fundamentals of Web and .NET development, and are looking to apply those to the SharePoint space.


Abstract We provide the first detailed endocranial description of the petrosal bone of the ear region of the anthracotheriid artiodactyl Bothriogenys, based on two new specimens from the early Oligocene of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. The new fossils have petrosals with a hyperinflated (pachyostotic) tegmen tympani (the roof over the middle ear), resembling the condition in certain cetancodontans such as hippopotamids and basal cetaceamorphans (fossil stem taxa to extant Cetacea). The morphology of the petrosal, particularly its relative size and density, has been considered an important indicator of the ability of a marine mammal to localize sound transmitted in water, yet petrosal size (pachyostosis) and density (osteosclerosis) have not previously been quantified independent of each other. We examine the new fossils in the context of a preliminary CT-based study of petrosal density (extant taxa only) and petrosal volume (extant and extinct taxa) in a sample of artiodactyls and outgroups. In our extant comparative sample, the petrosals of cetaceans are both dense and voluminous as has been previously stated. We find, however, that the tegmen tympani is relatively voluminous (pachyostotic) without being particularly dense (osteosclerotic) in Hippopotamus amphibius, an extant taxon that has been documented to show some aquatic hearing behaviors, albeit less derived ones than those seen in cetaceans. A voluminous tegmen tympani, which is present in Bothriogenys, may have specific implications for behavior that are distinct from increases in petrosal density.


Purpose - – This study is a replication of Wolff and Reed's (2000) work. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the combination of resources brought to joint ventures influence parent-firm performance. This study is also interested in whether or not the exposure of immobile resources through the semi-transparent membrane of the joint venture can have negative effects on parent-firm performance. Design/methodology/approach - – The sample consists of two-parent joint ventures formed by publicly traded US firms between 1997 and 2013. The event-study methodology is used to calculate each parent-firm's abnormal returns. This work also uses content analysis to analyze parent-firms' annual reports (10-K). Findings - – While Wolff and Reed's results on resource allocation within joint ventures were not statistically significant, this replication study provided strong support to the resource allocation hypothesis. It was found that intangible resource heterogeneity within a joint venture creates higher performance gains for parent-firms than tangible resource heterogeneity. This work also successfully replicated Wolff and Reed's findings on the negative impact of immobile resources exposure on parent-firm performance. Wolff and Reed's results on resource complementarity were, however, not successfully replicated. Originality/value - – This replication study goes beyond simply showing that engaging in a joint venture strategy creates value for parent-firms. Through the use of a new content analysis method, this study was able to provide strong support for Wolff and Reed's theory on the performance gains provided by resource heterogeneity in a joint venture setting, and to confirm the results on potential adverse performance effects of immobile resources exposure.


Introduction This study describes the results of a research evaluation of a school dropout prevention program and adolescents' self-reported perceptions of their motivations and role models. The program was a partnership between an urban university and an urban school district that was designed to prevent 9th grade students from dropping out of high school. It included tutoring, personal development, summer enrichment, and parental involvement. Students in this district are at significant risk of dropping out of school, as the four-year graduation rate from 9th grade to 12th grade was approximately 50%, compared to a statewide graduation rate of 76 percent. This substantial relative decline occurs during the critical transition period in adolescent development, which further demonstrates the need to provide academic support to at-risk students. School transitions are difficult and have been associated in past research with decreased self-esteem, involvement in activities, and grade point average (Cantin & Boivin, 2004). This is especially problematic when transitioning to high school, as the academic, organizational, and social demands increase significantly, typically disproportionately to the amount of support that adolescents receive for developing these skills. Many youngsters, including inner city youth, likely would benefit from a less complex and more intimate school structure (Entwisle, 1990) that is more secure, predictable, and responsive. Drop out is the most devastating consequence of youths' frustration with the demands of schooling. In addition to being frustrated, environmental stressors (e.g., neighborhood) may contribute to the youths' dropping out of high school (Crowder & South, 2003). Drop-out prevention is an important area of study because society's cost for individuals who drop out of high school can be estimated into billions of dollars (Rouse, 2005; Buckley, Storino, & Sarni, 2003). Funding aimed at crime prevention, prosecution programs, welfare programs and unemployment programs can be extremely costly (Buckley, Storino, & Sarni, 2003). It becomes imperative for researchers to examine factors associated with dropping out of school as well as those factors associated with dropout prevention. School programs that are designed to reduce dropout rates would clearly benefit all stake holders, including policy makers, educators, and families alike, as well as society as a whole (Christenson & Thurlow, 2004). Urban school children have approached a crisis point in terms of needs that are going unmet (Rice & Roelke, 2003). Policy makers and education officials have been working continuously to address some of the unique needs faced by urban school children (Goertz & Stiefel, 1998; Hunter, 2000). These unique needs vary. They include but are not limited to a breakdown of community structure, violence, gang activity, poor housing, and poverty (Levine and Lezotte, 1990). Research has shown that poverty is related to school disengagement (Guo, Wilson & Corbett, 2001). In addition to the unique needs faced by urban school children, there are factors that have been associated with school dropout. For example, these characteristics include but are not limited to poor academic performance, low socioeconomic status (SES), and children who display behavioral problems (Phelan, 1992). Strategies have been identified that could assist with drop-out prevention. For example, Azzam (2007) identified strategies that school officials could take to assist with high school dropout prevention. Many academic recommendations were made including integrating experiential learning. Schools must make learning more engaging and help students understand the connection between the world of work and school. Varied instructional styles to accommodate a host of learning styles should be integrated into teaching. Adding support mechanisms for academically struggling students is imperative. …


In 2005, the Indonesian government implemented a massive fuel price increase. While the benefits of the reform on efficiency grounds have been widely acknowledged, there is still debate about whether the reform was equitable. That question is answered in this paper using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with disaggregated households that allows for a rich and accurate distributional story. Analysis of various counter-factual scenarios analysis of the reform is carried out. It suggests that the reform could have been progressive if it increased only vehicle fuel prices. However, it tends to increase inequality especially in urban areas when the price of domestic fuel (kerosene) is also increased. Proper and effective compensation is important in mitigating the distributional cost or poverty impact of the reform. A uniform cash transfer to poor households that disregards poor households' heterogeneity tends to over-compensate the rural poor but under-compensate the urban poor.


: Blowout penstemon Penstemon haydenii is a federally endangered species growing only in areas with active wind erosion in sand dunes of the central United States. This early seral species declines as the blowout habitat stabilizes, allowing later seral species to increase. Blowout penstemon populations and plant size declined in the 1990s when precipitation was higher than normal, resulting in reduced sand movement. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to determine whether blowing sand influenced vigor and persistence of blowout penstemon seedlings. Treatments were wind, sandblasting, wind with sandblasting, and a control. The wind treatment was a constant 14 km h –1 from electric fans for 18 h daily. Sand was applied at 96 km h –1 weekly for 10 min to individual plants for the sandblasting treatment, and the wind with sandblasting treatment was a combination of both. Number of leaf pairs, height, and stem diameter were measured biweekly. Biomass was determined at the conclusion of each experiment. Both wind and sandblasting affected plant growth. The combination of wind with sandblasting increased plant height and stem diameter in Year 1, and stem diameter and shoot biomass in Year 2. This study supports field observations that blowout penstemon has a positive thigmomorphogenic response to wind and sandblasting. Less sand movement is associated with wet soils. Therefore, loss of mechanical stimuli could have been one of the reasons for population decline in the 1990s. Disturbance may be necessary to maintain the blowout habitat and provide an important stimulus to the blowout penstemon plants.


This paper presents the architecture and characteristics of a memory database intended to be used as a cache engine for web applications. Primary goals of this database are speed and efficiency while running on SMP systems with several CPU cores (four and more). A secondary goal is the support for simple metadata structures associated with cached data that can aid in efficient use of the cache. Due to these goals, some data structures and algorithms normally associated with this field of computing needed to be adapted to the new environment.


Target coverage and organ-at-risk sparing were compared for 22 pediatric patients with primary brain tumors treated using two distinct nozzles in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy. Consecutive patients treated at our institution using a PBS-dedicated nozzle (DN) were replanned using a universal nozzle (UN) beam model and the original DN plan objectives. Various cranial sites were treated among the patients to prescription doses ranging from 45 to 54 Gy. Organs at risk (OARs) evaluated were patient-dependent; 15 unique OARs were analyzed, all of which were assessed in at least 10 patients. Clinical target volume (CTV) coverage and organ sparing were compared for the two nozzles using dose-volume histogram data. Statistical analysis using a confidence-interval approach demonstrates that CTV coverage is equivalent for UN and DN plans within ±5% equivalence bounds. In contrast, average mean and maximum doses are significantly higher for nearly all 15 OARs in the UN plans. The average median increase over all OARs and patients is approximately 1.7 Gy, with an increase in the 25%-75% of 1.0-2.3 Gy; the median increase to the pituitary gland, temporal lobes, eyes and cochleas are 1.8, 1.7, 0.7, and 2.7 Gy, respectively. The CTV dose distributions fall off slower for UN than for the DN plans; hence, normal tissue structures in close proximity to CTVs receive higher doses in UN plans than in DN plans. The higher OAR doses in the UN plans are likely due to the larger spot profile in plans created with UN beams. In light of the high rates of toxicities in pediatric patients receiving cranial irradiation and in light of selected brain tumor types having high cure rates, this study suggests the smaller DN beam profile is preferable for the advantage of reducing dose to OARs. PACS number: 87.55.D.


Each of the "Frommer" guides are packed with reliable, money-saving advice that travellers will find invaluable - whether they're travelling on a shoestring or staying at the Ritz. The detailed pre-trip planning information includes transportation advice, suggested itineraries and a calendar of special events. Exact prices, not vague price ranges, let readers carefully plan their daily budgets. This book on Egypt contains advice on getting there - by plane, train, bus or car - as well as information on British customs allowances, UK embassy locations and a currency chart that compares the British pound to the local currency is included.


Email stress: what are its causes? how is it measured? can it be solved? The
literature review revealed that, despite the term being well used and
recognised, discussions surrounding the root cause of email stress had
reached little consensus and the concept was not well understood. By its
very nature, email stress theory had fallen victim to the academic debate
between psychological vs. physiological interpretations of stress which, as a
result of either choice, limited more progressive research. Likewise an array
of email management strategies had been identified however, whilst some
generated quick successes, they appeared to suffer longevity issues and
were not maintained a few months after implementation in the workplace.
The purpose of this research was to determine whether email communication
causes employees psychological and physiological stress and investigate the
impact of email management strategies in the workplace.
A pragmatic philosophy placed the research problem as central and valued
the differences between paradigms to promote a mixed-method approach to
research. The decision to pair both case studies and action research methods
ensured a framework for presenting results and an actionable solution was
achieved. In direct response to the research aims an original email stress
measuring methodology was devised that combined various data collection
tools to measure and investigate email stress. This research design was
applied and evaluated 'email free time' and email filing at the ''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''. Results of the study showed an increased stress response to
occur during email use, i.e. caused employees' increased blood pressure,
heart rate, cortisol and perceived stress, and a number of adverse effects
such as managing staff via email, social detachment, blame and cover-yourback
culture were identified. Findings revealed 'email free time' was not a
desirable strategy to manage email stress and related stressors, whereas
email filing was found more beneficial to workers well-being. Consolidation of
the data gathered from the literature review and research findings were used
to develop an initial conceptualisation of email stress in the form of two
models, i.e. explanatory and action. A focus group was conducted to validate
the proposed models and a further investigation at the '''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''' was
carried out to critique the use of an email training intervention. The results
showed some improvements to employees' behaviour after the training, e.g.
improved writing style, email checked on fewer occasions each day and
fewer sufferers of email addiction. The initial models devised, alongside the
latter findings, were synthesised to create a single integrative
multidimensional model of email stress and management strategies. The
model made an original contribution to knowledge in terms of theory, i.e. to
conceptualise email stress, and practice, i.e. to offer practical solutions to the
email worker.


This thesis examines the concept of the nation found in British
conservative thought (the "conservative nation"), and its relevance to the
policies and doctrine of the Conservative Party, especially in the Thatcher
years. I argue that as a political doctrine, nationalism is essentially
nebulous, gaining distinctive character from the discourse with which it is
jointly-articulated and from its environment. Thus the British conservative
nation is a distinct form of nationalist doctrine, built on core conservative
values and on specific socio-historical factors. Its key themes are: (i)
tradition; (ii) organicism; (iii) community; (iv) hierarchy; (v) antirationalism.
The conservative nation has also been bolstered by the use of
historical myths and symbols eg imperialism, Unionism and the monarchy.
The ideal-type conservative nation fuses ethnic (cultural) and civic
(political) accounts of the nation, but contains significant sub-categories
based on a separation of the political and cultural models. Chapter Two
traces key moments in the development of the conservative nation, notably
Burke's conservative state patriotism and the late 19th century emergence
of the Conservative Party's "national strategy", based on a coherent idea of
the nation and populist nationalism. Chapter Three looks at the breakdown of
the concept into its political and cultural components by New Right
theorists. It focuses on Hayek and Oakeshott as proponents of the political
account, plus,
Scruton and Casey as adherents to a cultural account. Chapter
Four examines Powell's redefinition of the nation and the ultimate failure
of his attempt to construct a nationalist strategy to cover policy on
immigration, the European Community and the Union.
The second half of the thesis looks at Thatcherism's revival of the
language of nationhood, but argues that doctrinal tensions and the need for
pragmatic issue management worked against the development of a coherent
concept of the nation or a consistent national strategy. Chapter Five
examines Thatcherism as (a) Mrs Thatcher's personal values; (b) a political
doctrine, noting the tensions between its - free market and strong state
branches; and (c) as statecraft or issue management. The Falklands Var and
policies on the territorial Union provide examples of the relative successes
and failures in Thatcherism's "politics of nationhood". Subsequent chapters
use detailed case studies on the European Community and the politics of
race to illustrate Thatcherism's use of nationalist rhetoric, and its failure
to construct a coherent national strategy across these policy areas. Chapter
Six assesses British policy on the EC, the integration process and ideas of
sovereignty. Chapter Seven outlines the main themes of the debate between
Euro-sceptics and Euro-enthusiasts in the Conservative Party. In Chapter
Eight I examine the problems which the management of an ethnically plural
society has posed for Thatcherism and the conservative nation in general,
assessing policies an immigration and integration.
The thesis concludes by contrasting the shortcomings of the Thatcherite
account of the nation with the positive themes of identity and community
inherent in the conservative nation.


The year was 1949, and a war-wearied nation turned from the battlefields to the ball fields in search of new heroes. It was a summer that marked the beginning of a sports rivalry unequaled in the annals of athletic competition. The awesome New York Yankees and the indomitable Boston Red Sox were fighting for supremacy of baseball's American League and an aging Joe DiMaggio and a brash, headstrong hitting phenomenon named Ted Williams led their respective teams in a classic pennant duel of almost mythic proportions--one that would be decided in an explosive head-to-head confrontation on the last day of the season... With incredible skill, passion and insight, Pulitzer Prize-winning author David Halberstam returns us to that miraculous summer... and to a glorious time when the dreams of a now almost for gotten America rested on the crack of a bat.


This book examines the mathematical difficulties in typical and atypical populations. It discusses the behavioral, educational and neuropsychological characteristics of people with mathematical difficulties, and educational interventions to prevent, diagnose, treat or ameliorate such difficulties. The book brings together studies from different disciplines, including developmental psychology, neuroscience and education, and includes perspectives from practicing teachers. The book is divided into three major sections. The first includes chapters about the nature and characteristics of mathematical difficulties in the population as a whole, in relation to both psychology and education. The second deals with mathematical difficulties in children with other problems such as specific language impairment and dyslexia. The third discusses methods of interventions aimed at preventing, treating or ameliorating mathematical difficulties, and will include discussions of assessment and diagnosis.


To exploit the similarity information hidden in the hyperlink structure of the Web, this paper introduces algorithms scalable to graphs with billions of vertices on a distributed architecture. The similarity of multistep neighborhoods of vertices are numerically evaluated by similarity functions including SimRank, a recursive refinement of cocitation, and PSimRank, a novel variant with better theoretical characteristics. Our methods are presented in a general framework of Monte Carlo similarity search algorithms that precompute an index database of random fingerprints, and at query time, similarities are estimated from the fingerprints. We justify our approximation method by asymptotic worst-case lower bounds: we show that there is a significant gap between exact and approximate approaches, and suggest that the exact computation, in general, is infeasible for large-scale inputs. We were the first to evaluate SimRank on real Web data. On the Stanford WebBase graph of 80M pages the quality of the methods increased significantly in each refinement step until step four


The on-demand provisions of cloud services create a service market, where users can dynamically select services based on such attractive criteria as price and quality. An intuitive model of a service market is a reverse auction. In the first price auction, however, a service that is cheaper and provides better quality is not necessarily selected. This causes undesirable outcomes both for users and service providers. A possible solution is the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism, where the dominant strategy for a service provider is to report the true cost of his service. In spite of this desirable property, implementing the VCG mechanism for service composition suffers from computational cost. The calculation of payments to service providers based on the VCG mechanism requires iterative service selection, even though each service selection can be NP-hard. Approximation algorithms cannot be applied because approximate solutions do not assure the desirable property of the VCG mechanism. Thus, we model VCG payments for service markets and propose a dynamic programming (DP)-based algorithm for service selection and VCG payment calculation. Our proposed algorithm solves service selection in quasi-polynomial time and gives an exact solution. Moreover, we extend it and focus on the iterative service selection process for VCG payment calculation to improve its performance. Our series of experiments show that our proposed algorithm solves practical scale service composition.


"A Symphony of New Testament Hymns" opens a window of insight into familiar Scripture passages - poetic passages that were later often set to music. By showing that the composers of some of these traditional New Testament, pre-60 C.E. hymns intentionally created passages that are lyrical or hymnic within the prose, this work presents the sometimes hidden depth behind their construction and meaning.Inspired by Roy Harris' "Folksong Symphony," Father Karris arranges his treatment of Philippians 2:6-11, Colossians 1:15-20, Ephesians 2:14-16, Timothy 3:16, 2 Timothy 2:11-13, Titus 3:4-7, and 1 Peter 3:18-22 in a way that faith-fully addresses today's spiritual concerns, such as spirituality, ecology, reconciliation, baptism, and angels.The first book in English in thirty years to study New Testament hymns, "A Symphony of New Testament Hymns" brings readers greater enjoyment of these lesser-known Pauline hymns and a deepening of faith. Father Karris contends we have much to learn from what these songs proclaimed about Jesus at a time when the four gospels hadn't been published.The first chapters, Beginnings" and "Background," address the nature of hymns. Subsequent chapters contain a translation and analysis of the above texts, a study of contexts, key concepts and images, suggestions for reflection on the contemporary significance of the hymn, and an annotated bibliography. The concluding chapter offers a retrospective look at the many Christological themes reflected in the texts.ViewingPaul's letters and the common New Testament introduction topics from a refreshingly unique perspective, A Symphony of New Testament Hymns is especially appropriate for students and professors of the New Testament. Those looking for biblical spirituality, liturgists and musicians looking for new texts to set, and those in catechetical work - especially those involved in the RCIA - will also benefit from Father Karris' distinctive look at how the earliest Christians lyrically proclaimed Jesus Christ as Lord."Robert J. Karris, OFM, taught New Testament for sixteen years at Catholic Theological Union in Chicago. He is a veteran author, known primarily for his studies on Luke. He holds a ThD from Harvard University.""


Chapman (in collaboration with Gant) co-devised the annual 100% Sustainable? feature exhibit, research gathering space, workshop and seminar event at 100% Design in 2006, 2007 and 2008.

The project represents an ongoing research methodology that gathers research data and contributions from across design discourse utilising leading practitioners and researchers to facilitate the sustainability debate at the heart of the design industry, enabling greater flows of information between sustainable design research and industrial design practice were it needed most.

In 2006 the project generated a research gathering space as the feature exhibit at the 100% Design exhibition, London. Contributors were asked to create an image-based representation of their perception of sustainable design and to answer a questionnaire that questioned the viability of different sustainable design strategies and the degree of sustainable design application in relation to their practice. 2154 contributions were received from across the international and disciplinary design fields and formed a live evolving archive over the four days of the event. The information gathered represents a unique census of the industry and was disseminated and published via a book 'Designers, Visionaries and Other Stories' (Earthscan 2007) and online, and it fed the content for the following 'masterclass' series –'100% Sustainable?' 2007.

Informed by the research gathered the subsequent event '100% Sustainable? – 2007' consisted of 9 disciplinary specific master-class workshops tasked with forming '101 Approaches to Sustainable Design'; a resource of useable sustainable design strategies applicable to the range of design disciplines. These workshops were steered by 20 influential and internationally acclaimed design practitioners, researchers and company representatives including Tejo Remy, Bill Dunster, Dr Kate Fletcher, Philips, ICI. The results and contributions gathered from the event provide, unique insights and practical tools and resources published for use by the design populace nurturing sustainable design progress within the design industry.

In 2008 the project exhibited a 96 square meter event space and scale model environment of 'contentious' scenarios in which exemplar, sustainable design products were presented and broadcast around the exhibition Earls Court. Four one day seminars and workshop sessions 'Growing, Learning, Modelling and Making' explored different approaches to Sustainability using mixes of academic and industrial participants.


OBJECTIVES
Identification of early presenting signs of the Basal Cell Nevus (BCNS; synonyme Gorlin-Goltz) syndrome, which is associated with a principal triad of multiple basal cell nevi, jaw odontogenic keratocysts, and skeletal anomalies, in stomatological and neurological practices. Proposal of multidisciplinary diagnostic algorithm comprising other medical specialists, including pathology, imaging, laboratory and molecular analyses based on the study outcomes.

DESIGN
Case report of a male patient reporting paresthesia of their lower jaw, with right facial asymmetry (maxilla and mandible) and radiological detection of large osteolytic lesions in both jaws, including a retrospective analysis of a representative Czech cohort with BCNS from within the last decade.

SETTING
Clinical, imaging and laboratory analyses were carried out at a national tertiary centre.

RESULTS
A multidisciplinary clinical approach followed by surgical management lead to the identification of odontogenic cysts, which were substantiated by histological examination. DNA sequencing of the PTCH1 gene detected a c.2929dupT resulting in p. Tyr977Leufs*16 pathogenic variant. This finding confirmed the clinical and laboraoty diagnosis of BCNS. Parental DNA analysis showed that this causal genetic defect arose de novo. Surgical management and orthodontic therapy were successful.

CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of the reported case and retrospective data analysis provided evidence that paresthesia of the lower jaw should be considered as one of the early presenting signs of this rare disorder in stomatological and neurological practice. Obtained results allowed us to formulate recommendations for diagnostic practice in stomatology and neurology.


We investigated effects of plant species richness in experimental grassland plots on annual above- and belowground biomass production estimated from repeated harvests and ingrowth cores, respectively. Aboveground and total biomass production increased with increasing plant species richness while belowground production remained constant. Root to shoot biomass production ratios (R/S) in mixtures were lower than expected from monoculture performance of the species present in the mixtures, showing that interactions among species led to reduced biomass partitioning to belowground organs. This change in partitioning to belowground organs was not confined to mixtures with legumes, but also measured in mixtures without legumes, and correlated with aboveground overyielding in mixtures. It is suggested that species-rich communities invest less in belowground biomass than do monocultures to extract soil resources, thus leading to increased investment into aboveground organs and overyielding.


Over the past few decades, the generation of high energetic ion beams by relativistic intense laser pulses has attracted great attentions. Starting from the pioneering endeavors around 2000, several groups have demonstrated muliti-MeV (up to 58 MeV for proton by then) ion beams along with low transverse emittance and ps-scale pulse duration emitted from solid targets. Owing to those superior characteristics, laser driven ion beam is ideally suitable for many applications. However, the laser driven ion beam typically exhibits a large angular spread as well as a broad energy spectrum which for many applications is disadvantageous.

The utilization of nano-targets as ion source provides a number of advantages over micrometer thick foils. The presented PhD work was intended to investigate laser driven ion acceleration from carbon nano-targets and demonstrate the potential feasibility for biological studies. Two novel nano-targets are employed: nm thin diamond-like-carbon (DLC) foil and carbon nanotubes foam (CNF). Both are self-produced in the technological laboratory at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen. Well-collimated proton beams with extremely small divergence (half angle) of 2 degrees are observed from DLC foils, one order
of magnitude lower as compared to micrometer thick targets. Two-dimensional particle-in-cellsimulations indicate a strong influence from the electron density distribution on the divergence of protons. This interpretation is supported by an analytical model. In the same studies, the highest maximum proton energy was observed with a moderate laser intensity as low as 5*10^18W/cm^2. Parallel measurements of laser transmission and reflection are used to determine laser absorption in the nano-plasma, showing a strong correlation to the maximum proton energy. This observation indicates significance of absorbed laser energy rather than incident laser intensity and is supported by an analytical model. The ion energy also depends on pulse duration, a reduced optimum pulse duration is found as compared to micrometer thick targets. This behavior is attributed to a reduction of transverse electron spread due to the reduction of thickness from micrometer to nanometer. These remarkable proton bunch characteristics enabled irradiating living cells with a single shot dose of up to 7 Gray in one nanosecond, utilizing the Advanced Titanium: sapphire LASer (ATLAS)system at Max-Planck-Institut of Quantum Optics (MPQ). The experiments represent the first feasibility demonstration of a very compact laser driven nanosecond proton source for radiobiological studies by using a table-top laser system and advanced nano-targets.

For the purpose of providing better ion sources for practical application, particularly in terms of energy increase, subsequent experiments were performed with the Astra Gemini laser system in the UK. The experiments demonstrate for the first time that ion acceleration can be enhanced by exploiting relativistic nonlinearities enabled by micrometer-thick CNF targets. When the CNF is attached to a nm-thick DLC foil, a significant increase of maximum carbon energy (up to threefold) is observed with circularly polarized laser pulses. A preferable enhancement of the carbon energy is observed with non-exponential spectral shape, indicating a strong contribution of the radiation pressure to the overall acceleration. In contrast, the linear polarization give rise to a more prominent proton acceleration. Proton energies could be increased by a factor of 2.4, inline with a stronger accelerating potential due to higher electron temperatures. Three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations reveal that the improved performance of the double-layer targets (CNF+DLC) can be attributed to relativistic self-focusing in near-critical density plasma. Interestingly, the nature of relativistic non-linearities, that plays a major role in laserwakefield-acceleration of electrons, can also apply to the benefit of laser driven ion acceleration.


This qualitative study examined the current schooling experiences of eight Korean high school students in the United States. By comparing and contrasting recent immigrant adolescents and 1.5/2nd generation students, the purpose of this study was to explore how their identities as Koreans or Korean Americans were formed and shifted while they engaged with American teachers and peers in mainstream contexts. The findings suggest that even in the same ethnic group, differences were conspicuous. The newcomer group desperately wished to assimilate to mainstream culture by associating with American classmates. On the other hand, the 1.5/2nd generation group lived bi-culturally with dual identities as Korean and American and shifted their identities according to their convenience. Despite these differences, both of the groups suffered a similar experience by receiving unwelcome gestures from their mainstream teachers and peers: the newcomers as invisible outsiders and the 1.5/2nd generation as visible and marked outsiders.


The Guernsey or "Humpback" Bridge (see figure 2) is dying from neglect. Small saplings and briar bushes now cuddle its abutments that Mother Nature has bombarded with many wind and rain showers and baked with her sweltering summer suns. Several timbers are tattooed, seared by countless embers from woodand coalfired locomotives that have traveled underneath it along the Gettysburg Railroad line. Sections of several other timbers have rotted. Indeed, this little, single-lane span cannot withstand the weight of motor vehicles much longer. For this reason, in 1999 the Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission ruled that the forlorn bridge was a safety hazard, closing it to the public and earmarking it for demolition. The Guernsey bridge's future looked bleak. No government, business entity, or private citizen wanted to claim the bridge. Located next to the intersection of West Guernsey and Guernsey Roads, situated some two miles northeast of Biglerville, in Butler township, Adams county, the "Humpback Bridge" was neither maintained by the Adams county commissioners nor the Butler township supervisors. The Gettysburg Railroad, which had been sold several times over the past several decades, had no record of it. Thus the PUC had intervened. The Guernsey bridge, however, had not been completely forgotten. A grass-roots group, Friends of the Guernsey Bridge, was organized to prevent the bridge's destruction. But when the group sought to acquire it in order to preserve it, it encountered a stumbling block: the identity of the bridge's owner. "Who is the present owner of the Humpback Bridge?" [excerpt]


Application of seaweed to manage soil fertility is a traditional practice in many coastal regions, utilizing an inexpensive, abundant, and nutrient-rich resource. As a practice that re-purposes waste materials, diversifies inputs, and relies on coastal resources, seaweed amendment may be an effective and inexpensive means of strengthening and supporting agriculture in coastal agroecosystems. Putatively, seaweed biomass may be a useful amendment for crop production and soil quality improvement due to provision of plant nutrients (e.g. N, P, K, Ca), and promotion of microbial activity, among other benefits. However, limitations of seaweed application include high sulfur (S), salt, and heavy metal content. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of seaweed biomass application on soil physical, biological, and chemical properties important for agricultural productivity, maintenance of soil quality, and conservation of soil resources; (2) determine the sweet corn (Zea mays L.) yield obtained by implementing seaweed amendment as a soil fertility management practice; and (3) assess the economic feasibility of seaweed amendment for sustainable agriculture through synthesis of experimental findings and cost-benefit comparison between seaweed application and pre-formulated fertilizer use. Low-dose seaweed (LDS), high-dose seaweed (HDS), and pre-formulated 8-19 (N-P-K) organic fertilizer (PFF) fertilizer treatments were employed in a sweet corn production field experiment from October 2011 to November 2012. Pre-seeding N application rates were 42, 84, and 45 kg total N/ha for LDS, HDS, and PFF, respectively. All fertilizer treatments received side-dress N at a rate of 68 kg total N/ha. Seaweed was collected and applied in November 2011 and May 2012, and was analyzed for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), heavy metal, and nutrient (e.g. K) content. To determine seaweed effects on soil quality, soil properties were assessed prior to seaweed application (October 2011), and repeatedly throughout the 2012 sweet corn growing season. Soil properties evaluated were aggregate stability, bulk density, infiltration, available water capacity (AWC), nitrate (NO3 ), phosphate (PO4 3), extractable potassium (K + ), extractable calcium (Ca 2+ ), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and As), total K, Fe, Mn, and Ca, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sulfate (SO4 2), soil organic matter (SOM), active C, potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and earthworm abundance. Soil properties were determined using recommended national and regional protocols. To assess the effects of seaweed amendment on crop production, the yield and quality of sweet corn was determined by measurement of yield (hundredweight/ha and bushels/ha), above-ground biomass, average ear weight, and dissolved soluble solids (DSS) content. Seaweed amendment had no significant effects on soil physical properties. No significant differences in NO3 and PO4 2were observed in response to seaweed addition. Extractable K + levels were higher, indicating that primary nutrient provision was equivalent or improved with seaweed addition. In contrast, soil pH decreased and EC and SO4 2increased significantly as a result of seaweed amendment, and these effects varied in persistence. For instance, in May 2012, pH decreased from 6.0 to 5.6, EC increased from 42 to 329 microsiemens (μS)/cm, and SO4 2increased from 1.4 to 8.7 ppm between the PFF and HDS fertilizer treatments, respectively, but these values returned to PFF levels at the end of the growing season. No effects were observed in extractable Ca 2+ , total heavy metals, or total K, Fe, Mn, and Ca. Significant increases in active C in both seaweed treatments were observed in the later part of the growing season, with average active C of 608 mg C/kg dry soil in LDS and HDS in August 2012, compared to 492 mg C/kg dry soil in the PFF fertilizer treatment. In contrast, PMN decreased in seaweed treatments compared to PFF in July 2012. Soil organic matter and earthworm abundance did not differ significantly as a result of seaweed amendment. The average yield (45 hundredweight/ha), above-ground biomass (0.5 kg dry weight/plant), and DSS (15 °Brix) did not differ among fertilizer treatments, but the average weight of fresh corn ears was significantly greater in the LDS fertilizer treatment (0.22 kg) compared to the PFF treatment (0.19 kg). Overall, these results suggest that seaweed amendment as a means of partially replacing total N supply (38% and 55% for LDS and HDS, respectively) may be a viable agricultural practice. However, the implementation of this practice must be viewed in light of financial requirements (e.g. labor and transportation) and potential yield enhancement, as well as persistence and magnitude of soil quality changes. A preliminary analysis showed that the additional costs of labor and transportation may not be offset by increases in yield and decreases in fertilizer cost. For improved financial viability of seaweed amendment, these expenses may be reduced by improved coordination of seaweed collection and application. With improvements in collection efficiency and prediction of nutrient supply, seaweed amendment is recommended, primarily due to improvements in soil biological quality (active C) and sweet corn quality (average ear weight).


This article investigates the impact of the socioreligious segregation of Dutch society on the asset allocation choices of rural bankers and the withdrawal behavior of their depositors during the early 1920s. Results suggest that cooperatively-owned Raiffeisen banks for both Catholic and Protestant minority groups could limit their exposure to a debt-deflation crisis, despite operating more precarious balance sheets than banks for majorities. Business histories demonstrate how strict membership criteria and personal guarantors acted as screening and monitoring devices. Banks serving minorities functioned as club goods, managing their exposure to the crisis by exploiting the confessionalized nature of Dutch society.


The "New York Times" bestselling series. As the race to find the 39 Clues builds to its explosive finish, Amy and Dan must steal a Clue guarded by thousands of the world's best soldiers. With their enemies closing in, the siblings are separated. Together, they almost have a chance, but alone ...Could the search for this Clue spell the end of Amy and Dan?


To write poetry you don't have to like it. I've been increasingly recognising that language and its correlatives in music and art are not the pure coordinates or sole arbiters of poetry. There are two issues evolving out of these comments that seem pivotal to me. The first pertains to the suggestion that poetry might happen either out of necessity, or, paradoxically, incidentally. The second, that poetry does not rely on an aesthetic response to the tensions involved in reconciling interiority and articulation of the external world. These two simple principles are becoming the turning points for a personal re-evaluation of what constitutes the poem for me as a reader, or more precisely 'experiencer', and what it means for me as a maker of poems.


About 70 square miles of the area in Malakand agency, Pakistan, covering outcrops of the Hari chand ultramafic complex and the adjoining rocks, has been mapped and an original geological map, on scale of inches to 1 mile has been prepared.

The area lies in the southern dart of the attack – Hazara area of Pakistan folded arc, the latter represents alien geosynclinals belt of tethys and in the north-***, **** a small part of hamaiyan meganticlinorium.

The country rocks are represented by politic schist's and phyllites, and calcareous chist and marble; these have suffered regional metamorphism up to green – facies (biotite grade of Barrovian type) . These met sediments hold two small, elongated outcrops of gabbros; at present sufficiently saussuritized to be designated as metagabbgros.

The hari chand complex consists of four large linearly arranged outcrops of harzburgite, partially or completely surrounded by peridotite; the inturn grades into serpentines rock along the marginal zones of complex. During is present in harzburgite as well as in peridotite, occurring as xenolithic outcrops of variable sizes, which are randomly distributed in the rocks. Moreover, chromitite rock is at places, exposed within the dunite bodies, while chromite mineral is present in all the rock types of te complex in accessory amount. Whole of the complex is sporadically traversed by dykes of proximate.

In addition, there are lenses or xenoliths of redingote present in the serpentines rock. In the vicinity large xenoliths of metagabroic. Field observations have shown that both the country rocks and the complex shared common tectonic phase (s). The country rocks are regionally folded and have nearly east-west strike and high angle dip, layers in the complex are conformable with the bedding in the country rocks and the longer are conformable with the regional folding of the latter. At the contact zone of the complex with envelope rocks and met gabbroic rock, no sign of thermal indurations or recrvstallization is seen, rather the contact zone is highly sheared and bears sign of upward movement of the complex relative to the envelope rocks. At the contact zone the complex is represented by schistose serpentinite. However, no significant shearing within the complex has been noted.

Petrography characteristics of different rock types of the complex and the envelope rocks have been investigated by studying about 400 thin sections of representative specimens. In this study special emphasis has been given to the contact zone between the complex and the envelope rocks. Moreover detailed study of important silicate minerals from the complex and the metagabbro have been made to determine their precise compositions.

Primary minerals in harzburgite and peridotite include dominant olivine and accessory chromite in both the rock types while bronzite (Bushveld type) is present in harzburgite and augite with subordinate bronzite in peridotite. Dunite consists of olivine and accessory chromite, while chromitite have variable amount of chromite and olivine. The pyroxenite rock in harzburgite generally consists of bronzite, however, this rock from marginal zones of harzburgite sometime have significant augite and olivine with bronzite. The pyroxenite in peridotite consists of augite sometime with subordinate olivine and bronzite. The pyroxenite in peridotite consists of augite, sometime with subordinate olivine and bronzite. The serpentinite rock mainly consists of Antigo rite, while other morphological forms of serpentine are also noted. Primary features of the rocks are generally preserved in this rock type excent for the schistose serpentinite which is sheared.

All the ferromagnesian minerals in the complex have high magician content, and wherever they co-exist in individual rock typed, they show somewhat systematic variation relative to each other. On the basis of composition (magnesian content) of the ferromagnesian minerals, the rocks of the complex have been arranged in order of: chromitite, dunite, barzburcite, peridotite and pyroxenite.

The sequence of crystallization of the component minerals of the complex have been noted as: chromite olivine and pyroxene. In chromitite rock oliving and chromite show simultaneous crystallization.

In order to investigate chemical characteristics of the complex, 8 representative specimens of harzburgite, 9 of peridotite, 5 of serpentinite, 5 dunite, 5 of chromitite and 5 of pyroxenite, were analyzed chemically, 2 specimens of metagabbro were also analyses . The compositions of individual Litho logic units of the complex show variation over narrow rames (though they show great diversities due to alteration of the rocks to different degrees). However, no trend of differentiation comparable with that world over has been established, rather different litho logic types of the complex have been four arangeable when plotted against different, indices. The harzburgite and peridotite show overlapping areas, while rest of the rock show an arrangement comparable with that found on the hoses of mineralogical study.

As a result of field and laboratory investigations, it has been concluded that the complex originated by crystallization-differentiation of a gabbroic magma at some depth in the crust followed by intrusion of this accumulate (crvstal mush) in the upper crustal level. Such intrusion was assisted by lubrication action of intergranular fluids in small amount. The residual fell spathic fraction of the partially crystallized gabbroic magma was totally citer dressed and this crystallized at a different level. It is also concluded that the complex is tectonically emplaced in the present environments accompanied by its tilting along the longer axis, during major tectonic episode (s). This tectonic movement of the complex was assisted by its mar***nal serpentinization the dunite and chromitite rocks are believed to be early fractions of the crystalline mass: these were transport to the site of intrusion of the complex in comparatively solid state.

Certain other problems, arresting out of this investigation, such as nature of intergranlar fluids, lack of thermal metamorphic effects on envelope rocks and the nature of sergentinization of the complex have been studied little detail.


We present a methodology for designing and implementing interactive intelligences. The constructionist design methodology (CDM) -- so called because it advocates modular building blocks and incorporation of prior work -- addresses factors that we see as key to future advances in AI, including support for interdisciplinary collaboration, coordination of teams, and large-scale systems integration. We test the methodology by building an interactive multifunctional system with a real-time perception- action loop. The system, whose construction relied entirely on the methodology, consists of an embodied virtual agent that can perceive both real and virtual objects in an augmented-reality room and interact with a user through coordinated gestures and speech. Wireless tracking technologies give the agent awareness of the environment and the user's speech and communicative acts. User and agent can communicate about things in the environment, their placement, and their function, as well as about more abstract topics, such as current news, through situated multimodal dialogue. The results demonstrate the CDM's strength in simplifying the modeling of complex, multifunctional systems that require architectural experimentation and exploration of unclear subsystem boundaries, undefined variables, and tangled data flow and control hierarchies.


This thesis explores students' drinking behaviour in nightlife settings. In many parts of the world, much of the burden of alcohol is related to risky alcohol consumption amongst students, which often occurs during a night out, including during pre-drinking (drinking at home or other private settings before going out). In several countries, creating a safer nightlife environment has become synonymous with reducing levels of violence, injury and other health problems associated with high levels of alcohol use. This research was conducted in England, where policies and interventions to prevent nightlife-related harms have been implemented, and in Brazil, where there is no well-established prevention activity in place. A high prevalence of pre-drinking and related harms can be found across many countries, including Brazil and the UK. Hence, it is important to understand this phenomenon in more detail considering the different policy and cultural factors that might affect such behaviour, in order to inform effective policies and practices aimed at preventing and reducing pre-drinking and its associated harms across countries with diverse nightlife environments and drinking cultures. Thus, a mixed-method research study was undertaken, comprising a survey, completed by 1,151 Brazilian university students and 424 UK university students, and focus group interviews with 25 Brazilian students currently living in the UK, aimed at exploring cross-cultural differences in drinking behaviours within nightlife settings from a socio-ecological perspective. Differences in the prevalence of pre-drinking and alcohol consumption were found between Brazilian and UK respondents. The findings suggested that more UK students pre-drink, yet Brazilian students drink more than UK students when they do pre-drink. Students' attitudes and perceptions towards existing alcohol policies (e.g. drink-drive incidents; restrictions on alcohol sales and drunk and disorderly behaviour) differed between the two countries, which might have an influence on their drinking behaviour in a nightlife context. Brazilian students' views suggested that the UK's heavy drinking culture is influenced by the interaction of many factors, including the perceived British students' cultural drinking norms focused on drinking large amounts of alcohol when compared with Brazilian students and the fact that according to Brazilian participants' views British students have more positive outcome expectations towards drunkenness. Brazilian participants' views also iii suggested that the acceptance of drunkenness amongst students is higher in the UK, with an emphasis on British students intentionally getting extremely drunk for entertainment. For Brazilian participants getting drunk was suggested not to be a priority for having a good night out, rather it was perceived to be a consequence for losing control of drinking. Moreover, Brazilian students' perceived effectiveness of alcohol policy also differed between the two countries, with emphasis on lax law enforcement in Brazil. Effective policies targeted towards reducing drunkenness and its risks within nightlife settings need to be put in place particularly in Brazil, where law implementation and strict enforcement are not the rules, resulting in a culture of drinking that can be harmful to university students.


Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neuro-developmental disorder that affects one in every twenty children. Children with DCD have problems with motor coordination that make everyday tasks such as active play, writing, eating, and dressing difficult and frustrating. Despite how common this health condition is, DCD is often misunderstood and frequently goes undiagnosed.In Developmental Coordination Disorder and its Consequences, international experts on DCD from several disciplines present the latest evidence on the diagnosis, consequences, and neuropsychological underpinnings of the disorder. With chapters covering consequences related to mental health, social functioning, and physical health and activity, this collection is the most comprehensive volume to cover the health and social consequences of DCD in children. Clearly written, it will be of interest to parents, teachers, and physicians interested in this disorder.


A sandwiched immunoassay consisting of toxin capture by immunomagnetic beads (IMB) and toxin detection by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) linked chemiluminescence was used to follow the production of Shiga-like toxins (SLT) by E. coli O157:H7. The intensity of luminescence generated by the oxidation of luminol-liked compounds was used to represent the concentration of toxins produced. The time-course of SLT production by E. coli O157:H7 under different conditions was investigated. In pure culture, optimal generation of SLT showed a significant delay than the steady state of cell growth. In mixed cultures of SLT producing E. coli O157:H7 and non-SLT producing E. coli K-12 strain, the production of toxins was substantially decreased. However, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 was not affected by the presence of K-12 strain. This decrease in SLT production was also observed in radiation-sterile ground beef. In regular ground beef that might contain numerous other bacteria, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in EC media was not significantly affected but the lowered production of SLT was observed. The results showed that mechanism of inducing SLT production was complex with both the growth time and growth environment could influence SLT production. The addition of homo-serine lactone to the growth media enhanced the production of SLT. Thus, possibly cell-cell communication may have a role in SLT production by E. coli O157:H7.


Studying positive adolescent development requires an examination of the mutually beneficial associations between youth and their environment. These youthcontext relations include both the contributions that youth make to others and society and the youth-context interactions that might predict positive youth outcomes. Community and youth-serving organizations, where youth may be involved in decision-making roles such as service delivery, advocacy, or on boards of directors, can provide one important context for youth contributions and for positive adolescent development. Research on the outcomes of youth involvement in organizational decision-making, however, is limited, and largely consists of exploratory qualitative studies. This dissertation is formatted as an integrated article dissertation. It begins with a review of the literature on contexts of structured youth activities and positive youth development. This review is intended to describe theory on development-context relations, in which development is considered an interactive process that occurs between individuals and their contexts, as it pertains the positive development of youth who are involved in various structured activities (e.g., volunteering). This description follows with a review of current research, and conclusions and rationale for the current studies. Following this theoretical and research background, the dissertation includes reports of two studies that were designed to address gaps in the research on youth involvement in organizational decision-making. The first was a qualitative research synthesis to elucidate and summarize the extant qualitative research on the outcomes of youth involvement in organizational decision making on adults and organizations. Results of this study suggested a number of outcomes for service provision, staff, and broader organizational functioning, including both benefits to organizations as well as some costs. The second study was a quantitative analysis of the associations among youth involvement, organizations' learning culture, and youth initiative, and relied on survey data gathered from adults and youth in community-based organizations with youth involvement. As expected, greater youth involvement in organizational decision making was associated with higher learning culture within the organization. Two dimensions of youth involvement, greater program engagement and relationships with adults, were related to greater youth initiative. A third dimension, sense of ownership, was not.-.associated with youth's level of initiative. Moreover, the association between relationships with adults and youth initiative was only significant in organizations with relatively low learning culture. Despite some limitations, these studies contribute to the research literature by providing some indication of the potential benefits and costs of youth involvement and by making an important contribution toward the early stages of context-level analyses of youth development. Findings have important implications for practitioners, funders , future research, and lifespan development theory.


Masses and decay constants of the scalar quarkonia, {chi}{sub Q0}(Q=b,c) with quantum numbers I{sup G}(J{sup PC})=0{sup +}(0{sup ++}), are calculated in the framework of the QCD sum rules approach both in vacuum and finite temperature. The masses and decay constants remain unchanged up to T{approx_equal}100 MeV but they start to diminish with increasing the temperature after this point. Near the critical or deconfinement temperature, the decay constants reach approximately to 25% of their values in vacuum, while the masses are decreased about 6% and 23% for bottom and charm cases, respectively. The results at zero temperature are consistent with the existing experimental values and predictions of the other nonperturbative approaches. Our predictions on the decay constants in vacuum, as well as the behavior of the masses and decay constants with respect to the temperature, can be checked in the future experiments.


The translocation of C and N in a maize-Striga hermonthica association was investigated at three rates of nitrogen application in a glasshouse experiment. The objectives were to measure the transfer of C and N from maize to S. hermonthica and to determine whether the amount of N in the growing medium affected the proportions of C and N transferred. Young plants of maize were labelled in a 13CO2 atmosphere and leaf tips were immersed in (15NH4)2SO4 solution. The Striga×N interaction was not significant for any of the responses measured. Total dry matter for infected maize was significantly smaller than for uninfected maize from 43 to 99 days after planting, but N application increased total dry matter at all sampling times. Infected maize plants partitioned 39–45% of their total dry matter to the roots compared with 28–31% for uninfected maize. Dry matter of S. hermonthica was not affected by the rate of N applied. S. hermonthica derived 100% of its carbon from maize before emergence, decreasing to 22–59% thereafter; the corresponding values for nitrogen were up to 59% pre-emergence and up to 100% after emergence. The relative proportions of nitrogen depleted from the host (up to 10%) were greater than those of carbon (maximum 1.2%) at all times of sampling after emergence of the parasite. The results show that the parasite was more dependent on the host for nitrogen than for carbon.


The public health importance of Lassa fever can not be over emphasized if one considers the high infectivity and mortality rates associated with the disease. This study dealt extensively on the epidemiology, clinical features and current management of Lassa fever through literature review. The aim of this study is to sensitise the public on what it needs to know on Lassa fever as well as updating the knowledge of health workers on current management of the disease and important precautive measures to take when handling a patient with Lassa fever. Strict barrier nursing, isolation, use of protective devices are important preventive measures when managing a patient with Lassa fever infection. As Lassa fever may have a long incubation period (Up to 20 days), it is possible that travellers from endemic areas may be incubating the disease. However, one case of Lassa fever entering a non-endemic area should not cause fear of an epidemic as long as correct infection control procedures are followed.
(Af. J. of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology: 2002 3(1): 33-37)


Abstract This paper aims to stimulate research and to focus the attention of deterministic radiation transport code developers and users on further methodologies in transport analysis that some recent additions to the code package BOT3P potentially make possible in structured Cartesian or cylindrical mesh grids simulating complex geometries. In particular, BOT3P Version 5.0 can compute the possible area/volume error of material zones due to the stair-cased geometrical representation and automatically correct material densities in order to conserve masses, as described in a previous BOT3P paper published in Volume 154, Number 2 of Nuclear Science and Engineering to which the present one is logically and strictly related. When calculating areas and volumes refinements or when reducing the problem sizes of a voxelized geometry, typical of medical applications, BOT3P generates binary files that store also a fine submesh grid for each coarse cell at material interfaces. These files were originally conceived only for density correction computation and plotting purposes. However, the availability of such cell data intuitively suggests multistep transport analysis approaches that may combine detailed solutions at material interfaces with acceptable problem sizes and computational times. Reaching this appealing target could let deterministic codes based on structured mesh grid successfully deal with any challenging geometry problem. That might be particularly useful in medical and reactor applications.


Research and theory on the effects of fair procedures has gained popularity over the past decade. This is understandable given the inherent appeal of these ideas and the supporting evidence. Research suggests that authorities are able to secure compliance from subordinates when they use fair procedures and when they are viewed as legitimate. Unfortunately, empirical studies of procedural justice and legitimacy are hampered by weak measures of key theoretical constructs. The purpose of this study is to examine the measurement properties of procedural justice in a sample of inmates. Results show that a one-factor model of procedural justice fits the data well, though the authors find evidence of a method effect. Results also demonstrate important differences between the use of a summated procedural justice scale and a scale derived from a factor analysis. These findings illustrate the importance of paying careful attention to construct validity in measures of procedural justice.


A new setup established to measure the light polarization state and the birefringent media parameters is proposed. The described setup consists of two pairs of the linear Wollaston compensators and circular compensators which form a set of two spatially modulated elliptical compensators. These compensators could be used separately as a spatial generator of polarization states and as an analyzer. Using them together allows us to establish a polariscopic setup in which the birefringent media parameters could be measured. When analyzing both the light polarization state and the birefringent media parameters the singular points in the output light intensity appear. The coordinates of these points depend linearly on the azimuth and ellipticity angles of the examined light or on the eigenvectors of the birefringent medium, while the measured light maximum value corresponds to the phase shift for the measurements of the birefringent medium parameters. Neither movable parts nor active elements are needed and no complicated analysis of output light should be made to calculate the desired quantities.


Given the importance of Consumer Price Index (CPI), there has been long debate on its measurement issues. It is the best and most well-known indicator of inflation, which is further used for evaluating the monetary and fiscal policy of a country. Other uses of CPI for indexation are social security benefits, rents, contractual payments, taxation, deflating national income accounts, purchasing power parity index, inflation incidence for different income groups of population, impact of inflation on demographic composition of the population. Any measurement error in CPI may overstate or understate inflation that will have serious repercussions for monetary, fiscal and other economic policies. The report of the Boskin Commission [Boskin, et al. (1996)] has identified possible sources of bias in the CPI like substitution bias, outlet bias, quality bias, new product bias. In this paper we have tried to evaluate these biases and to start a debate on improving Consumer Price Index (CPI) construction in Pakistan. We found that there are biases of Commodity Substitution Bias, Outlet Substitution Bias, Quality Adjustment Bias, Index Calculation Bias and New Product Bias. Other limitations for the CPI index including; Issue of selecting a representative product (or good), Defining issue of average quality, Data collection, weights determination and Base year change were also found.


Major accidents involving dangerous substances pose a serious threat to the health and safety of local communities and the environment, as well as to the integrity and development of infrastructure where Seveso establishments are located. In some cases, the disastrous effects may affect larger, even cross-border areas. At European level, there are continuous efforts to develop land-use planning policies and regulations to reduce consequences and to prevent future accidents from happening. Hence, research in this field comes to support the current actions and strategies of the European Commission to improve the capacity of the EU Member States to cope with and respond to the identified risks through effective prevention, preparedness and response measures. In Romania, the Seveso establishments are mostly located in or very close to urban areas. This paper analyses vulnerability in case of two different accident scenarios (explosion and toxic dispersion) in Targu-Mures, a city hosting one of the largest Seveso upper-tier establishments in Romania. The approach starts with exposure analysis the first step in the process of vulnerability analysis which identifies all the elements at risk, be they social (population, medical facilities, schools), environmental (protected areas, water bodies) or economic (transport infrastructure, buildings, utility and water supply networks, fuel or food storage facilities). Following the exposure analysis, vulnerability is assessed based on indicators selected in such way so that they cover the entire range of social, economic, environmental aspects, as well as the existing response capabilities in case of a major accident. Key-words: vulnerability, exposure, Seveso establishments, dangerous substances, chemical accident.


African trypanosomes, the causative agent of sleeping sickness in humans, and nagana in cattle, are typically transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. The nature of the mammalian innate immune response during and immediately after the bite of an infected tsetse fly remains poorly understood. Previous studies characterising the events occurring in the skin post-infected tsetse fly bite have mainly focussed on the development of the chancre, which occurs from day 5 post-infection. Additionally, most immunopathological studies on trypanosomes have used intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of blood stage parasites, therefore bypassing relevant inoculation routes (tsetse fly), site (skin), and parasite life cycle stages (metacyclics). It is known that following tsetse fly bites, trypanosomes leave the skin via the host lymphatic system in order to initiate a blood stage infection. However, how the host responds to this challenge and how the parasite negotiates the anatomy of the host immune system remains unclear. In the present study, I have built on existing intravital microscopy tools to visualise T. b. brucei infections in the dermis and lymphatics of an infected mouse ear after transmission. I have also characterised by flow cytometry, taqman low density arrays and depletion studies the magnitude and kinetics of the early innate immune response in the skin, as well as the functional role of neutrophils, by examining infections in the context of the natural route of infection- the bite of a tsetse fly. Neutrophils were identified to be the predominant responders at the bite site, the neutrophil response was rapid, and they were recruited independent of the infection status of the tsetse flies. Taqman low-density arrays, which measured expression levels of inflammation-associated genes, suggested that neutrophil recruitment was mediated by CXCL1/CXCL2 release in the skin following mechanical trauma by the tsetse fly, in addition to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines- IL-1β and IL-6. Following the identification of neutrophils by flow cytometry, I then applied intravital microscopy to visualise influx of neutrophils, which was rapid, directed at the bite site, and did not form dynamic clusters. To further test the functional role of neutrophils very early in infection, neutrophils were depleted using a monoclonal antibody and mice infected via tsetse fly bites. Neutrophil depleted mice had no effect on pathogenesis in vivo. Using Prox-1 mOrange reporter mice, I also examined the interaction of bloodstream trypanosomes with lymphatic vessels in the skin in the period immediately following inoculation using intravital imaging. I imaged metacyclic trypanosomes in situ and demonstrated that they had significantly higher velocity in the extravascular matrix compared to bloodstream forms. Additionally, my data showed bloodstream parasites actively migrating towards lymphatic vessels, and intra- lymphatic T. b. brucei were also observed, enabling comparison of trypanosome motility in the extravascular matrix and lymphatic vessels; in lymph vessels trypanosomes were moving in a more directional and rapid manner. This work revealed the early cellular and molecular responses to T. b. brucei infection and investigated interactions of parasites with the anatomy and cells of the host immune system. These studies demonstrate that furthering our understanding of the very early events in trypanosome infections is essential to understand how a systemic trypanosome infection is established.


An inversion sequence of length $n$ is an integer sequence $e=e_{1}e_{2}\dots e_{n}$ such that $0\leq e_{i}<i$ for each $i$. Corteel--Martinez--Savage--Weselcouch and Mansour--Shattuck began the study of patterns in inversion sequences, focusing on the enumeration of those that avoid classical patterns of length 3. We initiate an analogous systematic study of consecutive patterns in inversion sequences, namely patterns whose entries are required to occur in adjacent positions. We enumerate inversion sequences that avoid consecutive patterns of length 3, and generalize some results to patterns of arbitrary length. Additionally, we study the notion of Wilf equivalence of consecutive patterns in inversion sequences, as well as generalizations of this notion analogous to those studied for permutation patterns. We classify patterns of length up to 4 according to the corresponding Wilf equivalence relations.


A series of experiments to determine the ability of laser vibrometers to receive and process echoes from the water surface are described. Imaging of the bottom and objects lying on the bottom is attempted. The excitation is accomplished by a submerged acoustic source operating near 10 kHz. The degradation of the image is quantified as a function of wave height. Experiment results are reported. [Work supported by Coastal Systems Station under Internal Research funding.]


The software ecosystem has become a central conceptualisation for characterising the contemporary software business world. To understand and evaluate ecosystems, the concept of 'ecosystem health' was borrowed from the field of biology. In a 'healthy' ecosystem, the participants will flourish and, vice versa, suffer in an unhealthy one. Yet, there is a lack of empirical validations for the current approach as well as certain limitations regarding the concept. This paper will present a critique on current ecosystem health measurement and evaluation approaches. In addition, there is discussion on three proposals that could help to refocus the academic research on software ecosystem health.


The 1.3-um polarization-insensitive superluminescent diodes (SLDs) with weak tensile strained multiple-quantum-well (MQW) and complex strained MQW were demonstrated theoretically based on the simulation of energy band structure and gain spectra at different injected carrier densities. Compared with the weak tensile strained MQW, the complex strained MQW gets higher modal gain and better modal gain matching between TE and TM modes, and the polarization sensitivity of TE and TM optical spectra can remain less than 1.0 dB over a bandwidth of 200 nm.


We developed a remote sensing approach based on multi‐satellite observations, which provides an unprecedented estimate of monthly distribution and area of land‐surface open water over the whole globe. Results for 1993 to 2007 exhibit a large seasonal and inter‐annual variability of the inundation extent with an overall decline in global average maximum inundated area of 6% during the fifteen‐year period, primarily in tropical and subtropical South America and South Asia. The largest declines of open water are found where large increases in population have occurred over the last two decades, suggesting a global scale effect of human activities on continental surface freshwater: denser population can impact local hydrology by reducing freshwater extent, by draining marshes and wetlands, and by increasing water withdrawals.


This article discusses the polysemy of the word  עין in the Isaac narratives (Gen 17-35). The word's given ambivalent nature is exploited on every level. It fits the major themes in the Isaac story as well as the small nuances in individual sentences. As such it illustrates the potential power of polysemy and its multiple, so to say polysemous, role in biblical narrative.


This paper proposes an idea of diversification to make SQL resistant against injection attacks. Our solution is based on a novel two-layered approach. It allows the SQL server to support several different instruction sets so that the SQL symbols used by every application are different. The internal SQL symbols used by the server are also uniquely diversified. We also tested our approach by applying it to MySQL server. We show that it prevents several injection attacks that earlier proxy-based solutions cannot catch. Because our solution only quickly decodes the randomized SQL symbols in the query when it arrives to the server, it does not cause any significant performance losses contrary to a proxy-based solution. The queries in applications that use the SQL server need to be diversified accordingly, but this could be done automatically to a great extent.


ABSTRACT In recent years many post-industrial cities have implemented ambitious re-imaging strategies to appeal to a variety of external audiences. This paper identifies a conceptual framework within which the effects of these initiatives on tourists' images can be understood. The framework contends that re-imaging can affect different city image components through the connotations and synecdochical images generated. The value of this framework is then illustrated by its application to the re-imaging initiatives adopted by Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. This case study reveals that the mechanisms identified in the framework are useful ways of explaining how city images are modified. It also suggests that the pursuit of image change through these processes has important implications for the general direction and outcomes of wider regeneration objectives.


A large and growing number of low-to-moderate income U.S. households rely upon alternative financial service providers (AFSPs) for a variety of credit products and transaction services, including payday loans, pawn loans, automobile title loans, tax refund anticipation loans and check-cashing services. The rapid growth of this segment of the financial services industry over the past decade has been quite controversial. One aspect of the controversy involves the location decisions of AFSPs. This study examines the determinants of the locations of three types of AFSPs--payday lenders, pawnshops, and check-cashing outlets. Using county-level data for the entire country, I find that the number of AFSP outlets per capita is significantly related to demographic characteristics of the county population (e.g., racial/ethnic composition, age, and education level), measures of the population's credit worthiness, and the stringency of state laws and regulations governing AFSPs.


We consider the problem of fairly allocating one indivisible object when monetary transfers are possible, and examine the existence of Bayesian incentive compatible mechanisms to solve the problem. We propose a mechanism that satisfies envy-freeness, budget balancedness, and Bayesian incentive compatibility. Further, we establish the uniqueness of the mechanism under an order additivity condition. This result contrasts well with various results on the incompatibility between efficiency and ex post incentive compatibility.


REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY
In horses, it has been demonstrated that suxibuzone (SBZ) has a lower gastric ulcerogenic effect than phenylbutazone (PBZ). However, no field trials have been reported comparing the efficacy of the drugs in alleviating lameness.

OBJECTIVES
To compare the therapeutic effect of SBZ to that of PBZ when administered orally in lame horses. Acceptability of both products was also compared.

METHODS
Lame horses (n = 155) were used in a multicentre, controlled, randomised and double-blinded clinical trial. Horses were treated orally with either SBZ or PBZ at equivalent therapeutic dosages. PBZ was given to 79 horses at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 2 days, followed by 2.2 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 6 days. SBZ was given to 76 horses at 6.6 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 2 days, followed by 3.3 mg/kg bwt/ 12 h for 6 days. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by clinicians in equine practices according to lameness progression throughout the study. Product ingestion was checked daily to evaluate product acceptability.

RESULTS
Although SBZ showed a statistically significant tendency to have a better efficacy than PBZ (Odds ratio = 2.7; P = 0.016), significance dissipated once the analysis was adjusted for some imbalanced baseline covariates, confirming that they were actually related to the apparent advantage of SBZ over PBZ. Product acceptability was significantly higher in the SBZ group than in the PBZ group (96.1% vs. 77.2%; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
SBZ and PBZ did not show significant differences in alleviating lameness in horses. However, SBZ had better product acceptability when administered orally with some food.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
SBZ is a good therapeutic alternative to PBZ in horses since there is no significant difference in alleviating lameness between the 2 therapies.


To a Boolean inverse monoid $S$ we associate a universal C*-algebra $C_B^*(S)$ and show that it is equal to Exel's tight C*-algebra of $S$. We then show that any invariant mean on $S$ (in the sense of Kudryavtseva, Lawson, Lenz and Resende) gives rise to a trace on $C_B^*(S)$, and vice-versa, under a condition on $S$ equivalent to the underlying groupoid being Hausdorff. Under certain mild conditions, the space of traces of $C_B^*(S)$ is shown to be isomorphic to the space of invariant means of $S$. We then use many known results about traces of C*-algebras to draw conclusions about invariant means on Boolean inverse monoids; in particular we quote a result of Blackadar to show that any metrizable Choquet simplex arises as the space of invariant means for some AF inverse monoid $S$.


The transcription factor LEAFY in flowering plants determines whether key meristems will go on to produce vegetative or floral tissues. In the much more primitive mosses, however, relatives of LEAFY control other aspects of the life cycle. Maizel et al. analyzed the changes in LEAFY sequence and function during this span of evolutionary time. The different functions that LEAFY took on through evolution seem to be attributable to alterations in its DNA binding domain. A. Maizel, M. A. Busch, T. Tanahashi, J. Perkovic, M. Kato, M. Hasebe, D. Weigel, The floral regulator LEAFY evolves by substitutions in the DNA binding domain. Science 308, 260-263 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Education reforms that allow new educational providers to supply schooling into a state system can improve parental satisfaction and raise learning outcomes through consumer choice. Choice provides children with schooling that matches their interests. A child engaged in school is more likely to learn the civic values being taught and less likely to rebel against social order. When the state is unable to supply schooling, as in post-conflict settings where rebuilding to recover from the ravages of war takes precedence, other providers emerge to satisfy parental demands and choices. Parents from all socioeconomic backgrounds are capable of making informed choices using a range of methods to identify the schooling most appropriate for their children. Where government interventions are too rigidly imposed upon policies that target school reform, this can negate the benefits of school choice programmes. Unexpected school choice in post-Soviet Estonia offers a glimpse of how historical legacies can mitigate educational inequality. School choice can be initiated through top-down government reforms or through bottom-up approaches that are spontaneous and self-organised. School choice programmes yield many individual and societal benefits, especially for disadvantaged students. Empowering parents through school choice increases parental involvement and produces accountability. Education policies need to be informed by goldstandard research to ensure schooling reforms that make a difference to children's lives


Abstract:Bertrand Russell's work in philosophy of science has been identified as a progenitor of structuralism in contemporary philosophy. It is often unclear, however, how the philosophical problems facing contemporary structuralist programmes relate to the problems of philosophy as Russell saw them. We contend that Russell has been mistakenly identified as an epistemic structural realist. The goal of this essay is to clarify the relationship between Russell's programme and contemporary structuralist projects. In doing so, we hope to display the motivation for a broad, truly Russellian structuralist project in the philosophy of science.


The application of nanomaterials to detect disease biomarkers is giving rise to ultrasensitive assays, with scientists exploiting the many advantageous physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials. The fundamental basis of such work is to link unique phenomena that arise at the nanoscale to the presence of a specific analyte biomolecule, and to modulate the intensity of such phenomena in a ratiometric fashion, in direct proportion with analyte concentration. Precise engineering of nanomaterial surfaces is of utmost importance here, as the interface between the material and the biological environment is where the key interactions occur. In this tutorial review, we discuss the use of plasmonic nanomaterials in the development of biodiagnostic tools for the detection of a large variety of biomolecular analytes, and how their plasmonic properties give rise to tunable optical characteristics and surface enhanced Raman signals. We put particular focus on studies that have explored the efficacy of the systems using physiological samples in an effort to highlight the clinical potential of such assays.


This report provides both a descriptive and analytical account of how occupational therapists, physiotherapists and speech & language therapists use research findings in their work. Occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech & language therapy came to prominence during the two world wars. They have grown steadily in response to the needs of an ageing population, the limitations of medicine to assist those with chronic and degenerative disease and the current popularity of community care policy. These occupations are undergoing a process of professionalisation in an attempt to improve both their professional status and autonomy from medical control, the development of a knowledge base through research is a key strategy in achieving these aims (Friedson 1971, Eraut 1994). Thus initiatives at a professional level to promote research within the therapy professions have coincided with recent policy directives aimed at creating an evidence based health service (DOH 1991) resulting in both professional and policy agendas encouraging professionals to adopt an 'evidence based' approach. Although the topic of research and practice has become more prominent following the publication of Research for Health (1991) empirical research has focussed primarily on the medical profession. This study aims to explore the use therapists make of research in their every day practice.


A comprehensive guide to bbPress with clear and concise instructions on expanding your WordPress site with a community forum Overview A step-by-step guide to creating, managing, and growing a community around your WordPress website Learn handy pointers from an experienced community manager to keep your forum free of hassle Integrate bbPress functionality into WordPress with shortcodes In Detail Even with the rise of social media, forums remain a popular part of the Internet. bbPress allows you to increase interactivity with your WordPress website or blog by creating discussion forums within its confines. bbPress Complete will show you how to create and manage a forum effectively. You will learn how to manage users, expand your forum with plugins, and integrate your forum into the rest of your site, whether it is a local community forum or a large website with thousands of visitors. You will start off by learning the basics of bbPress and gradually acquire all the skills needed to run a successful bbPress community. You will learn how to integrate your forum effectively with the rest of your site, as well as how to manage the different kinds of users and much more. With clear, concise instructions detailing every aspect of the software, you will gain the knowledge required to extend bbPress using plugins and add bbPress to your WordPress theme. Furthermore, the real-world examples and clear instructions will give you all the tools you need to turn your blog into a successful community hub. What you will learn from this book Install bbPress on a WordPress installation and troubleshoot common problems Manage posts, promote popular discussions, merge similar topics, and block spam, allowing your forum to grow Expand the functionality of your forum with WordPress and bbPress plugins Build specific templates using the WordPress and bbPress templating system Give useful information by providing a sidebar in your forum Approach A concise guide, written in an easy-to-follow format. Who this book is written for This book is aimed at ambitious website or blog owners looking to add a forum to their site quickly and easily. Basic experience in WordPress and with managing a website is expected. Knowledge of HTML and PHP will be a bonus, though it isnt necessary.


Abstract H-mode research on Alcator C-Mod is described, with a focus on the edge transport barrier (ETB). ETB pedestals are characterized using several diagnostics, leading to a thorough description of profile structure in H-mode. L-H transition criteria are discussed, along with the fast evolution of the pedestal following the L-H transition. H-mode regimes are described in terms of their edge transport characteristics and the local edge parameters favoring each. Empirical scalings of the pedestal with operational parameters are found, helping to illuminate physics governing the pedestal structure, and the relationship between edge transport and global confinement is discussed. Dimensionless comparisons between discharges on different tokamaks are discussed. Finally, ongoing work and directions for the future are described.


Human mobility has long played a foundational role in producing state territories, resources, and hierarchies. When people move within and across national boundaries, they create both challenges and opportunities. In Mobility Makes States, chapters written by historians, political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists explore different patterns of mobility in sub-Saharan Africa and how African states have sought to harness these movements toward their own ends. While border control and intercontinental migration policies remain important topics of study, Mobility Makes States demonstrates that immigration control is best understood alongside parallel efforts by states in Africa to promote both long-distance and everyday movements. The contributors challenge the image of a fixed and static state that is concerned only with stopping foreign migrants at its border, and show that the politics of mobility takes place across a wide range of locations, including colonial hinterlands, workplaces, camps, foreign countries, and city streets. They examine short-term and circular migrations, everyday commuting and urban expansion, forced migrations, emigrations, diasporic communities, and the mobility of gatekeepers and officers of the state who push and pull migrant populations in different directions. Through the experiences and trajectories of migration in sub-Saharan Africa, this empirically rich volume sheds new light on larger global patterns and state making processes. Contributors: Eric Allina, Oliver Bakewell, Pamila Gupta, Nauja Kleist, Loren B. Landau, Joel Quirk, Benedetta Rossi, Filipa Ribeiro da Silva, Simon Turner, Darshan Vigneswaran.


Is Supreme Court legitimacy affected by the way justices explain their decisions to the public? Existing work shows a link between legitimacy and case outcomes but often overlooks the impact of opinion content. Using a novel experimental design, the author measures the effect of three different types of judicial arguments on public support for the Court. The results suggest that the rationales used by justices in their opinions can affect institutional legitimacy, but to a lesser degree than conventional wisdom suggests. Taken together with other recent legitimacy research, these findings have important implications and set the stage for follow-up research.