The most highly cited ecologists and environmental scientists provide both a benchmark and unique opportunity to consider the importance of research funding. Here, we use citation data and self-reported funding levels to assess the relative importance of various factors in shaping productivity and potential impact. The elite were senior Americans, well funded, with large labs. In contrast to Canadian NSERC grant holders (not in the top 1%), citations per paper did not increase with higher levels of funding within the ecological elite. We propose that this is good news for several reasons. It suggests that the publications generated by the top ecologists and environmental scientists are subject to limitations, that higher volume of publications is always important, and that increased funding to ecologists in general can shift our discipline to wider research networks. As expected, collaboration was identified as an important factor for the elite, and hopefully, this serves as a positive incentive to funding agencies since it increases the visibility of their research.


Analyzing time series data can reveal the temporal behavior of the underlying mechanism producing the data. Time series motifs, which are similar subsequences or frequently occurring patterns, have significant meanings for researchers especially in medical domain. With the fast growth of time series data, traditional methods for motif discovery are inefficient and not applicable to large-scale data. This work proposes an efficient Motif Discovery method for Large-scale time series (MDLats). By computing standard motifs, MDLats eliminates a majority of redundant computation in the related arts and reuses existing information to the maximum. All the motif types and subsequences are generated for subsequent analysis and classification. Our system is implemented on a Hadoop platform and deployed in a hospital for clinical electrocardiography classification. The experiments on real-world healthcare data show that MDLats outperform the state-of-the-art methods even in large time series.


Growth of very considered to be fast resident of factor more and more him of is amount of unemployment and look for work field out country as one of the choice alternative. One of [the] gone through by effort is Government in order to development of work field in informal and also formal sector. One of the example of is delivery of Labour Indonesia ( TKI) out country. As, beside opportunity of job/activity in country earn is also laboured by opportunity of job/activity beyond the sea. To overcome the problem of opportunity of job/activity in country progressively weight, hence alternative delivery of labour go out country can be exploited. In writing of this skripsi of writer lift problems of mengenai:1. Responsibility form Service Firm Of Labour Indonesia ( PJTKI) to Indonesia labour beyond the sea? 2.Pola solving of if arising the problem of TKI beyond the sea. This research use method of yuridis sosiologis, its data collecting technique in the form of interview with functionary of PJTKI PT. Unlucky Andromeda and direct observation to research location in PJTKI PT. Unlucky Andromeda as place intake of primary data.
To work country exit of TKI use service of PJTKI taking charge of to delivered TKI. Responsibility given by PJTKI responsibility before TKI sent until location beyond the sea. given by responsibility is PJTKI giving of insurance, giving protection of safety, and assist Finishing. problems of TKI. Finally of is problem of TKI earn conducted by or nonlitigasi of litigasi. All that pattern can be selected by TKI in Finishing. of is problem of TKI. Hence from that required by awareness all TKI to report and Finishing. of is problem of faced.
Contribution idea of writer which can raise in this erudite masterpiece for example: Service Firm Of Labour Indonesia expected to give security responsibility and safety of TKI beyond the sea and always monitoring of TKI which have been delivered. To realize protection of TKI, hence forming more law of konkrit and clear in giving protection, inviting all party side to play a part in to to do conduct adjacent. at natural TKI of problem and improve;repair quality and quality of TKI.


The development of flowers and floral organs is directed by intricate genetic programmes, many aspects of which appear to be shared among angiosperms. Early acting genes establish floral meristem identity in flower primordia initiated at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem. Later, floral organ primordia arise at precise positions within these floral meristems and take on one of the four distinct identities (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels). The ABCE model, supported by both molecular and genetic experiments in Arabidopsis, explains how a small number of regulatory genes (called floral homeotic genes or floral organ identity genes) act in different combinations to specify these different organ types. The floral organ identity genes encode transcription factors that form distinct higher order protein complexes in different regions of a flower primordium to control the expression of target genes responsible for organogenesis.

Key Concepts

Lateral organs produced by the shoot apical meristem during reproductive development acquire their identity as flowers through the action of floral meristem identity genes such as LEAFY and APETALA1.
The identities of each of the four organ types of a flower (sepal, petal, stamen and carpel) is conferred by a unique combination of floral organ identity gene activities, referred to as class A, B, C and E in the ABCE model.
The activities of the class A, B and C genes are restricted to particular regions within a developing flower primarily, but not exclusively, through transcriptional regulation.
The MADS domain transcription factors encoded by the class A, B, C and E genes form unique tetrameric transcriptional regulatory complexes in cells of each floral whorl.
The transcriptional regulatory complexes formed by the A, B, C and E proteins regulate distinct sets of genes at different stages of flower development.
Many aspects of the genetic programmes conferring floral meristem identity and floral organ identity are conserved among all angiosperms.

Keywords:

flower development;
homeotic genes;
floral meristem identity genes;
floral organ identity genes;
Arabidopsis;
ABCE model;
quartet model


An important breakthrough in understanding the geometry of Schubert varieties was the introduction of the notion of Frobenius split varieties and the result that the flag varieties G/P are Frobenius split. The aim of this article is to give in this case a complete and self contained representation theoretic approach to this method. The geometric Frobenius method (in char k = p > 0) will here be replaced by Lusztig's Frobenius maps for quantum groups at roots of unity (which exist not only for primes but any odd integer l > 1).


The mobile phone devices are still developing and they are gaining more functionality and are able to deal with more advanced tasks. One of the technologies timidly trying to approach the mobile phone market is the augmented reality, which does no longer require external equipment to be formed in a programming application. There is a limited number of sources trying to describe the accuracy of augmented reality applications implemented on mobile devices. Within this study an application of augmented reality visualising virtual models of buildings was implemented on a mobile phone device in order to evaluate the rate of the device explication. Several tests were conducted to evaluate the application total accuracy. The implemented application was visualising virtual models of the real existing buildings displaying them in the same place the original buildings were. The final position was calculated by the application and the discrepancy of the view between the model and the real building was measured. The results were gathered revealing the application's real accuracy. For the purposes of this study the functional application of augmented reality has been created. The application was implemented on the mobile phone. The results of the application formed the tables with final measurements of accuracy. Also several photographs were taken from the areas of the real existing buildings. Transferring the functionality of augmented reality from the external devices to mobile phones is possible with some harm to the application accuracy. Visualising building models is one of the possible extensions of the mobile phone market. The improvements in Global Positioning System would significantly improve the application´s general accuracy.


Copyright © 2016, MEJDS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the interactional effects of errorless versus error-full learning and awake versus asleep states on ball throwing skill learning in children with intellectual disability with specificity of practice hypothesis. Methods: The participants of this study were 33 children with intellectual disability in age range of 6-8 year old. The participants were categorized based on pretest into three experimental groups, namely, errorless learning, error-full learning, and specific practice group. They performed ball throwing accuracy task by shooting tennis balls with the right hand towards the goal disk on the wall in 12 acquisition sessions. Then, they did the retention test. The test was done in two and 24 hour intervals after the last training session. Results: The results of means showed that in the first retention test i.e., before night sleep, the participants in the specific practice group were more accurate than those in the error-full learning group (p<0.05). The results of the second retention test i.e., after night sleep, showed that the participants in the specific practice and errorless groups were more accurate than those in the error-full learning group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The performance of errorless learning group after 24 hours acquisition session, confirmed the benefits of errorless learning as well as facilitating the memory consolidation process.


The Web browser is undoubtedly the single most important application in the mobile ecosystem. An average user spends 72 minutes each day using the mobile Web browser. Web browser internal engines (e.g., WebKit) are also growing in importance because they provide a common substrate for developing various mobile Web applications. In a user-driven, interactive, and latency-sensitive environment, the browser's performance is crucial. However, the battery-constrained nature of mobile devices limits the performance that we can deliver for mobile Web browsing. As traditional general-purpose techniques to improve performance and energy efficiency fall short, we must employ domain-specific knowledge while still maintaining general-purpose flexibility. In this paper, we first perform design-space exploration to identify appropriate general-purpose architectures that uniquely fit the characteristics of a popular Web browsing engine. Despite our best effort, we discover sources of energy inefficiency in these customized general-purpose architectures. To mitigate these inefficiencies, we propose, synthesize, and evaluate two new domain-specific specializations, called the Style Resolution Unit and the Browser Engine Cache. Our optimizations boost energy efficiency and at the same time improve mobile Web browsing performance. As emerging mobile workloads increasingly rely more on Web browser technologies, the type of optimizations we propose will become important in the future and are likely to have lasting widespread impact.


This study explored experiences of beginning agriculture teachers' approaches to teaching content. The research question guiding the study was: how does agriculture teachers' knowledge of content and students influence their process of breaking down content knowledge for teaching? The researchers employed a grounded theory approach in which five beginning teachers were interviewed and observed teaching a lesson. The researchers found beginning teachers' knowledge of content and students greatly influenced how they broke down content knowledge for student understanding. Five major themes emerged: students' prior knowledge and enrollment in sequences of courses influenced content covered, student engagement methods were not primarily driven by content, differing perceptions of content difficulty for students shaped teaching decisions, deconstructing content for students was deemed important by teachers, and teachers engaged in a form of learning egocentrism. These findings support further research on teachers' development of pedagogical content knowledge, including knowledge of content and students overtime as it was found to be an influential knowledge base. Recommendations include providing teachers with more opportunities to explore integrating student's prior knowledge into the curriculum and incorporating student thinking about agriculture content more specifically in teacher preparation.


Chemokine receptors are involved in trafficking of leukocytes and represent targets for autoimmune conditions, inflammatory diseases, viral infections, and cancer. We recently published CCR1, CCR8, and CCR5 agonists and positive modulators based on a three metal-ion chelator series: 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine. Here, we have performed an in-depth structure-activity relationship study and tested eight new optimized analogs. Using density functional theory calculations we demonstrate that the chelator zinc affinities depend on how electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents modulate the partial charges of chelating nitrogens. The zinc affinity was found to constitute the major factor for receptor potency, although the activity of some chelators deviate suggesting favorable or unfavorable interactions. Hydrophobic and halogen substituents are generally better accommodated in the receptors than polar groups. The new analog brominated terpyridine (29) resulted in the highest chelator potencies observed so far CCR1 (EC50: 0.49 μM) and CCR8 (EC50: 0.28 μM). Furthermore, we identified the first selective CCR5 agonist chelator, meta dithiomethylated bipyridine (23). The structure-activity relationships contribute to small-molecule drug development, and the novel chelators constitute valuable tools for studies of structural mechanisms for chemokine receptor activation.


Sex, Gender, Sexuality and the Law: Social and legal issues faced by individuals, couples and families is a remarkable book. Gillian Triggs, President of the Australian Commission for Human Rights, describes it most accurately in her Foreword to the book as 'ground-breaking'. Here is a publication, presented in four Parts, that sets out the experience, difficulties and discrimination faced by those members of our society that the book describes as trans or gender diverse, intersex, and/or nonheterosexual. (For space purposes only, this review refers to these groups as LGBTIQ, and acknowledges the limitations inherent in this acronym). The insights the book provides are significant. The reviewers found that they frequently gained understandings which, in their experience, are not available elsewhere. Having all this information in one volume makes this an even more valuable resource. The book is also remarkable, not just for the breadth of its discussion, but for its soundly based research and the straightforward language it uses. Statistical information throughout the book is covered exceptionally well, and allows the reader to make comparisons between Australian states, between countries and over time. Although the focus is primarily on Australia, the research is worldwide, and it is interesting to see where Australia fits, and what role it plays. This book review is available in Bond Law Review: http://epublications.bond.edu.au/blr/vol29/iss1/8


Abstract With multi-tier programming languages, programmers can specify the locations of code to run in order to reduce development efforts for the web-based client–server model where programmers write client and server programs separately and test the multiple programs together. The RPC calculus, one of the foundations of those languages by Cooper and Wadler, has the feature of symmetric communication in programmer's writing arbitrarily deep nested client–server interactions. The feature of the calculus is fully implemented by asymmetric communication in trampolined style suitable for the client–server model. However, the existing research only considers a stateless server strategy in which all server states are encoded for transmission to the client so that server states do not need to be stored in the server. It cannot always correctly handle all stateful operations involving disks or databases. To resolve this problem, we first propose new stateful calculi that fully support both symmetric communication from the programmer's viewpoint and asymmetric communication in its implementation using trampolined style. All the existing calculi either provide only the feature of asymmetric communication or propose only symmetric implementation suitable for the peer-to-peer model, rather than the client–server model. Second, the method used to design our stateful server strategy is based on a new locative type system which paves the way for a theory of RPC calculi for the client–server model. Besides proposing the new stateful calculi, this theory can improve the existing stateless server strategy to construct new state-encoding calculi that eliminate runtime checks on remote procedure calls present in the existing strategy, and it enables us to design a new mixed strategy that combines the benefits of both kinds of strategies. As far as we know, there are no typed multi-tier calculi that offer programmers the feature of symmetric communication with the implementation of asymmetric communication under the three strategies together.


What would it mean to engage a post-queer time and space? How can the body become post-queer? Mapping a Post-Queer Terrain radically reconceptualizes bodies of poststructuralist discourse through a critical exploration of bodily materiality, subjectivity, and culture. This project makes an original contribution to the existing queer corpus through an inquiry into the post-queer that exposes the body as a virtual becoming. Although queer theory continues to offer a critical and necessary politics, in agreement with Bobby Noble, the vulnerability of queer is upheld in its circulation as a centripetal or centrifugal term. This project makes a new flow of (knowledge) production with queer theory using Bakhtin and Deleuze and Guattari to read through Foucault and Butlers. It is structured nomadically and is virtually directed where it continuously makes and breaks theoretical and philosophical connections.


An internal standard X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis technique permits reproducible and accurate calculation of the mineral contents of rocks, including the major clay mineral families: Fe-rich chlorites + berthierine, Mg-rich chlorites, Fe-rich dioctahedral 2:1 clays and micas, Al-rich dioctahedral 2:1 clays and micas, and kaolinites. A single XRD pattern from an air-dried random specimen is used. Clays are quantified from their 060 reflections which are well resolved and insensitive to structural defects. Zincite is used as the internal standard instead of corundum, because its reflections are more conveniently located and stronger, allowing for a smaller amount of spike (10%). The grinding technique used produces powders free of grains coarser than 20 µm and suitable for obtaining random and rigid specimens.Errors in accuracy are low, <2 wt. % deviation from actual values for individual minerals, as tested on artificial shale mixtures. No normalization is applied and thus, for natural rocks, the analysis is tested by the departure of the sum of the measured components from 100%. Our approach compares favorably with other quantitative analysis techniques, including a Rietveld-based technique.


In this paper, we integrate type-2 (T2) fuzzy sets with Markov random fields (MRFs) referred to as T2 FMRFs, which may handle both fuzziness and randomness in the structural pattern representation. On the one hand, the T2 membership function (MF) has a 3-D structure in which the primary MF describes randomness and the secondary MF evaluates the fuzziness of the primary MF. On the other hand, MRFs can represent patterns statistical-structurally in terms of neighborhood system and clique potentials and, thus, have been widely applied to image analysis and computer vision. In the proposed T2 FMRFs, we define the same neighborhood system as that in classical MRFs. To describe uncertain structural information in patterns, we derive the fuzzy likelihood clique potentials from T2 fuzzy Gaussian mixture models. The fuzzy prior clique potentials are penalties for the mismatched structures based on prior knowledge. Because Chinese characters have hierarchical structures, we use T2 FMRFs to model character structures in the handwritten Chinese character recognition system. The overall recognition rate is 99.07%, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method.


'What am I writing? A historical tale of 300 years ago, simply for the love of it.' Mark Twain's 'tale' became his first historical novel, "The Prince and the Pauper", published in 1881. Intricately plotted, it was intended to have the feel of history even though it was only the stuff of legend. In sixteenth-century England, young Prince Edward (son of Henry VIII) and Tom Canty, a pauper boy who looks exactly like him, are suddenly forced to change places. The prince endures 'rags & hardships' while the pauper suffers the 'horrible miseries of princedom.' Mark Twain called his book a 'tale for young people of all ages,' and it has become a classic of American literature. The first edition in 1881 was fully illustrated by Frank Merrill, John Harley, and L. S. Ipsen. The boys in these illustrations, Mark Twain said, 'look and dress exactly as I used to see them cast in my mind...It is a vast pleasure to see them cast in the flesh, so to speak.' "This Mark Twain Library edition" exactly reproduces the text of the California scholarly edition, including all of the 192 illustrations that so pleased the author.


This article briefly outlines the cause of global warming, its trends and consequences as indicated by the International Panel on Climate Change. Sea-level rise is one consequence of particular concern to Pacific island states. It also reviews the views of economists about connections between economic growth and global warming. Whereas the majority of economists did not foresee a conflict between economic growth and global warming, the possibility of such a conflict is now more widely recognized following the Stern Report. International efforts, such as through the Kyoto Protocol, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and their atmospheric concentration are discussed and prospects for post-Kyoto policies are considered. It is predicted that a significant reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions is unlikely to be achieved in the foreseeable future due to conflicting national interest (a prisoners' dilemma problem) and because is will take time to develop new technologies which will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, payment for greenhouse gas emissions (for example, via tradable permits) will accelerate desirable technological advance. Both international political action and efforts to develop and use technologies that lower greenhouse gas emissions need to be pursued. Given current and likely increases in greenhouse gas emissions, continuing global warming in this century appears to be inevitable and consequently Pacific island states will be adversely affected by sea-level rise and climate change. How they will be affected and to what extent is discussed together with their ability to cope with the emerging problem. Ways are also examined of addressing the consequences for Pacific island states of global warming.


Abstract The Border Area Development Programme was initiated in the year 1986–87, to strengthen India's security by ensuring developed and secure borders. Initially, the programme was implemented in the western border states to facilitate deployment of the Border Security Force. Later, the geographical and functional scope of the programme was widened to include eastern and northern sectors of India's borders and as well as socio-economic aspects such as education, health, agriculture and other allied sectors. But, it is difficult to say that the implementation has been uniform in all the sectors. While the programme on the Western front along the India–Pakistan border has been fairly successful, it is yet to achieve its stated objectives on the Eastern front. Using an analytical framework, the article examines three aspects of BADP: Its context and concept; identifying challenges that hinder the Programme's effectiveness; and certain policy prescriptions.


Images can affect people on an emotional level. Since the emotions that arise in the viewer of an image are highly subjective, they are rarely indexed. However there are situations when it would be helpful if images could be retrieved based on their emotional content. We investigate and develop methods to extract and combine low-level features that represent the emotional content of an image, and use these for image emotion classification. Specifically, we exploit theoretical and empirical concepts from psychology and art theory to extract image features that are specific to the domain of artworks with emotional expression. For testing and training, we use three data sets: the International Affective Picture System (IAPS); a set of artistic photography from a photo sharing site (to investigate whether the conscious use of colors and textures displayed by the artists improves the classification); and a set of peer rated abstract paintings to investigate the influence of the features and ratings on pictures without contextual content. Improved classification results are obtained on the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), compared to state of the art work.


Blended and online learning skills are rapidly becoming essential for effective teaching and learning in universities and colleges. Covering theory where useful but maintaining an emphasis on practice, this book provides teachers and lecturers with an accessible introduction to e-learning.Beginning by exploring the meaning of 'e-learning', it supports tutors in identifying how they plan to use technology to support courses that blend online and face-to-face interactions. Illustrated by a range of case of studies, the book covers: designing quality, appropriate effective and online learning efficient and sustainable e-learning activity providing appropriate feedback to learnersdevising student activities and sourcing learning resources managing online and offline interactionsPacked with practical advice and ideas, this book provides the core skills and knowledge that teachers in HE and FE need when starting out and further developing their teaching course design for blended and online learning.


Raman studies have been performed on following systems: CdCl₂/CsCl and CdCl₂/RbCl solids and melts; CdCl₂/KCl solids; PbCI₂/CsCl solids and melts; Li₂CO₃/Cs₂CO₃ solids: and Li₂CO₃/LiCl and Li₂CO₃/K₂CO₃ melts. The phase diagrams suggested by this work are in excellent agreement with the literature and the framework of the phase diagram for the Li₂CO₃/Cs₂CO₃ binary system has been reported for the first time. -- The Raman spectra of the compounds with known structures have been discussed in terms of factor group analysis. It has been possible to characterize the Raman spectra for the discrete octahedrally coordinated cadmium, CdCl⁴⁻₆ in Rb₄CdCl₆ and K₄CdCl₆ and the discrete tetrahedrally coordinated CdCl₄²⁻ in Cs₃CdCl₅ and the high temperature phase of Cs₂CdCl₄. The Raman studies of the solids have provided useful reference frequencies to assist the analysis of the Raman studies of the molten salts. -- In the CdCl₂/CsCl binary system, a total of five compounds have been identified, three congruent: Cs₃CdCl₅, Cs₂CdCl₄, CsCdCl₃, and two incongruent: Cs₃Cd₂Cl₇ and CsCd₅Cl₁₁. Cs₃CdCl₅ is isostructural with Cs₃CoCl₅ and thermodynamically stable only above 390°C. Below 390°C Cs₃CdCl₅ decomposes into a mixture of Cs₂CdCl₄ and CsCl, but the sample quenched to room temperature from the melt may give a metastable Cs₃CdCl₅. Cs₂CdCl₄ has the K₂NiF₄ structure in the LTP (low temperature phase), but the salt undergoes a SPT (structural phase transition) at about 435°C to a β-K₂SO₄ type HTP (high temperature phase). The transition takes place over a temperature range from 435°C up to just below the melting point. At any temperature within this temperature range Raman bands for each of the separate phases may be detected simultaneously with relative intensities that are dependent of the temperature. Relative intensity measurements of bands characteristic of each cadmium coordination as a function of temperature indicated an equilibrium distribution. The enthalpy and entropy associated with the change of coordination were of the order of those usually observed on fusion. These large values are consistent with the major structural rearrangement from a network octahedral structure to a discrete tetrahedral coordination. Cs₃Cd₂Cl₇ decomposes into CsCdC₃ and Cs₂CdCl₄ at temperatures above 450°C. Raman spectra suggest that the Cd atom has octahedral coordination within a network structure for solids Cs₃Cd₂Cl₇ and CsCd₅Cl₁₁. CsCdCl₃ is hexagonal and there is no SPT from 25°C to the melting point. -- For the CdCl₂/RbCl and CdCl₂/KCl solid systems, six compounds: Rb₄CdCl₆, Rb₂CdCl₄, Rb₃Cd₂Cl₇, Rb₄Cd₃Cl₁₀, RbCdCl₃ and RbCd₅Cl₁₁ in the RbCl system; and two compounds: K₄CdCl₆ and KCdCl₃ in the KCl system have been identified. Both K₄CdCl₆ and Rb₄CdCl₆ contain discrete octahedral CdCl⁴⁻₆ species. The other compounds have network structures with CdCl₆ local units and chloride bridges. Unlike KCdCl₃ and CsCdCl₃, the anhydrous RbCdCl₃ gave no intense peaks in the Cd-Cl stretching region of the Raman spectra and probably has an octahedral structure. When RbCdCl₃ was opened to the atmosphere it gave a different structure which is isostructural with NH₄CdCl₃ and KCdCl₃. The discrete tetrahedral CdCl₄²⁻ structure is favored by larger and more polarization alkali cations and higher temperature. -- In the CdCl₂/CsCL, CdCl₂/RbCl and PbCl₂/CsCl melts, the tetrahedral structure was indicated. As the Cl⁻/M²⁺ ≥ 4 (M²⁺ = Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ) the discrete tetrahedral MCl₄²⁻ species were the principle species present, while as Cl⁻/M²⁺ < 4 short-lived tetrahedral units with bridge structures were suggested. Exchange processes were too fast to permit detection of separate peaks for the discrete tetrahedron and the bridge species. Raman spectra indicate that the bond strength between Pb²⁺ and Cl⁻ ions is much weaker than that between Cd²⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. -- For the Li₂CO₃/Cs₂CO₃ system, only a congruent compound LiCsCO₃ has been identified and the compound forms eutectic mixtures with Li₂CO₃ or Cs₂CO₃. This compound LiCsCO₃ undergoes a SPT at about 435°C. The quenched sample from the melt to room temperature may give a metastable HTP which is stable for a long time at room temperature or even 77K. Unlike the SPT in Cs₂CdCl₄, there is no dynamic equilibrium between the HTP and the LTR but the transition is kinetically sluggish. Raman analysis indicates that the SPT in LiCsCO₃ is associated with the rotation of CO²⁻ in the primitive unit cell. The carbonate ion in molten alkali metal carbonates was found to be relatively unperturbed by the cations.


We obtain a perturbative solution for rotating charged black holes in 5-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory with a negative cosmological constant. We start from a small undeformed Kerr-AdS solution and use the electric charge as a perturbative parameter to build up black holes with equal-magnitude angular momenta up to forth order. These black hole solutions are described by three parameters, the charge, horizon radius and horizon angular velocity. We determine the physical quantities of these black holes and study their dependence on the parameters of black holes and arbitrary Chern-Simons coefficient. In particular, for values of CS coupling constant beyond its supergravity amount, due to a rotational instability, counterrotating black holes arise. Also the rotating solutions appear to have vanishing angular momenta and do not manifest uniquely by their global charges.


In a random process, later events seem to be loosely attached to earlier ones; in other words, a substantial or tight relationship between the two is missing. This relationship is sometimes held to be the relation of cause and effect, so that random events are not caused by what preceded them. Richard Johns, however, adopts the original stance that random events are fully caused and lack only determination by their causes; according to his causal theory of chance, the physical chance of an event is the degree to which the event is determined by its causes. A Theory of Physical Probability addresses an important and, until now, poorly comprehended topic: chance, or physical probability. It puts forth Johns's theory of physical chance and demonstrates the implications of this theory in various areas of physics. Johns's is a novel approach to a fundamental topic in such disciplines as philosophy, philosophy of science, and physics, and it will be widely admired by scholars for its clarity and accessibility.


OBJECTIVE
To determine effects of breed and supplemental administration of vitamin E and selenium (Se) during late gestation on circulating concentrations of these micronutrients in periparturient Jerseys and Holsteins.

DESIGN
Randomized controlled clinical study.

ANIMALS
16 Jersey and 36 Holstein cows.

PROCEDURE
Cows were allotted to blocks on the basis of breed and expected parturition date. Cows within blocks were randomly assigned to be given vitamin E or Se parenterally 3 to 4 weeks prior to anticipated parturition in a 2 x 2 factorial design.

RESULTS
Results of ANOVA indicated Jerseys had higher blood concentrations of Se and lower serum concentrations of vitamin E than Holsteins at the end of lactation. Jerseys had higher blood concentrations of Se than Holsteins 3 to 4 weeks prior to parturition and at parturition. Selenium administration increased blood concentrations of Se at parturition. Administration of nutrients did not affect serum concentrations of vitamin E at parturition or 2 to 3 weeks after parturition or blood concentrations of Se 2 to 3 weeks after parturition.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Jerseys and Holsteins consuming rations of comparable Se content differ in blood concentrations of Se during the nonlactating period, suggesting breed-related differences in Se metabolism during late lactation and the nonlactating period. Parenteral administration of Se 3 to 4 weeks prior to anticipated parturition increased blood concentrations of Se at parturition; however, Se concentrations of both groups at parturition were considered within the reference range for clinically normal cattle.


Many of the neutralising antibodies, isolated to date, display limited activities against the globally most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes A and C. Therefore, those subtypes are considered to be an important target for antibody-based therapy. Variable domains of llama heavy chain antibodies (VHH) have some superior properties compared with classical antibodies. Therefore we describe the application of trimeric forms of envelope proteins (Env), derived from HIV-1 of subtype A and B/C, for a prolonged immunization of two llamas. A panel of VHH, which interfere with CD4 binding to HIV-1 Env were selected with use of panning. The results of binding and competition assays to various Env, including a variant with a stabilized CD4-binding state (gp120 Ds2 ), cross-competition experiments, maturation analysis and neutralisation assays, enabled us to classify the selected VHH into three groups. The VHH of group I were efficient mainly against viruses of subtype A, C and B 9 / C. The VHH of group II resemble the broadly neutralising antibody (bnmAb) b12, neutralizing mainly subtype B and C viruses, however some had a broader neutralisation profile. A representative of the third group, 2E7, had an even higher neutralization breadth, neutralizing 21 out of the 26 tested strains belonging to the A, A/G, B, B/C and C subtypes. To evaluate the contribution of certain amino acids to the potency of the VHH a small set of the mutants were constructed. Surprisingly this yielded one mutant with slightly improved neutralisation potency against 92UG37.A9 (subtype A) and 96ZM651.02 (subtype C). These findings and the well-known stability of VHH indicate the potential application of these VHH as anti-HIV-1 microbicides.


Learning to predict multi-label outputs is challenging, but in many problems there is a natural metric on the outputs that can be used to improve predictions. In this paper we develop a loss function for multi-label learning, based on the Wasserstein distance. The Wasserstein distance provides a natural notion of dissimilarity for probability measures. Although optimizing with respect to the exact Wasserstein distance is costly, recent work has described a regularized approximation that is efficiently computed. We describe an efficient learning algorithm based on this regularization, as well as a novel extension of the Wasserstein distance from probability measures to unnormalized measures. We also describe a statistical learning bound for the loss. The Wasserstein loss can encourage smoothness of the predictions with respect to a chosen metric on the output space. We demonstrate this property on a real-data tag prediction problem, using the Yahoo Flickr Creative Commons dataset, outperforming a baseline that doesn't use the metric.


Donepezil has been shown to improve aspects of cognitive functioning in persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its impact on instrumental activities of daily living has received little attention. In a within-subject design, 24 community-dwelling persons with AD were treated with open-label donepezil over a 12-month period. To assess functional abilities, a brief, objective measure of instrumental activities of daily living skills was used (Texas Functional Living Scale; TFLS). Global cognitive abilities were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Changes in TFLS and MMSE scores were much the same. Improvements on the TFLS and MMSE were seen over a 3-month period. At 12 months, both TFLS and MMSE scores declined slightly below baseline. These results support an effect of donepezil on cognitive measures and day-to-day function and also suggest that the MMSE reflects well the actual functional ability of persons with moderate AD.


In 2010, the Illinois Supreme Court invalidated certain statutory caps on noneconomic damages in medical cases because they "unduly" infringed "upon the inherent power of the judiciary." Such judicial authority originated within the separation of powers clause of the Illinois Constitution. The caps were deemed to "encroach" on the judiciary's "sphere of authority" because they impeded "the courts in the performance of their function." Elsewhere, American state statutory damage caps have also been challenged on state constitutional separation of powers grounds. These challenges include settings where the caps operate for nonmedical cases and where the limits extend beyond noneconomic damages. Given state constitutional diversity, are there core separation of powers principles guiding all American state statutory damage caps? If so, do they apply similarly to all forms of damage caps? With or without such core principles, are there other doctrines, not involving individual rights, that better speak to damage caps? The paper first explores the Illinois precedents on damage caps and separation of powers. Then it examines other state precedents, where it finds the controversies usually involve allocations of civil procedure lawmaking powers. It observes that caps on "statutory causes of action" or during "special proceedings" are often treated differently, as are caps on punitive damages and caps that operate in alternative public forums like administrative agencies. The paper concludes that separation of powers analyses should usually be replaced in damage cap cases with judicial rulemaking analyses. It finds no core principles within state constitutional separation of powers provisions that implicate damage caps. Interstate differences in constitutional allocations of procedural rulemaking authority (and, at times, of justiciable matters) should be recognized more often. This last observation has implications beyond damage caps. Judicial/legislative tensions elsewhere, as with evidence privileges, should also be explored with judicial rulemaking analyses.


The use of precast, prestressed concrete piles in the foundation of bridge piers has long been recognized as a valuable option for bridge owners and designers. However, the use of these precast, prestressed concrete piles in integral abutment bridges has not been widespread because of concerns over pile flexibility and the potential for concrete cracking and deterioration of the prestressing strands due to long-term exposure to moisture. This report presents the details of the first integral abutment bridge in the state of Iowa that utilized precast, prestressed concrete piles in the abutment. The bridge, which was constructed in Tama County in 2000, consists of a 110 ft long, 30 ft wide, single-span PC girder superstructure with a left-side-ahead 20o skew angle. The bridge was instrumented with a variety of strain gages, displacement sensors, and thermocouples to monitor and help in the assessment of structural behavior. The results of this monitoring are presented, and recommendations are made for future application of precast, prestressed concrete piles in integral abutment bridges. In addition to the structural monitoring data, this report presents the results of a survey questionnaire that had been mailed to each of the 50 state DOT chief bridge engineers to ascertain their current practices for precast, prestressed concrete piles and especially the application of these piles in integral abutment bridges.


ABSTRACT The United States is not prepared to deal with an attack by a terrorist group using an improvised nuclear device, the author says. It should get prepared, because the risk is real even if the probability is low, and doing so could save a great many lives. The author explores the potential impact of a 10–15-kt improvised nuclear device set off in New York City. The initial blast would kill between 75,000 and 100,000 people in seconds. Another 100,000–200,000 people would be injured, many of them dying within weeks or months, some with burns, others with impact injuries, and some with acute radiation syndrome. The demands on the medical system would be vast and overwhelming, all the more so because the bomb would have destroyed much of the capacity to respond. Current planning efforts are not sufficient to manage the carnage.


In alternating chapters that reveal a nascent period in their development as two of the twentieth century's most influential writers, Beat Generation icons William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac's And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks is an electrifying true-life mystery, including afterword by James Grauerholtz in Penguin Modern Classics. This is a hardboiled crime novel, and a true story. In 1944, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs, then still unknown writers, were both arrested following a murder: one of their friends had stabbed another and then come to them for advice - neither had told the police. Later they wrote this fictionalised account of that summer - of a group of friends in wartime New York, moving through each other's apartments, drinking, necking, talking and taking drugs and haphazardly drifting towards a bloody crime. Unpublished for years, And the Hippos were Boiled in their Tanks is a remarkable insight into the lives and literary development of two great writers. If you enjoyed And the Hippos were Boiled in their Tanks, you might like Kerouac's On the Road, also available in Penguin Modern Classics. "The novel that kicked it all off." (Independent). "An insight into Kerouac before he went on the road and Burroughs before his drug use spiralled out of control, this is a major literary event." (GQ).


This paper analyses the distributional effects of the Polish old‐age pension reform introduced in 1999. Following a benchmark Mincer earnings equation, and using a newly developed microsimulation model we project future pension benefits for males born in years 1969‐1979. We find that inequality of predicted first pension benefits measured by the Gini coefficient increases from 0.119 to 0.165 for cohorts of men retiring between 2036 and 2046. The observed increased inequality of pension benefits is due to the decreasing share of initial capital that is based on a more generous DB formula in the total accumulated pension capital. At the same time, inequality in replacements rates decreases due to a stronger link between contributions paid through the entire working life and pension benefits.


BACKGROUND: Within sport studies, a handful of academics have begun to document and analyse the experiences of sexually victimised child athletes and the past fifteen years have seen the birth of theory within this field. Beyond sport studies, theorising CSA is a highly contested area where disciplinary boundaries are often deeply marked. Crucially, feminist sport scholars have depicted a hyper-masculinist context and an environment conducive to sexual harassment and violence.

AIM(s)/OBJECTIVE(s): Silence around CSA, particularly victim silence, facilitates the persistent and widespread nature of this crime. Survivor testimony suggests that victims frequently interpret their role in the abusive relationship as one of complicity. The notion of 'grooming' has been widely used to both characterise perpetrator strategies but also to explain victim complicity and silence. This paper will challenge the utility of this concept and argue for the need to account more thoroughly for victims' feelings of complicity in a fashion that does not obscure children's capacity for action nor shift blame away from the perpetrator.

DISCUSSION: In considering the relationship between sport and CSA, I offer a theoretical critique of the sports field and the adult-child relation constructed within it. For social theorist Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002), context was crucial to comprehending social action and individual agency was intimately bound up with the fields of practice in which individuals are embedded. Through Bourdieu's conceptual framework I introduce the notion of an athleticist habitus through which the perspective of the sexually abused child athlete may be more clearly articulated and better understood. I offer an application of these ideas by drawing on recent research with 'survivors' of CSA in sport.


We review recent progress in application of femtosecond laser nanostructuring of fused silica. The tight control of nanostructures' properties through writing parameters is demonstrated implementing elements with unique optical properties, which can be widely used in material processing, microscopy, optical trapping and manipulation.


Abstract Problem-Solving Therapy for Informal Hospice Caregivers: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Christin Ann Gregory, LCSW, DSW Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Problem: U.S. Hospice care is a growing service for the terminally ill, ever more important as our aging population expands. Informal caregivers are integral to the hospice philosophy, considered to be a part of the hospice unit of care. These caregivers are the major providers of hands-on and emotional care for the dying. They face shift in family role, loss of employment and personal time, and have been shown to suffer from increased mental and physical health issues as a direct effect of caregiving. The predominant unmet need of the hospice caregiver is psychological. The hospice social worker is the major provider of psychological services for the hospice caregiver, but at present, there is a lack of evidence-based research on caregiver interventions in this clinical setting. Objectives: This study examined the feasibility and efficacy of Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) in improving mood, quality of life, and problem-solving skills for primary (informal) caregivers of home-based hospice patients. Design: This study employed a randomized controlled design, comparing the effects of brief problem-solving therapy for hospice caregivers (PST-Hospice) and usual care plus caregiver education (UC+CE) on hospice caregiver outcomes. A baseline survey was collected after informed consent, followed by five weekly forty-five minute sessions of PST treatment or the provision of caregiver coping educational materials. Post-test surveys were administered post intervention completion (6 weeks). Qualitative interviews were also conducted to give voice to the caregiver experience. Setting: This study was conducted between November 15th, 2013 and May 16th, 2014. Participants were gathered from home-based admissions at two South Jersey hospice agencies: one for-profit agency, and one not-for-profit agency. Inclusion Criteria: (1) Primary informal caregivers, (2) Caring for patients who reside in a home residence or assisted living, (3) age 18 or older, (4) able to speak English, (5) willing to participate. Measures: Demographic information (age, sex, gender, relationship to patient, marital status, ethnicity, employment, education, income, household number, patient diagnosis, assistance with care) was gathered pretreatment. Outcomes measured at pre-treatment and post-treatment (5 weeks post randomization) were: (1) The Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9), (2) The Caregiver Quality of Life IndexCancer (CQOLC), (3) The Social Problem Solving Inventory-Revised Short Form (SPSI-R Short). Data Analysis: 1) Descriptive statistics were gathered for demographic information. 2) T-tests and ChiSquares were used to determine differences between groups. 3)To determine mean differences between conditions for primary outcome variables, t-tests were conducted. 4) Qualitative interviews with 3 study participants were completed to gain information about their experience being a part of this study. This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/55


Despite the almost ubiquitously held belief among policy makers that immigration policies aimed at attracting high-skilled workers meet their desired aims, academics continue to debate their efficacy. This paper presents the first judicious assessment of the effectiveness of such policies. We combine a unique new data set of annual bilateral high-skilled immigration labor flows for 10 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development destinations between 2000 and 2012 with new databases comprising both unilateral and bilateral policy instruments to examine which types and combinations of policies are most effective in attracting and selecting high-skilled workers using a micro-founded gravity framework. Points-based systems are much more effective in attracting and selecting highskilled migrants than requiring a job offer, labor market tests, or shortage-listed occupations. Financial incentives yield better outcomes in "demand-driven" systems, which require a job offer, than when combined with points-based systems, however. Offers of permanent residency, while attracting the highly skilled, overall reduce the human capital content of labor flows because they prove more attractive to non-high-skilled workers. Bilateral recognition of diploma and social security agreements foster greater flows of high-skilled workers and improve the skill selectivity of immigrant flows. Conversely, double taxation agreements deter high-skilled migrants, although they do not alter overall skill selectivity. Higher wages for skilled workers increase the number and skill selectivity of labor flows, whereas higher levels of unemployment exert the opposite effects. Migrant networks, contiguous borders, common language, and freedom of movement, while encouraging greater numbers of high-skilled workers, exert greater effects on non-high-skilled workers, thereby reducing the skill content of labor flows. Greater geographic distances, however, while deterring both types of workers, affect the high skilled less, thereby improving the selection of skills. Our results are robust to a variety of empirical specifications that account for destination-specific amenities, multilateral resistance to migration, and the endogeneity of immigration policies.


Rock Sandpipers Calidris ptilocnemis have the most northerly non-breeding distribution of any shorebird in the Pacific Basin (upper Cook Inlet, Alaska; 61°N, 151°W). In terms of freezing temperatures, persistent winds and pervasive ice, this site is the harshest used by shorebirds during winter. We integrated physiological, metabolic, behavioural and environmental aspects of the non-breeding ecology of Rock Sandpipers at the northern extent of their range to determine the relative importance of these factors in facilitating their unique non-breeding ecology. Not surprisingly, estimated daily energetic demands were greatest during January, the coldest period of winter. These estimates were greatest for foraging birds, and exceeded basal metabolic rates by a factor of 6.5, a scope of increase that approaches the maximum sustained rate of energetic output by shorebirds during periods of migration, but far exceeds these periods in duration. We assessed the quality of their primary prey, the bivalve Macoma balthica, to determine the daily foraging duration required by Rock Sandpipers to satisfy such energetic demands. Based on size-specific estimates of M. balthica quality, Rock Sandpipers require over 13 hours per day of foraging time in upper Cook Inlet in January, even when feeding on the highest quality prey. This range approaches the average daily duration of mudflat availability in this region (c. 18 h), a maximum value that annually decreases due to the accumulation of shore-fast ice. Rock Sandpipers are likely to maximize access to foraging sites by following the exposure of ice-free mudflats across the upper Cook Inlet region and by selecting smaller, higher quality M. balthica to minimize foraging times. Ultimately, this unusual non-breeding ecology relies on the high quality of their prey resources. Compared to other sites across their range, M. balthica from upper Cook Inlet have relatively light shells, potentially the result of the region's depauperate invertebrate predator community. Given the delicate balance between environmental and prey conditions that currently make Cook Inlet a viable wintering area for Rock Sandpipers, small variations in these variables may affect the suitability of the site in the future.

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The multiple risks associated with methamphetamine use are of serious concern for women. These risks and consequences are magnified during pregnancy. This secondary analysis of a parent study compared 26 pregnant to 356 nonpregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa, on selected demographic, psychosocial, and HIV-risk domains to identify their treatment service needs. Proportionally, more pregnant than nonpregnant women are using methamphetamine, P = .01, although a very high rate of women used methamphetamine. Women reported similar monthly rates of sexual intercourse, but pregnant women were significantly less likely to report condom use, P < .0001, maintaining their risky behavior. Both groups reported elevated Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale CES-D means, suggesting a need for depression treatment. Results demonstrate a pervasive need for women's comprehensive treatment, regardless of pregnancy status. Moreover, findings support the urgent need for women-focused and pregnancy-specific treatment services for methamphetamine use. Finally, a job-skills training/employment component focus is suggested.


Middle East Politics Today: Government and Civil Society, by Tareq Y. Ismael. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2001. xv + 455 pages. Appends. to p. 462. Notes to p. 482. Bibl. to p. 494. Index to p. 510. $59.95. Reviewed by Glenn E. Perry The volume under review, presumably intended mainly as a textbook for university classes, is the successor to surveys published by Professor Tareq Y. Ismael (as the author or coauthor) in 1970 and 1991. But although incorporating a few historical passages from its predecessors, Middle East Politics Today: Government and Civil Society is definitely a new book. Notably, it is the work of Professor Ismael himself (aside from one coauthored chapter), unlike its predecessors, which included contributions by several other scholars. Although a multiauthored volume has the virtue of bringing in the expertise of diverse specialists, the new book is clearly an improvement over the others, as the author demonstrates an admirable mastery of the politics of all the countries covered. The author identifies his approach primarily in terms of emphasizing the importance of seeing political patterns "from the perspective of patterns over time" (p. xi). In keeping with this wise, if obvious, outlook, he begins the book with chapters on "The Burden of History" and the Islamic political heritage. He does as good a job with these subjects in such a short compass as one could expect, and I will desist from opportunities to engage in nit-picking. Professor Ismael goes on to look at "the interaction of government and society..over time" (p. xi). Providing an excellent introduction for the novice on the recently fashionable concept of "civil society," he stresses that, unlike the state, civil society "exists in latent form in the modern Middle East and has a tremendous historical legacy," while the now-dominant state "lacks roots in the region's history" (p. xii). Chapter 3 (coauthored with Jacqueline S. Ismael) in particular focuses on "The Oppressive State and Civil Society," tracing the emergence of the state from the Ottoman period - in which rule is correctly characterized as "decentralized," as leaving much "to the nonstate sector," et cetera (pp. 61-62) - to the present-day "reli[ance] ... on the instruments of oppression" (p. 67). The decline of civil society is dealt with from the early Islamic era, when it flourished (this is apparently the first survey of Middle East politics to integrate the important contributions of scholars like Ellis Goldberg that are so much at odds with discredited images of "sultanism," Oriental despotism, and the like), to the present-day state "encroach[ment] on all aspects of civil society:' The bulk of the chapter uses reports of Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to document the sorry condition of human rights on a country-by-country basis. …


The balance of societal good, market innovation, and individual rights forms the core of questions on data governance. These issues merit further research – to standardize the objectives, rules, and governance of data sharing across a variety of contexts and use cases. The value of a data steward, or an intermediary who works on behalf of the users and entities to manage data and its sharing is increasingly apparent. One of the biggest concerns, given data is an intangible and valuable asset, is how business models can be structured so that stewards remain incentivized to serve the interests of individuals and communities, and do not use the data for their own ends. Data is a complex resource, and to understand potential revenue models of a steward, this paper studies resources or assets which embody the complexity of data and the accompanying ethical issues of protection. In this paper, we root our analysis three theoretical framings: data as commons, data as labor, and data as an asset. With these framings in mind, we examine real world examples of "stewardship" to extrapolate principles for revenue models of a data steward.


NUPR1 (nuclear protein 1), also called P8 (molecular mass 8 kDa) or COM1 (candidate of metastasis 1), is involved in the stress response and in cancer progression. In the present study, we investigated whether human NUPR1 expression was regulated by TGFβ (transforming growth factor β), a secreted polypeptide largely involved in tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that the expression of NUPR1 was activated by TGFβ at the transcriptional level. We show that this activation is mediated by the SMAD proteins, which are transcription factors specifically involved in the signalling of TGFβ superfamily members. NUPR1 promoter analysis reveals the presence of a functional TGFβ-response element binding the SMAD proteins located in the genomic DNA region corresponding to the 5'-UTR (5'-untranslated region). Altogether, the molecular results of the present study, which demonstrate the existence of a TGFβ/SMAD/NUPR1 activation cascade, open the way to consider and investigate further a new mechanism enabling TGFβ to promote tumorigenesis by inducing stress resistance.


The severe political turmoil provoked by an allegedly mispriced private bond issue in Greece added to the controversial matter of whether prices of structured bonds sold to investors are †fair†or not. In this paper structured bond market is analysed with particular focus on valuation issues. It is argued that in practice prices are subjective, there is not a unique price that a structured bond should be transacted and model prices are in general irrelevant to the investor unless he has access to the underlying swap market. Consequently, the notion †overpricing†(conventionally defined as the difference between model and transacted price) is misleading. Boundaries for prices as seen by investors and issuers are constructed under a set of simplified assumptions. Issue price is the recommended price that a structured bond should be offered in the primary market and in most cases differs from model price. Competition among issuers should minimize the difference between them. The analysis of the market in Greece has revealed investors' preferences to capital guaranteed interest rate linked bonds with mild structuring. Despite popular belief, overpricing was soft with the absence of the usual marketing pitfalls that happened elsewhere. Exception were the Tier I structured bonds issued by local banks.


In this study, we investigated the heating process for pure (Rh55 and Cu55), single dopant (Rh1Cu54 and Rh54Cu), core@shell (Rh13@Cu42 and Cu13@Rh42), and alloy (Rh13Cu42, Rh42Cu13) nanoclusters in two structures (cuboctahedral and icosahedral) from 0 to 2000 K using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our aim was to investigate the effects of composition and chemical arrangement on the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of Rh-Cu bimetallic nanoalloys. Our results indicated that Cu55, Ir55, Rh1Cu54, Rh54Cu, and Cu13@Rh42 in the cuboctahedral and icosahedral structures and Rh42Cu13 in the icosahedral structure did not experience any transformation with the exception of melting. It was also observed that the cuboctahedral Rh42Cu13 shows a solid-solid transformation to the icosahedral structure before the melting point. It is also observed that Rh13@Cu42 and Rh13Cu42 nanoclusters in both structures exhibit a transition to a pseudo-spherical structure before the melting point. Our results also illustrated that the Rh and Cu atoms tend to lie in the inner and outer shells of the nanoclusters, respectively. We have also discussed the changes in the melting points of the doped nanoclusters in the different arrangements.


Direct application of geothermal energy can involve a wide variety of end uses, such as space heating and cooling, industrial applications, greenhouses, fish farming, and health spas. It uses mostly existing technology and straightforward engineering. The technology, reliability, economics and environmental acceptability of direct use applications of geothermal energy have been demonstrated throughout the world. The use of geothermal energy is the minimum waste forming type of energy in the world. Geothermal energy is also considered cheap, sustainable and environmentally friendly when compared to the other energy resources. Turkey has abundant geothermal resources because of its location. In particular, İzmirBalçova district heating system is one example of the high temperature district heating applications in Turkey exhibiting high geothermal potential. The objective of the Thesis is threefold, namely: (a) to determine the negative and positive environmental effects of Balçova Geothermal District Heating System, (b) to find out sources of contamination if pollution exists (c) to offer a solution to protect the public health. Contamination may occur in Balçova Geothermal Field in either water phase or soil phase. Therefore, a sampling program was developed in order to monitor the alterations in water. The sampling points were chosen in a way that Balçova District Heating System production wells, groundwater wells, and the irrigation points could all be monitored. In order to investigate the contamination of the region, several parameters including physical properties such as temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity; non-metallic constituents such as ammonia, boron, chloride, silica, sulfate; and metals and semi metals such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium etc. were determined. The results of this study showed that all of the samples had bicarbonate alkalinity. The concentrations of the parameters were not constant during the monitoring study. This may be because of the nature of geothermal fluid. During the studying period, concentrations of many heavy metals were below the limit of detection of atomic spectrometric techniques used in the study. Wells T and I did not seem to be suitable for drinking and irrigation water, respectively. In order to determine the effects of Balçova District Heating System on physical environment, noise measurements were conducted. The results of noise measurements have shown higher values than the acceptable limits of Noise Control Regulation.


The
primary goal of this research study was to provide updated pest management
recommendations to growers, including the reduction of insecticide applications
on a calendar basis by the use of pest economic thresholds, with the purpose of
maximizing insecticide efficacy while minimizing the associated negative
impacts on natural enemies and their ecosystem services.

Commercial
watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production in the Midwest
typically relies on neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to manage insect
pests, particularly striped and spotted cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum Fabricius and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
Barber, respectively). The role of arthropod predators in managing cucumber
beetles is not well documented, and data
on the effects of insecticides on predators in watermelon production are deficient.
Common cucumber beetle predators include coccinellid beetles found on plants,
ground-dwelling carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders in several
families that inhabit the soil surface in watermelon fields. I hypothesize that these generalist predators
and the ecosystem services (e.g., pest predation) they provide are at risk from
insecticides used for pest management without regard to economic thresholds. My
study compared the effect of insecticide use on cucumber beetle pests, spider
predators, collembola populations and field pest predation under two
treatments: 1) watermelons treated with
neonicotinoid soil drench and subsequent pyrethroid sprays, surrounded by corn
with neonicotinoid-treated seeds (Conventional),
and 2) watermelons treated only with pyrethroid spray when economic thresholds
were reached, surrounded by corn with untreated seeds (IPM).

The frequent application of
insecticides decreased cucumber beetles in the
watermelon plots managed with Conventional pest management; however, they also reduced spider predators,
collembola densities, and field pests predation measurements, possibly due to
the subsequent pyrethroids applications during the growing season. In addition, our study showed that
neonicotinoid seed treatment in corn had no negative impact on any of the above-mentioned
response variables measured.

Ultimately, following an IPM strategy and the
use of pest monitoring helped to reduce unnecessary insecticides applications, conservation
of pest regulatory services provided by natural enemies, and possibly less ecological
impact to manage significant insect pests in watermelon plots.


Any legal system may potentially deploy two separate but related models to ensure the accuracy of disclosure in the capital markets. First, it may possess legal institutions in the form of regulatory bodies with power to make regulations regarding disclosures and to enforce those regulations through powers of sanction conferred upon them. Second, it may adopt the model that relies upon the courts to grant remedies to investors who are victims of inaccurate or misleading disclosures thereby suffering losses. This paper tests the efficacy of the two models in their application to India. The exploration of India is interesting and helpful because India's capital markets have witnessed exponential growth in the last two decades. At first blush, it might be simple to attribute this to India's legal system through civil liability and its enforcement through the judiciary. Counterintuitively, though, India's common law legal system operating through the judiciary has not played a vital role in the development of the capital markets through a rigorous civil liability regime. Delays in proceedings due to alarming pendency levels in litigation before Indian courts and skyrocketing costs in initiating litigation are some of the factors that have disincentivized investors from relying upon the civil liability regime for enforcing their compensation claims. At the same time, other factors have been at play. India's capital markets regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has been instrumental in formulating policies and regulations governing capital markets, and its actions have been rapid and dynamic to suit the needs of the changing markets, by operating through the power of sanctioning various market players. The paper concludes with the finding that while the general approach in most common law markets is for courts to play a significant role in the development of the capital markets through the process of compensating investors for losses, the success of India's capital markets growth has hinged upon the regulatory process rather than the courts.


Macrophage ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), and ABCG1 have been shown to promote cholesterol efflux to extracellular acceptors in vitro and influence atherosclerosis in mice, but their roles in mediating reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from macrophages in vivo are unknown. Using an assay of macrophage RCT in mice, we found that primary macrophages lacking ABCA1 had a significant reduction in macrophage RCT in vivo, demonstrating the importance of ABCA1 in promoting macrophage RCT, however substantial residual RCT exists in the absence of macrophage ABCA1. Using primary macrophages deficient in SR-BI expression, we found that macrophage SR-BI, which was shown to promote cholesterol efflux in vitro, does not contribute to macrophage RCT in vivo. To investigate whether macrophage ABCG1 is involved in macrophage RCT in vivo, we used ABCG1-overexpressing, -knockdown, and -knockout macrophages. We show that increased macrophage ABCG1 expression significantly promoted while knockdown or knockout of macrophage ABCG1 expression significantly reduced macrophage RCT in vivo. Finally, we show that there was a greater decrease in macrophage RCT from cells where both ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression were knocked down than from ABCG1-knockdown cells. These results demonstrate that ABCA1 and ABCG1, but not SR-BI, promote macrophage RCT in vivo and are additive in their effects.


The French philosopher Jacques Ranciere is well known across the world for his groundbreaking contributions to aesthetic and political theory and for his radical rethinking of the question of equality. This much-needed new collection situates Ranciere's thought in a range of practical and theoretical contexts.

These specially commissioned essays cover the complete history of Ranciere's work and reflect its interdisciplinary reach. They span his early historical research of the 1960s and '70s, his celebrated critique of pedagogy and his later political theory of dissensus and disagreement, as well as his ongoing analysis of literature and 'the aesthetic regime of art'. Ranciere's resistance to psychoanalytic thinking is also explored, as are his most recent publications on film and film theory. Contributors include Tom Conley, Carolyn Steedman, Genevieve Fraisse, Jean-Luc Nancy, Jeremy Lane, and many more. The book also includes a brand new interview with Ranciere, reflecting on his intellectual project and developing new lines of thought from his latest major work, Aesthesis.

Ranciere Now will be essential reading for students and scholars across the humanities and social sciences; it will stimulate and inspire discussion of Ranciere's work for years to come.


Several states have begun harvesting gray wolves (Canis lupus), and these states and various European countries are closely monitoring their wolf populations. To provide appropriate perspective for determining unusual or extreme fluctuations in their managed wolf populations, we analyzed natural, long-term, wolf-population-density trajectories totaling 130 years of data from 3 areas: Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior, Michigan, USA; the east-central Superior National Forest in northeastern Minnesota, USA; and Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. Ratios between minimum and maximum annual sizes for 2 mainland populations (n = 28 and 46 yr) varied from 2.5–2.8, whereas for Isle Royale (n = 56 yr), the ratio was 6.3. The interquartile range (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for annual growth rates, N t +1/N t , was (0.88, 1.14), (0.92, 1.11), and (0.86, 1.12) for Denali, Superior National Forest, and Isle Royale respectively. We fit a density-independent model and a Ricker model to each time series, and in both cases we considered the potential for observation error. Mean growth rates from the density-independent model were close to 0 for all 3 populations, with 95% credible intervals including 0. We view the estimated model parameters, including those describing annual variability or process variance, as providing useful summaries of the trajectories of these populations. The estimates of these natural wolf population parameters can serve as benchmarks for comparison with those of recovering wolf populations. Because our study populations were all from circumscribed areas, fluctuations in them represent fluctuations in densities (i.e., changes in numbers are not confounded by changes in occupied area as would be the case with populations expanding their range, as are wolf populations in many states). © 2014 The Wildlife Society.


This paper discusses a strategy for speeding up the mesh deformation process in the design-byoptimization of high-frequency components involving electromagnetic field simulations using the 3D finite element method (FEM). The mesh deformation is assumed to be described by a linear elasticity model of a rigid body; therefore, each time the shape of the device is changed, an auxiliary elasticity finite-element problem must be solved. In order to accomplish this in a very short time numerical integration and the solution of the resulting system of equations are performed using a graphics processing unit (GPU). The performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated are verified using a complex example involving 3D FEM analysis of a dielectric-resonator filter.


Why are there so many crises in the world? Is it true that the global system is today riskier and more dangerous than in past decades? Do we have any tools at our disposal to bring these problems under control, to reduce the global system's proneness to instability? These are the tantalizing questions addressed in this book. Using a variety of demographic, economic, financial, social, and political indicators, the book demonstrates that the global system has indeed become an 'architecture of collapse' subject to a variety of shocks. An analysis of the global financial crisis of 2008, the bilateral relationship between the U.S. and China, and the European sovereign debt crisis illustrates how the complexity and tight coupling of system components creates a situation of precarious stability and periodic disruption. This state of affairs can only be improved by enhancing the shock-absorbing components of the system, especially the capacity of states and governments to act, and by containing the shock-diffusing mechanisms. In particular, those related to phenomena such as trade imbalances, portfolio investment, cross-border banking, population ageing, and income and wealth inequality.


Objectives: The Aboriginal Cultural Safety Initiative (ACSI) created at Anishnawbe Health Toronto offers an innovative curriculum to address gaps in postsecondary health sciences curricula in this area for future healthcare providers. Participants: Evaluations were collected from 1,275 students in health sciences programs in colleges and universities in Ontario. Setting: Trained volunteer Aboriginal instructors were invited as guest speakers to college and university classes in various health science disciplines. Intervention: Our instructors offered a 2- to 3-hour teaching session to health sciences students that included 3 modules on the health of Aboriginal peoples: (a) The impact of colonial and postcolonial policies on social determinants of health, (b) Contemporary health determinants and health outcomes, and (c) Aboriginal concepts of health and healing practices. Outcomes: The ACSI was able to impart the intended learning objectives to a wide array of students across health sciences disciplines, as demonstrated in the student evaluations. A significant number of students reported that their knowledge of, and interest in, Aboriginal health increased substantially when compared to their prior knowledge and interest. Conclusion: The success of this program suggests that, in the absence of Aboriginal faculty members in postsecondary health sciences departments, a committed cadre of volunteer Aboriginal instructors can improve student knowledge around issues related to Aboriginal health and can influence student attitudes through the inclusion of personal experiences in the teaching session. A lack of availability in curriculum time continues to be the largest obstacle to including content on Aboriginal cultural safety in health sciences programs.


Abstract. Wind measurements from a meteor radar on Ascension Island (8° S, 14° W) and simultaneous temperature measurements from the Aura MLS instrument are used to characterise ultra-fast Kelvin waves (UFKW) of zonal wavenumber 1 (E1) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) in the years 2005–2010. These observations are compared with some predictions of the Kyushu-general circulation model. Good agreement is found between observations of the UFKW in the winds and temperatures, and also with the properties of the waves in the Kyushu-GCM. UFKW are found at periods between 2.5–4.5 days with amplitudes of up to 40 m s −1 in the zonal winds and 6 K in the temperatures. The average vertical wavelength is found to be 44 km. Amplitudes vary with latitude in a Gaussian manner with the maxima centred over the equator. Dissipation of the waves results in monthly-mean eastward accelerations of 0.2–0.9 m s −1 day −1 at heights around 95 km, with 5-day mean peak values of 4 m s −1 day −1 . Largest wave amplitudes and variances are observed over Indonesia and central Africa and may be a result of very strong moist convective heating over those regions. Rainfall data from TRMM are used as a proxy for latent-heat release in an investigation of the excitation of these waves. No strong correlation is found between the occurrence of large-amplitude mesospheric UFKW events and either the magnitude of the equatorial rainfall or the amplitudes of E1 signatures in the rainfall time series, indicating that either other sources or the propagation environment are more important in determining the amplitude of UFKW in the MLT. A strong semiannual variation in wave amplitudes is observed. Intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) with periods 25–60 days are evident in the zonal background winds, zonal-mean temperature, UFKW amplitudes, UFKW accelerations and the rainfall rate. This suggests that UFKW play a role in carrying the signature of tropospheric ISOs to the MLT region.


Alo, F., W. Al-Saaid, M. Baum, H. Alatwani and A. Amri. 2018. Slow rusting of bread wheat landraces to Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici under artificial field inoculation. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 36(2): 164-175. Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the most devastating fungal disease of wheat, especially in the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region. Most of the released cultivars in CWANA have become susceptible to the new virulence Yr27. Growing durable resistance cultivars is the most economical control measure. A field study was conducted to evaluate 500 bread wheat landraces along with the susceptible control 'Morocco' using artificial inoculation under field conditions at Tel Hadia, Syria during 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons. The most prevailing and spreading yellow rust virulence (70E214) was used for artificial inoculation. Disease scoring started when disease severity was more than 50% on the leaves of cv. Morocco and continued for four readings at 7 days intervals. Slow rusting resistance was assessed based on development of the disease over time using the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), coefficient of infection (CI), final rust severity (FRS), infection rate "r" and relative resistance index (RRI). None of the landraces showed immune reaction and 10% showed the lowest values for all parameters, suggesting that major genes control resistance in these landraces. Approximately 65% of the landraces were marked as having different levels of slow rusting and 25% were highly susceptible. Cluster analysis based on partial resistance parameters of the landraces along with cv. Morocco revealed two major clusters: susceptible and low level of slow rusting were grouped in the first cluster; resistant, high level and moderate level of partial resistance were grouped in the second cluster. These groups were also confirmed using principal coordinate analysis. By comparing the results of RRI and others parameters, it appeared that landraces with very low values exhibited high RRI value of 9, while those that showed high, moderate, and low levels of slow rusting, had RRI ranges of 8-9, 7-8 and 5-7, respectively. Landraces with maximum values from each parameter showed very low RRI values of less than 5. The results also suggest that AUDPC, CI, and FRS are the more appropriate parameters for assessing slow rusting than infection rate. Correlation coefficient and principle component analysis revealed a high and positive correlation between these parameters.


Adaptive equivalence has been demonstrated by Crawford for long-term dark adaptation; he showed that after the observer remained a certain time in the dark, increment thresholds equivalent to the absolute threshold were the same for all target diameters used and indicated that a single variable controls the spatial integration of light. Equivalence was investigated in the present study for early dark adaptation using two target diameters (0.25 and 0.96 deg) and four combinations of chromatic test and adapting stimuli (red on red, blue on blue, red on blue, and blue on red). In general, the results showed that adaptive states as produced by steady and transient conditions of adaptation do not appear to be equivalent during this early period of dark adaptation, and indicated that more than one process controls the spatial integration of light under the conditions investigated. It is hypothesized that these processes are excitation and inhibition in the visual receptive field. One subject, however, showed approximate equivalence for the homochromatic conditions (red on red and blue on blue), but none for the heterochromatic conditions (red on blue and blue on red) indicating perhaps interaction between color mechanisms. Spatial effects were also noted as a result of varying target size; these effects suggested lateral interaction of groups of receptors rather than the activity of single receptors during early dark adaptation.


This paper explores the possible job creation effect of innovation activity. We analyze a unique panel dataset covering almost 20,000 patenting firms from Europe over the period 2003-2012. The main outcome from the proposed GMM-SYS estimations is the labour-friendly nature of innovation, which we measure in terms of forward-citation weighted patents. However, this positive impact of innovation is statistically significant only for firms in the high-tech manufacturing sectors, while not significant in low-tech manufacturing and services.


As the primary objectives of the European integration process in the 1950s aimed at deepening the economic
cooperation between the Member States, the external dimension of the Community activities had predominantly
of economic and trade-related nature. Accordingly, the objectives and principles of the Common Commercial
Policy (CCP) were laid down in a homogeneous, consistent and relatively closed structure. This consistency was
driven, above all, by the objective of the liberalization, which allowed the legal and policy framework of the CCP to
develop in line with the Community's free trade commitments to the international economic order, especially to
the GATT. However, the expansion of the external policy horizon of the European Communities and the
introduction of new policy fields led to conflicts of objectives more frequently, causing tensions between the CCP
and other external policy areas. In other terms, the separation of the external activities presented dilemmas above
all in policy decisions when the policy areas concerned had overlapping or conflicting objectives. Consequently,
e.g. the economic sanctions might have been practically difficult to impose, because the policy decision required
not only the economic and trade concerns to be taken into account, but the foreign policy interests had to be
reflected as well. In other words, the main question was whether the CCP could be determined in isolation of its
own logic based on the concept of the gradual, progressive liberalization, or values and concerns of other external
policy fields, being not necessarily of trade-related nature, could (or should) be respected in the same way.
Due to the Treaty of Lisbon the CCP has become an integral part of the European Union's external action, which
also established a general framework for values and principles, requiring the Union to pursue these concepts in the
whole range of the EU external relations. Therefore, the functioning of the CCP is based on a two-level structure of
values and principles now, which encompasses not only the proper, trade-related concepts, such as progressive
liberalization, but includes several non-trade concerns, like protection of human rights, or promotion of
sustainable development as well. Even though the Treaty succeeded in merging the diverging areas of the EU
external action, the apparently more coherent construction does not firmly answer the question how the values
and principles might relate to the specific concerns and needs of the CCP, and what role these concepts are playing
in the operation of the EU trade policy.


The FHDL (Florida Hardware Design Language) ROM tools provide a method for specifying, simulating, and automatically laying out ROMs. The primary focus of the ROM tools is on providing powerful methods for specifying microcode. Because the ROM tools were designed to support both VLSI design projects and other course work in hardware design, the ROM language contains many features that allow it to emulate other ROM programming languages. This allows students to complete laboratory exercises using a language that is similar to the one used in their textbook. Once the contents of a ROM have been specified, the ROM can be simulated concurrently with the simulation of the other hardware comprising the design. This allows designs to be debugged before they are fabricated. Once a design has been verified, the ROM can be laid out automatically and incorporated into a larger VLSI circuit. The automatic layout portion of the FHDL ROM tools is the subject of on-going research at the University of South Florida.


In The Due Process and Other Constitutional Rights of Foreign Nations, Professor Ingrid Wuerth boldly goes where few U.S. federal courts and scholars have gone before to advance a reading of the U.S. Constitution that provides constitutional protections for foreign nations when they are sued in U.S. federal courts. In Professor Wuerth's reading of the Constitution, because Article III vests and extends to U.S. federal courts original jurisdiction over suits "between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects," denying foreign nations personal jurisdiction and notice is contrary to the "purpose" of Article III as understood during the founding era (which is to protect foreign nations from unfair proceedings and to prevent international discord). Professor Wuerth extends this line of argument to the Fifth Amendment. Because the Fifth Amendment protects a "person" from deprivations of "property" without "due process of law," she argues that the process due in federal court included certain process even as to foreign nations. Next, Professor Wuerth claims that separation of powers principles compel a similar conclusion. As Professor Wuerth recognizes, such a reading of the Constitution is not supported by current Supreme Court case law, most lower court case law, or the scholarly conventional wisdom, although she does note that it is supported by some lower court case law pre-dating the FSIA. Professor Wuerth's analysis is not only novel but also potentially groundbreaking, if correct. It opens up new lines of argument for foreign sovereigns and foreign-state entities appearing before U.S. federal courts and challenges the foundation for the treatment of foreign sovereigns and their entities by federal courts. Indeed, Professor Wuerth's argument might call into question parts of the FSIA. This article evaluates whether Professor Wuerth's reading of the Constitution is correct. In so doing, this article considers the original understanding of these provisions, the law of nations as understood during the founding era, and Supreme Court case law close to the time of the founding. As explained below, I conclude that it is questionable that the Constitution extends rights to foreign nations. I examine Professor Wuerth's claim that Article III and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment provide rights and protections for foreign states when they are sued in a U.S. federal court. Based on my review of the text of these provisions, as well as the best founding-era picture we can construct from early Supreme Court case law and the understanding of the law of nations at that time, it is questionable that the Constitution grants constitutional rights to foreign states.


Iron (Fe) is required for plant health, but it can also be toxic when present in excess. Therefore, Fe levels must be tightly controlled. The Arabidopsis thaliana E3 ligase BRUTUS (BTS) is involved in the negative regulation of the Fe deficiency response and we show here that the two A. thaliana BTS paralogs, BTS LIKE1 (BTSL1) and BTS LIKE2 (BTSL2) encode proteins that act redundantly as negative regulators of the Fe deficiency response. Loss of both of these E3 ligases enhances tolerance to Fe deficiency. We further generated a triple mutant with loss of both BTS paralogs and a partial loss of BTS expression that exhibits even greater tolerance to Fe-deficient conditions and increased Fe accumulation without any resulting Fe toxicity effects. Finally, we identified a mutant carrying a novel missense mutation of BTS that exhibits an Fe deficiency response in the root when grown under both Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient conditions, leading to Fe toxicity when plants are grown under Fe-sufficient conditions.


The study presented in this paper focuses on young people's languaging, or ways-with-being-with-words, including literacies, in everyday practices that stretch across formal and informal learning spaces. Taking sociocultural and ethnographic points of departure, the aim of the study is to investigate aspects of young people's situated and distributed ways of engaging in knowledge production in academic 'writing' genres, as well as their agency in relation to pedagogic goals as administered by teachers in these practices. Through analysis of data sets consisting of field notes, video recordings and particularly literacy data, the study presents analysis of three cases of students' work in project-based learning and instructional tasks inside and outside a 'bilingual–bicultural' school setting. The paper puts forth a multi-dimensional analysis of communicative and learning practices and suggests refocusing scholarly interests of 'multilingualism' towards an examination of different dimensions of modalities and language varieties in languaging practices. The findings indicate that student agency is central in contributing to the shaping of the nature of their languaging across the interrelated dimensions of time and space. Furthermore, this study suggests that pedagogical practices in language, including literacy, classes need to be transformed and recontextualized in order to embrace student agency.


Summaries The long‐persisting and erroneous conception of famine among the pastoral Turkana of Kenya as an essentially 'drought‐driven' event has given way to growing recognition today of the key role which livestock raiding plays in the breakdown of coping strategies. However, this article argues that the phenomenon of cattle raids per se is not the problem. Rather it is the fashion in which raiding has been transformed over the years, from a quasi‐cultural practice with important livelihood‐enhancing functions, into more predatory forms driven by an economic logic and modern forms of violence. This article seeks to understand predatory raiding and its effects in terms of the changing functions which raiding serves within pastoral society and, increasingly, outside it. The article uses a model of armed conflict and livelihood vulnerability to illustrate how violence and the threat of violence interact with drought to undermine the coping strategies of herders.


Veterinary surgeons in general practice are frequently presented with injured or orphaned animals by wildlife rescue centres, members of the public or police officers. Following treatment, many of these animals are released to the wild. Despite the large numbers of wildlife casualties rehabilitated in this way there are few published data detailing species, numbers treated, quality of care provided and outcome following release. There is also ongoing debate regarding the welfare and conservation benefits of such human intervention. This article reviews the available published evidence on wildlife rehabilitation and offers recommendations on future policy.


ABSTRACT The serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt plays a central role in many cellular processes, including cell growth, glucose metabolism, and apoptosis. However, the identification and validation of novel regulators or effectors is key to future advances in understanding the multiple functions of PKB. Here we report the identification of a novel PKB binding protein, called Ft1, from a cDNA library screen using a green fluorescent protein-based protein-fragment complementation assay. We show that the Ft1 protein interacts directly with PKB, enhancing the phosphorylation of both of its regulatory sites by promoting its interaction with the upstream kinase PDK1. Further, the modulation of PKB activity by Ft1 has a strong effect on the apoptosis susceptibility of T lymphocytes treated with glucocorticoids. We demonstrate that this phenomenon occurs via a PDK1/PKB/GSK3/NF-ATc signaling cascade that controls the production of the proapoptotic hormone Fas ligand. The wide distribution of Ft1 in adult tissues suggests that it could be a general regulator of PKB activity in the control of differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in many cell types.


The ATP2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for the cytoplasmically synthesized beta-subunit protein of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase. To define the amino acid sequence determinants necessary for the in vivo targeting and import of this protein into mitochondria, we have constructed gene fusions between the ATP2 gene and either the Escherichia coli lacZ gene or the S. cerevisiae SUC2 gene (which codes for invertase). The ATP2-lacZ and ATP2-SUC2 gene fusions code for hybrid proteins that are efficiently targeted to yeast mitochondria in vivo. The mitochondrially associated hybrid proteins fractionate with the inner mitochondrial membrane and are resistant to proteinase digestion in the isolated organelle. Results obtained with the gene fusions and with targeting-defective ATP2 deletion mutants provide evidence that the amino-terminal 27 amino acids of the beta-subunit protein precursor are sufficient to direct both specific sorting of this protein to yeast mitochondria and its import into the organelle. Also, we have observed that certain of the mitochondrially associated Atp2-LacZ and Atp2-Suc2 hybrid proteins confer a novel respiration- defective phenotype to yeast cells.