We present a large database of geophysical, petrological and mineralogical measurements for the ~3000 m Bellevue borehole through the entire Upper Zone (UZ) and about half of the Main Zone (MZ) of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Magnetic susceptibilty readings were taken every 2 cm (n = 109,360) and densities were measured on average every 1.7 m (n = 2252). Petrographic data and microprobe analyses (n = 14,160) were obtained for plagioclase, mafic silicates, Fe-Ti oxides, amphibole and biotite in 502 samples throughout the entire sequence of layered mafic cumulates. The Bellevue UZ, as marked by the first appearance of cumulus magnetite, is ~1190 m thick (corrected for mean dip of 17.5°), which is less than UZ thicknesses in the Eastern and Western Lobes. A prominent 4 m thick pyroxenite horizon occurs ~390 m below the UZ-MZ boundary, but we show on the basis of mineralogy that this horizon cannot be correlated with the well known Pyroxenite Marker (PM) of the Eastern and Western Bushveld Complex. If the PM is indeed absent in the Northern Lobe, then a substantial portion, perhaps 500 m of the uppermost MZ may be missing; possible causes include non-deposition ( e.g. due to syn-magmatic upwarping or diapirism) or removal (e.g. due to emplacement of UZ magmas). The Bellevue drillcore penetrated only about half of the MZ (total dip-corrected thickness ~1270 m), and the lowermost ~200 m contains unusual olivine-bearing (or troctolitic) horizons that are atypical of MZ rocks elsewhere in the Bushveld Complex. These troctolites have mineral compositions as primitive as those of the upper Critical Zone (CZ), suggesting that they might represent a sliver of CZ rocks dismembered by intrusion of MZ magmas. Alternatively, they may represent an intrusive sill of syn- or post-Bushveld age, or merely a mineralogically unusual horizon in otherwise typical MZ lithologies.

Mineral compositions show broad normal fractionation upwards, with plagioclase An78→21, opx (and inverted pigeonite) En 80→26, cpx Mg 86→27, olivine Fo 78→74 (in the lowermost troctolitic horizon) and Fo 59→06 (in the UZ olivine ferrodiorites). There are, however, numerous prominent reversals and discontinuities in mineral compositions, some of which are likely related to magma additions. The extensive dataset of mineral compositions allows the estimation of a new fractionation trend for the Bushveld Complex. On an En-An diagram, the Bushveld trend is shifted toward more An-rich plagioclase at equivalent Mg# of coexisting pyroxenes relative to those for Kiglapait or Skaergaard. This is attributed to the relative paucity in Bushveld of augite, which has a high fractionating power for Ca/Na in evolving liquids.

Magnetic susceptibility data clearly reveal the presence of the UZ-MZ boundary. MZ cumulates have susceptibilty values <0.05 SI units, and generally <0.02 SI units. Above the UZ-MZ boundary, susceptibilty varies enormously, from anorthosites (<0.1 SI units) to magnetitites (to almost 5 SI units), and there is excellent correlation between susceptibility and lithology, in many cases to a resolution of <5 to 10 cm. Anorthositic rocks, especially in the MZ, commonly show higher susceptibilty than surrounding polyphase cumulates, due to intercumulus and/or dust-like inclusions of magnetite. Density data reveal surprising cyclicity in the Main Zone on the scale of 50 to 200 m, with progressively increasing density upwards in individual layered units, reflecting gradual increase in modal colour index from 0 to 10% to 50 to 60%. In some cases the upward density increases are correlated with broad reversals in chemical fractionation trends (e.g. upward increases in Mg# of pyroxenes), arguing against simple fractionation. We suggest that such layers may represent blending zones in which dense liquids and/or crystals from new magma additions drain downwards into the existing cumulate pile. MZ cumulates, therefore, may have been constructed by successive, compositionally different magmatic influxes, implying the existence of a sub-Bushveld magmatic staging chamber.


We use sediment ages and mercury (Hg) concentrations to estimate past and future concentrations in the South River, Virginia, where Hg was released between 1930 and 1950 from a manufacturing process related to nylon production. In a previous study, along a 40 km (25 mi) reach, samples were collected from 26 of 54 fine-grained deposits that formed in the lee of large wood obstructions in the channel and analyzed for grain size, Hg concentration, and organic content. We also obtained radiometric dates from six deposits. To create a history that reflects the full concentration distribution (which contains concentrations as high as 900 mg/kg [900 ppm]), here, we treat the deposits as a single reservoir exchanging contaminated sediments with the overlying water column, and assume that the total sediment mass in storage and the distribution of sediment ages are time invariant. We use reservoir theory to reconstruct the annual history of Hg concentration on suspended sediment using data from our previous study and new results presented here. Many different reconstructed histories fit our data. To constrain results, we use information from a well-preserved core (and our estimate of the total mass of Hg stored in 2007) to specify the years associated with the peak concentration of 900 mg/kg. Our results indicate that around 850 kg (1874 lb) of Hg was stored in the deposits between 1955 and 1961, compared to only 80 kg (176 lb) today. Simulations of future Hg remediation suggest that 100-yr timescales will be needed for the South River to remove Hg-contaminated sediments from the channel perimeter through natural processes.


Abstract The Takab meta-ultramaflc rocks of northwestern Iran crop out in association with a variety of metamorphic rocks and they can be divided into three types on the basis of dominant mineral assemblage and degree of serpentinization: metaperidotites, talc-serpentine rocks and serpentinites. The peridotite protoliths were mainly spinel-harzburgites and -dunites. The talc-serpentine rocks formed under low-grade conditions and their dominant mineral assemblage is lizardite/chrysotile + talc + calcite/dolomite. Pseudomorphic textures after olivine and pyroxene are typical. Later, lower amphibolite-facies metamorphism produced antigorite, clinochlore and tremolite. Late alteration, assisted by local shearing, produced more antigorite and late lizardite in the metaperidotites. The mineral chemistry of the serpentine polymorphs is variable. Compositions of coexisting spinel and olivine point to an ophiolitic origin. Thermometric estimates from co-existing relict olivine, pyroxenes and spinel are in the range 1000 - 1200°C; clinopyroxene barometry yields a pressure of 24 ± 2.7 kbar for the mantle conditions. Exhumation and hydration followed, and the stability of lizardite/chrysotile constrains the T and XCO₂ to < 280°C and <0.002, respectively. Subsequent prograde regional metamorphism took place in an orogenic setting, reaching peak temperatures in the range 410-540°C at XCO₂ > 0.1 . A Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian age for the Takab protoliths is suggested on the basis of correlations with the Central Iran Zone. The strips of ultramafic rock in the Takab complex can be attributed to lithospheric remnants of the Proto-Tethyan ocean which closed during the Pan-African orogeny.


As the final stage of undergraduate course for students in Construction Management, the graduation design is to verify the studentsÂ' professional knowledge and ability to solve real problemin practice. But currently, there are many problems in the stage of graduation design, including selecting improper topics, incompletely appraisal mechanism, low efficiency and etc. This paper intended to introduce BIM technology to establish an innovation implementing process and make the graduation design more efficient and beneficial. The innovationmodel leads the graduation design to be visualized, integrated, cooperative. Based on the comparative study, this paper gives an improved performance in cost and time.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the reuse of sucrose syrup in pineapple (Ananas comosus) osmotic dehydration and the application of the spent solution in fruit dragée formulation. Osmotic dehydration trials were performed in five cycles (65° Brix/45°C/3 hours), directly reusing the osmotic solution, with only one intermediate reconditioning step. Variations in osmotic solution properties and in dehydration parameters were observed, as well as a low microbial load in the system. The spent solution was rich in vitamin C (30 mg 100 g-1). Pineapple dragée covered with red fruits and acai powders were obtained with the reconditioned spent solution used as an adhesion solution. The dragée presented high levels of vitamin C (176 mg 100 g-1), polyphenols (154 mg GAE 100-1 g), carotenoids (220 μg 100 g-1), and potassium (330 mg 100 g-1). The product showed good sensory acceptance and purchase intention. Reusing sucrose syrup is technically feasible during pineapple osmotic dehydration, as is the application of the spent solution as an ingredient in fruit dragée production.


the article analyzes the use of household items in the art of Uzbek dance, their formation in modern choreographic works, their role and functions in the process of creating artistic imagery in dances, national charm, compositional techniques. The dance has a national color, which is embedded in the socio-cultural life of the Uzbek people and reflects the character and way of life of the people. It is extremely important to study the dialectical principles of the art of dance, which gives a person aesthetic pleasure, pleasure and peace of mind, romantic inspiration, in connection with the national character and centuries-old traditions, spiritual values of the people. It is well known that social realities, including the art of dance, develop in sync with the times. Like other forms of art, artistic generalization as a figurative image is a spiritual wealth that enriches human spirituality, cultivates aesthetic taste, teaches to understand the concepts of beauty, promotes national values.


Introduction: Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) associates with inflammation, insulin resistance(IR) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), healthy African Americans (AA) have less VAT but increased risk for IR and CRC. The association between VAT, CRC and race/ethnicity is unclear.
Methods: A case-control study (N=256; 128 cases, 128 controls) of AA and NHW patients with and without incident CRC characterized the relationship between abdominal adipose tissues (AAT), CRC and race/ethnicity. Cross-sectional computed tomography(CT) images were quantified for abdominal circumference (WC), VAT and other AAT. A cross-sectional analysis of serum samples from cases were used to assess the association between AAT, race/ethnicity and CRC. Also, a cross-sectional analysis was also used to explore the existence of hepatic steatosis by measuring hepatic fat content(HFC) in both groups.
Results: Median and interquartile for age, body mass index (BMI), and WC were 62(10)years, 27(7)kg/m2 and 104(17)cm, respectively; sample was 79%(176/256) AA, 63%(158/256). Also, 28%(35/128) of cases and 31%(39/128) were obese (BMI≥30). No significant differences were found for VAT between cases and controls (p=0.9316) however, superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (SSAT) was significantly higher in cases (p=0.0005). AA cases and controls had significantly lower VAT compared to NHW counterparts. Conditional logistic regression revealed that SSAT reduced the odds of CRC for AA only (OR: 0.24, 95%CI 0.07-0.85). Adiponectin and insulin-growth factor binding protein-3 were significantly lower in AA males compared to NHW males. The non-contrast technique of CT images showed lower prevalence of HFC for overall sample.
Conclusions: No VAT-related CRC phenotype was found between cases and controls. Differences in VAT between AA and NHW cases versus controls resembles the body composition phenotype of healthy populations. The role of SSAT as protective against CRC requires further investigation especially in light of its accessibility for biopsy studies and the availability of new inexpensive and risk - free techniques for measuring SSAT using an ultrasound. The role of VAT and other AAT in the CRC pathway remains to be determined.


Kauri dieback caused by Phytophthora agathidicida is a serious problem affecting forests throughout the upper North Island. A potential control tool is the use of phosphorus acid (phosphite) as a foliar spray. This study investigates various commercial formulations of phosphorus acid in combination with adjuvants, for their potential uptake into kauri foliage. Large differences were seen in the uptake between the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) leaf surfaces. The upper kauri leaf surface gave negligible uptake ( 65% uptake across all formulations tested. From these results, the potential for spray operations is discussed.


One way to quantify how dense a multidag is in long paths is to find the largest n, m such that whichever ≤ n edges are removed, there is still a path from an original input to an original output with ≥ m edges the larger we can make n, m, the denser is the graph. For a given n, m, we would like to lower bound the size such a graph, say in edges, at least when restricting to a particular class of graphs. A bound of Ω(n lgm) was provided in [Val77] for one notion of series-parallel graphs. Here we reprove the same result but in greater detail and relate that notion of series-parallel to other popular notions of series-parallel. In particular, we show that that notion is more general than minimal series-parallel and two terminal series-parallel.


This study examined the factors responsible for the poor quality of the teaching of English as a second language in public secondary schools in Nigeria. To guide the study three research questions were posed. The questions examined the following three variables: (1) Frequency of the use of instructional media; (2) Frequency of the use of instructional techniques; and (3) The school learning environment. A questionnaire was distributed to 3000 senior secondary school students across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Results revealed that English language teachers do not frequently use modern instructional technologies and variety of teaching techniques in their English language lessons. It was also found that students learn under harsh environment, which is often rowdy, congested and noisy. BACKGROUND Though, many people would agree that there is an observable fall in standard of education in Nigeria, nobody in his widest imagination would have believed that university education in Nigeria has fallen to an abysmally low level as a World Bank study came up with a report that university education in Nigeria has degenerated in the past 15 to 16 years. The shocking news which was reported as one of the lead headlines in The Guardian, one of Nigeria's major daily newspapers, was published on the 19th of February, 2001. The screaming headline reads; "World Bank report scores Nigerian graduates low" The Guardian Newspapers quoted the World Bank sponsored study that; "Nigeria University graduates are poorly trained and unproductive on the job.... Graduate skills have steadily deteriorated over the past decade" (p. 1). According to the report, the poor performance of Nigerian graduates is particularly evident in two areas; poor mastery of the English Language and lack of requisite technical skill. It was ascertained in the report that the deficiencies in both vital areas make Nigerian graduates of the past fifteen years unfit for the labour market, and sometimes the larger society. Shortcomings were particularly observed in oral and written communication, and applied technical skills. The study also indicated that a serious disconnection exists between university training and the needs of the labour market and this has been socially costly to the country. The report showed that, in many cases, employers of labour compensate for insufficient academic preparation by organizing remedial courses for new employees at great expenses. This often increased the companies operating cost and reduced profitability. Though the study may have identified major areas of the decline in the university education, the actual problem may have its roots at the secondary school level. For it is at the secondary school level that the potential undergraduate is given adequate foundation in the use of English. A mastery of written and spoken language is highly desirable, yet its teaching and learning is beset by a myriad of problems at the secondary school level. (Kolawole 1998). THE PROBLEM Majority of the students who are admitted into the University in Nigeria have no ample opportunity to study English Language any more, except those who are admitted to study English and related subjects such as linguistics and literature in English. Though, all students admitted into the universities in Nigeria are encouraged to take few courses in the use of English, the content of these English courses are grossly inadequate for the students to acquire requisite skills in effective use of language for communication and for the give and take of social experience. In order to study English as a second language and be successful at it, the student must be helped by the teacher to acquire skills in the four language arts skills; namely: Speaking, reading, listening and writing. Language is the vehicle of social interaction and we need effective language to function properly in the work place, social interaction, and indeed, for functional literacy. …


This paper reports on fabrication and modeling of 4H- and 6H-SiC metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors (PDs). MSM PDs have been fabricated on 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC epitaxial layers, and their performance analyzed by MEDICI simulation and measurements. The simulations were also used to optimize the sensitivity by varying the width and spacing of the interdigitated electrodes. The fabricated PDs with 2 µm wide metal electrodes and 3 µm spacing between the electrodes exhibited, under UV illumination, a peak current to dark current ratio of 105 and 104 in 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC, respectively. The measured spectral responsivity of 6H-SiC PDs was higher compared to that of 4H-SiC PDs, with a cutoff at 407 nm compared to 384 nm in 4H-SiC PDs. Also the peak responsivity occurred at a shorter wavelength in 6H material. A high rejection ratio between the photocurrent and dark current was found in both cases. These experimental results were in agreement with simulation.


In this paper, we propose a super-resolution image reconstruction algorithm to moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing images. This algorithm consists of two parts: registration and reconstruction. In the registration part, a truncated quadratic cost function is used to exclude the outlier pixels, which strongly deviate from the registration model. Accurate photometric and geometric registration parameters can be obtained simultaneously. In the reconstruction part, the L1 norm data fidelity term is chosen to reduce the effects of inevitable registration error, and a Huber prior is used as regularization to preserve sharp edges in the reconstructed image. In this process, the outliers are excluded again to enhance the robustness of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been tested using real MODIS band-4 images, which were captured in different dates. The experimental results and comparative analyses verify the effectiveness of this algorithm.


Carbon dioxide drawdown resulting from enhanced chemical weathering during orogenesis has been invoked to explain late Cenozoic global cooling. Establishing chemical weathering records from the India–Asia collision zone is important to test this hypothesis because uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is thought to be responsible for Cenozoic cooling. However, proxies for the intensity of chemical weathering can be affected by additional factors, such as sediment grain size and provenance. Here we report major element compositions and calculated chemical weathering intensity records of three size fractions (0–5, 5–20, 20–63 μm) from the Dahonggou section of the Qaidam Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and compare those records with published provenance data from the same section. Results show that the indices of the fine (0–5 μm) fraction vary in coordination with provenance shifts, but variations of the 5–20 and 20–63 μm fractions are less affected by provenance variations. Comparison with Upper Continental Crust reveals that some labile elements are not leached but instead are enriched in the fine fraction, indicating that it does not faithfully record chemical weathering intensity. In addition, weathering can result in clay mineral transformation instead of elemental variations, complicating the relationship between element‐based parameters and weathering intensity. This work suggests that changes in sediment provenance must be accounted for when inferring variations in chemical weathering intensity on the basis of element‐based weathering intensity indices of the clay fraction.


Sleep disorders, including insomnia and excessive sleepiness, affect a significant proportion of patients with cancer and survivors, often in combination with fatigue, anxiety, and depression. Improvements in sleep lead to improvements in fatigue, mood, and quality of life. This section of the NCCN Guidelines for Survivorship provides screening, diagnosis, and management recommendations for sleep disorders in survivors. Management includes combinations of sleep hygiene education, physical activity, psychosocial interventions, and pharmacologic treatments.


Purpose: Providing educational services for Syrian refugee children is a new fact of life in Turkey, and the teachers who work at public schools and temporary education centers encounter some difficulties. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the problems faced in the process of educating Syrian refugee children as well as the solutions to such difficulties recommended by the teachers. Research Methods: The study was carried out using qualitative research methods and the phenomenological model to investigate the problems faced in the process of educating the Syrian students'. The purposive sampling method was used in order to identify the participants. Thereafter; the plan was to interview the participants consisting of nine teachers of Syrian students. Interview forms were designed and developed by the researchers and used in the study. The content analysis technique was used during the analysis of the data. The Nvivo 10 package program was used. Findings: In the study, the problems faced by the teachers were identified as a language barrier, cultural problems and discipline problems. While the teachers at the public schools appear to think that the students are on good terms with their friends, teachers and the school principal, the teachers at the temporary education centers seem to have a completely opposite view on the matter. Teachers state that they do not receive adequate support in the process of educating Syrian students and add that the students are provided with limited books and additional class support. Last, to solve these problems, the teachers recommend that the language barrier be overcome by teaching the Syrians the Turkish language, that materials and a curriculum for Turkish language education be developed, that the Syrian students be taught separately from the Turkish students, that the teachers be provided with in-service seminars, and that class populations be reduced. Implications for Research and Practice: Teaching so many refugees is a new phenomenon for Turkey. In order to properly overcome this issue, the MoNE must be in close contact with the teachers and educational institutions working in this process. Also, for the healthy functioning of this process, the need for support from both the general public and national and international organizations should not be ignored.


Are you doing all you can to further your career as a software developer? With today's rapidly changing and ever-expanding technologies, being successful requires more than technical expertise. To grow professionally, you also need soft skills and effective learning techniques. Honing those skills is what this book is all about. Authors Dave Hoover and Adewale Oshineye have cataloged dozens of behavior patterns to help you perfect essential aspects of your craft. Compiled from years of research, many interviews, and feedback from O'Reilly's online forum, these patterns address difficult situations that programmers, administrators, and DBAs face every day. And it's not just about financial success. Apprenticeship Patterns also approaches software development as a means to personal fulfillment. Discover how this book can help you make the best of both your life and your career. Solutions to some common obstacles that this book explores in-depth include: Burned out at work? "Nurture Your Passion" by finding a pet project to rediscover the joy of problem solving. Feeling overwhelmed by new information? Re-explore familiar territory by building something you've built before, then use "Retreat into Competence" to move forward again. Stuck in your learning? Seek a team of experienced and talented developers with whom you can "Be the Worst" for a while. "Brilliant stuff! Reading this book was like being in a time machine that pulled me back to those key learning moments in my career as a professional software developer and, instead of having to learn best practices the hard way, I had a guru sitting on my shoulder guiding me every step towards master craftsmanship. I'll certainly be recommending this book to clients. I wish I had this book 14 years ago!" -Russ Miles, CEO, OpenCredo


This article examines the relationship between different forms of cultural taste and the density of social contacts across alternative types of network relations classified by average tie strength. The author builds on Bourdieu's ([1986] 2001) classic statement on the "forms of capital" (economic, social, and cultural) and the conversion dynamics among them, and on DiMaggio's (1987) connection between cultural tastes and sociability. He hypothesizes that (1) in addition to cultural tastes being determined by network relations, cultural tastes are used to form and sustain those networks. Furthermore he expects that (2) highbrow culture taste will be less likely to be converted into social capital beyond immediate strong-tie circles due to its more restricted, "assetspecific" nature. Because of its generalized appeal, taste for popular culture will be more likely to be associated with weak-tie network density. The results broadly support these hypotheses: a model that specifies an effect of culture on network density provides a better fit to the data than the traditional conception of networks as determining taste. In addition using log-linear models and instrumental-variable methods, I show that popular culture consumption has a positive impact on weak-tie network density but not strong-tie network density, while highbrow culture consumption selectively increases strong-tie density but has no appreciable effect on weak ties, net of standard socioeconomic variables. These findings help to shed light on the mechanisms that translate mastery of different types of cultural knowledge into integration across distant social positions or closure around strong group boundaries. The author also discusses the implications of the results for current models describing the transformation of cultural into social resources.


Tagging systems are intriguing dynamic systems, in which users collaboratively index resources with the so-called tags. In order to leverage the full potential of tagging systems, it is important to understand the relationship between the micro-level behavior of the individual users and the macro-level properties of the whole tagging system. In this thesis, we present the Epistemic Dynamic Model, which tries to bridge this gap between the micro-level behavior and the macro-level properties by developing a theory of tagging systems. The model is based on the assumption that the combined influence of the shared background knowledge of the users and the imitation of tag recommendations are sufficient for explaining the emergence of the tag frequency distribution and the vocabulary growth in tagging systems. Both macro-level properties of tagging systems are closely related to the emergence of the shared community vocabulary. rnrnWith the help of the Epistemic Dynamic Model, we show that the general shape of the tag frequency distribution and of the vocabulary growth have their origin in the shared background knowledge of the users. Tag recommendations can then be used for selectively influencing this general shape. In this thesis, we especially concentrate on studying the influence of recommending a set of popular tags. Recommending popular tags adds a feedback mechanism between the vocabularies of individual users that increases the inter-indexer consistency of the tag assignments. How does this influence the indexing quality in a tagging system? For this purpose, we investigate a methodology for measuring the inter-resource consistency of tag assignments. The inter-resource consistency is an indicator of the indexing quality, which positively correlates with the precision and recall of query results. It measures the degree to which the tag vectors of indexed resources reflect how the users perceive the similarity between resources. We argue with our model, and show it with a user experiment, that recommending popular tags decreases the inter-resource consistency in a tagging system. Furthermore, we show that recommending the user his/her previously used tags helps to increase the inter-resource consistency. Our measure of the inter-resource consistency complements existing measures for the evaluation and comparison of tag recommendation algorithms, moving the focus to evaluating their influence on the indexing quality.


Smartphones are regular classroom accessories. Educators should work with children to understand the capacity of smartphones for learning and civic engagement, rather than being a classroom distraction. This research supports a collaborative project the authors engaged in with students in two states to discover what the perception of smartphone use was by students and teachers. One element of this project included students producing YouTube style tutorials on the educational use of mobile apps. The authors explored smartphone use in the classroom. Student created products correlated to technology trends in K-12 education and their relationship with state by state demographic data.


This paper empirically examines the determinants of the inclusion of European firms in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index and the Dow Jones Stoxx Sustainability Index. While a restricted econometric analysis implies a positive effect of corporate financial performance, this impact becomes ambiguous in more flexible panel probit models. Our estimation results therefore strengthen the importance of the use of panel data and the incorporation of unobserved heterogeneity. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the sustainability assessment and selection process for the composition of the Dow Jones sustainability indexes and thus factors that need not necessarily be directly connected to corporate environmental or social activities also have an influence.


Target strength (TS) may be estimated as a function of fish length (L) by comparing in situ acoustic measurements with the fish size distribution from trawl catches. The acoustic and fishing data are directly comparable only if they are samples from the same population, but the TS measurements depend on the detection of isolated targets which may not be representative of the ensonified population. Errors may occur through the false detection of multiple targets, and the size-dependence of schooling density means that larger fish are more likely to be detected. We show that such effects can result in the estimated TS being biased high. We describe a stochastic method for estimating the constant b in the formula TS=20 Log (L)−b, by a least-squares fitting procedure. It is assumed that the echo-amplitude has a Rayleigh distribution. The method has been applied to data from surveys of cichlids in Lake Malawi. From 33 independent measurements of Diplotaxodonspp. around 15 cm in length, b is 67.4±0.2 dB.


We provide a generic algorithm for constructing formulae that distinguish
behaviourally inequivalent states in systems of various transition types such
as nondeterministic, probabilistic or weighted; genericity over the transition
type is achieved by working with coalgebras for a set functor in the paradigm
of universal coalgebra. For every behavioural equivalence class in a given
system, we construct a formula which holds precisely at the states in that
class. The algorithm instantiates to deterministic finite automata, transition
systems, labelled Markov chains, and systems of many other types. The ambient
logic is a modal logic featuring modalities that are generically extracted from
the functor; these modalities can be systematically translated into custom sets
of modalities in a postprocessing step. The new algorithm builds on an existing
coalgebraic partition refinement algorithm. It runs in time $\mathcal{O}((m+n)
\log n)$ on systems with $n$ states and $m$ transitions, and the same
asymptotic bound applies to the dag size of the formulae it constructs. This
improves the bounds on run time and formula size compared to previous
algorithms even for previously known specific instances, viz. transition
systems and Markov chains; in particular, the best previous bound for
transition systems was $\mathcal{O}(m n)$.


An effective and simple method of vaccinating the free range village chickens against Newcastle disease was investigated. A heat resistant variants of the Australian V4 disease virus designated V4-UPM has been selected for use as an oral vaccine. The oral vaccine was prepared by spraying the heat resistant V4-UPM onto feed pellets. The potency of the vaccine is not affected when added to the pelleted feed. Chickens given the feed pellets vaccine at 3 and 6 weeks of age developed hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and were protected against challenge with the virulent Newcastle disease virus.


In this thesis, the mechanisms of damage and repair in clinically isolated optic neuritis
(ON) were investigated in vivo, by combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
electrophysiology and optical coherence tomography (OCT). ON is a demyelinating,
inflammatory condition of the optic nerve, which may be the first presentation of
multiple sclerosis. The visual prognosis is generally good, despite optic nerve
demyelination and axonal loss, but some patients fail to recover. The aim of this thesis
was to determine the reasons underlying recovery. The hypothesis was that
neuroplastic grey matter reorganisation might contribute to visual outcome.
Structural MRI, electrophysiology and OCT were used to quantify optic nerve
oedema, inflammation, myelination and neuroaxonal loss, and optic radiation and
visual cortical pathology, in a cohort of patients with acute ON, followed up over the
following year. Visual functional MRI (fMRI) was employed to investigate
neuroplasticity.
Acutely, measures of optic nerve inflammation and conduction block were associated
with the severity of acute visual loss, and were used to inform an fMRI analysis, in
order to dissect complex structure-function interactions. Evidence was found for
neuroplasticity in dorsal higher visual areas, which may act to modulate acute visual
dysfunction.
Subsequent longitudinal analyses identified associations between early fMRI
activation in the lateral occipital complexes, a ventral stream higher visual area, and
longer term visual outcome, which were evident on stimulation of either eye, and
independent of measures of myelination and neuroaxonal loss in the visual pathways.
A quadrant-specific fMRI stimulation paradigm was used to investigate recovery from
visual field defects, finding no evidence for field defect-specific neuroplastic
responses.
It was concluded that cortical neuroplasticity appears more important to recovery
from ON than was previously thought, and its contribution is independent of measures
of tissue damage. This may provide a target for future therapeutic approaches in
demyelinating disease.


The Role of Non-specific and Specific Immune Systems in Poultry against Newcastle Disease Newcastle disease (ND) is caused by avian paramyxovirus-1 which belong to Avulavirus genus and Paramyxoviridae family. The birds have abnormalities in humoral (bursa fabricius) and cellular (thymus and spleen) lymphoid organs. Lesions decrease the immune system. Immune system consists of non-specific and specific immune systems. The objective of this article is to discuss the role of non specific and specific immune system in ND. The main components of non-specific immunity are physical and chemical barrier (feather and skin or mucosa), phagocytic cells (macrophages and natural killer), protein complement and the mediator of inflammation and cytokines. Interferons (IFNs) that belong to a group of cytokines play a major role in the nonspecific or innate (natural) immunity. The virulent ND virus encodes protein of V gene can be suppressed IFN type I. This leads to non-specific immune system fail to respond to the virulent strains resulting in severe pathogenicity. The defense mechanism of the host is replaced by specific immunity (adaptive immunity) when natural immunity fails to overcome the infection. The specific immune system consists of humoral mediated immunity (HMI) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The cells of immune system that react specifically with the antigen are B lymphocytes producing the antibodies, T lymphocytes that regulate the synthesis of antibodies and T cells as effector or the direct cytotoxic cells. Both non-specific and specific immunities are complementary against the invasion of ND virus in the birds.


The designs of heterogeneous multi-core multiprocessor real-time systems are evolving for higher energy efficiency at the cost of increased heat density. This adversely effects the reliability and performance of the real-time systems. Moreover, the partitioning of periodic real-time tasks based on their worst case execution time can lead to significant energy wastage. In this paper, we investigate adaptive energy-efficient task partitioning for heterogeneous multi-core multiprocessor realtime systems. We use a power model which incorporates the impact of temperature and voltage of a processor on its static power consumption. Two different thermal models are used to estimate the peak temperature of a processor. We develop two feedback-based optimization and control approaches for adaptively partitioning real-time tasks according to their actual utilizations. Simulation results show that the proposed approaches are effective in minimizing the energy consumption and reducing the number of task migrations.


The Law School Admission Council (LSAC) has a long-standing commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion in legal education and in the legal profession. In line with its mission to promote quality, access, and equity in legal education, LSAC is providing a report, Understanding and Interpreting Law School Enrollment Data: A Focus on Race and Ethnicity, to help law schools, admission professionals, and other legal education stakeholders understand how we are measuring who is in the pipeline. The purpose of the report is to inform conversations about diversity, equity, and inclusion in law school and recruitment efforts. The report outlines the history of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) data reporting standards, how these differ from LSAC data collection and reporting practices, and the social and cultural implications of different race and ethnicity data collection and reporting methods. The report includes examples of how the different methods affect conclusions that can be drawn from analyses of subgroup trends over time.


This paper highlights the statistical procedure used in developing models that have the ability of capturing and forecasting the traffic of mobile communication network operating in Vietnam. To build such models, we follow Box-Jenkins method to construct a multiplicative seasonal ARIMA model to represent the mean component using the past values of traffic, then incorporate a GARCH model to represent its volatility. The traffic is collected from EVN Telecom mobile communication network. Diagnostic tests and examination of forecast accuracy measures indicate that the multiplicative seasonal ARIMA/GARCH model, i.e. ARIMA (1, 0, 1) × (0, 1, 1)24/GARCH (1, 1) shows a good estimation when dealing with volatility clustering in the data series. This model can be considered to be a flexible model to capture well the characteristics of EVN traffic series and give reasonable forecasting results. Moreover, in such situations that the volatility is not necessary to be taken into account, i.e. short-term prediction, the multiplicative seasonal ARIMA/GARCH model still acts well with the GARCH parameters adjusted to GARCH (0, 0).


Anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACL) is a major source of morbidity in the dog, leading to severe osteoarthritis of the knee joint and marked lameness. Following rupture, the ACL will not heal and in the dog, ACL rupture is thought to be the end stage of degenerative ligament disease (non-contact ACL injury). The extracellular matrix (ECM) of CLs has been extensively studied but little is known of the role of elastic fibres in the physiology of the ECM, the mechanics of CL function and in CL degeneration. Elastic fibres include polymers of fibrillins (microfibrils), bundles of microfibrils (oxytalan fibres) and elastin fibres (bundles of microfibrils with an elastin core). The hypothesis of this thesis is that elastin has a mechanical and a biological role in the canine cruciate ligament complex. It is further hypothesised that the distribution and function of elastic fibres will vary between three breeds of dog with differing risk of ACL rupture are: the greyhound with a low risk, the beagle with a low-to-moderate risk and the Labrador retriever with a high risk. The distribution of elastic fibres, fibrillins and cells was investigated throughout the CL complex using a combination of histochemical staining and immunofluorescence. CL microanatomy was studied using Nomarski differential interference microscopy. Elastin was measured biochemically and compared to histologic assessment of tissue architecture, elastic fibre staining and other biochemical parameters. The biological effect of elastin degradation products (EDPs) was assessed in an in vitro ACL cell culture model. A low risk dog breed to ACL rupture (greyhound) was used in all investigations and comparisons were made with other breeds with regard to cellular and elastic fibre anatomy. Differences in cell morphology between breeds with differing risk of ACL rupture may reflect fundamental differences in CL physiology possibly through altered cell-to-cell communication. Cellular and matrix changes, considered degenerative, were seen throughout the CL complex and may reflect adaptation rather than degeneration in certain dog breeds such as the greyhound. Elastin content ranged from 5.9 to 19.4% of ligament dry weight. This was a far greater proportion of canine CLs than previously. Elastin fibres may have a mechanical role in bundle reorganization following ligament deformation. The distribution of fibrillins 1 and 2 was different from the pattern previously reported in tendon and may represent a fundamental difference between ligament and tendon. In the greyhound CL there was a significant proportional increase in oxytalan fibre staining with advancing CL degeneration. This response was seen also in the Labrador retriever and the beagle but the increase in oxytalan fibre staining was less marked with advancing degeneration. Therefore production of oxytalan fibres may reflect a healing response in damaged CL tissue in breeds at a low risk of ligament rupture. Fragments of elastin containing the VGVAPG motif affect canine ACL cells in vitro resulting in increased transcription of fibrillin 2 mRNA. Additionally, there was synergism with TGF-β1 resulting in upregulation of the elastin laminin receptor 1, through which EDPs are transduced. EDPs may thus have a role in response to injury in the CL.


Research into software defined radio technologies reaches a level [MITO 00], where developments in hardware technology [AJLU 01] and the existing multiband-multimode terminals are moving closer to the ideal 'Software Radio' [MITO 00]. Even the long neglected aspect of the reconfiguration of the higher layers of the protocol stack found entry into the current research efforts, see [SIEB 00] and [MOES Ola]. In addition, the reconfiguration techniques used in the higher layers are also used for the implementation of the lower (physical, etc) layers [HENK 03]. The reconfiguration of the software radio is a rather complex task, numerous parameters may influence the reconfiguration procedures and the low level programmability opens the possibility for any, even un-wanted configurations. Ensuring a standard compliance and a correct functioning of the reconfigurable systems will be the biggest challenge in the commercial Software Radio deployment. The work investigates reconfigurability issues of reconfigurable nodes (terminals, base stations, access points, etc.), the interactions within the future reconfigurable communication systems (terminals and networks) and provides an approach (so called reconfiguration plane) that can be used to ensure the functionality and integrity of radio systems before, during and after reconfiguration. It provides a complete design and implementation of the reconfiguration plane or common reconfiguration middleware, the distinctive interfaces and the communication between the different blocks of the plane. These encapsulate the configurable hardware platform, the reconfiguration management, control and data to the radio configuration interfaces i.e. 'radio-application software', the messages' exchange between network and mobile nodes, and presents a mechanism for secure download of reconfiguration software. The work identifies some of the regulatory limitations, but moreover it captures and describes the complexity that has to be considered when radio equipment can be flexibly configured and reconfigured through alterations to the hardware/software combinations. It facilitates the use of third party configuration software by providing mechanisms, which ensure the conformance to regulated radio standards satisfying the user, operator, software, and network providers' requirements. This also includes 'standard test suites' to certify that the instantiation of the configuration implements both the waveform and higher layers correctly [GUDA 00]. It addresses the issues of the verification and the validation of reconfigurable systems and configurations using the Specification and Description Language (SDL) implementation of the reconfiguration plane. As a part of the thesis is the evaluation of the 'cost of reconfiguration' which provides bases of estimation of the minimum design and implementation of software radio management architectures. This developed method is used to evaluate reconfiguration plane and to provide results for the cost of the reconfiguration scenarios applied at design time. This work concludes with a brief summary and conclusions, and an overview of the research that could be undertaken as future work.


Abstract To partly address people's concerns over web tracking, Google has created the Ad Settings webpage to provide information about and some choice over the profiles Google creates on users. We present AdFisher, an automated tool that explores how user behaviors, Google's ads, and Ad Settings interact. AdFisher can run browser-based experiments and analyze data using machine learning and significance tests. Our tool uses a rigorous experimental design and statistical analysis to ensure the statistical soundness of our results. We use AdFisher to find that the Ad Settings was opaque about some features of a user's profile, that it does provide some choice on ads, and that these choices can lead to seemingly discriminatory ads. In particular, we found that visiting webpages associated with substance abuse changed the ads shown but not the settings page. We also found that setting the gender to female resulted in getting fewer instances of an ad related to high paying jobs than setting it to male. We cannot determine who caused these findings due to our limited visibility into the ad ecosystem, which includes Google, advertisers, websites, and users. Nevertheless, these results can form the starting point for deeper investigations by either the companies themselves or by regulatory bodies.


Abstract We show that the following statements are equivalent: 1. Statement 1. 3-pushdown graphs have sublinear separators. 2. Statement 1∗. k-page graphs have sublinear separators. 3. Statement 2. A one-tape nondeterministic Turing machine can simulate a two-tape machine in subquadratic time. None of the statements is known to be true or false at present. However, our proof of equivalence is quantitative-it relates exactly the separator size of the two kinds of graphs to the running time of the simulation in Statement 2. Using this equivalence we derive several graph-theoretic corollaries. There are known examples where upper bounds on graph properties imply upper bounds on computation time or space. There are other examples where lower bounds on graph properties are used to derive lower bounds on computation time in restricted settings. However, our results may constitute the first example where a graph problem is shown to be equivalent to a problem in computational complexity. In a companion paper we construct graphs and prove a lower bound or their separators. Using the equivalence we prove an almost linear lower bound for the size of separators for 3-pushdown graphs and an almost quadratic lower bound for simulating two-tape nondeterministic Turing machines by one-tape machines. Specifically, for an integers s let ls(n), the s-iterated logarithm function, be defined inductively: l°(n)=n, ls+1(n)=log2(ls(n)) for s⩾0. Then: 1. For every fixed s and all n, there is an n-vertex 3-pushdown graph whose smallest separator contains at least ω(n/ls(n)) vertices. 2. There is a language L recognizable in real time by a two-tape nondeterministic Turing machine, but every on-line one-tape nondeterministic Turing machine that recognizes L requires ω(n2/ls(n)) time for any positive integer.


The federal rule that regulates the land application of these biosolids, 40CFR Part 503, requires that the materials meet certain microbiological standards prior to application. For unrestricted use (Class A), these standards are based on a combination of treatment standards and indicator bacteria limits (i.e., fecal coliform bacteria) or a single pathogenic bacterium, Salmonella. Class B biosolids, which have undergone treatment processes to reduce, but not eliminate, pathogens can also be used in land application programs if specified access and use limitations are observed. Since this regulation was developed, a number of pathogenic microorganisms have emerged as being of potential public health concern. However, data on their fate in biosolids treatment processing as well as their ability to survive and be transported in the environment after land application is lacking. Thus, there are questions about potential health hazards associated with the land application of biosolids.

The purpose of this project was to conduct research on the fate of emerging pathogens during biosolids treatment and subsequent application on land. The specific objectives of this research were to:

1. assess the fate of several emerging pathogens (e.g., adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria, and Cryptosporidium) during Class A and Class B biosolids treatment processes;

2. based on the results of 1, assess the fate and transport of the most significant organisms in biosolids applied to soil columns; and

3. assess the potential for selected pathogens to survive and be transported at a field site.

Our research was conducted in three phases: In Phase 1, pathogens, including selected bacteria, viruses, and parasites were added to water and/or microcosms to simulate Class A and Class B treatment processes to assess their relative potential for survival. The organisms that survived in the highest numbers or in numbers that represent the highest risk were chosen for further study in Phase 2. These organisms were E. coli, Clostridium perfringens spores, Listeria, and bacteriophage FX174.This involved spiking treated biosolids with the pathogens, then applying the material at typical rates to soil columns. The third phase of the study evaluated the transport and fate of the chosen organisms in a field setting. A lysimeter was instrumented to allow for collection of unsaturated soil samples, ground water samples, runoff samples, and air samples.

Neither C. perfringens nor L. innocua were found to move through the soil columns, regardless of soil type or flow rate. E. coli was able to grow in the columns run at 22 C. As expected, FX174 exhibited the greatest potential for transport through the soils. The results of the column studies closely mirrored those of the field studies. More transport was observed in the sand than in the loam soil; no microorganisms were detected in any of the air samples collected.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series

ISBN: 9781843397618 (eBook)


In 1952, Alvan Barach, a New York physician, wrote, 'It may seem unusual perhaps to suggest exercise to these breathless people, but in fact it is one of the ways by which they can restore physical fitness'.1 Since then, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has proven its worth as a high-value treatment for COPD,2 improving exercise capacity, quality of life and muscle strength while also reducing hospital admissions.3–6 The usefulness of PR in other respiratory conditions, including interstitial lung disease (ILD), has been assumed because of the shared presence of deconditioning, fatigue, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance and impaired quality of life, factors known to be amenable to exercise training.

ILD includes a heterogeneous group of disorders, with severity and prognosis that vary both between subtypes and at an individual level. The basis of exercise training as a treatment modality may therefore be less straightforward than in other pulmonary disorders. People with COPD often present with a long history of physical inactivity and activity levels are typically reduced even in early disease.7 Patients with ILD may have a shorter period prior to presentation and a more rapid trajectory of lung function decline than other chronic lung conditions with less time for deconditioning to develop. In addition, some will be receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy known to have important effects on muscular function8 and important systemic effects may be present, including rheumatological conditions, direct muscle involvement in connective tissue diseases and pulmonary hypertension limiting cardiac output. These all …


The ostensible purpose of gun control legislation is to reduce firearm deaths and injuries. The restriction of access to firearms will make criminals unable to use guns to shoot people. Gun control laws will also reduce the number of accidental shootings. Those are the desired effects, at least in theory. It is important, however, for conscientious policymakers to consider not only the stated goals of gun control regulations, but the actual results that they produce.What would be the effect of depriving ordinary, law-abiding citizens from keeping arms for self-defense? One result seems certain: the law-abiding would be at a distinct disadvantage should criminals acquire guns from underground markets. After all, it is simply not possible for police officers to get to every scene where they are urgently needed.Outside of criminology circles, relatively few people can reasonably estimate how often people use guns to fend off criminal attacks. If policymakers are truly interested in harm reduction, they should pause to consider how many crimes — murders, rapes, assaults, robberies — are thwarted each year by ordinary persons with guns. The estimates of defensive gun use range between the tens of thousands to as high as two million each year.This paper uses a collection of news reports of self-defense with guns over an eight-year period to survey the circumstances and outcomes of defensive gun uses in America.Federal and state lawmakers often oppose repealing or amending laws governing the ownership or carrying of guns. That opposition is typically based on assumptions that the average citizen is incapable of successfully employing a gun in self-defense or that possession of a gun in public will tempt people to violence in "road rage" or other contentious situations. Those assumptions are false. The vast majority of gun owners are ethical and competent. That means tens of thousands of crimes are prevented each year by ordinary citizens with guns.


UNIVERSITY--PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY COOPERATION: CREATION OF A NEW ADMINISTRATIVE POSITION TO BROKER THE PLACEMENT OF CLINICAL TRIALS Abstract A two-year pilot program was implemented by the Office of Research Administration (ORA) at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) to increase receipt of sponsored industrial funds for clinical research conducted within various health science units and affiliated hospitals. This program entailed creation of a new, part-time administrative position (Assistant Director, Clinical Trials) within ORA to enhance UMKC--pharmaceutical industry cooperative ventures. The Assistant Director was specifically charged to broker placement of clinical/industrial trials among academic units with interdisciplinary research programs in the health sciences. Following a two-year period of continuous operation, this new endeavor has resulted in placement of five clinical/industrial studies worth $448,698. In addition, two protocols are pending; their combined budgets total $218,002. This new program has been successful in improving levels of sponsored funding in an institution with health science components. Introduction The current literature contains data addressing some of the institutional factors and components needed to improve prospects for acquisition of sponsored research funding.[1,2] In this regard, several reports have described methods to increase faculty participation in sponsored activities, eg., creation of grant development seminars,[3,4] means to disseminate relevant agency/program information,[4,5] improved and directed use of internal research grants[6,7] and development of institutional-based sponsored funding searches.[8,9] One institutional Research Administration Office developed a new sub-unit to concentrate on solicitation of sponsored funds from private foundations[10] The Office of Research Administration (ORA) at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC), has implemented a new program to solicit sponsored industrial funds for a specific and targeted area; namely, interdisciplinary research in the health sciences. Presently, UMKC has a large comprehensive health sciences component, including Schools of Basic Life Sciences, Dentistry, Medicine, Pharmacy and Nursing, in addition to several participating/affiliated hospitals (e.g., Children's Mercy Hospital, Truman Medical Center and Veterans Administration Medical Center). These health science units provide a suitable environment for cooperative ventures with the pharmaceutical industry. Prior to initiating the present program, ORA played a somewhat passive role in acquiring sponsored funds on behalf of health science units, i.e., support activities associated with the pre-award, and post-award process(es). In 1986, ORA assumed a more active posture, by creating a new, part-time administrative position (Assistant Director, Clinical Trials) to `broker' placement of clinical/industrial trials among various health science units. The results achieved, two-years following creation of this new position within ORA, are presented. The success of this new venture can be defined, not only by number of clinical/industrial studies placed and total sponsored funds received from industry, but also by a greater than 90% attempts-to-successful placements ratio. Administrative Function and Position Description The capacity to successfully broker the placement of clinical/industrial trials is highly dependent on construction of appropriate administrative functions to facilitate university--pharmaceutical industry cooperative ventures.[11] In this arena, ORA dealt with four such major administrative functions: (1) refining industrial contracting and budgeting processes; (2) improving institutional review board (IRB) mechanism to provide timely assessment and approval of clinical/industrial study protocols; (3) establishing new contractual relationships with participating/affiliated hospitals; and (4) instituting a clinical service fee (if appropriate) as a means to support salary and expenses associated with the new administrative position. …


Research aim: Little is known regarding the pressures of working within dementia care units, as the majority of literature has focused broadly on long-term care rather than the provision of specialised dementia care. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of staff in relation to their capacity to manage behaviour and care needs of people with dementia living within the dementia-specific environment. Individual interviews were conducted with 35 care staff from three dementia care units in Brisbane, Australia. Major findings: Four themes were identified: role definition, relationships, workplace environment, and workforce issues. Although the findings highlight the importance of peer support for staff when managing difficult situations, questions regarding the quality of peer support and its impact on care provision were raised. Conclusions: Dementia units are complex systems with well-motivated and educated staff contributing to the effectiveness of the care. An understanding of care staff, perceptions of their role and its effects on care practices can help to identify appropriate support structures and training strategies, thereby improving job satisfaction for staff and quality of life for the residents with dementia.


Hypertension is a common condition in South Africa and is a risk factor for heart attacks, stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, renal disease and blindness. Managing hypertension, despite the proven benefits of blood pressure control, remains a major challenge. Hypertension is also a chronic condition and therefore, when selecting antihypertensive drug therapy, health care workers must consider affordability, safety and efficacy of lifelong drug therapy. This review article discusses antihypertensive drug therapy; including individual patient factors to consider when selecting initial therapy, dosing, combination therapy and safety; so as to promote the rational use of antihypertensive therapy to achieve therapeutic goals.


This paper addresses the issue of the security of Internet Coordinate Systems,by proposing a general method for malicious behavior detection during coordinate computations. We first show that the dynamics of a node, in a coordinate system without abnormal or malicious behavior, can be modeled by a Linear State Space model and tracked by a Kalman filter. Then we show, that the obtained model can be generalized in the sense that the parameters of a filtercalibrated at a node can be used effectively to model and predict the dynamic behavior at another node, as long as the two nodes are not too far apart in the network. This leads to the proposal of a Surveyor infrastructure: Surveyor nodes are trusted, honest nodes that use each other exclusively to position themselves in the coordinate space, and are therefore immune to malicious behavior in the system.During their own coordinate embedding, other nodes can thenuse the filter parameters of a nearby Surveyor as a representation of normal, clean system behavior to detect and filter out abnormal or malicious activity. A combination of simulations and PlanetLab experiments are used to demonstrate the validity, generality, and effectiveness of the proposed approach for two representative coordinate embedding systems, namely Vivaldi and NPS.


The relative importance of expression and symbolic content in acoustic communication of cetaceans has been debated. These topics may be examined by observing how general rates of vocalizations change with excitatory state and how specific vocalizations vary independently of state and depend upon content. In this study, whistles (0.32 to 22 kHz) of two captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were recorded underwater before, during, and after six swim sessions in which the behavior of the dolphins and four human swimmers was controlled by a trainer on the dock. Sonograms of 205 min of recorded whistles were analyzed. Variation of whistle‐type and rate was observed relative to the three contexts. The contours of distinguishable whistles (n=591) revealed 32 types. Ten types were observed during one context only; during the swim sessions. Almost half of the whistle types (15 to 32) were more likely to occur prior to swim sessions and the others were more likely during swim sessions. None were more frequent after swims. Rate of whistles was significantly higher than expected during the swim sessions (z=7.21) and lower than expected after the swim sessions (z=−0.03).


Objectives: This paper examines the decade-long scale-up process of antenatal syphilis screening through Mozambique's National Health System. Goal: The primary goal is to provide lessons learned in the provision of integrated antenatal care resource-poor settings and identify key challenges to successful scale-up. Study Design: We documented health systems activities associated with improvements in the proportion of women tested, treated, and partners treated for syphilis. Results: The proportion of women in antenatal visit screened for syphilis in the two target provinces has risen from 5% in 1992 to between 60% and 95% consistently since 1999. This success required multiple levels of health system strengthening. Conclusions: The Mozambique experience shows that key elements to effective antenatal syphilis screening include adequate workforce, facilities, coherent systems of care, community involvement, donor management, advocacy, and leadership.


Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of food borne illness worldwide; the main cause of infection is the consumption of undercooked, contaminated poultry. Motility, mediated by single polar flagella, is necessary for Campylobacter virulence. The flagellin proteins are extensively glycosylated in C. jejuni with pseudaminic acid and related derivatives; glycosylation is required for flagella filament formation. The flagellin glycosylation locus in C. jejuni NCTC11168 comprises 50 genes, 50% are potentially involved in glycan biosynthesis and others are hypothetical; the regulatory mechanism(s) of flagellin glycosylation remain unclear. The response to nitric oxide stress in C. jejuni is regulated by NssR, which also regulates a small number of genes in the flagellin glycosylation locus; an nssR mutant has defective motility. This work aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which NssR regulates these genes and investigate the consequences of nssR mutation. Transcriptional organisation of the affected genes was deduced and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) used to map NssR binding to six potential locations in the region. Methods to measure bacterial motility were assessed and used to document the defective motility of the nssR mutant, which was found to be due to truncated, sometimes asymmetric, flagella. Finally, mass spectrometry was used to examine flagellin glycosylation in all strains.


In the West African nation of Togo, applying for the U.S. Diversity Visa Lottery is a national obsession, with hundreds of thousands of Togolese entering each year. From the street frenzy of the lottery sign-up period and the scramble to raise money for the embassy interview, to the gamesmanship of those adding spouses and dependents to their dossiers, the application process is complicated, expensive, and unpredictable. In The Fixer Charles Piot follows Kodjo Nicolas Batema, a Togolese visa broker—known as a "fixer"—as he shepherds his clients through the application and interview process. Relaying the experiences of the fixer, his clients, and embassy officials, Piot captures the ever-evolving cat-and-mouse game between the embassy and the hopeful Togolese, as well as the disappointments and successes of lottery winners in the United States. These detailed and compelling stories uniquely illustrate the desire and savviness of migrants as they work to find what they hope will be a better life.


The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the major pests of tomato crop. Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin, it has been commonly controlled using chemical insecticides. However, inoculation and conservation of predatory mirids, integrated with sprays of selective insecticides, has been demonstrated to be a cost‐effective strategy for controlling this pest. In this work, we tested the efficacy of two sulphur formulations, dustable and wettable powder, for controlling T. absoluta on tomato under greenhouse and open‐field conditions. In addition, the side effects of both sulphur formulations on the predator, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter), were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Dustable sulphur, applied weekly on tomato seedlings artificially infested with T. absoluta in greenhouse conditions, significantly reduced the infestation levels and was demonstrated to have a repellent effect on oviposition. Wettable sulphur was not effective for controlling T. absoluta populations in both greenhouse and open‐field experiments. In the side effect trials conducted with N. tenuis, only dustable sulphur resulted in being moderately harmful as a fresh residue and slightly harmful as a 7‐day‐old residue; no effects were recorded exposing the predator to 14‐day‐old sulphur residues. In contrast, wettable sulphur was classified as harmless to N. tenuis. Our results suggest that the use of sulphur, especially as dustable powder, could be considered as a tool in T. absoluta management strategies, although its side effects on N. tenuis should be taken into account. The implications of these results for the use of sulphur formulations in pest and disease management programmes in tomato crops are discussed.


Gaining a better understanding of how and what machine learning systems learn is important to increase confidence in their decisions and catalyze further research. In this paper, we analyze the predictions made by a specific type of recurrent neural network, mixture density RNNs (MD-RNNs). These networks learn to model predictions as a combination of multiple Gaussian distributions, making them particularly interesting for problems where a sequence of inputs may lead to several distinct future possibilities. An example is learning internal models of an environment, where different events may or may not occur, but where the average over different events is not meaningful. By analyzing the predictions made by trained MD-RNNs, we find that their different Gaussian components have two complementary roles: 1) Separately modeling different stochastic events and 2) Separately modeling scenarios governed by different rules. These findings increase our understanding of what is learned by predictive MD-RNNs, and open up new research directions for further understanding how we can benefit from their self-organizing model decomposition.


The discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model, coupled with an adjusted version of the PROSPECT model, was used to retrieve total chlorophyll content (Cab) of a complex Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) canopy from airborne hyperspectral data acquired at very high spatial resolution. The radiative transfer models were parameterized by using field measurements and observations collected from a young spruce stand growing at the permanent experimental site Bilý Křiž (the Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mts., the Czech Republic, 18.53863°E, 49.50256°N, 936 m a.s.l.). A set of the hyperspectral images with a pixel-size of 0.4 m was acquired for the test site by an airborne AISA Eagle VNIR system in September 18, 2004. An operational canopy Cab estimation was carried out by means of a PROSPECT-DART inversion employing an artificial neural network (ANN) and a vegetation index ANCB650-720. Both retrieval approaches used continuum removed reflectance values of six AISA Eagle spectral bands located between 650 and 720 nm. The Cab inversion was only performed for direct sun exposed (sunlit) crown pixels in order to ensure a high quality (noiseless) reflectance signal. Results of both inversion approaches were similar, when validated against the ground measured Cab of nine Norway spruce crowns. Coefficients of determination (R) between ground truth and remote sensing Cab estimates were 0.78 and 0.76, respectively, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 2.95 μg cm for the ANN and 3.36 μg cm for the ANCB650-720 retrieval. The spatial patterns of Cab values estimated by both inversion methods were consistent with each other. About 80% of the Cab estimated values had an absolute difference smaller than 2 μg cm.


Second only to Rome in the ancient world, Alexandria was home to many of late antiquity's most brilliant writers, philosophers, and theologians-among them Philo, Origen, Arius, Athanasius, Hypatia, Cyril, and John Philoponus. Now, in Alexandria in Late Antiquity, Christopher Haas offers the first book to place these figures within the physical and social context of Alexandria's bustling urban milieu. Because of its clear demarcation of communal boundaries, Alexandria provides the modern historian with an ideal opportunity to probe the multicultural makeup of an ancient urban unit. Haas explores the broad avenues and back alleys of Alexandria's neighborhoods, its suburbs and waterfront, and aspects of material culture that underlay Alexandrian social and intellectual life. Organizing his discussion around the city's religious and ethnic blocs-Jews, pagans, and Christians-he details the fiercely competitive nature of Alexandrian social dynamics. In contrast to recent scholarship, which cites Alexandria as a model for peaceful coexistence within a culturally diverse community, Haas finds that the diverse groups' struggles for social dominance and cultural hegemony often resulted in violence and bloodshed-a volatile situation frequently exacerbated by imperial intervention on one side or the other. Eventually, Haas concludes, Alexandrian society achieved a certain stability and reintegration-a process that resulted in the transformation of Alexandrian civic identity during the crucial centuries between antiquity and the Middle Ages.


With some selected elderly inmates (n=93) from two prisons in Nigeria, this study critically examined the problems of the aged inmates in the Nigerian Prisons. Convenience and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the two-prisons studied and the aged inmates (n=93) that were questioned, respectively. Questionnaire was the only research instrument employed in the study and frequency and simple percentage were the methods of data analysis. The study discovered that poor bedding and clothing, inadequate food and poor diet, poor health care delivery, lack of psychological support and poor recreational facilities were the major problems which made life in prison more terrible for the elderly inmates in Nigeria. The recommendations made in this paper would go a long way in sanitizing the poor prison system in Nigeria, especially as it affected the aged inmates, provided they were judiciously implemented by the prison stakeholders in Nigeria.


A novel KOAc-promoted α-position C-H activation and alkynylation of ethers with alkynyl bromides to 2-alkynyl ethers has been developed under transition-metal-free and simple reaction conditions. In addition, this methodology can also be extended to the vinylation of ethers with vinyl bromides in excellent regio- and stereo-selectivity. A wide range of direct C(sp)-C(sp(3)) and C(sp(2))-C(sp(3)) bonds has been formed through this protocol, which offers a new and alternative route.


In their pioneering research, Becker, Landes and Michael (1977) found that beyond age 30 there is a positive relationship between women's age at first marriage and marital instability. They interpreted this finding as a "poor-match" effect emerging as the biological clock begins to tick. In analyses of the 2006-2010 National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG), we find evidence of the existence of this effect: women who delay marriage disproportionately make unconventional matches, which are generally associated with high marital instability (N = 3,184). We also find, however, that their unions are very solid. We develop and test competing hypotheses that can account for these patterns. In addition, noting that women's delayed transition to first marriage has been accompanied by higher proportions of women entering marriage with 16 years of schooling or more, we examine changes across the last three NSFG cycles in the education - marital instability association.


In this paper, we present the main research contributions of our champion CMUnited-98 small robot team. The team is a multi-agent system in the robotic soccer entertainment application area. The robotic system has global perception and distributed cognition and action. We describe the main features of the hardware design of the physical robots, including differential drive, robust mechanical structure, and a kicking device. We briefly overview the CMUnited- 98 global vision processing algorithm. We then introduce our new robot motion algorithm which reactively generates motion control to account for the target point, the desired robot orientation, and obstacle avoidance. Our robots exhibit successful collisionfree motion in the highly dynamic robotic soccer environment. At the strategic and decision-making level, we present the role-based behaviors of the CMUnited- 98 robotic agents. Team collaboration is remarkably achieved through a new algorithm that allows for team agents to anticipate possible collaboration opportunities. Robots position themselves strategically in open positions that increase passing opportunities. The chapter terminates with a summary of the results of the RoboCup-98 games in which the CMUnited-98 small robot team scored a total of 25 goals and suffered 6 goals in the 5 games that it played.


Abstract Importance Sampling (IS) is a widely used building block for a large variety of off-policy estimation and learning algorithms. However, empirical and theoretical studies have progressively shown that vanilla IS leads to poor estimations whenever the behavioral and target policies are too dissimilar. In this paper, we analyze the theoretical properties of the IS estimator by deriving a probabilistic deviation lower bound that formalizes the intuition behind its undesired behavior. Then, we propose a class of IS transformations, based on the notion of power mean, that are able, under certain circumstances, to achieve a subgaussian concentration rate. Differently from existing methods, like weight truncation, our estimator preserves the differentiability in the target distribution.


Copyright Pearson Education, 2010 Based on slides by Marty Stepp and Stuart Reges from http://www.buildingjavaprograms.com/ "We have also obtained a glimpse of another crucial idea about languages and program design. This is the approach of stratified design, the notion that a complex system should be structured as a sequence of levels that are described using a sequence of languages. Each level is constructed by combining parts that are regarded as primitive at that level, and the parts constructed at each level are used as primitives at the next level. The language used at each level of a stratified design has primitives, means of combination, and means of abstraction appropriate to that level of detail. " Hal Abelson and Gerald Sussman File Input/output (I/O)


Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in eyes with clinical signs of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) testing positive
or negative for intravitreal antibodies against various serovars of Leptospira interrogans. 47 eyes of horses with ERU in which intraoperative
vitreous samples were tested by microagglutination (MAT) for various serovars of Leptospira interrogans between 2001 and 2009
were included in a retrospective study. The presence or absence of postoperative ERU was evaluated by repeated ocular examinations, as
well as by interrogation of referring veterinarians and owners. The absence of recurrent episodes of active uveitis was considered a success
irrespective of the visual performance of the operated eyes. 85% of eyes of horses with ERU had antibodies against L. interrogans in
their vitreous. The most common serovar was L. grippothyphosa. The majority of horses testing positive for antibodies against L. interrogans
(40/47; 82.5%) showed no further episodes of ERU, while 6/7 (85.7%) of horses testing negative continued to experience episodes
of ERU. This difference is statistically significant. It appears that PPV is an effective treatment for Leptospira-associated ERU but not for eyes
testing negative for antibodies against L. interrogans. Vitreal and aqueous humor samples of horses suffering from ERU should be tested
by MAT before performing a PPV.
Keywords: Equine recurrent uveitis, vitrectomy, Leptospira interrogans, antibodies, ophthalmology


The paper focusses on a particular organisation concerned with rural development the community Development Division of the Department of Social Services. In particular, attention is naid to the position occupied by the 'grass-roots' workers in this organisation the community Development Assistants (CDAs) The history of the organisation is briefly outlined. This is followed by an analysis of the factors within the organisation which tend to produce fragmentation and, conversely, integration. It is argued that the tendencies towards fragmentation are strong; and those which might make for a more integrated organisation are not as effective as they might be. The consequence of this is that the organisation finds itself placed in an insecure position. The self-help movement in Kenya is likely to be weakenend as a result.


Abstract.
 Plantation-grown Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) is the principal source of tea tree oil in Australia. Upland and coastal ecotypes of tea tree were grown in a common environment to test responses in root, shoot and developmental attributes to four hydrological conditions. Consistent with its wetland origins, tea tree exhibited morphological adaptations for flood tolerance, with both ecotypes possessing a similar maximal capacity for adventitious roots and aerenchyma. Despite adaptation to flood, growth was reduced under prolonged flood relative to a well-watered control, and to a similar degree in both ecotypes. Coastal plants responded more rapidly to flood, suggesting that upland plants may delay costly morphological modifications until flooding is more protracted. Mild water deficit (drought) had a greater impact on growth and development than flooding, and upon coastal than upland plants. Relatively lower impact of drought on biomass and branch whorl number in upland plants was probably due to a constitutively higher root : shoot biomass ratio buffering against retarded development and growth. This study was the first step in identifying genetically controlled abiotic stress tolerances that may be useful for further domestication of tea tree. The potential to improve drought tolerance appeared most promising; however, further work will require consideration of appropriate breeding strategies given the low-resource-adapted population origins of tolerance alleles, and it should be prefaced by a clear definition of the target deployment environment and include testing of yield variables of economic value in target environments.


The transformer architectures, based on self-attention mechanism and convolution-free design, recently found superior performance and booming applications in computer vision. However, the discontinuous patch-wise tokenization process implicitly introduces jagged artifacts into attention maps, arising the traditional problem of aliasing for vision transformers. Aliasing effect occurs when discrete patterns are used to produce high frequency or continuous information, resulting in the indistinguishable distortions. Recent researches have found that modern convolution networks still suffer from this phenomenon. In this work, we analyze the uncharted problem of aliasing in vision transformer and explore to incorporate anti-aliasing properties. Specifically, we propose a plug-and-play Aliasing-Reduction Module(ARM) to alleviate the aforementioned issue. We investigate the effectiveness and generalization of the proposed method across multiple tasks and various vision transformer families. This lightweight design consistently attains a clear boost over several famous structures. Furthermore, our module also improves data efficiency and robustness of vision transformers.


A theoretical model was developed to evaluate the acoustic plane‐wave reception by a velocity sensor placed near an air‐voided elastomer baffle layer backed by an elastic plate. The air‐voided elastomeric baffle layer is designed to reduce the noise generated by the motion of the elastic plate and enhance the acoustic wave received by a velocity sensor with its axis perpendicular to the layer. The plate is perfectly bonded to the elastomeric baffle. The outer surfaces of the elastic plate and the elastomer baffle are in contact with air and water, respectively. The analysis for modeling is based on the theory of elasticity and pertinent boundary conditions. Computations were made using different properties for the elastomer. These computations show that by proper material and thickness selection the acoustic reception may be varied significantly as a function of frequency. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research, Code 321SS.]


Expert Testimony: Experts Must Address Negative Epidemiology to Survive Summary Judgment in Products Liability Cases Involving Silicone Breast Implants-Norris v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.1-The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit held that a breast implant recipient alleging systemic autoimmune disease and local injury from implants must counter the manufacturer's epidemiological evidence to satisfy the general causation requirement. The Tenth Circuit upheld the lower court's summary judgment on the grounds that the recipient's expert testimony was insufficiently reliable as to the causation of the systemic injury and, thus, was inadmissible.3 Furthermore, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the lower court's declaration that the statute of limitations for the claim of local injury started when the recipient had the implants replaced and became aware of the scarring of her breasts.4 In 1970, Dee Norris underwent bilateral breast augmentation surgery, during which she received her first set of silicone and saline filled breast implants manufactured by a division of Dow Corning Corporation.5 In 1974, due to problems with her left implant, Norris had the implant removed and replaced, this time receiving a silicone and saline implant manufactured by Heyer-Schulte.6 In 1978, when her right implant ruptured, Norris had both implants replaced by another set of implants manufactured by Dow Corning.7 In 1987, she began to suffer a variety of ailments, including pain in her right shoulder, foot, and other joints, for which she sought medical help.8 After a diagnosis of silicone-induced lupus, Norris underwent surgery on October 23, 1989, to have both implants removed.9 Subsequently, a second doctor changed Norris's diagnosis to silicone-associated connective tissue disease, which allegedly resulted from silicone leaking from Norris's breast implants.10 Norris brought suit in Colorado state court against several defendants, including Baxter Healthcare, the corporate successor to Heyer-Schulte.11 Norris brought claims of negligence, strict liability, breach of implied warranty, and breach of express warranty, alleging that her breast implants caused systemic autoimmune disease and local injuries.12 Norris also alleged that the defendants knew that there was evidence linking silicone breast implants to various diseases.13 After the claims were transferred and consolidated, Dow Corning filed for bankruptcy, and Norris's claims against Baxter regarding the 1974 left implant were remanded back to the United States District Court for the District of Colorado.14 The district court granted summary judgment to Baxter on Norris's systemic and local injury claims, finding that Norris failed to establish a triable issue of fact regarding whether silicone breast implants are capable of causing systemic injuries.15 Furthermore, the district court held that the claims for breach of warranty, negligence, and products liability were barred, as the statutes of limitations for those claims had expired.16 On appeal, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the grant of summary judgment, emphasizing the district court's finding that epidemiological evidence is the best evidence of general causation in a toxic tort case.17 The court went on to say that although epidemiological evidence may not be required, "where epidemiology is available, it cannot be ignored."18 Thus, because Baxter presented a body of epidemiological evidence showing a lack of connection between silicone implants and immune system diseases, Norris was required to at least address such studies "with evidence based on medically reliable and scientifically valid methodology."19 Norris had presented the testimony of two rheumatologists, both of whom completely ignored or discounted the epidemiological studies that found no medically reliable connection between silicone implants and systemic disease.20 Instead, both experts relied solely on differential diagnosis and case studies to support their belief that silicone gel breast implants can cause systemic disease. …


Increased understanding of the importance of the affective domain in chemistry education research has led to the development and adaptation of instruments to measure chemistry-specific affective traits, including motivation. Many of these instruments are adapted from other fields by using the word 'chemistry' in place of other disciplines or more general 'science' wording. Psychometric evidence is then provided for the functioning of the new adapted instrument. When an instrument is adapted from general language to specific (e.g. replacing 'science' with 'chemistry'), an opportunity exists to compare the functioning of the original instrument in the same context as the adapted instrument. This information is important for understanding which types of modifications may have small or large impacts on instrument functioning and in which contexts these modifications may have more or less influence. In this study, data were collected from the online administration of scales from two science motivation instruments in chemistry courses for science majors and for non-science majors. Participants in each course were randomly assigned to view either the science version or chemistry version of the items. Response patterns indicated that students respond differently to different wordings of the items, with generally more favorable response to the science wording of items. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the internal structure of each instrument, however acceptable data-model fit was not obtained under any administration conditions. Additionally, no discernable pattern could be detected regarding the conditions showing better data-model fit. These results suggest that even seemingly small changes to item wording and administration context can affect instrument functioning, especially if the change in wording affects the construct measured by the instrument. This research further supports the need to provide psychometric evidence of instrument functioning each time an instrument is used and before any comparisons are made of responses to different versions of the instrument.


The coupling of acoustics and structural dynamics is of primary importance in the design of MEMS based microphones for use in liquid environments. A threedimensional finite element study of acoustic-structural coupling is presented here for such a MEMS hydrophone system. The experimental system under consideration, currently under development at Boston University, consists of a horn to amplify incoming sound, a sub-micron thin plate resonator, and a Helmholtz resonator cavity to amplify the measurable response. The finite element results, which consist of steady state pressure fields in the fluid medium and steady state displacements of the resonating plate, compare favorably to experimental results. The effects of acoustic and structural resonances in each of the components of the system are explored, and it is shown that a nonuniform composite plate resonator provides a smoother broadband response in the frequency range of interest than a uniform plate.


As China economy enters into a stage of structural transition, many China firms choose domestic horizontal integration, in which applying managerial model of multinational enterprises (MNEs). This paper, with content analyzing on media news, explored the sufficiency of applying managerial model of MNES into domestic integrating firm, and the association between the managerial model, the market fragmentation and the competitive actions. This paper found out a route for Chinese firm to set out a suitable managerial model for both adopting with the market fragmentation and engaging to take deviance competitive strategy.


Combining semiconducting and ferromagnetic properties, dilute ferromagnetic semiconductors (DFS) have been under intensive investigation for more than two decades. Mn doped III–V compound semiconductors have been regarded as the prototype of DFS from both experimental and theoretic investigations. The magnetic properties of III–V:Mn can be controlled by manipulating free carriers via electrical gating, as for controlling the electrical properties in conventional semiconductors. However, the preparation of DFS presents a big challenge due to the low solubility of Mn in semiconductors. Ion implantation followed by pulsed laser melting (II-PLM) provides an alternative to the widely used low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (LT-MBE) approach. Both ion implantation and pulsed-laser melting occur far enough from thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. Ion implantation introduces enough dopants and the subsequent laser pulse deposit energy in the near-surface region to drive a rapid liquid-phase epitaxial growth. Here, we review the experimental study on preparation of III–V:Mn using II-PLM. We start with a brief description about the development of DFS and the physics behind II-PLM. Then we show that ferromagnetic GaMnAs and InMnAs films can be prepared by II-PLM and they show the same characteristics of LT-MBE grown samples. Going beyond LT-MBE, II-PLM is successful to bring two new members, GaMnP and InMnP, into the family of III–V:Mn DFS. Both GaMnP and InMnP films show the signature of DFS and an insulating behavior. At the end, we summarize the work done for Ge:Mn and Si:Mn using II-PLM and present suggestions for future investigations. The remarkable advantage of II-PLM approach is its versatility. In general, II-PLM can be utilized to prepare supersaturated alloys with mismatched components.


The light propagation properties of a slab that consists of periodic multilayers of two materials with different refractive indices are studied. Optical transmittance properties against various wavelengths are calculated by using an orthodox method of a characteristic matrix of a stratified medium. By using a finite-difference-time-domain method, light propagation properties of the slab, especially in the near-field, are simulated. Generally speaking, the presence of the slab promotes light propagation. Extraordinary light propagation, including splitting into two branches, can be observed repeatedly, and in some specific cases a focusing effect can be realized. Realization of negative refraction is checked.


The ways in which Aboriginal people and museums work together have changed drastically in recent decades. This historic process of decolonization, including distinctive attempts to institutionalize multiculturalism, has pushed Canadian museums to pioneer new practices that can accommodate both difference and inclusivity. Ruth Phillips argues that these practices are "indigenous" not only because they originate in Aboriginal activism but because they draw on a distinctively Canadian preference for compromise and tolerance for ambiguity. Phillips dissects seminal exhibitions of Indigenous art to show how changes in display, curatorial voice, and authority stem from broad social, economic, and political forces outside the museum and moves beyond Canadian institutions and practices to discuss historically interrelated developments and exhibitions in the United States, Britain, Australia, and elsewhere. Drawing on forty years of experience as an art historian, curator, exhibition critic, and museum director, she emphasizes the complex and situated nature of the problems that face museums, introducing new perspectives on controversial exhibitions and moments of contestation. A manifesto that calls on us to re-imagine the museum as a place to embrace global interconnectedness, Museum Pieces emphasizes the transformative power of museum controversy and analyses shifting ideas about art, authenticity, and power in the modern museum.