Annual fluctuations of ground water levels of an aquifer are described as a consequence of water recharging periodically over a part of the aquifer. These areas can be depicted by drawing maps showing the areal amplitude distribution of the oscillation. Considering these areas as periodic (in time) surface sources, the damping and the phase of the oscillation are found analytically as functions of distance, the recharge area being an infinite strip or a circular disc. From these solutions the aquifer diffusivity can be calculated by the use of typecurves.


In such a chain too, or succession of objects, each part is caused by that which preceded it, and causes that which succeeds it. Where then is the difficulty? But the WHOLE, you say, wants a cause. I answer, that the uniting of these parts into a whole, like the uniting of several distinct counties into one kingdom, or several distinct members into one body, is performed merely by an arbitrary act of the mind, and has no influence on the nature of things. Did I show you the particular causes of each individual in a collection of twenty particles of matter, I should think it very unreasonable, should you afterwards ask me, what was the cause of the whole twenty. This is sufficiently explained in explaining the cause of the parts. (David Hume)


We tested paradigms and models that relate deposition of phytoplankton constituents to lake metabolism based on analyses of long‐term sediment‐trap collections (28 yr of the 1980–2010 period) from a dimictic urban lake, Onondaga Lake, New York. There were major changes in a number of important drivers of deposition, including decreases in the concentration of a divalent cation (Ca2+), nutrient loading and primary production, and variations in food‐web effects. The summertime downward fluxes of particulate organic carbon (DFPOC), particulate nitrogen, particulate phosphorus (P), and chlorophyll were greater than values reported in the literature at the start of the program and decreased > 70% in response to decreases in Ca2+ and P loading. Results include (1) the positive dependence of DFPOC on primary production, (2) the positive dependence of the rate of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion on DFPOC, (3) the negative effect of Daphnia grazing on DFPOC under eutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions, and (4) the dependence of the stoichiometry of depositing material on particle origins and nutrient status of the phytoplankton community. The relationship between the export ratio, the fraction of gross primary production lost to deposition, and primary production reported in the literature was extended based on inclusion of Onondaga Lake data, and described by a nonlinear (polynomial function) relationship.


The first step in any virus entry process is binding to the plasma membrane of the host cell. The nature of this obligatory step depends upon both the viral and cellular components and may be quite diverse among viruses. The entry of Sindbis virus into a host cell is reported to occur via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We have used several approaches to isolate and characterize the receptor(s) for Sindbis virus. In one such approach, we searched for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that could interfere with Sindbis virus attachment to and infection of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Mice were immunized with multiple injections of whole BHK cells or with BHK cell membranes. Hybridomas were prepared and supernatants from approximately 3600 hybridoma clones were screened by a plaque reduction assay for their ability to interfere with virus infection. One IgM mAb from a mouse immunized with whole BHK cells inhibited Sindbis virus attachment to BHK cells by 80% at 20 µg/ml, and immunoprecipitated a 68 kDal membrane protein from BHK cells. This mAb also inhibits virus attachment to two other mammalian cell lines tested, Vero cells (monkey) and SW13 cells (human), and also immunoprecipitates a 68 Kd protein from these cells. The mAb does not interfere with virus infection of chicken cells but did immunoprecipitate a 71 kDal protein from chicken cells. This mAb was used to screen 10^6 plaques from a λgt11 cDNA library from BHK cells, and 15 reactive phages were found. Six of the fifteen were shown by sequence analysis to react with overlapping regions of a protein that was identical in sequence to the mouse high affinity laminin receptor. By rescreening with a probe from one of these reactive phages, other lambda phages containing the remaining regions of the gene were found. The complete sequence of this protein was deduced by sequence analysis of the cDNA clones and was identical to that of the mouse laminin receptor and 99% identical to the human laminin receptor. A full length cDNA clone of the gene was constructed and inserted into a high efficiency expression vector. BHK cell lines stably transfected with vector expressing the plus sense BHK laminin receptor cDNA are 3-5 fold more susceptible to infection by Sindbis virus as measured by plaque assay, and overexpress the receptor protein on their surface as assayed by flow cytometry analysis. Conversely, cell lines transfected with vector expressing antisense laminin receptor cDNA are only about one half as susceptible to infection by Sindbis virus as the nontransformed BHK cells, and expression of laminin receptor on the cell surface is reduced as measured by flow cytometry analysis. In a second study we looked for Sindbis virus receptors on the surface of chicken cells, using specific molecular mimicry to identify receptor molecules. It has been postulated that viral receptors may share structural features (idiotypes) with antibodies directed against the cell attachment protein of virus. Using antiidiotypic antibodies directed against Sindbis-specific neutralization antibodies, we have demonstrated that an antiidiotypic antibody to a neutralizing mAb reactive with the E2 glycoprotein of Sindbis virus specifically interferes with the binding of wild type Sindbis virus to chicken cells. This antiidiotypic antibody also immunoprecipitates a 63 kDal protein from chicken cells and binds to the surface of these cells. This 63 kDal protein is presumably a receptor for Sindbis virus in chicken cells. The relationship between this protein and the laminin receptor used as a Sindbis receptor in mammalian cells remains to be determined. We also wished to determine the domains of the virus envelope proteins that are responsible for attachment to the cell membrane. The Sindbis virus envelope contains two species of integral membrane glycoproteins, El and E2, which assemble into heterodimers. Each spike on the surface of the virion is a trimer of these dimeric units. We attempted to map the neutralization epitopes on the surface of the virus, including epitopes implicated in virus binding to cells by the antiidiotypic antibody results described above. A λgt11 expression library was constructed containing cDNA inserts 100-300 nucleotides in length obtained by randomly primed synthesis on Sindbis genomic RNA. This library was probed with several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for E2 and one neutralizing antibody specific for El. Four positive clones, all of which contained inserts from the region of the Sindbis genome that encodes amino acids 173 to 220 of glycoprotein E2, were found from the screening with mAb 23. No reactive clones could be identified using any of the other antibodies. We hypothesize that this domain of E2 centered at residue 200 forms part of the virus binding site for attachment to the cell to initiate infection.


Inlet port flow characteristics are critical in determining the overall performance of diesel
combustion systems. The relationship between inlet port geometry and performance has long
been a subject of interest to many researchers, although as yet a comprehensive understanding
remains elusive. The ongoing need to provide advanced powertrain design solutions in order to
meet increasingly stringent emissions legislation, whilst meeting customer expectations and
minimising engineering costs, has driven the development of new approaches to engine design.
In particular, the fundamental advantages of multivalve technology, coupled with rapidly
improving fuel delivery systems has placed new requirements on inlet port performance
characteristics. Statistical methods and knowledge-based design are emerging as potentially
powerful tools in this field of research, supported by rapid developments in computing power.


Traumatic brain injury induces acute lung injury that negatively impacts the physiology of the donor lung before and after lung transplantation. Sounding the Alarm for RAGE Only 20% of lungs are transplantable because traumatic brain injury, a major cause of death in organ doors, may induce acute lung injury. High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) release from the injured brain likely contributes to acute lung injury in donors by preferentially interacting with receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the lung. Blocking the HMGB1-RAGE axis improves lung function in murine donors with traumatic brain injury and after transplant. In translational studies, lungs sourced from donors with high HMGB1 levels had worse pulmonary function after transplant. Targeting the HMGB1-RAGE axis may increase the number of lungs available for transplantation and improve patient outcomes. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in systemic inflammatory responses that affect the lung. This is especially critical in the setting of lung transplantation, where more than half of donor allografts are obtained postmortem from individuals with TBI. The mechanism by which TBI causes pulmonary dysfunction remains unclear but may involve the interaction of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). To investigate the role of HMGB1 and RAGE in TBI-induced lung dysfunction, RAGE-sufficient (wild-type) or RAGE-deficient (RAGE−/−) C57BL/6 mice were subjected to TBI through controlled cortical impact and studied for cardiopulmonary injury. Compared to control animals, TBI induced systemic hypoxia, acute lung injury, pulmonary neutrophilia, and decreased compliance (a measure of the lungs' ability to expand), all of which were attenuated in RAGE−/− mice. Neutralizing systemic HMGB1 induced by TBI reversed hypoxia and improved lung compliance. Compared to wild-type donors, lungs from RAGE−/− TBI donors did not develop acute lung injury after transplantation. In a study of clinical transplantation, elevated systemic HMGB1 in donors correlated with impaired systemic oxygenation of the donor lung before transplantation and predicted impaired oxygenation after transplantation. These data suggest that the HMGB1-RAGE axis plays a role in the mechanism by which TBI induces lung dysfunction and that targeting this pathway before transplant may improve recipient outcomes after lung transplantation.


Abstract This is Part 1 of a paper on fibred semantics and combination of logics. It aims to present a methodology for combining arbitrary logical systems Li, i ∈ I, to form a new system LI. The methodology 'fibres' the semantics i of Li into a semantics for LI, and 'weaves' the proof theory (axiomatics) of Li into a proof system of LI. There are various ways of doing this, we distinguish by different names such as 'fibring', 'dovetailing' etc, yielding different systems, denoted by etc. Once the logics are 'weaved', further 'interaction' axioms can be geometrically motivated and added, and then systematically studied. The methodology is general and is applied to modal and intuitionistic logics as well as to general algebraic logics. We obtain general results on bulk, in the sense that we develop standard combining techniques and refinements which can be applied to any family of initial logics to obtain further combined logics. The main results of this paper is a construction for combining arbitrary, (possibly not normal) modal or intermediate logics, each complete for a class of (not necessarily frame) Kripke models. We show transfer of recursive axiomatisability, decidability and finite model property. Some results on combining logics (normal modal extensions of K) have recently been introduced by Kracht and Wolter, Goranko and Passy and by Fine and Schurz as well as a multitude of special combined systems existing in the literature of the past 20–30 years. We hope our methodology will help organise the field systematically.


This paper learns multi-modal embeddings from text, audio, and video views/modes of data in order to improve upon down-stream sentiment classification. The experimental framework also allows investigation of the relative contributions of the individual views in the final multi-modal embedding. Individual features derived from the three views are combined into a multi-modal embedding using Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis (DCCA) in two ways i) One-Step DCCA and ii) Two-Step DCCA. This paper learns text embeddings using BERT, the current state-of-the-art in text encoders. We posit that this highly optimized algorithm dominates over the contribution of other views, though each view does contribute to the final result. Classification tasks are carried out on two benchmark datasets and on a new Debate Emotion data set, and together these demonstrate that the one-Step DCCA outperforms the current state-of-the-art in learning multi-modal embeddings.


SCIENT IF IC AMERICAN MIND 55 D eborah Reed lived in a tall historic house on a tree-lined street in tony northwest Portland, Ore. In 2003 the author and mother of two boys developed deep muscle pain and profound fatigue, seemingly out of nowhere. "I remember climbing the wood stairs to my bedroom on the third oor," Reed recalls. "It was agonizing." Reed would spend entire days in her bed, getting up only for trips to the bathroom. When the pain was at its worst, she once went 10 days without leaving her bedroom.


While critical academic studies on financial surveillance blossom, they hardly pay attention to the critical capability of those who are involved in the implementation of anti-money-laundering/countering terrorist financing (AML/CTF) policy. In this paper the authors attempt precisely this analysis of existing mobilizations which contest the everyday implementation of AML/CTF standards. Which practices are at stake? Who are the actors involved in denunciation? Which argumentation is used? What are the normative positions from which actors raise criticism? Are denunciations shared by a wider public or do they remain sector-specific? This paper brings together empirical results from research conducted separately by the two authors on, respectively, the gradual institutionalization of the role of banks in anti-money-laundering efforts in France and Switzerland and European measures against terrorist financing.


Individuals embarking on new business ventures must choose a legal form under which to operate. They can form their business enterprises as sole proprietorships, general or limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships, limited liability companies, or corporations. State laws set forth the attributes of each organizational form. These include criteria for limited liability, centralized or decentralized management, transferability of interests, and duration of existence.Before 1997, the issue of entity choice for the businessperson and legal counselor was tax-driven, and the determination to obtain passthrough tax treatment depended on the corporate resemblance test of the now-discarded Kintner Regulations. Under the Kintner Regulations, unincorporated businesses were taxed as corporations if they had more corporate than noncorporate characteristics.On January 1 of 1997, the law of business organizations changed dramatically, when the United States Treasury Department's Simplification of Entity Classification Rules became effective. The current system, sometimes referred to as the, "check-the-box regulations," ended decades of manipulation of business organization forms to fit the requirements of the Kintner Regulations and obtain passthrough tax treatment. Only corporations and publicly traded organizations are taxed as separate entities. All other business organization forms have presumptive pass-through federal tax status. Check-the-box regulations reduced the impact of tax issues in the determination of the type of legal organization a business chooses to use.This article introduces the basic business organization forms and some of the attributes of each that influence the choice of entity decision for the modern start-up business.


Symmetric key and asymmetric keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data, in order to accomplish the main idea of security i.e. to maintain integrity and give valid authentication. Information security and the guaranteed exchange of secure information is effectively achieved through cryptographic techniques. In cloud computing it is necessary to secure data transmission from sender to receiver from hacking, for that we make use of the effective service called the EC2, which is provided by Amazon web services. This allows us to compute in a scalable way in the Amazon cloud. S3, which is known as the simple storage security service is used to store data at any instant in any place. We proposed to develop a modified RSA algorithm to generate a pair key and digital signature to authenticate message. This paper mainly focuses on maintaining confidentiality between cloud and its users in addition to preventing it from attackers.


An important source of noise in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is residual acceleration on the proof masses at the heart of the interferometer system. Two proof masses are carried by each sciencecraft in the LISA constellation, oriented along each of two laser links that are maintained between the distant partners in the constellation. Any change in the local mass distribution will create spurious forces on the individual proof masses which will have to be understood as part of the data analysis reduction. This paper considers the general case of accelerations on the individual proof masses in three dimensions for perturbing masses passing by a LISA sciencecraft with arbitrary velocity vectors and impact parameters. Encounters of this kind are impulsive, occurring over short time scales and appearing in the data record as bursts. The formalism is then applied in a few sample cases, including a meteor fly-by and a thruster maneuver.


The semiarid loess area in north Shaanxi Province is one of the most serious areas of water erosion of China. Vegetation, rainfall, soil, and topography are the most dominant natural factors affecting soil erosion; and land disturbance/restoration is a significant factor influencing runoff and sediment yield in this area. According to the research, the results showed: (1) the relative impacts of the four factors on runoff were rainfall > soil > topography > vegetation, and the relative impacts of the factors on sediment yield were soil > runoff > rainfall > topography > vegetation; (2) during a period of the preliminary stage after land disturbance, topography was the most critical factor for the runoff, while sediment yield was soil. During a period of land restoration after land disturbance, runoff was primarily affected by vegetation, while sediment yield was rainfall; (3) this study showed Hippophae rhamnoides + Pinus tabulaeformis and Hippophae rhamnoides were the best vegetation type for reducing runoff and sediment yield, especially if the slope is less than 20°. Land disturbance is caused by human activities in semiarid regions, and in order to reduce the runoff and sediment yield quickly and effectively, artificial measures should be taken for rehabilitation of the disturbed lands.


The spin-resolved non-equilibrium real-time electron transport through a double-quantum-dot (DQD) Aharonov-Bohm (AB) interferometer with spin-orbit interaction (SOI) is explored. The SOI and AB interference in the real-time dynamics of spin transport is expressed by effective magnetic fluxes. Analytical formulae for the time-dependent currents, for initially unpolarized spins, are presented. In many cases, there appear spin currents in the electrodes, for which the spins in each electrode are polarized along characteristic directions, pre-determined by the SOI parameters and by the geometry of the system. Special choices of the system parameters yield steady-state currents in which the spins are fully polarized along these characteristic directions. The time required to reach this steady state depends on the couplings of the DQD to the leads. The magnitudes of the currents depend strongly on the SOI-induced effective fluxes. Without the magnetic flux, the spin-polarized current cannot be sustained to the steady states, due to the phase rigidity for this system. For a non-degenerate DQD, transient spin transport can be produced by the sole effects of SOI. We also show that one can extract the spin-resolved currents from measurements of the total charge current.


This paper investigates constraints on dissociation and plasticity in a connectionist model undergoing random lesions both prior to and during training. When networks were trained only on phonological encodings of stem-suhed pairs similar to English regular verbs (e.g., walk walked), long-term deficits (i.e., critical period effects) were not observed, yet there were substantive short-term effects of injury. When training vocabulary reflected the English-like competition between regular (suffixed) and irregular verbs (e.g., go went, hit hit), the acquisition of regular verbs became increasingly susceptible to injury, while the irregulars were learned quickly and were relatively impervious to damage. Patterns of generalization to novel forms conflicts with the assumption that this behavioral dissociation is indicative of selective impairment of the learning and generalization of the past tense rule, while the associative lexical-based mechanism is left intact. Instead, we propose a view of network performance in which the regular-irregular dissociation derives from a general reduction in the ability to find a single-mechanism solution when resolving the competition between two classes of mappings. In light of other models in which regular and irregular forms compete (e.g., Patterson, Seidenberg, & McClelland, 1989), as well as patterns of performance in normal and disordered English speakers (e.g., Pinker, 1991), two general implications are discussed: (1) critical period effects need not derive from endog-enously determined maturational change, but instead may in part result from learning history in relation to characteristics of the language to be learned (i.e., entrenchment), and (2) selective dissociations can result from general damage in systems that are not modularized in terms of rule-based vs. associative mechanisms.


The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is developing an automated system to produce bibliographic records for its MEDLINER database. This system, named Medical Article Record System (MARS), employs document image analysis and understanding techniques and optical character recognition (OCR). This paper describes a key module in MARS called the Automated Labeling (AL) module, which labels all zones of interest (title, author, affiliation, and abstract) automatically. The AL algorithm is based on 120 rules that are derived from an analysis of journal page layouts and features extracted from OCR output. Experiments carried out on more than 11,000 articles in over 1,000 biomedical journals show the accuracy of this rule-based algorithm to exceed 96%.


Tip leakage flow is inevitable due to the tip clearance over rotor blades in turbines. This phenomenondeteriorates blade aerodynamic performance and induces severe thermal damage to the tip surface.Introduction of cooling jets to the tip can effectively controls the tip leakage flow and improves the tip heat transfer. Therefore, this paper aims to optimize film cooling holes on a flat tip of a subsonic cascade and an topology-optimized tip of a transonic cascade. A design variable is a material parameter defined at each grid node along the blade camber line. This idea is based on the topology optimization method. The objective is to minimize blade energy loss and maximize tip heat transfer intensity. A response surface optimization based on the design of experiment (DOE) analysis is employed, and a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm is used to get Pareto optimum solutions. During the DOE process, a CFD method using injection source terms is integrated for numerical simulations to reduce computational costs. Optimized tip film cooling holes are finally re-constructed. The influence of the newly designed tip cooling holes configuration on blade aero-thermal performance is evaluated via CFD simulations using body-fitted mesh. Results show that compared with the uniform arrangement of cooling film holes along the axial direction, all the optimized film cooling holes can improve both blade aerodynamic performance and tip heat transfer performance.


The worldwide English language literature on suicide in nurses is reviewed in this article. There is evidence from several countries that female nurses are at increased risk of suicide. Very little information is available about the specific causes. Increased risk in nurses has been statistically associated with smoking and negatively related to extent of caffeine consumption. Unlike some other high-risk occupational groups, it is unclear to what extent access to means for suicide contributes to nurses' risk. The methodological issues and specific needs of research concerning suicide in nurses are discussed.


As a signatory to the United Nations 1951 International Convention on Refugees, Australia continues to accept significant numbers of Humanitarian refugees on an annual basis. Recent global developments in terms of conflict in many countries have exacerbated the issue of 'forced migration', with estimates indicating that up to sixty million displaced people are seeking refuge and protection for a variety of reasons at this present time. In this context, Australia has already taken steps to increase its planned annual intake by 12,000 (Syrians) in 2016 – 2017, taking the figure from 13,750 to anticipated 25,750. Having experienced considerable displacement, including substantial educational disruption, in seeking refuge many of those individuals entering Australia will encounter barriers to their access and participation in the Higher Education system. However, recent researches have highlighted the fact that many of these Humanitarian Program entrants arrive as highly skilled and well-educated persons. While academic preparation is an important factor in success at university level, non-academic factors that refugee background students may possess, such as "grit" or determination, have been shown in several studies (Duckworth et al. 2007; Strayhorn 2015) to improve the chances of success, as well as substantially enriching university communities. Consequently, it is apparent from this research on the issue of participation of refugee background students in Australian universities, that a strengths-based approach provides the best framework for further 'engagement' with these individuals and communities. It is clear from a survey of the enrolment data collected by the Australian Government Department of Education and Training that refugee background students form a small but increasing proportion of the Australian higher education sector. Many come from an English as Another Language (EAL) background and are overwhelmingly located in low SES areas. However, it is argued here that the term 'refugee' bundles all communities and individuals into a monolithic group, and while it is the case that there are common barriers faced by these communities in achieving full participation in the higher education system in Australia, it is also apparent that the diverse communities are positioned differently in regard to their relationship with the university sector. Even though the higher education sector, and particularly the public universities, appear to be working to widen participation and ensure that all students have a positive experience, it is the view of the authors of this study that existing university 'engagement' programs and strategies could be strengthened through a more focused, community-based rights and capacity building approach. Not only will this have the benefits of fostering links between universities and specific communities that have not been well represented in the enrolment intakes across the higher education sector, but it will also set a base for partnership research projects, as has been found in the experience of the Melbourne Refugee Studies Program since its inception in late 2014. The research highlights the fact that selected universities have been active in creating pathways and reforming their curricula, for example, English as Another Language and mentoring support, to be inclusive of refugee background students. It is the view of the researchers involved in this study that the work of these universities, which needs to be encouraged and supported further, provides model strategies and approaches that could also be adopted by other universities, such as those in the Group of Eight (Go8), in which students from refugee backgrounds are still clearly underrepresented. This report reviews the literature and analyses enrolment data from the Australian Government Department of Education and Training and also refers to Census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), with a view to contributing to discussions about the future directions in policy and action, including the development of targeted outreach and engagement programs for refugee background students.


This article presents a simple current-mode quadrature oscillator using a single Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (CDTA) as the active element. The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be electronically controlled. The circuit structure is very simple, consisting of merely one CDTA, one resistor and two capacitors. The proposed circuit is suitable for IC architecture. The PSpice simulation and experimental results are shown, and the results agree well with the theoretical assumptions.


Background and Aim : Baneh (Pistacia Atlantica) is a valuable oily fruit that has gained considerable attention because of its pharmaceutical, nutritional and industrial applications . This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effect of rubbing baneh oil using formalin test during acute and chronic phases in male laboratory mice. Materials and Methods : This experimental study was conducted on 30 male mice. They were allocated into 5 groups including control (without treatment), rubbing vaseline, morphine (positive control), baneh oil, and baneh oil plus morphine. Before the formalin test, the animals were treated with rubbing baneh oil for six hours. Morphine (10 mg/kg) was injected with a single dose subcutaneously. Pain scores were obtained using formalin test by injecting 0.02 ml of 2.5% formalin into the animals' right palm. Results: Rubbing baneh oil significantly reduced the pain in acute pain (P<0.01), sub-acute pain (P<0.001), and chronic pain (P<0.001) phases as compared with the control group. On the other hand, baneh oil showed a stronger antinociceptive effect in chronic pain than morphine (P<0.01). Conclusion : This study showed that rubbing Baneh oil has antinociceptive effect where a considerable share of this effect may be attributed to the oil's compounds.


The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is an Earth-viewing sensor that flies on the Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua satellites, launched in 1999 and 2002, respectively. MODIS scans a swath width of 2330 km that is sufficiently wide to provide nearly complete global coverage every two days from a polar-orbiting, Sun-synchronous, platform at an altitude of 705 km. MODIS provides images in 36 spectral bands between 0.415 and 14.235 /spl mu/m with spatial resolutions of 250 m (two bands), 500 m (five bands), and 1000 m (29 bands). These bands have been carefully selected to enable advanced studies of land, ocean, and atmospheric properties. Twenty-six bands are used to derive atmospheric properties such as cloud mask, atmospheric profiles, aerosol properties, total precipitable water, and cloud properties. We describe each of these atmospheric data products, including characteristics of each of these products such as file size, spatial resolution used in producing the product, and data availability.


Asian central banks have adopted monetary policy frameworks over the past decade that have, by and large, worked well both to ensure price stability during the pre-crisis period and to navigate the shoals during the recent international financial crisis. Inflation concerns in recent years nonetheless raise the possibility that existing monetary policy frameworks in Asia may be contributing to procyclical inflation swings. Three particular aspects of the policy environment are highlighted. They include the approach of monetary policy to commodity price cycles, to the uneven global recovery and to the new financial stability mandates.


The scientific staff ot the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute have been
engaged in research on various aspects of marine fisheries and oceanography since the
establishment of the Institute in 1947. The results of research were published by
them in various scientific papers incorporated in the Institute's publications like the
Indian Journal of Fisheries, Bulletins, Special Publications, Marine Fisheries Information
Service, Annual Reports and also in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association of
India over the past 38 years. Papers have also been published in standard Indian and
foreign journals and in the proceedings of the national and international Symposia
and Seminars.
An attempt has been made in 1967 to compile a list of publications of the staff of the
Institute yearwise in the Souvenir released by the Recreation Club of the Institute on the
20th year of establishment of the Institute. The scientific output of the Institute has
greatly increased in recent years and the papers resulting out of the research efforts have
also been wide spread in different journals. However, no further attempt has again been
made to bring together all the publications of the scientific staff of the Institute at one
place. Such an endeavour, it is felt, would not only reflect the entire work of the Institute,
but also facilitates easy reference to the work of the Institute making it a valuable source
of reference for the scientific community engaged in marine sciences research.
Therefore, in the present publication entitled 'Bibliography: the publications by the
staff of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 1948-1985', all papers published
by the staff from the year 1948 to 1985 have been compiled yearwise and authorwise in
alphabetical order. In doing so, care has been taken to include as many publications as
possible. But there can still be some omissions. It should be possible to include such
references at a later date when the Bibliography may be updated. It is earnestly hoped
that this comprehensive volume of references would serve a very useful purpose for the
scientific community within this country and abroad.
In this connection, I have great pleasure to record my sincere appreciation of the
efforts put in by Dr. K. Rengarajan, Scientist S 2, Miss. Jancy Jacob, Scientist S 1 and
Shri V. Edwin Joseph, Senior Library Assistant to collect, consolidate and arrange in a
systematic manner all the titles of the papers included in this volume. I also appreciate
the services of Smt. N. Ambika, Miss. N. R. Letha Devi, Miss. K. V. Sajitha and Shri
C. N. Chandrasekharan for the meticulous care exercised in typing the draft of the
bibliography.


In what ways does access to undergraduate education have a transformative impact on people and societies? What conditions are required for this impact to occur? What are the pathways from an undergraduate education to the public good, including inclusive economic development? These questions have particular resonance in the South African higher education context, which is attempting to tackle the challenges of widening access and improving completion rates in in a system in which the segregations of the apartheid years are still apparent. Higher education is recognised in core legislation as having a distinctive and crucial role in building post-apartheid society. Undergraduate education is seen as central to addressing skills shortages in South Africa. It is also seen to yield significant social returns, including a consistent positive impact on societal institutions and the development of a range of capabilities that have public, as well as private, benefits. This book offers comprehensive contemporary evidence that allows for a fresh engagement with these pressing issues.


The report focuses on the impacts of special autonomy in Papua on the forestry sector. It studies the advantages and problems associated with the current forestry management system. The most significant change following special autonomy for Papua was the introduction of small-scale concession permits granted to community cooperatives, locally known as Kopermas. As a result, CIFOR and the State University of Papua's research focused on these Kopermas, analyzing data on timber production and revenues from concessions, and determining the flow of benefits to customary communities' incomes and to regional revenues. The objective was to determine how effectively the Kopermas system has empowered local communities. Using a combination of conventional and participatory/action research methods, the research team evaluated the livelihoods and environmental value of forest resources for local people. We also facilitated stakeholder input into our research findings and analysis. The team also worked with local communities to determine their current capacity for forest management; which mechanisms were used to distribute the benefits from the new system; and how people were involved in decision-making about permit applications and concession management. This research found some direct involvement of local people in forest management and short-term benefits for local communities. However, we also found that the benefits from timber revenues have not been fairly shared among local people and other actors involved in the timber business. As a result, community forestry cooperatives have yet to contribute to equitable and sustainable development for local people. To improve this situation, local stakeholders identified an urgent need to empower customary organizations and individuals by equipping them to manage their own natural resources independently. This will reduce the likelihood that communities are exploited by more powerful stakeholders in the future. Alongside low capacity, facilities and skills for commercial forest management, challenges included low levels of information about government policy, unclear and inconsistent regulations and implementing guidelines, lack of recognition of communities' rights, and lack of capital for investment. Local people concluded that government institutions and local stakeholders should take a more proactive role to provide the necessary assistance and advice. The government needs to issue and socialize policies with practical and applicable sanctions for non-compliance and to facilitate local involvement in policy making regarding permit issuance and provincial and district spatial planning processes. Coordination and cooperation among the relevant institutions and organizations could also be improved.


Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses characterized by loss of pleasure, whereas diabetes is a metabolic disorder which leads to high serum glucose levels. Current literature supports the development of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic illnesses including diabetes. However, depression as a potential risk factor for diabetes has attracted a lot of attention for clinicians and researchers. It has been hypothesized that both diabetes and depression may be bidirectional in nature, and each may exacerbate the symptoms or play an important role in the development of the other. The most common association between them is the diagnosis of depression in Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. As the matter of fact, diabetes has been reported to double the risk of depression. In this review article, we have summarized various scientific studies to evaluate the potential of depression as a risk factor for diabetes. MEDLINE search identified various articles assessing this hypothesis. Our review of literature indicate some support for depression as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes however more clinical studies need to be performed to clarify the contribution of depression as an independent risk factor for diabetes and to check the diabetes epidemic from escalating at a higher rate.


A strong inductive bias is essential in unsupervised grammar induction. In this paper, we explore a particular sparsity bias in dependency grammars that encourages a small number of unique dependency types. We use part-of-speech (POS) tags to group dependencies by parent-child types and investigate sparsity-inducing penalties on the posterior distributions of parent-child POS tag pairs in the posterior regularization (PR) framework of Graca et al. (2007). In experiments with 12 different languages, we achieve significant gains in directed attachment accuracy over the standard expectation maximization (EM) baseline, with an average accuracy improvement of 6.5%, outperforming EM by at least 1% for 9 out of 12 languages. Furthermore, the new method outperforms models based on standard Bayesian sparsity-inducing parameter priors with an average improvement of 5% and positive gains of at least 1% for 9 out of 12 languages. On English text in particular, we show that our approach improves performance over other state-of-the-art techniques.


Mobile devices such as smart phones, have gained enormous popularity over the last few years. Smart phones are now capable of supporting a large number of applications, many of which demand an ever increasing computational power. However, Battery life of mobile devices remains a key limiting factor in the design of mobile applications. This paper firstly emphasizes on reviewing various techniques used to enhance battery life of smart phones. At the end, on the basis of comparative studies, suggestions are given to extend the energy efficiency of smart phones.


Purpose
When using a service, customers often develop their own solutions by integrating resources to solve problems and co-create value. Drawing on innovation and creativity literature, this paper aims to investigate the influence of place (the service setting and the customer setting) on customer creativity in a health-care context.

Design/methodology/approach
In a field study using customer diaries, 200 ideas from orthopedic surgery patients were collected and evaluated by an expert panel using the consensual assessment technique (CAT).

Findings
Results suggest that place influences customer creativity. In the customer setting, customers generate novel ideas that may improve their clinical health. In the service setting, customers generate ideas that may improve the user value of the service and enhance the customer experience. Customer creativity is influenced by the role the customer adopts in a specific place. In the customer setting customers were more likely to develop ideas involving active customer roles. Interestingly, while health-care customers provided ideas in both settings, contrary to expectation, ideas scored higher on user value in the service setting than in the customer setting.

Research limitations/implications
This study shows that customer creativity differs in terms of originality, user value and clinical value depending on the place (service setting or customer setting), albeit in one country in a standardized care process.

Practical implications
The present research puts customer creativity in relation to health-care practices building on an active patient role, suggesting that patients can contribute to the further development of health-care services.

Originality/value
As the first field study to test the influence of place on customer creativity, this research makes a novel contribution to the growing body of work in customer creativity, showing that different places are more/less favorable for different dimensions of creativity. It also relates customer creativity to health-care practices and highlights that patients are an untapped source of creativity with first-hand knowledge and insights, importantly demonstrating how customers can contribute to the further development of health-care services.


Title of dissertation: MULTI-JUNCTION EFFECTS IN DC SQUID PHASE QUBITS Benjamin K. Cooper, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Frederick C. Wellstood Department of Physics I discuss experimental and theoretical results on an LC filtered dc SQUID phase qubit. This qubit is an asymmetric aluminum dc SQUID, with junction critical currents 1.5 and 26.8 μA, on a sapphire substrate. The layout differs from earlier designs by incorporating a superconducting ground plane and weakly coupled coplanar waveguide microwave drive line to control microwave-qubit coupling. I begin with a discussion of quantizing lumped element circuit models. I use nodal analysis to construct a 2d model for the dc SQUID phase qubit that goes beyond a single junction approximation. I then discuss an extension of this "normal modes" SQUID model to include the on-chip LC filter with design frequency ≈ 180 MHz. I show that the filter plus SQUID model yields an effective Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian for the filter-SQUID system with coupling g/2π ≈ 32 MHz. I present the qubit design, including a noise model predicting a lifetime T1 = 1.2 μs for the qubit based on the design parameters. I characterized the qubit with measurements of the current-flux characteristic, spectroscopy, and Rabi oscillations. I measured T1 = 230 ns, close to the value 320 ns given by the noise model using the measured parameters. Rabi oscillations show a pure dephasing time Tφ = 1100 ns. The spectroscopic and Rabi data suggest two-level qubit dynamics are inadequate for describing the system. I show that the effective Jaynes-Cummings model reproduces some of the unusual features. MULTI-JUNCTION EFFECTS IN DC SQUID PHASE QUBITS


The computing program of the Office of Naval Research was concerned primarily with numerical analysis and with computers developed at universities; but ONR also participated in the National Bureau of Standards program, under which the UNIVAC was successfully produced commercially for the Census Bureau and the SEAC and SWAC were constructed at NBS. By 1953, ONR's principal computer projects, at the Institute for Advanced Study and at MIT, had produced important results; numerical analysis had emerged as a respectable field of mathematical research; and large commercial companies, which had held back in the immediate postwar years, had committed themselves to the manufacture of computers.


Complete debridement and disinfection of the root canal system are fundamental requirements for successful endodontic treatment. Despite the morphological challenges of the internal root anatomy, root canal irrigants play an important role in the optimization of the root canal preparation, which is essentially a chemo-mechanical procedure. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most resistant microorganisms that dominants the microbial ecosystem of persistent periradicular lesions in retreatment cases. For that reason, many in vitro and in vivo studies evaluated and compared the antibacterial activity of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine at varying concentrations using different experimental models against this microorganism. However, many controversies with regard to the ideal irrigant and concentration do in fact exist. Hence, this review aims to discuss the antibacterial activity of these two main root canal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis using the agar diffusion and direct contact methods and the possible modulating factors responsible for inconsistent findings among different studies. In addition, the disinfection potential of both chemical agents on gutta percha and Resilon cones are also discussed. The source of this review was conducted through an electronic literature search using PubMed database from December 1997 until December 2011, which analyze the related laboratory investigations of both irrigants, published in major endodontic journals.


OBJECTIVE--To assess the effect of pressure from patients on patterns of general practitioners' outpatient referrals. DESIGN--Survey of general practitioners' referrals to hospital outpatient departments during one week. SETTING--One health district. SUBJECTS--All (160) general practitioners in the health district. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Specialty of the referral, the reason for it, and its status (NHS or private) and the general practitioner's assessment of the degree of pressure exerted by the patient for the referral (much, little, or none). RESULTS--122 (76%) general practitioners completed the survey. Younger general practitioners (aged less than or equal to 45) and those qualifying in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland reported greater pressure from patients to refer (p less than 0.03, p less than 0.001 respectively). Pressure was also greater for patients referred privately (p less than 0.001), for those referred for reassurance (p less than 0.05), and for those referred to clinics in psychiatry, rheumatology, dermatology, and orthopaedics. General practitioners with a higher referral rate (with total consultations in the week as the denominator) were more likely to report pressure (p less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS--The pressure from patients to refer reported by general practitioners is related both to general practitioners' characteristics and to the nature of the referral. Pressure to refer seems to explain some of the variation in referral rates among general practitioners.


Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, ed. John H. Hayes. 2 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 1999. Pp. 1 + 653; xxxii + 675. $195.00. As everyone in the field of biblical studies has probably noted, ours is a time of dictionaries and encyclopedias (and there is even a short entry in this work on Bible dictionaries and encyclopedias across the centuries). This recent contribution to the genre provides a wealth of concisely expressed information and will surely be a handy addition to the reference section of any library serving the needs of students in biblical studies, whether at the undergraduate or graduate level, and the scholars who teach them. (It is unfortunate, however, that the title is the same as a slightly earlier work edited by R. J. Coggins and J. L. Houlden [London: SCM, 1990, 1994].) It is not possible in this review to do much more than give some basic description of the coverage and to offer a few comments by way of appraisal. There are three basic types of entries dealing with (1) the history of the interpretation of writings treated as Scripture by various faith communities, (2) biographies of figures important in the history of biblical studies, and (3) "methods and movements." Each entry has a bibliography and cross-references to other relevant entries. Moreover, entries devoted to important figures also have lists of their works. A number of the entries on figures and on methods and movements provide handy information that is not so readily accessible elsewhere (but cf. Historical Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters [ed. Donald K. McKim; Downers Grove, IL /Leicester, UK: InterVarsity Press, 1998]). For those such as this reviewer with a particular curiosity about the people who have contributed to the field, there are many entries on figures across the ages, from the ancient world (e.g., Hillel, Akiba, Philo, Justin Martyr, Origen, Eusebius, Augustine, Theodoret, Theodore of Mopsuestia) on through the medieval period (e.g., Ibn Ezra, Maimonides, Aquinas) and into later centuries down to the present, including some on still-living figures (e.g., Brevard Childs, James Barr, Moshe Greenberg, William Farmer, Martin Hengel). With all that is provided, it is almost churlish to complain about what is omitted. But it is not readily clear why there are certain omissions, both among topics and among figures treated. For example, among my own illustrious predecessors in Edinburgh we have William Manson, but not H. A. A. Kennedy (whose studies on the influence of the LXX upon NT language, on the relevance of Philo, and on the mystery cults as background for Pauline Christianity were pioneering and remain noteworthy). There are entries on figures in classical studies whose contribution was essentially to the study of the background of the NT, such as A. D. Nock and Eduard Norden, but no entry on Franz Dolger or Erik Peterson. We have entries on M.-J. Lagrange and J. Bonsirven, but no entry on Jean Danielou, and there are entries on L. Goppelt, H. Lietzmann, and J. Jeremias, but none on Ethelbert Stauffer. Among major Evangelical figures, we have Merrill Tenney, but, very curiously, no entry on G. E. Ladd, arguably one of the most important figures in the post-World War II American Evangelical effort to enter and engage the scholarly mainstream in biblical studies. Among entries on modern Jewish figures, we have, for example, H. Montefiore and S. Sandmel, but Joseph Klausner does not appear. Missing figures from the ancient world include Valentinus, Heracleon (apparently the earliest commentary on the Gospel of John), and the second-century Christian Ptolemy (whose Letter to Flora is a remarkably noteworthy hermeneutical statement), although there is a modest-sized entry on "Gnostic" interpretation (which mainly consists of observations based on the Nag Hammadi texts). Likewise, I find no entries on Qumran or Pesher; and I cannot divine where else to look in the work for discussion of what is rather widely recognized as an important body of texts in the history of biblical reception/interpretation. …


BACKGROUND
Ulcer can be developed inside the inner lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the small intestine (duodenal ulcer). Both the ulcers are also cumulatively referred as peptic ulcers. It affects nearly 10% of world population.

AIM
To investigate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Salvadora indica W. leaves (ESIL) on albino rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried by pylorus ligation, ethanol and cysteamine induced ulcer models in albino rats. The antiulcer activity of ESIL (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days) was compared with standard drugs (Ranitidine). In pyloric ligation induced ulcer model, the studied parameters were gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, and ulcer index whereas in ethanol and cysteamine induced ulcer model, the ulcer index was determined for severity of ulcers. The parameters studied were ulcer index, gastric juice volume, pH, free acidity and total acidity.

RESULTS
In pyloric ligation model; the volume of gastric content, total/free acidity and pepsin activity was significantly decreased at p<0.05 and p<0.01 and pH of the gastric juice was significantly increased at p<0.05 and p<0.01 in ESIL treated groups as compared to control group. All the doses of ESIL showed dose dependent antiulcer effect as well as significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) reduction in the ulcer index as compared to control group in all the experimental models.

CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that the ESIL have better potential against ulcer which supports the traditional claims in folklore medicine.


Obesity and associated metabolic disorders have become highly prevalent diseases worldwide, and the human gut microbiota, due to its influence on host energy metabolism, has been attributed an important role therein. This pilot study explores host-microbiota relationships in men and women affected by various types of glucose metabolism disorder. Among 20 individuals aged 58 to 71 years with either normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes mellitus the gut bacterial communities were compared based on barcoded 454 sequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified from stool samples. We found that specific microbiota groups were relatively enriched or reduced in different metabolic states. Further, positive or negative associations with clinical manifestations of metabolic disease suggest that these organisms indicate and possibly contribute to metabolic impairment or health. For instance, a higher prevalence of Erysipelotrichaceae and Lachnospiraceae was found associated with metabolic disorders, and the Holdemania and Blautia genera correlated with clinical indicators of an impaired lipid and glucose metabolism. The Bacteroidetes and groups therein, by contrast, displayed inverse relationships with metabolic disease parameters and were found relatively enriched in participants not diagnosed with metabolic syndrome or obesity. Further, the prevalence of specific Clostridia and Rikenellaceae members also pointed towards a healthier metabolic state. Links with diet as an intermediate factor included positive and negative associations of Lachnospiraceae with relative consumption rates of fat and carbohydrates, respectively, and positive associations of Turicibacteraceae with the consumption of protein. Identifying critical roles of major gut microbiota components in metabolic disorders has important translational implications regarding the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases by means of preventing or reversing dysbiosis and by controlling exacerbating diet and life style factors particularly in sensitive population groups.


[1] We show characteristics of a tropical deep convection observed in an experiment employing the A-train constellation, the spaceborne imager Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the sounder Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)-advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU), the cloud radar CloudSat, and the lidar Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP). CloudSat and CALIOP measured a vertical cross section of a deep convection at 1.1 km from its center, where the center is defined as the local minimum of the brightness temperature TB (11 μm) measured by using MODIS. This deep convection should be overshooting since its cloud top height measured by using CALIOP was 840 m higher than that of 380 K potential temperature as estimated by using AIRS-AMSU data. The cloud morphology observed by using CALIOP indicates that deep convections raised the isentropic surface in the tropical tropopause layer and that there were downdrafts around the deep convection. The averaged mode radius of ice particles and ice water content (IWC) in the deep convection above 380 K are estimated as 23.0 ± 4.9 μm and 7.2 ± 8.0 mg/m3, respectively, by the use of CloudSat and CALIOP data. The volume of the deep convection above a height of 380 K and the averaged IWC, of which the particle size is less than 20 μm, are estimated and the deep convection has the potential to hydrate the stratosphere with about 1 × 102 t of water vapor. We also show deep convections above a height of 380 K are not rare phenomena over the tropical land and warm water pool.


The main goal of this unit is for students to critically think about the novel and the world around them. This unit is built on students responding to and exploring elements within the novel. With each discussion and experience, simply have the students write. The culmination of all their writing placed and bound together will create a journal. As the students read, they are to highlight quotes they wish to discuss or respond to. This will allow the students to critically think about and process what they have read. It also teaches students how to pick out important concepts within literature. Having students choose what they think is important plays a large role in the affective domain. They will feel a connection with the literature. The discussion questions and journal writing assignments included in this unit are to be used as starting points. I have chosen key themes, quotes, and ideas to address through discussion and writing. Expand on the questions given in every way possible. Many times your students' highlighted important/discussion quotes will feed into the discussion topics—Use this to your advantage! Use the discussion questions, journal entries, and essays to introduce the students to major literary elements. The more acquainted students come with these terms, the better and more correctly they can analyze literature. The final goal of this unit is to strengthen essay writing skills. As the students are writing their final essays, they will be able to look back and reflect on all they wrote for their journals. Using the journals, they will be able to effectively cite the novel and their own thoughts for support—an essential component to writing about literature. The better students can support their thesis, the more effective writers they will be. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Teacher Education


The quality of laser welded-brazed (LWB) joints were strongly dependent on the main process parameters, therefore the effect of laser power (3.2–4 kW), welding speed (60–80 mm/s) and wire feed rate (70–90 mm/s) on mechanical strength and surface roughness were investigated in this study. The comprehensive optimization process by means of response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function was used for multi-criteria optimization. The experiments were planned based on Box– Behnken design implementing linear and quadratic polynomial equations for predicting the desired output properties. Finally, validation experiments were conducted on an optimized process condition which exhibited good agreement between the predicted and experimental results. AlSi3Mn1 was selected as the filler material for joining aluminum alloy 6022 and hot-dip galvanized steel in coach peel configuration. The high scanning speed could control the thickness of IMC as thin as 5 μm. The thermal simulations of joining process were conducted by the Finite Element Method (FEM), and results were validated through experimental data. The Fe/Al interfacial thermal history evidenced that the duration of critical temperature range (700–900 °C) in this high scanning speed process was less than 1 s. This short interaction time leads to the formation of reaction-control IMC layer instead of diffusion-control mechanisms. Keywords—Laser welding-brazing, finite element, response surface methodology, multi-response optimization, cross-beam laser


My research is interdisciplinary in the areas of chemistry, physics and biology for better understanding of synergies between nanomaterials and opto-magneto-electric systems aimed at the practical applications in biosensor, energy (energy storage and electrocatalysis), and biomimetics, in particular, the associated electron transfer, light-matter interactions in nanoscale, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) (nanoplasmonics), and magnetic field effect on these phenomena with targeted nanomaterials. Specific research thrusts include: (1) investigation of surface plasmon generation from a novel nanoledge structure on thin metal film. The results are used for the nanostructure optimization for a nanofluidic-nanoplasmonic platform that may function as a multiplexed biosensor for protein biomarker detection; (2) examination of magnetic field effect on uniformly deposited metal oxide on electrospun carbon nanofiber (ECNF) scaffold for efficient energy storage (supercapacitor) and electrocatalytic energy conversion (oxygen reduction reduction). (3) magnetic response of cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) in photoinduced heterogeneous electron transfer (PHET).


Recent assessments of the international community's ability to hold the increase of global average temperature to well below 2°C, while pursuing efforts to limit that increase to 1.5°C, indicate that this goal is unlikely to be achieved without large-scale implementation of climate engineering (CE) technologies. In light of the prominent, albeit contested, role that CE is likely to play in international climate policy, this Article analyzes the specific provisions of the Paris Agreement with a view to assessing the extent to which the Agreement can provide an institutional framework to effectively govern CE internationally, and how it may shape the development and implementation of CE options. In particular, the Article examines a number of critical interpretive questions that will need to be addressed as states begin to develop CE technologies at large scales, including the need to provide guidance respecting the acceptability of exceeding the Paris targets before drawing down atmospheric CO2 levels, the challenges for equity, human rights, and sustainability objectives that CE poses, and the need to incorporate CE technologies into accounting and incentive structures.


We consider the production of cataclysmic variables (CVs) in globular clusters. We investigate whether the binaries that would produce CVs in the field are likely to contribute to the CV population in globular clusters. We find that such potential CVs (PCVs) are unlikely to survive if they reside in the core of a cluster. However, in a number of globular clusters, the relaxation time is sufficiently long that a fraction of the binaries will not have time to sink into the core. Further, for binaries only marginally heavier than 1 Mo' the relaxed distribution will be such that a fraction of the systems will remain outside of the core and thus survive to produce a CV. We therefore conclude that the contribution of PCVs to CV production in globulars may be significant. Such systems will be found in the cluster halo while those produced via tidal capture and from interactions between binaries and single stars are more likely to be found in the core. Observations of the distribution of CV s within a particular globular cluster will therefore indicate the relative efficiency of these different pathways to CV production.


Information system (IS) support of human problem solving during the complex task of auditing within a computer environment was investigated. 74 computer audit specialist professionals from nine firms participated in the field experiment. Task accomplishment behavior was recorded via a computerized activity-logging technique. Theoretical constructs of interest included: 1) IS problem-solving support, 2) task domain knowledge, and 3) decision-making behavior. It was theorized that task domain knowledge influences the type of IS most functionally appropriate for usage by that individual. IS task presentation served as the treatment variable. Task domain knowledge was investigated as a moderating factor of task accomplishment Task accomplishment, the dependent variable, was defined as search control strategy and quality of task performance. A subject's task domain knowledge was assessed over seven theoretical domains. Subjects were assigned to higher or lower task domain knowledge groups based on performance on professional competency examination questions. Research hypothesis one investigated the effects of task domain knowledge on task accomplishment behavior. Several task domain knowledge bases were found to influence both search control strategy and task performance. Task presentation ordering effects, hypothesis two, were not found to significantly influence search control strategy or task performance. The third hypothesis investigated interaction effects of a subject's task domain knowledge and task presentation ordering treatments on task accomplishment behavior. An interaction effect was found to influence the subject's search control strategy. The computer-specific knowledge base and task presentation ordering treatments were found to interact as joint moderators of search control strategy. Task performance was not found to be significantly influenced by interaction effects. Users' task accomplishment was modeled based upon problem-solving behavior. A subject's level of task domain knowledge was found to serve as a moderating factor of IS usage. Human information-processing strategies, IS usage, and task domain knowledge were integrated into a comprehensive IS user task model. This integrated model provides a robust characterization scheme for IS problem-solving support in a complex task environment.


Endometriosis is one of the most common benign gynecological disorders in reproductive-aged women. The major symptoms are chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Despite its profound impact on women's health and quality of life, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, it cannot be cured and the long-term use of drugs yields severe side effects and hinders fertility. This review aims to present the advances in pathogenesis and the newly reported lead compounds and drugs managing endometriosis. This paper investigated Genetic changes, estrogen-dependent inflammation induction, progesterone resistance, imbalance in proliferation and apoptosis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and neurogenesis, and tissue remodeling in its pathogenesis; and explored the pharmacological mechanisms, constitutive relationships, and application prospects of each compound in the text. To date, Resveratrol, Bay1316957, and bardoxifene were effective against lesions and pain in controlled animal studies. In clinical trials, Quinagolide showed no statistical difference with the placebo group; the results of phase II clinical trial of the IL-33 antibody have not been announced yet; clinical trial stage III of vilaprisan was suspended due to drug toxicity. Elagolix was approved for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain, but clinical studies of Elagolix for the pretreatment of patients with endometriosis to before In vitro fertilization treatment have not been fulfilled. The results of a clinical study of Linzagolix in patients with moderate to severe endometriosis-related pain have not been disclosed yet. Letrozole improved the fertility of patients with mild endometriosis. For endometriosis patients with infertility, oral GnRH antagonists and aromatase inhibitors are promising drugs, especially Elagolix and Letrozole.


This paper aims to evaluate the progressivity of different fuel subsidies in Ecuador as well as the budgetary and distributional effects of a potential elimination of such subsidies. Our analysis makes use of ECUAMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for Ecuador, together with representative household microdata from ENIGHUR 2011-12. Our results show that domestic gas subsidy tends to be progressive, whereas gasoline and diesel subsidies tend to be regressive. Our simulations show that eliminating all fuel subsidies would increase poverty and inequality due to the importance of domestic gas subsidy for low-income households. Eliminating only gasoline and diesel subsidies would not impact poverty and inequality, while allowing to reduce government expenditure. We further show that using part of the budget saved from the elimination of fuel subsidies to increase social assistance payments in Ecuador, could be a mechanism to compensate low-income families for their loss following fuel subsidy elimination.


The performance of a section of concrete pavement built with 30 percent Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is compared to a control section of concrete pavement built with 25 percent GGBFS to determine if the higher slag content pavement is more resistant to wear from studded tires. The wear measurements made over a period of six years showed minimal amount of wear on both the higher slag content section and the control section. It was impossible to conclude that the higher slag content was more resistant to studded tire wear than conventional concrete mixes normally used on Washington roadways. The low speed of vehicles (40 mph speed limit) is a possible contributing factor to the lower amounts of wear noted on this project.


Passion and Craft: Economists at Work. Edited by Michael Szenberg, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998, xvii, 314 pp. $22.95 (paper), ISBN 0-472-06685-4. Lori Arviso Alvord, the first Navajo woman surgeon, introduces her autobiography with an explicit recognition of the ways in which cultural norms shape autobiographical revelation: Even as I type these words, I am going against a basic understanding of my tribe. The Dine strongly discourage talking about or drawing attention to themselves. We are taught from the earliest age to be humble, not to brag or speak of our accomplishments. To talk about myself in a book ... brings me discomfort.... (Alvord and Van Pelt 1999: 10) Humility is not among the more commonly recognized virtues of the academic economist. Indeed, Michael Szenberg must have wondered, when he charged his subjects "to reflect introspectively on their methods of working and to offer us details about their private revelries, discoveries, and ravishing illuminations, if any", whether he would end up with twenty annotated CVs (Szenberg 1998: xv). In fact, the nineteen mid-career academic economists and one economic journalist who are represented in this volume have, for the most part, written entertaining and useful reflections on their careers. In 1992, Szenberg published Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies, which focused on an older generation of economists. This time, the editor deliberately recruited younger economists who have achieved some measure of success in the field, but still have another fifteen or twenty years of active scholarship ahead of them. Inevitably, some of the stories are more interesting than others. Claudia Goldin, for example, in "The Economist as Detective" evokes the passion and excitement of archival discoveries. She remembers reading Paul de Kruif's The Microbe Hunters (1927), a popular history of biology, in junior high school and recognizes the importance of this volume in attracting her to scholarship. William Darity, Jr, in "Why I work", recounts the personal importance of visiting Palestinian refugee camps as a child with his father who then worked for the World Health Organization. Could that account for his career focus on "why a few people were rich, and so many were poor, why some people had a wide rang e of life options and others were faced with limited opportunities"? (p. 58). And Susan Rose-Ackerman, in "Work, family and odd topics: on being a female economist", tells the story of the least formulaic academic career in the collection. Her parting advice ought to be engraved in gold and handed to every new Ph.D. in the field: Do not lose sight of the reasons why economics interested you in the first place. If you are bored by your work, your readers and your students will know it, and you ought to consider a change of career or at least a change of topic. (p. 242) Surely there is no better advice a mid-career academic can share with a newly minted economist. I sald this book was fascinating, but it is also valuable. Autobiography is a challenging genre, and it requires a sensibility that our academic training as economists does nothing to impart. Nevertheless, there are two reasons why these essays are important to economists. The first is that autobiography is a source for understanding the social history of a discipline. The second is that we all need models of people who have struggled and succeeded in the difficult career we share. Dainty expresses considerable discomfort with the first reason: I have been skeptical about a recent tendency among academics and various public intellectuals to utilize autobiography as a device to illustrate grand social themes. I have been especially skeptical when no serious attempt is made to establish the boundaries of the generalizability and uniqueness of one's own self-reflected life history.... [S]ocial analysis by personal anecdote has not been the way that I have engaged in research in the past, and I do not expect it to become the way I do research in the future. …


Afterland is a recursive learning game, based on a theoretical framework, and designed at the Singapore-MIT GAMBIT Game Lab as a research tool. The game uses subversive game design elements to challenge players' expectations and force them to rethink their conceptual framework. The following paper gives insights into the theoretical background and outlines the application of pedagogical theories to the game design process. Video games that shaped our understanding of subversive game design for recursive learning are discussed and discoveries made through developing the game are shared. It will be shown how a learning theory can be translated into game design patterns. In addition, to that the disparity between a well played, well designed and well learned game will be examined and exemplified. Hereby, we will highlight how diverse the players' experiences of playing and learning in and through Afterland have been and where educational design reaches its limit.


What is the effect of future information on today's actions? The answer may help understand, or justify, low investment in the presence of costs, a preference for holding liquid money, self-insurance or precautionary savings motives, environmental preservation and global warming abatement policies. Within a three-period model, Epstein (1980) showed that the effect of future information depends on a condition on an indirect value function. We provide the necessary and sufficient condition on the model's primitives. Furthermore, we derive a generic ambiguity result, and characterize all model specifications for which the question can be answered without ambiguity. These specifications include all classical models discussed in the literature. The paper also discusses the interpretation of the concept of flexibility in this literature.


Abstract. Urban green spaces can have potential positive impacts on climate, biodiversity, health, and generally on the quality of life for urban residents and are of great importance for pursuing recreational activities. People as urban green space users should therefore be well informed about where they are located within a city and what activities they are suitable for. As people's individual preferences play a significant role in the decision-making process for visiting urban green spaces, we present a method that enables to assess urban green spaces upon various activities in accordance with a range of criteria. A sensitivity analysis to investigate the influence of weighting the criteria in a multi-criteria evaluation of the suitability of urban green spaces for recreational activities depending on people's preferences is in the focus. Initial results are shown based on an exemplary use case of playing Frisbee. Overall, the study is embedded in the development of a spatial decision support system implemented in the form of a web app to assist urban residents make decisions in the context of green space use.


Clustering of short texts is an important research area because of its applicability in information retrieval and text mining. To this end was proposed CLUDIPSO, a discrete Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to cluster short texts. Initial results showed that CLUDIPSO has performed well in small collections of short texts. However, later works showed some drawbacks when dealing with larger collections. In this paper we present a hybridization of CLUDIPSO to overcome these drawbacks, by providing information in the initial cycles of the algorithm to avoid a random search and thus speed up the convergence process. This is achieved by using a pre-clustering obtained with the Expectation-Maximization method which is included in the initial population of the algorithm. The results obtained with the hybrid version show a significant improvement over those obtained with the original version.


As the planet's largest ecosystem, oceans stabilise climate, produce oxygen, store CO2 and host unfathomable biodiversity at a deep time-scale. In recent decades, scientific assessments have indicated that the oceans are seriously degraded to the detriment of most near-future societies. Human-induced impacts range from climate change, ocean acidification, loss of biodiversity, eutrophication and marine pollution to local degradation of marine and coastal environments. Such environmental violence takes form of both 'spectacular' events, like oil spills and 'slow violence', occurring gradually and out of sight. The purpose of this paper is to show four cases of coastal and marine forms of slow violence and to provide counter-accounts of how to reinvent our consumer imaginary at such locations, as well as to develop what is here referred to as 'low-trophic theory,' a situated ethical stance that attends to entanglements of consumption, food, violence, environmental adaptability and more-than-human care from the co-existential perspective of multispecies ethics. We combine field-philosophical case studies with insights from marine science, environmental art and cultural practices in the Baltic and North Sea region and feminist posthumanities. The paper shows that the oceanic imaginary is not a unified place, but rather, a set of forces, which requires renewed ethical approaches, conceptual inventiveness and practical creativity. Based on the case studies and examples presented, the authors conclude that the consideration of more-than-human ethical perspectives, provided by environmental arts and humanities is crucial for both research on nature and space, and for the flourishing of local multispecies communities. This paper thus inaugurates thinking and practice along the proposed here ethical stance of low-trophic theory, developed it along the methodological lines of feminist environmental posthumanities.


The purpose of the study was to compare the action learning approach with the traditional didactic learning and establish the relationship between problem-based learning and action learning. We employed a quasi experiment where the Marquardt Action Learning model was combined with the constructivist theories of learning. The quasi experiment was composed of three groups, namely the treatment group (action learning group), the traditional group and the control group. To stimulate participant thought and reflection, a community of practice environment was created and just-in-time classes were conducted, based on the constructive theories of learning. Although the study involved various constructivist theories, the article concentrates on problem-based learning; hence, it is quiet about other constructivist theories. The results indicate significant differences between the action learning and traditional didactic learning. Furthermore, a significant relationship between problem-based learning and action learning was established. The robust strength of reflective practice and self-directed learning in the prediction of action learning is also highlighted. The findings can be utilised to design future training programmes in universities and other workplaces in order to equip workers with reflective practice and self-directed learning skills that are vital in solving workplace problems.


Controversy in science news accounts attracts audiences and draws attention to important science issues. But sometimes covering multiple sides of a science issue does the audience a disservice. Counterbalancing a truth claim backed by strong scientific support with a poorly backed argument can unnecessarily heighten audience perceptions of uncertainty. At the same time, journalistic norms often constrain reporters to "get both sides of the story" even when there is little debate in the scientific community about which truth claim is most valid. In this study, we look at whether highlighting the way in which experts are arrayed across truth claims—a strategy we label "weight-of-evidence reporting"—can attenuate heightened perceptions of uncertainty that can result from coverage of conflicting claims. The results of our study suggest weight-of-evidence strategies can indeed play a role in reducing some of the uncertainty audiences may perceive when encountering lop-sided truth claims.


Abstract Developed in this paper is an automated closed-loop system that regulates the target blood pressure and maintains haemodynamic stability in hypotensive patients using the vasopressor drug phenylephrine. First, experimental studies are conducted on several healthy swine to identify dynamic mathematical models that quantify and predict blood pressure response to infusion of vasopressors. A first-order plus time-delay model structure has been selected to capture mean arterial pressure (MAP) response of patient's subject to drug injection. Intra- and inter-patient variabilities of the model parameters have been identified and characterized. Then, an anti-windup proportional integral controller is designed, taking patient response variation in account. A nonlinear stochastic simulation environment has been developed to investigate the controller under diverse scenarios. Finally, automatic control of blood pressure is applied for the treatment of eight anesthetized swine subjected to hypotension induced by standard haemorrhage, spinal cord injury, and vasodilator injection. Results from clinical evaluations show that the proposed automated closed-loop control system is able to keep MAP near target and its performance is superior to that of manual control of infusion.


Abstract. Accurate estimates of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are required to quantify carbon sources and sinks caused by land use change at national scale. This study presents a novel robust kriging method to precisely estimate regional and national mean SOC stocks, along with truthful standard errors. We used this new approach to estimate mean forest SOC stock for Switzerland and for its five main ecoregions. Using data of 1033 forest soil profiles, we modelled stocks of two compartments (0–30, 0–100 cm depth) of mineral soils. Log-normal regression models that accounted for correlation between SOC stocks and environmental covariates and residual (spatial) auto-correlation were fitted by a newly developed robust restricted maximum likelihood method, which is insensitive to outliers in the data. Precipitation, near-infrared reflectance, topographic and aggregated information of a soil and a geotechnical map were retained in the models. Both models showed weak but significant residual autocorrelation. The predictive power of the fitted models, evaluated by comparing predictions with independent data of 175 soil profiles, was moderate (robust R2 = 0.34 for SOC stock in 0–30 cm and R2 = 0.40 in 0–100 cm). Prediction standard errors (SE), validated by comparing point prediction intervals with data, proved to be conservative. Using the fitted models, we mapped forest SOC stock by robust external-drift point kriging at high resolution across Switzerland. Predicted mean stocks in 0–30 and 0–100 cm depth were equal to 7.99 kg m−2 (SE 0.15 kg m−2) and 12.58 kg m−2 (SE 0.24 kg m−2), respectively. Hence, topsoils store about 64% of SOC stocks down to 100 cm depth. Previous studies underestimated SOC stocks of topsoil slightly and those of subsoils strongly. The comparison further revealed that our estimates have substantially smaller SE than previous estimates.


In Finding the Target, Frederick Kagan describes the three basic transformations within the U.S. military since Vietnam. First was the move to an all-volunteer force and a new generation of weapons systems in the 1970s. Second was the emergence of stealth technology and precision-guided munitions in the 1980s. Third was the information technology that followed the fall of the Soviet Union and the first Golf War. This last could have insured the U.S. continuing military preeminence, but this goal was compromised by Clinton's drawing down of our armed forces in the 1990s and Bush's response to 9/11 and the global war on terror.


ABSTRACT We describe a rapid, reproducible, and sensitive method for detection and quantification of archaea in naturally occurring microbial communities. A domain-specific PCR primer set and a domain-specific fluorogenic probe having strong and weak selectivity, respectively, for archaeal rRNA genes (rDNAs) were designed. A universal PCR primer set and a universal fluorogenic probe for both bacterial and archaeal rDNAs were also designed. Using these primers and probes, we demonstrated that detection and quantification of archaeal rDNAs in controlled microbial rDNA assemblages can be successfully achieved. The system which we designed was also able to detect and quantify archaeal rDNAs in DNA samples obtained not only from environments in which thermophilic archaea are abundant but also from environments in which methanogenic archaea are abundant. Our findings indicate that this method is applicable to culture-independent molecular analysis of microbial communities in various environments.


Abstract. The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) is a set of algorithms dedicated to the estimation of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture from satellite data. Ever since its development in 2011, the model has been regularly revised, aiming at the optimal incorporation of new satellite-observed geophysical variables, and improving the representation of physical processes. In this study, the next version of this model (v3) is presented. Key changes relative to the previous version include (1) a revised formulation of the evaporative stress, (2) an optimized drainage algorithm, and (3) a new soil moisture data assimilation system. GLEAM v3 is used to produce three new data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, including a 36-year data set spanning 1980–2015, referred to as v3a (based on satellite-observed soil moisture, vegetation optical depth and snow-water equivalent, reanalysis air temperature and radiation, and a multi-source precipitation product), and two satellite-based data sets. The latter share most of their forcing, except for the vegetation optical depth and soil moisture, which are based on observations from different passive and active C- and L-band microwave sensors (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative, ESA CCI) for the v3b data set (spanning 2003–2015) and observations from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite in the v3c data set (spanning 2011–2015). Here, these three data sets are described in detail, compared against analogous data sets generated using the previous version of GLEAM (v2), and validated against measurements from 91 eddy-covariance towers and 2325 soil moisture sensors across a broad range of ecosystems. Results indicate that the quality of the v3 soil moisture is consistently better than the one from v2: average correlations against in situ surface soil moisture measurements increase from 0.61 to 0.64 in the case of the v3a data set and the representation of soil moisture in the second layer improves as well, with correlations increasing from 0.47 to 0.53. Similar improvements are observed for the v3b and c data sets. Despite regional differences, the quality of the evaporation fluxes remains overall similar to the one obtained using the previous version of GLEAM, with average correlations against eddy-covariance measurements ranging between 0.78 and 0.81 for the different data sets. These global data sets of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture are now openly available at www.GLEAM.eu and may be used for large-scale hydrological applications, climate studies, or research on land–atmosphere feedbacks.


This article proposes a system for representing phonation distinction in consonantswithin Radical CV Phonology (RCVP), a dependency-based model thatuses unary "features" (called elements). The RCVP model is briefly outlined.The proposal for phonation distinction is compared to traditional binarysystems and other unary proposals in the context of Government Phonology.The model is applied to phonation distinctions in Dutch, English and Frenchwhich has traditionally been claimed to have different analyses. RCVP proposesa more unified analysis that uses the notion of enhancement. This article paysspecific attention to voicing phenomena in Dutch (final devoicing, progressiveand regressive voice assimilation) to illustrate and motivate certain aspects ofthe proposed system.


Aim/Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of the front/back-office structure affecting new service development (NSD) performance and examine the role of knowledge transfer in the relationship between front/back-office structure and NSD. Background The separation of front and back-office has become the prevailing trend of the organizational transformation of modern service enterprises in the digital era. Yet, the influence of front and back-office separation dealing with new service development has not been widely researched. Methodology Building on the internal social capital perspective, a multivariate regression analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of front/back-office structure on the NSD performance through knowledge transfer as an intermediate variable. The data was collected through a survey questionnaire from 198 project-level officers in the commercial banking industry of China. A Knowledge Transfer Perspective 506 Contribution This study advances the understanding of front/back-office structure's influence mechanism on new service development activity. It reveals that knowledge transfer plays a critical role in bridging the impact of front and back-office separation to NSD performance under the trend of digitalization of service organizations. Findings This study verified the positive effects of front/back-office social capital on NSD performance. Moreover, knowledge transfer predicted the variation in NSD performance and fully mediated the effect of front/back-office social capital on NSD performance. Recommendations for Practitioners Service organizations should optimize knowledge transfer by promoting the social capital between front and back-office to overcome the negative effect organizational separation brings to NSD. Service and other organizations could explore developing an internal social network management platform, by which the internal social network could be visualized and dynamically managed. Recommendations for Researchers The introduction of information and communications technology not only divides the organization into front and back-office, but also reduces the face-toface customer contact. The impacts of new forms of customer contact to new service development and knowledge transfer between customer and service organizations call for further research. Along with the digital servitization, some manufacturing organizations also separate front and back-offices. The current model can be applied and assessed further in manufacturing and other service sectors. Impact on Society The conclusion of this study guides us to pay attention to the construction of social capital inside organizations with front/back-office structure and implicates introducing and developing sociotechnical theory in front/back-office issue undergoing technological revolution. Future Research As this study is based on the retail banking industry, similar studies are called upon in other service sectors to identify differences and draw more general conclusions. In addition, as the front and back-offices are being replaced increasingly by information technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), it is necessary to advance the research on front/back-office research with a new theoretical perspective, such as sociotechnical theory.


Cybersecurity has become an increasingly important aspect of public policy as Internet traffic increases and mounting cyber threats affect the operation of governments and businesses as well as the everyday life of citizens. Cybersecurity policy-making is at a turning point, becoming a national policy priority with explicit strategies in several countries. Even though the availability of high-level ICT security skills would significantly contribute in leveraging the economic growth of companies, still there is a lack of ICT security skills in Europe. In this paper, the ICT security skills gap between the industry needs and the academia/training curricula is investigated in seven European regions, followed by an analysis of the findings. Based on the findings, a framework is proposed to narrow the security skills gap.


It was with interest that we read the paper recently published by Carey at al detailing the development and implementation of the AMBER care bundle.1 Like the authors of this work, we too have hypothesised that care bundles might offer an approach to incorporating care processes previously identified as likely to improve patient-outcomes into routine practise at the end of life. On behalf of the Calvary Mater End of Life group, this letter is presented to summarise our experiences thus far.

As the initial phase of a quality improvement project, an audit of care was performed with the aim of reviewing care as documented as received by people dying in the general wards of two teaching hospitals in regional NSW (Australia). The specific intent of this audit was to examine if the care documented as delivered could be considered quality care,2 with quality in this context referring to healthcare which is based on previously conducted trials, patient-centred, and safe. A care bundle was hypothesised as one solution to address the identified care gap.

A care bundle entitled the Care of the Dying Bundle was developed according to existing recommendations.3 Along with the audit of care, the bundle's contents were informed by: interviews with bereaved family members whose relatives had died on the acute wards where the project was undertaken;4 a systematic literature review (accepted for publication); an advisory committee. Collaboratively-agreed bundle items included: (1) a track and trigger chart to monitor people dying in hospital with predetermined calling criteria; (2) population of this chart with numeric (0–10) rating scales to record the presence and severity …