Introduction and Theoretical Basis for Research Emotional expressions are a way of communicating one's feelings to others. Facial expressions are one way of communicating internal feelings. Whereas an individual's smile indicates a feeling of joy or happiness, a frown is considered an expression of sadness. Another mode of emotional expression involves speech. The tone of someone's voice may convey a feeling of anger or excitement. Gestures and bodily postures represent a third way of communicating feelings. When someone clenches a fist, it usually indicates anger. A sad person often holds their head and eyes in a downward position. Someone who is excited might jump up and down. Since emotions are a way of communicating one's feelings to others, they are part of the social process. Individuals may approach or avoid another person based on the emotional expressions they observe. People are more likely to approach someone who is smiling rather than someone who looks angry. Even people who do not speak the same language can understand each others' emotional expressions. (1) For infants, emotional expressions provide an important mode of communicating with others, especially before they develop conventional language. (2) When infants cry, people know that something is wrong. Yet, can they tell whether infants are feeling anger or sadness? An Ethological Approach There are different theories that explain how emotions develop during infancy. Developmental theories of emotion focus on changes in emotions over time. An ethological perspective places great importance on evolutionary influences upon emotional behavior and development. One such perspective, differential emotions theory, emphasizes the physiological influences on emotional behavior due to evolutionary influences on the nervous system. This approach draws on the work of the natural scientist Charles Darwin which describes the anatomy of facial expressions in man and animals. Differential emotions theory posits that basic emotions (joy, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, interest, and contempt) stem from specific neural circuits that are activated and result in specific facial expressions. Basic emotions are elicited by particular situations/events and serve unique adaptive functions. (3) For example, joy is elicited by the sight of a loved one approaching. That smile indicates that it is acceptable to continue to approach, resulting in social interaction. Continued joyful social interaction over time strengthens the social bond between individuals. (4) Early social relationships are necessary for survival; emotions play an important role in maintaining these relationships. (5) An infant's facial expressions communicate basic emotions, each of which serves a unique adaptive function. Basic emotional expressions are the first form of communication between infants and adults. Joy is expressed through smiling and playful behavior (i.e., peek-a-boo). It strengthens the bond between the infant and the individual responsible for eliciting this emotion. (6) Interest is evident in an infant's attention (i.e., looking at someone). By focusing attention on another person, the emotion of interest helps the infant to engage in social interaction with that individual. (7) Sadness is evident in a frown, crying, and whimpering. Such behavior elicits caregiving behavior (i.e., hugs, kisses) from an adult which strengthens the bond between the infant and the caregiver. (8) Caregivers thus infer what infants feel from their emotional expressions. While these facial expressions of basic emotions are early forms of communication, all of them are not immediately evident at birth. Development of Emotions During Infancy According to differential emotions theory, discrete (basic) emotions emerge during infancy according to a predictable timetable, and their development is strongly influenced by neurophysiological maturation. …


Until recently most water utilities have operated as a public service. The market is still predominantly a natural monopoly. The significant infrastructure requirements militate against service duplication and competition. Generally customers do not have the option of changing service providers. With the arrival of competition policy, water utilities have initiated some customer service programmes. However, the driver for this change has been the reporting requirements of the regulator rather than customer focused imperatives. However, there are benefits for water service companies to conduct professional market research focused on customer satisfaction. This paper reviews the concepts of market customer satisfaction analysis. It discusses the shortfalls of generic methodologies which focus on the performance of the service provider rather than the needs and expectations of the customer. The application of Benchmarking or Best Practice, is also reviewed within this context. A conclusion of this paper is that the application of focused, professional customer satisfaction analysis is an effective quality management tool and leads to a better understanding of water services customers' needs and expectations. The outcome is more effective application of customer service resources, enhanced community perceptions and the achievement of higher levels of customer satisfaction.


Individuals with a diagnosis of Huntington's disease (HD) have been shown to experience various emotional, behavioural and psychosocial consequences. The current study employs Leventhal's self-regulation model to explore the biopsychosocial factors related to psychological distress in people with HD, and further examine the relationship between illness perceptions, coping and psychological distress. Eighty-seven people diagnosed with HD completed the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire-Revised adapted for the population. Participants also completed self-report measures of coping and psychological distress. Data were also collected on clinical and demographic variables previously found to be associated with psychological distress. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that illness perceptions of identity, treatment control and timeline cyclical were predictors of anxiety while illness perceptions of identity and perceiving the cause to be related to chance were found to be significant positive predictors of depression. The coping strategy of seeking instrumental support also contributed to scores of depression, and self-report clinical variables of pain and role functioning related to physical difficulties predicted anxiety and depression, respectively. The findings suggest that illness perceptions play a significant role in psychological distress experienced by people with HD. Consequently, a focus on interventions which might change illness perceptions, and perhaps then reduce psychological distress, would be useful for future research.


This article examines changes in Teacher Education Programs that can evolve out of the presence of the World Wide Web (Web) and Internet. As the Web becomes more available to universities, precollege schools, and the general public, the role of education needs to be examined. Major paradigm shifts are discussed. The author discusses a program implemented in the Elementary Education Program at Florida State University. Finally, discussion is provided about the changes observed with these students. Since 1994 the author has been engrossed with the Web. The more she investigated it, the more she became convinced that this provides a major shift in our society that holds much potential for education. President Clinton set an agenda of having access to the Web in every class in the country by the year 2000. Many of our local schools do now have access to the Web in their classes today. Are teachers and schools ready to make use of the new capabilities it brings? Do teacher education students understand the implications of what such a dynamic force can have on the future of education? Note: This article was initially written several years ago. Since that time all of the ideas discussed have become an integral part of our teacher education program, and it is working well with our students. We have made some significant changes in our Elementary Education Program. The following background areas helped lead to such changes: a view of the Web and its potential, major paradigm shifts in education, changes in schools, and changes in teacher education. Discussion of each of these follows. A Web View of the World Through the years we have watched many advances in communications systems (see Manuscripts, Books, and Maps, 1994). Many of us were struck when we watched the video information sent to us from the Gulf war a few years ago. Today information about earthquakes, bombings, trials, and election results can be disseminated world wide almost instantly. The point is: communication capabilities are changing very quickly. The Web provides a forum for such instant communication. A document can be posted at one location in the world and retrieved almost instantly in another part of the world. With CU-See Me (people with video cameras in two locations and connected through computers) capabilities, it is almost like having each person with his or her own broadcast station. Text, pictures, graphics, and even animations can be transmitted nearly instantly from one location to another. Maintaining a Web site is somewhat like publishing a paper, a book, a video, or links to other sites. Such sites can also support many forms of interaction. Having near instant access, independent of time, location, age, social, or economic (with some limitations) status, to a world of Web sites is what constitutes the Web. Such sites are using common code that can be translated by a Web browser. Never before have we had such capabilities through direct access. It is only a matter of time until the Web will be processing real time action, video, audio, and online dialogues, and in some cases these already exist. Major Paradigm Shifts in Education Such changes in technology along with other changes in school improvement involve a number of paradigm shifts that hold the potential of providing major changes in our entire educational system. Such shifts can affect the teaching/learning process, the evaluation process, the learning environment, and skills and curriculum for the 21st Century. Appendix A shows contrasting models for the teaching/learning/assessing process. This model has been discussed at several conferences (e.g., Flake, 1994; Flake & Molina, 1995). Model A is basically a traditional model that has dominated our classrooms for years. Model B is more of a constructivist model, in the spirit of von Glasersfeld (1983), Papert (1993, 1996), and Harel (1990, 1991), that allows for students to more meaningfully construct their own knowledge. …


Lean and obese women with gestational diabetes (GDM) were given two different isocaloric meal challenge tests to assess glucose and insulin responses. Forty-three pregnant women received a 400-kcal isocaloric breakfast meal tolerance test (mini-MTT). Twenty of the subjects were also given a 2000-kcal isocaloric diet with three meals and three snacks during a 24-h period (maxi-MTT). This was the first study to utilize the physiologic challenge of mixed meals to compare insulin and glucose responses of both obese and lean normal pregnant women and women with GDM around the clock. Normal obese pregnant women had higher integrated glucose and insulin values around the 24-h clock < 0.003 and < 0.03, respectively) than lean pregnant women. Lean and obese women with GDM also responded differently to the physiologic challenge of mixed meals. Some, but not all, obese diabetic subjects were markedly hyperinsulinemic in contrast to lean diabetic women who were relatively insulin deficient. One normoglycemic massively obese 18-yr-old pregnant woman was unexpectedly found to be severely hyperinsulinemic. The two meal tolerance tests clearly defined a delay in the release of insulin in women with GDM (lean and obese) and markedly different quantitative insulin responses to identical meal challenges in obese diabetic subjects. Maternal hyperinsulinemia was positively correlated with prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) and heavier infants, but not with plasma glucose levels. These studies provide evidence that GDM is a heterogeneous syndrome. Because of the variety of tests for GDM, the not unusual occurrence of carbohydrate intolerance in lean pregnant women without risk factors, and the worldwide differences in diagnostic criteria for this syndrome, we recommend screening for diabetes in all pregnant women. Finally, we have proposed that an extension of the National Diabetes Data Group classification be applied to pregnant women. In this scheme, gestational carbohydrate intolerance would be considered type III or GDM and be subdivided into nonobese and obese women. The increasing number of patients with carbohydrate intolerance secondary to renal dialysis, transplantation, cystic fibrosis, and other disorders might be called type IV or secondary diabetes.


The Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake of 25 April 2015 triggered thousands of landslides in the central part of the Nepal Himalayas. The main goal of this study was to generate an ensemble-based map of co-seismic landslide susceptibility in Sindhupalchowk District using model comparison and combination strands. A total of 2194 co-seismic landslides were identified and were randomly split into 1536 (~70%), to train data for establishing the model, and the remaining 658 (~30%) for the validation of the model. Frequency ratio, evidential belief function, and weight of evidence methods were applied and compared using 11 different causative factors (peak ground acceleration, epicenter proximity, fault proximity, geology, elevation, slope, plan curvature, internal relief, drainage proximity, stream power index, and topographic wetness index) to prepare the landslide susceptibility map. An ensemble of random forest was then used to overcome the various prediction limitations of the individual models. The success rates and prediction capabilities were critically compared using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). By synthesizing the results of the various models into a single score, the ensemble model improved accuracy and provided considerably more realistic prediction capacities (91%) than the frequency ratio (81.2%), evidential belief function (83.5%) methods, and weight of evidence (80.1%).


Forty-five patients with duodenogastric reflux and defective gastroduodenal motor tonicity (gastroduodenal hypotonia, duodenal hypertension, gastric hypotonia in combination with duodenal hypertension) were exposed to He--Ne laser radiation. The impact was focused on the biologically active points G14, TR5, VC15, E21. The treatment resulted in normalization of the gastrointestinal pressure gradient, in discontinuance or reduction of duodenogastric reflux.


In this presentation we engage with the issues on international higher education imperatives in response to recent educational reforms and their implications for scholarship in the region of northern Europe. These issues bring forth components of an ongoing large comparative research project on ethical internationalization involving 20 universities across the globe (EIHE, 2015) funded by the Academy of Finland. Central to the theme are perspectives on how internationalization has been shaped. Historical accounts of the internationalisation of HE have been framed by organizational and system level perspectives (King, Marginson, & Naidoo, 2013) and are closely linked to economical-political-policy demands. In the past, focus was placed on academic and organizational climates and cultures, viewing education primarily from an administrative perspective, linked to economy, politics and policy. Thus, the social role of universities was scrutinized merely in relation to its external global environment, that is, in terms of its impact on 'market competition'. Transnational corporations have over time exerted significant control that rise above national borders (King, Marginson & Naidoo, 2013) forcing universities to operate within the knowledge-based economy. Marginson (2009) has discussed these escalating developments in terms of status competition driven by neo-liberal political developments causing a reduction in state funding and demanding public universities to become increasingly self-supporting, financially.The rapidly escalating international education market has imposed unprecedented pedagogical demands on university teachers' academic professionalism and identity (Hellsten & Reid, 2008; Ryan, 2013; Trahar, 2011). Concurrently, there has been anxiety about lowering academic standards caused by a perceived fragmentation in the field (Ninnes & Hellsten, 2005) which may derive from an epistemic discord about internationalized curriculum policy, employability and conceptualizations about ethics (Andreotti, 2013).In this presentation we focus on current imperatives steering international policy and practice and related global, cultural and social imaginaries, by providing a sampling of commentary from teaching spaces in international education contexts. The presentation shows examples of interim EIHE project data collected from the northern EU region. In the presentation we involve the audience in discussing implications for future progression on the issues that might be central to a forming of (ethical) international communities of (educational) practice.


This special issue represents the cumulation of discussions at the 2 International Summit on Higher Education, Autism, and Behavior Analysis that was held in Stockholm, Sweden, January 2018. This summit followed the 1 International Summit that was held in Texas, USA, September 2009. At that time, the rapidly rising prevalence rates of autism worldwide and the urgency of consumer protection meant that the summit focused on developing suitable Higher Education programs for behaviour analysts. The proceedings of the 1 Summit were published in a special issue of the European Journal of Behavior Analysis (Ala'i-Rosales et al., 2010). Since then, the discipline has grown exponentially. We now have 306 Higher Education institutes that deliver verified course sequences (VCS) in Behaviour Analysis worldwide. However, most of these courses are located in the USA (n = 217), with only 34 of these courses located in Europe, and the quality of community-based support for families affected by autism remains a major concern (Keenan & Dillenburger, 2018; RollPettersson et al., 2016). The purpose of the 2 Summit was to discuss future directions, requirements, opportunities, and challenges for Higher Education in the field of Behaviour Analysis, specifically with regards to autism intervention.


Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd was generated spontaneously around the beginning of the 1600s in Spain between Platanus orientalis L. and Platanus occidentalis L. The study was carried out on P. acerifolia trees in different sites in Rome in the period April-July 2019. Trees comparable for size were selected in A sites (historical parks), B sites (high traffic density streets) and in C sites (high traffic density avenues along the Tevere River characterized by a large water availability). At the morphological level, leaf area (LA) was significantly higher in A and C sites and leaf tissue density (LTD) in C sites. At anatomical level, the total leaf thickness (LT), the palisade parenchyma thickness (Pt), the spongy parenchyma thickness (St) and the abaxial epidermis thickness (Abet) were significantly higher in A sites, while the adaxial cuticle thickness (Adct) and the adaxial epidermis thickness (Adet) in B sites. The ratio between palisade and spongy parenchyma thickness (P/S) was significantly higher in C sites. The plasticity index (PI, 0.42) was calculated on all the considered leaf traits. Among the morphological traits, LTD had the highest plasticity (0.49) and among the anatomical traits, trichomes density (TD) and Adet (0.74 and 0.54, respectively). Overall, the results highlight the large adaptability of P. acerifolia to grow in different sites in Rome through several changes in leaf morphological and anatomical traits.


Background: Transfusion of blood and its components save life, but may transmit infectious disease with serious consequences. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one example. There
has never been a satisfactory marker that can identify all stages of virus in host. In the search of ideal markers, methods to screen anti HCV, HCV antigen and HCV genome have been devised. All methods suffer disadvantages in practical transfusion in terms of sensitivity, reliability and cost effectiveness. Detection of HCV RNA by sensitive method is a costly procedure. It requires sophisticated equipment, special environment, and technically experienced staff. In addition its routine use and availability in smaller blood bank facilities is difficult. The cost of blood screened through molecular methods would be beyond the reach of common men in Pakistan, and can prove a limiting factor. Aim & Objectives: Screening anti HCV negative blood donors for HCV RNA, to find out the frequency of HCV RNA in blood donors, and to define the association of raised hepatic enzymes as markers of HCV infection in our population. Study design: It is a cross sectional research carried out at Baqai Institute of Hematology Baqai Medical
University Karachi. Research was conducted from May 2006 to April 2008. Materials and Methods: Healthy blood donors with no clinical evidence of systemic disease volunteering for blood donation were included. Those considered high risk were excluded on initial
interview. After recording demographic data, 450 ml of blood was drawn in CPDA-1. Blood aliquots were drawn for blood grouping, cross match, antibody screening, serum bilirubin, ALT, AST, LDH, Syphilis serology, malaria slide examination, anti HCV, HBsAg, and HIV. Those reactive to anti HCV, HBsAg, and HIV, by 3rd generation ELISA were
excluded from study. Initial 400 donors with ALT within the reference range and 400 donors with raised ALT were included in study. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on 5 sample mini pools. Results After interview of 3160 donors, 160 (5.06%) were regretted. Fifty five (1.83%) were reactive to anti HCV and 75 (2.5%) were to HBsAg. Raised ALT was detected in 400 / 2870
(13.93%). Four hundred donors with normal ALT and 400 with raisedALT were included in study. All donors were male, with mean age 27 years SD + 6.2. Mean ALT in normal ALT group was 31.5 U/L SD + 6.4, in raised ALT group mean ALT was 54.3 U/L with SD of + 11.7, the difference of ALT levels among normal ALT and raised ALT groups was statistically significant (p= 0.01). In raised ALT group, a raised AST was found in 15%, while in normal ALT group raised AST was found in 5% donors (p=0.01). A raised LDH was found in 7.5% donors with normal ALT, and in 4.5% donors with raised ALT group (p=0.05). Serum ALT was raised in 36% of HBsAg reactive blood donors, and in 75% of those with anti-HCV reactivity. HCV RNA was detected in 2 blood donors out of 400 with normal ALT (0.5%); all three liver enzymes were within normal range in both donors. In raised ALT group HCV RNA was detected in 1 out of 400 (0.25%) donors. In this donor AST was also raised. A Logistic Regression analysis was carried out that revealed poor correlation (p=0.9) of HCV RNA with raised hepatic enzymes. A significant positive correlation was found between anti
HCV reactivity and serum ALT (r=.67, p=0.01) depicting strong association between the two variables Conclusion 1. Prevalence of HCV RNA is 0.5% out of 400 normal ALT blood donors and 0.25% out of 400 raised ALT blood donors.  2. Study represents a cross section of donor population with a small sample size, but raises the question for
further studies. 3. There is a poor correlation between raised ALT and HCV RNA positivity in prior seropositivity donors. Finding poor relation of raised ALT with HCV RNA should not undermine the importance of raised ALT in blood transfusion services. Anti HCV testing with sensitive methods picks up almost all cases with HCV related raised ALT and a significant proportion of cases before ALT
rises. 4. Serum bilirubin, AST, LDH and demographic data has little influence on HCV RNA status of the donors
ALIGN="justify">Recommendations 1. Prevalence of HCV RNA in anti HCV non reactive blood donors is alarming. The study has been conducted in a cross section of blood donors which can not represent the populations. There is a possibility of chance finding, a higher prevalence may be
expected in populations with higher seroprevalence of anti HCV, and in blood bank facilities using less sensitive assays. It is likely that further multi centre studies may clarify the benefits of HCV RNA screening in addition of anti HCV screening. Further multi centre studies with more sensitive methods of anti HCV screening and larger sample size screening HCV RNA in anti HCV non reactive blood
donors is recommended 2. There is poor relation of aminotransferases levels with preseropositive HCV infection. HCV RNA is now detectable far before the rise of aminotransferases, thus aminotransferases can not be used as surrogate marker of preseropositive HCV infection. The donor screening for HCV RNA should be performed irrespective of aminotransferase status 3. HCV RNA screening through mini pools is likely to economies the screening cost, screening mini pools of 5 samples may be done, further studies are recommended to assess cost
effectiveness of the mini pool screening


Nowadays, several state-of-the-art multilevel converter topologies are used for numerous industrial medium-voltage (MV) high-power variable-speed drive applications. The 3-level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) topology is one of those and is often used as a benchmark for various alternatives. In this paper, a 3L-NPC medium voltage special-purpose drive based on an integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) is presented, highlighting the design paradigms followed in order to achieve highest performances at maximum possible flexibility. Modular hardware design supported by highly dynamic direct torque control, fulfills the needs of the demanding applications.


ABSTRACT.Economic activity is affected by the diseases and pandemics that spread more and more and very rapidly in some areas of the world, leading, ultimately, to economic downturns which drive to a series of repercussions both on their own citizens and on economic relations with third countries. We try, therefore, to outline the vision through which human health must be interpreted because man uses his health in order to produce income and, more than that, by creating profit from his actions, he created net income. Therefore, health should be monitored and continuously improved through joint and complex efforts, individual and constitutional, national and international.Keywords: human health, dynamic equilibrium, whole-integrated, health as an economic good1. Human Health as an Economic GoodWorld Health Organization and other authors, including F. Capra, Pope John Paul II, C. Popescu, define human health as a physical, mental and social complete welfare in the absence of disease or infirmity. Due to the growing complexity of life and the interrelations that lead to the proper definition of health in the context of the new economic-social-politicalcultural realities, but not only, we should consider a systemic approach that includes individual, social, environmental and economic dimensions. This approach should be based on the awareness of interrelation and interdependence of all physical, biological, psychological, social and cultural phenomena, as the physicist Fritjof Capra (2004) said. In this respect, health requires an equilibrium between environmental influences, way of life and different parts of human nature, according to Hippocrates. An example of such an understanding and approach of health is the Chinese medicine which is based on the fact that both individual and society are health, being whole-integrated in a bigger systemic order and disease is the appearance of individual and/or social disharmonies.Therefore, health is a state of welfare resulting from a dynamic equilibrium involving both biological and physical aspects of the body and its interactions with the social and natural environment. In order to be healthy, a body must retain its individual autonomy, but, also, it has to be able to integrate into larger systems. This capability of integration is closely related by the flexibility of the body and by the concept of dynamic equilibrium. Therefore, disease is a consequence of imbalance and disharmony and it can be often seen as a result of lack of integration, as stated by Capra (ibid.). One of the factors involving the imbalance of the organism is given by the stress, as a response to the environmental influences. It occurs when the individual is suddenly threatened, or when he needs to adapt to sudden changes of the environment and when he is strongly stimulated in a different way.In other words, stress is produced by actions related to freedoms enjoyed by people as positive elements, but also by the fact that in conditions of poverty, insecurity of employment, day of tomorrow, organic pollution, incurable diseases etc., the unpleasant side requires more intensive the adaptation of individual and social human life to this undesirable real situation. In this respect the following aspects are relevant (Popescu, Tacnadi, Nica, Lepadatu, Popescu, Stanciu, 2008):* The number of those who are in a position that cannot provide even the basics of life, not on short term, but over a long period of human time, represents an objective factor, transforming the impact of the stressful factor - poverty and insecurity of life - from an individual level to a higher level, to the scale of the socio group.* The time taken by the unpleasant factors to act, in our situation the poverty and uncertainty of life, economic crises may fall within the normal waiting time, in which the body finds the required adaptation reserves or it can exceed these limits with serious consequences for adaptation, consuming, over normal human limits the energy that body has in order to live our lives according to the biologically steps that we go through. …


This study utilized a quality of life framework of psychosocial adaptation to explore relationships among college stress, functional limitations, coping strategies (engagement-type and disengagement-type coping), and perceived social support in adjustment to college among first-year and second-year undergraduate students with disabilities, based on specific hypothesized relations. College adjustment outcomes included: life satisfaction, academic performance, and psychosocial-emotional adjustment to college. A nonprobability sample of 103 first-year and second-year undergraduate college students with disabilities participated in the study. Respondents were registered with an office of support services for students with disabilities at a public, four-year university, located in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Respondents were recruited by responding to an e-mail requesting participation in an online, web-based survey. Eight self-report measures included: (a) Participant Survey (developed by the researcher to collect socio-demographic information), (b) College Stress Inventory (CSI; Solberg, Hale, Villarreal, & Kavanagh, 1993), (c) Disability Functional Limitations Scale (DFLS) (developed by the researcher), (d) Brief COPE; Carver, 1997, (e) Social Support Appraisals-Revised (SSA-R) scale; Vaux et al., 1986), (f) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), (g) Grade Point Average-Scale (GPA-S; adapted by the researcher from a self-reported grading scale], and (h) Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ; Baker & ADJUSTMENT TO COLLEGE ii Siryk, 1999). Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational procedures. Bivariate analysis suggested that all predictor variables (i.e., college stress, functional limitations, engagement coping, and perceived social support) were significantly associated with student adjustment to college. Hierarchical multiple regression suggested mostly direct (i.e., main) effects for engagement coping and perceived social support. No interacting role for either engagement-type coping or perceived social support was suggested, except for the following: Engagement-type coping moderated the relationship between disability-related functional limitations (as measured by increased restrictions in the ability to perform daily routines, activities, and life roles) and adaptation to college, as measured by life satisfaction. Analyses of socio-demographic variables revealed significant associations between chronological age, gender, hours employed, and adjustment to college. Lastly, hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed disengagement coping accounting for as much as 53% of the variance in adjustment scores. This result suggested disengagement coping adding significant predictive utility for adaptation-associated college adjustment. In light of these findings, counseling professionals may wish to consider the beneficial role of engagement coping in promoting optimal adjustment to college for lower-division undergraduate students with disabilities. ADJUSTMENT TO COLLEGE iii


Tissue engineering promises to replace and repair body organs but has largely been overlooked for artistic purposes. In the last 6 years, the authors have grown tissue sculptures, semi-living objects, by culturing cells on artificial scaffolds. The goal of this work is to culture and sustain for long periods tissue constructs of varying geometrical complexity and size, and by that process to create a new artistic palette to focus attention on and challenge perceptions regarding the utilization of new biological knowledge.


Creatively spent and politically irrelevant, the American horror film is a mere ghost of its former self-or so goes the old saw from fans and scholars alike. Taking on this undeserved reputation, the contributors to this collection provide a comprehensive look at a decade of cinematic production, covering a wide variety of material from the last ten years with a clear critical eye.Individual essays profile the work of up-and-coming director Alexandre Aja and reassess William Malone's muchmaligned Feardotcom in the light of the torture debate at the end of President George W. Bush's administration. Other essays look at the economic, social, and formal aspects of the genre; the globalization of the U.S. film industry; the alleged escalation of cinematic violence; and the massive commercial popularity of the remake. Some essays examine specific subgenres-from the teenage horror flick to the serial killer film and the spiritual horror film-as well as the continuing relevance of classic directors such as George A. Romero, David Cronenberg, John Landis, and Stuart Gordon.Essays deliberate on the marketing of nostalgia and its concomitant aesthetic, and the curiously schizophrenic perspective of fans who happen to be scholars as well. Taken together, the contributors to this collection make a compelling case that American horror cinema is as vital, creative, and thought-provoking as it ever was.


Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) occurs in many commonly consumed cruciferous vegetables and exhibits significant anti-cancer activities. Available data suggest that it is particularly promising for bladder cancer prevention and/or treatment. Here, we show that AITC arrests human bladder cancer cells in mitosis and also induces apoptosis. Mitotic arrest by AITC was associated with increased ubiquitination and degradation of α- and β-tubulin. AITC directly binds to multiple cysteine residues of the tubulins. AITC induced mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis, as shown by cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and formation of TUNEL-positive cells. Inhibition of caspase-9 blocked AITC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we found that apoptosis induction by AITC depended entirely on mitotic arrest and was mediated via Bcl-2 phosphorylation at Ser-70. Pre-arresting cells in G1 phase by hydroxyurea abrogated both AITC-induced mitotic arrest and Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Overexpression of a Bcl-2 mutant prevented AITC from inducing apoptosis. We further showed that AITC-induced Bcl-2 phosphorylation was caused by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and AITC activates JNK. Taken together, this study has revealed a novel anticancer mechanism of a phytochemical that is commonly present in human diet.


The purpose of this essay was to investigate whether speakers of different languages find different things difficult when learning Swedish. The results showed that the first language was not the only aspect that mattered when it comes to what difficulties the learners face. Also individual differences and the level the learner has reached in the language are important to consider. However, some differences between the groups investigated surfaced and this shows that the first language can infact effect what difficulties the learners will encounter.


Family obligation, which has an exceptionally high salience in traditional Chinese society, continues to be significant in contemporary China. In family relations in particular sentiments and practices morphologically similar to those associated with xiao (filial piety) remains intact in so far as an enduring set of expectations concerning age-based obligation continues to structure behavior toward others. Researchers pursuing the theme of "individualization" in Chinese society, on the other hand, argue that family obligations and filial sentiments have substantially weakened. The present paper will show that under conditions of cultural and social change in China filial behavior through family obligation continues to play an important role even though the conventions associated with the relevant expectations, attitudes and emotions have undergone significant change. The paper argues that the culture-system develops not merely through an internal dynamic and that family obligation must be understood in terms of the social and material context in which it operates and the nature of the motivations and imagery of the people that practice it.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet New Zealand's South Island is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Skiing the scenic slopes around Queenstown, encounter wild kiwis on unspoilt Stewart Island, or indulge in deliciously fresh seafood in Kaikoura; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of New Zealand's South Island and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet's New Zealand's South Island Travel Guide: *Highlights and itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests *Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots *Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, prices *Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, art, literature, cinema, music, politics, landscapes, wildlife, national parks, Maori culture. *Over 30 maps *Covers Marlborough & Nelson, The West Coast, Christchurch & Canterbury, Dunedin & Central Otago, Queenstown & Wanaka, Fiordland and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet New Zealand's South Island, our most comprehensive guide to New Zealand's South Island, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less travelled. * Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's New Zealand guide for a comprehensive look at all the country has to offer. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Brett Atkinson, Sarah Bennett, Peter Dragicevich and Lee Slater. About Lonely Planet: Since 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel media company with guidebooks to every destination, an award-winning website, mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet covers must-see spots but also enables curious travellers to get off beaten paths to understand more of the culture of the places in which they find themselves.


Building on Lazear's skill weights approach, we study the effect of having more or less heterogeneity in the training curriculum on supply of and demand for apprenticeship training. Modernizations of training curricula provide us with a quasi-experimental setting as these modernizations can be seen as a relatively exogenous shock. We argue that firms will train more apprentices when they have more choice options in the training curriculum because of (1) the higher productivity of graduates who have acquired more skills that are relevant for the firm, and (2) firms' higher market power in the wage bargaining process with graduates. We test this hypothesis on data on the supply of apprenticeship places in Germany in all occupations from 2004 to 2014. We find that a more heterogeneous curriculum increases both firms' supply of and students' demand for training places.


Background Extensive lytic lesions of the vertebral body (VB) increase risk of fracture and instability and require stabilization of the anterior column. Vertebral augmentation is an accepted treatment option, but when osteolysis has extensively destroyed the VB cortical boundaries (a condition herein defined as 'extreme osteolysis'), the risk of cement leakage and/or insufficient filling is high. Vertebral body stents (VBSs) might allow partial restoration of VB height, cement containment, and reinforcement, but their use in extreme osteolysis has not been investigated. Objective To assess retrospectively the feasibility and safety of VBS augmentation in patients with 'extreme osteolysis' of the VB. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 41 treated vertebrae (from T1 to L5). VB reconstruction was assessed on postprocedure CT images and rated on a qualitative 4-point scale (poor-fair-good-excellent). Clinical and radiological follow-up was performed at 1 month and thereafter at intervals in accordance with oncological protocols. Results VBS augmentation was performed at 12 lumbar and 29 thoracic levels, with bilateral VBS in 23/41. VB reconstruction was judged satisfactory (good or excellent) in 37/41 (90%) of levels. Bilateral VBS received higher scores than unilateral (p=0.057, Pearson's X2). We observed no periprocedural complications. Cement leaks (epidural or foraminal) occurred at 5/41 levels (12.2%) without clinical consequences. Follow-up data were available for 27/29 patients, extending beyond 6 months for 20 patients (7–28 months, mean 15.3 months). VBS implant stability was observed in 40/41 cases (97.5%). Conclusions Our results support the use of VBS as a minimally invasive, safe and effective option for reconstructing the anterior column in prominent VB osteolysis.


We report on the results of a laboratory investigation using a rotating two-layer annulus experiment, which exhibits both large-scale vortical modes and short-scale divergent modes. A sophisticated visualization method allows us to observe the flow at very high spatial and temporal resolution. The balanced long-wavelength modes appear only when the Froude number is supercritical (i.e. $F\,{>}\,F_\mathrm{critical}\,{\equiv}\, \upi^2/2$), and are therefore consistent with generation by a baroclinic instability. The unbalanced short-wavelength modes appear locally in every single baroclinically unstable flow, providing perhaps the first direct experimental evidence that all evolving vortical flows will tend to emit freely propagating inertia–gravity waves. The short-wavelength modes also appear in certain baroclinically stable flows. We infer the generation mechanisms of the short-scale waves, both for the baro-clinically unstable case in which they co-exist with a large-scale wave, and for the baroclinically stable case in which they exist alone. The two possible mechanisms considered are spontaneous adjustment of the large-scale flow, and Kelvin–Helmholtz shear instability. Short modes in the baroclinically stable regime are generated only when the Richardson number is subcritical (i.e. $\hbox{\it Ri}\,{<}\,\hbox{\it Ri}_\mathrm{critical}\,{\equiv}\, 1$), and are therefore consistent with generation by a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. We calculate five indicators of short-wave generation in the baroclinically unstable regime, using data from a quasi-geostrophic numerical model of the annulus. There is excellent agreement between the spatial locations of short-wave emission observed in the laboratory, and regions in which the model Lighthill/Ford inertia–gravity wave source term is large. We infer that the short waves in the baroclinically unstable fluid are freely propagating inertia–gravity waves generated by spontaneous adjustment of the large-scale flow.


BACKGROUND: Interscalene analgesia is a recognized technique for the management of postoperative pain after major shoulder surgery. The most effective local anesthetic concentration in this setting is still controversial. In this study, we compared the analgesia and side effects of a continuous infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% and 0.3% administered through an interscalene catheter for the first 48 hours after surgery. METHODS: Eighty consecutive patients scheduled for elective open rotator cuff repair were randomized into 2 groups to receive a continuous infusion of either ropivacaine 0.2% or ropivacaine 0.3% for 48 hours at a rate of 14 mL/h through an interscalene catheter after a preoperative bolus of 40 mL ropivacaine 0.5% in all patients. Pain score (visual analog scale 0–100), intensity of motor block, quality of sleep during the first postoperative night, morphine consumption, side effects, and patient satisfaction were assessed by an anesthesiologist masked to treatment group. RESULTS: Total morphine consumption was significantly reduced in group 0.3% (12 vs 30 mg). Quality of sleep was significantly better in group 0.3% (4% vs 27% of awakening during the first postoperative night). Handgrip strength, visual analog scale scores, and side effects were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The use of ropivacaine 0.3% through an interscalene catheter for the first 48 hours after open rotator cuff repair provided a significant reduction of morphine consumption and a better sleep quality for the first postoperative night without increasing the intensity of motor block or side effects.


We introduce a combined technique and the mathematical description for distance measurements using a femtosecond pulse laser in a long range and a fine resolution. For distance measurements, the maximum measurable range can be extended by combining measurement results from several different methods while requiring relationships between the different measurement uncertainties and unambiguity ranges. This paper briefly explains why the uncertainty of a rough measurement technique (RMT) should be, at least, smaller than the half unambiguity range of a fine measurement technique (FMT) in order to combine a FMT with a RMT. Further discussions about the total measurement range, resolution, and uncertainty for various optical measurement techniques are also discussed.


Fractal image compression is a new technique for encoding images compactly. It builds on local self-similarities within images. Image blocks are seen as rescaled and intensity transformed approximate copies of blocks found elsewhere in the image. This yields a self-referential description of image data, which --- when decoded --- shows a typical fractal structure. This paper provides an elementary introduction to this compression technique. We have chosen the similarity to a particular variant of vector quantization as the most direct approach to fractal image compression. We discuss the hierarchical quadtree scheme and vital complexity reduction methods. Furthermore, we survey some of the advanced concepts such as fast decoding, hybrid methods, and adaptive partitionings. We conclude with a list of relevant WEB resources including complete public domain C implementations of the method and a comprehensive list of up-to-date references.


We present a mechanism for the generation of magnetic field in the early universe prior to the QCD crossover, assuming that the dark matter is made of pseudoscalar axions. Thermoelectric fields arise due to pressure gradients in the primordial plasma resulting from the difference in charge, energy density and equation of state of the quark and lepton components. The axion field is coupled to the EM field and when its spatial gradient is misaligned with the thermoelectric field an electric current is driven. Due to the finite resistivity of the plasma a generally rotational electric field appears. For a QCD axion mass consistent with observational constraints, a magnetic field is thus generated with strength $B \sim 10^{-11 }$ G and characteristic scale $L_B \sim $ 1 pc at present, and viable values for the combination $BL_B^{1/2}$, which is probed in cosmic voids through $\gamma$-ray observations of distant blazars. The amplitude and spatial/temporal scales of the pressure gradients may in principle be inferred through the detection of the concomitant emission of gravitational waves, while experiments are underway to confirm or rule out the existence of axions, with direct consequences for our predictions.


The mycelium of Aspergillus nidulans is composed of multinucleate cellular compartments delimited by crosswalls called septa. Septum formation is dependent on mitosis and requires the recruitment of actin to the site of septum formation. Employing a collection of temperature sensitive nuclear distribution (nudA2, nudC3 and nudF7), nuclear division (nimA5, hfaB3), and septation (sepD5, sepG1) mutants, we have investigated the interdependency among nuclear positioning, mitosis, and cell growth in structuring the cellular compartments of A. nidulans. The cellular compartments of nud+ strains were highly uniform with regard to nuclear distribution and averaged 38 microns in length. Incubation of nud mutants at semi-restrictive temperature resulted in aberrant nuclear distribution that appeared to direct the formation of variable-sized cellular compartments, ranging from 5 microns to greater than 81 microns. In germinating spores, the first septum forms at the basal end of the germ tube following the third round of nuclear division. Germlings must undergo mitosis in order to form a septum. Temperature-sensitive mitotic mutants were used to show that a single nuclear division is sufficient to activate septum formation, provided a critical cell size has been attained. In mitotic mutants and wild-type cells, delays in nuclear division resulted in the misplacement of the first septum. These results strongly support the role of mitotic nuclei in determining septal placement, and suggest that cell size control is post-mitotic in A. nidulans.


Rarely are we privileged to see the making of a saint, but it is just what this book gives us for John of Kronstadt (1829-1908), a major figure in the religious life of Late Imperial Russia. So popular was Father John during his years of ministry that Kronstadt became a pilgrimage site replete with peddlers selling souvenir photographs, postcards, and commemorative mugs. A Prodigal Saint follows Father John's development from activist priest to venerated spiritual leader and, after his death, to his elevation to sainthood in 1990. We see both the inner life of an aspiring saint and the symbiotic relationship between a living icon and his followers. Father John represented a fundamentally new type of religious behavior and a new standard of sanctity in Late Imperial Russia. He ministered to the poor of Kronstadt, creating shelters and employment programs and participating in the temperance movement. In the process he acquired a reputation for prayerful intercession that soon spread beyond Kronstadt. When he was asked to minister to the dying Alexander III in 1894, his fame became international as he attracted correspondents from the United States and Europe. In his later years he allied himself increasingly with the radical right, which has had momentous implications for the Russian Orthodox Church in the twentieth century. Kizenko draws upon rich and virtually unknown documents from the Russian archives, including Father John's diaries, thousands of letters he received from his followers, and the police reports on the sect that formed around him. John's diaries are a truly unique source, for they document the making of a modern saint: his struggles with doubt, his ascetic practices, and his growing realization that others saw him as a saint. Kizenko explores the extent to which Father John collaborated in the formation of his own cult and how he himself was influenced by the expectations and desires of his audience. In the final chapter she follows Father John's posthumous reputation (and the struggles over how to use that reputation) in Russia, the Soviet Union, and throughout the world. A Prodigal Saint is published in collaboration with the Harriman Institute at Columbia University as part of its Studies of the Harriman Institute series. It is a pioneering study that contributes to our understanding of lived religion, saints' cults, and modern Russian history.


The eruption controls of subglacial rhyolite are poorly understood but this is of key importance in mitigating hazards. In subaerial rhyolite eruptions the pre-eruptive volatile content and degassing path are considered to be the primary controls of explosivity, but is this also the case when rhyolitic eruptions occur under ice? We present the first pre-eruptive volatile content and degassing path data for subglacial rhyolite eruptions, comparing three edifices of contrasting eruption style from the Torfajokull complex in South Iceland[1]. Volatile concentrations were measured using infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS). SE Rauðfossafjoll is a large volume (~1 km3) explosively erupted tuya, Dalakvisl (~0.2 km3) is an entirely subglacial edifice that has both explosive and effusive deposits and Blahnukur is a small volume (<0.1 km3), effusive and entirely subglacial edifice[2]. High pre-eruptive H2O contents can be linked with the eruptions of SE Rauðfossafjoll and Dalakvisl whilst Blahnukur contains H2O-poor melt inclusions. Furthermore, there is variation in the eruptive products of Dalakvisl, with the explosive deposits containing a slightly higher pre-eruptive H2O content than the effusive deposits. In terms of degassing paths, SE Rauðfossafjoll and the explosive deposits on Dalakvisl show evidence of closed system degassing whilst Blahnukur and the effusive deposits on Dalakvisl show evidence of open system degassing. It therefore appears that the explosivity of subglacial rhyolite eruptions is primarily controlled by the pre-eruptive magma volatile content and degassing path, rather than ice thickness or meltwater hydrology, as previous speculated[3] [1] McGarvie (2009) JVGR, 185(4): 357-389 [2] Owen et al. (in review) Bull Vol. [3] Tuffen et al. (2007) Ann Glac, 45(1): 87-94


A short attention span, impulsivity, distractibility, and hyperactivity are characteristics that are commonly found in young children and sometimes in adults. These difficulties also meet the American Psychiatric Association diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The British Psychological Society has adopted the term 'bio-psycho-social' to reflect the complex and multi-dimensional nature of ADHD. In young people, these symptoms interfere with learning, interpersonal relationships and self-esteem and can lead to social and educational exclusion. The use of drugs in the treatment of ADHD remains controversial and according to the 2005 prescription cost analysis (Cohen, 2006), Ritalin use has risen by 7600 per cent. Unfortunately, since the move away from the medical model following the 1978 Warnock Report on supporting children with special needs, a mindset has been created amongst teachers regarding the identification and assessment of children with certain types of complex needs as being outside of their expertise and this has resulted in teachers placing an over-reliance on external support services and specialists. This thesis proposes an enhancement to the existing over-complicated and bureaucratic system of identification and support for behavioural, social and emotional difficulties (BESD)/ADHD that develops the expertise and the role of the SENCO and thus streamlines identification of individual need and enhances educational support for ADHD sufferers. This research thesis used a case study approach with an interpretive dimension to enable the researcher to enter the working world of doctors and other medical professionals, teachers and classroom support assistants, and children as the ultimate subjects of this enquiry. The purpose of the study was to extend my knowledge of a complex childhood phenomenon and to examine the systems put in place in schools and support services that identify certain SEN and disorders that affect learning. An analysis of the role of teachers and school special needs coordinators was explored along with government policy on inclusion practices. The role of professionals from medicine and education in LEA support services was also examined and reported. A total of eighteen questionnaires were used to target key personnel in LEA support services. This was followed up with interviews at support services and in schools. A total of six medical professionals and a further nine educational professionals were interviewed. Three classroom observations were also conducted at a London comprehensive school. Analysis of the resulting data led to the identification of a series of Figures and a flowchart depicting the 'story' of this difficult process, with a proposed enhancement for earlier BSED/ADHD identification and support, and a range of recommendations. Although this was a small-scale research study, the literature and the comments from professionals cited from the national expert SENCO Forum indicate that my findings reflect a much wider picture locally and nationally.


The National Energy and Climate Strategy outlines the actions that will enable Finland to attain the targets specified in the Government Programme and adopted in the EU for 2030, and to systematically set the course for achieving an 80−95 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. With minor exceptions, Finland will phase out the use of coal for energy. The share of transport biofuels will be increased to 30 per cent, and an obligation to blend light fuel oil used in machinery and heating with 10 per cent of bioliquids will be introduced. The minimum aim is to have 250, 000 electric and 50, 000 gaspowered vehicles on the roads. The electricity market will be developed at the regional and the European level. The flexibility of electricity demand and supply and, in general, system-level energy efficiency will be improved. Technology neutral tendering processes will be organised in 2018−2020, on the basis of which aid will be granted to cost-effective new electricity production from renewable energy. The share of renewable energy in the end consumption will increase to approx. 50 per cent and the selfsufficiency in energy to 55 per cent. The share of renewable energy use in transport will clearly exceed the Government Programme target. The domestic use of imported oil will be halved as planned. The greatest non-ETS sector reductions in emissions will be achieved in the transport sector, and this will be the foundation of the medium term climate policy plan of 2017. Contact persons: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, Energy Department / Director General Riku Huttunen, tel. +358 29 504 7277, Petteri Kuuva, Deputy Director General, tel. +358 29 506 4819 Publisher Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment Printed by (place and time) Publication sales/ Distributed by Electronic version: julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi Publication sales: julkaisutilaukset.valtioneuvosto.fi


The authors offer some reflections on the experience of autistic persons' siblings, and explores the mark the autistic context leaves on the process of subjectivation in adolescence. The analysis focuses on the structuration of body image and on the evolution of narcissistic and objectal investments in relation to the potential for subjective differentiation from the family environment. We will conclude by presenting some suggestions for further research and ideas about prevention.


Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of repetitive locomotor training with an electromechanical gait trainer in children with cerebral palsy. Design:In this randomized controlled trial, 18 ambulatory children with diplegic or tetraplegic cerebral palsy were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group received 30 mins of repetitive locomotor training with an applied technology (Gait Trainer GT I) plus 10 mins of passive joint mobilization and stretching exercises. The control group received 40 mins of conventional physiotherapy. Each subject underwent a total of 10 treatment sessions over a 2-wk period. Performance on the 10-m walk test, 6-min walk test, WeeFIM scale, and gait analysis was evaluated by a blinded rater before and after treatment and at 1-mo follow-up. Results:The experimental group showed significant posttreatment improvement on the 10-m walk test, 6-min walk test, hip kinematics, gait speed, and step length, all of which were maintained at the 1-mo follow-up assessment. No significant changes in performance parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusions:Repetitive locomotor training with an electromechanical gait trainer may improve gait velocity, endurance, spatiotemporal, and kinematic gait parameters in patients with cerebral palsy.


Genotypes of the Latin American wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata have been moved around the world in vegetatively propagated material of various crop plants, including Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Colocasia esculenta (taro), and Eucalyptus spp. When compared to a worldwide collection of isolates of C. fimbriata, isolates from taro, Punica granatum (pomegranate), and Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) from Yunnan Province, China were found to have sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and mating type genes that were identical to isolates from Eucalyptus in Brazil. Analyses of 35 isolates with 14 microsatellite markers revealed that the Yunnan population was nearly uniform, consisting of only 19 alleles and seven closely related genotypes, suggesting that the population is not natural and is the result of an introduction. As in comparisons of sequences of ITS rDNA and mating type genes, the microsatellite alleles of the Yunnan isolates were most similar to those of Eucalyptus isolates from Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil, where C. fimbriata is native, soilborne, and commonly infects cuttings of Eucalyptus spp. used for rooting in nurseries. Thus, the Yunnan population, which is causing severe losses on pomegranate, may have been indirectly derived from introductions of C. fimbriata in contaminated Eucalyptus cuttings from Brazil.


Multimedia learning theory, and the research that has supported it, is largely focused on the cognitive elements of learning. Although motivation has been mentioned as a factor in learning in a multimedia environment, motivation has not been measured as a distinctive variable in most studies. Specific attributes of multimedia, including seductive details and segmentation, have been hypothesized to increase interest; however, only studies examining these attributes' effects on learning (measured by recall and transfer) have been conducted. The present study aimed to extend the examination of the use of seductive details and segmentation in multimedia learning by measuring interest in addition to recall and transfer. The participants were 167 undergraduate students who were randomly assigned to four treatment groups involving a tutorial on the formation of lightning, which differed according to the multimedia attributes featured in the tutorial. Treatment groups included seductive details and segmentation (SD+S), seductive details and no segmentation (SD+NS), no seductive details and segmentation (NSD+S), and no seductive details and no segmentation (NSD+NS). Participants took an interest questionnaire before engaging with the tutorial and immediately following the tutorial. Tests of recall and transfer were used to measure learning after the tutorial. Two trained raters evaluated responses. Data from the study were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and correlation procedures. The results of the study revealed no significant differences among treatment groups in regards to interest, recall, or transfer. There was no significant relationship between interest and recall or interest and transfer. Although the results did not provide support for existing literature on seductive details and segmentation effects or reveal that these attributes increase interest, the implications of the findings present several valuable areas for future research.


This paper examines the diversity of the types of links of firms to science and their effect on innovation performance for a sample of Belgian firms. While at the industry level links to science are highly related to the R&D intensity of the sector, we show that there exists considerable heterogeneity in the type of links to science at the firm level. Overall, firms with a science link enjoy superior innovation performance, in particular with respect to innovations that are new to the market. At the invention level, our findings confirm that patents from firms engaged in science are more frequently cited and have a broader technological and geographical impact, but we show that it is crucial to distinguish between direct science links at the invention level and indirect science links at the firm level to encounter these distinct positive effects of science links.


This paper conducts a general discussion literature review, explaining the e-Procurement concept and providing the potential of e-Procurement adoption among suppliers in Malaysia. This paper presents the difference between procurement and purchasing also the difference between traditional procurement and e-Procurement. There are many positive impacts and advantages of e-Procurement to government and suppliers. Suppliers benefit significantly from e-Procurement in terms of new market creation, additional revenue opportunities, competitive advantage, cost savings, customer satisfaction and operational
efficiencies.By utilizing the e-Procurement system, the employees are able to increase direct access via supplier's websites to verify price tips, technological requirements and to visualize product images as well as full specification of product.E-Procurement is able to generate electronic applications, creating and approving purchase requisitions and propose purchase orders online to selected suppliers.This in turn creates forces on Malaysian suppliers to adopt e-Procurement to be competitive in the current
industry


Background (S)-Methadone, metabolized mainly by CYP2B6, shows a wide interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Methods Resequencing of the CYP2B6 gene was performed in 12 and 35 selected individuals with high (S)-methadone plasma exposure and low (S)-methadone plasma exposure, respectively, from a previously described cohort of 276 patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Selected genetic polymorphisms were then analyzed in the complete cohort. Results The rs35303484 (*11; c136A>G; M46V) polymorphism was overrepresented in the high (S)-methadone level group, whereas the rs3745274 (*9; c516G>T; Q172H), rs2279344 (c822+183G>A), and rs8192719 (c1294+53C>T) polymorphisms were underrepresented in the low (S)-methadone level group, suggesting an association with decreased CYP2B6 activity. Conversely, the rs3211371 (*5; c1459C>T; R487C) polymorphism was overrepresented in the low-level group, indicating an increased CYP2B6 activity. A higher allele frequency was found in the high-level group compared with the low-level group for rs3745274 (*9; c516G>T; Q172H), rs2279343 (*4; c785A>G; K262R) (together representing CYP2B6*6), rs8192719 (c1294+53C>T), and rs2279344 (c822+183G>A), suggesting their involvement in decreased CYP2B6 activity. These results should be replicated in larger independent cohorts. Conclusion Known genetic polymorphisms in CYP2B6 contribute toward explaining extreme (S)-methadone plasma levels observed in a cohort of patients following methadone maintenance treatment.


In this paper, a geometric and electromagnetic model of a typical element of urban structure is presented, in order to analytically evaluate in closed form its electromagnetic return to an active microwave sensor. This model can be used to understand what information on geometric and dielectric properties of a building can be extracted from microwave remote sensing data. The geometrical model consists of a rectangular parallelepiped whose vertical walls form a generic angle with respect to the sensor line of flight. The parallelepiped is placed on a rough surface. The radar return from such a structure can be decomposed into single-scattering contributions from the (rough) ground, the building roof (a plane surface in our model), and vertical walls and multiple scattering contributions from dihedral structures formed by vertical walls and ground. In our model, single-scattering contributions are evaluated by using either physical optics (PO) or geometrical optics (GO), depending on surface roughness. In order to account for multiple scattering between buildings and terrain, we use GO to evaluate the field reflected by the smooth wall toward the ground (first bounce) or the sensor (second or third bounce) and GO or PO (according to ground surface roughness) to evaluate the field scattered by the ground toward the wall (first or second bounce) or the sensor (second bounce). Finally, the above model is used to analyze the field backscattered from a building as a function of the main scene parameters; in particular, the angle between vertical walls and sensor line of night and the dependence on the look angle are analyzed.


The Scourie dike swarm of the Lewisian complex, northwestern Scotland, comprises a dominant suite of quartz tholeiites and lesser volumes of norites, olivine gabbros, and bronzite picrites that were emplaced at depths of >14km in two episodes at 2.0 and 2.4 Ga.Unaltered quartz tholeiite dikes have low and homogeneous whole-rock δ 18 O values (2.04‰ ±0.14‰ relative to Standard Mean Ocean Water) and concordant mineral δ 18 O values (plagioclase = 3.1‰ to 4.1‰, clinopyroxene = 1.5‰ to 1.9‰, magnetite = -0.3‰ to 0.6‰). The dikes intrude granulite facies gneisses that have heterogeneous δ 18 O whole-rock values (5.8‰ to 9.7‰) and show no evidence of 18 O depletion. Low-δ 18 O intrusive igneous rocks are generally believed to have exchanged with high-temperature meteoric or oceanic fluids after emplacement. The heterogeneous high δ 18 O values of the country rocks suggest that the Lewisian complex has not been pervasively infiltrated by such fluids. It is also unlikely that fluids were channeled along the dikes because: (1) the gneisses immediately adjacent to the dikes have unaltered mineralogies and stable-isotope ratios; (2) the dikes preserve unaltered igneous textures and mineralogies; (3) the dike minerals do not show open-system oxygen-isotope resetting; and (4) surface-derived fluids generally do not penetrate to the depths at which the dikes were intruded. It is more likely that these dikes were emplaced as primary low-δ 18 O magmas derived from the subcontinental lithosphere. The geochemistry of the Scourie dikes suggests that they have not assimilated large volumes of continental crust, and the best explanation of the data is that the dikes were derived from a low-δ 18 O mantle source that possibly contained the remains of subducted, hydrothermally altered oceanic crust.


history of cough with copious purulent sputum and progressive exertional shortness of breath. His medical history was remarkable only for chronic sinusitis. Coarse crackles and rhonchi were heard bilaterally over the lower lung fields. Laboratory investigations including complete blood count, biochemistry, and sputum cultures for mycobacteria and fungus were normal. Chest radiography showed diffuse reticulonodular shadows bilaterally with a lower-lung predominance, and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) showed bronchiectasis, centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud opacities bilaterally (Figure 1). Diffuse panbronchiolitis was diagnosed. After treatment with oral erythromycin for six months, our patient's symptoms markedly im proved. The small nodular shadows on chest radiography disappeared, and there was partial resolution of centrilobular nodules on high-resolution CT (Appendix 1, available at www .cmaj .ca /lookup /suppl /doi :10.1503 /cmaj .111671 / -/ DC1). Diffuse panbronchiolitis is characterized by chronic sinobronchial inflammation and is seen primarily in Asian populations. Its prevalence in Japan has been reported at 1/10 000; it has also been described in North America. Productive cough, shortness of breath, coarse lung crackles and a history of sinusitis are noted in the vast majority of patients. Chest radiography typically shows diffuse small nodular shadows; high-resolution CT is very useful in identifying the characteristic lesions, including diffuse centrilobular nodules, tree-in-bud opacities, bronchiolectasis and bronchiectasis. Diffuse panbronchiolitis had a poor prognosis before the use of erythromycin. Long-term and low-dose treatment with erythromycin has been shown to improve pulmonary function, clinical symptoms and survival rate in these patients, perhaps because of its anti-inflammatory properties. However, in its advanced stages, diffuse panbronchiolitis is characterized by extensive bronchiectasis and carries a poor prognosis de spite treatment with erythromycin. Recognizing the characteristic radiographic findings of this condition is important for the diagnosis and early start of treatment with macrolides.


Author(s): Bell, Dorian | Abstract: Globalizing Race explores how intersections between French antisemitism and imperialism shaped the development of European racial thought. Ranging from the African misadventures of the antisemitic Marquis de Mores to the Parisian novels and newspapers of late nineteenth-century professional antisemites, Dorian Bell argues that France's colonial expansion helped antisemitism take its modern, racializing form--and that, conversely, antisemitism influenced the elaboration of the imperial project itself. Globalizing Race radiates from France to place authors like Guy de Maupassant and Emile Zola into sustained relation with thinkers from across the ideological spectrum, including Hannah Arendt, Friedrich Nietzsche, Frantz Fanon, Karl Marx, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor Adorno. Engaging with what has been called the "spatial turn" in social theory, the book offers new tools for thinking about how racisms interact across space and time. Among these is what Bell calls racial scalarity. Race, Bell argues, did not just become globalized when European racism and antisemitism accompanied imperial penetration into the farthest reaches of the world. Rather, race became most thoroughly global as a method for constructing and negotiating the different scales (national, global, etc.) necessary for the development of imperial capitalism. As France, Europe, and the world confront a rising tide of Islamophobia, Globalizing Race also brings into fascinating focus how present-day French responses to Muslim antisemitism hark back to older, problematic modes of representing the European colonial periphery.


The production of insulin from proinsulin involves cleavage of intact proinsulin into proinsulin conversion intermediates by the processing of enzymes PC2 and PC3 before fully processed insulin is produced. Intact proinsulin and these conversion intermediates are measured in many immunoreactive insulin (IRI) assays, and therefore contribute to the absolute IRI measurement. The proportion of basal IRI made up of proinsulin (PI)-like molecules (PI/IRI) is increased in NIDDM. Whether stimulated IRI levels are similarly made up of disproportionately increased PI/IRI or whether the relative proportions of proinsulin and its conversion intermediates are altered has not been evaluated. An index of the efficiency of proinsulin processing within the pancreatic β-cell can be achieved by measuring PI/IRI immediately following acute stimulation of β-cell secretion, and then determining the proportion of intact proinsulin and proinsulin conversion intermediates contributing to circulating proinsulin-like molecules. In this study, we determined the PI/IRI levels under basal and arginine-stimulated conditions in 17 healthy and 16 NIDDM subjects; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also performed in a subset of these subjects to measure the relative contribution of intact proinsulin and its conversion intermediates to total proinsulin-like molecules. In NIDDM subjects, levels of both basal (44.6 ± 9.6 vs. 9.3 ± 1.5 pmol/1; P = 0.0007) and stimulated (64.0 ± 12.7 vs. 19.8 ± 2.8 pmol/1; P = 0.001) proinsulin-like molecules were higher than in healthy subjects. Although IRI was higher in NIDDM than in control subjects under basal conditions (106 ± 19 vs. 65.1 ± 8.1 pmol/1; P = 0.05), it was lower in NIDDM than in control subjects following stimulation (increment: 257 ± 46 vs. 416 ±51 pmol/1; P = 0.03). PWRI ratios were increased in NTODM subjects under both basal (43.3 ± 5.0 vs. 14.0 ± 1.3%; P < 0.0001) and stimulated (increment: 10.1 ± 2.1 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2%; P = 0.0006) conditions, compatible with the release of a disproportionately increased amount of proinsulin-like products. HPLC analysis revealed that, in the stimulated state, intact proinsulin made up 40.1 ± 6.7% of proinsulin-like molecules in NIDDM individuals (n = 9) and 30.1 ± 5.6% in healthy subjects (n = 7; NS). The remainder of the proinsulin-like molecules comprised the des-31,32-split proinsulin conversion intermediate. The increase in PI/IRI in NIDDM under basal and especially under stimulated conditions suggests that proinsulin conversion is indeed perturbed in this disorder. Because the relative proportions of intact and des-31,32-split proinsulin are similar in both healthy and NIDDM subjects, the orderly cleavage of proinsulin at its two junctions appears preserved. However, at the time of exocytosis, the secretory granule in the islet of NIDDM subjects contains an increased proportion of incompletely processed proinsulin, presumably reflecting a slower rate of conversion or granules' reduced time of residence in β-cells.


This paper gives a short account of qualitative research undertaken with a large
variety of stakeholders in the early days of the National Service Framework (NSF) for
Older People. The aim of the work was to explore the educational needs arising from
the NSF and to inform developments in education designed to address these needs.
The study identified generally positive views on the NSF but few relevant training
activities. There was a strong opinion that the elimination of age discrimination
should be a major target and that cross agency and multidisciplinary training would
be particularly helpful. The size of the staff groups involved, the need to address
those who did not specialize in older people's care (but nevertheless spent a lot of
time with older people), the generally fragmentary knowledge of the whole care
system possessed by those working in parts of it and service pressures were seen as
obstacles to training. A number of key areas for further progress were identified
including the following:

• Mental health, palliative care and intermediate care

• Addressing the needs of staff not specializing in care of older people

• Increasing the health awareness of older people themselves

• Identifying leaders for developing specific education in each
service area

• Developing guidelines and milestones to measure progress

• The need for an ongoing educational "campaign"

• Pervasive education to eradicate ageism, starting in schools.


The expression of basal cytokeratin markers CK5/6 in breast carcinomas has been associated with high histological grade and poor clinical outcome. A previous study has shown that CK5/6 can be detected in up to 17% of invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC). Here we study the expression of three basal cytokeratin markers (CK5/6, CK14, and CK17) in 53 ILC cases diagnosed by histology and lack of E-cadherin expression. Among them, 42 were classic lobular carcinomas, 6 were tubular-lobular carcinoma, and 5 were pleomorphic lobular carcinomas. There was no significant difference among these three groups in patients' age, tumor size, uni- and multi-focality, expression of ER and PR, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis. The only statistically different factor was HER2 over-expression, which was observed only in pleomorphic ILC (P = 0.0073). None of the 53 cases expressed CK5/6, CK14 or CK17; and 51/53 cases expressed luminal markers CK8 and CK18, and the two negative cases were both classic lobular carcinoma, with positivity for ER and PR. In conclusion, all 53 cases of ILC failed to show expression by any of the three basal CK markers, suggesting that very few ILC will demonstrate a basal phenotype when assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). More studies are needed to investigate molecular classification in lobular carcinoma of the breast.


This collection of original chapters gives center stage to the concept of 'narrative' in medical contexts. The contributors come from the disciplines of literary and cultural studies, linguistics, psychology, and medicine and work with texts as diverse as autobiographies, graphic novels, Renaissance medical treatises and reports, short stories, reflective writing, creative writing, and online narratives. The interdisciplinary dialogue shows the richness and scope of the concept 'narrative' and demonstrates how crucial it is for practices in the medical context as well as in the contributing disciplines. The collection raises awareness of the great variety and multivocality of narratives on the experience of illness besides paying heed to the many different positions and angles from which these narratives can be perceived, read, and analyzed. The wide range of approaches assembled in this collection provides a comprehensive view on illness and health and on the multiple ways in which they are represented in narrative.


Abstract. Soil carbon (C) is the largest C pool in the terrestrial biosphere and includes both inorganic and organic components. Studying patterns and controls of soil C help us to understand and estimate potential responses of soil C to global change in the future. Here we analyzed topsoil data of 81 sites obtained from a regional survey across grasslands in the Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau during 2006–2007, attempting to find the patterns and controls of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and soil organic carbon (SOC). The averages of inorganic and organic carbon in the topsoil (0–20 cm) across the study region were 0.38% and 3.63%, ranging between 0.00–2.92% and 0.32–26.17% respectively. Both SIC and SOC in the Tibetan grasslands (0.51% and 5.24% respectively) were higher than those in the Inner Mongolian grasslands (0.21% and 1.61%). Regression tree analyses showed that the spatial pattern of SIC and SOC were controlled by different factors. Chemical and physical processes of soil formation drive the spatial pattern of SIC, while biotic processes drive the spatial pattern of SOC. SIC was controlled by soil acidification and other processes depending on soil pH. Vegetation type is the most important variable driving the spatial pattern of SOC. According to our models, given the acidification rate in Chinese grassland soils in the future is the same as that in Chinese cropland soils during the past two decades: 0.27 and 0.48 units per 20 yr in the Inner Mongolian grasslands and the Tibetan grasslands respectively, it will lead to a 30% and 53% decrease in SIC in the Inner Mongolian grasslands and the Tibetan grasslands respectively. However, negative relationship between soil pH and SOC suggests that acidification will inhibit decomposition of SOC, thus will not lead to a significant general loss of carbon from soils in these regions.


Pneumococcal infections and disease are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. However, unlike the developed industrialized countries, the epidemiology of pneumococcal infections and exact disease burden are poorly defined in these regions. With the availability of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines followed by aggressive attempts from international health agencies and organizations to get these vaccines introduced in national immunization programs of developing countries, many issues have arisen. They include reliability of disease estimates put forward by World Health Organization, knowledge of circulating serogroups/serotypes of pneumococci in developing countries, need of devising an optimum dosing schedule, lack of indigenous cost-effective analysis of mass vaccination program, lack of disease surveillance system to monitor community impact of mass vaccination and the shortcomings of currently available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. All these issues along with various issues related to introduction of a new vaccine in to the national immunization programs of developing countries are discussed in details in this review article.


Abstract The control system of a reactor should be able to predict, in real time, the amount of reactivity to be inserted (e.g., by control rod movements and boron injection and dilution) to respond to a given electrical load demand or to undesired, accidental transients. The real-time constraint renders impractical the use of a large, detailed dynamic reactor code. One has, then, to resort to simplified analytical models with lumped effective parameters suitably estimated from the reactor data. The simple and well-known Chernick model for describing the reactor power evolution in the presence of xenon is considered and the feasibility of using genetic algorithms for estimating the effective nuclear parameters involved and the initial nonmeasurable xenon and iodine conditions is investigated. This approach has the advantage of counterbalancing the inherent model simplicity with the periodic reestimation of the effective parameter values pertaining to each reactor on the basis of its recent history. By so doing, other effects, such as burnup, are automatically taken into account.


This paper reports on the work of the CIGRÉ C6.22 Working Group, Microgrid Evolution Roadmap, which has recently finalized its first Technical Brochure. The Working Group was asked to identify the main elements required to justify, develop, and implement viable microgrids, which the Group defined as follows: Microgrids are electricity distribution systems containing loads and distributed energy resources, (such as distributed generators, storage devices, or controllable loads) that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated way either while connected to the main power network or while islanded. The main types of microgrids are described, and a benefits estimation approach developed and demonstrated. Also, an extensive review is made of microgrid functionality and technology, and a data base of microgrid pilot projects has been built.


This essay makes the case that current debates about the 'moneyness' of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are occurring at the incorrect scale. Rather than being some form of trans-national digital money to be used alongside or compete with national fiat currencies, I argue that, instead, each cryptocurrency represents its own self-contained 'money-world'. Put differently, a cryptocurrency is the uniquely specified unit of account and medium of exchange within the socio-technical bounds of its own blockchain. This new perspective can open new lines of intellectual dialogue and inform better policy choices for regulating cryptocurrencies.


When the U.S. government forced 70,000 American citizens of Japanese ancestry into internment camps in 1942, it created administrative tribunals to pass judgment on who was loyal and who was disloyal. In "American Inquisition", Eric Muller relates the untold story of exactly how military and civilian bureaucrats judged these tens of thousands of American citizens during wartime. Some citizens were deemed loyal and were freed, but one in four was declared disloyal to America and condemned to repressive segregation in the camps or barred from war-related jobs. Using cultural and religious affiliations as indicators of Americans' loyalties, the far-reaching bureaucratic decisions often reflected the agendas of the agencies that performed them rather than the actual allegiances or threats posed by the citizens being judged, Muller explains. "American Inquisition" is the only study of the Japanese American internment to examine the complex inner workings of the most draconian system of loyalty screening that the American government has ever deployed against its own citizens. At a time when our nation again finds itself beset by worries about an "enemy within" considered identifiable by race or religion, this volume offers crucial lessons from a recent and disastrous history.


Tropical cyclone (TC) climatological characteristics with passage from the Western North Pacific (WNP) into the South China Sea (SCS) during the June November season are analyzed in this study. These TCs tend to form in the WNP west of 150°E, and on average westward by 7 12° in longitude than TCs that do not track into the SCS. Their formation locations migrate with the monsoon trough, moving northward from June to August, and southward from September to November. The probability of a WNP TC moving into the SCS varies seasonally, with only 12 18% of the WNP TCs doing so during August-September due to more northern TC formation. However, this probability rises to 25 26% in June July and 25 32% in October November with more southern TC formation. The passage-type TCs generally form in the eastern part of an elongated lower-level cyclonic anomaly of the 10-day low-pass filtered environmental circulation in the 10 20°N zone, which is paired with an anticyclonic anomaly to the north. Between this circulation pair, anomalous easterly flows steer these TCs westward, giving them a westward track into the SCS. The formation of these passage-type TCs is associated with a southward displacement of the monsoon trough and a westward intensification of the Pacific subtropical high in August and September. During June July (October November), the associated features appear as a southeastward (meridional) expansion of the monsoon trough and a northward displacement of the Pacific subtropical high. Article history: Received 14 July 2016 Revised 1 September 2016 Accepted 4 October 2016


Facial composites are graphical representations of an eyewitness's memory of a face. Many digital systems are available for the creation of such composites but are either unable to reproduce features unless previously designed or do not allow holistic changes to the image. In this paper, we improve the efficiency of composite creation by removing the reliance on expert knowledge and letting the system learn to represent faces from examples. The novel approach, Composite Generating GAN (CG-GAN), applies generative and evolutionary computation to allow casual users to easily create facial composites. Specifically, CG-GAN utilizes the generator network of a pg-GAN to create high-resolution human faces. Users are provided with several functions to interactively breed and edit faces. CG-GAN offers a novel way of generating and handling static and animated photo-realistic facial composites, with the possibility of combining multiple representations of the same perpetrator, generated by different eyewitnesses.


In this paper, we examine the apparent conflict between artistic and commercial objectives within creative companies, taking as our point of departure a particularly energetic debate during a symposium at the 2007 Academy of Management meetings. We surface the assumptions that underlie such debates, compare them with findings from our research on creative industries, and identify three "fallacies" that sometimes enter into discussions of art in relation to money. This, in turn, leads us to propose a framework to support more productive discussion and to describe a direction for management research that might better integrate art and business practices. We conclude that despite an inclination to take offense that often attends the close juxtaposition of art and commerce, which was very much in evidence at that AoM symposium in Philadelphia, the interests of art, artists, and business can be best served if more commerce enters into the world of art, not less.


Although ethnic diversity is widely believed to undermine social trust, several scholars have argued that this outcome ultimately depends on the extent of high-quality contacts between diverse groups as well as the extent of equality in society. This article scrutinises these different hypotheses by exploring the association between ethnic diversity and social trust among Swedish schoolchildren. Building on data from Sweden, where legacies of equality would be expected to provide unique opportunities for building trust among diverse groups, the contribution of the article to the literature is twofold. First, it was found that contextual diversity is only weakly related to adolescents' trust. Furthermore, while interactions revealed that a higher socio-economic level in a classroom reinforces, rather than cushions, the adverse effect, it is concluded that contextual measures obscure the micro-level dynamic underlying the association between diversity and trust in classrooms. Second, when accounting for compositional effects, and the distinction between in-group and out-group contact, the findings strongly supported the conflict hypothesis, while rejecting the contact hypothesis. The principal finding is that ethnic diversity in a classroom undermines social trust among native-born adolescents, whereas the effect is the exact opposite for minorities. In addition, social trust is only promoted if adolescents interact with members of their ethnic in-group. Because these disconcerting results were found in the high-trust context of Sweden, it is suggested that similar findings are likely in less favourable settings. The article concludes by arguing that the high levels of social trust in traditionally homogenous, but increasingly segregated, countries such as Sweden may conceal the fact that individuals primarily include others who are similar to themselves in their 'imagined communities'.


Complex computing systems are increasingly self-adaptive, with an autonomic computing approach for their administration. Real systems require the co-existence of multiple autonomic management loops, each complex to design. However their uncoordinated co-existence leads to performance degradation and possibly to inconsistency. There is a need for methodological supports facilitating the coordination of multiple autonomic managers. In this paper we propose a method focusing on the discrete control of the interactions of managers. We follow a component-based approach and explore modular discrete control, allowing to break down the combinatorial complexity inherent to the state-space exploration technique. This improves scalability of the approach and allows constructing a hierarchical control. It also allows re-using complex managers in different contexts without modifying their control specifications. We build a component-based coordination of managers, with introspection, adaptivity and reconfiguration. We validate our method on a multiple-loop multi-tier system.


We examined variations in organic carbon (OC) pools and microplanktonic carbon fluxes at three stations in the Hudson River estuary during 12 cruises between Octobers of 1996 and 1998. Phytoplankton biomass and net primary production varied from 5 to 40 µmol C L−1 and 0.3 to 318.3 mmol C m−2 d−1, respectively. Biomass and production of bacterioplankton in the surface layer commonly exceeded those of phytoplankton, varying from 0.2 to 72 mmol C L−1 and 1.4 to 70 mmol C m−2 d−1, respectively. Median planktonic respiration varied from 275 to 605 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1 between stations along the salinity gradient. Primary production/respiration (P :R) ratios varied temporally and spatially between 0.003 and 6.60, averaging 0.22. Carbon mass balances revealed that under low river discharges (<250 m3 s−1), the estuary processed 2.4‐fold more carbon internally and advected 2.7‐fold less carbon seaward than under higher flows. Annual OC budgets suggest that ~19 x 109 mol C yr−1 of total organic carbon (TOC) entered the estuary, whereas 30 x 109 mol TOC yr−1 was exported seaward, representing a net gain of 11 x 109 mol TOC yr−1 within the estuary. Microplankton processed ~32 x 109 mol C yr−1, of which 5.6 x 109 mol C was attributed to photo‐ and chemoautotrophic (~72%) and heterotrophic (~28%) production; the remainder was respired to CO2 (26.5 x 109 mol CO2 yr−1). The persistent imbalance between carbon oxidation and carbon fixation strongly suggests that the Hudson River estuary usually is net heterotrophic and is a significant source of inorganic carbon to the coastal ocean and atmosphere.