There is currently considerable interest in genetic analysis of quantitative traits such as blood pressure and Body Mass Index. Despite the fact that these traits change throughout life they are commonly only analyzed at a single time point. The genetic basis of such traits can be better understood by collecting and effectively analyzing longitudinal data. Analyses of these data are complicated by the need to incorporate information from complex pedigree structures and genetic markers. We propose conducting longitudinal quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses on such data sets by using a flexible random regression estimation technique. The relationship between genetic effects at different ages is efficiently modelled using covariance functions (CFs). Using simulated data we show that the change in genetic effects over time can be well characterized using CFs and that including parameters to model the change in effect with age can provide substantial increases in power to detect QTL compared with repeated measure or univariate techniques. The asymptotic distributions of the methods used are investigated and methods for overcoming the practical difficulties in fitting CFs are discussed. The CF based techniques should allow efficient multivariate analyses of many data sets in human and natural population genetics.


We present socially-aware navigation for an intelligent robot wheelchair in an environment with many pedestrians. The robot learns social norms by observing the behaviors of human pedestrians, interpreting detected biases as social norms, and incorporating those norms into its motion planning. We compare our socially-aware motion planner with a baseline motion planner that produces safe, collision-free motion. The ability of our robot to learn generalizable social norms depends on our use of a topological map abstraction, so that a practical number of observations can allow learning of a social norm applicable in a wide variety of circumstances. We show that the robot can detect biases in observed human behavior that support learning the social norm of driving on the right. Furthermore, we show that when the robot follows these social norms, its behavior influences the behavior of pedestrians around it, increasing their adherence to the same norms. We conjecture that the legibility of the robot's normative behavior improves human pedestrians' ability to predict the robot's future behavior, making them more likely to follow the same norm.


The effects of cementation and the physical properties of grains on the shear behavior of grouted sands are investigated in this paper. The consolidated-undrained triaxial shear behavior of three grouted carbonate sands with different physical properties, including particle size distribution, particle shape and void ratio, was studied. Two sands were obtained from the north shores of the Persian Gulf, south of Iran, called Hormoz and Kish islands sands, and one sand was obtained from the south beaches of England and called Rock beach sand. The selected sands were grouted using a chemical grout of sodium silicate and tested after one month of curing. Test results showed that the effect of bonding on the shear behavior and strength depends on the bond strength and confining pressure. In addition, the shear behavior, yield strength and shear strength of grouted sands under constant conditions, including the initial relative density, bonds strength, confining pressure and loading, were affected by the physical properties of the sands. Furthermore, the parameters of the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength failure envelope, including the cohesion and internal friction angle of grouted sands under constant conditions, were affected by the physical properties and structure of the soils.


The popularity of online social networks (OSNs) is on constant rise due to various advantages, including online communication and sharing information of interest among friends. It is often that users want to make new friends to expand their social connections as well as to obtain information from a broad range of people. Friend recommendation is a very important application in many OSNs and has been studied extensively in the recent past. However,with the growing concerns about user privacy, there is a strong need to develop privacy-preserving friend recommendation methods for social networks. In this paper, we propose two novel methods to recommend friends for a given user by using the common neighbors proximity measure in a privacy-preserving manner. The first method is based on the properties of an additive homomorphic encryption scheme and also utilizes a universal hash function for efficiency purpose. The second method utilizes the concept of protecting the source privacy through anonymousmessage routing and recommends friends accurately and efficiently. In addition, we empirically compare the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed protocols, and address the implementation details of the two methods in practice. The proposed protocols provide a trade-off among security, accuracy, and efficiency; thus, users or the network provider can choose between these two protocols depending on the underlying requirements.


Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins, which are proposed to have roles in essential trace metal homoeostasis and in the detoxification of metal ions. The genes encoding MTs have been isolated from a wide range of eukaryotes, although MT genes have not previously been isolated from prokaryotes. The polymerase chain reaction (PGR) was initially used to isolate a prokaryotic MT gene fragment from Synechococcus PCC 6301. PGR fragments were amplified using inosine-containing primers designed from the amino acid sequence of a prokaryotic MT. Subsequent cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the PGR product corresponded to the amino acid sequence of the prokaryotic MT. The amplified product was thus part of the gene encoding the MT, and was designated smtA. The same primers used in the initial amplification were subsequently utilised for anchored PGR, to amplify the remainder of the coding region and the 3' and 5' flanking regions of the smtA gene. A genomic library was produced from Synechococcus PGG 7942 DNA and screened using the PGR products described above as probes. A genomic clone was isolated, nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the structure of the smt locus, two open reading frames, smtA and smtB, arranged in a divergent orientation about the smt operator/promoter region. The operator/promoter region contains the transcriptional and translational signals for the two genes and three regions that are candidate sites for interaction of regulatory proteins. The transcript start sites of the two genes were mapped within the operator/promoter region by primer extension analysis. An increase in the relative abundance of transcripts of both smt genes was studied in response to various metal ions in a series of northern blots. Inhibitor studies confirmed that the smtA gene is regulated at the transcriptional level. The 5' flanking region of the smtA gene conferred metal specific induction of the reporter gene lacZ. SmtB has sequence similarity to several prokaryotic regulatory proteins and contains a putative helix-turn-helix structural domain. Deletion analysis suggests that SmtB is a repressor of smtA expression. Subsequent work has confirmed that SmtB is a trans-acting repressor of expression from the smt operator/promoter.


The main purpose of this article was to evaluate wheelchair users' access to public buildings in Jordan. The key assumption was that accessibility to public buildings in Jordan did not meet the needs of wheelchair users. Field observation method was applied using the accessibility checklist of Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) as a tool to collect data from a randomly selected sample of 30 buildings in Amman city. Quantitative analysis was used and results show that the average level of accessibility compliance of the surveyed buildings was too low (23%) to meet the needs of wheelchair users. The study concluded that little progress has actually been achieved in terms of environmental accessibility, which implies that Jordan's disability policy was not successful in creating accessible environments in which wheelchair users' equal rights of access to education, employment and basic services is guaranteed. The conclusion also sends a clear message to professionals and decision makers that despite the existence of disability legislation, wheelchair users are still facing physical and social barriers that prohibit their access to public buildings. In other words, law without recognition of the rights of people with disabilities tends to become ineffective.

Disability Policy and Wheelchair Users' Accessibility in Jordan by Mohammad Ali Mulazadeh & Talal Soliman Alharbi is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at http://rdsjournal.org. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://www.rds.hawaii.edu.


The land conversion is a major source of CO2 in urbanization. The expansion of the extension of the city lending to agricultural land and its cover has been continuously reduced, which not only lead the green vegetation in fixed carbon to release, but also because of the lack of vegetation to absorb carbon caused a significant increase greenhouse gases in atmosphere. To reduce the CO2 in the atmosphere, this paper studies carbon emissions and coordinating between carbon emissions reduction and economic development from an efficiency point. Based on DEA environmental technology, this paper estimates eco-efficiency of carbon emissions caused by single element of nonagricultural land in the process of urbanization and industrialization, and further analyzes carbon emissions reduction and economic development coordinated degrees. Comparative of similar studies have found that carbon emissions are mainly caused by land use change, other input elements contribution to carbon emissions are in a secondary position in urbanization and industrialization process; It is mainly through the intensive use of land to achieve coordination between carbon emissions and economic development Therefore, it is crucial to use land resources rationally to achieve carbon reduction in urbanization and industrialization.


Efficient design and evolution of complex software intensive systems rely on the ability to make informed decisions as early as possible in the life cycle. Such informed decisions should take both the intended functional and non-functional properties into account. Especially regarding the latter, it is both necessary to be able to predict properties and to prioritize them according to well-defined criteria. In this paper we focus on the latter problem, that is to say how to make trade-offs between non-functional properties of software intensive systems. We provide an approach based on the elicitation of utility functions from stake-holders and subsequent checks for consistency among these functions. The approach is exploitable through an easy-to-use GUI, which is also presented. Moreover, we describe the setup and the outcome of our two-fold validation based on exploratory elicitations with students and practitioners.


The main goal of this study is to evaluate primary teacher education programs in Croatia. Prior to evaluation of the primary teacher education programs, expected primary teacher education competencies were defined. The expected teacher competencies were determined according to the goals stated in the Croatian national curriculum. In addition, international guidelines for information literacy development among primary education teachers were used. An extensive literature review on information literacy curriculum in teacher education higher education was conducted as a part of this study. The evaluation of primary teacher education programs is conducted according to the content analysis methodology. Since current primary teacher education programs do not state learning outcomes, future teacher competences are evaluated according to the state course goals. The content analysis indicates that the majority of the current primary teacher education programs include goals that could be linked to information literacy standards. Future teachers are most frequently taught how to evaluate information, but lack instruction on fair use of information. The discussion includes recommendations to raise information literacy among teacher educators and to align course syllabi with the common theoretical frameworks.


Injuries from road traffic crashes form a major public health problem. The resulting bone fractures are usually associated with nerve injuries in the form of nerve degeneration followed by regeneration. This regeneration process is expected to affect the amount and quality of the formed calluses. This study aims to investigate the effect of sciatic nerve crushing as a model for nerve regeneration on bone healing in rat tibial fracture. Forty five rats were used in this study. They were divided into three groups (Fifteen each) after induction of tibial fracture and internal fixation. Sciatic nerve was kept intact in rats of group I, cut in group II and crushed in group III. The tibial fractures were examined histologically and radiologically. The amount of the bridging calluses was more evident in groups II and III after 2 weeks. Remodeling of the calluses was better in group III at 4 weeks. Our results suggests that deinnervation induced a large but irregular fracture callus and that regeneration showed faster and more regular healing. These results may be of significance to clinicians and researchers who are seeking to improve fracturehealing in patients with associated nerve injury as spinal cord trauma. [Wael M. Elsaed,Yasser M. Elbastawisy. Effect of Nerve Regeneration on Fracture Healing of Rat Tibia. Histological and Radiological Study Life Sci J 2013;10(1):1157-1164]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 178


The article addresses an important issue involving rights protected by the Pennsylvania Constitution. Today, thousands of defendants in Pennsylvania are denied any opportunity to challenge their convictions on the grounds that their trial lawyer was ineffective. This occurs even though the Pennsylvania Constitution guarantees every defendant the right to direct appeal. The fact that an increasingly large number of defendants are without a remedy to protect their right to effective assistance of counsel at trial is the result of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's decision to bar direct appeals of claims of trial counsel ineffectiveness and instead, defer such claims to the statutory post-conviction process which is closed to defendants who are no longer in custody. If a defendant receives a sentence of short duration, increasingly common in Pennsylvania (more than 14,000 sentences imposed in 2009 were for less than one year), and the defendant completes his sentence while direct appeal or the post-conviction process is pending, the defendant has no remedy to challenge the effectiveness of trial counsel. The attached article argues that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's decision in O'Berg to reject an exception to the rule closing direct appeal to ineffectiveness claims for defendants who receive sentences of short duration unconstitutionally denies such defendants their rights under the Pennsylvania Constitution to direct appeal and to due process and equal protection of the laws. Simply put, the judiciary exceeds its rule making authority under the Pennsylvania Constitution when it deprives defendants with short sentences of the constitutional right to appeal if there is no alternative procedure for review of ineffectiveness claims available. Because defendants with short sentences have a constitutional right to a post-trial forum to present their claims of trial counsel ineffectiveness, the article argues that until a short-sentence exception to the deferral rule is recognized, defendants with short sentences are entitled to present their ineffectiveness claims to the trial court by petition for writ of coram nobis. The article further argues that defendants unable to obtain state court review of their ineffectiveness claims should seek declaratory relief in a civil rights action on grounds that Pennsylvania Supreme Court's rule of deferral unconstitutionally restricts their right under the Pennsylvania Constitution to direct appeal.


Mobile augmented reality (Mobile AR) is gaining increasing attention from both academia and industry. Hardware-based Mobile AR and App-based Mobile AR are the two dominant platforms for Mobile AR applications. However, hardware-based Mobile AR implementation is known to be costly and lacks flexibility, while the App-based one requires additional downloading and installation in advance and is inconvenient for cross-platform deployment. In comparison, Web-based AR (Web AR) implementation can provide a pervasive Mobile AR experience to users thanks to the many successful deployments of the Web as a lightweight and cross-platform service provisioning platform. Furthermore, the emergence of 5G mobile communication networks has the potential to enhance the communication efficiency of Mobile AR dense computing in the Web-based approach. We conjecture that Web AR will deliver an innovative technology to enrich our ways of interacting with the physical (and cyber) world around us. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art technology and existing implementations of Mobile AR, as well as enabling technologies and challenges when AR meets the Web. Furthermore, we elaborate on the different potential Web AR provisioning approaches, especially the adaptive and scalable collaborative distributed solution which adopts the osmotic computing paradigm to provide Web AR services. We conclude this paper with the discussions of open challenges and research directions under current 3G/4G networks and the future 5G networks. We hope that this paper will help researchers and developers to gain a better understanding of the state of the research and development in Web AR and at the same time stimulate more research interest and effort on delivering life-enriching Web AR experiences to the fast-growing mobile and wireless business and consumer industry of the 21st century.


Small bowel transplantation for intestinal failure is no longer an experimental procedure, but an accepted treatment for patients where total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy for intestinal failure is unsuccessful. Early referral for screening for small bowel transplantation should be considered in patients with permanent intestinal failure who have occlusion of more than 2 major veins, frequent line-related septic episodes, impairment of liver function or an unacceptable quality of life. With the increased experience in post-transplant patient care and newer forms of induction (thymoglobulin, IL-2 receptor antagonists) and maintenance (tacrolimus) therapies, the 1-year graft survival has increased to 65% for isolated and to 59% for liver/small bowel transplantation and is further improving. Rejection, bacterial, fungal and viral (Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr-virus) infections, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease and graft versus host disease are the most common complications after intestinal transplantation. Although most of the long-term survivors are TPN-independent and have a good quality of life, the risk of the procedure and long-term adverse effects ofimmunosuppressive medication limits small bowel, or liver/small bowel transplantation only to patients with severe complications of TPN therapy.


ABSTRACT A total of 395 Haemophilus influenzae strains from 226 Japanese institutions participating in the Nationwide Surveillance Study Group for Bacterial Meningitis were received from 1999 to 2002. All strains were analyzed by PCR to identify the resistance genes, and their susceptibilities to β-lactam agents were determined. Of these strains, 29.1% were β-lactamase nonproducing and ampicillin (AMP) susceptible (BLNAS) and lacked all resistance genes; 15.4% were β-lactamase producing and AMP resistant and had the blaTEM-1 gene; 30.6% were β-lactamase nonproducing and AMP resistant (low-BLNAR) and had a Lys-526 or His-517 amino acid substitution in ftsI encoding PBP 3; 13.9% were β-lactamase nonproducing and AMP resistant (BLNAR) and had an additional substitution of Thr-385 in ftsI; 9.1% were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid resistant (BLPACR I) and had the blaTEM-1 gene and a Lys-526 or His-517 amino acid substitution in ftsI; and 1.8% showed resistance similar to that of the BLPACR I group (BLPACR II) but had blaTEM-1 gene and ftsI substitutions, as was the case for the BLNAR strains. All but three strains were serotype b. The prevalence of BLNAR strains has increased rapidly: 0% in 1999, 5.8% in 2000, 14.1% in 2001, and 21.3% in 2002. The MICs at which 90% of BLNAR isolates were inhibited were as follows: AMP, 16 μg/ml; cefotaxime, 1 μg/ml; ceftriaxone, 0.25 μg/ml; and meropenem, 0.5 μg/ml. All of these values were higher than those for the BLNAS counterpart strains. The relatively wide distributions of the β-lactam MICs for BLNAR strains presumably reflect variations in ftsI gene mutations. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested the rapid spread of specific H. influenzae type b strains throughout Japan. Expedited vaccination, rapid identification, and judicious antibiotic use could slow their spread.


Fire, a natural disaster, has significant effects on ecosystems and plays a major role in deforestation, and it is a major source of trace gases, aerosols and carbon fluxes. Remote sensing is a valuable data source to investigate different phases of fire management. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has been designed to include specific characteristics for fire detection. It provides global coverage every 1 to 2 days. MODIS for forest fire monitoring has high detection accuracy, high radiometric resolution, moderate spatial resolution modes, and a high saturation level. Fires occur repeatedly in Iranian forests during the summer time. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports, 0.06% of Iran's forests burn every year. Fire season in the northern part of Iran is from May until the end of October. The results show that 86.21% of the fires detected by MODIS from 2001 to 2008 occurred in cropland, grass land and plain regions. Most of these fires occurred in the eastern regions of the Mazandaran Sea. A correlation of 0.76 exists between the fire frequency and the rainfall. Areas with precipitation lower than 1000 mm experienced 86.01% of the fires. Most of the fires occurred at elevations below 500 m from mean sea level (MSL). The fire frequency has a correlation of 0.58 with the average monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. Temporal analysis from 2001 to 2008 shows that most of the fires occurred in June.


This paper reports on empirical performance analysis of four modal theorem provers on benchmark suites of randomly generated formulae. The theorem provers tested are the Davis-Putnam-based procedure Ksat, the tableauxbased system KRIS , the sequent-based Logics Workbench, and a translation approach combined with the rst-order theorem prover SPASS. Our benchmark suites are sets of multi-modal formulae in a certain normal form randomly generated according to the scheme of Giunchiglia and Sebastiani [8, 9]. We investigate the quality of the random modal formulae and show that the scheme has some shortcomings, which may lead to mistaken conclusions. We propose improvements to the evaluation method and show that the translation approach has superior computational behaviour compared to the other three approaches.


We formulate a new mathematical model of Gas-Solids Mixing hydrodynamic flow [1] in a combustion chamber with a fluid bed system used in the combustion of mineral coal waste. This model in study is called Model GasSolids Mixing and it is constructed by averaging the conservation equations (mass and momentum) for a two-phase flow, which takes into account the existence of a small parameter rho in the order of 10 . This parameter is related to the ratio of the mass densities of both phases and is a free boundary problem making an asymptotic adjustment in the model. This model is important in the production of thermal energybased solid waste. The simulation is implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of attitudes toward the perceived importance of corporate ethics and social responsibility, and Machiavellianism, a general measure of the propensity for manipulative and deceitful behaviour, on tax professionals' willingness to participate in aggressive tax avoidance schemes of corporate clients. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on a survey of tax professionals in Hong Kong. Findings - The paper finds that Machiavellianism affects tax advisors' expressed viewpoints toward the importance of corporate ethics and social responsibility, which affect professional judgements toward aggressive tax minimisation. As anticipated, high Machiavellians are more likely to endorse the traditional "stockholder view" of corporate responsibility (which holds that corporations have little responsibility beyond maximising their profits), and less likely to support the "stakeholder view" (which recognises corporate responsibilities to a broader range of potential stakeholders). The stockholder view (but not the stakeholder view) of corporate responsibility mediates the relationship between Machiavellianism and ethical/social responsibility judgements. Machiavellianism also had significant direct effects on ethical and social responsibility judgements. Originality/value - The paper provides insights into the decision processes used to justify aggressive tax minimisation strategies. The findings indicate that commonly articulated views toward corporate ethics and social responsibility may be used to support unethical strategies. In particular, the finding that the stockholder view mediates the relationship between Machiavellianism and ethical/social responsibility judgements suggests that the stockholder view may be adopted to rationalise overly aggressive tax avoidance.


This paper discusses the European Parliament's Resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (European Parliament 2017). It provides a brief summary of the content of the Resolution and looks at its basic principles and raison d'etre.
It also touches on the issue of defining robots and their liability. In so doing, it suggests a twofold shift in the rationale of Parliament's recommendations. Using a prospective approach and taking into consideration the views of scholars who are specialised in analysing robotics and artificial intelligence, this paper proposes that Parliament's recommendations could go further by addressing a much broader spectrum of artificial agents and artificial intelligence, instead of focusing on specific categories of robots.
It then looks at the responsibility, visibility and liability of those who have decision-making powers over the design, development and deployment of robots and artificial intelligence, including designers and developers.


The protein family of mammalian neurotrophins, comprising nerve-growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 and -4/5 (NT-3, NT-4/5), supports the survival and the phenotype of neurons from the central as well as the peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS). In addition, exogenous application of neurotrophins has recently been found to modulate synaptic transmission in the rodent CNS. However, to provide evidence for a role of neurotophins as endogenous fast acting modulators of synaptic transmission, the synaptic localization and secretion of neurotrophins needs to be shown. We have now constructed a fusion protein consisting of N-terminal BDNF (the most abundant neurotrophin in the rodent hippocampus and neocortex) and C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) to elucidate the cellular localization of BDNF in cortical neurons. Transient expression of BDNF-GFP in COS-7 cells revealed that the cellular localization in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), the processing of precursor proteins and the secretion of mature BDNF-GFP is indistinguishable from the properties of untagged BDNF. Upon transient transfection of primary rat cortical neurons, BDNF-GFP was found in secretory granules of the regulated pathway of secretion, as indicated by colocalization with the secretory granule marker secretogranin II. BDNF-GFP vesicles were found in the neurites of transfected neurons with a pattern reminiscent of the localization of endogenous BDNF in untransfected cortical neurons. BDNF-GFP vesicles were found predominantly in the somatodendritic compartment of the neurons, whereas additional axonal localization was found less frequently. Immunocytochemical staining of synaptic terminals with synapsin I antibodies revealed that the density of BDNF-GFP vesicles is elevated in the vicinity of synaptic junctions, indicating that BDNF is localized appropriately to function as an acute modulator of synaptic transmission. These data suggest that BDNF-GFP will be a useful tool to investigate synaptic release of BDNF during physiological synaptic stimulation, and will thereby allow us to elucidate the participation of neurotrophin release in activity dependent synaptic plasticity.


We implement a propensity score matching technique to present the first evidence on the impact of professional sports lockouts on player productivity. In particular, we utilize a unique natural experiment from the 2012-2013 National Hockey League lockout, during which approximately 200 players decided to play overseas, while the rest stayed in North America. We separate players based on their nationality and investigate the effect of playing abroad on postlockout player performance. We find limited evidence of enhanced productivity among European players and no evidence of a benefit or drawback for North American players. Our study contributes to the understanding of lockouts in professional sports and the general discussion of labor disputes and worker productivity.


The failure of diet and exercise to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus usually requires the introduction of an oral hypoglycaemic drug. Currently, metformin remains the first-line agent, particularly in overweight patients. Shorter-acting sulphonylureas, such as glipizide, may be considered in normal or underweight patients, and in those who cannot use or tolerate metformin. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose) may reduce cardiovascular risk, while thiazolidinediones (glitazones) have been associated with higher cardiovascular risk. Bile-acid sequestrants and bromocriptine mesylate may be contemplated as adjunct treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGTL-2) inhibitors are promising new therapeutic classes for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Many economists who struggled to establish a secure place for their discipline in American universities in the nineteenth century made significant contributions to reshaping American academic life in general. Yet, they were often at war among themselves as they sought to define the mission and methods of economics in an era of social and intellectual ferment. This volume represents the contribution of American scholars to a multinational research project on the institutionalization of political economy in European, Japanese, and North American universities. It includes case studies of divergent experiences of fourteen institutions that figured prominently in the molding of American culture: William & Mary, The University of Virginia, South Carolina College, Brown, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, The University of Pennsylvania, The University of Chicago, The University of California, Stanford, The University of Wisconsin, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. These are supplemented in an essay by A. W. Coats on the turbulent early decades of the American Economic Association. In this new introduction, Barber takes note of the fact that in a somewhat different context and with a modified rhetoric the same issues present themselves today as they did one hundred years earlier. And this in turn introduces some troubling concerns about just what sort of science economics is, and was. The volume as a whole can be read as reflections on the troubled status of the discipline of economics as it now exists in American university and research contexts. It provides fresh perspectives on the development of social science and economic thought and on the history of higher education in the United States. As such it will be of very great interest to professional economists, students of higher education, and those for whom the life of American ideas holds a central place.


We study the relationship between geometry and capacity measures for deep neural networks from an invariance viewpoint. We introduce a new notion of capacity --- the Fisher-Rao norm --- that possesses desirable invariance properties and is motivated by Information Geometry. We discover an analytical characterization of the new capacity measure, through which we establish norm-comparison inequalities and further show that the new measure serves as an umbrella for several existing norm-based complexity measures. We discuss upper bounds on the generalization error induced by the proposed measure. Extensive numerical experiments on CIFAR-10 support our theoretical findings. Our theoretical analysis rests on a key structural lemma about partial derivatives of multi-layer rectifier networks.


The observation of the Jubilee Year 2000 by many Christian groups worldwide generated renewed interest in the theological, historical, and socio-economic aspects of the biblical jubilee. This book begins with an analysis of the historical origins of the jubilee institution in ancient Israel, and then traces the reinterpretation of the jubilee and the text of Leviticus 25 through the Old Testament, the Second Temple literature, and the Qumran documents. It demonstrates that, with the passage of time, the socio-economic implementation of the jubilee is increasingly de-emphasized in favor of an eschatological interpretation, in which the jubilee itself functions as a type of the final age, and cycles of jubilee years are employed to calculate when this age will arrive.


Further results of research, reported in several previous NASA Tech Briefs articles, were obtained on a mathematical formalism for postinstability motions of a dynamical system characterized by exponential divergences of trajectories leading to chaos (including turbulence). To recapitulate: Fictitious control forces are introduced to couple the dynamical equations with a Liouville equation that describes the evolution of the probability density of errors in initial conditions. These forces create a powerful terminal attractor in probability space that corresponds to occurrence of a target trajectory with probability one. The effect in ordinary perceived three-dimensional space is to suppress exponential divergences of neighboring trajectories without affecting the target trajectory. Con sequently, the postinstability motion is represented by a set of functions describing the evolution of such statistical quantities as expectations and higher moments, and this representation is stable. The previously reported findings are analyzed from the perspective of the authors Stabilization Principle, according to which (1) stability is recognized as an attribute of mathematical formalism rather than of underlying physics and (2) a dynamical system that appears unstable when modeled by differentiable functions only can be rendered stable by modifying the dynamical equations to incorporate intrinsic stochasticity.


Abstract Loss of the Achilles' tendon with overlying soft tissue and skin defects remains a complex reconstructive challenge. Herein we present our experience using a free composite anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap with vascularized fascia lata and a modified Lindholm's technique to repair the Achilles' tendon. A 37-year-old man suffered from tertiary Achilles' tendon rupture. For reconstruction, the free composite ALT flap with vascularized fascia lata was used to wrap Achilles' tendon. A modified Lindholm's technique was used to cover overlying soft tissue defects. The patient was followed up for 12 months. No wound healing problems were reported, and the patient was able to walk and return to his daily ambulating activities without any support after 5 months postoperatively. This technique may be useful to achieve satisfactory outcomes in patients with ruptured Achilles' tendons following tertiary repair.


Shallow-soil areas are here defined as those where up to 20 cm. of soil covers the underlying rocks (fig. I), and eleven such areas were studied in the Nairobi National Park. The vegetation of these shallow-soil areas is not much disturbed by human activities such as cultivation and road-making, and is very sensitive to drought; it only grows after the rains, remaining dormant during the dry months of the year. The present study was therefore started soon after the beginning of the short rains in October, 1967. Elongated areas of shallow soils are usually found on the side of a valley or the shoulder of a profile following the contour in the position of maximum slope. In the Nairobi National Park such areas are found mainly in the western wooded part which has many river valleys, but some occur near the Observation Point and near Hippo Pool. Shallow-soil areas are bordered by grassland and woody vegetation on one side or on both upper and lower edges.


Abstract. The equations that govern geophysical fluids (namely atmosphere, ocean and rivers) are well known but their use for prediction requires the knowledge of the initial condition. In many practical cases, this initial condition is poorly known and the use of an imprecise initial guess is not sufficient to perform accurate forecasts because of the high sensitivity of these systems to small perturbations. As every situation is unique, the only additional information that can help to retrieve the initial condition are observations and statistics. The set of methods that combine these sources of heterogeneous information to construct such an initial condition are referred to as data assimilation. More and more images and sequences of images, of increasing resolution, are produced for scientific or technical studies. This is particularly true in the case of geophysical fluids that are permanently observed by remote sensors. However, the structured information contained in images or image sequences is not assimilated as regular observations: images are still (under-)utilized to produce qualitative analysis by experts. This paper deals with the quantitative assimilation of information provided in an image form into a numerical model of a dynamical system. We describe several possibilities for such assimilation and identify associated difficulties. Results from our ongoing research are used to illustrate the methods. The assimilation of image is a very general framework that can be transposed in several scientific domains.


Context: Mandibular third molars are the most commonly impacted teeth, and their surgical removal can be associated with inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury. To avoid the deleterious complication of nerve injury on patients, a thorough visualization of IAN and its localization are essential. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of two conventional localization techniques in determining the relationship of mandibular third molars to IAN and to assess its reliability in comparison with computed tomography (CT). Settings and Design: Panoramic radiograph (PR) was taken using Kodak 8000C Digital Panoramic and Cephalometric system. Intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPAs) were taken using Kodak 2200 Intraoral X-ray machine. CT scan images were taken using multidetector CT scans. Materials and Methods: Two IOPAs (0° and −20° vertical angulation) and PR and CT scan images of thirty mandibular third molars were taken. Two combinations were used (i) a combination of two IOPAs and (ii) a combination of PR and IOPA (−20°). Tube-shift localization technique was applied to both these combinations to derive the relation between third molar and IAN canal as "in contact," "separate," "buccal," "lingual," and "in line with the apex" and the results were compared with CT images. Statistical Analysis: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using SPSS software version 15.0. Results: The combination of PR and IOPA radiographs showed 14 teeth to be in contact with IAN. This gave a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 94.1%, PPV of 92.9%, and a NPV of 100% in determining the relation as "in contact" or "separate." 78.3%, 85.7%, 94.7%, and 54.5% were the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV in localizing it as "buccal," "lingual," or "in line with apex." These results were better than that of the combination of the two IOPAs. Conclusions: Localization using PR and IOPA could better deduce the relation between IAN and mandibular third molar.


Introduction: Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common cause of neonatal jaundice, for which surgery is indicated. It may lead to portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Sometimes, BA is related to other congenital anomalies and malformation, while a coexistence of BA with facial hemangioma has not been reported, yet. Infantile hemangioma is a childhood benign vascular tumor. Beta blocker has an effect on hemangioma and esophageal varices. Case Report: A 30-day-old girl with an infantile hemangioma was referred to Amirkola Children's Hospital. According to intraoperative cholangiography and liver biopsy information, BA was diagnosed. Also, she had a large infantile cutaneous hemangioma on her face. Portal hypertension and esophageal varices were diagnosed in her under observation. So, propranolol was prescribed for her. A year after that, her facial hemangioma was gradually getting better. Conclusions: association of BA with infantile cutaneous hemangioma is rare and cutaneous hemangioma can be treated by propranolol.


Resistance is the naturally occurring, inheritable adjustment in the ability of individuals in a population to survive a plant protection product treatment that would normally give effective control. Although resistance can often be demonstrated in the laboratory, this does not necessarily mean that pest control in the field is reduced. 'Practical resistance' is the term used for loss of field control due to a shift in sensitivity (EPPO, 1988). Loss of performance of a plant protection product because of the development of practical resistance in the target organism and the subsequent need for additional product use to achieve control can be costly to the grower, the crop protection company and the environment. Furthermore, the loss of efficacy due to resistance may remove the plant protection product from the range of methods available to combat the large potential losses caused by plant pests. Registration authorities and crop protection companies now recognize that the development of resistance can be minimized (i.e. delayed or kept at a low level) by means of suitable management strategies, and that it is in both their interests to protect the efficacy of plant protection products. The registration procedure, before the product is released for full commercial use, is seen to be the point at which appropriate risk management strategies should be agreed and implemented. For example, the harmonized registration procedure of the countries of the European Union (EC, 2009) requires that applicants provide information on the possible occurrence and development of resistance (including information on related active substances, other pests or other crops that could indicate the likelihood of resistance developing). If there is evidence to suggest that difficulties of control could result from the development of resistance, a management strategy should be proposed that would minimize the likelihood of resistance. These requirements do not provide any specific guidance on the scale and scope of evidence that should be submitted, nor is any guidance given on the evaluation of this data or of the proposed management strategy. The aim of this Standard is therefore to indicate to the registration authorities and to applicants for registration what their obligations are with regard to assessing and managing the risk of practical resistance in the target organism(s). These elements are included in the process of resistance risk analysis (i.e. evaluation of the risk followed, if necessary, by the choice of management options). The Standard provides guidance on: • the concepts of resistance; • how resistance risk might be assessed; • how resistance might be managed; • what data should be supplied to support the conclusion of a resistance risk analysis; • other data needed on resistance in the registration dossier; • reaching a registration decision with regard to resistance risk. The Standard covers all types of plant protection products. It does not cover the registration of genetically modified plants that express pesticidal activity, but it does consider their possible influence on the development of resistance in plant pests. Appendix 2 indicates different approaches for the main types of plant protection products.


The impact of biomedicine and biomedical technologies on identity and sociality has long been the focus of medical anthropology. In this article we revisit these debates in a discussion of how unprecedented encounters with biomedicine during the West African Ebola outbreak have featured in Sierra Leoneans' understandings of citizenship and belonging, using the case study of an Ebola vaccine trial taking place in Kambia District (EBOVAC Salone). Analysing our ethnographic material in conversation with a historical analysis of notions of belonging and citizenship, we show how participation in a vaccine trial in a moment of crisis allowed people to tell stories about themselves as political subjects and to situate themselves in a conversation about the nature of citizenship that both pre-dates and post-dates the epidemic.


Continued consolidation of the U.S. banking industry and a general increase in the size of banks has prompted some policymakers to consider policies that discourage banks from getting larger, including explicit caps on bank size. However, limits on the size of banks could entail economic costs if they prevent banks from achieving economies of scale. This paper presents new estimates of returns to scale for U.S. banks based on nonparametric, local-linear estimation of bank cost, revenue and profit functions. We report estimates for both 2006 and 2015 to compare returns to scale some seven years after the financial crisis and five years after enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act with returns to scale before the crisis. We find that a high percentage of banks faced increasing returns to scale in cost in both years, including most of the 10 largest bank holding companies. And, while returns to scale in revenue and profit vary more across banks, we find evidence that the largest four banks operate under increasing returns to scale.


The first woman inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, there was no one like Effa Manley in the sports world of the 1930s and 1940s. She was a sophisticated woman who owned a baseball team. She never shrank from going head to head with men, who dominated the ranks of sports executives and considered sports their exclusive domain. That her life story has remained unchronicled can only be attributed to one thing: her team, the Newark Eagles, belonged to the Negro Baseball League. This book furthers a growing awareness of black baseball before integration and profiles many of the other highly-competitive owners in the Negro league. It also describes a thriving black community in Newark that took the Newark Eagles into their hearts, creating a fascinating relationship between a community and their sports team. This book was the first to draw extensively on Eagle team records, left behind by Mrs. Manley when she left Newark in the 1950s, and rediscovered nearly intact thirty-five years later. The files are the most comprehensive source of information about the Newark Eagles. They reconstruct the relationship between the baseball team and the community to an extent never thought to be possible. Also included is material from Mrs. Manley's scrapbook chronicling her days as a baseball owner and an active home front volunteer during World War II. Her scrapbook is now part of the collection of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. This important work shines the spotlight on a previously unsung segment of baseball history. Originally published in cloth as Effa Manley and the Newark Eagles, No. 1 in the American Sports History Series. Reviews of the Original Edition: "...a book that speaks volumes about the history of all of us who grew up in Newark at a time when the city stood for something very different. It's a dandy read." -NEWARK STAR-LEDGER "...the story of a dynamic woman who, with her husband, owned the New Jersey team in the Negro National League...Recommended." -LIB


Implementation of land management policies influences land use and hence causes environmental change. Taking the Ordos rangelands in China as a case study, this paper explores the potential of remote sensing to assess in dryland areas the impacts of policies on the environment. Thirteen Landsat images of the period 1978–2010 were acquired and those corresponding to the starting dates of implementation of different policies were selected for land-cover change analysis; others were used to check the detected change and track the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) trajectory matched with time series of meteorological data for calibration of natural response of rangelands to rainfall. The results indicate that policy impacts are complex and include both positive and negative aspects depending on the locality in space. On one hand, policies have aroused the enthusiasm of people in agricultural production and sand-control leading to the recovery of about 2618 km2 of desertified rangeland and sandy land, and economic growth, on the other hand, provoked vegetation degradation with an accumulated area of 2439 km2 when policies cannot reconcile the conflict between environmental protection and the interest of rural people. However, degradation is not absolute and can be mitigated by the implementation of rational policies.


Turkey has a unique position in the Muslim world as a country that held the Caliphate for several hundred years but then turned into a secular republic. Over the past ninety years, Islam has coexisted uneasily with the Turkish state, which has tried both to co-opt and suppress a powerful political Islamic movement that began gathering force in the 1960s. Turkey is unique in the fact that a movement rooted in political Islam managed not only to come to power in democratic elections, but proved able to stay in power and continue to win elections for over a decade. Whereas this aspect of the Turkish experience is widely lauded by Western observers, there is nevertheless another side to the coin. As the power of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP) grew, they also turned increasingly authoritarian and Islamist. Turkey's experience is indicative of the broader nature of "moderate" political Islam, and its relationship with democracy; it suggests that "moderate Islamism" has embraced the mechanics of electoral democracy but not its fundamental values.


This study presents observed trends and variability in the modern climate record for the Southern Hemisphere. High-resolution records
of past climate from dendroclimatic studies, which are limited to a few areas, are also presented for the last few centuries. Sufficient land
and marine surface temperature observations exist to enable reconstruction of surface temperature trends since 1860. These results are
derived from high-quality, long-term climate datasets. These data show that annual surface air temperatures have warmed by O.6°C over
the period 1860 to 1994. Trends are similar for all four seasons. The pattern of annual land-only surface temperature trends reflects these
broad trends, but is somewhat different. Over the entire period the warming amounts to 0.4°e. Australian and Southern African trends
more closely resemble the hemispheric; South American trends differ. In Antarctica, the record commenced only in 1957 and shows slight
warming.
The Southern Oscillation is an important driver of interannual variability in temperature and precipitation throughout Oceania
(Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific) and southern Mrica. Finally, there is a very limited number of potential terrestrial highresolution
proxy records to extend the climate record prior to the mid 19th century for the Southern Hemisphere. These show no consistent
trend.


The Reformation, with his key role in many areas of the human life, had the greatest influence on spirituality. It changed the old fashioned, limited and priest centered medieval religiosity into a free, personal and joyful piety. It uncovered the forgotten, Christ initiates spirituality and prayer mode. This paper presents three major "novatio"s in terms of piety, more exactly in the relationship between God and men: 1. The Reformation abolished every mechanical practice, every "opus operatum" in prayer. 2. The second innovation consists of Luther's advice to pray freely and personally. He led the people to a conscious supplication and meditation. 3. The third and the most important innovation is the ceasing of the priest's mediating role. The believer can pray and confess directly to God without the help of any human confessor or priest. KEY WORDS: Reformation, prayer, spirituality, mediation, clergy, free prayer, Bible-prayer, mechanical, indulgence, liturgical


Human physiological signals measurement is the necessity of today's modern world. The physiological signals, including heart rate, skin conductance, temperature, and pupil diameter, are significant indicators of underlying problems or illnesses and aid in indicating the underlying condition non-invasively. This study highlights the importance and needs for only one physiological signal, which is the body temperature as even a minor change in temperature values has a unique effect on the body. Hence, the present study focuses on comparing two well-known temperature sensors, namely DS18B20 and LM35, which are among the top choices for many temperature-based applications. The two sensors are compared in terms of cost, accuracy, temperature range, voltage, output type, implementation, packaging and required signal conditioning circuitry. The sole purpose is to find the adequacy of only one in terms of medical applications. The temperature readings are collected for 15 seconds from 10 participants between the age of 25 – 28 years and the data is sent to a microcontroller, which is Arduino Mega board. The microcontroller board processes the data for noise and artefacts removal and displays the final temperature readings on the serial monitor of Arduino IDE. The results highlight that DS18B20 is more accurate and robust in comparison to LM35, as it has lower fluctuations in the readings and is not affected by user movements. This study will help in the future development of healthcare systems, which may track the user's thermal changes accurately in real-time.


We consider a particular class of lattice Schr\"odinger operators with deterministic potentials depending upon an infinite number of parameters in an auxiliary measurable space. We prove exponential dynamical localization for generic families in the strong disorder regime, using a variant of the Multi-Scale Analysis. In our model, the potential is generated by a function on a torus which is discontinuous (`haarsh') and constructed with the help of an expansion which reminds Haar's wavelet expansions.


ABSTRACT Drawing on multiple data sources, including key informant interviews, participant observation and archival study, this paper provides an analysis of the civil society's role in foregrounding the agenda of women migrants in migration and development (M&D) fora, and reflects on its role in realising the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet, the dominant narrative within the state-led Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) tends to be a gender-blind migration for development approach, which emphasises national-level economic growth at the centre of migration processes, while negating the subjectivities of women migrants and neglecting their contributions to the global economy; this approach diverts attention to a narrow focus on macro-economic development through forms of financial remittances. Based on an examination of the GFMD as a site for gender mainstreaming M&D, we reflect on lessons learned as we look forward to achieving the SDGs. We argue that while the SDGs include some significant provisions for women in migration, only critical civil society advocacy and activism networked within grassroots organisations can address the structural changes necessary (such as a re-articulation of the care economy to value economic contributions of women's reproductive work) to transform and improve the lived realities of women in migration and realise the SDGs in a manner that fosters their empowerment.


This paper investigates the relationship between market uncertainty and exchange rate movements of safe haven currencies that tend to appreciate during the risk-off episodes. A safe haven index—the tendency of currency movements to a change in market uncertainty as measured by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE)'s volatility index (VIX)—are calculated to assess if a currency has a safe haven tendency. The results indicate that the yen is a safe haven currency and its status is robust. The offshore traded renminbi (CNH) has a vulnerable status to the U.S. dollar and the yen, while having lost its safe haven status to the euro since mid-2014. The won, rupiah, and Singapore dollar tend to be vulnerable. Higher market uncertainty with policy swings may increase safe haven demand for alternative assets such as gold and bitcoin, but not substituting for the yen and the dollar due to limited liquidity. Safe haven gauges help explain the uncovered interest rate parity puzzle associated with carry trade. The implication from the results suggests the yen's strength driven by its safe haven status may slow down the post-crisis recovery via exports, masking the vulnerability of government finance with massive monetary easing. The CNH's shift to a vulnerable status could accelerate capital outflows, supporting export-driven growth. The yen's safe haven status would help balance capital flows within Asia, contributing to post-crisis economic recovery in the area.


We consider the general problem of finding the minimum weight $\bm$-matching on arbitrary graphs. We prove that, whenever the linear programming (LP) relaxation of the problem has no fractional solutions, then the belief propagation (BP) algorithm converges to the correct solution. We also show that when the LP relaxation has a fractional solution then the BP algorithm can be used to solve the LP relaxation. Our proof is based on the notion of graph covers and extends the analysis of (Bayati-Shah-Sharma 2005 and Huang-Jebara 2007}.
These results are notable in the following regards: (1) It is one of a very small number of proofs showing correctness of BP without any constraint on the graph structure. (2) Variants of the proof work for both synchronous and asynchronous BP; it is the first proof of convergence and correctness of an asynchronous BP algorithm for a combinatorial optimization problem.


The article investigates the discursive trope of 'People of the Real World' (PRW) as it was launched by the leader of the Swedish Christian Democrats, Göran Hägglund, during a political campaign week on the Island of Gotland in 2009. Sociological and cultural theories of local vs. cosmopolitan identity, of emotions, and of space, are used to analyse the speech and a selection of newspaper articles from 2009. The PRW discourse defends local, sedentary communities against globalization and cosmopolitanization. It draws on the collective emotional resources of 'normals' as they feel threatened by the social and political advancement of previously marginalized groups, undermining the former group's power to define social space. It thus contributes to the social and political cultivation of resentment among those who identify with conservative, anti-cosmopolitan values.


Digital forensics plays an increasingly important role within society as the approach to the identification of criminal and cybercriminal activities. It is however widely known that a combination of the time taken to undertake a forensic investigation, the volume of data to be analysed and the number of cases to be processed are all significantly increasing resulting in an ever growing backlog of investigations and mounting costs. Automation approaches have already been widely adopted within digital forensic processes to speed up the identification of relevant evidence – hashing for notable files, file signature analysis and data carving to name a few. However, to date, little research has been undertaken in identifying how more advanced techniques could be applied to perform "intelligent" processing of cases. This paper proposes one such approach, the Automated Forensic Examiner (AFE) that seeks to apply artificial intelligence to the problem of sorting and identifying relevant artefacts. The proposed approach utilises a number of techniques, including a technical competency measure, a dynamic criminal knowledge base and visualisation to provide an investigator with an in depth understanding of the case. The paper also describes how its implementation within a cloud based infrastructure will also permit a more timely and cost effective solution.


Abstract The working of the "asset currency" provided by the Swedish note banking system in 1878–1901 is described. Natural and institutional conditions caused the demand for currency to peak in March and September, with troughs in July and January. The paper investigates how the Enskilda banks provided liquidity to solve the problem. This is done by describing how the volume of notes varied over the year, and how other balance sheet items co-moved with them. Strong seasonal co-variation is found particularly between lending and foreign payments media, varying like communicating vessels over the sailing season in May–October (when the sea was ice free and shipments were made).


This paper explores the educational implications of Linda Zagzebski's recent Exemplarist Moral Theory. It purports to do so by comparing what I consider to be the basics of an exemplar-based educational approach with the standard approach to virtue formation, as it has been proposed by Steven Porter. After introducing four traditional strategies for fostering virtue formation in the young, I briefly summarize Zagzebski's view and shed light on the educational principles that the view entails. Then, I discuss some common features and relevant differences between an exemplar-based educational approach and the standard approach. Finally, I attempt to defend both views against a couple of recent objections.


Few presidents have been subjected to such a wide range of interpretation as has Herbert Hoover, from hero to villain, from genius to naif. Fausold meets the daunting challenge of assessing the Hoover presidency by focusing on the to most basic questions: first, whether the Hoover presidency advanced the country toward the goals outlined in his Inaugural Address justice, ordered liberty, equality of opportunity, individual initiative, freedom of opinion, integrity in government, peace, growth of religious spirit, and strengthening of the home and, second, whether Hoover attacked the causes of the depression international, cyclical, sectoral, fiscal, and monetary. Making use of extensive primary sources beyond the Hoover Library, Fausold argues that Herbert Hoover was what Walter Lippmann said a president should be, "a custodian of a nation's ideals," and that Hoover fought the causes of the depression with vigor and imagination. Nevertheless, on election day in 1932, Hoover was turned out of office in a landslide, carrying only six eastern states. From his defeat of Alfred E. Smith in 1928 to his trouncing by FDR four years later, Hoover's presidential years are detailed here: the stock-market crash, which happened eight months after Hoover took office; the ever-deepening depression; tariff legislation; Hoover's farm policy and foreign policy; and his pursuit of the twin goals of prosperity and freedom. This volume discusses in detail the relationship of the Hoover presidency to capital and labor, showing that Hoover's farm policies provide the best illustration of his corporatist formulas. Fausold reverses simplistic conclusions about the Stimson Doctrine, arguing that Hoover's Quaker pacifism, the Great Depression, and the forcefulness of Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson affected Hoover's foreign policy far less than has been presumed. Finally, Fausold details the disastrous events of the 1932 reelection campaign, punctuated by the march of the Bonus Army on Washington and culminating in Hoover's decisive defeat. Fausold views the Hoover presidency as the logical transition from progressivism to the New Deal, calling it both the last of the old and the first of the new presidencies. The important question about Hoover, Fausold argues, is not why the people refused to reelect him, but why the reversal of his nation's image of him was so overwhelming and has been so long-lasting. Despite three arguments in defense of the administration that its goals and antidepression efforts were in many respects without precedent; that it was surely as much a failure of American capital as of presidential leadership; and that probably no American elected in 1928 could have survived the nation's greatest depression Fausold points to two factors that were paramount in spelling the misfortunes of Hoover's presidency: his unalterable commitment to ordered freedom as a canopy for solutions to the depression, and his firm rejection of any kind of an accommodation with the New Deal."


This studycombinesstate-of-the-art reanalysessuchas thefifth-generation EuropeanRe-Analysis(ERA5) and the Ocean Reanalysis System 5 (ORAS5) with novel observational products to present an updated estimate of the coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice Arctic energy budget, including flux and storage terms covering 2001–17. Observational products provide independent estimates of crucial budget terms, including oceanic heat transport from unique mooring-derived data, radiative fluxes from satellites, and sea ice volume from merged satellite data. Results show that the time averages of independent estimates of radiative, atmospheric, and oceanic energy fluxes into the Arctic Ocean domain are remarkably consistent in the sense that their sum closely matches the observed rate of regional long-term oceanic heat accumulation of ; 1 Wm 2 2 . Atmospheric and oceanic heat transports are found to be stronger compared to earlier assessments ( ; 100 and ; 16Wm 2 2 , respectively). Data inconsistencies are larger when considering the mean annual cycle of the coupled energy budget, with RMS values of the monthly budget residual between 7 and 15Wm 2 2 , depending on the employed datasets. This nevertheless represents an average reduction of ; 72% of the residual compared to earlier work and demonstrates the progress made in data quality and diagnostic techniques. Finally, the budget residual is eliminated using a variational approach to provide a best estimate of the mean annual cycle. The largest remaining sources of uncertainty are ocean heat content and latent heat associated with sea ice melt and freeze, which both suffer from the lack of observational constraints. More ocean in situ observations and reliable sea ice thickness observations and their routinely assimilation into reanalyses are needed to further reduce uncertainty.


This article republishes, with a critical introduction and notes, an important and previously uncollected article which Camus published in a Muslim-Algerian newspaper in 1939. In it, Camus attacked the colonial establishment for denying Muslims equal rights while expecting them to die for France. The article is placed in its historical, political and intertextual context, showing that Camus's views were closely aligned with those of the moderate Algerian leader Ferhat Abbas (the newspaper's editor), and that he was firmly committed to France's 'civilizing mission' in Algeria. For Camus, however, this entailed treating Muslims as French citizens and not as colonial subjects.

[Erratum: for 'Musulmane' (pp. 10-11), read 'Antar'.]

[NB: Together with a footnote referring to this article, Camus's article is now included in Vol. IV of the new Pleiade edition of his Œuvres completes, ed. Raymond Gay-Crosier et al. (Gallimard, 2008), pp. 1320-2.]


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A study of the microorganisms colonizing pruning wounds on mature oaks (Querous robur) has been made. The wounds were approximately 8" diameter and the type likely to occur on trees of amenity value in parklands and similar sites, where large limbs have been removed due to their being unsafe, diseased of causing obstruction. There would appear to be a definite succession occurring on oaks. In the initial stage there was a deep blue green discolouration, primarily of the sapwood. Organisms consistently isolated at this stage included species of Penicillium, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Trichoderma, Botrytis, Epicoccum, Bacillus and a range of Cram-negative rods. These pioneer colonists ae assumed to have originated from the air. They were characteristic of both the heartwood and sapwood and were isolated from both surface and sub-surface samples. After one month, sporing fungi were visible on the wound face and in some cases associated with intense blusing and bleeding of the exposed face. Successional changes followed the establishment of pioneer celenists and after two months species of Graphium and Phialophora became more prevalent. The next organisms to appear included species of Paecilomyces and representatives of the Sphaeropsidales and Mvcelia Sterilia, Basidiomycetes, particularly Stereum hirsutum did net appear until the wound was 10 months old. Spores of S. hirsutum have been shown to germinate well on elder wound tissue (79% germination rate) but poorly on freshly exposed wound surfaces. Bacteria were cultured frequently from all ages and types of wounds. The steroscan was usod in the microscopic examination of wound tissue. Evidence has been presented for the presence of bacteria, soft rot, white rot and broun rot fungi, and their effects on the tissues. The isolation and Stereoscan work support the idea that non-hymenomycetous fungi and bacteria precede Hymenomycetes in the colonization of pruning wounds on oaks.


One of environmental management objectives is to achieve conserved. Environmental function as real. So that it is required people's awa•eness especially by the industrial entrepreneur in controlling environment in which beneficial for promoting the quality of life, since everyone has equal rights on healthy environment. For creating healthy and good environment, everyone has obligation to main turn environment function as well as preventing and over coining pollution and environment damaging.
Subsequently, law awareness of Tamansari batik entrepreneurs is interesting to be studied regarding their success in promoting their standard of life by batik entrepreneurship, which handed down since 1933. From years to years batik entrepreneurship at Tamansari keca.matan Kraton Yogyakarta has been fast developed in distributing their product locally as well as abroad markets.
Observing directly that the neighborhood condition in Tamansari Yogyakarta is healthy and comfortable, and environment cleanliness is well maintained also, even though the houses for producing batik seem unpretentious and a permanent. This is because their lots are properties of Kraton (Royal palace), so they have to obey the rules issued by the Kraton, such as obligations for conserving the environment function. Observation findings on site indicates there are several factors in fluencing the law awareness of the batik entrepreneurs on conserving environmental function snob as : obedience, well educated, kraton's property rights, the kraton authority's demeanor that support conservation of environmental, and govermnental efforts in realization of conserving environmental function.
Tamansari located in Patehan village, kecamatan kraton Municipality Yogyakarta has 12, 666 hectare wide, lived by 565 families with 2622 in habitants consists of 1391 males and 1231 females. Tamansari is well known by its batik art, for formerly war an area provided for the royal servants (abdi dalem) mid royal relatives.
Year by year, the development of batik industries has become aclvanced far by their artistic touch, so that many orders received from inland. and foreign countries. Batik has also gave great contribution for state foreign currencies acceptance and demanding a great. deal of employees. The labor demand averages from 4 to 15 persons for each industry in Tamansari which exactly to the amount 64 entrepreneurship.
On one hand, the batik industry development in Tamansari Yogyakarta gave positive impact in from of' labor vacancies increasing people's income, contribution for regional economic growth rate as well as contribution for state foreign currencies acceptance..
Regarding to the conservation of environment function, it is a necessity of law awareness of the batik entrepreneurs in Tamansari Yogyakarta in maintain the environment, which could be seen by the following indicators i.e. knowledge in law provisions, understanding in the behalf of legal rules, law attitude and behavior of the entrepreneurs to the legal rules.


Effective vaccine design and public vaccination programs have led to the eradication of several diseases and protected millions of people from deadly infections. However, intracellular infections remain a challenge and their eradication requires the activation of cytolytic mechanisms. CD8+ T cells promote effector mechanisms for infected cell killing subsequent to their priming by antigen-presenting cells. Their activation occurs upon detection of intracellular antigen in a pathway that many current subunit vaccine technologies are trying to approach by cross-presentation. Advances in CD8+ T cell-inducing subunit vaccines include direct targeting of antigens to cross-presenting cells and are studied in this thesis. Antigen delivery to the appropriate cell type for cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells can occur with fusion antibodies. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that antigens bearing an erythrocyte-binding antibody domain (TER119) target the liver. We used this technology to fuse TER119 and ovalbumin (OVA) antigen with the BBOX domain of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) danger signal and co-administer it with CpG-B adjuvant in a hepatic vaccine context. In liver vaccines, activation of local cytotoxic responses represents an important challenge. Erythrocyte-mediated OVA delivery with adjuvants resulted in cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) activation with memory formation in the liver and protection was provided after infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Another method for antigen targeting is through a cross-presenting dendritic cell (DC) subset, called CD8+ DCs. Recent studies in mice showed successful vaccination against OVA fused to XCL1 ligand, which binds CD8+ DCs. To attract CD8+ DCs to the site of injection for increased antigen uptake, we co-injected XCL1-OVA with a fusion protein consisting of XCL1 and the extracellular matrix (ECM) binding domain of placenta growth factor-2 (PlGF-2123-144), called XCL1-PlGF. XCL1-PlGF binds extracellular matrix at the injection site and attracts CD8+ DCs locally. In the context of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, the combination of two fusion proteins (XCL1-OVA and XCL1-PlGF) enhanced cytotoxicity and prolonged survival against B16-OVA melanoma. Finally, antigen transport via biomaterial delivery platforms was evaluated as an alternative method to deliver antigens to immunologically relevant sites. Our laboratory and others have shown that nanoscale carriers promote CTL responses in vaccination. Here we present a cationic micelle vaccination platform in which OVA and adjuvant (CpG-B and/or MPLA) loading is mediated by non-covalent molecular encapsulation and adsorption. Following a prime and double boost vaccination, CTL responses were raised in the spleen and lymph nodes of vaccinated mice, along with antigen-specific antibody production. These findings highlight the advantages of the micelle carrier platform in vaccine applications. Overall, this thesis presents novel techniques to target antigens to the appropriate cell compartments, facilitating CTL activation in vaccination either by direct targeting of antigen fused to antibodies and chemokines, or antigen delivery with polymeric vehicles. These platforms for optimized delivery seek to improve current approaches and impact the design of new strategies in CD8+ T cell inductive vaccination.


This report describes studies of the mucosal antitoxic response in rats after enteric administration of several forms of cholera toxin or toxoid, proteins which differ primarily in their ability to bind to cell membranes and activate cellular adenyl cyclase. These two characteristics appeared to markedly enhance the local primary response to these antigens. A single dose of toxoid lacking these features was ineffective in local priming even though it was absorbed and induced a systemic immune response. Single dose mucosal priming occurred only with preparations which bind to cell membranes and was enhanced by those which also activate cellular adenyl cyclase. In contrast, single-dose mucosal boosting was best accomplished by materials with these properties but was also seen with a toxoid lacking both of these functions. The property of membrane binding appears to be most advantageous in mucosal priming, perhaps by increasing effective trapping of absorbed antigen in unprimed mucosal lymphoid tissue, whereas the ability to activate adenyl cyclase appears to enhance primary and secondary type responses about equally. Combinations of crude toxoid and toxin were also more effective in mucosal priming than purified materials, a finding which is unexplained. A single dose of this combination induced mucosal priming which was fully developed in 2 wk, undiminished after 4 too, and only modestly diminished after 8 mo, thus demonstrating relatively prolonged memory in the IgA mucosal immune system. Effective two-dose local immunizing regimens were developed, and it was shown that there was no correlation between the mucosal and systemic secondary antitoxin responses provoked by these regimens.


Current building designs are not energy-efficient enough due to many reasons. One of them is the centralized control and fixed running policies (e.g. HVAC system) without considering the occupants' actual usage and adjusting the energy consumption accordingly. In this paper, we discuss our multi-disciplinary project on a green building testbed on which we introduce mobile location service into the energy policy control by using the now popular GPS-embedded smart phones. Every occupant in the building who has a smart phone is able to monitor their usage and adjust their own energy policy in real-time. This changes the centralized control inside the building into a distributed control paradigm. It allows the occupants with different roles to participate in the energy consumption reduction efforts. Latest information technologies such as mobile smart device-based location service, distributed control, and cloud computing are used in this project. The major idea and experimental system is expected to be applied to not only green buildings but also vast number of the conventional buildings to reduce the energy consumption without sacrificing the human comfort and convenience.


After experiencing spectacular economic growth and industrial development for much of the postwar era, Japan plunged abruptly into recession in the early 1990s and since then has suffered a prolonged period of economic stagnation, from which it is only now emerging. Japan's malaise, marked by recession or weak economic activity, commodity and asset price deflation, banking failures, increased bankruptcies, and rising unemployment, has been the most sustained economic downturn seen in the industrial world since the 1930s. In Japan's Great Stagnation, experts on the Japanese economy consider key questions about the causes and effects of Japan's prolonged period of economic underperformance and what other advanced economies might learn from Japan's experience. They focus on aspects of the financial and banking system that have contributed to economic stagnation, the role of monetary policy, and the importance of international financial factors—in particular, the exchange rate and the balance of payments. Among the topics discussed are bank fragility and the inaccuracy of measuring it by the "Japan premium," the consequences of weak banking regulation, the controversial policy of "quantitative easing," and the effectiveness of currency devaluation for fighting deflation. Taken together, the contributions demonstrate the importance of a sound financial sector in fostering robust growth and healthy economies—and the enormous economic costs of a dysfunctional financial system. Contributors include Yoichi Arai, Robert Dekle, Zekeriya Eser, Eiji Fujii, Kimie Harada, Takeo Hoshi, Michael M. Hutchison, Takatoshi Ito, Ken Kletzer, Nikolas Muller-Plantenberg, Kunio Okina, Joe Peek, Eric S. Rosengren, Shigenori Shiratsuka, Mark M. Spiegel, Frank Westermann, and Nobuyoshi Yamori.


Rumbolt, Paula Ikuutaq. The Legend of Lightning and Thunder . Iqualuit, NV:  Inhabit Media, 2013. Print. There are many Inuit stories that tell of the origins of things.  There are also many stories about orphans.  This book is a simple retelling of a legend that involves both and carries a gentle lesson.  It concludes that the presence of thunder and lightning in our world is the result of people neglecting and not caring for orphan children.   Paula Ikuutaq Rumbolt is an Inuit writer from Baker Lake, Nunavut.  She learned traditional Inuit stories and beliefs from her grandmother. The story is from "a time before stealing existed.  No one knew what it was, as it had never happened to anyone."  When the orphan children are turned away from the camp, they must steal food to stay alive, which makes them permanent outcasts.  They steal caribou meat, a small caribou skin and a flint.  They discover that the skin will make noise and the flint will make sparks and have fun playing with them.  They soon realize, though, that they will be hunted by the people in the camp so they hide in the sky, where you can hear them today, playing with the skin and the flint, making thunder and lightning.    While the text is fairly easy to read, the presence of more difficult words such as "exhilarating" indicates that it is really intended to be shared by an adult and child. While the story is simple, it is brought to life by Jo Rioux's artwork. For each pair of pages, one is a full page comic-book style image showing Inuit people in village settings and doing traditional activities.  The facing page has a smaller image, with text usually printed over a light coloured sky.  The images are in a palette of soft browns and oranges, which shade to reds, particularly where magical things are being depicted.  Young children will enjoy this book, as will anyone who appreciates Inuit legends.  This volume extends  Inhabit Media's track record of consistently high quality publications and authentic voices and sources.  Highly recommended for elementary school and public libraries. Highly recommended:  4 stars out of 4 Reviewer:  Sandy Campbell Sandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines.  Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.


We have fabricated monolithic silicon avalanche photodiodes capable of 10 Gbps operation at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The photodiodes are entirely CMOS process compatible and comprise a p-i-n junction integrated with a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguide. Photo-generation is initiated via the presence of deep levels in the silicon bandgap, introduced by ion implantation and modified by subsequent annealing. The devices show a small signal 3 dB bandwidth of 2.0 GHz as well as an open eye pattern at 10 Gbps. A responsivity of 4.7 ± 0.5 A/W is measured for a 600 µm device at a reverse bias of 40 V.


Moyamoya disease occurring in Chinese has been inadequately described. Here we report 13 cases of this disease identified by review of 3,200 cerebral angiograms performed between August 1979 and March 1986. Nine were males and four were females; there were 12 adults (aged 34-51 years) and one child (aged 11 years). All had hemorrhagic strokes with one exception, a patient with an occipital infarction. Intraventricular hemorrhage was noted by computed tomography in 10; five of these emanated from the caudate nucleus. A localized hematoma without intraventricular hemorrhage was found in two. All 13 angiograms had smokelike basal anastomoses with various degrees of stenosis or occlusion of the anterior portion of the circle of Willis; the involvement was bilateral in 12 and unilateral in one. Aneurysms were found in two patients, one in the anterior communicating artery and the other in the left anterior choroidal artery. Eleven patients recovered from the initial stroke, but two died with recurrent hemorrhage. This series differs from the series reported in Japan by the predominance of adult males. The high incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and intracerebral hematoma is not in keeping with the previous Chinese series, in which subarachnoid hemorrhage was suspected to be the major clinical manifestation.


Reports of the discovery of the Higgs boson have been very cryptic, contradictory, shrouded in ambiguity, refer to different types of Higgs bosons, multiple Higgs bosons, and Higgs-like particles, and are often accompanied by mock-up images that contain not one iota of scientific information. Very disturbing is the revelation that scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) made several videos for press release in advance of any announcement, for various different outcomes, so that they could choose to release the video they wanted to present to the world in the press release on the 4th July 2012 reporting on the performance of the LHC. One such video briefly appeared on the CERN website on the 3rd of July 2012, the day prior to the official announcement, and was very quickly removed, but not soon enough to prevent wider knowledge of its existence. Even the CERN Press Office did not know what the scientists at the LHC would report to the world on the 4th of July 2012 and admitted the existence of several different advance videos for different possible reports. Who leaked the video is not publicly known. Then there is the issue of replication. Who has the capability and wherewithal to independently replicate the experiments at the LHC in order to ascertain the veracity of the reports by the people at the LHC? Without independent experiment replication the people at the LHC are at liberty to tell the world what they please.


The recent advances in deep learning, generative modeling, and statistical learning have ushered in a renewed interest in traditional cheminformatics tools and methods. Quantifying molecular similarity is essential in molecular generative modeling, exploratory molecular synthesis campaigns, and drug-discovery applications to assess how new molecules differ from existing ones. Most tools target advanced users and lack general implementations accessible to the larger community. In this work, we introduce Artificial Intelligence Molecular Similarity (AIMSim), an accessible cheminformatics platform for performing similarity operations on collections of molecules (molecular datasets). AIMSim provides a unified platform to perform similarity-based tasks on molecular datasets, such as diversity quantification, outlier and novelty analysis, clustering, and inter-molecular comparisons. AIMSim implements all major binary similarity metrics and molecular fingerprints and is provided as a Python package that includes support for command-line use as well as a fully functional Graphical User Interface for code-free utilization.


The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex and not well understood. Because pathophysiology has ramifications for injury progression and outcome, we sought to identify metabolic cascades that are altered after acute human mild and severe TBI. Because catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; i.e., valine, isoleucine, and leucine) leads to glucose and energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis and availability, we investigated BCAA metabolites in plasma samples collected within 24 h of injury from mild TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score >12), severe TBI (GCS ≤8), orthopedic injury, and healthy volunteers. We report decreased levels of all three BCAAs in patients with mild TBI relative to healthy volunteers, while these BCAAs levels in patients with severe TBI were further reduced compared with all groups. Orthopedic patients exhibited reductions in BCAA comparable to those in patients with mild TBI. The decrease in patients with mild and severe TBI persisted for derivatives of BCAA catabolic intermediates. Only plasma levels of methylglutarylcarnitine, a derivative of a leucine metabolite, were increased in patients with severe TBI compared with all other groups. Notably, logistic regression combination of three BCAA metabolites whose levels were changed by 24 h post-injury provided prognostic value (area under the curve=0.92) in identifying patients with severe TBI in whom elevated intracranial pressure (≥25 mm Hg) developed. These changes suggest alteration of BCAA metabolism after TBI may contribute to decreased energy production and neurotransmitter synthesis and may contribute to TBI pathophysiology. Supplementation of BCAAs and/or their metabolites may reduce TBI pathology and improve outcome.


This study describes the interpersonal communication preferences (instructor-to-student and student-tostudent) among undergraduates surveyed in a freshmen seminar in the College of Agricultural Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University. The purpose was to investigate communication preferences among students at the University Park (main) campus and three Commonwealth (branch) campuses and describe implications for World Wide Web (Web) instruction. Findings indicated significant differences between student attitudes toward student-to-student and instructor-to-student communication. With regard to success in a course, students at the Commonwealth campuses placed more importance on both student-to-student and instructor-to-student communication. The findings indicate the need for educators incorporating the Web into their curriculum to adopt a learner-centered approach to instruction, using such technology with forethought. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This research is available in Journal of Applied Communications: https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol83/iss3/2 22 / Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 83, No. 3, 1999 Interpersonal Communication Strengthens Web-Based Instruction Joseph L. Donaldson Joan S. Thomson


The education of architectural design requires balanced curricular arrangements of respectively theoretical knowledge and practical skills to really help students build their knowledge structures, particularly helping them in solving the problems of cognitive load. The purpose of this study is to establish an architectural design knowledge conversion model, helping students to obtain architectural design knowledge through a learning process of knowledge sharing/socialization, extraction, externalization, integration, creation and internalization. This model can help students to effectively solve the problems of cognitive load in the learning process, achieve knowledge construction and storage through meaningful learning, apply their knowledge in their future designs and, ultimately, improve their design capability.
This study starts with a literature review on theories of knowledge conversion and cognitive load to establish an architectural design knowledge conversion model complemented with especially designed curricular contents and activities. The model is applied in actual teaching to find out if the application of this model has a positive influence on the students in their learning of architectural design, solving the ill-defined problems in their learning and easing their cognitive load.


Criminal Courts and Mental Illness: The emergence of specialist problem-solving courts in Australia analyses the nexus between the mental health system and the criminal justice system. In this ground-breaking research, Dr Chesser seeks to place the development of the mental health court into an overall context within society and frames it as a part of continuing historical change in societal attitudes towards mental illness. This book examines the operation of one such mental health list, the Assessment and Referral Court (ARC) List that operates out of the Magistrates Court of Victoria. This Court List is the first of its kind in Victoria and was created after national and international models were found to be successful. In the first project of its kind for the ARC list, the author was granted exclusive access to extract court data to determine the effectiveness of the list.


This book presents, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the sustainability of the contemporary civil air transport system, examining its three main components: airports, air traffic control, and airlines. It offers an in-depth examination and quantitative insight into the system's current and prospective structure and operations, as well as the related effects and impacts. The sustainability of the air transport system is considered along a global trajectory of growing effects and diminishing and/or stagnating impacts on society and environment under conditions of continuous growth. In doing so, the author examines the situations of users of the system (passengers and freight shippers), air transport operators (airports, air traffic control and airlines), aerospace manufacturers, local and national communities, policymakers and the general public. The book possesses the unique and distinctive feature of providing an analysis and assessment of the air transport system's sustainability through elaboration of its technical/technological, operational, economic, social, environmental and institutional performances and their causality. It is written for advanced graduate and post-graduate students, researchers, planners, stakeholders, and policymakers dealing with the various sustainability issues of the contemporary air transport system.


Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the rapid growth of Peru's extractive industries has unleashed diverse forms of political resistance to an economic system dependent on ecological destruction and human harm. In the central highlands of Peru, a Catholic scientific project based out of the Archdiocese of Huancayo undertook six years of research on heavy-metal contamination in the Mantaro Valley. This included lead-exposure studies in the notoriously polluted city of La Oroya, home to the country's largest polymetallic smelter. How did the Catholic Church become an apt institution for the production of science in this region? Drawing on fieldwork with the Revive the Mantaro Project, this article conceptualizes the integration of religious and scientific practitioners and practices and the political landscape that necessitated, shaped, and limited them. Technocratic governance and anti-leftist sentiments made science a suitable political idiom for the Catholic Church to enact its ethos of abundance and demand the legitimacy of life beyond bare life. A state of endemic corruption and epistemic mistrust also obliged Catholic accompaniment to scientific practices to generate trust for the researchers and to provide ethical credibility as their knowledge entered the fray of national mining politics. Ultimately contending with entrenched systems of power, the Revive the Mantaro Project's significance extended beyond political efficacy; its practices enacted a world of democracy, rights, and legal protections not yet of this world.


The parameters in a general Gaussian process, including the parameters in an additive Gaussian noise process, are estimated based on zero crossing data for the total process and arbitrarily filtered versions thereof. A nonlinear weighted least squares estimate is considered and an analysis of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimated parameter vector is made. The proposed estimator and the use of zero crossing data are suitable when information of a process is sent from wireless sensors to a node center for further processing due to an efficient use of available bandwidth.