Abstract A theoretical model was adapted to evaluate the impact of power coastdown on the water chemistry of two commercial boiling water reactors (BWRs) in this work. In principle, the power density of a nuclear reactor upon a power level decrease would immediately be lowered, followed by water chemistry variations due to reduced radiolysis of water and extended coolant residence times in the core and near-core regions. It is currently a common practice for commercial BWRs to adopt hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) for corrosion mitigation. The optimal feedwater hydrogen concentration may be different after a power coastdown is implemented in a BWR. The computer code DEMACE was used in the current study to investigate the impact of various power coastdown levels on major radiolytic species concentrations and electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) behavior of components in the primary coolant circuit of two domestic reactors operating under either normal water chemistry or HWC. Our analyses indicated that under a rated core flow rate, the chemical species concentrations and the ECP did not vary monotonically with decreases in reactor power level at a fixed feedwater hydrogen concentration. In particular, ECP variations basically followed the patterns of hydrogen peroxide in the selected regions and exhibited relatively high values at power levels of 95 and 90% for Chinshan Unit 1 and Kuosheng Unit 1, respectively.


This paper proposes five theses with regard to machine learning and the law. The idea is to offer some food for thought and highlight elements of machine learning systems that are relevant to the law. Since the field is new for lawyers, the paper necessarily is preliminary in nature. While some parts may prove controversial, the main idea is to stimulate discussion, rather than to state absolute truths. (The paper was accepted for NIPS 2016 in Barcelona and is scheduled for publication in JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings.)


Extensive study of the prototypical alphaherpesvirus, Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), has revealed much about its biology and structure. The characteristic virion comprises a DNA containing capsid surrounded by consecutive layers of proteinaceous tegument and lipid envelope. Our understanding of the capsid is relatively advanced compared to that of the tegument. The tegument has previously been thought of as an amorphous accumulation of protein filling the space between the capsid and envelope.

The tegument has been subdivided into the inner and the outer tegument with the proteins pUS3, pUL36 and pUL37 assigned to the inner tegument. A number of studies have pointed to the essential role of both pUL36 and pUL37 in virion morphogenesis by demonstrating a block on secondary envelopment in the absence of either protein. However, the phenotypes attributable to deletion mutants of UL36 and UL37 varied between HSV-1 and the related alphaherpesvirus, Pseudorabies virus (PrV), and between different PrV mutants. In particular the phenotypes of an HSV-1 mutant unable to express functional pUL36 due to an internal deletion between amino acids 362-1555 (KΔUL36) and PrV mutants lacking UL36 showed considerable variation. Both accumulated DNA filled cytoplasmic nucleocapsids, however, those produced by KΔUL36 formed small aggregates within the cytoplasm in contrast to PrV where the capsids were dispersed. UL36 and UL37 deletion mutants were also reported to retain capsids to the nucleus implying a function in nuclear exit.

In order to clarify the seeming disparities between these mutants, novel deletions of both UL36 and UL37 were engineered into HSV-1 17(+). The deletion of UL36 encompassed the entire open reading frame (ORF) while the UL37 deletion removed all but the 3 most C terminal amino acids. Examination by EM revealed that these mutants recapitulate the block on secondary envelopment that is characteristic of inner tegument mutants reported to date, with accumulation of nucleocapsids within the cytoplasm. This examination revealed that the cytoplasmic capsids of the complete UL36 deletion adopted the dispersed phenotype seen in PrV suggesting the phenotype of KΔUL36 is specific to the mutation introduced. Furthermore, this analysis failed to demonstrate a retention of capsids within the nucleus in the absence of either pUL36 of pUL37, indicating that neither has a definitive role in nuclear exit, and the principle function of these proteins is within secondary envelopment.

Work presented within this thesis using IF and Immuno-EM methods shows that pUL36 is associated with the cytoplasmic clusters of capsids produced by a mutant lacking pUL37 suggesting that this may contribute to the aggregation of these capsids. Furthermore, these pUL36-decorated cytoplasmic nucleocapsids appear able to recruit pUL48 but are blocked in secondary envelopment, in contrast to PrV lacking UL37 where virions are formed but at much reduced levels. In the absence of pUL36 no tegument is recruited to cytoplasmic nucleocapsids but both minor capsid associated proteins pUL17 and pUL25 are present.

Cytoplasmic capsids of mutants lacking pUL36 and pUL37 have been isolated and examined biochemically. Cytoplasmic capsids of KΔUL36 were found to be associated with the N terminal fragment (1-361 amino acids) of pUL36 expressed by this virus, implying that a capsid binding activity is present within this region, which is the first demonstration of such an activity outside of the previously mapped activity within the 62 C terminal amino acids of pUL36. The difference in behaviour between KΔUL36 and the complete UL36 deletion also implies that the aggregation of capsids in KΔUL36 is caused by the presence of this fragment.

Assembly of L particles, structures consisting of tegument and envelope but lacking capsids, was unaffected by the deletion of either UL36 or UL37. Biochemical characterisation of purified L particles revealed that deletion of pUL36 prevents the incorporation of pUL37 and deletion of pUL37 leads to the absence of pUL36 despite their expression during infection. This suggests that incorporation of inner tegument to L particles, and envelopment of nucleocapsids, requires pUL36 and pUL37 to be present in a complex. The sole exception to this was the incorporation of the N terminal fragment of pUL36 in KΔUL36 infection into L particles in the absence of pUL37 the mechanism for which is unknown.

Little of the role of the inner tegument proteins in initiating infection has been established. Previous studies have hinted at functions in nuclear pore complex binding and genome release, while a growing body of data implicates pUL36 and pUL37 in cytoplasmic transport of nucleocapsids. As both pUL36 and pUL37 are essential in HSV-1 virion morphogenesis a method was required to establish the defects of inner tegument deletion mutants in the initiation of infection. This was provided by infecting cells at a low multiplicity with mutant viruses (0.01pfu/cell) and subsequently fusing the cells into syncytia, in which several nuclei shared a common cytoplasm. The spread of viral DNA replication in these nuclei was tracked by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. In each syncytium the initially infected nucleus produces nucleocapsids that enter the common syncytial cytoplasm and have access to naive nuclei without needing to undergo secondary envelopment. Using this system the essential role of pUL36 in the initiation of infection was confirmed and it was also shown that pUL37 is dispensable for the initiation of new cycles of viral DNA replication in naive nuclei. The behaviour of cytoplasmic nucleocapsids within syncytia seems to be equivalent to that of incoming virion derived tegumented nucleocapsids as WT HSV-1 and HSV-1 ΔUL37 infections behaved similarly and were equally affected by treatment with nocodazole suggesting that both are undertaking similar activities.

The work presented here has helped to clarify the roles of the inner tegument proteins during virus assembly and the methods developed have extended our ability to assess the contributions of proteins essential for virion formation, in the initiation of infection. The studies presented here reinforce the idea that pUL36 may play multiple roles in the initiation of infection.


Abstract Industrial measurements of green and dry cross-section dimensions were performed for 189 Norway spruce (Picea abies) centre-yield boards with dry dimensions 51 × 149 mm. Two, three or four boards were sawn from each log, depending on log size. Different approaches were used for simulations of cross-section shrinkage during drying. An analytical model, an elastic, an elastic– mechanosorptive and an elastic– plastic finite element simulation model were tested. Thickness and width shrinkage and deformation were simulated. Shrinkage results were compared with each other and with the experimental results. All simulation models gave roughly the same degree of agreement with experimental results except for the centre board from the three-board sawing pattern. For the other boards, the analytical model was not generally better or worse than the results from the finite element models. Shrinkage deformations in finite element models that included mechanosorption or plasticity were nearly the same as for the elastic finite element model except for the centre board of the three-board sawing pattern. The mechanosorptive model was the best model for the shrinkage of the centre board of this sawing pattern except for mid-thickness shrinkage. Comparison between the different finite element simulation models of stresses in the centre board revealed large differences.


Courts often fault governments for pursuing their regulatory interests in an unnecessarily restrictive manner: Indeed, and as is well appreciated by courts, litigants, and scholars alike, the availability of a "less restrictive alternative" will often spell the doom of a constitutionally suspect law. Sometimes, however, this logic gets flipped on its head, with courts faulting governments for failing to utilize alternatives that are "more restrictive" rather than less. This Article collects examples of what I call "more restrictive means analysis" in U.S. constitutional law and attempts to make sense of its analytical underpinnings. Specifically, the Article suggests that courts invoke "more restrictive alternatives" for at least one of two purposes: (a) to undercut the government's claim that a regulatory interest requires it to discriminate in a constitutionally problematic manner (highlighting what I call an "equality-based" defect in the law under review); and/or (b) to cast doubt on the government's commitment to a claimed regulatory interest (highlighting what I call "sincerity-based" defect in the law under review). The Article also analyzes the various types of defenses the government might raise on behalf of its decision to regulate less restrictively, such as the claim that a "more restrictive alternative" would fail to increase regulatory benefits, the claim that it would increase administrative costs, and the claim that it would undermine important "lenience-related" interests that the "less restrictive" law is better capable of promoting. The Article additionally considers the relationship between the constitutional import of a "more restrictive alternative" and the constitutional validity of the alternative itself, suggesting somewhat counterintuitively that "more restrictive alternative" of questionable constitutionality can support invalidation of the laws with which they are compared. The upshot of this analysis is a novel and systematic framework for thinking about "more restrictive alternatives" and their place within U.S. constitutional law.


This paper explores the potential of using automated fare card data to quantify the reliability of service as experienced by passengers of rail transit systems. The distribution of individual passenger journey times can be accurately estimated for those systems requiring both entry and exit fare card validation. With the use of this information, a set of service reliability measures is developed that can be used to routinely monitor performance, gain insights into the causes of unreliability, and serve as an input into the evaluation of transit service. An estimation methodology is proposed that classifies performance into typical and nonrecurring conditions, which allows analysts to estimate the level of unreliability attributable to incidents. The proposed measures are used to characterize the reliability of one line in the London Underground under typical and incident-affected conditions with the use of data from the Oyster smartcard system for the morning peak period. A validation of the methodology with the use of incident-log data confirms that a large proportion of the unreliability experienced by passengers can be attributed to incident-related disruptions. In addition, the study revealed that the perceived reliability component of the typical Underground trip exceeds its platform wait time component and equals about half of its on-train travel time as well as its station access and egress time components, suggesting that sizable improvements in overall service quality can be attained through reliability improvements.


[1] We reexamine the scaling of stress drop and apparent stress, rigidity times the ratio between seismically radiated energy to seismic moment, with earthquake size for a set of microearthquakes recorded in a deep borehole in Long Valley, California. In the first set of calculations, we assume a constant Q and solve for the corner frequency and seismic moment. In the second set of calculations, we model the spectral ratio of nearby events to determine the same quantities. We find that the spectral ratio technique, which can account for path and site effects or nonconstant Q, yields higher stress drops, particularly for the smaller events in the data set. The measurements determined from spectral ratios indicate no departure from constant stress drop scaling down to the smallest events in our data set (Mw 0.8). Our results indicate that propagation effects can contaminate measurements of source parameters even in the relatively clean recording environment of a deep borehole, just as they do at the Earth's surface. The scaling of source properties of microearthquakes made from deep borehole recordings may need to be reevaluated.


Recent issuances of sukuk were confronted with wide criticism from, both by Islamic scholars and investors. The part of the problems arise due to the agency relations in sukuk structures that have a distinctive nature with great complexity and various features. Due to the higher complexity of the responsibilities undertaken by the agent, greater exposure to agency costs results. This research aims to examine sukuk associated risks, agency costs and Sharia issues. Specifically, it analyses asset-backed sukuk structures from financial and Sharia viewpoints. This is achieved by adopting a case study strategy and inductive approach to examine the legal and financial issues arising in three different types of asset linked sukuk structures. The data is collected using content analyses of sukuk prospectuses, AAOIFI Sharia standards and publications issued by international agencies with the aim of enabling the study to achieve insights into the market. Furthermore, information is gathered from Sharia scholars using semi structured interviews to generate some specific information on the issues involved.
The objectives of this study are to analyse three key issues: based on theoretical discussions identify the risks arising in securities in general and sukuk in particular; to carry out a comparative analysis of the principle/agent conflicts which arise in different cases of sukuk investment; and to determine the extent of adherence to Sharia rules. The dissertation discusses in depth the agency costs that arise in asset-backed sukuk structures. It determines how these costs are minimized and conflicts managed in the applications. Among the strategies and tools used to reduce agency costs is to apply the concept of co-ownership. Under this type of agreement between the originator and investors, the sukuk structure becomes more competitive and shows a better allocation of the risks.
Although the issuance of sukuk are reviewed and approved by eminent scholars, they show different levels of contradictions with AAOIFI Sharia standards. The study identifies the status of different stipulations of different contracts in terms of Sharia requirements. The research then shows the extent to which the compatibility of the sukuk cases differ with key Sharia principles. The analysis found that the key requirements are mostly related to the guarantee, ownership, principle, return and maintenance costs. It found out that SEC sukuk are far away from the spirit of Sharia as most of the essential requirements are not fulfilled. Sadara sukuk show better harmonious with AAOIFI requirements because of their unprecedented feature involved in their structure, which highlighted some of the distinctive nature of sukuk. Zamzam sukuk achieved the best harmonious with Sharia among the three applications. This positive result is attributed to the real ownership to the investment, meaning that there is no guarantee for the principle or the return.
The results show that there is a higher exposure to risks related to liquidity legality in sukuk cases than in conventional bonds. More importantly is that the credit risk in sukuk cases are higher than in bond investments. The three cases were more exposed to the credit risks since any loss in the assets has to influence both the distribution amounts and the purchase undertaking. The critical point found is that despite SEC and Sadara sukuk cases involve higher exposure to credit risk as required in Islamic finance, they do not provide in turn a recourse to the assets according to the concept of sukuk. The cases also show that the purchase undertaking solves the agency conflicts, caused by the originator being the servicer. The undertaking device has reduced the incentive asymmetries from different perspectives.


Behavioral game theory seeks to describe the way actual people (as compared to idealized, "rational" agents) act in strategic situations. Our own recent work has identified iterative models, such as quantal cognitive hierarchy, as the state of the art for predicting human play in unrepeated, simultaneous-move games. Iterative models predict that agents reason iteratively about their opponents, building up from a specification of nonstrategic behavior called level-0. A modeler is in principle free to choose any description of level-0 behavior that makes sense for a given setting. However, in practice almost all existing work specifies this behavior as a uniform distribution over actions. In most games it is not plausible that even nonstrategic agents would choose an action uniformly at random, nor that other agents would expect them to do so. A more accurate model for level-0 behavior has the potential to dramatically improve predictions of human behavior, since a substantial fraction of agents may play level-0 strategies directly, and furthermore since iterative models ground all higher-level strategies in responses to the level-0 strategy. Our work considers models of the way in which level-0 agents construct a probability distribution over actions, given an arbitrary game. We considered a large space of alternatives and, in the end, recommend a model that achieved excellent performance across the board: a linear weighting of four binary features, each of which is general in the sense that it can be computed from any normal form game. Adding real-valued variants of the same four features yielded further improvements in performance, albeit with a corresponding increase in the number of parameters needing to be estimated. We evaluated the effects of combining these new level-0 models with several iterative models and observed large improvements in predictive accuracy.


In November 2008, Ohio enacted the Short-Term Loan Law which imposed a 28% APR on payday loans, effectively banning the industry. Using licensing records from 2006 to 2010, I examine if there are changes in the supply side of the pawnbroker, precious-metals, small-loan, and second-mortgage lending industries during periods when the ban is effective. Seemingly unrelated regression results show the ban increases the average county-level operating small-loan, second-mortgage, and pawnbroker licensees per million by 156, 43, and 97%, respectively.


Using WordPress brings you 60 media elements detailing everything from installing WordPress to fixing it when it's broken, and also includes podcast interviews on other topics related to WordPress and the larger WordPress community. Watching this media is the fastest way to get comfortable with the WordPress. Topics covered include using the WordPress image editor, finding the right plugins, installing themes, creating a Web site with WordPress, using WordPress as a collaboration tool, enabling multisite mode, and much, much more!


Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 2'‐fucosyllactose/difucosyllactose (2'‐FL/DFL) mixture as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is a powdered mixture mainly composed of two oligosaccharides, 2'‐FL and DFL, which are produced together by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli K12. The information provided on the manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF in a variety of foods, including infant and follow‐on formula, foods for infants and young children, foods for special medical purposes and food supplements. The target population is the general population except for food supplements, for which the target population is individuals above 1 year of age. Since the intake of 2'‐FL and DFL from the NF at the proposed use levels is unlikely to exceed the intake level of naturally occurring 2'‐FL and DFL in breastfed infants per kilogram body weight, the Panel concludes that the NF, a mixture of 2'‐FL and DFL, is safe under the proposed conditions of use for the proposed target population.


The mapping between the fermion and spinon compositions of eigenstates in the one-dimensional spin-1/2 XX model on a lattice with N sites is used to describe the spinon interaction from two different perspectives: (i) for finite N the energy of all eigenstates is expressed as a function of spinon momenta and spinon spins, which, in turn, are solutions of a set of Bethe ansatz equations. The latter are the basis of an exact thermodynamic analysis in the spinon representation of the XX model. (ii) For N → ∞ the energy per site of spinon configurations involving any number of spinon orbitals is expressed as a function of reduced variables representing momentum, filling and magnetization of each orbital. The spins of spinons in a single orbital are found to be coupled in a manner well described by an Ising-like equivalent-neighbor interaction, switching from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic as the filling exceeds a critical level. Comparisons are made with results for the Haldane–Shastry model.


The objective of this review is to explore the current developments on major genes working on prolific sheep breeds and the mechanism behind it, while identifying the future working points. Productivity is the ultimate goal of farm animal production and prolificacy is a key feature in determining productivity in farm animals. Ovulation rate in mammals is an intricate process involving genetics and endocrine pathways. Exceptional reproductive capabilities along with higher ovulation rates were observed in many breeds of sheep from different parts of the world since the discovery of Booroola Merino sheep. These naturally occurring mutations acting on prolificacy are found in chromosomes 5, 6, 11 and X but speculations are around about the presence of more mutations on these genes or different genes on multi ovulating sheep breeds. The exact control mechanism of multiple ovulations and multiple births in prolific sheep breeds is poorly understood. Over the years it has been repeatedly shown that gonadotropins and intra ovarian factors play vital and variety of roles. More specifically, follicular stimulating hormone regulation during folliculogenesis could be a promise for the future studies. Among those intra ovarian factors, bone morphogenic protein system is one of the indispensable components, which exerts enormous enthusiasm among the scientific community towards manipulating ovarian folliculogenesis. Rather surprisingly, biological and physiological roles of bone morphogenic protein subfamily are not thoroughly elucidated and contradictory findings among the mammals make further twists, which will be the gaps to be filled in the near future. Presence of a regulatory control loop between oocyte, granulosa and theca cells throughtransforming growth factor B(TGFB) superfamily is proposed here.


In recent years, there has been a growing popularization in fiction of African authors writing novels about immigrating to America. While immigrant fiction has certainly played a key role in the last century of American literature, the African perspective has not been largely advertised in this category. This paper thus examines contemporary African fiction to compare how African-born immigrants and Americans each view the effectiveness of US cultural values. National values polls and scholarly studies of American cultural history reveal first how Americans perceive their national values. In addition, this thesis explores five African-authored novels as its literary framework: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah, Teju Cole's Open City, NoViolet Bulawayo's We Need New Names, Dinaw Mengestu's The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears, and Okey Ndibe's Foreign Gods, Inc. Looking for the common responses to American culture in these novels, despite the characters' diverse backgrounds, this paper then compares the African experiences with American values to the American peoples' self-perceived values. What this comparison demonstrates is that firstly, Americans generally believe that their top values of freedom, equality, and opportunity are ripe in today's society. iii The majority still endorse the idea that the American dream of success is available to all, and that immigrants and minorities are treated fairly. The African narratives, however, reveal a different opinion. These African authors universally demonstrate an experience in the US rife with false promises of economic opportunity, social and cultural exclusion, racial oppression and disconnect, and ignorant ethnic stereotyping. In fact, most of the authors conclude their novels with some sort of rejection of American culture entirely, a pattern previously uncommon in American immigrant fiction. Overall this thesis concludes that Americans, especially white and upper-class Americans, have a perception of their national values that is a far cry from how those values truly play out in daily life. Through the intimate lens of the fiction narrative, these African authors convey how inaccessible economic wealth and equality are for those considered outsiders in the US, especially minorities. Their stories are a call for Americans to reexamine the reality of those ideals that purportedly apply to all people within the nation's borders, but in actuality only apply to some. Focusing on the daily cultural effects of these false promises, and less on the larger political scale, this thesis thus highlights the need for Americans to partake in honest self-reflection of how they practice their national values and to more earnestly engage with cultural outsiders to genuinely live up to those ideals of freedom, equality, and tolerance.


Claudin-1 (CLDN1), a known host factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry and cell-to-cell transmission, is a target molecule for inhibiting HCV infection. We previously developed four clones of mouse anti-CLDN1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that prevented HCV infection in vitro. Two of these mAbs showed the highest antiviral activity. Here, we optimized the anti-CLDN1 mAbs as candidates for therapeutics by protein engineering. Although Fab fragments of the mAbs prevented in vitro HCV infection, their inhibitory effects were much weaker than those of the whole mAbs. In contrast, human chimeric IgG1 mAbs generated by grafting the variable domains of the mouse mAb light and heavy chains inhibited in vitro HCV infection as efficiently as the parental mouse mAbs. However, the chimeric IgG1 mAbs activated Fcγ receptor, suggesting that cytotoxicity against mAb-bound CLDN1-expressing cells occurred through the induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). To avoid ADCC-induced side effects, we prepared human chimeric IgG4 mAbs. The chimeric IgG4 mAbs did not activate Fcγ receptor or induce ADCC, but they prevented in vitro HCV infection as efficiently as did the parental mouse mAbs. These findings indicate that the IgG4 form of human chimeric anti-CLDN1 mAb may be a candidate molecule for clinically applicable HCV therapy.


Networked Dynamic Systems: Identification, Controllability, and Randomness Marzieh Nabi-Abdolyousefi Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Mehran Mesbahi Aeronautics & Astronautics Engineering The presented dissertation amis to develop a graph-centric framework for the analysis and synthesis of networked dynamic systems (NDS) consisting of multiple dynamic units that interact via an interconnection topology. We examined three categories of network problems, namely, identification, controllability, and randomness. In network identification, as a subclass of inverse problems, we made an explicit relation between the input-output behavior of an NDS and the underlying interacting network. In network controllability, we provided structural and algebraic insights into features of the network that enable external signal(s) to control the state of the nodes in the network for certain classes of interconnections, namely, path, circulant, and Cartesian networks. We also examined the relation between network controllability and the symmetry structure of the graph. Motivated by the analysis results for the controllability and observability of deterministic networks, a natural question is whether randomness in the network layer or in the layer of inputs and outputs generically leads to favorable system theoretic properties. In this direction, we examined system theoretic properties of random networks including controllability, observability, and performance of optimal feedback controllers and estimators. We explored some of the ramifications of such an analysis framework in opinion dynamics over social networks and sensor networks in estimating the real-time position of a Seaglider from experimental data.


Long term, as well as contemporary, access to our cultural and scientific heritage being created in digital form is essential. Such access is challenging. The AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service) provides UK higher education with leadership, support, and services for digital preservation. The AHDS is composed of an executive based at Kings' College London, and five subject-focused teams: Archaeology at the University of York, History at University of Essex, Text at the University of Oxford, Visual Arts at the University of Surrey, and Performing Arts at HATII in the University of Glasgow. During the Spring and Summer of 2006 AHDS Performing Arts conducted an investigation into the creation, use, and needs for digital collections within Performing Arts and Media communities in UK Higher Education. This culminated in the report Getting to Know our Audience: AHDS Performing Arts Scoping Study.

Evidence from the survey and associated interviews which underlie this study confirmed the impression that the development of digital collections in the Performing Arts has progressed at a slower pace than in such other disciplines as archaeology and history. At first this may seem surprising given the vibrant, dynamic, and pioneering nature of Performing Arts communities that exist both within and outside UK higher education. Constructing, sharing, and using digital resources for the Performing Arts teaching and research is tricky; within our designated community there is only limited understanding as to how, if and under what conditions a performance can be represented in digital form for permanent retention, and there is too little synergy and shared action between those who are creating performances and those who study and teach Performing Arts. These are not the only obstacles faced by the Performing Arts; others include rights issues, the conceptual complexities of representing performances in digital form, a lack of available information about collections that do exist, and a failure of funding agencies to acknowledge that for this community the 'process of creative activity' is itself a core deliverable.

The findings of the Getting to Know our Audience study of the AHDS Performing Arts provided evidence which has enabled us to chart the UK's Performing Arts landscape with special attention to research and teaching communities within HE. In this paper we examine how Performing Arts practitioners, researchers, teachers, and students use digital resources in their research and teaching. Our research has provided us with a knowledge of the available collections and a recognition of those that are commonly used, an appreciation of the primary obstacles to the creation of digital resources in the Performing Arts, an understanding of the reasons why digital resources are under-utilised in most Performing Arts disciplines, and information as to which types of materials and sub-disciplines have greatest demand for digital resources for teaching and research. These findings provide the backbone of this paper.

What was most evident in our study was that while we need to document performance, giving preference to print and text as a way to describe performance is not adequate. The Performing Arts research community needs to utilise a diversity of representation approaches that reflect the multimodal vocalities of performance and the creative process. Building on this recognition and our findings about the Performing Arts landscape in UK Higher Education we conclude by considering what constitutes 'record' in Performing Arts from materials documenting the process of creating the performance, to appropriate media preservation formats for records of performances. These conclusions indicate ways in which we should direct our expansion of support for digital resource creators and users in UK Higher Education and the kinds of relationships need to develop with the broader Performing Arts communities with the UK and internationally.


Food security is an important social objective and relying on international food markets to meet the needs of Indonesia's growing population is precarious. The policy of restricting food imports through tariffs or quantitative restrictions promotes the goal of food self-sufficiency, but does so at the cost of reducing the food security of the most vulnerable people – the poorest net consumers of rice. These policies reduce imports through the mechanism of raising the domestic price. The poorest consumers bear the greatest burden from this policy because they are the people for whom expenditures on food form the largest proportion of their household budgets. A preferable strategy for raising self-sufficiency is to promote improved agricultural productivity. This reduces imports by raising agricultural output but does so without raising the domestic price of food and so without creating a conflict between the goals of higher levels of self-sufficiency on the one hand and food security and poverty reduction on the other. Unfortunately, Indonesia's commitment to raising agricultural productivity has seemingly waned. Finally, Indonesia has already demonstrated that practical mechanisms can be designed for shielding poor consumers from price increases that would otherwise be harmful, by designing systems of Conditional Cash Transfers.


Washington, DC 20016-1859 Background on Adult Learners Adult education programs serve both native English speakers and learners whose first, or native, language is not English. Native English speakers attend adult basic education (ABE) classes to learn basic skills needed to improve their literacy levels and adult secondary education (ASE) classes to earn high school equivalency certificates. Both ABE and ASE instruction help learners achieve other goals related to job, family, and further education. English language learners attend English as a second language (ESL), ABE, or workforce preparation classes to improve their oral and literacy skills in English and to achieve goals similar to those of native English speakers.


This article focuses on Black Consciousness in the Western Cape up to 1977, when all Black Consciousness organisations were banned in South Africa. The article attempts to fill a gap in the existing historiography regarding a theme as well as a region which still has to be researched extensively. Most existing literature deal with the theme either as part of a broader theme, as part of a national study or as a brief moment in the evolution of the struggle against apartheid. The article argues that with such an approach much of the regional dimensions are either dealt with superficially or completely overlooked. It is therefore an attempt to highlight some of the developments in the Western Cape which is otherwise lost in a national overview of the history of black (consciousness) resistance in South African. The article furthermore attempts to contribute to the current debate around the issue of coloured identity and particularly the views which the Black Consciousness Movement espoused from the late sixties to about 1977 - a perspective which is not really reflected in the current debate. In the article Black Consciousness is, first of all, situated in a national and international context: to focus on aspects which hitherto have been de-emphasised or completely overlooked. One critical example is SASO's emphasis on education and particularly its decision at the 1974 General Students Council against the implementation of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction. Eventually it was left to their parents to take up the issue with State structures. In its regional focus the article analyzes the various organisational and popular forms of Black Consciousness.


BACKGROUND
Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) show impairments in social functioning. However, the factors underlying these impairments are poorly understood. Recent evidence has shown that social problem solving is a critical component of effective social functioning.

OBJECTIVES
The present study sought to examine social information processing as one potential factor contributing to social skills and behavior impairments observed in children with FASD.

METHODS
Forty-three children, 20 with FASD (mean age 12.6 years) and 23 typically developing controls (TDC; mean age 12.5 years) were studied. Social information processing was investigated using the Children's Interpersonal Problem Solving task (ChIPS; Shure and Spivack, 1985), which assesses problem solving in response to social dilemmas.

RESULTS
Children with FASD produced fewer relevant responses than TDC and their responses belonged to a fewer number of categories.

CONCLUSION
Children with FASD show reduced ability in generating solutions for social dilemmas. By understanding this weakness, which may partially explain the social skill deficiencies in FASD, targeted therapies may be designed to improve social functioning following prenatal alcohol exposure.


The formation of turbulent patterns in plane Couette flow is investigated near the onset of transition, using numerical simulation in a very large domain of size 800 h × 2 h × 356 h. Based on a maximum observation time of 20 000 inertial units, the threshold for the appearance of sustained turbulent motion is Rec = 324 ± 1. For Rec < Re ≤ 380, turbulent-banded patterns form, irrespective of whether the initial perturbation is a noise or localized disturbance. Measurements of the turbulent fraction versus Re show evidence for a discontinuous phase transition scenario where turbulent spots play the role of the nuclei. Using a smaller computational box, the angle selection of the turbulent bands in the early stages of their development is shown to be related to the amplitude of the initial perturbation.


This study is concerned with the role of intellectuals in left-wing parties, focusing on the case of the social democratic intellectuals in the Labour Party. It suggests that at the core of Labour's paralysis lies the fact that Labour still lacks a coherent strategy, and that it has failed to resolve the ambiguities about its identity and ideology which have plagued it over more than two decades, and which were at the root of the SDP split. The disintegration of the SDP project in the last decade only serves to underline one of the basic propositions of the book - that the SDP was the terminal manifestation of a particular intellectual project, rooted in the Labour Party rather than the "mould breaking" beginning it was presented (and accepted) as being.


Cities are engrossed with response strategies for the control of local pollution from transport sector. However, as the transport sector has been growing as major GHG contributor, and there is an increasing scope for investment and support from the international financial institutions, cities often get into confusion on whether to go by local emission control strategies (LEMS) or adopt GHG mitigation strategies (GEMS). This paper presents a comparison between GHG mitigation strategies and local emission control strategies and their potential in controlling non-target pollutant emissions in concurrence with their economic performance. Comparative analysis based on multiple constraint optimization model for Mumbai transport system planning for the next 20 years and incremental cost analysis had revealed that strategies targeting the mitigation of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) could also reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (as non-target emission) and vice-versa. Co-benefits of emission reduction from local emission control strategies are higher compared to that of GHG mitigation strategies. In the incremental cost analysis, both GHG mitigation strategies and local emission control strategies were found performing comparably. Thus, local emission control strategies with better emission reduction potential and also better local acceptance are more favourable than GHG mitigation strategies in long term transportation planning. Therefore, it is recommended that the development projects in urban transportation planning and management may consider local emission control strategies rather than GHG mitigation strategies. The co-benefits (CO2 reduction) of local emission control strategies would still play the attraction for international funding agencies to invest in transport sector and also for CDM opportunities.


In this study, the existing marketing system of garlic, which is an important product in terms of Kastamonu, was analysed. The problems of the farmer, the intermediaries and the handler were examined. In this frame, the data were obtained from the garlic farmers, intermediaries (agent, traders) and handler by questionnaire. The most important marketing channel for farmers in the region were traders. The price of garlic was usually determined by traders. The activities/number of members of the garlic producer association established in 2010 were not at the desired level. After the garlic produced by the farmers in the research area was classified according to their size and quality, they were offered for sale. Farmers were firstly tried to sell 3rd class small size and 2nd class mediumsize garlic. First-grade garlic which can easily find buyers was kept in storage for more income. Problems in garlic farming; lack of technical knowledge of farmers, high garlic loss, the farmers tend to plant the Chinese garlic because of higher yield, lack of marketing opportunities, fluctuations in the price of garlic. With the development of storage facilities in the region, more income can be generated from the product. The development of organizational awareness at the level of producers in the region will increase the likelihood of the producer having a say in the market. Work should be done to protect the Taşköprü garlic. It is necessary to increase the awareness of this species, both within the country and abroad. Cooperative establishments for farmers to market in garlic will be a step towards ensuring price stability.


Hippocampal mossy fibers, which are the axons of dentate granule cells, form powerful excitatory synapses onto the proximal dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells. It has long been known that high-affinity binding sites for kainate, a glutamate receptor agonist, are present on mossy fibers. Here we summarize recent experiments on the role of these presynaptic kainate receptors (KARs). Application of kainate has a direct effect on the amplitude of the extracellularly recorded fiber volley, with an enhancement by low concentrations and a depression by high concentrations. These effects are mediated by KARs, because they persist in the presence of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-selective antagonist GYKI 53655, but are blocked by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/KAR antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and the KAR antagonist SYM2081. The effects on the fiber volley are most likely caused by a depolarization of the fibers via the known ionotropic actions of KARs, because application of potassium mimics the effects. In addition to these effects on fiber excitability, low concentrations of kainate enhance transmitter release, whereas high concentrations depress transmitter release. Importantly, the synaptic release of glutamate from mossy fibers also activates these presynaptic KARs, causing an enhancement of the fiber volley and a facilitation of release that lasts for many seconds. This positive feedback contributes to the dramatic frequency facilitation that is characteristic of mossy fiber synapses. It will be interesting to determine how widespread facilitatory presynaptic KARs are at other synapses in the central nervous system.


National and regional public authorities need to align their planned introduction of mobile/wireless innovation with the maturity levels of both their workforce (who will manage and maintain the new applications) and their citizens (who will use them). We draw on the experience of working with local authorities in three Mediterranean countries (Greece, Italy and Spain) to develop a method towards the effective introduction and adoption of innovative mobile services by public organizations. Specifically, we discuss the development and pilot implementation of a) the "Wireless Readiness Innovation Index", a tool that aims at measuring the local authority's and end users' readiness towards providing and using innovative wireless services and b) the "Wireless Innovation Operational Toolkit", a tool that aims at matching users' and local authority's readiness levels with candidate services so as to maximize the likelihood of successful introduction and sustained use.


Why hasn't the emergence of capitalism led China's citizenry to press for liberal democratic change? This book argues that China's combination of state-led development, late industrialization, and socialist legacies have affected popular perceptions of socioeconomic mobility, economic dependence on the state, and political options, giving citizens incentives to perpetuate the political status quo and disincentives to embrace liberal democratic change. Wright addresses the ways in which China's political and economic development shares broader features of state-led late industrialization and post-socialist transformation with countries as diverse as Mexico, India, Tunisia, Indonesia, South Korea, Brazil, Russia, and Vietnam. With its detailed analysis of China's major socioeconomic groups (private entrepreneurs, state sector workers, private sector workers, professionals and students, and farmers), Accepting Authoritarianism is an up-to-date, comprehensive, and coherent text on the evolution of state-society relations in reform-era China.


The k‐nearest neighbors algorithm is characterized as a simple yet effective data mining technique. The main drawback of this technique appears when massive amounts of data—likely to contain noise and imperfections—are involved, turning this algorithm into an imprecise and especially inefficient technique. These disadvantages have been subject of research for many years, and among others approaches, data preprocessing techniques such as instance reduction or missing values imputation have targeted these weaknesses. As a result, these issues have turned out as strengths and the k‐nearest neighbors rule has become a core algorithm to identify and correct imperfect data, removing noisy and redundant samples, or imputing missing values, transforming Big Data into Smart Data—which is data of sufficient quality to expect a good outcome from any data mining algorithm. The role of this smart data gleaning algorithm in a supervised learning context are investigated. This includes a brief overview of Smart Data, current and future trends for the k‐nearest neighbor algorithm in the Big Data context, and the existing data preprocessing techniques based on this algorithm. We present the emerging big data‐ready versions of these algorithms and develop some new methods to cope with Big Data. We carry out a thorough experimental analysis in a series of big datasets that provide guidelines as to how to use the k‐nearest neighbor algorithm to obtain Smart/Quality Data for a high‐quality data mining process. Moreover, multiple Spark Packages have been developed including all the Smart Data algorithms analyzed.


Objectives: Estrogen receptors are believed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma (PCa). The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of ER-α and ER-β in human benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Patients and Methods: The archival materials of 100 prostatic specimens (65 PCa, 35 BPH) were collected from the Department of Pathology, King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Seven PCa cases contained foci of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Immunohistochemistry was used to test the protein expression of ER-α and ER-β utilizing monoclonal mouse antihuman antibodies. Results: Among the 65 cases of PCa, ER-α was expressed in 3 cases (4.6%) in epithelial cells and 4 cases (6.1%) in stromal cells. ER-α was not expressed in any of the HGPIN foci. Additionally, ER-α was not expressed in either luminal or basal cells in any of the 35 BPH cases. However it was expressed in 4 cases (11.4%) in stromal cells of BPH. In PCa, ER-β was expressed in 61 cases (93.8%) and 35 cases (53.8%) in the epithelial and stromal cells respectively. ER-β was expressed only in 2 cases (28.5%) out of 7 HGPIN foci. It was expressed in 33 cases (94.3%) of epithelial and stromal cells of BPH. Conclusion: The majority of PCa and BPH exhibited nuclear immunoreactivity for ER-β in both tumor and stromal cells and they are usually negative for ER-α. There is probably partial loss of ER-β in HGPIN. ER-β may have a role in the process of prostatic hyperplasia and malignancy.


Sustainable hydrogen generation via electrocatalytic/photocatalytic water splitting has been widely regarded as the most promising energy carrier and has attracted extensive attention. However, a considerable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) always involves the rare noble metals. Herein, we report a new HER candidate, an Fe-doped NiS2 (Fe–NiS2) nanosheet, with the performance of high activity and electrochemical stability. We chose the sulfidation of Ni(OH)2 under mild calcinated temperature for Fe–NiS2 formation. The theoretical and experimental results suggest that the Fe3+ doping into the surface lattice of the NiS2 (002) facet lowers the activation energy of H2 generation. The synthesized Fe–NiS2 sample shows good electrocatalytic HER performance with a low Tafel slope of 37 mV dec−1 and a small overpotential of 121 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, Fe–NiS2 gives considerable stability with a negligible loss of HER value l after a reaction of 1100 min. The Fe–NiS2 sample is also in situ loaded onto the surface of CdS nanorods to act as a co-catalyst for photocatalytic H2 generation with the result of 3.2 mmol h−1 g−1 hydrogen evolution under visible light, 46 times higher than with bare CdS. This work can help us to design new electrocatalysts for water splitting; it also provides a good understanding of the hydrogen evolution pathway.


Abstract The concept of political authority is the guiding problematic of Kant's mature political philosophy. The proper foundation of state authority lies, according to him, in the idea of an "original contract" and it is only in terms of this regulative principle that the sovereign nature of the state can even be conceived. By placing this doctrine at the core of his political thought Kant appears to affirm the fundamental tenet of the contractarian tradition: legitimate political authority arises only from the consent of those under such authority.


Background: Therapeutic dry needling is an established modality for the treatment of myofascial pain, whereas limited research on Kinesiotape® exists. Kinesiotaping® is becoming popular, with the main benefit of being non-invasive and long wearing, thereby extending the treatment to the patient. This study aimed to determine the relative effectiveness of these two treatment modalities in patients with myofascial pain syndrome of the Trapezius muscle. Methods: The study design was a quantitative prospective randomised clinical trial. Fifty patients were equally and randomly allocated into either the dry needling or Kinesiotape® groups. Each patient received two treatments on separate visits to the upper trapezius muscle. Follow-ups were scheduled two to four days after the previous visit. Subjective measures were the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Neck Disability Index (NDI), whilst objective measures were pain pressure threshold (PPT) and cervical range of motion (CROM). Results: Kinesiotape® demonstrated statistical significant treatments with the VAS (p < 0.001), NDI (p < 0.001) and PPT (p= 0.022) (95% CI). Dry needling showed statistical improvements in VAS (p= 0.001) and NDI (p < 0.001) only. Also, Kinesiotape® demonstrated a clinically significant improvement with the VAS when compared to the minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs). Trends of a superior treatment effect of Kinesiotape® over dry needling was observed in the VAS and PPT groups (p= 0.155; p= 0.428). Future studies could repeat the study with larger sample sizes to determine if these trends can be validated. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Kinesiotape® was at least as effective as dry needling in the treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Therefore, Kinesiotaping® is a non-invasive alternative to dry needling. Kinesiotape® therapy resulted in a greater change in pain and disability scores than did dry-needling trigger point therapy, implying that Kinesiotape® may be a noninvasive alternative to dry needling.


The Swedish concept "procurement of function" corresponds to performance contracting in Anglo-Saxon countries. The substance is that principal and agent signs a contract over the construction and maintenance of a specific project based on the services provided to future users, i.e. based on performance of the asset. This is in contrast with contracting base on technical qualities of the new road. VTI has reserved funds to provide an overview of current knowledge in this context. Four separate contributions, together with a short summary, are included in this report. One conclusion is that the experiences of this contractual form are much larger in other countries than in Sweden. We therefore have a lot to learn, not least from our closest neighbours Finland and Norway. International experiences indicate a large and growing interest in this form of contracting and provides reason for further development. A second conclusion is that Sweden in general and VTI in particular has important information of direct relevance for the development of efficient performance contracts. This knowledge must, however, typically be structured and organised along other lines than when the original research was undertaken. The institute should therefore seek to adapt the collection of information of relevance for performance contracts so that it fits in to this new framework. This includes issues such as the measurement of road surface quality and assessment of the additional costs for providing better surface quality on the one hand and the user benefits of improved quality on the other.


We present our extensive observational campaign on the Swift-discovered GRB 141121A, almost 10 years after its launch. Our observations cover radio through X-rays and extend for more than 30 days after discovery. The prompt phase of GRB 141121A lasted 1410 s and, at the derived redshift of z = 1.469, the isotropic energy is Eγ,iso = 8.0 × 1052 erg. Due to the long prompt duration, GRB 141121A falls into the recently discovered class of ultra-long GRBs (UL-GRBs). Peculiar features of this burst are (1) a flat early-time optical light curve and (2) a radio-to-X-ray rebrightening around three days after the burst. The latter is followed by a steep optical-to-X-ray decay and a much shallower radio fading. We analyze GRB 141121A in the context of the standard forward–reverse shock (FS, RS) scenario and we disentangle the FS and RS contributions. Finally, we comment on the puzzling early-time (t ≲ 3 days) behavior of GRB 141121A, and suggest that its interpretation may require a two-component jet model. Overall, our analysis confirms that the class of UL-GRBs represents our best opportunity to firmly establish the prominent emission mechanisms in action during powerful gamma-ray burst explosions, and future missions (like SVOM, XTiDE, or ISS-Lobster) will provide many more of such objects.


AIMS
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is the standard of care for revascularisation of patients with left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD). Recent studies have suggested that percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES) may provide comparable outcomes in selected patients with LMCAD without extensive CAD. We therefore designed a trial to investigate whether PCI with XIENCE cobalt-chromium everolimus-eluting stents (CoCr-EES) would result in non-inferior or superior clinical outcomes to CABG in selected patients with LMCAD.

METHODS AND RESULTS
The Evaluation of XIENCE versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization (EXCEL) trial is a prospective, open-label, multicentre, international study of 1,900 randomised subjects. Patients with significant LMCAD with a SYNTAX score ≤32 and local Heart Team consensus that the subject is appropriate for revascularisation by both PCI and CABG are consented and randomised 1:1 to undergo PCI using CoCr-EES or CABG. All patients undergo follow-up for five years. The primary endpoint is the three-year composite rate of death, stroke or myocardial infarction, assessed at a median follow-up of at least three years (with at least two-year follow-up in all patients), powered for sequential non-inferiority and superiority testing.

CONCLUSIONS
The EXCEL study will define the contemporary roles of CABG and PCI using XIENCE CoCr-EES in patients with LMCAD disease with low and intermediate SYNTAX scores.


BACKGROUND
Long-term sickness absence (LTSA) in the United Kingdom labor market has become a major health issue in recent years. In contrast to short-term sickness absence, rates for LTSA have been on the increase. This paper, part 1 of a two-part paper, identifies individual domain barriers to returning to work (RTW) from LTSA across the work disability timeline in the UK labor market.

METHODS
This is a retrospective cohort study of 6,246 workers from an occupationally diverse Police Force within the UK using a large administrative database. A series of chi-squared analyses were conducted to analyze the between and within group associations. Next, multiple logistic regression analyses using the Enter method were performed to develop a predictive model for RTW and Absence Phase.

RESULTS
Findings substantiated the presence of individual domain barriers to RTW and predictors of RTW outcome and established the absence phase specificity of a number of risk factors of prolonged work disability. In particular, injury/illness especially mental ill health (MIH), physical job demands, sex, and number of episodes of LTSA are significant individual domain barriers to RTW and represent important risk factors for prolonged work disability.

CONCLUSIONS
Duration of work disability is associated with medical diagnosis, especially MIH, physical job demands, sex, and number of LTSA episodes. Findings also support the importance of using the outcome measure of absence phase of risk factors in addition to RTW outcome.


Ethnic identity is a dynamic construct whose conceptualization has raised ongoing controversy among researchers. It has been suggested that ethnic identity includes several components that can be examined individually or in combination. The purpose of this paper is to study ethnic identity in Mexican-origin children, as one of the multifaceted aspects of the adaptation process that immigrant children experience in their transition to becoming a part of the United States' mainstream culture. No formal assessment of ethnic identity in Mexican-origin children in Iowa has been conducted yet, therefore this study is meant to fill a gap and bring in knowledge of Mexican-origin children's ethnic identity perceptions. This paper will study ethnic identity in a sample of 20 elementary students, ages 6 through 10, of Mexican descent. Two components of ethnic identity are specially examined: ethnic identification and ethnic preference, as well as the way the two components evolve over time. The instrument employed to assess ethnic identification and ethnic preference consists of a set of pictures that the children are asked to select and evaluate. The task is presented through a Choice Questionnaire that consists of 12 items. A series of openended questions will also be used to elicit more in depth information and to provide a vivid description of subjects' life experiences. The researcher will score and interpret the subjects' responses to determine the level of identification with either culture, as well as their preference for the Mexican or American culture. Implications for further research will be discussed, as well as the relevance of the results for improving teaching and the curriculum in order to better meet the learning needs of Mexican-origin students. The current study intends to examine two of the five components that the ethnic identity model suggested by Bernal et al. (1990) comprises: ethnic identification and ethnic preferences. We chose to analyze only two of the components due to several factors: the time constraints that an academic year sets, the limited availability of a bilingual interviewer, a small pool of subjects that met the Mexican ancestry criteria (yet, one of the largest in the context of the Waterloo schools) that may limit the generalization of the findings, and a great degree of mobility among the Mexican-descent population that affected children's attendance to this particular school. However, we believe that this study could stir interest in the Mexican school-age children in Iowa and could be the beginning of a series of more comprehensive studies in respect to this population. Moreover, as past research indicated, geographical location of subjects was recognized as a factor that can highly influence behaviors and attitudes (Brand, Ruiz & Padilla, 1974). Without trying to make any predictions about the outcome of this study, one can speculate however, that the unique immigration make-up of the state of Iowa may yield different results than those past and current research reported. Apart from that, as it is designed, the study will offer insights into the culture of a school that stands apart in the district due to its diverse student ethnicity (Table C2), and can help educators better understand, teach and address the needs of their minority group students.


According to the Assyrian sources, Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704–681 BCE) went on campaign to the West to quell a rebellion in 701 BCE. During his campaign he conducted a pitched battle against the forces of Egypt and Kush and won the war. However, according to the Biblical narrative the Assyrians suffered an enormous defeat by the angel of God. Furthermore, the Kushite ruler who came to the aid of the Judean forces was Tirhakah (=Taharqa), King of Kush, who ascended the throne of Egypt-and-Kush only eleven years later, in 690 BCE. How then, can we explain the mentioning of Taharqa in the biblical account? Is the information that he was present in the events of 701 BCE an anachronism or is it historically reliable? Can his role in the events be determined? Who won the war – Sennacherib, King of Assyria or Taharqa, King of Kush (and his ally, Hezekiah, King of Judah)? Did Sennacherib conduct two campaigns against the Levant, as some have suggested? The purpose of this article is to address these questions. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v06i1_kahn


OBJECTIVE
The author reviews current wisdom concerning the rates and mechanisms of intrafamilial components of intergenerational transmission of child abuse and illustrates the unreliability of basic data and of assumptions made by reviewers and partisan advocates, most of whom underestimate the importance of intrafamilial factors in child abuse.

METHOD
The information in the report was derived from original research plus a recently prepared compilation of 60 studies, mainly from the United States and the United Kingdom.

RESULTS
The crude rates of intergenerational transmission of child abuse according to the studies reviewed are as follows: one-third of child victims grow up to continue a pattern of seriously inept, neglectful, or abusive rearing as parents. One-third do not. The other one-third remain vulnerable to the effects of social stress on the likelihood of their becoming abusive parents. Intrafamilial factors appear to be the cause of personally directed, as opposed to culturally condoned, child abuse. Broad social factors, and some medical and psychiatric conditions, lower or raise thresholds in which family and personal vulnerabilities and propensities operate.

CONCLUSIONS
There is no justification for any extremist advocacy in apportioning responsibility between the "sins of the parents" and the failings of society. The contention that clinical research on abuse is inferior to, and must give way to, large-scale or statistically balanced self-report and questionnaire surveys is plausible, popular, convincing, and wrong.


This thesis project provides auto-ethnographic material that is analyzed from the perspective of folklore studies and is centered on the practices involved with whitewater river rafting. The specific context of the author's personal experiences is used to create an ethnographic description of a river trip with the focus centered on the development of a vernacular religion based around the experience of whitewater rafting. Ethnographic description is combined with a performance script that is centered on the author's development of a vernacular spirituality through direct contact with the natural environment. Folklore studies, religious studies, and cultural geography scholars are used to provide frameworks to analyze the rituals and associated beliefs of whitewater river rafters. The embodied experience of whitewater rafting is proposed as both the central context of this particular folk group and the organizing feature of these beliefs.


Abstract. Researching historical archives for material suitable for photogrammetry is essential for the documentation and 3D reconstruction of Cultural Heritage, especially when this heritage has been lost or transformed over time. This research presents an innovative workflow which combines the photogrammetric procedure with Machine Learning for the processing of historical film footage. A Neural Network is trained to automatically detect frames in which architectural heritage appears. These frames are subsequently processed using photogrammetry and finally the resulting model is assessed for metric quality. This paper proposes best practises in training and validation on a Cultural Heritage asset. The algorithm was tested through a case study of the Tour Saint Jacques in Paris for which an entirely new dataset was created. The findings are encouraging both in terms of saving human effort and of improvement of the photogrammetric survey pipeline. This new tool can help researchers to better manage and organize historical information.


Abstract In the historiography of the Darmstadt Ferienkurse, the 1970s, when they are examined at all, are generally regarded as a period of stagnation, between the fervour of serial activity in the 1950s and the resurgence of the courses in the 1980s under the banner of various inflections of New Complexity. Yet, in a period of political upheaval after 1968, dissent was felt at Darmstadt too, and protests in 1970 and 1972 saw the institution at its most politically volatile. These protest movements caused the courses' director, Ernst Thomas, to institute wide-scale changes in their structure and content. Key roles in these protests were taken by journalists: indeed, clear parallels can be drawn between the seemingly egalitarian calls from journalists for Mitbestimmung (co-determination) at Darmstadt and the similar demands being made by their trade unions in the West German federation. Thomas's failure to deal with journalistic pressure and his heavy-handed treatment of individual protesters (notably Reinhard Oehlschlägel) meant that, shrewd and durable though his reinvention of the courses was, it would be only in 1982, with the accession of a new director, that the press would begin to speak positively about the Darmstadt courses once more. A close reading of these two protests shows the sometime 'citadel of the avant-garde' at a distinctly precarious moment in its history. At the time, some felt that such protests could lead to the demise of the courses, and it was far from clear whether Thomas's reforms would be successful. But, even within this period of uncertainty, the Darmstadt Ferienkurse were anything but stagnant.


Note This paper is a first draft of the principle of statistical modelling on coordinates. Several causes— which would be long to detail—have led to this situation close to the deadline for submitting papers to CODAWORK'03. The main of them is the fast development of the approach along the last months, which let appear previous drafts as obsolete. The present paper contains the essential parts of the state of the art of this approach from my point of view. I would like to acknowledge many clarifying discussions with the group of people working in this field in Girona, Barcelona, Carrick Castle, Firenze, Berlin, Göttingen, and Freiberg. They have given a lot of suggestions and ideas. Nevertheless, there might be still errors or unclear aspects which are exclusively my fault. I hope this contribution serves as a basis for further discussions and new developments.


Semicentral Ar+KCl, La+La, and Ar+Pb collisions at 800 MeV/nucleon were studied using a streamer chamber. The results are analyzed in the framework of the transverse momentum analysis and in terms of the average sphericity matrix. A critical examination of the analysis procedures, both experimental and theoretical, is given. New procedures are described to account for overall momentum conservation in the reaction, and to correct for azimuthal variations in the detection efficiency. Average transverse momenta per nucleon in the reaction plane are presented for deuterons emitted in the forward hemisphere, as these provide the most reliable information. A Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck calculation with a stiff equation of state gives a good fit to the momenta in the Ar+Pb reaction. Flow effects parametrized further using the sphericity tensor are found stronger than in the cascade model and consistently weaker than predicted by hydrodynamics. Parameters from the sphericity tensor exhibit a larger variation as a function of multiplicity than do the average momenta per nucleon.


The implementation of environmental management accounting (EMA) in Mittelstand companies is an uncharted area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the ways, benefits, and disadvantages of implementing EMA in such companies. The choice of the approach and method depended on the following reasons: As the observed phenomena took place inside a company and depended on the attitudes of its members, an interpretivist and qualitative research approach was used that regarded a company as a socially constructed entity. The research was executed with a top-down deductive method starting with a literary review (on Mittelstand-like companies using EMA), and leading to hypotheses concerning the research aim. These assumptions were tested in a qualitative case study using a German Mittelstand company from the printing industry. To this end, the study used the company's files, personal notes from management meetings, and interviews with experts from the focal company offering the deepest insight in the focal company.
The analysis found two different results. Mittelstand companies will have trouble with implementing EMA. However, after having done this, they will only experience benefits and no disadvantages. During the EMA implementation there will probably be delays due to lacking expertise, conservative attitudes, and disturbed channels of information among the staff. However, these obstacles can be overcome with external experts guiding the EMA implementation, and with financial resources to pay them. EMA will then enable a Mittelstand company to track the flows of hazardous and harmless physical entities alike and its associated environmental and conventional costs. With this information the strategic management accounting (SMA) will be able to reduce these costs, to develop eco-friendly products, and to increase its resource efficiency, profits and competitiveness. In a Mittelstand company EMA should therefore be placed at the interface of proper accounting and SMA.
FCA, ABC, flow cost accounting, input/output analysis, and EBSC seem to be the optimal methods to track and analyse a company's physical flows and its related conventional and environmental costs. The former cost type depends on the quantities of the resources, with the latter one depending on the production of waste, the excessive use of water, wood, fuel, electric energy, hazardous chemicals and the process they are used in. To capture these costs it is best to use a set of primary metrics (reflecting the quantities of the resources) and secondary metrics (focussing on the flows and dangers of these resources).
Measuring environmental costs of hazardous substances is difficult, since the production processes they are used in depend on chancy circumstances like accidents. Instead, it is also possible to use an EMA that only calculates the amounts of wood, water, waste, fuel, and electric energy needed for the use of hazardous substances. After multiplying these costs with a numerical and empirically obtained factor, the related environmental costs can now be measured both accurately and easily. Such a simplified EMA seems to be a promising method for Mittelstand companies with low technical skills.


Just Enough Web Programming with XHTML, PHP, and MySQL provides a layperson?s guide to web programming for the casual web designer, student, or serious professional. The book explains how to build powerful interactive sites, whether you?re designing a bulletin board, game, or web store. As part of the Just Enough series, the book provides ?just enough? information to get you started quickly, without overloading you with unnecessary details. After a brief introduction, the book concisely explains the XML, XHTML, and CSS concepts you need to understand to start creating web sites. From there, you?ll start programming and learning the basics of client side and server side scripting and web databases. Then it?s time to put it all together using Content Management Systems. The book includes several chapters on emerging Web 2.0 and how you can put it to use to create your own interactive sites quickly. Part of the beauty of Just Enough Web Programming with XHTML, PHP, and MySQL is its breadth of coverage. By cutting out what you don?t need, the book helps you learn a lot about web programming, and helps you put all of the information together to make a site quickly. So what are you waiting for? Let?s get started!


The participation of Black educators in the UK's education system has been a source of much debate in recent years. Research indicates having a teaching force that better represents society is critical because of the character, ubiquity, pervasiveness, duration and importance of teaching as a social activity. However, to date, many of the existing studies have taken place in primary, secondary and higher education contexts. The primary purpose of this paper is to draw upon concepts of identity to make Black educator identity visible in the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) context. Secondly, this paper aims to contribute to recent developments around mobilising Black studies as an academic discipline by seeking to explore how Black ECEC educators construct their identity through their professional practice. This paper draws on Critical Race Theory and narrative analysis methods to illustrate the experiences of Black ECEC educators. While this paper does not generalise to the experience of all Black educators, it does highlight a much under-researched area and advocates the need for counter-narratives to challenge normative unracialised experiences.


We investigate a manufacturer–retailer channel to explore the role of a retailer in assuring the quality of a manufacturer's product as a quality gatekeeper. Such a gatekeeping activity can entail a reduction in the defective rate for consumers, if the retailer charges the manufacturer a penalty for each identified defect that is no smaller than the market penalty for an unidentified defect. As a result of the retailer's gatekeeping, the change in the negotiated wholesale price only depends on the manufacturer's individual benefit, whereas the change in the retailer's optimal retail price is associated with the channel-wide benefit. When the impact of quality relative to retail price on demand is higher, the retailer benefits more from her gatekeeping activity, thus having a greater incentive to take on the quality gatekeeping responsibility. Moreover, the retailer's gatekeeping generates a larger increase in the demand as well as each firm's profit, when the retailer has a stronger relative bargaining power.


Soil quality can be defined as the capacity that the soil presents to perform its functions on ecosystems, being considered a good tool for studying and planning sustainable land use. This study aimed to describe the Red and Red-Yellow Oxisols quality under native Savannah vegetation, in order to establish reference values for their main attributes. The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda Agua Limpa, Distrito Federal, Brazil, where the following soil quality attributes were evaluated: physical (soil density and porosity, aggregate stability, and flocculation index), chemical (cation exchange capacity, base sum and saturation, and organic matter content), and microbiological (microbial biomass carbon content and basal respiration). The results showed a great similarity among the soils attributes evaluated and provided the organization of radial graphics, with area delimitation defined as referential quality for all soils, which can be used for evaluating the natural equilibrium that takes place when these soils are submitted to diversified uses and agricultural managements.


The formation of NO⁻₃ and NH⁺₄ was measured in columns containing samples from the surface horizons of 12 forest soils both during and after exposure to simulated rain applied at three times the ambient deposition rates for 116 d. The relative responses to increased acidity were correlated with organic matter and N levels of the soils. The average inhibition for the 12 soils was linearly related to the amount of acidity added. The quantity of N mineralized was less in some soils after their exposure to simulated rain at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.6 and greater in other soils, but the average amount mineralized after exposure of the 12 soils was not significantly affected by the pH of the simulated rain during the treatment period. The mean percentage of the inorganic N produced in the 12 soils that was in the NO⁻₃ form was lower during but not after the exposure to simulated rain at pH 3.5 than at 5.6. The amount of inorganic N added in the simulated acid rain exceeded the diminished supply arising because of the inhibition of mineralization during the exposure. The suppression of N mineralization in Crary soil (Aquic Fragiorthods) containing white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings and in Mardin soil containing red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings was less than in unplanted soil. The simulated rain at pH 3.5 altered the amounts of K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, and Mn leached from the soil. It is suggested that the inhibition of inorganic N formation by microorganisms in short periods of acid precipitation may be compensated by the N added with the precipitation, but the impact on available N over long periods of exposure is unknown.


This thesis investigates how asylum applicants and refugees in the UK, and legal professionals, communicate multilingually and interculturally within legal advice meetings concerning the processes of applying for asylum and for refugee family reunion. The thesis addresses the important question of how English-speaking immigration legal advisors negotiate understanding with clients from a range of linguistic and cultural backgrounds in order to deliver crucial legal advice and support.

Adopting a critical social constructionist perspective on language, culture, and communication, the thesis explores how a diverse range of linguistic, languacultural and discursive resources are employed to communicate within legal advice-giving. The thesis offers an in-depth analysis of legal-lay communication in the co-operative professional mediation setting of legal advice, contrasting with, and complementing, the existing literature on multilingual and intercultural communication in institutional gatekeeping contexts.

The research takes a linguistic ethnographic case study approach, applying methodological perspectives on researching multilingually and theoretical perspectives from institutional ethnography. It combines ethnographic fieldwork within an advice service offering asylum and refugee legal advice with linguistic analysis of observations and audio recordings of advice meeting interactions.  The linguistic analysis combines the micro-analytic tools of interactional sociolinguistics with a communicative activity type analysis of the discursive structuring of legal advice interactions, and a transcontextual analysis of the range of texts entering into the interaction.

The thesis demonstrates how refugee and asylum legal advice interactions are contextually framed by legal institutional intertextual hierarchies, which constrain, but also provide resources for, the purposeful communication taking place. It also demonstrates how a flexibly applied communicative activity type structure functions as a discursive tool to support intercultural communication. The thesis contributes to the fields of intercultural communication studies and professional and legal communication studies, and responds to broader issues of language and social justice, and the linguistic accessibility of institutions.


What is the impact of such energy issues as global warming, radioactive waste, and municipal solid waste on the individual and society? ENERGY: ITS USE AND THE ENVIRONMENT answers these questions, emphasizing the physical principles behind energy and its effects on our environment, and explaining the basic physical principles behind the use of energy, including the study of mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, and atomic and nuclear physics. By placing energy issues within the context of everyday examples and asking you to define and support critical arguments, ENERGY: ITS USE AND THE ENVIRONMENT offers a provocative approach to this crucial issue.


This thesis examines the urban morphology of fifty cities using spatial syntax analysis. The analysis compares the urban street networks of European, USA, Islamic and East Asian cities. Street connectivity was the main metric and natural roads were the basis for the analysis. The aim of the study was to analyze determine how sensitive space syntax methods are for uncovering the hierarchical patterns of urban street networks and examining their scale-free and small-world properties.Street data was collected from OpenStreetMap. ArcGIS 10 with the Axwoman extension was used to study the hierarchical levels of street networks. Matlab provided the platform to examine the scale-free property of street data. Pajek software was used to measure the small-world behavior. Based on the hierarchical representation, the fifty sample cities were classified into different groups and their scale-free and small-world properties were studied.From a traditionally morphological perspective, it was found that some cities in Europe have a close-knit cellular and organic urban morphology. Cities in the USA exhibit gridiron patterns on the whole. Some Islamic cities have special urban structure with houses grouped around the cul-de-sac lanes. Several of the East Asian cities studied also have grid forms. According to the space syntax analysis, urban street networks that have a connectivity value greater than the average value were less than 40%. The results showed that for most cities, the street connectivity distribution follows a power-law distribution and exhibits scale-free properties. Urban street networks of all sample cities were found to have a small-world property.Space syntax cannot detect all of the morphological patterns recognized in traditional morphological studies. The method can, however, efficiently quantify the spatial configuration of a large sample. Space syntax's topological and scaling metrics thus provide a way to compare urban street networks. These metrics can thus help classify cities according to their street patterns but also contribute to an understanding of human behavior within and thus the design of urban spaces. For example, an urban street network with a small-world property could have high efficiency for traffic flows at local and global levels and should be considered in further study.


Semi-structured data do not conform to the schematic rigor of relational databases, but still present their content in a structured way. They are described as self-describing data, because they provide a schema for every record, for example as XML elements or JSON keywords. We are interested in inferring a relational schema from such semi-structured data that both preserves semantic information, i.e. keeps similar records together, and requires as little extra space as possible. We are operating under the assumption that we do not know records' true types. We employ well-established notions of Formal Concept Analysis and use them in ways similar to basic operations on graphs and automata. Specifically, we create a formal context from the data where records are objects and tags are attributes and compute its concept lattice. Based on the assumption that semantically similar records are also structurally similar, i.e. have a similar set of attributes, we designed and implemented an algorithm that iteratively performs updates on the lattice in order to obtain a partition of the data fulfilling the above mentioned criteria. In tests with real-life data, we obtain good results for datasets that are already highly structured—that contain few outliers and many structurally equivalent records—and mixed results at best for very diverse datasets.


Background Proteinuria has emerged as an important vascular risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events including stroke. Hypertension has been proposed as the principal confounder of this relationship but its role has not been systematically examined. Aim We aimed to determine if proteinuria remains an independent predictor of stroke after more complete adjustment for blood pressure. Summary of review We performed a systematic review, searching MEDLINE and EMBASE (to February 2018) for cohort studies or randomized controlled trials that reported stroke incidence in adults according to baseline proteinuria ± glomerular filtration rate. Study and participant characteristics and relative risks were extracted. Estimates were combined using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by χ 2 statistics and I2, and by subgroup strata and meta-regression, with a particular focus on the impact of more complete adjustment for blood pressure on the association. The quality of cohort studies and post hoc analyses was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. We identified 38 studies comprising 1,735,390 participants with 26,405 stroke events. Overall, the presence of any level of proteinuria was associated with greater stroke risk (18 studies; pooled crude relative risk 2.00, 95%CI 1.63–2.46; p < 0.001) even after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors (33 studies; pooled adjusted relative risk 1.72, 1.51–1.95; p < 0.001), albeit with considerable heterogeneity between studies (p < 0.001; I2 = 77.3%). Moreover, the association did not substantially attenuate with more thorough adjustment for hypertension: single baseline blood pressure measure (10 studies; pooled adjusted relative risk = 1.92, 1.39–2.66; p < 0.001); history or treated hypertension (four studies; pooled adjusted relative risk = 1.76, 1.13–2.75, p = 0.013); multiple blood pressure measurements over months to years (four studies; relative risk = 1.68, 1.33–2.14; p < 0.001). Conclusions Even after extensive adjustment for hypertension, proteinuria is strongly and independently associated with incident stroke risk, possibly indicating a shared renal and cerebral susceptibility to vascular injury that is not fully explained by traditional vascular risk factors.


The goal of IDS is to analyze events on the network and identify attacks. The increasing number of network security related incidents makes it necessary for organizations to actively protect their sensitive data with the installation of intrusion detection systems (IDS). People are paid more attention on intrusion detection which as an important computer network security technology. According to the development trend of intrusion detection, detecting all kinds of intrusions effectively requires a global view of the monitored network, Here, discuss about new intrusion detection mechanism based on cloud computing, which can make up for the deficiency of traditional intrusion detection, and proved to be great scalable.


This cultural resource investigation was necessitated by the proposed bridge replacement and new rightof-way and easement along the Farm to Market road at Gages Creek crossing (CSJ: 3149-02-010) by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in southern Young County. From January 29, 2007 through March 16, 2007, an archeological crew from the Cultural Resources Department of TRC Environmental Corporation's (TRC's) Austin office conducted data recovery excavations in part of site 41YN452 (RootBeGone) before any disturbance from the planned bridge replacement activities occurred. This data recovery program was conducted under TxDOT Scientific Services Contract No. 575XX SA008 and Texas Antiquities Permit No. 4003. Data recovery investigations were conducted along the western side of the existing two-lane paved road in two areas previously documented to have high concentrations of cultural activities centered on cultural features. These two areas were identified during TRC's 2006 site eligibility assessment, which was also conducted on adjacent site 41YN450. Only the Root-Be-Gone site was accepted as eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places and, therefore, subject to intensive data recovery investigations. This report provides the accepted research design that guided the analyses, describes the methods employed, discusses the excavation process, and presents detailed findings and results of technical analyses from the 50.5 m3 (144 m2) data recovery excavations for three, horizontally-separated Late and Terminal Archaic components at Root-Be-Gone. The data recovery investigations included the mechanical removal of roughly 30 to 60 cm of sediment from above a previously identified target zone, cultural materials in a buried A horizon that contained an apparent Terminal Archaic assemblage in two horizontally-separated areas. Each area was targeted by a single block excavation, labeled North and South Block, which are roughly 70 m apart and which parallel the existing right-of-way. Following the mechanical stripping to access the targeted Terminal Archaic component in the buried A horizon, hand-excavations were conducted in 1-by-1 m units in continuous blocks through the targeted buried A horizon. The target zone varied from 20 to 40 cm thick. This buried A horizon appeared to contain a single, isolated Terminal Archaic component. Root-Be-Gone (41YN452) yielded what is considered three horizontally-separate cultural components (labeled 1, 2, and 3) in the buried A horizon. This buried A horizon varied in depth from 45 to 70 cmbs. A few scattered Late Prehistoric arrow points were discovered on the surface and above the Terminal Archaic component. The younger and scattered Late Prehistoric artifacts were determined to occur above or on top of the buried A horizon. No definable cultural features were identified with the scattered arrow points. These scattered, Late Prehistoric materials were deemed insignificant and not targeted during the data recovery investigations. The excavations yielded assemblages of chipped stone tools (N = 154), lithic debitage (N = 1,486), mussel shell (N = 8,430), faunal bone (N = 71), charcoal (N = 111), burned rocks (N = 4,421), features (N = 18), and other cultural materials, including sediment samples. During the analyses, wood charcoal radiocarbon results from across the excavated areas revealed that a minimum of two, and possibly three different Terminal and/or Late Archaic components were represented in the buried A horizon in the two blocks. The North Block was radiocarbon dated by nine accepted dates to ca. a 230 year period between 1100 and 1330 B.P. The cultural materials recovered were assigned to a single, well-defined and isolated Terminal Archaic Component 1. That component yielded three dart points and one tiny arrow point associated with 14 cultural features. The features were comprised mostly of quantities of freshwater mussel shell concentrations in dumps, most associated with small scattered burned rocks; a burned, rock-filled heating element, scattered mussel shells and lithic debitage, and a few scattered formal chipped stone tools. The absolute age documented for this Terminal Archaic component that yielded dart points overlaps in time with the Scallorn arrow point using populations of the Austin phase of the Late Prehistoric period. The South Block yielded minimally two sets of radiocarbon dates. The northern two-thirds of the South Block yielded seven accepted absolute wood charcoal dates that range over a nearly 630 year period between 690 and 1320 B.P. The targeted buried A horizon yielded what appeared as a single Terminal Archaic dart point and a limited stone tool assemblage. This assemblage is assigned to the Late Archaic Component 2. TxDOT archeologists considered this part of the South Block to be potentially mixed based on the wood charcoal radiocarbon dates obtained. Therefore, TxDOT archeologists decided that detailed analyses were restricted to the two cultural features (Features 11 and 13) and the formal stone tool assemblage recovered from that area. Because of the possible mixed cultural materials, this data was not used to address the presented research questions. The southern one-third of the South Block was radiocarbon dated by four accepted wood charcoal dates to a narrow 120 year period with an average age of 1855 B.P. This area was dominated by a single 3.0 to 3.5 m diameter mussel shell feature (Feature 4) that lacked associated formal chipped stone tools and diagnostic dart points. Here, this material is assigned to the Late Archaic Component 3. Because of the documented age difference from the Terminal Archaic Component 1 in the North Block, this material was not used to address the research questions that focused on the Terminal Archaic period. Six research questions were targeted and address issues that include: whether the excavations yielded an isolatable Terminal Archaic component, what cultural materials were associated with the Terminal Archaic component, how this assemblage compares to other Terminal Archaic assemblages in the region, what was the subsistence base and broader economic pattern for this period, and was the bow and arrow adopted simultaneously by all groups. Following the acceptance of the final report, these materials were permanently curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL) in Austin. The Texas Historical Commission granted permission to curate only a small sample of the freshwater mussel shells collected during these investigations. The curated shells originate mostly from identified cultural features in all three