Within 24 hr after the Landers earthquake, there were three magnitude 3.4+ events in western Nevada and an unexpected, widespread increase in the rate of small events. Based on combined catalogs for northern Nevada, southern Nevada, and southern California, and a model that assumes statistical independence of events in these regions, the probability of this happening in a 24-hr period by random chance is less than ∼10−12 per day. Therefore, there is high statistical confidence that the increased seismicity was triggered by the Landers event. Based on the statistical model, we develop a list of 227 earthquakes in the first 83 days following the Landers earthquake, each of which has no more than 10% probability of occurring by random chance. The suspect events are broadly distributed in regions that correlate with historical activity in the Great Basin. The events are not uniquely associated with known volcanic activity, or with zones that were previously active with microearthquakes or aftershock sequences. The magnitudes of the largest triggered events appear to decrease with distance. With time, the number of suspect events decreases at a rate comparable to the rate of decrease of aftershocks of the Landers and Big Bear earthquakes.

Three of the most significant triggered events that that occurred were as follows: Mina, 500 km from Landers, M 4, 36 min after Landers; Smith Valley, 590 km from Landers, M 3.4, 56 min after Landers; and Little Skull Mountain, 280 km from Landers, M 5.6, 22.3 hr after Landers. The evidence for triggering is particularly strong in the case of the Little Skull Mountain event, where an increased rate of microseismicity was evident as soon as small events could be identified in the coda of the Landers earthquake.

We evaluate the seismic history for the past 3 yr to understand what was unique about the Landers earthquake. This includes identifying the previous earthquakes most likely to have caused the strongest shaking in various frequency bands. Based on a simple screening model, the strains from the Landers earthquake were uniquely large at low frequencies, but at high frequencies they were exceeded frequently by small, more local events. Thus, we hypothesize that the cause of triggering is low-frequency dynamic strains, at periods of about 10 sec or greater, and that there is a regional threshold that must be exceeded, since previous events with calculated strains that were almost as strong were not causes of widespread triggering. This mechanism for triggering satisfies the criterion of being a relatively rare phenomenon, since it is likely to occur only when a large long-period wave is radiated into an area where strain has been building slowly toward the point where faults are unstable.


Issues regarding the production and consumption of pornographic materials continue to be an intensely debated social topic. As with most controversial topics, there are fervent advocates on both sides of the debate regarding the effects or non-effects of pornography on the viewers, as well as the actors and actresses who appear in adult films. Women involved in the adult entertainment industry are typically of more interest than men because anti-pornography advocates have focused on the effects of pornography as it relates to women. For example, some writers (e.g., Dworkin, 1989; MacKinnon, 1993) have asserted that female porn actresses are in desperate conditions and are coerced into participation. Another view is that pornography is used by men as a guide to hate and abuse women (Jeffreys, 1988). Thus, the controversy regarding pornography has largely focused on women as victims and men as the perpetrators both within and outside of the pornography industry. It is common to use the assumed motivational, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of individuals in the adult entertainment industry as a foundation for judging the many facets of pornography. Evans-DeCicco and Cowan (2001) demonstrated that negative views regarding pornography are associated with negative perceptions of the performers who act in X-rated films. What is known about actors in the adult entertainment industry largely remains speculative at best because the actual characteristics of porn actors have not been reported and the majority of the available reports focused on porn actresses (e.g., Campbell, 1990; Gittler, 1999; Lovelace, 1980; Strossen, 1995; Wilkenson, 1994), and was anecdotal in nature. Data on the characteristics of male actors in the pornography industry are very limited, but nevertheless are important because they are a necessary component in the production of adult films. In essence, it is of interest to examine the views of pornography actors to determine if they were motivated to become porn actors for exploitative purposes and if they think the adult entertainment industry is exploitative in nature. One question that has plagued researchers is to determine why someone would become involved as an actor in the pornography industry. Evans-DeCicco and Cowan (2001) examined attitudes toward porn actors and actresses comparing across gender. One finding reported in the study suggested that the assumed motivations for pursuing a career in pornography for porn actors ranked in descending order were the money, liking the work, fulfilling a fantasy, sexual liberation, lack of employment opportunities, and coercion. Although this was an interesting finding, the results were based on public perceptions of why individuals would pursue a career in pornography. The main obstacle that has deterred researchers has been gaining access to this population (e.g., Abromovich, 2005), as pornography is an industry that is generally not open to outsiders. Several case studies (Faludi, 1999; Stoller & Levine, 1993), however, have reported that pornography actors were not accepting of social norms, lacked employment opportunities, and came from backgrounds involving childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The most extensive research on porn actors, to date, was completed by Abbott (2000), who conducted interviews with 19 male actors. Abbott's study focused on the motivations associated with entering and staying in the adult entertainment industry. Based on her interviews, reasons for choosing a career as a porn actor included money, fame/glamour, freedom/independence, opportunity/sociability, and having sex. Although she provided an important step in understanding this group, the sample size was fairly small, which restricted generalizations. The frequency of responses remain unknown, thus one was unable to rank the importance of various motivators, and domains other than motivation were not explored. At present, there is very little known about the actual characteristics of porn actors because there has been only one study that has been conducted on this difficult-to-access group of individuals. …


Ethics, how to live and how to behave in a professional style and in a professional environment, both individual and organizational sets. In this regard, the present study was to determine the relationship between the ethics of the profession and improve the quality of care with nurses, hospital staff empowerment from the perspective of Ayatollah Rouhani was performed. The study was a descriptive one. The population consisted of nurses Ayatollah spiritual Babylon, which uses random sampling method, 163 samples were selected and evaluated. Collection tool was a questionnaire, content validity of the questionnaire in consultation with experts confirmed the reliability of the test-retest on 10% of the total of 2-week interval was calculated, and Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire 0.85respectively. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that relations professional ethics to improve the quality of care (P <0.01) and staff empowerment (P <0.01) was significant. The ability of the staff as well as improve the quality of care (P <0.05) there was a significant relationship. Based on the results of research, professional ethics directly and indirectly improve the quality of nursing care was effective (P<0.05). In general it can be said that rely on moral and ethical management, increases the effectiveness of the approach is to improve the quality of care and sense of empowerment among nurses


Although the early-planted cotton production system offers the potential of improved lint yield, production techniques need to be optimized to ensure consistent yield enhancement. The objectives of this study were to determine how different seeding rates and application rates of mepiquattype plant growth regulator compounds (PGR) affected cotton growth and production under early planting conditions. A field study was conducted under early planting conditions from 2001 through 2004 using four cotton cultivars (PM 1218BR, STV 4691B, STV 4892BR, and DPL 555BR) and four seeding rates (7, 9, 11, and 13 plants m -2 ). Depending on the year, half the plots were treated with either mepiquat chloride or mepiquat pentaborate (plus PGR), while the remaining plots were untreated (no PGR). Dry matter partitioning, canopy light interception, bloom counts, lint yield, yield components, and fiber quality data were collected throughout the experiment. When PGR was not applied, leaf area index (LAI) increased as the seeding rate increased, but the LAI plateaued at 11 plants m -2 when a PGR was applied. When a PGR was applied to the crop, plant height was reduced 9% and specific leaf weight was increased 4%. Plants treated with a PGR produced more flowers early in the season, and the untreated control plants produced more blooms later in the season. The potential for earlier maturity of plants treated with a PGR was also reflected in the reduced nodes above white bloom (NAWB) data relative to the control plants. No yield response was observed from PGR application, but the lowest seeding rate (7 plants m -2 ) had 5% lower yield than any of the other seeding rates. Few fiber quality differences were detected among PGR application rates or seeding rates. The longer growing season associated with the early planting system allowed late season flowers on the control plants to develop into mature open bolls and resulted in equivalent yields between the control and plants treated with a PGR.


In this paper, we examine the information-sharing behavior of firms in a distribution channel context. Channel alliance initiatives like ECR and category management often involve pooling of information available with manufacturers and retailers. Such pooling of information should lead to better decision making and hence it is desirable. However, in practice, category management is often implemented with an intriguing institution of category captain, that involves the retailer entering into an alliance with only one (of many) supplier in a category. We first analyze the information sharing incentives of a manufacturer and retailer in a bilateral monopoly and identify the importance of quality of information available with the firms and the degree of complementarity of resources in determining the effectiveness of information sharing. We then show how these forces might lead to the emergence of the category captain phenomena in a model with competing manufacturers selling through a common retailer.


Extracted from text ... Resolving Transfer-pricing Disputes: Are
'Advance Pricing Agreements'
the Way Forward for South Africa?
ANNET WANYANA OGUTTU
University of South Africa
1 Introduction and Statement of the Problem
Adam Smith in his famous work The Wealth of Nations (1776) pointed
out that the subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of
the government in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy
under the protection of the state. However, the tax (contribution) which each
individual is bound to pay ought to be certain and not arbitrary. The time of
payment, the manner of payment and the amount to ..


Microcirculatory monitoring plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of critical care patients. Sidestream Dark Field (SDF) imaging devices have been used to visualize and support interpretation of the micro-vascular blood flow. However, due to subsurface scattering within the tissue that embeds the capillaries, transparency of plasma, imaging noise and lack of features, it is difficult to obtain reliable physiological data from SDF videos. Therefore, thus far microcirculatory videos have been analyzed manually with significant input from expert clinicians. In this paper, we present a framework that automates the analysis process. It includes stages of video stabilization, enhancement, and micro-vessel extraction, in order to automatically estimate statistics of the micro blood flows from SDF videos. Our method has been validated in critical care experiments conducted carefully to record the microcirculatory blood flow in test animal subjects before, during and after induced bleeding episodes, as well as to study the effect of fluid resuscitation. Our method is able to extract microcirculatory measurements that are consistent with clinical intuition and it has a potential to become a useful tool in critical care medicine.


This article reviewed the impact of climate change on our soils and suggested measures to combat or mitigate its negative effects on sustainable soil productivity. Climate change occurs when a situation in which a change in climate continues in one direction at a rapid rate and for an unusual long period of time. The article shows that Nigerian soils have high potential of susceptibility to the impact of climate change with adverse consequences. The vulnerability of our soils to impact of climate change is associated with among other things human factors, illiteracy, low level of technology applied in crop and animal production, type of soils and inadequate climate change policy and bills. Most Nigerian soils belong to the Ultisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, Entisols, Vertisols order of the USDA Soil taxonomy and respond to climatic change differently depending on a lot of factors including their mineralogical classes. The mineralogy of Nigerian soils is dominated by low activity clays. The impacts of climatic change on soils could be positive or adverse and devastating. Some of the identified impacts are reduction in soil biodiversity, soil erosion, excessive soil wetness, high soil temperature, depletion of soil organic pool, increased soil acidity, change in soil consistence, desertification and general decrease in the overall quality of the soil for agricultural, engineering and other land uses. Based on our local condition and environment, mitigation and adaptation measures are presented in the paper for confronting climate change problems. These methods dwell on the following- management practices to be adopted by farmers, advocated government support programmes and policies and expected roles communities as well as individuals should play in reducing the negative impact of climate change on Nigerian soils. Generally, ensuring adequate cover, changing inputs and varieties and/or species of crops , making wide use of technologies in farming, creating incentive from government and reduction in deforestation and promotion of afforestation are some of the measures recommended. Research on carbon sequestration on continued basis is also recommended. Key words: Climate change, Nigerian soils, vulnerability, adaptation.


OF THE DISSERTATION SHAPE MEMORY BEHAVIOR OF SINGLE AND POLYCRYSTALLINE NICKEL RICH NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOYS NiTi is the most commonly used shape memory alloy (SMA) and has been widely used for bio-medical, electrical and mechanical applications. Nickel rich NiTi shape memory alloys are coming into prominence due to their distinct superelasticity and shape memory properties as compared to near equi-atomic NiTi shape memory alloys. Besides, their lower density and higher work output than steels makes these alloys an excellent candidate for aerospace and automotive industry. Shape memory properties and phase transformation behavior of high Ni-rich Ni54Ti46 (at.%) polycrystals and Ni-rich Ni51Ti49 (at.%) single-crystals are determined. Their properties are sensitive to heat treatments that affect the phase transformation behavior of these alloys. Phase transformation properties and microstructure were investigated in aged Ni54Ti46 alloys with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to reveal the precipitation characteristics and R-phase formation. It was found that Ni54Ti46 has the ability to exhibit perfect superelasticity under high stress levels (~2 GPa) with 4% total strain after 550°C-3h aging. Stress independent R-phase transformation was found to be responsible for the change in shape memory behavior with stress. The shape memory responses of [001], [011] and [111] oriented Ni51Ti49 singlecrystals alloy were reported under compression to reveal the orientation dependence of their shape memory behavior. It has been found that transformation strain, temperatures and hysteresis, Classius-Clapeyron slopes, critical stress for plastic deformation are highly orientation dependent. The effects of precipitation formation and compressive loading at selected temperatures on the two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) properties of a [111]oriented Ni51Ti49 shape memory alloy were revealed. Additionally, aligned Ni4Ti3 precipitates were formed in a single crystal of Ni51Ti49 alloy by aging under applied compression stress along the [111] direction. Formation of a single family of Ni4Ti3 precipitates were exhibited significant TWSME without any training or deformation. When the homogenized and aged specimens were loaded in martensite, positive TWSME was observed. After loading at high temperature in austenite, the homogenized specimen did not show TWSME while the aged specimen revealed negative TWSME.


In this paper we present Solemn, a new user-level simulation mode for Sparc Sulima, a SPARC V9 complete machine simulator. Solemn extends Sparc Sulima allowing it to simulate at user-level an unmodified Solaris executable: 32 or 64-bit, and statically or dynamically linked. This yields some advantages over both complete machine simulators and traditional system call emulation. To do this, Solemn manages the virtual address space and files that the simulated program requires, and intercepts and emulates system call traps. Another novel feature is the emulation of memory mapped files. We describe some of the implementation details of Solemn, including its memory management architecture and portability.


Deep advancing the nation and achieving state goals as contained in the preamble to the 1945 Constitution can only be reached through the route of education. The paradigm needs to be replaced by "Education and Teaching" was replaced with "Education and Learning". Through this education is the quality human resources produced so it is hoped that in this era of globalization the Indonesian nation can compete with other nations. In academia, the term educational research is known. Perhaps many people often associate this research with the word method so that we know it as a research method. In addition, terms like this are also widely used as research designs or research designs, which will usually contain objects and subjects of research to others. This educational research is indeed a research that must be done in the field of education, which later uses theories, concepts, principles to research methodologies. Not only that, but detikers must also know what the purpose of educational research is, which aims to reinvent, revise and test scientific theories. Therefore, the definition of educational research is a scientific activity which will be carried out by collecting data, analyzing data to solve educational problems. In addition, this educational research is also a way that can be used in developing the field of education.


Radiation-induced cellular oxidative damage and the consequent apoptotic death were investigated in mouse thymocytes in the presence or absence of eugenol to understand the mechanism of modification in cellular radiosensitivity. The results showed the radiation-induced generation of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in γ-irradiated thymocytes, which were detected within a low to moderate dose range of radiation exposure (sub cGy to 2 Gy) using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCH-FDA) as a fluorescent probe. However, the dose response of the ROS generation was found to be different at low and high doses/rates, which was significantly inhibited when the cells were treated with eugenol. There was a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmt) after the irradiation of cells, which was prevented when cells were pretreated with eugenol. The population of thymocytes with a reduced nuclear diameter was found to progressively increase with the post-irradiation incubation time following exposure to a dose of 5 Gy, which was, however, prevented in the thymocytes that were treated with eugenol. These results followed a pattern that is similar to the annexin-V method that was further verified in control and irradiated samples. We have found a correlation in cellular oxidative stress, a decrease in ΔΨmt and the induction of apoptotic cell death, suggesting the involvement of oxidative damage and alterations in the mitochondria in radiation-induced apoptosis in thymocytes.


The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate stable cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as colloidal carriers for gene therapy. SLNs were mainly composed of three different biocompatible and biodegradable matrix lipids called tripalmitin, glyceryl dibehenate, and triglyceride, all containing the cationic lipid $N$-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-$N,N,N$-trimethylammonium (DOTAP$^®$). Each of these SLNs were divided into three parts and characterized by applying different processes: Part I was autoclaved (121 $^{\circ}$C, 15 min), Part II was lyophilized (5 mbar, --50 $^{\circ}$C), and Part III was kept in its intact form. These parts were stored at 4 $^{\circ}$C, 25 $^{\circ}$C (room temp.), and 40 $^{\circ}$C for short-term stability tests. The formulations were tested physically regarding the particle size and zeta potential. pUC18 plasmid DNA was used as the genetic material. Zeta potentials of all SLNs and pDNA-SLN complexes were determined to be highly positive (between +28.90 and +59.39). Crystallization processes of lipid matrices were characterized by X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. pDNA binding ability of SLNs and the stability of pDNA-SLN complexes with DNase I enzyme were also determined by gel electrophoresis. It was determined that all formulations became positively charged with DOTAP$^®$. They were able to bind DNA and were partially protective against enzyme degradation. Although additional studies are necessary, this study reveals the promising potential of this gene delivery system for gene therapy.


Suppose $P$ is a partially ordered set that is locally finite, has a least element, and admits a rank function. We call $P$ a weighted-relation poset if all the covering relations of $P$ are assigned a positive integer weight. We develop a theory of covering maps for weighted-relation posets, and in particular show that any weighted-relation poset $P$ has a universal cover $\tilde P\to P$, unique up to isomorphism, so that 1. $\tilde P\to P$ factors through any other covering map $P'\to P$; 2. every principal order ideal of $\tilde P$ is a chain; and 3. the weight assigned to each covering relation of $\tilde P$ is 1. If $P$ is a poset of "natural" combinatorial objects, the elements of its universal cover $\tilde P$ often have a simple description as well. For example, if $P$ is the poset of partitions ordered by inclusion of their Young diagrams, then the universal cover $\tilde P$ is the poset of standard Young tableaux; if $P$ is the poset of rooted trees ordered by inclusion, then $\tilde P$ consists of permutations. We discuss several other examples, including the posets of necklaces, bracket arrangements, and compositions.


Water scarcity may appear to be a simple concept, but it can be difficult to apply to complex natural‐human systems. While aggregate scarcity indices are straightforward to compute, they do not adequately represent the spatial and temporal variations in water scarcity that arise from complex systems interactions. The uncertain effects of future climate change on water scarcity add to the need for clarity on the concept of water scarcity. Starting with a simple but robust definition—the marginal value of a unit of water we—highlight key aspects of water scarcity and illustrate its many biophysical and socioeconomic determinants. We make four central observations. First, water scarcity varies greatly across location, time, and a multitude of uses that are valued either directly or indirectly by society. Second, water scarcity is fundamentally a normative, anthropocentric concept and, thus, can and should be distinguished from the related, purely descriptive notion of water deficit. While such an anthropocentric perspective may seem limiting, it has the potential to encompass the vast range of interests that society has in water. Third, our ability to understand and anticipate changes in water scarcity requires distinguishing between the factors that affect the value or benefits of water from those affecting the costs of transforming water in space, time and form. Finally, this robust and rigorous definition of water scarcity will facilitate better communication and understanding for both policymakers and scientists.


We study the $k$-median clustering problem for high-dimensional polygonal curves with finite but unbounded number of vertices. We tackle the computational issue that arises from the high number of dimensions by defining a Johnson-Lindenstrauss projection for polygonal curves. We analyze the resulting error in terms of the Fr\'echet distance, which is a tractable and natural dissimilarity measure for curves. Our clustering algorithms achieve sublinear dependency on the number of input curves via subsampling. Also, we show that the Fr\'echet distance can not be approximated within any factor of less than $\sqrt{2}$ by probabilistically reducing the dependency on the number of vertices of the curves. As a consequence we provide a fast, CUDA-parallelized version of the Alt and Godau algorithm for computing the Fr\'echet distance and use it to evaluate our results empirically.


Making quakes depends on injection rates Wastewater injection wells induce earthquakes that garner much attention, especially in tectonically inactive regions. Weingarten et al. combined information from public injection-well databases from the eastern and central United States with the best earthquake catalog available over the past 30 years. The rate of fluid injection into a well appeared to be the most likely decisive triggering factor in regions prone to induced earthquakes. Along these lines, Walsh III and Zoback found a clear correlation between areas in Oklahoma where waste saltwater is being injected on a large scale and areas experiencing increased earthquake activity. Science, this issue p. 1336; Sci. Adv. 10.1126/sciadv.1500195 (2015). High injection rates of wastewater into deep wells increase the risk of earthquakes in regions prone to induced seismicity. An unprecedented increase in earthquakes in the U.S. mid-continent began in 2009. Many of these earthquakes have been documented as induced by wastewater injection. We examine the relationship between wastewater injection and U.S. mid-continent seismicity using a newly assembled injection well database for the central and eastern United States. We find that the entire increase in earthquake rate is associated with fluid injection wells. High-rate injection wells (>300,000 barrels per month) are much more likely to be associated with earthquakes than lower-rate wells. At the scale of our study, a well's cumulative injected volume, monthly wellhead pressure, depth, and proximity to crystalline basement do not strongly correlate with earthquake association. Managing injection rates may be a useful tool to minimize the likelihood of induced earthquakes.


As in other areas of science, the conditions under which stem cell research develops are crucial to the development of its knowledge products. Material and intellectual resources, governance, and culture are factors that underlie the realization of science. The concept of bionetworking aims to capture these factors, and we use it to describe the evolution of the network activities of for-profit providers of stem cell therapy in the context of the three-stage evolution of scientific governance in China. On the basis of empirical and archival research, we argue that international trends in stem cell regulation both hamper and stimulate the development of stem cell research in China. On the one hand, the Chinese government is put under pressure to set high, alien standards for its most advanced stem cell research laboratories and clinics; thus, only a few institutions are able to follow internationally dominant trends. On the other hand, unrealistic implementation has allowed widespread transgression of regulation, enabling researchers to gain clinical experience. We illustrate how the networking activities of collaborative for-profit networks and translational research are fundamentally affected by the regulatory reforms in China, showing how governance, scientific development, and social conditions are closely intertwined. We argue that good governance in China does not necessarily mean following international regulatory trends to the letter.


Your company's brands hold intangible value and differentiate your firm from rivals. So does your leadership brand--a shared identity among your organization's leaders that differentiates what they can do from what your rivals' leaders can do. In Leadership Brand, Dave Ulrich and Norm Smallwood show how branded leadership delivers unique value for firms' investors, customers, and employees--elevating market value and creating a sharp competitive edge. The authors present a six-step process for creating leadership brand in your organization. A wealth of tools helps you differentiate your firm's leaders from those of rivals, craft a unified identity among them, and articulate a unique statement of your brand. Additional chapters and tools show you how to assess and measure your leadership brand, where to invest in the brand, which practices instill the brand, and how to communicate the brand to your many stakeholders. With its compelling new model and hands-on approach, this book helps you clarify what makes your leaders unique--and use your leadership brand to leave rivals far behind.


Fcp1 de-phosphorylates the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD) in vitro, and mutation of the yeast FCP1 gene results in global transcription defects and increased CTD phosphorylation levels in vivo. Here we show that the Fcp1 protein associates with elongating RNAPII holoenzyme in vitro. Our data suggest that the association of Fcp1 with elongating polymerase results in CTD de-phosphorylation when the native ternary RNAPII0-DNA-RNA complex is disrupted. Surprisingly, highly purified yeast Fcp1 dephosphorylates serine 5 but not serine 2 of the RNAPII CTD repeat. Only free RNAPII0(Ser-5) and not RNAPII0-DNA-RNA ternary complexes act as a good substrate in the Fcp1 CTD de-phosphorylation reaction. In contrast, TFIIH CTD kinase has a pronounced preference for RNAPII incorporated into a ternary complex. Interestingly, the Fcp1 reaction mechanism appears to entail phosphoryl transfer from RNAPII0 directly to Fcp1. Elongator fails to affect the phosphatase activity of Fcp1 in vitro, but genetic evidence points to a functional overlap between Elongator and Fcp1 in vivo. Genetic interactions between Elongator and a number of other transcription factors are also reported. Together, these results shed new light on mechanisms that drive the transcription cycle and point to a role for Fcp1 in the recycling of RNAPII after dissociation from active genes.


An expert reviews the experts - new and updated appraisals of the winning investment strategies of the greatest financial wizards. Money Masters of Our Time is a reappraisal and revision of those money masters who have stood the test of time plus a look at new money masters. Train emphasises the parts of their various business careers that illuminate their investment techniques focusing on notable individuals whose decisions to buy and sell have actually made money grow. How do they reason? Where do they get their information? How much do they depend on fact and how much on psychology? What are their criteria in selecting a stock? What stocks are they buying now, and why? The 'Money Masters' covered are: Warren Buffet, Paul Cabot, Philip Carret, Philip Fisher, Benjamin Graham, Mark Lightbrown, Peter Lynch, John Neff, T. Rowe Price, Richard Rainwater, Julian Robertson, Jim Rogers, George Soros, Michael Steinhardt, John Templeton, Ralph Wanger, Robert Wilson. Train centres on their investment techniques and methods and also gives brief biographical evaluations.


The theoretical approach described in a series of articles (Jarvilehto, 1998a,b,c, 1999, 2000) is developed further in relation to the problems of emotion, consciousness, and brain activity. The approach starts with the claim that many conceptual confusions in psychology are due to the postulate that the organism and the environment are two interacting systems ("Two systems theory"). The gist of the approach is the idea that the organism and environment form a unitary system which is the basis of subjective experience. This starting point leads to the conception of emotions as reorganization of the organism-environment system, and entails that emotion and knowledge are only different aspects of the same process. In the first part of the article the general outline of the approach is sketched, and in a subsequent second part (Jarvilehto, 2001) the relations between emotions, consciousness, and brain activity will be discussed in detail.


This article examines Calvin's commentary on Exodus through Deuteronomy (1563) through the lens of sixteenth-century historical jurisprudence, exemplified in the works of Francois de Connan and Fran.ois Baudouin. Recent scholarship has demonstrated how Calvin's historicizing exegesis of the Bible is in continuity with broader trends in Christian biblical interpretation in the late medieval period and the sixteenth century. Yet comparatively little work has been done on this other, essential context for understanding Calvin's hermeneutic. The intermingling of historical narrative and legal, doctrinal material inspired Calvin to apply his historical hermeneutic more broadly and creatively in order to explain the Mosaic histories and prescriptions for the ancient Israelites and for pious contemporary readers. Calvin's unusual and unprecedented arrangement of the material and his attention to the affiliation between law and history resonate with what Anthony Grafton describes as a "new key" of history reading and writing and reveal Calvin's engagement with his generation's quest for historical method.


SUMMARY How do tropical forest people cope with natural disasters? We worked with four communities in East Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, before and after a catastrophic flood. We interviewed 42 of 102 heads of households affected by the floods. All 42 households suffered some major loss of property — crops, lands, houses, and/or livestock. Each household adopted one or more coping strategies: increasing their reliance on forest resources; seeking paid employment; relocating their houses; and finding temporary land to establish their crops in upland areas. Immediate reliance on the forest was greatest for those most heavily impacted, the poorest, the least well educated, and those with the easiest access. Overall, those with the fewest resources and alternatives made most use of the forest. But access to such forest benefits is becoming increasingly difficult. The often crucial value of forests to local forest-dwellers needs to be better recognized in the context of current developments. These forest derived safety-values should be maintained or — where necessary — substituted.


President Trump is often at odds with the conservative establishment over a range of issues, not least of which is foreign policy. Yet it remains unclear whether supporting "Trumpism" is commensurate with coherent foreign policy views that are distinct from conventionally conservative positions. We evaluate whether the foreign policy views of Trump's supporters, both in the voting public and among activists, differ from those of other Republicans. We use the 2016 ANES to examine Republican primary voters and the new 2016 State Convention Delegate Study to assess Republican activists. In doing so, we reveal systematic differences in foreign policy preferences between Trump supporters and more establishment conservatives. We demonstrate that the status-threat model need not be confined to domestic politics. Indeed, it may be extended to explain foreign policy preferences on the political right, that of Trump's supporters in the present case. In doing so, we also find evidence that status threat may well be the source of fracture in the Republican Party.


Type II diabetes is a chronic disease, with an ever-increasing incidence, concomitant with an increase in the number of the elderly. It is one of the conditions that can affect the orodental health. In general, the diabetes-related oral problems include dental caries, xerostomia, oral candidiasis, periodontal diseases and consumption of inappropriate foodstuff.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and oral health-related nutritional performance of diabetic patients referred to the diabetes center research in Isfahan-Iran, 2016.

 In the present cross-sectional study, 362 diabetic subjects (142 females and 220 males) referred to the Research Center for Endocrine Glands and Metabolism in Isfahan, were evaluated after being selected by simple random sampling technique. The frequency distribution of demographic data (gender, marital status, occupation, affliction with orodental diseases, disease history, and use of medications and supplements) were evaluated. The relationships of the variables above and the knowledge, attitude and performance scores of the subjects were evaluated. Data were analyzed with independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearmen's correlation coefficient.

 There were no significant relationships between orodental diseases and the mean scores of knowledge, attitudes and performance of the subjects. The mean scores of knowledge, attitudes and performance of the subjects were 33.8 ± 11.2, 53.311.01 and 53.7 ± 6.9 out of 100, respectively.

 The oral-health related nutritional knowledge of diabetic subjects was poor. Programs should be prepared to improve the knowledge and oral health-related nutritional performance of diabetic patients.


Evidence-Based Nursing is a quarterly journal designed to alert practising nurses to important and clinically relevant advances in treatment, diagnosis, aetiology, and prognosis. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group and the Royal College of Nursing Publishing Company, and compiled by EBN's research staff, Evidence-Based Nursing selects and examines every aspect of the very best international nursing research to your practice.


The first part of this work deals with oxidative addition reactions of the triangulo platinum cluster [Pt3(μ-CO)3(PCy3)3]. Reactions with the electrophilic molecules ICH2CN and X2 (X = I and Br) and with the weakly polar reagent Ph3SnH have been studied. All three reactants convert the starting cluster firstly to novel 44-electron clusters probably via a SN2 mechanism. In the case of ICH2CN the adduct [Pt3(μ-CO)3(PCy3)3(I)(CH2CN)] is the first example where a Pt(II)L3 moiety is bonded to two Pt(0)L units via direct metal-metal bonds. A similar adduct was observed in the oxidative addition of Ph3SnH to the starting cluster, e.g. [Pt3(SnPh3)(μ-CO)3(PCy3)3H] which is the first reported neutral hydrido Pt-Sn cluster. With elementary halogens oxidative addition is followed by nucleophilic substitution of a CO ligand giving adducts [Pt3X(μ-CO)2(μ-X)(PCy3)3] (X = I, Br). Excess of reactants led to fragmentation of these adducts giving Pt(I) dimers and Pt(II) monomers. The observed trends in the nuclear spin-spin coupling constants in Pt(I) dimers have been reproduced by computation at the DFT level. The second part reports novel synthetic routes for pentanuclear platinum cluster compounds starting from trinuclear ones. The first complete NMR characterization of these Pt5 phosphino-carbonyl clusters was achieved as well. The final part of our work deals with CO scrambling processes in tetranuclear iridium and rhodium carbonyl clusters as studied by variable pressure NMR. The two major processes are the 'merry-go-round' and the 'change of basal face' which may be distinguished by the sign of the activation volume, negative for the former, positive for the latter process. On the basis of a theoretical study at the DFT level, transition state structures of the 'change of basal face' were proposed in the case of Ir2Rh2(CO)12 and Ir4(μ-SO2)(CO)11. These transition state structures have larger molecular volumes compared to those of ground state geometries in accordance with the experimentally determined, positive values of activation volume for this fluxional process.


Privacy is a fundamental human right. During the last decades, in the information age, information privacy has become one of the most essential aspects of privacy. Information privacy is concerned with protecting personal information pertaining to individuals.Organizations, which frequently process the personal information, and individuals, who are the subjects of the information, have different needs, rights and obligations. Organizations need to utilize personal information as a basis to develop tailored services and products to their customers in order to gain advantage over their competitors. Individuals need assurance from the organizations that their personal information is not changed, disclosed, deleted or misused in any other way. Without this guarantee from the organizations, individuals will be more unwilling to share their personal information.Information privacy metrics is a set of parameters used for the quantitative assessment and benchmark of an organization's measures to protect personal information. These metrics can be used by organizations to demonstrate, and by individuals to evaluate, the type and level of protection given to personal information. Currently, there are no systematically developed, established or widely used information privacy metrics. Hence, the purpose of this study is to establish a solid foundation for building information privacy metrics by discovering some of the most critical constructs and dimensions of these metrics. The research was conducted within the general research strategy of design science and by applying research methods such as data collection and analysis informed by grounded theory as well as surveys using interviews and questionnaires in Sweden and in Sri Lanka. The result is a conceptual model for information privacy metrics including its basic foundation; the constructs and dimensions of the metrics.


Efficient discovery of association rules in large databases is a well studied problem and several approaches have been proposed. However, it is non trivial to maintain the association rules current when the database is updated since, such updates could invalidate existing rules or introduce new rules. In this paper, we propose an incremental updating technique based on negative borders, for the maintenance of association rules when new transaction data is added to or deleted from a transaction database. An important feature of our algorithm is that it requires a full scan (exactly one) of the whole database only if the database update causes the negative border of the set of large itemsets to expand.


Undergraduate research is emphasized as a critical component of today's science-based undergraduate education and widely accepted as an important part of the overall undergraduate education experience. While educators agree on the value of undergraduate research, significant challenges exist related to the design of the undergraduate research experience and the faculty member's role in it. Additional challenges include providing high-quality research experiences that benefit the education of a large number of students while maintaining feasibility and cost-effectiveness. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of research and service-learning experiences in kinesiology departments at 3 institutions of higher learning that vary in size and mission.


Waste stabilization pond systems are widely used to treat animal wastes under highly variable hydraulic loading regimes. These systems have received limited research attention with regard to their hydrodynamic behaviour and the potential impact of shock hydraulic loading on their performance. In this study a two-stage dairy shed waste stabilisation pond system was topographically surveyed to determine the physical shape and the theoretical hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each pond, as well as the extent of sludge accumulation in the primary pond. The primary pond was then subjected to a series of drogue tracking runs whereby weighted floating survey targets with submerged 'sails' were tracked during their movement through the pond at times of peak flow in order to characterise the hydrodynamic behaviour of the pond. The full capacity volumes of the primary and secondary ponds were calculated to be 1285 m3 and 2391 m3, respectively. Sludge had been accumulating in the primary pond at a rate of 0.73 m3/d over a period of 2.4 years and this has reduced the active treatment volume of the pond to 657 m3. Based on mean outflow, the HRTs of the ponds were 40 d and 137 d, respectively. The drogue runs revealed a vortex-like mixing pattern within the pond with higher velocities around the perimeter of the pond between the inlet and outlet, and lower velocities in the centre of the pond. In-pond velocities seemed relatively high in comparison with those from other drogue studies of larger ponds and the surging inflow caused the formation of a flow 'jet' that potentially contributed to significant short-circuiting. The range of influence of this flow jet, however, was limited to within 15 m of the inlet, suggesting that short-circuiting would be likely to occur only under certain high inflow conditions.


Over history, humankind has tended to settle near streams because of the role of rivers as transportation corridors and the fertility of riparian areas. However, human settlements in floodplains have been threatened by the risk of flooding. Possible responses have been to resettle away and/or modify the river system by building flood control structures. This has led to a complex web of interactions and feedback mechanisms between hydrological and social processes in settled floodplains. This paper is an attempt to conceptualise these interplays for hypothetical human-flood systems. We develop a simple, dynamic model to represent the interactions and feedback loops between hydrological and social processes. The model is then used to explore the dynamics of the human-flood system and the effect of changing individual characteristics, including external forcing such as technological development. The results show that the conceptual model is able to reproduce reciprocal effects between floods and people as well as the emergence of typical patterns. For instance, when levees are built or raised to protect floodplain areas, their presence not only reduces the frequency of flooding, but also exacerbates high water levels. Then, because of this exacerbation, higher flood protection levels are required by society. As a result, more and more flooding events are avoided, but rare and catastrophic events take place.


Ecotoxicological assays have examined the risk of nanoparticles (NPs) to Daphnia magna (D. magna). However, significant inconsistencies in assay results have been found among studies conducted according to D. magna test guidelines (TGs) issued from the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Moreover, the inconsistencies have not yet been explained as a diverse range of factors may cause heterogeneity in the assay results. Here, a meta-analysis was performed to identify the causes of these inconsistencies. Data from experimental studies were collected when they were in accordance with TGs. A dataset was compiled by extracting the physicochemical properties of NPs, the experimental conditions of the assays, and the measured toxicities to D. magna. In total, 882 data points (NPs per set of experimental conditions) were obtained from 83 publications. Meta-analyses revealed that the toxicity of NPs was higher than that of non-NPs (TEM diameter >200 nm), and the toxicity of non-coated NPs did not correlate with the TEM diameter of NPs. In addition, the dataset was divided into four classes according to the state of the NPs, including metal oxide, metal, coated metal, and carbon nanomaterials, and a prediction model was developed for each class using a support vector machine to identify the features that influenced toxicity. Dispersion methods were identified as the most important experimental conditions that explained inconsistencies in results as they explained the most variation in the model. Therefore, dispersion methods for NPs may need to be adjusted in the TGs to reduce the heterogeneity in toxicity assay results for NPs.


— This cloud computing to realize being shifted into the next generation with. Application software and database are stored has changed. Now they cloud data centers in which safety is a concern from the point of view of the client are stored in the. Batteries that store and manage data without capital investment are used which are not well understood is the many security challenges paper cloud data integrity and security of data stored in the servers is focused on data integrity verification is a third party auditor that data integrity check from time to time on behalf of the client is authorized to use. Customer data from third party auditor of information gets lost when data integrity is not only data integrity verification, the proposed system also supports data mobility. The work that has been done in this online data mobility to public audit and sham Supporting. Audit for inserting and deleting data modifications functions, monitors the proposed system's ability to audit both public and data mobility support. A review of the literature the problems with existing systems revealed and that's the driving force behind this work take up Merkle hash tree. To improve the block-level authentication is used to handle auditing tasks at the same time, the overall signature bilinear transform is used for multiple clients concurrently TPA enables audit. So here I present are multi-user based TPA system. Experiments shows that the proposed system is very the efficient and safe.


For land degradation monitoring and assessment (M&A) to be accurate and for sustainable land management (SLM) to be effective, it is necessary to incorporate multiple knowledges using a variety of methods and scales, and this must include the (potentially conflicting) perspectives of those who use the land. This paper presents a hybrid methodological framework that builds on approaches developed by UN Food & Agriculture Organisation's land degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA), the World Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) programme and the Dryland Development Paradigm (DDP), and is being applied internationally through the EU‐funded DESIRE project. The framework suggests that M&A should determine the progress of SLM towards meeting sustainability goals, with results continually and iteratively enhancing SLM decisions. The framework is divided into four generic themes: (i) establishing land degradation and SLM context and sustainability goals; (ii) identifying, evaluating and selecting SLM strategies; (iii) selecting land degradation and SLM indicators and (iv) applying SLM options and monitoring land degradation and progress towards sustainability goals. This approach incorporates multiple knowledge sources and types (including land manager perspectives) from local to national and international scales. In doing so, it aims to provide outputs for policy‐makers and land managers that have the potential to enhance the sustainability of land management in drylands, from the field scale to the region, and to national and international levels. The paper draws on operational experience from across the DESIRE project to break the four themes into a series of methodological steps, and provides examples of the range of tools and methods that can be used to operationalise each of these steps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The work described in this thesis details the development of a multicore fibre device that can be used to optically trap multiple cells and particles. The optical trapping of multiple cells at close proximity allows for cell-to-cell interactions to be studied. Current methods available for creating arrays of traps are free space optical systems that use diffractive optics, laser scanning techniques or the interference of multiple beams to create the multiple traps. A fully integrated, fibre optic based, multiple particles, optical trapping device could be used in non-optical research facilities such as biological laboratories to aid with their research into cellular processes. In order to create the multiple traps, the distal end of the multicore fibre needs to be modified to induce a lensing effect. The multicore fibre device presented in this thesis was lensed in a fusion splicer; this refracts the outputs from the four cores to a common point in the far field where interference fringes are formed. The initial investigation demonstrated one-dimensional interferometric optical trapping through coupling light into two of the diagonal cores of the lensed multicore fibre. This produced linear interference fringes approximately 250 ± 25 μm from the end of the fibre with a fringe spacing of 2 ± 0.3 μm. The linear interference fringes were used to optically trap polystyrene microspheres with diameters of 1.3 μm, 2 μm and 3 μm in the high intensity regions of the fringes. Coupling into all four cores using a diffractive optical element produced an array of intensity peaks across the interference pattern with high visibility fringes greater than 80 %. Each intensity peak, spaced 2.75 μm apart could trap a single particle in two dimensions. The optical trapping of multiple microspheres and Escherichia coli bacterial cells was demonstrated proving that the lensed multicore fibre has the potential to be used to trap cells in biological experiments. The active manipulation of trapped 2 μm microspheres was also demonstrated through the rotation of the input polarisation to the multicore fibre. Finally, work towards creating a "turn-key" optical trapping device was demonstrated through the fabrication of a fully integrated multicore fibre device using an ultrafast laser-inscribed fan-out to couple light into each core. Single mode operation of the device was demonstrated at 1550 nm, using a weaker lensed MCF device. The two dimensional trapping of 4.5 μm polystyrene microspheres was shown in an array of peaks spaced 11.2 μm apart at a distance of 400 ± 25 μm from the end of the fibre.


Abstract Treatment goals are considered a vital part of therapeutic work, and their role is often emphasized in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). However, the attainment of goals is rarely accounted for in terms of treatment outcome. In this study, we set out to investigate a structured format for goal assessment and goal attainment in CBT delivered as routine care. We were especially interested in the sensitivity to change in perceived goal attainment. Patients completed a self-administered version of the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals (BIT-C) and rated their perceived attainment on a maximum of five prioritized goals before and after 12 weeks of treatment, along with measures on anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life. The results indicated that the prioritized goals only partially correspond to disorder-specific concerns, and that perceived proximity to treatment goals is clearly associated with improvements following treatment. The results are discussed in terms of the BIT-C being a promising tool for use in clinical settings in assessing treatment goals as well as in evaluating the attainment of these goals.


Thirty-one workers with occupational asthma caused by snow-crab processing were assessed by a long-term follow-up on three occasions at mean +/- SD intervals of 12.8 +/- 5.4, 31.4 +/- 6.3, and 64.4 +/- 6.3 months after leaving work. The diagnosis of work-related asthma was initially confirmed in all of them by specific inhalation challenges at the workplace or by laboratory inhalation of snow-crab boiling water (n = 24) or by serial monitoring of airway caliber and bronchial responsiveness to histamine at work and off work (n = 7). Total duration of work-related exposure was 12.8 +/- 5.6 months (range, 3 to 21 months), and the duration of symptoms after onset was 6.8 +/- 4.2 months (range, 1 to 18 months). At the time of diagnosis, all 31 subjects required medication for asthma, 11 had a FEV1 less than or equal to 85% predicted, and all subjects had a PC20 less than or equal to 16 mg/ml. Twelve of 25 serum samples assessed showed high levels of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to crab meat and/or boiling water. At the time of the first follow-up, there was a reduction in the number of subjects still requiring medication, with a significant reduction in FEV1, and a PC20 less than or equal to 16 mg/ml. However, no further change was observed afterwards. Similarly, the mean FEV1 and FEV1/FVC improved significantly from the time of diagnosis to the first follow-up (p less than 0.01), with a plateau thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The Sieve Email Filtering "include" extension permits users to include
one Sieve script inside another. This can make managing large scripts
or multiple sets of scripts much easier, and allows a site and its
users to build up libraries of scripts. Users are able to include
their own personal scripts or site-wide scripts. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


Carbonate lithofacies thickness distributions are of fundamental importance to understanding shallow-water carbonate deposystems because they record evidence of the lateral distribution and migration of lithofacies elements, as well as evidence for the various other intrinsic and extrinsic controls on stratal geometries and accumulation rates. Previous analyses of lithofacies thickness data led to the suggestion that exponential distributions are ubiquitous in the ancient record. This has been interpreted to indicate deposition by stochastic Poisson process lithofacies mosaics. To further investigate these ideas statistical analysis of 56 outcrop and core examples was performed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to identify the degree to which measured lithofacies thicknesses are well represented by a theoretical exponential distribution. Results from this analysis show that 16 of the 56 examples can be confidently shown to be exponential, while 28 are very probably not exponential. This indicates that stochastic Poisson processes are a plausible explanation for many carbonate successions, but they do not explain all of those tested here, suggesting that other non-Poisson processes, either stochastic or deterministic in nature, or both, must also be important. Thus lithofacies planform geometries, and the processes controlling vertical stacking in ancient carbonate platform top deposystems, were likely more diverse than has been suggested, requiring significant further quantitative analysis and numerical forward modeling to properly understand.


"I Am Plastic" is a survey of the vinyl toy craze that began in Hong Kong in 1996 and quickly spread across the Far East to Europe and the United States. Beginning with urban vinyl artists, the phenomenon has taken root not only in the toy world but also in the global art community. Created by fashion designers, comic book artists, underground illustrators, graffiti artists and fine artists, these toys have a hot collector's market and range in price from five pounds to thousands of pounds. With kids, parents, celebrities and design aficionados hooked, the designer toy phenomenon is only going to get bigger. Artists and toys featured include: Frank Kozik, Dalek, Gary Baseman, Bounty Hunter, Junko Mizuno, Jason Siu, Pete Fowler, Maywa Denki, Nagoya Twim, Nathan Jurevicius, David Horvath and Sun-Min Kim, Run DMC dolls, Kubricks, Qees, The King of New York and Gloomy Bears.


The advent of color, big musicals, the studio system, and the beginning of institutionalized censorship made the thirties the defining decade for Hollywood. The year 1939, celebrated as 'Hollywood's greatest year', saw the release of such memorable films as "Gone with the Wind", "The Wizard of Oz", and "Stagecoach". It was a time when the studios exercised nearly absolute control over their product as well as over such stars as Bette Davis, Clark Gable, and Humphrey Bogart. In this fifth volume of the award-winning series "History of the American Cinema", Tino Balio examines every aspect of the filmmaking and film exhibition system as it matured during the Depression era.


In this study, the cracking behaviour of RC panels under a two-way loading condition is investigated analytically and experimentally. A modified FE bond layer model is introduced and shown to be much simpler to define, and yet, more accurate than perfect bond or link element bond models. FE analysis suggests a bi-linear curve for approximating the distribution of bond stresses at stabilized cracking. Several FE parametric studies are performed on a one-way tension member to obtain peak shear bond stresses, concrete tensile stresses due to internal restrained shrinkage, splitting tensile stresses caused by radial bond stresses, and the reduction in bond strength caused by longitudinal splitting cracks. The FE analysis of flexural beams suggests a new factor for estimation of the depth of effective tension area, which is defined through FE parametric study. In the experimental phase, three medium-scale RC panels are subjected to direct tension in one direction and bending in the perpendicular direction. The collected data consist of applied loads, steel and concrete stresses, crack propagation sequence, crack pattern, crack width, total elongation, and leakage observations.

The crack pattern is mainly influenced by the shape of reinforcement mesh due to the presence of splitting tensile stresses. The formation of diagonal cracks depends on principal stresses that can be influenced by reinforcement ratio, ratio of loads in two directions, and clear concrete cover to bar diameter ratio. The bond strength is significantly weakened by the formation of orthogonal cracks along reinforcing bars. The crack width is increased under repeated loading especially at the first cycle. Residual crack widths remain in place even after complete unloading. Observations indicate that the water leakage is influenced by the crack width gradient. Finally, it is shown that one-way crack prediction models underestimate the crack width of two-way panels. A new set of analytical equations is developed for the prediction of cracking load, minimum and maximum spacing of cracks, and maximum crack width in a two-way panel. These equations are shown to predict the cracking behaviour of the tested panels more accurately than any other previously proposed model.


Abstract A new mineral chrysothallite K6Cu6Tl3+Cl17(OH)4 · H2O was found in two active fumaroles, Glavnaya Tenoritovaya and Pyatno, at the Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Chrysothallite seems to be a product of the interactions involving high-temperature sublimate minerals, fumarolic gas and atmospheric water vapour at temperatures not higher than 150 °C. It is associated with belloite, avdoninite, chlorothionite, sanguite, eriochalcite, mitscherlichite, sylvite, camallite and kainite at Glavnaya Tenoritovaya and with belloite, avdoninite, chlorothionite, eriochalcite, atacamite, halite, krohnkite, natrochalcite, gypsum and antlerite at Pyatno. The mineral forms equant-to-thick tabular crystals up to 0.05 mm, typically combined in clusters or crusts up to 1 mm across. Crystal forms are: {001}, {100}, {110}, {101} and {102}. Chrysothallite is transparent, bright golden-yellow to light yellow in finely crystalline aggregates. The lustre is vitreous. The mineral is brittle. Cleavage was not observed, the fracture is uneven. Dmeas= 2.95(2), Dcalc = 2.97 g cm-3. Chrysothallite is optically uniaxial (+), ω = 1.720(5), ε = 1.732(5). The Raman spectrum is given. The chemical composition (wt.%, electron-microprobe data, H2O calculated based on the crystal structure data) is: K 15.92, Cu 24.56, Zn 1.38, Tl 13.28, Cl 40.32, H2O(calc.) 3.49, total 98.95. The empirical formula, calculated on the basis of 17 Cl + 5 O a.p.f.u., is: K6.09(Cu5.78Zn0.32)∑6.10Tl0.97Cl17[(OH)3.80O0.20]· H2O. Chrysothallite is tetragonal, I4/mmm, a = 11.3689(7), c = 26.207(2) Å, V = 3387.3(4) Å3, Z = 4. The strongest reflections of the powder X-ray pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are: 13.20(44)(002); 6.88(100)(112); 5.16(30)(202, 114); 4.027(25)(220); 3.471(28)(206), 3.153(30)(314), 3.075(47)(305), 2.771 (38)(316). The crystal structure (solved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, R = 0.0898) is unique. Its basic structural unit is a (001) layer of edge-sharing distorted CuCl4(OH)2 octahedra. Two Tl3+ cations occupy the centre of isolated TlCl6 and TlCl4(H2O)2 octahedra connected to each other and to the Cu polyhedral layers via KCl6 and KCl9 polyhedra. The name reflects the bright golden-yellow colour of the mineral (from the Greek χρυσός, gold) and the presence of thallium. Chrysothallite is the second known mineral with species-defining trivalent thallium.


In this article the author explores what it means for a prosecutor to "do justice" in a plea bargaining context. Although the vast majority of criminal cases in the United States are resolved by guilty plea rather than by trial, ABA Model Rule 3.8, the special disciplinary rule applicable to prosecutors, has very little to say about plea bargaining. Scrutinizing the multiplicity of interests at stake in plea bargaining, the author suggests that a prosecutor's primary objectives during negotiations should be efficiency, equality, autonomy, and transparency. After defining each of these terms, the author identifies several troublesome and recurring practices employed by prosecutors in the plea bargaining context that in his view violate a prosecutor's duty to "do justice," but yet presently are entirely unregulated. He then demonstrates how a focus on efficiency, equality, autonomy and transparency might help prosecutors avoid these ethical minefields.


Christmas Day 1959 and legions of schoolboys up and down the country feverishly unwrapped the very first Topical Times Football Book. On the cover Bobby Charlton smacked a leather ball out of a pillar-box red background and, although this wasn't the first yearbook, it heralded the golden age of the Christmas football annual. As the sixties progressed, the shelves in Woolworth's and the local newsagent began to bulge with titles reflecting the expanding, exciting world of football - Charles Buchan's Soccer Gift Book nestled next to the International Football Book and the Midlands Soccer Annual. These annuals were educational and insightful, taking the reader into the changing rooms, the supporters' club lounges, and the manager's mind ahead of a tough season. Beautifully illustrated, they helped shape the football consciousness of a generation. In The Heyday of The Football Annual Ian Preece and Doug Cheeseman bottle the essence of these publications. They travel back in time to a world where Forfar Athletic and Doncaster Rovers had equal billing with Manchester United and Arsenal, where debate raged over the use of goal average, and Huddersfield v Carlisle was the main game on Match of the Day. Along the way, leading football writers Richard Williams, Jonathan Wilson, Patrick Collins and Derek Hammond, among others, share their memories - not only of 'soccer' annuals but of an era when the unveiling of Dundee's new stand was deemed worthy of a two-page spread, and Scunthorpe's pre-season tour to Ibiza merited a lengthy feature. This was a world where footballers grew chrysanthemums for a hobby, drank tea down the local cafe to pass the time, and Coventry City were the go-ahead club of the future. For better, and (certainly) for worse, it's a world long gone.


This article is oriented to the problems relating to the management of the economics issues in enterprises as one of the key support processes. It defines and delimits the basic terminology – which is not always understood in the same way in this field, whether this be by managers, economic specialists, or IT professionals. The article goes on to define and delimit the individual sub-processes as well as the relationships between them. The management of economic issues is then confronted with the opportunities and possibilities offered by the functionality of ERP systems – i.e. the software applications without which it would be difficult to imagine the integrated management of an enterprise as a whole, including its coverage of economic, production, logistics and Human Resources issues. This article also summarises observations and knowledge to-date gathered by the Center for inVestigations into Information Systems (CVIS) and presents the main results and outcomes of research conducted in the Czech ERP market with an orientation on the management of economic processes and its follow-up support of managerial decision-making.


Background: HIV-2 is comparatively less pathogenic with slow
progression of infection to clinical disease and consequently there is less of
information on the occurrence of HIV-2 associated disease than HIV-1. We hereby
describe some laboratory profiles of individuals presenting with HIV-2 and dual
HIV-1/2 related AIDS at the University College hospital in Ibadan over a period
of seven years. Methodology: Blood
samples from patients presenting with the AIDS defining illness at the
University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were tested for antibodies to
HIV-1/2 using rapid test devices or ELISA. Initially reactive samples were
further tested by immunoblotting for differentiation into HIV-1 or HIV-2 or
HIV-1/2 dual infection. Blood samples from individuals with confirmed infections
were further analyzed for CD4 cell lymphocyte number, plasma HIV-1 RNA
concentration, hematological and blood chemistry parameters. The data analysis
was done using descriptive statistics and Levene-S test for equality of
variance. Results: Thirty five patients,
18 and 17 with HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/2 infections respectively were identified
during the period covered by this study (2005-2012). The median age of the
patients was 48 years old (Range: 42 - 70 years old) and mean CD4 cell count of
HIV-2 patients at enrollment was 324 (Range: 16 - 696) and 350 (Range 54 - 863)
per microlitre of blood for patients with dual HIV-1/2 infection. HIV-1 RNA was
not detected in the plasma of the 18 patients with serological HIV-2 infection
but 2 (11.8%) of the 17 patients with dual HIV-1/2 serological profile had
detectable HIV-1 RNA (1,287,275 copies/ml and 1,816,491 copies/ml). Conclusion: The results emphasize the
need to consider HIV-2 infection in the investigation of patients presenting
with the AIDS related illness but with negative HIV-1serology. The study also
shows the importance of inclusion of multispot HIV-1 and 2 rapid tests for
differentiating HIV-1 from HIV-2 infections in regions where both types of HIV
circulate or epidemiologically indicated.


Multi-year records of satellite remote sensing of sea surface salinity (SSS) provide an opportunity to investigate the climatological characteristics of the SSS response to tropical cyclones (TCs). In this study, the influence of TC winds, rainfall and preexisting ocean stratification on SSS evolution is examined with multiple satellite-based and in-situ data. Global storm-centered composites indicate that TCs act to initially freshen the ocean surface (due to precipitation), and subsequently salinify the surface, largely through vertical ocean processes (mixing and upwelling), although regional hydrography can lead to local departure from this behavior. On average, on the day a TC passes, a strong SSS decrease is observed. The fresh anomaly is subsequently replaced by a net surface salinification, which persists for weeks. This salinification is larger on the right (left)-hand side of the storm motion in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, consistent with the location of stronger turbulent mixing. The influence of TC intensity and translation speed on the ocean response is also examined. Despite having greater precipitation, stronger TCs tend to produce longer-lasting, stronger and deeper salinification especially on the right-hand side of the storm motion. Faster moving TCs are found to have slightly weaker freshening with larger area coverage during the passage, but comparable salinification after the passage. The ocean haline response in four basins with different climatological salinity stratification reveals a significant impact of vertical stratification on the salinity response during and after the passage of TCs.


Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) devices are, in some situations, considered to be a viable solution for drinking water suppliers and consumers alike to deal with site specific drinking water issues. This paper introduces a newly developed decision support system (DSS) that employs decision making techniques to select among the various devices based on their characterization and sustainability assessment. Careful illustration of the various aspects and components of the DSS is provided and the decision process is explained. Aspects of validity, usability and sensitivity analysis are demonstrated through a hypothetical case study for removing lead introduced in the distribution system of municipally treated drinking water. The output of the DSS helps to determine the more sustainable treatment devices which should have positive implications for the application of POU and POE devices. Other potential uses of the DSS are described to illustrate its versatility and usefulness. The DSS is not intended to replace common engineering practice in selecting POU and POE treatment systems, but rather to give support to the users by providing the necessary information about all


The employment gap for law school graduates is well-documented. Almost 40% of 2015 law graduates did not secure full-time jobs requiring a law license and only 70% of 2015 graduates landed a full-time job that either required a law license or gave a preference to candidates with a juris doctor. One in four 2015 graduates did not report having any type of job, even a non-professional job, after law school. The employment gap is exacerbated by another gap: the gap between the skillset lawyers want in new graduates and the skillset lawyers believe new graduates have. Only 23% of practitioners believe new lawyers have sufficient skills to practice.The gap between what new lawyers have and what new lawyers need exacerbates the employment problem, but it is even more insidious than that. When new lawyers enter the workforce unprepared or under-prepared, it undermines the public trust in our legal system. Something has to shift. And for something to shift, we had to understand exactly what new lawyers need as they entered the profession.So we asked. In late 2014, we launched Foundations for Practice ("FFP"), a national, multi-year project designed to: 1. Identify the foundations entry-level lawyers need to launch successful careers in the legal profession; 2. Develop measurable models of legal education that support those foundations; and 3. Align market needs with hiring practices to incentivize positive improvements in legal education.In 2014-15, we distributed a survey to lawyers across the country. The response was overwhelming. More than 24,000 lawyers in all 50 states from a range of backgrounds and practice settings answered. Their answers are illuminating and pose opportunities and challenges to the schools that educate lawyers and the employers that ultimately hire them.


Examining abnormal returns associated with analyst earnings estimate, price target, and recommendation announcements, I extend prior work to determine whether investors can still capitalize on analyst factors. Although all are significant when considered independently, when considered simultaneously, the significance of both the earnings estimate and price target factors are diminished or eliminated. In addition, when considered simultaneously during abnormal volatility regime periods only, recommendations remain consistently significant immediately following the event date. In a one-month period, the least favorable signals for all factors exhibit higher than expected abnormal returns.


Urinary Schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths (STH) infections are serious problems in developing countries owing to climatic, environmental, and behavioral factors of the people that favor transmission. A cross-sectional survey involving 1,232 people aged 5-78 years in two villages in Vingujini Sub-Location, Msambweni District of Coast Province in Kenya was conducted to determine prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and soil transmitted helminths infections. Urine and stool samples were collected from 1,232 people in two villages in Vingujini Sub-Location. The samples were examined for eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and intestinal helminths respectively. Hematuria was determined using urine dip strips. Hemoglobin levels were determined for all participants to establish the relationship between hookworm disease and anemia. The overall occurrence of helminth infections were; 44% for Schistosoma haematobium, 29.6% for hookworm disease, 0.5% for Ascaris and 24.6% for trichuriasis (N = 1,232). Only 32.7% were free from any of the four types of parasitic infections screened. Infection with schistosome was highly correlated with Trichuris infection (r = 0.96, p = 0.006) and also highly correlated with age (f = 95.17, p > 0.01). Infections with Schistosoma haematobium (f = 95.17, p > 0.01), hookworm disease (f = 11.51, p = 0.010) and trichuriasis (f = 26.46, p > 0.01) were also age correlated. High intensities of Schistosoma haematobium were associated with hematuria (f = 639.99, p > 0.01). Prevalence of hookworm disease was not correlated with anemia, but there was a relationship between intensity of hookworm infection and anemia (r = -0.091, P< 0.01). Individuals with heavy and medium intensity of hookworm infections were more likely to suffer from anemia than individuals with low intensities or the non-infected (f = 5.5, p < 0.01). The current study has established high (44%) prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis, hookworm (29.6%) and Trichuris (24.6%) infections in Msambweni compared to national prevalence for schistosomiasis (23%), and global prevalence for hookworms (10-20%). Infections with Ascaris were low. Majority of Schistosome infected subjects were also infected with hookworms or at least one STH. The data suggests that measures of intensity are required for increasing effectiveness of current control programs and stresses the need for enhanced public health interventions against these diseases.


Two microbeam techniques, synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence micro-analysis (μ-SRXRF) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) are compared for analyzing diffusion profiles of trace elements in two hydrous rhyolitic glasses (1.87 and 5.00wt% H 2 O). In order to verify the results, laser ablation coupled to inductively coupled plasma optical emission (LA-ICP-OES) has been used on one sample. Samples were produced by diffusion couple experiments performed in an internally heated gas pressure vessel at 1200 °C and 500MPa. One half of each couple was doped with 24 trace elements representing different geochemical groups: low field strength elements (Rb, Sr, Ba), transition metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Er, Yb) + Y, high field strength elements (V, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta) and main group elements (Ge, Sn). Several profiles were measured with both μ-SRXRF and SIMS on both samples. In principle, concentrations of all elements can be extracted simultaneously from a single SRXRF spectrum. However, some trace elements could not be reliably quantified with our analytical system: Ta and Pb (used for detector collimator material), Ti, V (low energy of K α ), Co (K α -peak overlapping with Fe K β -peak) and Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn (overlapping with 1-lines of REEs). In contrast, SIMS analyses measure each element sequentially. Hence, not all elements of the large total set of trace elements could be analyzed in a single run. Some elements requiring a high mass resolution (NaSi interfering with V, CaO interfering with Ni) or having low yields (Sn) were not profiled. Multiple diffusivities derived from μ-SRXRF and SIMS profiles are in very good agreement for most elements. In general, the trace element diffusivity decreases with increasing valence state, e.g. in sample D22 containing 1.87wt% H 2 O from log D=-10.80 for the monovalent Rb to log D=-13.34 for the tetravalent Zr (Din m 2 /s). By increasing the water content in sample D18 to 5.00wt%, diffusion coefficients increase approximately by one order of magnitude for all elements studied.


In 2016, with the support of the Heinrich Boell Foundation and the international center Free Happy People, a group of researchers investigated problems and beliefs of men living in four Russian republics: Chechnya, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria and Ingushetia. A total of around 800 questionnaires and 80 problem-oriented interviews were collected in these republics. The sample selection sought to equally represent men of different ages, marital status and education. The survey was conducted by employees of the North Caucasus NGOs and educational institutions using face-to-face interviews at informants' places of residence, workplaces and during their leisure time. The research focused on a number of issues regarding men's lives in the republics: the respondents were asked about problems and hardships they face, their life priorities and values, living conditions and leisure time, marital status, family life and so on. The section of the questionnaire about family and personal life included questions on some local practices, such as polygamous marriages and "honor crimes". The researchers also enquired about hardships men face in the North Caucasus and spheres they want to see changes in; their opinions, beliefs and opportunities that are available for men's personal fulfilment. A unit in the questionnaire was devoted to the problem of violence: possible motives for physical and psychological violence were discussed, as well as men's personal experience of manifestation of violence and the ways it is legitimated. The results enable us to understand the social environment that men live in, as well as their attitudes towards problems they face in the North Caucasus. The report contains links to the detailed data provided in the presentation.


Highlighting the progress made by researchers in using Web-based surveys for data collection, this timely volume summarizes the experiences of leading behavioral and social scientists from Europe and the US who collected data using the Internet. Some chapters present theory, methodology, design, and implementation, while others focus on best practice examples and/or issues such as data quality and understanding paradata. A number of contributors appliedinnovative Web-based research methods to the LISSpanel of CentERdata collected from over 5,000 Dutch households. Their findings are presented in the book. Some of the data is available on the book website. The book addresses practical issues such as data quality, how to reach difficult target groups, how to design a survey to maximize response, and ethical issues that need to be considered. Innovative applications such as the use of biomarkers and eye-tracking techniques are also explored. Part 1 provides an overview of Internet survey research including its methodologies, strengths, challenges, and best practices. Innovative ways to minimize sources of error are provided along with a review of mixed-mode designs, how to design a scientifically sound longitudinal panel and avoid sampling problems, and address ethical requirements in Web surveys. Part 2 focuses on advanced applications including the impact of visual design on the interpretability of survey questions, the impact survey usability has on respondents answers, design features that increase interaction, and how Internet surveys can be effectively used to study sensitive issues. Part 3 addresses data quality, sample selection, measurement and non-response error, and new applications for collecting online data. The issue of underrepresentation of certain groups in Internet research and the measures most effective at reducing it are also addressed. The book concludes with a discussion of the importance of paradata and the Web data collection process in general, followed by chapters with innovative experiments using eye-tracking techniques and biomarker data. This practical book appeals to practitioners from market survey research institutes and researchers in disciplines such as psychology, education, sociology, political science, health studies, marketing, economics, and business who use the Internet for data collection, but is also an ideal supplement for graduate and/or upper level undergraduate courses on (Internet) research methods and/or data collection taught in these fields.


The images can be visualized in three dimensional (3D) by means of different technique, these 3D techniques are used to improve the view of images. Converting two dimensional (2D) images into 3D images is a significant part of image application. A resourceful approach of 3D image reconstruction is implementing to execute a certain procedure that applied to X-ray medical image. The paper deals with the DICOM images reconstruction which is originally very helpful for manufacture of modified anatomical implant by using rapid prototyping technology. The researchers are gradually focusing on biomedical 3Dimaging improvement. The MAT LAB image processing has been powerfully developed and almost implements in every modern topographical modalities. The CT slices of involved region of modified implant in DICOM arrangement are initially pre-processed using developed MATLAB code. These files can be additional used for Rapid Prototyping. This project in biomechanical area has been urbanized to give the ability in very cheap cost with highest technological support moderately with expensive import facilities and software. This approach is implemented via four steps preprocessing, image enhancement, image contour then image reconstruction and visualization. Suggest a proposed researcher is based on novel analytical model which can put to gather in sequence from any source (i.e.) Slicer Based Image Retrieval (SBIR) mechanism to get back applicable medical imagery bottom on their features.


Patent law - and innovation policy more generally - has traditionally been conceptualized as antithetical to secrecy. Not only does the patent system require inventors to publicly disclose their inventions in order to receive a patent, but various patent doctrines are designed to encourage inventors to forego trade secrecy. This Article offers a critique of the law's preference for patents. In particular, this Article examines whether and under what circumstances the law should prefer patents over secrets, and vice versa. As an initial step towards a theoretically-supported system of inventor incentives, this Article constructs a framework that attempts to balance the public trade-offs of patenting and secrecy. Theoretically, the framework is based upon the insight that the fundamental economic rationale for the existence of the patent system - overcoming the market failure of informational public goods - is inapplicable when secrecy is viable. The framework highlights scenarios in which innovation can be advanced by encouraging secrecy, rather than patenting. The Article concludes by suggesting changes to current law that would encourage inventor use of secrecy, when appropriate.


INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of and factors impacting on the intake of fast-foods by young adults from different socio-economic areas in Gauteng, South Africa. The population for the study (n = 341) included males (n = 180) and females (n = 161) with a mean age of 24.48 years (SD = 3.492). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional, observational study was performed using an interviewer-administered, validated questionnaire to elicit characteristics of the studied population (gender, education level, income status and income level), reasons for – and frequency of – fast-food intake, specific food choices at certain categories of fast-food outlets, as well as consumers' attitude towards health and healthier meal options. Purposive sampling of shopping malls was done to collect data on three weekend days at grocery stores in the shopping complexes. Statistical analysis included: Pearson Chisquare tests, likelihood ratios, linear by linear associations and Cramer's V and Kendall tau b tests. RESULTS: The studied population consisted primarily of working young adults with at least secondary education. Almost half (n = 103) of the employed participants from all socio-economic groups earned less than R5 000 per month, but spent more than R200 each month on fast-food. The majority of participants consumed take-away meals from two to three times a month to two to three times per week (85.3% (n = 291)). Socio-economic grouping (SEG) and gender were significantly related to fast-food intake (p < 0.01) with a larger proportion of participants (n = 76) in the lower socio-economic grouping (LSEG) showing more frequent use and males consuming fast-food more frequently than females. The most popular fast-foods consumed by participants in descending order were burgers 69.5%, pizza 56.6% and fried chicken 38.4%. A significant difference in the consumption of fried chicken was observed between the different SEGs, with significantly more participants from the LSEG consuming fried chicken 47.0% (p < 0.05). Choice of fast-food outlet concurred with the most popular fast-food choices. Sweetened soft drinks comprised the most popular beverage for more than half of the studied population (n = 191). The main reasons for choosing fast-food were time limitations (58.9%), convenience (58.2%) and taste (52.5%). The majority of participants were concerned about health (93.3%), with almost half of the total sample being always concerned. The majority of participants indicated concern about overweight and obesity (44.3%). Seventy-eight percent of participants indicated that they would choose a healthier option, if available. Television provided the most effective media influence on food choices. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study show a clear discrepancy between fast-food intake and health consciousness, indicating a gap between knowledge and practice. In the light of the spread of the obesity epidemic in South Africa, further research on fast-food consumption in other areas in South Africa and in other age groups (especially children and adolescents) is strongly recommended.


Newly discovered radiolaria and fusulinids of late Carboniferous–earliest Permian age document ages for off-scraped pelagic sequences within the Chilean parts of the Gondwanaland forearc. Well-preserved radiolarians are illustrated and compared with the only other known correlatives from Japan. These findings provide new insight for paleoenvironments of oceanic assemblages within the forearc as well as new constraints for its temporal development.


The extent to which Aboriginal Australians used fire to modify their environment has been debated for decades and is generally based on charcoal and pollen records rather than landscape responses to land-use change. Here we investigate the sensitivity of in-situ–produced 10 Be, an isotope commonly used in geomorphological contexts, to anthropogenic perturbations in the southeastern Australian Tablelands. Comparing 10 Be-derived erosion rates from fluvial sediment (8.7 ± 0.9 mm k.y. –1 ; 1 standard error, SE; n = 11) and rock outcrops (5.3 ± 1.4 mm k.y. –1 ; 1 SE; n = 6) confirms that landscape lowering rates integrating over 10 4 –10 5 yr are consistent with rates previously derived from studies integrating over 10 4 to >10 7 yr. We then model an expected 10 Be inventory in fluvial sediment if background erosion rates were perturbed by a low-intensity, high-frequency Aboriginal burning regime. When we run the model using the average erosion rate derived from 10 Be in fluvial sediment (8.7 mm k.y. –1 ), measured and modeled 10 Be concentrations overlap between ca. 3 ka and 1 ka. Our modeling is consistent with intensified Aboriginal use of fire in the late Holocene, a time when Aboriginal population growth is widely recognized.


In the context of agile software development in New Zealand and Australia, this paper examines the organizational agility related practices with agile software development. The paper looks at agile software development practices in established software development teams and proposes further practices based on organizational agility concepts that can support the agile software development manifesto. With a focus on the organizational agility for agile software development, this study adds to the limited body of research into theories for agile software development. The survey method is used in in conjunction with partial least squares (PLS) method to examine the organizational agility practices that best support agile software development. Based on eight organizational agility concept related practices for agile software development are proposed and validated through this process. Our findings suggest that, knowledge management, organizational culture, organizational learning, competencies, responsiveness, speed, team effort, and workforce agility are vital elements for achieving software development agility.


Two individuals displaying mixed features of the colour patterns distinctive of Arothron meleagris and A. nigropunctatus were observed on the fringing reef at Réunion Island, between September 2012 and August 2013. Because many hybrid fish have been first identified through colour patterns that are intermediate between two known species, these pufferfish individuals were suspected to be hybrids. However, since no specimen was collected for examination, a hypothesis that the observed individuals could be hybrids is based on comparison of their colouration with colour patterns documented for A. meleagris and A. nigropunctatus. Several factors favouring hybridisation are met on this reef, particularly a difference in abundance between the two putative parental species. Since larval retention and self-recruitment are considered probable at Réunion, these individuals could be the progeny of interbreeding populations of these species on this reef. To our knowledge, only one hybrid has ever been reported in the genus Arothron, although without genetic confirmation. This implies that the existence of potentially interfertile species in this genus remains a hypothesis. Our field observations provide additional data supporting this hypothesis.


OBJECTIVE
To assess diurnal cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions in diabetic subjects with variable diabetic neuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Frequency domain analysis of 24-h Holter ECG was done for 132 diabetic subjects (84 without any symptomatic neuropathy; 37 with only symptomatic peripheral neuropathy; 11 with symptomatic autonomic neuropathy) and 57 normal volunteers to calculate the low frequency (LF) component representing the beta-adrenoceptor function and the high frequency (HF) component representing the cardiac parasympathetic nerve function.

RESULTS
Cardiac LF and HF components in diabetic subjects without peripheral neuropathy showed values comparable to those of normal volunteers and a similar circadian rhythm. Diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy or autonomic neuropathy showed significantly depressed LF and HF components and loss of the circadian rhythm of LF and HF components compared with diabetic subjects without neuropathy. Impairment of the LF component in the afternoon could be accounted for by the duration of diabetes and elevated HbA1c level. Impairment of the HF component at night could be accounted for by the duration of diabetes but not an elevated HbA1c level.

CONCLUSIONS
These data indicated that diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy and diabetic subjects with symptomatic autonomic neuropathy, but not diabetic subjects without neuropathy, showed a marked decrease in cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions and loss of circadian rhythm.