BACKGROUND
 Although both disaster management and disaster medicine have been used for decades, their efficiency and effectiveness have been far from perfect. One reason could be the lack of systematic utilization of modern technologies, such as eHealth, in their operations. To address this issue, researchers' efforts have led to the emergence of the disaster eHealth (DEH) field. DEH's main objective is to systematically integrate eHealth technologies for health care purposes within the disaster management cycle (DMC).

 OBJECTIVE
 This study aims to identify, map, and define the scope of DEH as a new area of research at the intersection of disaster management, emergency medicine, and eHealth.

 METHODS
 An extensive scoping review using published materials was carried out in the areas of disaster management, disaster medicine, and eHealth to identify the scope of DEH. This review procedure was iterative and conducted in multiple scientific databases in 2 rounds, one using controlled indexed terms and the other using similar uncontrolled terms. In both rounds, the publications ranged from 1990 to 2016, and all the appropriate research studies discovered were considered, regardless of their research design, methodology, and quality. Information extracted from both rounds was thematically analyzed to define the DEH scope, and the results were evaluated by the field experts through a Delphi method.

 RESULTS
 In both rounds of the research, searching for eHealth applications within DMC yielded 404 relevant studies that showed eHealth applications in different disaster types and disaster phases. These applications varied with respect to the eHealth technology types, functions, services, and stakeholders. The results led to the identification of the scope of DEH, including eHealth technologies and their applications, services, and future developments that are applicable to disasters as well as to related stakeholders. Reference to the elements of the DEH scope indicates what, when, and how current eHealth technologies can be used in the DMC.

 CONCLUSIONS
 Comprehensive data gathering from multiple databases offered a grounded method to define the DEH scope. This scope comprises concepts related to DEH and the boundaries that define it. The scope identifies the eHealth technologies relevant to DEH and the functions and services that can be provided by these technologies. In addition, the scope tells us which groups can use the provided services and functions and in which disaster types or phases. DEH approaches could potentially improve the response to health care demands before, during, and after disasters. DEH takes advantage of eHealth technologies to facilitate DMC tasks and activities, enhance their efficiency and effectiveness, and enhance health care delivery and provide more quality health care services to the wider population regardless of their geographical location or even disaster types and phases.


This book reports the authors' research on one of the most sophisticated general equilibrium models designed for tax policy analysis. Significantly disaggregated and incorporating the complete array of federal, state, and local taxes, the model represents the U.S. economy and tax system in a large computer package. The authors consider modifications of the tax system, including those being raised in current policy debates, such as consumption-based taxes and integration of the corporate and personal income tax systems. A counterfactual economy associated with each of these alternatives is generated, and the possible outcomes are compared.


This thesis examines the roles adopted by clinical pharmacists in the United Kingdom (UK),
the evidence for the effectiveness of the interventions arising from these roles, and the
challenges to and opportunities for future developments in clinical pharmacy.
The research was undertaken in four phases: problem definition; national survey of services
currently provided; in-depth interviews on roles; and a review of literature on effectiveness.
A literature search provided background information on the evolution of pharmacy and of
clinical pharmacy, particularly in the UK. These developments in have been set in the context
of changes in health care provision and in the roles of the other health care professions and
occupational groups. Preliminary interviews, meetings and group work were carried out to
facilitate clarification of the research questions and to assist in the choice of methods.
Two nationwide postal questionnaire surveys were conducted. One inquired about the
provision of clinical pharmacy services to the primary care sector and the other about service
provision within secondary care facilities in the National Health Service (NHS). The response
rates were 91% and 90% respectively. The results show some diversity in the provision of
clinical pharmacy services and provide possible explanations for this variation.
Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with pharmacists, pharmacy
technicians, doctors, nurses and managers at eight sites selected to represent different
characteristics of hospitals. These qualitative data were analyzed by constant comparison. The
results provide a picture of the clinical roles that hospital pharmacists are, and should be,
providing. In addition, they indicate the potential barriers to, and opportunities for, future role
development.
An assessment of the evaluative literature on clinical pharmacy services was undertaken. Most
literature is descriptive and much of the evaluative literature has shortcomings. The results
present the evidence for the effectiveness of clinical pharmacy services in improving patient
care and financial outcomes in the UK NHS.
Finally, quantitative information gathered in the questionnaire survey, qualitative information
from the interviews and the literature evidence were combined to create models of the future
role of the hospital clinical pharmacist in the UK.


'Jack's in-depth knowledge of the catalog market and his exceptional talent for articulating a precise set of how-tos for seemingly every aspect of this complex business are unrivaled...A masterful volume of a highly complex and challenging topic, written by one of the best catalog consultants around' - Laura Beaudry, Editorial Director, "Catalog Age". "Creating a Profitable Catalog" is a comprehensive guide to modern-day cataloging. It includes up-to-the-minute information on concept and creative development, design and production, merchandising, circulation planning, database marketing, operations, and financial management. All of these topics are analyzed in intricate and careful detail as author Jack Schmid guides the reader through every step of building a successful catalog - either in print or on-line. This is a must-have for any aspiring cataloger's library and a welcome addition to the bookshelves of catalog industry veterans.'Jack Schmid is one of this country's best catalog marketers, and he has packed this book full of detailed, practical know-how on each and every aspect of cataloging. This book is important to anyone already working in our industry, but it is indispensable for someone just getting into the business' - Bill Spaide, Partner Spaide, Kuipers & Company. 'I consider Jack Schmid to be the number one catalog strategist of our time. His magnificent new book, "Creating a Profitable Catalog", is a treasure chest that starts with the year 2000 and goes beyond' - Bob Stone, Chairman Emeritus Stone & Adler, author of the bestselling "Successful Direct Marketing Methods".


Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer Disease (AD) and HIV–associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) represent a tremendous burden to healthcare and a devastating impact on society. A common feature of neurodegenerative diseases is progressive dysfunction and death of neurons in key regions of the brain. Observations of dysregulated cell cycle proteins in the brains of patients, along with research in animal models and cultured cells, suggest that aberrant functions of cell cycle proteins contribute to neuronal death and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The p53 tumor suppressor is a key component in cell cycle signaling and cell death. p53 maintains multiple functions related to cellular homeostasis and cell fate determination, and is negatively regulated by two E3 ubiquitin ligases, MDM2 and MDMX (murine double minute X). MDM2 and MDMX promote cell survival and are implicated in several types of cancer, but the functions of MDMX in neurons are largely unknown. MDMX promotes survival in cultured neurons, but becomes degraded in response to neurotoxic stress, leading to a conclusion that MDMX acts as a "node" for stress factors in neuronal death. This thesis examines mechanisms by which MDMX promotes neuronal survival, and how MDMX functions become disrupted during neurodegenerative disease. Utilizing human tissue samples, rodent models, and pharmacological experiments in cultured neurons, we determined how MDMX is affected in AD and HAND, and how these changes relate to neuronal damage. First, we demonstrate that calpain–mediated loss of MDMX contributes to neuronal damage in a model of HAND, and that MDMX overexpression protects neurons in this model. In our second body of work, we demonstrate that neuronal MDMX is reduced in AD and in AD models due to amyloid–induced caspase activation, and that loss of MDMX function contributes to pathological processes observed in AD, including mitochondrial damage, calpain activation, and Cdk5 hyperactivity. Finally, we examine p53 as a downstream effector of MDMX in neurons. We conclude that the oncoprotein MDMX promotes neuronal survival through regulation of mitochondria, calpains, and Cdk5. Our work has identified mechanisms of MDMX degradation in two neurodegenerative diseases, whereby MDMX activity is reduced, causing dysregulation of downstream factors and neuronal damage. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Neuroscience First Advisor Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1241


Logic locking aims to protect the intellectual property of a circuit from a fabricator by modifying the original logic of the circuit into a new "locked" circuit such that an entity without the key should not be able to learn anything about the original circuit. While logic locking provides a promising solution to outsourcing the fabrication of chips, unfortunately, several of the proposed logic locking systems have been broken. The lack of established secure techniques stems in part from the absence of a rigorous treatment toward a notion of security for logic locking, and the disconnection between practice and formalisms. We seek to address this gap by introducing formal definitions to capture the desired security of logic locking schemes. In doing so, we investigate prior definitional efforts in this space, and show that these notions either incorrectly model the desired security goals or fail to capture a natural "compositional" property that would be desirable in a logic locking system. Finally we move to constructions. First, we show that universal circuits satisfy our security notions. Second, we show that, in order to do better than universal circuits, cryptographic assumptions are necessary.


In Swedish the word "ting" has different meanings. It can mean "things", "matters" and "a session at court" as well as the act of appropriating space. This one-day workshop starts in the notion of the artifact as a "ting", and design as something that raises a question, provokes a discussion, and creates a public through which agonistic encounters occur. This particular lens allows us to approach design beyond 'merely producing artifacts'. Instead, we come to see it as a production of provocations, speculations, and alternative interpretations of the social world as well as new sets of relationships between participants in this public. Because of the importance of the role and embodiment of the designer/artist in making publics, this workshop calls attention to self-reflective practices in participatory design, and questions how these practices can be embedded in the functionality of new publics and design practices.


Jesus People, the Esalen Retreat Center, the Free Speech Movement, and Goddess worship are examples of religion California style. Likewise, the leaders of these movements – Lonnie Frisbee, Michael Murphy, Mario Savio, and Starkhawk – provide examples of California prophets. Their stories reveal the religious dimension of some distinctively California values.


Mining smartness from vision organs found in nature becomes of much interest in optical applications such as imaging, display, or lighting. Unlike conventional bulk optics, miscellaneous hierarchical structures at micro- or nanoscale deliver highly efficient light management with a small form factor. For example, natural species have evolved their eyes to obtain all necessary visual information from surrounding environment. Natural imaging schemes can be chiefly classified by three different types of pinholes, camera, and compound eyes. Pinhole eyes found in clam are sensitive enough to allow the animals to protect themselves from dangerous environment but not so sensitive to collect all visual inputs. Unlike other types, the pinhole eye as one of natural eyes with the simplest and thinnest optical configurations is well known for infinite depth-of-field, i.e., no blurred imaging depending on object distance and thus these unique features have been implemented on early-stage simple camera imaging systems. Besides, advanced pinhole eyes are also found in viper snakes of Crotalinae and some python of Boidae, which combine both pinhole eye and ordinary camera eye in order to confer infrared (IR) as well as visible imaging for warm-blooded preys. Compound eyes found in arthropods exhibit many intriguing features for wide field-of-view (FOV), fast motion detection, polarization sensing, color imaging, or high-resolution imaging with compact optical configuration unlike other types. They comprise arrays of integrated optical units called ommatidia. The individual component consists of a facet lens, a crystalline cone, a light-guiding rhabdom, and photoreceptor cells. Furthermore, nature exhibits ten different optical schemes of compound eyes, which have some attractive figures-of-merits for sustainable life style in visual acuity, photon collection efficiency, and polarization or spectral sensitivity. Such biological inspiration recently and actively provides new opportunities for improving optical capability of conventional imaging systems by incorporating nano- and microfabrication methods and furthermore it delivers technical solutions for miniaturized optical systems in medical, industrial, and military fields. In this chapter, we will review engineering approach inspired from diverse biological organs, which can be utilized for miniaturized optical systems in diverse optical applications.


: The human melanoma cell line MeWo was found to contain two populations of cells, one containing 83 chromosomes (hypotetraploid) and the other containing 43 chromosomes (hypodiploid). All of the hypodiploid cells, but none of the hypotetraploid cells, contained chromosomes with long homogeneously staining regions (HSR's) when examined with quinacrine fluorescence. These long HSR's on an X-chromosome and derivative chromosome 15, produced characteristic patterns of positive- and negative-staining areas along the HSR's with both conventional Giemsa (G) staining and C-banding. The C- and G-positive regions stained with distamycin A-DAPI, which is specific for the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, 15p, 16, and Y. DNA extracted from MeWo cells and digested with the restriction enzymes KpnL or Sau3A exhibited marked amplification of a 1.8-kilobase fragment. The amplified Sau3A fragment (D15Z1) was cloned, mapped, and partially sequenced. The sequenced region contained a five-base-pair repeat unit (adenine-adenine-thymine-guanine-guanine) that has undergone considerable divergence. Estimates of the size of the HSR's and the amount of amplified DNA suggested that each HSR contained at least 30,000 copies of the 1.8-kb KpnL fragment, representing about 50% of each HSR. The amplified sequence was identified as one member of the previously described KpnL family of repeated sequences. In situ hybridization of D15Z1 to MeWo metaphase chromosomes resulted in heavy labeling over both HSR's. These data suggested that centromeric heterochromatin and neighboring sequences on chromosome 15 have been amplified and some of this material translocated to the X-chromosome.


We propose a class of kernel-based two-sample tests, which aim to determine whether two sets of samples are drawn from the same distribution. Our tests are constructed from kernels parameterized by deep neural nets, trained to maximize test power. These tests adapt to variations in distribution smoothness and shape over space, and are especially suited to high dimensions and complex data. By contrast, the simpler kernels used in prior kernel testing work are spatially homogeneous, and adaptive only in lengthscale. We explain how this scheme includes popular classifier-based two-sample tests as a special case, but improves on them in general. We provide the first proof of consistency for the proposed adaptation method, which applies both to kernels on deep features and to simpler radial basis kernels or multiple kernel learning. In experiments, we establish the superior performance of our deep kernels in hypothesis testing on benchmark and real-world data. The code of our deep-kernel-based two sample tests is available at this https URL.


In 1993, Naomi Wolf presented a divisive polemic on feminism. In Fire with Fire, (1) a New York Times notable book and national bestseller, Wolf called for a new approach to address shortcomings she perceived in the feminist movement. She cited a chief concern: that feminism was out of touch with the average woman's needs and mindset. Wolf claimed that most women did not identify with feminism, stating that the feminist movement relied too heavily upon scare tactics in seeking support. As a result, she argued, feminism failed to inspire women. Where did women find inspiration, then? In some cases, Wolf said, they relied on the media. She claimed that women more often found role models they identified with in the mainstream media than in feminist discourse, for women are "fed up with the reminders of their own oppression. We are moved far more effectively by appeals to our strength, resourcefulness, and sense of responsibility" (2)--appeals that she noted were increasingly common in the mass media of the 1990s. As evidence for her claim, Wolf wrote that during the Gulf War, women were inspired by imagery of female soldiers. She argued, "If the woman behind you at the checkout counter at Wal-Mart can crush a foreign enemy, and probably disable an unarmed domestic assailant, what can you not do?'' (3) Wolf listed Roseanne Arnold, Queen Latifah, and Janet Reno (4) as iconic role models for mainstream women, praising media texts such as Thelma and Louise, Gone With the Wind, 9 to 5, Fried Green Tomatoes, and Cheers (5) for offering appealing new representations. Wolf claimed that the strong women in these media texts were derivative of archetypal strong women--the Greek goddess Diana, the Queen of Sheba, and Nike, Winged Victory--that were "reawakening in the female psyche.'' (6) Wolf made a case that in the popular imagination, the idea of women's strength and power was successfully supplanting a popular conception of women as victims. Wolf praised modern iconic strong women and ancient archetypes as exemplars of "power feminism." She conceived of power feminism as a positive form of feminist thought and engagement that begins with the assumption that women have "enormous power," (7) both financially and politically. Wolf argued that women can use this power to effect sweeping change in society--working within the system, using the master's tools, rather than outside of it as radicals. (8) Thus, Wolf revealed her opposition to Marxist and neo-Marxist feminist perspectives. In the wake of Fire with Fire's commercial success, the strong woman ascended in U.S. popular culture, reflecting changing cultural ideas about women, strength, and power. Representations of heroic women in such television shows as Xena: Warrior Princess (1995-2001), Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997-2003), Charmed (1998-2006), and Alias (2001-2006) (9) helped rectify the media's symbolic annihilation of women, (10) in discourse with Wolf's contributions to power feminism. These characters took ownership of the "enormous power" that Wolf ascribed to all women, wielding it compellingly and garnering loyal audiences. Whether Wolf's assessment of the feminist movement was right or wrong (and I gravitate towards the latter, in part because her stance on victimhood is reductionistic and problematic), she had correctly assessed the powerful woman's appeal and resonance. For several years, archetypically strong women like Xena were the pulse of the television landscape, and their narratives implicitly reinforced power feminist ideals, cycling them repeatedly through the media environment. However, the fantasy/science-fiction orientation of these shows meant that these television programs usually depicted power feminist ideals through their characters' behaviors, generally eschewing clear engagement with feminist issues. This individualistic emphasis reflected a key characteristic of the "prime-time feminism" that Bonnie Dow has analyzed: specifically, prime-time television's longstanding tendency to focus on feminist identity, rather than feminist politics. …


Abstract Social media platforms routinely apply personalization algorithms to ensure the content presented to the user is relevant and engaging. These algorithms are designed to prioritize and make some pieces of information more visible than others. However, there is typically no transparency in the criteria used for ranking the information, and more importantly, the consequences that the resulting content could have on users. Social media platforms argue that because they do not alter content, just reshape the way it is presented to the user, they are merely technological companies (not media companies). We highlight the value of a Responsible Research and innovation (RRI) approach to the design, implementation and use of personalization algorithms. Based on this and in combination with reasoned analysis and the use of case studies, we suggest that social media platforms should take editorial responsibility and adopt a code of ethics to promote corporate social responsibility.


In the wake of the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church mandated the printing of new, uniform religious texts. This article examines the manner in which the Hieronymite monastic order in Spain responded to the council's directive. It demonstrates that the Hieronymites, despite their own reforming activities and their extraordinarily close relationship with the Spanish monarchy, at first rejected and then rather abruptly embraced the new texts when Philip II bestowed on them the exclusive right to print, vend, and distribute the new Tridentine books across the Spanish empire. As the purveyors of the reformed books, however, the Hieronymites fell out of step with their clerical brethren, which led members of the Spanish church to challenge the Hieronymite privilege at both the royal court and the Holy See. While the Hieronymite monopoly withstood challenges for decades, the order's relationship with the new texts demonstrates that Catholic reform, even in close proximity to Trent's strongest secular supporter, was sometimes driven more by temporal than spiritual concerns.


BACKGROUND
The necessity of antidepressant continuation-phase therapy following acute-phase response has resulted in the need to characterize the longer-term efficacy and safety of all new medications. Previous studies using "extension" protocols suggest that mirtazapine has sustained antidepressant effects. The current study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of up to 1 year of mirtazapine therapy, using a more rigorous, randomized, placebo-controlled discontinuation design.

METHOD
An intent-to-treat sample of 410 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for moderate-to-severe recurrent or chronic major depressive episodes began 8 to 12 weeks of open-label therapy with mirtazapine (flexibly titrated, 15-45 mg/day). Thereafter, 156 fully remitted patients (according to Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scores) were randomly assigned to receive 40 weeks of double-blind continuation-phase therapy with either mirtazapine or placebo.

RESULTS
Mirtazapine therapy reduced the rate of depressive relapse by more than half, with 43.8% of patients relapsing on treatment with placebo as compared with 19.7% of the mirtazapine-treated patients. The discontinuation rate due to adverse events was 11.8% for active mirtazapine therapy versus 2.5% for placebo. Although weight gain was significantly greater in the group receiving active medication during the double-blind phase (p = .001), patients taking mirtazapine gained only 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) across the 40 weeks of continuation therapy, and there was no difference in the rates of weight gain as a newonset adverse event.

CONCLUSION
Continuation-phase therapy with mirtazapine is effective and well tolerated.


Transverse amplitude responses of a circular cylinder in cross-flow were determined as a function of reduced velocities for a variety of spring constants and damping coefficients. Maxima were found at reduced velocities of 5 and 16, and were of comparable amplitude. The first resonance, designated the "fundamental mode," was due to normal vortex street excitation of the spring-mass system. The second resonance, designated the "lower mode," occurred when the natural frequency was approximately one-third of the normal vortex shedding frequency. By assuming that the driving force was sinusoidal, it was possible to evaluate the lift coefficients at resonance. Lift coefficients for the lower mode behaved similarly with amplitude ratio but were an order of magnitude lower than lift coefficients for the fundamental mode. A mechanism was used to oscillate the cylinder transversely at prescribed frequencies and amplitudes. Dominant wake frequencies were determined from a frequency analysis of the hot-wire signal for a range of velocities and a fixed frequency of oscillation. It was found that synchronization of the shedding frequency to the forcing frequency did not take place for the lower mode. The familiar "lock-in" region, or frequency synchronization over finite bandwidth, was observed for the fundamental mode only. Since the frequency associated with normal vortex shedding was not suppressed when oscillations took place in the lower mode, it would seem that a low frequency vortex street had not replaced the normal one. It is likely, then, that the spring-mounted cylinder responded subharmonically to the exciting force resulting from vortex shedding. In this regard, however, it was curious that subharmonic response was not found at a frequency ratio of 0.5 as it was at 0.33. A conceptual model, which incorporated features of both the low frequency vortex street and subharmonic response, was developed which accounted for lower mode response at a frequency ratio of 0.33 as well as the lack of response at 0.5.


This thesis is an exploratory and seminal work aimed to select and test available calibration algorithms for efficiency, usability and most importantly, accuracy of multiple camera and lens configurations in the context of DAS (Driving Assistance Systems). The camera and lens configurations considered were basically fixed stereo setups with normal and fish-eye lenses combined with low and high camera sensor resolutions. The stereo camera setup used for calibration and experiments were similar to those used during DAS experiments. The selected calibration algorithms were four: OpenCV calibration, Bouguet, Mei and Scaramuzza algorithms. The OpenCV calibration was selected and tested for normal lens while Bouguet, Mei and Sacaramuzza algorithms were selected for fish-eye lens. The methodologies selected and used for testing and comparing calibrations were backprojection error and row misalignment error as well as direct comparison of calibration parameters whenever applicable. The calibration experiment results showed that OpenCV calibration is a suitable and accurate calibration algorithm for normal lens in the context of DAS. Similarly,Bouguet's fish-eye calibration toolbox seems to be the most appropriate in terms of accuracy and robustness in the context of DAS according these calibrations experiments. Mei's algorithm was second and Scaramuzza was third mostly due to inaccuracy and difficulty to use. Finally, this research contributed to the utilization of multiple camera calibration in DAS systems as well as to the evaluation and recommendations for best camera configurations for different purposes and environment conditions.


ABSTRACT Although scholarship on the general ideological orientation of right-wing populist parties is well established, few scholars have studied their ideas about gender. De Lange and Mügge therefore ask how differences in ideology shape right-wing populist parties' ideas on gender. Drawing on the qualitative content analysis of party manifestos, they compare the gender ideologies and concrete policy proposals of national and neoliberal populist parties in the Netherlands and Flanders from the 1980s to the present. They find that some parties adhere to a modern or modern-traditional view, while others espouse neo-traditional views. Moreover, some right-wing populist parties have adopted gendered readings of issues surrounding immigration and 'Islam', while others have not. The variation in stances on 'classical' gender issues can be explained by the genealogy and ideological orientation of the parties, whereas gendered views on immigration and Islam are influenced by contextual factors, such as 9/11.


The yellow bass has been reported only once in Oklahoma. It was first taken by A. D. Aldrich (circa 1937) from a small oxbow lake (Vann's Lake) 8 miles north of Muskogee near the Verdigris River in Wagoner County (1), and listed as Morone interrupta Gill by C. L. Hubbs in a manuscript list (1941) of Oklahoma fishes. Vann's Lake became completely dry during the summers of 1954 and 1955. One specimen, taken by G. E. Hall on 2 June, 1950, from Vann's Lake is catalogued as UOMZ 26257 the University of Oklahoma, Norman. Carl D. Riggs collected 3 specimens (UOMZ 26390) from an oxbow lake northwest of the Dekalb Ferry in McCurtain County in 1951. Robison, Moore and Miller indicated the yellow bass as a rare species in Oklahoma (2), but erred in indicating its presence in Muskogee County. The same error appears in Miller and Robison (3). There are no known records of yellow bass from Muskogee County. Except for undocumented angler's reports of specimens caught in Red River oxbows, the above-mentioned records constitute the known distribution of the species in Oklahoma. On 21 October 1977, the authors and a class of Moore High School science students took the first documented specimens from an Oklahoma stream, using a 1-inch-mesh, 4 × 50-ft gill net, set across the mouth of Little Pine Creek (S25 T5S R2E) where it enters Little River 2 miles below the Pine Creek Reservoir in McCurtain County. The specimens (129 and 131 mm SL), identified by Jimmie Pigg and confirmed by Dr. Loren Hill, were catalogued as number 196 and placed in the Oklahoma Department of Health fish collections in Oklahoma City. On 7 June 1978, J. Pigg, D. Young and S. Watkins, a survey team from the Oklahoma Department of Health, collected three additional specimens (134, 142 and 148 mm SL) using a 1-inch-mesh, 4 × 50-ft gill net set across the mouth of Lukfata Creek (S14 T7S R24E) where it enters Little River north of Idabel on HW 70. These specimens were also catalogued into the Department of Health collection as number 231. Fourteen additional specimens (91 108 mm SL) were collected by Dr. Clark Hubbs and the ichthyology class from the University of Oklahoma Biological Station on 20 June 1978 from the mouth of Lukfata Creek, using a 12-ft minnow seine. These specimens were placed in the U.O.B.S. fish collection.


Cooperative localization (also known as sensor network localization) using received signal strength (RSS) measurements when the source transmit powers are different and unknown is investigated. Previous studies were based on the assumption that the transmit powers of source nodes are the same and perfectly known which is not practical. In this paper, the source transmit powers are considered as nuisance parameters and estimated along with the source locations. The corresponding Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the problem is derived. To find the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, it is necessary to solve a nonlinear and nonconvex optimization problem, which is computationally complex. To avoid the difficulty in solving the ML estimator, we derive a novel semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation technique by converting the ML minimization problem into a convex problem which can be solved efficiently. The algorithm requires only an estimate of the path loss exponent (PLE). We initially assume that perfect knowledge of the PLE is available, but we then examine the effect of imperfect knowledge of the PLE on the proposed SDP algorithm. The complexity analyses of the proposed algorithms are also studied in detail. Computer simulations showing the remarkable performance of the proposed SDP algorithm are presented.


Metrics is often defined as a discipline that concerns itself with the study of meters. In this volume the term is used in a broader sense that more or less coincides with the traditional notion of "versification". Understood this way, metrics is an eminently complex object that displays variation over time and in space, that concerns forms of a great variety and with different statuses (meters, rhymes, stanzas, prescribed forms, syllabification rules, nursery rhymes, slogans, musical textsetting, ablaut reduplication etc.), and that as a cultural manifestation is performed in a variety of ways (sung, chanted, spoken, read) that can have direct consequences on how it is structured. This profusion of forms is thought to correspond, at the level of perception, to a limited number of cognitive mechanisms that allow us to perceive and to represent regularly iterating forms. This volume proposes a relatively coherent overall vision by distinguishing four main families of metrical forms, each clearly independent of the others and amenable to separate typologies.


Forest managers establish feeding stations throughout coniferous forests in western Washington that are vulnerable to American black bear (Ursus americanus) damage in the spring. This study was conducted to determine whether the home ranges of bears in areas with supplemental feeding were smaller than the home ranges of bears in similar adjacent areas without supplemental feeding. Home range sizes varied among bears. However, the home range sizes of bears in feeding areas did not differ (P > 0.35) from home ranges of bears in non-feeding areas. Male bears had larger (P = 0.0002) home ranges than female bears, but this difference was consistent across both treatments (P > 0.35). Bear home ranges were reduced (P = 0.029) during the feeding period relative to the non-feeding period, but this reduction was not related to treatment (P = 0.261). Although the supplemental feeding program did not affect home range sizes, the telemetry study data, supported by data collected through videomonitoring of feeding sites, indicated that feeding stations may attract and concentrate bears at specific locations.


Apophyllite, a hydrous K-Ca-phyllosilicate, reacts with acidic aqueous solutions at room temperature. Various analytical methods have been applied to study the mechanism of the reaction and its characteristics, i.e. the changes in chemical composition, modifications in crystal structure and alterations in surface morphology. In contact with acidic solution, protonation of the terminal, non-bridging oxygen at the silicate tetrahedra takes place and the interlayer cations K+ and Ca2+ are removed. The protonation and ion removal causes the interlayer spacing to increase. Atomic force microscopy shows that the increase takes place discontinuously and, therefore, reflects a discontinuous reaction that comprises a two- or three-step protonation. Additionally, three structurally different protonation sites have been detected by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy which also differ in the amount of close-by hydrogen, although in pristine apophyllite all terminal oxygen positions at silicate tetrahedra are structurally equivalent. In many clay minerals such structurally different protonation sites have not been detected so far. Thus, the multi-step protonation process in apophyllite clearly demonstrates the vast sensitivity of the protonation reaction on small structural variations in phyllosilicates.


The paper investigates the changes in management and trade of non timber forest products (NTFP) in northern uplands of Laos and how they are related to agricultural production from both landscape and livelihoods perspectives. Surveys were conducted in Luang Prabang province with multiple groups of stakeholders (e.g. villagers, traders, officials from different administrations) to compare the value chains of agricultural and forest products and assess their interactions. Analysis of remote sensing data and literature review complemented field investigations to describe the historical changes in land use and in the management of NTFP and agricultural commodities. The study revealed how forest and agriculture products are complementary from both an economic perspective: i.e. how they complement each other in household economics and traders businesses; and an ecological perspective: i.e. how they complement each other at the landscape level. At the landscape level, the complex mosaics of agriculture and forest patches are key assets in term of resilience of the overall system in the face of unpredictable natural events (e.g. floods, droughts, fires). The main lesson is that the on-going segregation of agricultural and forest spaces tend to increase economical and ecological vulnerability by decreasing diversity in landscapes and livelihood systems. The on-going trend of specialization of farming activities as a result of the shifting cultivation eradication policy should be buffered in such a way that multiple livelihood systems and economic development pathways can be maintained. The loss in the resilience of the socio-ecological system due to simplification of the natural landscape should be compensated by improved mechanisms for landscape governance.


New and improved satellite sensors specially designed for vegetation monitoring have been launched in recent years; including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) onboard Terra and Aqua, the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on the ENVISAT satellite, and VEGETATION onboard the Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) satellite. The aim of this paper is to evaluate two different vegetation indices of these new sensors; the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). This is done by radiometric in situ measurements covering natural grass savanna in Senegal. Variations in the dynamic range of in situ NDVI was found caused by the differences in spectral response functions, MERIS NDVI characterized by the largest dynamic range. Both daily MERIS and MODIS NDVI mirrored accurately in situ measured NDVI (MERIS r2 =0.97 and MODIS r2=0.96). VEGETATION NDVI (only available as ten-day composites) was found to be significantly lower than MODIS NDVI due to lower VEGETATION near-infrared (NIR) reflectance values. A good agreement between the NDVI/EVI relation from satellite and from in situ measured MODIS NDVI/EVI was found. This indicates an accurate atmospheric correction of the MODIS red, NIR, and blue spectral bands, also confirmed by in situ measured reflectances. EVI is sensitive to variations in blue band reflectance, and the consistency between EVI from the different sensors is reduced when compared to NDVI due to the different atmospheric correction schemes of the blue band. Thus, it is recommended that vegetation index cross-sensor algorithms should be based on NDVI over EVI


This paper presents a PhD-course called "Kick start to academic life - Information Management and Publication Process for Social Scientists", a collaboration between the Social Sciences Faculty Library at Lund University and professors at the Faculty. The objective of the course is to provide PhD candidates with generic knowledge about how to effectively conduct their PhD studies when it comes to information management and the publication processes. The course combines an introduction to the process of managing one's need of information as a PhD student, and an introduction to the process of managing the publication of one's results. The librarians have been involved in the development of this PhD course, from the first idea of a course in generic competences and on to the actual implementation. The Faculty of Social Science came up with the idea of a course like this in 2009, and asked two teachers/professors and two librarians to make an outline. We choose to focus on students in the beginning of their PhD studies, who would benefit most from it. We have now run it for 3 years (2010-2012), developed the course as for content and size, from demands from students and faculty as well as from our own experiences. Designing the course together, librarians and professors gained an insight into each other's competences and area of expertise. We used previous experiences from working with PhD students, like the providing of shorter courses, seminars and workshops. We choose a course design mixing lectures and workshops, in order to make the course both theoretical and practical. The course design also helped emphasizing aspects of the subject being discussed. One example is by adding a practical workshop in reference management program given by the librarians just after a lecture given by a professor about how and why academics cite. Another example is when we invite an editor of a high ranked peer-reviewed journal to talk about article submission from the journals/editors point of view and then follow up with a more practical session on where, how and what kind of information you search in order to find relevant information about possible journals to send manuscripts to. This course design creates dynamic connections between the more classic way of academic lectures/discussions and tools that improve the PhD students' generic skills. As a result, valuable connections are being made and it is also a way of visualizing how academia works and how the culture is communicated in different ways. This includes everything from demystifying the "back-stage processes" of academia as well as finding relevant tools to navigate in a rapidly changing publication process. Both workshops and home assignments are built upon the idea of constructive alignment. The students are to focus on their respective subject field when working with the assignments, to make them matter to the individual. Normal 0 21 false false false SV X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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We performed unilateral carotid artery occlusion on CD-1 mice to create a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model and investigated the effects of neonatal HI brain injury by studying neurobehavioral functions in these mice compared to non-operated (i.e., normal) mice. During the study, Rice-Vannucci's method was used to induce neonatal HI brain damage in postnatal day 7-10 (P7-10) mice. The HI operation was performed on the pups by unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to hypoxia (8% O2 and 92% N2 for 90 min). One week after the operation, the damaged brains were evaluated with the naked eye through the semi-transparent skull and were categorized into subgroups based on the absence ("no cortical injury" group) or presence ("cortical injury" group) of cortical injury, such as a lesion in the right hemisphere. On week 6, the following neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate the cognitive and motor functions: passive avoidance task (PAT), ladder walking test, and grip strength test. These behavioral tests are helpful in determining the effects of neonatal HI brain injury and are used in other mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, neonatal HI brain injury mice showed motor deficits that corresponded to right hemisphere damage. The behavioral test results are relevant to the deficits observed in human neonatal HI patients, such as cerebral palsy or neonatal stroke patients. In this study, a mouse model of neonatal HI brain injury was established and showed different degrees of motor deficits and cognitive impairment compared to non-operated mice. This work provides basic information on the HI mouse model. MRI images demonstrate the different phenotypes, separated according to the severity of brain damage by motor and cognitive tests.


Many studies have attempted to identify the success factors for Health Information Technology (HIT) implementation. Unfortunately, such success factor lists are long and unwieldy, and it can be difficult to see which ones should have received more attention than others. Thus, there is a need to examine critical success factors (CSFs) that should be most attended to in the context of competing priorities. IT managers, through their experience, can know best which relevant factors have been crucial for successful implementation of the projects; therefore, it is imperative to understand the perceptions of IT managers regarding relative importance of success factors in HIT implementation. This research aims to reassess and synthesize CSFs influencing HIT implementation, focusing on the question: "What are the CSFs in HIT implementation from IT managers' point of view?" We surveyed the IT managers in four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Swe-den) and discuss the preliminary results regarding IT manager background and the CSFs in this research-in-progress paper.


Bio art is a new art form that has emerged from the cultural impact and increasing accessibility of contemporary biotechnology. Signs of Life is the first book to focus exclusively on art that uses biotechnology as its medium, defining and discussing the theoretical and historical implications of bio art and offering examples of work by prominent artists.Bio art manipulates the processes of life; in its most radical form, it invents or transforms living organisms. It is not representational; bio art is in vivo. (A celebrated example is Eduardo Kac's own GFP Bunny, centered on "Alba," the transgenic fluorescent green rabbit.) The creations of bio art become a part of evolution and, provided they are capable of reproduction, can last as long as life exists on earth. Thus, bio art raises unprecedented questions about the future of life, evolution, society, and art.The contributors to Signs of Life articulate the critical theory of bio art and document its fundamental works. The writers--who include such prominent scholars as Barbara Stafford, Eugene Thacker, and Dorothy Nelkin--consider the culture and aesthetics of biotechnology, the ethical and philosophical aspects of bio art, and biology in art history. The section devoted to artworks and artists includes George Gessert's Why I Breed Plants, Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr's Semi-Living Art, Marc Quinn's Genomic Portrait, and Heather Ackroyd and Dan Harvey's Chlorophyll.


The northeastern Caribbean exhibits high deformation and is fragmented by several faults into smaller tectonic blocks. One of these faults was the site of the catastrophic 12th of January 2010 earthquake. In this thesis I aim to constrain the main forces driving lithospheric deformation in the Caribbean region in general, and specifically in the northeastern Caribbean plate boundary zone. First I determine the lithospheric forces acting on the Caribbean plate. I find that frictional forces, including an extra push at the island of Hispaniola are the main forces driving the Caribbean plate. I investigate the mantle structure underneath the Caribbean plate using a seismic P-wave velocity model. Using the correlation between material temperature and seismic velocity I link the observed mantle structure to tectonic reconstructions, in particular to suggested sites of subduction of cold lithosphere. The tomography confirms Cenozoic subduction under the Lesser Antilles, under the Maracaibo block and under Central America, as well as Mesozoic subduction under the Greater Antilles and Central America. Moreover, the shape of the subducting slab under the Lesser Antilles leads us to infer that that the northeastern Caribbean plate boundary is not a simple STEP. Instead of vertical tearing of the subducting slab, the latter remains attached to the lithosphere at the surface. The particular structure of this slab, resembling an amphitheatre, has important implications for the evolution and deformation of the plate boundary. Finally I investigate these implications of the inferred slab structure in particular its laterally moving edge, using the calculated force magnitudes. The slab edge exerts a push on the overriding Caribbean plate, which henceforth is referred to as "slab edge push". I compare the slab edge push with the implications of collision with the carbonate Bahamas platform, the generally accepted cause for the observed lithospheric deformation in the northeastern Caribbean plate boundary zone. For the Present, both the slab edge push and the Bahamas collision reproduce the observations of lithospheric deformation. Both scenarios fail to correctly predict the observed Miocene rotation of the Puerto Rico – Virgin Island microplate. Only a combination of the two scenarios correctly explains the observations of rotation, with the relative contribution of the slab edge larger than the contribution of the Bahamas collision. I conclude that the dominant mechanism causing deformation in the northeastern Caribbean plate boundary region is the slab edge push.


1. A simple optical method was used to observe speed, stride length and stepping frequency in undisturbed walking or running wild animals. Most measurements were made on the gnu (adult and young calf) and Thomson9s gazelle. 2. The hypothesis that stepping frequency is independent of speed is not tenable for any gait. 3. The data are discussed in terms of N, the average number of feet in contact with the ground. It is suggested that the value required of N by the animal is the main consideration determining its choice of gait. 4. The height of the vertical jumps in galloping does not need to increase indefinitely with speed, and the power needed for the jumps is not likely to limit the maximum galloping speed. 5. Stepping frequency observations in the walk, trot and canter were analysed for 14 mammal species plus the gnu calf. Stepping frequency was found to vary with about the - 0.5 power of the linear dimensions in all three gaits. 6. It is suggested that only three gaits should be recognized, the walk, trot and canter, and that they should be distinguished on the basis of ( a ) the symmetry or otherwise of the stepping pattern, ( b ) the range of N over which the gait can be used, and ( c ) the nature of the energy transformations which occur at each step.


With rapid economic restructuring, large-scale population migration and market-oriented housing commercialization, China's urban residents have experienced increasing segregation of residential spaces. How such socio-spatial stratifications have impacted their jobs has significant policy implications and deserves a systematic investigation. Using the Sixth Census (2010) data with detailed geographic information for Shanghai, we examine the residential patterns of residents and particularly investigate how the patterns of local residents' residential clustering are different as compared to those of migrants. We find that rural migrants in Shanghai feature a much higher level of residential segregation as compared to urban locals and urban migrants, with considerable concentration in the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, data suggests that rural migrants tend to cluster in low-skilled and low-paying jobs at the bottom hierarchy of the urban labor market. We then investigate how the neighborhood contexts are associated with individuals' employment outcomes. It shows that migrant enclave residence is associated with positive employment outcomes for rural migrants, indicating the strong social networks that exist in these neighborhoods. Nonetheless, the positive social network effect is not shared by urban migrants or urban natives. Several robustness checks have been implemented to safeguard these findings. Finally we discuss the policy implications of our findings and potential extension of this research in the future.


Altered metabolic needs of cancer cells may provide a means to selectively inhibit their growth. Attention has focused recently on the altered metabolism of tumor cells and the possibility that better understanding of metabolic differences between transformed and nontransformed cells might provide new means of battling cancer. Weinberg et al. analyzed the metabolic requirements of various cell lines transformed with the Kras oncogene. Increased aerobic glycolysis is characteristic of some cancer cells, so the authors tested whether glycolysis was required for proliferation of colon cancer cells with a Kras mutation in soft agar. If glycolysis was inhibited by depletion of glucose 6-phosphate isomerase with shRNA, but the pentose phosphate pathway remained active, cells were dependent on mitochondrial metabolism for survival, but the number of colonies formed in soft agar was unaffected. However, the colony size was limited, indicating that cells were unable to grow in hypoxic conditions. Thus the primary role of glucose metabolism in these cells seems to be production of intermediates for the pentose phosphate pathway, whereas glycolytic production of ATP allows growth in hypoxic conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle showed that catabolism of glutamine in the TCA cycle was required for colony formation. To test whether generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria influenced proliferation of the cancer cells, the authors targeted nitroxides to the mitochondria to prevent ROS production. Such treatment decreased the number of colonies formed in soft agar and caused an increase in phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1 and ERK2. Pharmacological inhibition of the MAP kinase signaling pathway restored colony formation in the nitroxide-treated cells, indicating that ROS may act by inhibiting activity of the MAP kinase pathway. By manipulating mitochondrial DNA, the authors showed that cells that did not produce ROS failed to grow in an anchorage-independent manner. Cells that could generate ROS but were deficient in oxidative phosphorylation did grow in soft agar. Further evidence that mitochondrial metabolism does contribute to tumor growth in vivo was obtained from mice in which alleles encoding a mitochondrial transcription factor were disrupted, resulting in defects in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Retrovirally induced tumors containing Kras in such animals were smaller and less abundant than those in control animals. The authors conclude that glycolysis in cancer cells primarily feeds intermediates to the pentose phosphate pathway to support synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids but is used in hypoxic conditions to generate ATP. A requirement for glutamine, previously noted for Myc-transformed cells, may be a more general requirement of cancer cells, and a supply of substrates to the TCA cycle is apparently also a requirement for tumorigenicity. F. Weinberg, R. Hamanaka, W. W. Wheaton, S. Weinberg, J. Joseph, M. Lopez, B. Kalyanaraman, G. M. Mutlu, G. R. S. Budinger, N. S. Chandel, Mitochondrial metabolism and ROS generation are essential for Kras-mediated tumorigenicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 8788–8793 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Abstract. The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) at ca. 40 Ma is one of the largest of
the transient Eocene global warming events. However, it is relatively poorly
known from tropical settings since few sites span the entirety of the MECO
event and/or host calcareous microfossils, which are the dominant proxy
carrier for palaeoceanographic reconstructions. Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
Pacific Ocean Site 865 in the low-latitude North Pacific (Allison Guyot) has
the potential to provide a useful tropical MECO reference, but detailed
stratigraphic and chronological constraints needed to evaluate its
completeness were previously lacking. We have addressed this deficit by
generating new high-resolution biostratigraphic, stable isotope, and X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) records spanning the MECO interval (∼38.0–43.0 Ma) in two holes drilled at Site 865. XRF-derived
strontium ∕ calcium (Sr∕Ca) and barium ∕ strontium (Ba∕Sr) ratios and Fe count
records allow correlation between holes and reveal pronounced rhythmicity,
enabling us to develop the first composite section for Holes 865B and 865C
and a preliminary cyclostratigraphy for the MECO. Using this new framework,
the sedimentary record is interpreted to be continuous across the event, as
identified by a pronounced transient benthic foraminiferal δ18O
shift of ∼0.8 ‰. Calcareous microfossil
biostratigraphic events from widely used zonation schemes are recognized,
with generally good agreement between the two holes, highlighting the
robustness of the new composite section and allowing us to identify planktic
foraminiferal Zones E10–E15 and calcareous nannofossil Zones NP15–18.
However, discrepancies in the relative position and ordering of several
primary and secondary bioevents with respect to published schemes are noted.
Specifically, the stratigraphic highest occurrences of planktic foraminifera,
Acarinina bullbrooki, Guembelitrioides nuttalli, and Morozovella aragonensis, and calcareous nannofossils, Chiasmolithus solitus and Sphenolithus furcatolithoides, and the lowest occurrence of
Reticulofenestra reticulata all appear higher in the section than would be predicted relative to other
bioevents. We also note conspicuous reworking of older microfossils (from
planktic foraminiferal Zones E5–E9 and E13) into younger sediments
(planktic foraminiferal Zones E14–15) within our study interval consistent
with reworking above the MECO interval. Regardless of reworking, the
high-quality XRF records enable decimetre-scale correlation between holes
and highlight the potential of Site 865 for constraining tropical
environmental and biotic changes, not just across the MECO but also
throughout the Palaeocene and early-to-middle Eocene interval.


In this paper we outline the economics of healthcare as a problem of coordinating data and examine how blockchain technology might be applied as new economic infrastructure to govern those data rights. We argue that blockchain as a technology of trust pushes the economic organisation of healthcare data away from large, centralised hierarchical organisation towards decentralised, emergent platform organisation. The fundamental problem in healthcare is the coordination and governance of information around decision making (e.g. patient records, licensing of professionals, medical trial data, supply chains). The new economics of healthcare emphasises how this information is governed (e.g. through firms, governments, markets, blockchains) and how the most effective governance changes through time as new technologies of trust are developed. We examine the potential of blockchain as new healthcare data infrastructure (including ensuring the integrity of pharmaceuticals and devices, medical records and data markets). Our view is that blockchain fundamentally shifts healthcare data property rights away from centralised third parties (e.g. hospitals, companies, governments) towards decentralised data property rights held by individual patients. The future platform-based healthcare ecosystem will act as the foundational institutional infrastructure for new competitive solutions to healthcare problems (powered up through other technologies such as the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence), helping to solve a growing healthcare productivity crisis.


The number of mega sports events in the Persian Gulf Region has been exponentially increasing for the last fifteen years. But it is particularly the state of Qatar that has invested consistently in the sports industry. This process of sportification has started with the Asian Games held in 2006 and will culminate with the stage of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. For the first time in the history, the tournament will be hosted in the Middle East, and, with an estimated cost of 220 billion US$, the economic impact of this edition of the Cup is going to be unprecedented. The research aims to analyse the effectiveness of hosting mega sports events as facilitators of intra-regional connections. Particularly, the study will investigate risks and opportunities relating the economic impact; the effectiveness of the Cup to re-brand Qatar internationally; and the evolution of the diplomatic relationships among the six counties of the Gulf Cooperation Council (i.e. Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Oman).
The article argues the event will have a negative impact on Qatar. The aim of using sport to diversify the economy and affirm Qatar internationally as a modern and powerful country is turning out to have a boomerang effect. Indeed, just after the award to stage the event, allegations of human rights issues and concerns about Qatar's harsh weather arose. Also, accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right to host the event. In addition, the award to stage the Cup has been accelerating a process of disaggregation among the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council, being this one of the reasons that caused, in June 2017, the biggest political crisis to hit the Middle East in years and ended in breaking diplomatic ties between Qatar and four Arab countries.


Law enforcement is an intermittently physically demanding job, interspersed with long periods of sedentary activity. To prepare for the physical demands of the job, law enforcement agencies enlist recruits into academies with a focus on physical training. Often, academies focus on aerobic-based exercise despite anaerobic fitness being strongly correlated to occupational tasks. The objective of this article is to analyze the changes in the fitness of police recruits during academy training. Initial and final fitness test results, encompassing muscular power, strength, endurance as well as aerobic and anaerobic fitness, were measured to analyze changes in fitness. Dependent t-tests showed significant increases (p < 0.05) across all fitness tests, with a trend towards larger increases in aerobic and muscle-endurance-based tests. Recruits from this academy tended to have higher fitness results compared to other academies and were either average or below average compared to age-matched standards in the general population. Physical training should persist for recruits beyond the academy to continue to develop fitness throughout their career. Academies should add a focus on muscular strength and power training as these measures relate to occupational tasks, which may better prepare recruits for demands they will be expected to face in the field.


Seasonal influenza is an acute, contagious respiratory infection that causes considerable morbidity and mortality each year. The Chief Medical Officer for England recommends that healthcare workers have a seasonal influenza vaccination in an attempt to protect both patients and NHS staff. Despite current recommendations and campaigns targeted at improving vaccination uptake, many healthcare workers do not have a seasonal influenza vaccination. It is clear that more research is necessary to fully understand the vaccination decision of healthcare workers. This mixed methods thesis employed a range of novel methodological approaches to understanding the influences on the seasonal influenza vaccination decision by medical students and junior doctors. Social network analysis is a well-established research approach that looks at individuals in the context of their social connections. I used an outbreak simulation model to investigate to assess whether an individual's risk of infection could be linked with their position in the social network. Expanding further on this, the auto-logistic regression model was applied to social network data to predict an individual's likelihood of vaccinating given the behaviour of their peers. Finally, a qualitative approach was used to explore the factors informing vaccination decisions. Findings gathered throughout this programme of work were synthesised together to produce a more detailed evaluation of seasonal influenza vaccination amongst medical students and junior doctors. These have been disseminated widely, particularly to occupational health practitioners and the wider academic community – demonstrating that this public health research has impact in practice. By gaining a better understanding of the social effects on influenza vaccination it will be possible to improve seasonal influenza vaccination uptake by healthcare workers, in turn better protecting patients and staff.


HAA 101 | INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN ART | 4 quarter hours (Undergraduate) This course is based on a series of important issues in the study of African art, such as medium and color, portraiture, the artist and innovation, relationships with language, royal patronage, divination, gender, aesthetics, Othering, and authenticity. The course will explore each of these concepts through a variety of artistic traditions from the continent. In this manner, students will gain basic theoretical tools which will enable them to work with art from across Africa.


Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of flow-diversion for treatment of large and complex middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms Method We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of all patients who underwent PED placement for aneurysm at our institution from October 2010 to October 2013. We included 10 patients of which 5 had large MCA aneurysms and 3 had giant ones. Fusiform unruptured aneurysms represented 7 of all 10 aneurysm. Angiographic and clinical follow-up were available for all patients mostly between 7 and 12 months. Results We had no technical complications, no periprocedural morbidity and mortality. On follow-up we had no hemorrhagic complication, no aneurysm rupture and only one clinically significant thromboembolic event in a patient who discontinued antiplatelet therapy against medical advice. One patient had completely occluded his diseased vessel but remained asymptomatic. The overall complication rate is 3/10. On follow-up complete occlusion occurred in 7 patients (7/9). Conclusion PED treatment for large, giant and bifurcation MCA aneurysms was feasible, with satisfying complete-occlusion rate, no mortality and reasonable morbidity rate. Disclosures M. Zanaty: None. N. Chalouhi: None. S. Tjoumakaris: None. L. Gonzalez: None. R. Rosenwasser: None. P. Jabbour: None.


Abstract Large‐scale control of Australian possums throughout New Zealand uses toxic cereal baits containing 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate). These baits are often aerially applied over rough terrain where ground application is impractical. Many small streams flow in these areas, so 1080 baits can potentially fall into them. The ecological effect of 1080 leaching from baits was assessed on freshwater fish and invertebrate communities in four streams using a BACI experimental design. Four sites were selected in each stream: 10m and 100m below and 10m and 100m above where 1080 baits were placed. All sites were monitored 4 days and 1 day before and after baits were added, respectively. Separate experiments were conducted to assess impacts of 1080 on native fish and invertebrate communities. Baits were added to each stream to achieve bait densities 10 × greater than found after normal control operations. Three species of native fish, longfin eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii), koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis), and upland bullies (Gobiomorphus breviceps) were placed into separate cages at each site in each stream, and mortality monitored during the experiment. Analysis of water samples collected during the fish experiment showed that 1080 was detected only for 12h, and at low concentrations (c. 0.2 ìg litre‐1), despite the large number of baits placed in each stream. No fish died after addition of 1080 baits, suggesting that all three species were tolerant to dissolved 1080 at concentrations observed in this study. Invertebrate communities were quantified by sampling 10 replicate rocks at each site. Caddisflies (Helicopsyche, Pycnocentrodes, and Pycnocentria), orthoclad midges, and the mayfly Deleatidium dominated the community. 1080 had no detectable effects on the invertebrate community. These results suggest that 1080 leaching from submerged baits in small streams has no demonstrable biological impacts. Based on this finding, the need to maintain buffer zones around large waterways as some councils require is questioned.


The transient electromagnetic method has a wide range of depth of exploration in the ground. The
transient-electromagnetic-method-based shallow sounding is becoming popular in engineering geophysics
such as grounding grid measurement, pipeline detection, and mine exploration. It is useful for
shallow sounding to raise the transmitting frequency, improve the spectral resolution, and enhance the
power of withstanding all kinds of near-surface noise. Therefore, a well-designed transmitter current
waveform should not only induce more effective geoelectric information at a low energy cost but also
prevent external interferences during transient electromagnetic method prospecting.
For this purpose, the frequency-domain characteristics of single-pulse waveforms and multipulse
sequences are analysed, on the basis of three fundamental waveforms—rectangular, triangular,
and half-sine shapes. The energy efficiency ratio, high-frequency energy percentage, and frequency
resolution are introduced to evaluate the performance of the transmitter current source, in a
numerical or graphical manner. Furthermore, six window functions are used to modulate the rectangular
pulse sequence. The analysis and simulation results prove that the pulse current source modulated
by the Blackman window is advantageous in terms of energy efficiency, high-frequency content,
and frequency resolution. In addition, the Blackman modulating sequence has many blank
frequency bands (also called identifiable bands) where the noise is completely exposed and easy to
remove. This work is useful for the design, optimisation, and selection of transmitter current waveforms
for different applications, especially for near-surface geophysical prospecting.


Unnever and Cullen (2010) argue that there is a "culturally universal" relationship between racial/ethnic/immigrant animus and general punitiveness.  Because this thesis seems ill-fitting to Canada's multicultural society, we re-examine the connection in Canada between punitiveness and intolerance associated with new immigrants. We do this by expanding their multivariate analyses of the Canadian case to consider additional data sources spanning the first decade of this century, and by testing directly their thesis that the relationship is mediated by citizens imputing criminal activity to negatively-viewed outgroups.  We show that the relationship between immigrant intolerance and punitiveness reported in their original research for the year 2000 remains strong in 2004, 2008 and 2011 and resists explanation in terms of potentially relevant third variables. Our supplementary study examining the capacity of a criminal immigrant mindset variable to mediate this association shows that mediation is partial only. We conclude (1) that outgroup animus and general punitiveness are indeed related in the Canadian case, (2) that there is modest support for the Unnever/Cullen account of that relationship, but (3) that most of the original relationship remains unexplained.


As the 20th century drew to a close with the certainty of carrying the blight of global poverty into the 21st century and new millennium, Jimmy Carter and Nelson Mandela co-chaired an Aspen Institute international conference on "The International Poverty Gap: Investing in People and Technology to Build Sustainable Pathways Out." Thirty high-level, experienced participants from around the globe discussed the most effective guiding principles and programs for development in the age of technololgy and globalization and how to implement them. Key areas of focus were the role of technology; higher education; microenterprise; and partnerships among developing countries, donor and lender institutions, private enterprise, universitites, and NGOs. This book contains a conference summary with key ideas and recommendations, speeches by Presidents Carter and Mandela, and commissioned papers. This book and conference are the sequel to "Persistent Poverty in Developing Countries: Determining the Causes and Closing the Gaps."


This paper presents an implementation of Plug-and-Play for the FREEDM system with IEC61499 function blocks. The FREEDM system is the envisioned next generation power distribution infrastructure which integrates DRER/ER with the legacy grid and is enabled by novel power electronics and distributed control. Plug-and-Play device integration is one of the key features of the FREEDM system that allows distributed renewable energy resources and distributed energy storage devices to be added or removed from the FREEDM distributed intelligent devices seamlessly. IEC61499 is an open standard for designing distributed control systems, which is investigated in the FREEDM project as an underlying system-level software architecture. Plug-and-Play is achieved by dynamic reconfiguration in IEC61499 to create the necessary function blocks during runtime for enabling Plug-and-Play between the DRER and the DGI devices. The developed Plug-and-Play technology is incorporated into the FREEDM infrastructure implemented in IEC61499 function blocks.


We consider a flexible structure modeled as a shear beam which is free to rotate on the horizontal plane. We first model the system by using partial differential equations and we propose boundary feedback laws to achieve set-point regulation of the rotation angle as well as to suppress elastic vibrations. The main advantage of the proposed design, which consists of a decoupling controller together with an observer, is that it is easy to implement. We utilize a coordinate transformation based on an invertible integral transformation by using Volterra form and backstepping techniques. We show that with the proposed controller, the control objectives are satisfied.


In a setting of predominantly saline surface waters in Zeeland, the Netherlands, The only available shallow fresh groundwater resource is present in the form of freshwater lenses floating on top of saline groundwater. This fresh water is vital for agricultural, industrial, ecological, water conservation and drinking water functions. An essential first step for managing the usable water properly is to know the location of the fresh?saline groundwater interface. Traditional salinity mapping with ground-based vertical electrical soundings, electrical cone penetration tests or chloride measurements from groundwater samples is time-consuming and, therefore, expensive to cover large areas. Airborne electromagnetics, which is fast and can cover large areas in short time, is an efficient alternative. Therefore, a consortium of BGR, Deltares and TNO conducted the project FRESHEM Zeeland during 2014?2017. An area of more than 2000 km2 was surveyed using BGR?s helicopter-borne geophysical system totalling 9640 line-km. The helicopter-borne electromagnetic data, after inversion to resistivity?depth models, served as baseline information for further interpretation. Without information on lithology, however, an accurate discrimination between fresh and saline groundwater applying fixed resistivity thresholds would fail if clayey sediments exist. Therefore, a probabilistic Monte Carlo approach was developed within the FRESHEM project. This approach combines helicopter-borne electromagnetic resistivities, 3D geological model (GeoTOP), laboratory results (formation factor and surface conductivity) and local in situ groundwater measurements for the translation of resistivity data to chloride concentration. As such detailed information is generally not available, another approach, which uses only helicopter-borne electromagnetic results to derive the thicknesses of the freshwater lenses from smooth inversion models, is presented in this paper. The corresponding fresh?saline groundwater interfaces are derived from steepest resistivity?depth (log?log) gradients appearing within a certain resistivity range. The bounds of this range are defined by resistivity values, which predominantly correlate with fresh or saline water, nearly independent of the lithology type. The results of this approach are checked using both synthetic and field data. The latter are compared with electrical cone penetration test measurements, the common threshold approach and the 3D chloride distribution of the FRESHEM results, particularly in an evaluation area where the transition of fresh to saline groundwater is relatively sharp. The fresh?saline groundwater interfaces derived by all methods are quite similar on average with deviations in the order of a metre. Locally, however, greater deviations occur, particularly close to the coast and along creek ridges or dunes, where the elevation of the fresh?saline groundwater interface varies notably. ? 2018 European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers.


Abstract Although beeswax adulteration represents one of the main beeswax quality issues, there are still no internationally standardised analytical methods for routine quality control. The objective of this study was to establish an analytical procedure suitable for routine detection of beeswax adulteration using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. For the purpose of this study, reference IR spectra of virgin beeswax, paraffin, and their mixtures containing different proportions of paraffin (5 - 95%), were obtained. Mixtures were used for the establishment of calibration curves. To determine the prediction strength of IR spectral data for the share of paraffin in mixtures, the Partial Least Squares Regression method was used. The same procedure was conducted on beeswax-beef tallow mixtures. The model was validated using comb foundation samples of an unknown chemical background which had been collected from the international market (n = 56). Selected physico-chemical parameters were determined for comparison purposes. Results revealed a strong predictive power (R2 = 0.999) of IR spectra for the paraffin and beef tallow share in beeswax. The results also revealed that the majority of the analysed samples (89%) were adulterated with paraffin; only 6 out of 56 (11%) samples were identified as virgin beeswax, 28% of the samples exhibited a higher level of paraffin adulteration (>46% of paraffin), while the majority of the analysed samples (50%) were found to be adulterated with 5 - 20% of paraffin. These results indicate an urgent need for routine beeswax authenticity control. In this study, we demonstrated that the analytical approach defining the standard curves for particular adulteration levels in beeswax, based on chemometric modelling of specific IR spectral region indicative for adulteration, enables reliable determination of the adulterant proportions in beeswax.


Sharing practices have increased over the last decade as a byproduct of the economic recession and the wider use of online services, creating the hype of 'Sharing Economy'. However, sharing economy as defined today includes contradictory cases of renting, sharing, commoning, collaboration, solidarity, and typical businesses. This article focuses on cases that outline sharing as an act that facilitates a transition of urban communities towards places that are socially interactive and resourceful. Those practices are defined as 'Sharing Culture'. Sharing culture relates to social networks that grow informally within a region and have as their goal to co-produce, manage and share resources, time, services, knowledge, information, and support based on solidarity rather than economic profit. Ultimately, sharing culture creates an alternative pathway for citizens to serve daily needs in a more sustainable, resourceful, and socially engaging manner by investing in regional and local assets. Because sharing culture is tightly related to the everyday and the local, the social construct of a region as well as the physical design influence how and where it emerges. Through a theoretical review of sharing practices and empirical data from a short selection of sharing culture cases, this article explores what sharing culture is, how it emerges, and highlights the importance of physical space in the process of diffusion within an area. The goal of this article is twofold: first, to provide a new theoretical framework, that of the sharing culture, which enriches the current debate on sharing and collaborative practices and distances itself from economic transactions of sharing economy, while focusing on human needs and characteristics of solidarity. Second, the article intends to reveal the lack of systematic research on how these practices are influenced by physical space.


Technology—the collection of devices and methods available to human society—evolves by constructing new devices and methods from ones that previously exist, and in turn offering these as possible components—building blocks—for the construction of further new devices and elements. The collective of technology in this way forms a network of elements where novel elements are created from existing ones and where more complicated elements evolve from simpler ones. We model this evolution within a simple artificial system on the computer. The elements in our system are logic circuits. New elements are formed by combination from simpler existing elements (circuits), and if a novel combination satisfies one of a set of needs, it is retained as a building block for further combination. We study the properties of the resulting build out. We find that our artificial system can create complicated technologies (circuits), but only by first creating simpler ones as building blocks. Our results mirror Lenski et al.'s: that complex features can be created in biological evolution only if simpler functions are first favored and act as stepping stones. We also find evidence that the resulting collection of technologies exists at self-organized criticality. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 23–31, 2006


The results are presented of a study of unintentional switches to the L1 in L2 speech production, and the relevance of the findings for current views on bilingual speech production is discussed. The data for the study are 771 unintentional switches to Dutch at the word level in a 140,000 word corpus of L2 speech produced by 45 Dutch learners of English at three different proficiency levels.The learners' use of switches to the L1 appeared to be related to their L2 proficiency level. Function words were more often involved in unintentional codeswitching than content words, particularly in the case of the less advanced L2 learners. These findings are interpreted as providing support for current spreading activation accounts of lexical access in bilingual speech production in which the relative frequency of L1 and L2 words in the learner's repertoire plays an important role.Following Levelt (1993), it is assumed that the frequency effect plays a role at the lexeme or word form level rather than at the lemma level. Arguments are advanced that the unintentional use of L1 words in L2 production can be viewed as the result of errors, or slips, in lexical access at the lexeme level. Most switches were not in any way adapted to the L2 system, but there were a few instances of morphological (12) and phonological (10) adaptation to the L2. The cases of morphological adaptation all involved the use of a Dutch base form (stem) without the appropriate Dutch inflectional morpheme. In all cases the unintentionally used Dutch words were adapted to English in the sense that, in accordance with the rules of English, no inflectional morphemes were added to the stem. The absence of Dutch inflections offers support for Myers-Scotton's (1993) Matrix Language Frame Model, which predicts that in L2 + L1 constituents, in which L2 is the matrix language and L1 the embedded language, inflectional morphemes are supplied by the L2.Finally, on the basis of the occurrence of certain adaptations in the data and the absence of certain other adaptations, it is, be it tentatively, concluded that inflected words must be stored in the mental lexicon both fully and in decomposed form and that there is a checking device which intercepts forms that are not represented in the mental lexicon.


Sir, a ballad-singer is a higher man, for he does two things; he repeats and he sings: there is both recitation and musick in his performance.... --Samuel Johnson (1) Despite often being described as "sister arts" in the eighteenth century, the intimate relationship between poetry and music has been neglected by recent criticism in favor of text-based theories of interpretation. This paper investigates how noise defined the aesthetics of Englishness at the end of the eighteenth century and for the Romantic period, suggesting that it is possible to trace sound patterns in literature and in prints, and thereby to reconstruct certain soundscapes. Although the following account is itself profoundly text-based, it does attempt to consider how sounds, whether musical settings or background noise, can be articulated in literature, and how this noise may echo changing social conditions. My interpretation is underpinned by the "neo-pragmatist" poetics of Richard Shusterman, as elaborated for literary criticism by Ralph Pordzik. Pordzik's approach calls for an examination of the "situational embedment" of a text: how literature "functions as experience." (2) This is not merely investigating how literature "affects our emotions," but is "a method of recapturing a dimension of the written text that appeals to our sense of a more fully realized, sensual experience instead of our intellectual or analytical abilities." (3) Neopragmatist reading is not paraphrasing; "it should be seen as a literary practice that tries to be more adequate, more true, to the text's sensual import, one that brings us closer to achieving an internally more integrative experience of reading as 'collaboration' with the text." (4) For the purposes of the present paper, neo-pragmatist reading stresses the harmonic expectations of eighteenth-century readers confronted with a ballad or song text, and argues that acoustic references in verse should not simply be considered as metaphorical, but as the traces of a lost (and irrecoverable) physical reality. (5) Literature is, in other words, a secret history of noise. Lines may allude to the voice and music, the natural sounds of birdsong, wind, and rain, the insistent hubbub of the city, and so forth. All of these sorts of sounds can be emphasized with acoustic effects such as alliteration, assonance, and rhyme, but there is also in writing a secondary noise, like a background ambience, which carries sounds more covertly or implicitly. This is almost inaudible to readers today, but would have been more noticeable to contemporaries. Popular folk melodies such as "Packington's Pound" or "Derry Down," street cries, and even the unearthly strains of the Aeolian harp may no longer be familiar sounds today, but they were part of the phonic world of the eighteenth century. (6) They were not metaphorical sounds but actual experiences, and hence they whisper through the poetry of the period. I shall confine my discussion to one work: Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (popularly known as "Percy's Reliques," first published in 1765). My argument proposes that in eighteenth-century collections of "old ballads," and in particular in Percy's Reliques, textual sound effects are deployed in order to exemplify an emerging English identity, and that this subsequently influenced the antiquarian editing of later ballad collections and the composition of verse. These activities also attempted to distance the English tradition from political balladeering and the rude sounds of rioting. The Reliques is a collection of ballads, songs, romances, and historical poetry, liberally seasoned with Percy's literary-antiquarian annotation: there are traditional ballads, songs from Shakespeare, translations from the Moorish, Scottish songs, as well as popular and political verses from British history. Many of the pieces purportedly derived from Percy's "folio MS," the seventeenth-century commonplace book he had famously rescued from being used as a firelighter, but he also drew on many printed sources, including Thomas D'Urfey's Pills to Purge Melancholy (1719-20) and the 1723 Collection of Old Ballads, as well as archives such as the Pepys Library and his own collection of contemporary broadsides. …


BACKGROUND: Acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia can give rise to acute mountain sickness, and rarely, high altitude pulmonary edema, and high altitude cerebral edema. However, with gradual adaptation to "chronic hypoxia", following the Adaptation to High Altitude Formula (Adaptation = time / altitudeΔ), the organism does remarkably well. High altitude residents are perfectly adapted to their environment. The cities of La Paz (3100–4100 m) and El Alto (4100 m) stand as living proof of this with 2.7 million inhabitants living perfectly normal lives, undisturbed by hypoxia and most even unaware of its existence. All the cells of the organism adapt to a lower arterial oxygen arterial partial pressure (PaO2) and likewise to a lower arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), an essential component that linked to an increased compensatory hemoglobin explain the paradox of increased "tolerance to hypoxia" at high altitude. METHODS: We reviewed the > 70 years old population historic records of the official Bolivian registration service SEGIP. Two groups were analyzed: those greater than 90 years of age, and those greater than 100 years of age according to the different altitude departments in Bolivia. RESULTS: As the altitude increases, the longevity increases. Santa Cruz at 416m and La Paz at 3800m (average), both with around 2.7 million inhabitants each, have 6 versus 48 centenarians respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Life under chronic hypoxia is not only tolerable, but also is, in fact, favorable to improve or treat many pathological conditions such as asthma, coronary artery disease, obesity and even giving rise to improved longevity. Sea level residents (when compared to high altitude residents) suffer a disability: poor tolerance to hypoxia.


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This paper studies the Hodges and Lehmann (1956) optimality of tests in a general setup. The tests are compared by the exponential rates of growth to one of the power functions evaluated at a fixed alternative while keeping the asymptotic sizes bounded by some constant. We present two sets of sufficient conditions for a test to be Hodges-Lehmann optimal. These new conditions extend the scope of the Hodges-Lehmann optimality analysis to setups that cannot be covered by other conditions in the literature. The general result is illustrated by our applications of interest: testing for moment conditions and overidentifying restrictions. In particular, we show that (i) the empirical likelihood test does not necessarily satisfy existing conditions for optimality but does satisfy our new conditions; and (ii) the generalized method of moments (GMM) test and the generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) tests are Hodges-Lehmann optimal under mild primitive conditions. These results support the belief that the Hodges-Lehmann optimality is a weak asymptotic requirement.


Objectives: Effects of sociodemographic, sexual and clinical factors, and disease awareness on psychosexual impacts of anogenital warts (AGWs), in certain societies are less known. The study aimed to determine psychosexual effects of such factors in refugees with AGW.
Methods: A pilot, cross-sectional study on 100 refugees with AGWs was conducted based on determining depression (DEP) and sexual experiences (S-Exp) of the subjects. Effects of sociodemographics, sexual life properties, clinical and laboratory examination findings, disease duration, relapse, and disease awareness on psychological status of the subjects were determined. They were examined by a dermatologist, a family physician and a psychiatrist, respectively and were questioned by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX). Results were analysed by NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) software program, 2007. A p value <0.05 was accepted significant.
Results: In terms of DEP and S-Exp, there were no significant differences between the BDI and ASEX values of the subjects below and above their thresholds according to the predetermined variables (each p>0.05), except for treatment modalities in which the rate of DEP in subjects who received cryotherapy (CT)+trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was higher than those who solely received CT treatment (p<0.003). Ninety-three percentages of the subjects had inadequate disease knowledge or misperceptions.
Conclusion: Psychosexual adversities of AGWs on DEP and S-Exp can be determined significantly lower in refugees because the reasons of inadequate or wrong disease knowledge such as ignorance / misperceptions/superstitions, and/or, indifference to their diseases, because radical changes in understanding of quality of life (QoL), which are stemmed from harsh living conditions.