BACKGROUND
Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease and kidney damage in adults. There is a paucity of data on the long-term sequelae of persistent hypertension in children, but it is known that children with hypertension have evidence of end organ damage and are at risk of hypertension into adulthood. The prevalence of hypertension in children is rising, most likely due to a concurrent rise in obesity rates. In children with hypertension, non-pharmacological measures are often recommended as first-line therapy, but a significant proportion of children will eventually require pharmacological treatment to reduce blood pressure, especially those with evidence of end organ damage at presentation or during follow-up. A systematic review of the effects of antihypertensive agents in children has not previously been conducted.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the dose-related effects of different classes of antihypertensive medications, as monotherapy compared to placebo; as combination therapy compared to placebo or a single medication; or in comparisons of various doses within the same class, on systolic or diastolic blood pressure (or both) in children with hypertension.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2013, Issue 9), Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to October 2013), Ovid EMBASE (1974 to October 2013) and bibliographic citations.

SELECTION CRITERIA
The selection criteria were deliberately broad due to there being few clinical trials in children. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least two weeks duration comparing antihypertensive agents either as monotherapy or combination therapy with either placebo or another medication, or comparing different doses of the same medication, in children with hypertension. Hypertension was defined as an average (over a minimum of three readings) systolic or diastolic blood pressure (or both) on the 95(th) percentile or above for age, height and gender.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently selected relevant studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We summarised data, where possible, using a random-effects model. Formal assessment of heterogeneity was not possible because of insufficient data.

MAIN RESULTS
A total of 21 trials evaluated antihypertensive medications of various drug classes in 3454 hypertensive children with periods of follow-up ranging from three to 24 weeks. There were five RCTs comparing an antihypertensive drug directly with placebo, 12 dose-finding trials, two trials comparing calcium channel blockers with angiotensin receptor blockers, one trial comparing a centrally acting alpha blocker with a diuretic and one trial comparing an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with an angiotensin receptor blocker. No randomised trial was identified that evaluated the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications on target end organ damage. The trials were of variable quality and most were funded by pharmaceutical companies.Among the angiotensin receptor blockers, candesartan (one trial, n = 240), when compared to placebo, reduced systolic blood pressure by 6.50 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) -9.44 to -3.56) and diastolic blood pressure by 5.50 mmHg (95% CI -9.62 to -1.38) (low-quality evidence). High dose telmisartan (one trial, n = 76), when compared to placebo, reduced systolic blood pressure by -8.50 (95% CI -13.79 to -3.21) but not diastolic blood pressure (-4.80, 95% CI -9.50 to 0.10) (low-quality evidence). Beta blocker (metoprolol, one trial, n = 140), when compared with placebo , significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 4.20 mmHg (95% CI -8.12 to -0.28) but not diastolic blood pressure (-3.20 mmHg 95% CI -7.12 to 0.72) (low-quality evidence). Beta blocker/diuretic combination (Bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide, one trial, n = 94)when compared with placebo , did not result in a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (-4.0 mmHg, 95% CI -8.99 to -0.19) but did have an effect on diastolic blood pressure (-4.50 mmHg, 95% CI -8.26 to -0.74) (low-quality evidence). Calcium channel blocker (extended-release felodipine,one trial, n = 133) was not effective in reducing systolic blood pressure (-0.62 mmHg, 95% CI -2.97 to 1.73) or diastolic blood pressure (-1.86 mmHg, 95% CI -5.23 to 1.51) when compared with placebo. Further, there was no consistent dose response observed among any of the drug classes. The adverse events associated with the antihypertensive agents were mostly minor and included headaches, dizziness and upper respiratory infections.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Overall, there are sparse data informing the use of antihypertensive agents in children, with outcomes reported limited to blood pressure and not end organ damage. The most data are available for candesartan, for which there is low-quality evidence of a modest lowering effect on blood pressure. We did not find evidence of a consistent dose response relationship for escalating doses of angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. All agents appear safe, at least in the short term.


Like other fangirls, fans of former boyband One Direction ("Directioners")
have often been represented in media discourse as obsessive and hysterical,
with fan behaviour interpreted as longing for heterosexual intimacy with band
members. Subverting this heteronormative framing, a group of Directioners
known as "Larries" have built a sub-fandom around imagining a relationship
("ship") between two of the band members, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson.
Representation of the Larry fandom has gone beyond pathologizing fangirls to
framing their shipping practice in terms of "fake news." The conspiracy theory
panic around Larries misses the complex ways that subtext and queer reading are
mobilized within the fandom to invoke feelings of queer intimacy and belonging.
Drawing on a digital ethnography conducted on Twitter with Larries, we argue
that these fans engage in queer reading strategies to explicitly imagine and interrupt
dominant heterosexual narratives, and thus queer the figure of the fangirl.


Feature visualizations such as synthetic maximally activating images are a widely used explanation method to better understand the information processing of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). At the same time, there are concerns that these visualizations might not accurately represent CNNs' inner workings. Here, we measure how much extremely activating images help humans in predicting CNN activations. Using a well-controlled psychophysical paradigm, we compare the informativeness of synthetic images by Olah et al. [45] with a simple baseline visualization, namely natural images that also strongly activate a specific feature map. Given either synthetic or natural reference images, human participants choose which of two query images leads to strong positive activation. The experiment is designed to maximize participants' performance, and is the first to probe intermediate instead of final layer representations. We find that synthetic images indeed provide helpful information about feature map activations (82 ± 4% accuracy; chance would be 50%). However, natural images—originally intended to be a baseline—outperform these synthetic images by a wide margin (92±2% accuracy). The superiority of natural images holds across the investigated network and various conditions. Therefore, we argue that visualization methods should improve over this simple baseline.


This paper attempts to analyze some mechanisms of neoliberal ideology in the public university system. Drawing upon some political economy of communication resources we propose that one can assess the aforementioned mechanisms as a type of audience commodity work by which neoliberal ideology incorporates students into the process of ideological production, the goal of which is to shape student's understanding of education and self as a marketable commodity. In making this argument, the paper modifies Dallas Smythe's conception of the audience commodity and introduces the notion of the student-commodity. We argue that, ultimately, the role of the public university in a neoliberal regime is to produce the student-commodity and sell it to the corporate sector. These are examples of what Smythe calls the "consciousness industry," and we argue is the core productive activity of the public university system.


During the 49th cruise of the RV DMITRY MENDELEEV, remote ADCP measurements of ultrasonic backscattering coefficients (BC) at 215 kHz were made together with biological sampling and sedimentological station deployment. It was found that the structure of the BC field on the Ob–Yenisei Delta is closely connected with the processes of fast sedimentation in the region of fresh‐water influence. The BC field in the west basin of the Kara Sea is formed on the background of weakly sound scattering Arctic water under the influence of the intrinsic mezoplankton distribution, cost erosion, tidal mixing processes, and refreshed water transport from the Ob–Yenisei Delta. The present study demonstrates that ADCP is a very powerful tool for investigation of suspended matter distribution and transport in the marginal seas with river plumes.


A myriad of methods are available for virtual screening of small organic compound databases. In this study we have successfully applied a quantitative model of consensus measurements, using a combination of 3D similarity searches (ROCS and EON), Hologram Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (HQSAR) and docking (FRED, FlexX, Glide and AutoDock Vina), to retrieve cruzain inhibitors from collected databases. All methods were assessed individually and then combined in a Ligand‐Based Virtual Screening (LBVS) and Target‐Based Virtual Screening (TBVS) consensus scoring, using Receiving Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate their performance. Three consensus strategies were used: scaled‐rank‐by‐number, rank‐by‐rank and rank‐by‐vote, with the most thriving the scaled‐rank‐by‐number strategy, considering that the stiff ROC curve appeared to be satisfactory in every way to indicate a higher enrichment power at early retrieval of active compounds from the database. The ligand‐based method provided access to a robust and predictive HQSAR model that was developed to show superior discrimination between active and inactive compounds, which was also better than ROCS and EON procedures. Overall, the integration of fast computational techniques based on ligand and target structures resulted in a more efficient retrieval of cruzain inhibitors with desired pharmacological profiles that may be useful to advance the discovery of new trypanocidal agents.


By pumping a fiber in the anomalous group-velocity dispersion regime with a color-center laser, we generate a femtosecond distributed soliton spectrum with τ ≳ 100 fsec covering a wide spectral range between 1.55 < λ < 1.85 μm. We present a theory to explain the spectrum and use autocorrelations and cross correlations to verify the results experimentally. Modulation instability and the soliton self-frequency shift effect initiate a multisoliton collision process that results in narrow, high-intensity solitons. An ensemble average over these solitons, which start from noise and frequency shift by different amounts, yields the observed broad spectra. We use the fiber output in pump–probe experiments, measuring the exciton ionization time in InGaAs/InP multiple quantum wells for the first time to our knowledge.


Although boys and girls are generally located in the same physical school environment, it may be experienced differently by, and have varying implications for, boys and girls. Girls like school more and achieve higher school marks, but they also perceive more school-related pressure. Based on a total sample of 8456 ninth grade pupils in Stockholm in 2004, this study uses multilevel linear regression to analyse differences between boys and girls with regard to a number of school-performance indicators (demands, motivation, teacher support and school marks) and their association with subjective health complaints. Results showed that girls perceive more demands, show greater academic motivation, perform better in school and report more emotional support from teachers than boys. In contrast, instrumental and appraisal support from teachers are more commonly reported by boys. Associations between school-performance indicators and subjective health complaints were slightly stronger for girls than for boys. Contextual variation in health complaints, especially between classes, was found only for girls. High achievement motivation and emotional teacher support in the school class was associated with better pupil health, suggesting that a positive climate in terms of motivation and support favours class health as a whole.


Aeroacoustic emissions were identi ed as a primary concern in the public acceptance of wind turbines. A review of literature involving sound localization was undertaken and led to the design of two microphone arrays to identify acoustic sources. A small-scale array composed of 27 sensors was produced with the intention of improving the quality of sound measurements over those made by a single microphone in a small, closed-loop wind tunnel. A large-scale array containing 30 microphones was also implemented to allow for measurements of aeroacoustic emissions from airfoils and rotating wind turbines. To minimize cost and pursue alternative sensor technologies, microelectromechanical microphones were selected for the array sensors and assembled into the arrays on printed circuit boards. Characterization of the microphones was completed using a combination of calibration techniques, primarily in a plane wave tube. Array response to known sources was quanti ed by analyzing source maps with respect to source location accuracy, beamwidth, and root mean square error. Multiple sources and rotating sources were tested to assess array performance. Following validation with known sources, wind tunnel testing of a 600 watt wind turbine was performed at freestream speeds of 2.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s, 4.5 m/s, and to 5.5 m/s. Signi cant aeroacoustic emissions were noted from the turbine in the 4.5 m/s and 5.5 m/s cases, with an increase of up to 12 dB over background levels. Source maps from the 5.5 m/s tests revealed that the primary location of aeroacoustic emissions was near the outer radii of the rotor, but not at the tip, and generally moved radially outward with increasing frequency. The azimuthal location of the greatest sound pressure levels was typically found to be between 120◦ and 130◦ measured counterclockwise from the upward vertical, coinciding with the predicted location of greatest emissions provided by an analytical model based on dipole directivity and convective ampli cation. Analysis of the acoustic spectra, turbine operating characteristics, and previous literature suggested that the sound emissions emanated from the trailing edge of the blades.


This paper examines a number of chaos shift keying methods Different approaches for the optimization of the transmitter and the receiver (based on statistical arguments) are compared through simulation. Based on the results, The tradeoff between computational comnplexity and performance is discussed. As usual, the performance measure considered is the bit error rate for a given noise level. Also, various limit cases are considered, among them the case where the channel noise is large


The spatial coherence property of a partially coherent light during the Bragg acousto-optic interaction is investigated. Starting from the wave equation, four coupled, parabolic equations that can describe the evolution and the propagation of mutual intensity functions of the diffracted light during the acousto-optic interaction are derived. A partially coherent light beam with arbitrary spatial profile and complex degree of spatial coherence is assumed to be incident on the Bragg acousto-optic cell. With the use of a statistical theory of linear systems, a general formalism of angular-correlation functions for zero-order and minus-one-order light can be derived. The corresponding mutual intensity and complex coherence factor functions are hence implemented numerically. From the solutions one can note that, through the acousto-optic interaction, the degrees of spatial coherence of the diffracted light beams are controllable by the intensity and the frequency of the sound wave.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the correlation analysis between fluid intake on skin hydration and pH of college students. Methods: The subjects were 129 female nursing students in D city. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire, using a skin moisture checker and skin pH meter on faces, hands, and feet. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis, using SPSS WIN, 20. Results: The daily fluid intake was composed of 57% pure water, 21% caffeinated beverages, 22% non-caffeinated beverages. There were significant differences in average skin hydration on the three body parts according to pure water, caffeinated beverages, and non-caffeinated beverages; however, there was no significant difference measured by fluid intake. There was a significant positive correlation between fluid intake and skin hydration: between pure water and skin hydration. There was significant negative correlation between caffeinated beverages and skin hydration: between non-caffeinated beverages and skin hydration. Conclusion: The results suggest that fluid intake, pure water, caffeinated beverages, and non-caffeinated beverages have an effect on skin hydration and pH. Therefore, it is good to increase the amount of fluid intake but, it is recommended to increase the amount of intake of pure water rather than beverages to improve skin status.


In a two-year period, four distinct policy initiatives regarding the place of the judiciary in South African governance were operative, cumulatively holding the potential for significant change in the existing policy on the judiciary. When examined, these initiatives allow for a somewhat surprising set of conclusions may be drawn. First, despite formal majority party policy clearly preferring virtually no role for the judiciary in governance, the state is engaged in at least two processes that have the potential to both formally recognize and strengthen the capacity of the judiciary to engage in governance. Second, despite the sharp rhetoric and the acrimonious debates of 2012, there currently exist more points of consensus than of contention regarding the shape and place of the judiciary in South Africa over the next three to five years. Third, the policy debate about the role of the judiciary in governance remains constrained by a number of factors including divergent views on the separation of powers, a lack of transparency that exacerbates suspicions, perceptions of hidden agendas, and mistrust, a largely untransformed legal profession, a lack of appreciation of the role of the media in debates over South African law and policy, and a failure by the South African state (including the judiciary) to come to terms with the increasing role of the judiciary as a regulator. A regulatory perspective provides an alternative way of conceptualizing the current debates on the role of the judiciary. From such a viewpoint, the politics of the judiciary in this period demonstrate five overlapping articulations of different logics of justification for regulating the judiciary.


This qualitative study uses narrative research to examine how adult women college students process their collegiate experiences. Often, colleges and universities create programs for adult learners without recognizing that this population is not a homogenous group. Therefore, the needs of adult students, along with policies and programs that follow as a result, do not take into consideration the difference in learners. Although race, gender, class, religion and other characteristics are deemed important in various disciplines, including andragogy, those characteristics are not always given close attention. As a result, adult learners, especially women learners continue to enroll in adult education programs that do not fully recognize their differences. By collecting the life stories of six women who are completing their bachelor degrees for the first time at four year colleges and universities, this study looks at the differences women learners face educationally among race, class and gender. As a result, it was learned that a student's past and how she addresses it, can deeply impact how she will process her collegiate experience. By examining a variety of factors in one's life from upbringing to learning style, along with a level of resilience (or lack thereof), students can either experience a positive college career with challenges that help them mature, or a negative college career that hinder their growth.


The pediatric population is more susceptible to medication errors due to factors such as weight, body surface, immaturity of the enzymatic system to metabolize and excrete drugs, and inability to communicate any sign or negative symptom related to a medication. Currently technological advances confront us with new situations or ethical conflicts, the twenty-first century is considered as the century of biotechnology, stem cells, cloning, gene therapy, new drugs, advances not yet adapted to pediatric clinical practice and valued as a relevant factor causing error. Based on case reports on the use and management of biotech medicines, scientific approach was made to understand in depth the problems faced by the medication system, which directly impacts the patients. The objective of the present work was to document, analyse and evaluate medication errors during the use and management of biotech medicines in the pediatric population treated in a highly specialized hospital from September 2017 to April 2018. Prospective, observational design whose main variable is the medication error including potential errors. The taxonomy of the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention was used. The study was carried out for 24 weeks in the medical specialties of oncology, hematology and immunology, as well as in the respective outpatient areas. Three hundred and fifty follow-ups were selected in the use and management of biotech medicines, found 1085 medication errors. The prevalence of measurement errors is, insufficient monitoring of the medication with 35 %; wrong dose with 19 %, wrong frequency and time of administration, with 14.7 and 8.5 % respectively, for preparation, handling and conditioning is 6.3 % and wrong medication with 6.6 %. The data generated would allow the design and implementation of strategies to strengthen the use and safe management of biotech medicines.


Energy efficiency regulation is an important driver for innovations in environmental technologies. Improvements of energy efficiency do not only contribute to reach envi-ronmental policy targets, they can be furthermore economically profitable. E.g. private households can reduce their costs in the long term by using efficient household appli-ances. But how can the specific competitive position on this market be assessed for German producers, and how strong is the competitiveness from firms coming from emerging economies? We analyse - as an example - the global refrigerator market, using the lead market approach for environmental innovations. As our results show, Germany has the most lead market potentials for energy-efficient refrigerators, followed by Korea und Italy. First mover advantages for high-tech energy efficient appliances can be realised on the German market. This is backed by high en-ergy efficiency standards in Europe which diffuse after some years to other countries. Since the pay-off time for energy efficient household appliances is with 7 to 10 years quite long, also a cost strategy with low prices can be successful. Especially in the case when the price of electricity and the national income are low. Markets for such products are for example in Asia and Russia. Producers use the existence of both strategy options to operate with different brands and product lines in different market niches at the same time. For firms in countries that do not have sufficient lead market potentials, innovations in energy efficiency must be targeted to fit the preferences of users in the lead market. The screening of the lead market can take on varying degrees of intensity. A good way for a company to estab-lish ties with a lead market is via producers with long experience on the Lead Market. It can be realised through a simple sales cooperation with local producers or a merger with a local producer of the lead market.


Objective: To investigate effect from total glucosides of paeony on protein expression of nuclear factor- κB and transforming growth factor β1 in liver tissue of rats with hepatic fibrosis.
Methods: Healthy SD rats were randomly chosen and divided into normal group (group N), model group (group M) and TGP high, medium, low dose treatment group (T1-T3). Except the normal group, all the groups received intraperitoneal injection of porcine serum for modelling, and after 6 w, the treatment group were given different doses of TGP. Rats' liver tissue received pathological examination to determine the degree of liver fibrosis hyperplasia after 15 w, and Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) as well as Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1) protein expression were detected.
Results: HE staining and VG staining showed that the degree of liver fibrous tissue hyperplasia in group M was higher, and the state of fibrosis was obviously improved after treatment by TGP. The protein expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in M group was significantly increased compared with the N group (19.65 ± 2.53 vs. 1.58 ± 0.73, 24.43 ± 2.32 vs. 2.01 ± 0.56, all P<0.05). The protein expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in treatment group were significantly decreased compared with the M group (P<0.05), the difference of which was statistically significant.
Conclusion: TGP can significantly improve the liver tissue of rats with immune hepatic fibrosis, reduce the symptoms of liver fibrosis, and can inhibit the protein expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1.


This issue of the Journal is devoted to physical integration in Latin America. The Editorial Committee set about designing the contents with a call for papers, which suggested topics and questions that focused on the subject while covering a broad spectrum. Regional physical integration is supported by a wide range of instruments, such as infrastructure works to reduce transportation costs and enhance connectivity, and financial structuring of technically, highly complex large scale capital investments. But no less relevant are government cooperation mechanisms that provide the necessary coordination for trade facilitation policies and measures, or the local impacts associated with enterprises, especially those located in border areas. Accordingly the first section of the Journal brings together the selection of works made by the Editorial Committee.


Eight cell lines exhibiting resistance to Ca2+ induced terminal differentiation were derived from primary mouse epidermal cultures and their properties analyzed. The lines developed either spontaneously (2 lines) or after exposure of primary cultures to carcinogens or carcinogens and tumor promoter. All but one of the lines were of epithelial or epitheloid morphology but 3 of the 8 lines lacked desmosomes, keratin filaments and immunoprecipitable keratin proteins, and thus could not be defined as keratinocytes. Two of the 5 keratinocyte lines were tumorigenic in syngeneic Balb/c newborns after 4 months in medium containing 1.2 mM Ca2+, and 3 lines remained non-tumorigenic even after 11 months in 1.2 mM Ca2+. All three of the non-keratinizing lines were tumorigenic. Tumorigenic potential of the 5 keratinocyte lines did not correlate with ploidy (as determined by DNA content), transglutaminase activity or growth in soft agar. However, the 2 tumorigenic keratinocyte lines contained cells which stained intensely red for gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity, while the non-tumorigenic keratinocyte lines did not. Only those lines lacking desmosomes and keratin filaments grew in soft agar, but these lines were negative for gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Ploidy and transglutaminase activity did not correlate with tumorigenicity in these non-keratinizing lines. These results show that cell lines derived from cultured mouse epidermal cells and selected on the basis of their resistance to Ca2+ induced terminal differentiation may be preneoplastic. Furthermore the association of additional markers with malignant change in these cell lines depended on whether or not the cells were keratinizing.


The iconic Periodic Table of the Elements is now in its most satisfyingly elegant form. This is because all the 'gaps' corresponding to missing elements in the seventh row, or period, have recently been filled and the elements named. But where do these names come from? For some, usually the most recent, the origins are quite obvious, but in others - even well-known elements such as oxygen or nitrogen - the roots are less clear. Here, Peter Wothers explores the fascinating and often surprising stories behind how the chemical elements received their names. Delving back in time to explore the history and gradual development of chemistry, he sifts through medieval manuscripts for clues to the stories surrounding the discovery of the elements, showing how they were first encountered or created, and how they were used in everyday lives. As he reveals, the oldest-known elements were often associated with astronomical bodies, and connections with the heavens influenced the naming of a number of elements. Following this, a number of elements, including hydrogen and oxygen, were named during the great reform of chemistry, set amidst the French Revolution. While some of the origins of the names were controversial (and, indeed incorrect - some saying, for instance, that oxygen might be literally taken to mean 'the son of a vinegar merchant'), they have nonetheless influenced language used around the world to this very day. Throughout, Wothers delights in dusting off the original sources, and bringing to light the astonishing, the unusual, and the downright weird origins behind the names of the elements so familiar to us today.


Based on non-local prior distributions, we propose a Bayesian model selection (BMS) procedure for boundary detection in a sequence of data with multiple systematic mean changes. The BMS method can effectively suppress the non-boundary spike points with large instantaneous changes. We speed up the algorithm by reducing the multiple change points to a series of single change point detection problems. We establish the consistency of the estimated number and locations of the change points under various prior distributions. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to compare the BMS with existing methods, and our approach is illustrated with application to the magnetic resonance imaging guided radiation therapy data.


Studies in mice indicate that fibroblast growth factor 1 can be used as a drug to treat type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes typically results from loss of insulin responsiveness in target tissues, such as the liver and skeletal muscle. Currently available therapies, the thiazolidinediones, have serious side effects, such as weight gain, bone loss, and heart failure, that limit their use. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and FGF21 are encoded by genes regulated by the transcriptional regulator targeted by thiazolidinediones, and Fgf1-knockout mice are insulin resistant. Suh et al. injected subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously FGF1 into mice representing either genetic or diet-induced models of obesity and insulin-resistance and found that FGF1 normalized the blood glucose in these mice. Chronic treatment by injecting every other day produced a sustained reduction in circulating glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, decreased gene expression of markers of macrophages in the liver and hepatic inflammatory damage, decreased circulating proinflammatory cytokines, and increased liver glycogen content, indicating that the insulin responsiveness of both the skeletal muscle and liver was improved. Both liver and skeletal muscle had increased indicators of insulin-stimulated signaling by the kinase AKT. These beneficial effects were not associated with weight gain, reduced feeding, or a decrease in bone density. FGF1 injections did not reduce circulating glucose in mice in which the pancreatic β cells had been destroyed, indicating that the effects required functional β cells and insulin secretion. However, FGF1 did not stimulate insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. The insulin-sensitizing effects of FGF1 were absent in Fgfr1-knockout mice lacking one of the four FGF receptors. A modified form of FGF1 lacking a portion of the N terminus (FGF1ΔNT) exhibited reduced binding to all of the FGFRs, but still bound to FGFR1c and FGFR2c, and when applied to cultured cells had reduced mitogenic activity. However, injection of FGF1ΔNT produced a dose-dependent reduction in circulating glucose in the mouse models of obesity, suggesting that its mitogenic activity and insulin-sensitizing activity were separable. Thus, synthetic variants of FGF1 may provide a new option for treating type 2 diabetes. J. M. Suh, J. W. Jonker, M. Ahmadian, R. Goetz, D. Lackey, O. Osborn, Z. Huang, W. Liu, E. Yoshihara, T. H. van Dijk, R. Havinga, W. Fan, Y.-Q. Yin, R. T. Yu, C. Liddle, A. R. Atkins, J. M. Olefsky, M. Mohammadi, M. Downes, R. M. Evans. Endocrinization of FGF1 produces a neomorphic and potent insulin sensitizer. Nature 513, 436–439 (2014). [PubMed]


A novel hypersensitive resistance (HR) in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum against the bacterial spot of pepper pathogen, Xanthomonas gardneri, was introgressed into C. annuum cv. Early Calwonder (ECW) to create the near-isogenic line designated as ECW-70R. A corresponding avirulence gene avrBs7, in X. gardneri elicited a strong HR in ECW-70R. A homolog of avrBs7, avrBs1.1, was found in X. euvesicatoria 85-10, which showed delayed HR on ECW-70R leaves. Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of a single dominant resistance gene, Bs7, corresponding to the two avr genes. Both AvrBs7 and AvrBs1.1 share a consensus protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) active site domain and can dephosphorylate para-nitrophenyl phosphate. Mutation of Cys(265) to Ser in the PTP domain and subsequent loss of enzymatic activity and HR activity indicated the importance of the PTP domain in the recognition of the Avr protein by the Bs7 gene transcripts. Superpositioning of AvrBs7 and AvrBs1.1 homology models indicated variation in the geometry of the loops adjacent to the active sites. These predicted structural differences might be responsible for the differences in HR timing due to differential activation of the resistance gene. Mutating the PTP domain of AvrBs1.1 to match that of AvrBs7 failed to activate HR on ECW-70R, indicating the possibility of differential substrate specificities between AvrBs1.1 and AvrBs7.


Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of shame in entrepreneurship. Extant research in relation to the entrepreneurial process has tended to concentrate upon the entrepreneur as hero and other positive aspects of the process. Consequently, the darker sides of the entrepreneurial personality and enterprise culture such as the role of shame remain a relatively under researched facet of entrepreneurship theory. Despite this dearth of actual empirical studies, the negative aspects of entrepreneurial behaviour associated with the "flawed hero model of entrepreneurship" are implicitly understood. These negative aspects include hubris, tragedy, narcissism, over‐stretching, hedonism, personality disorders, status anxiety, self‐centeredness, destructive relationships, alcoholism, suicide and the most heinous of all, business failure.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper considers the deeply social phenomenon of shame on the entrepreneur and his or her world by developing a conceptual model of shame. The social script of shame is analysed as found in novels and as found in real life newspaper reports of such epic tragedies, using a chosen methodology of narrative analysis.

Findings

– The world portrayed in narrative is very much a "man's world" in which shame is a personal construct, a penance to be endured or ended and in the process a narrative script is developed. Shame is a deeply personal cognitive emotion easier to study in narrative than in person. From the stories of flawed heroes we construct a holistic model of possible entrepreneurial trajectories that take cognisance of wellbeing issues and cover the unspoken events that occur after a fall from grace. But why should we expect the story to end with the entrepreneur in crisis staring into the abyss?

Originality/value

– Little previous work has been undertaken to explore entrepreneurial shame using both the entrepreneurship literature and narrative analysis.


Can We Still Be Friends is the debut novel by the editor of British Vogue, Alexandra Shulman. Summer, 1983. Best friends, Sal, Annie and Kendra are fresh-faced and fresh out of university. Three very different girls about to walk three very different but equally tangled paths...Sal's the aspiring journalist whose personal demons threaten to destroy everything she achieves. Annie's the domestic beauty, convinced that marriage will give her everything she wants. And Kendra, the daughter of chic, liberal parents, is searching for her an identity all of her own. As they plunge headlong into the years of pixie boots and shoulder pads, Duran Duran and Margaret Thatcher, they find that for all their plans and hopes and dreams, nothing in life is certain - and that includes friendship. "Exquisite time travel...Every detail - from fashion, design and music to social tribes and verbal tics - is spot on' Guardian 'Warm and entertaining ...captures the excitement of being young and glamorous at a time when the sky really did seem to be the limit". (The Times). "Wonderfully evokes that ping-pong between trivial and tremendous so characteristic of the Eighties ...great on atmosphere...An engaging debut, alive with human sympathy". (Wendy Holden, Daily Mail). Alexandra Shulman has edited British Vogue since 1992. She is a contributor to The Times, Daily Mail, Guardian and Daily Telegraph and lives in London. This is her first novel.


Unsupervised learning of morphology is an important task for human learners and in natural language processing systems. Previous systems focus on segmenting words into substrings (taking ⇒ tak.ing), but sometimes a segmentation-only analysis is insufficient (e.g., taking may be more appropriately analyzed as take+ing, with a spelling rule accounting for the deletion of the stem-final e). In this paper, we develop a Bayesian model for simultaneously inducing both morphology and spelling rules. We show that the addition of spelling rules improves performance over the baseline morphology-only model.


Background: Recently Problem-based Learning (PBL) in higher education is highlighted, especially in the medical education. PIK is considered as a better alternative. This method encourages students to be self-directed learners and having learning skills to become lifelong learners. A doctor must base their acts on the highest performances, thus lifelong learning is needed.
Objective: This study were aimed at examining learning approaches of students of Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Indonesia and to approve the relationship between learnig approaches and academic achievement in PIK method.
Methods: Subjects participating in this study were students of first level of Faculty of Medicine Islamic University of Indonesia, and this was a cross-sectional study. Learning approaches was obtained by questionnaire as primary data, and academic achievement used GPA as secondary data. Data were analyzed with SPSS 11 on computer programme using Spearman correlation and discriminating power test using Mann-Whitney test.
Results: The results showed that Surface Approach had inverse correlation with academic achievement of students


Penang has positioned itself to become one of the most industrialized states in Malaysia, and has taken up the challenge of achieving Vision 2020. Due to the present economic slowdown, it is timely to carry out a research on the formulation of an innovative linkage programmes and improvement strategies for SMIs in Penang's electronics and electrical manufacturing industry in facing the global competition. The next phase of industrialization strategy needs to be more innovative, given the new challenges and opportunities at both domestic and international levels. The government and MNCs should continue to ensure a liberal and conducive investment climate and emphasize the role of SMIs to support the industrial development in Penang. The innovative linkage programme need to base on the "Partners in Development� principle, whereby the SMIs, MNCs and the government work together as a team. The rationale of the linkage programme is to increase productivity and international competitiveness towards further improving the economic growth of Penang. In order to attain a 100 percent on data return, face-to-face interviews or personal delivery of the survey questionnaire were carried out on 115 respondents from two difference groups, i.e. SMIs and MNCs whose activities are related to electronics and electrical manufacturing industry in Penang. The research finding enables SMIs to get the most benefit from the presence of the MNCs, with the strong support from the state government. There are two prong aspects of this research : firstly to understand specifically the extent of those innovative programmes; secondly the identification of strategies to improve the programmes or to remove the obstacles to potential programme. No doubt, after the implementation of these programmes and strategies, together with the combined efforts from MNCs and government, Penang SMIs will be more competitive


A "botnet" consists of a network of compromised computers controlled by an attacker ("botmaster"). Recently, botnets have be- come the root cause of many Internet attacks. To be well prepared for future attacks, it is not enough to study how to detect and defend against the botnets that have appeared in the past. Botnets have recently been identified as one of the most important threats to the security of the Internet. More importantly, we should study advanced botnet designs that could be developed by botmasters in the near future. In this paper, we present the design of an advanced hybrid peer-to-peer botnet. Compared with current botnets , the proposed botnet is harder to be shut down, monitored, and hijacked. It provides robust network connectivity, individualized encryption and control traffic dispersion, lim- ited botnet exposure by each bot, and easy monitoring and recovery by its botmaster. In the end, we suggest and analyze several possible defenses against this advanced botnet . Keywords- Botnet, peer-to-peer, robustness, honeypot


ABSTRACT Candida glabrata, the second most prevalent Candida species colonizing humans, possesses three mating type-like (MTL) loci (MTL1, MTL2, and MTL3). These loci contain pairs of MTL genes with their respective coding regions on complementary Crick and Watson DNA strands. Each pair of genes is separated by a shared intergenic promoter region, the same configuration found at the mating type loci of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two of the MTL loci, MTL1 and MTL2, contain either the MTLa1/MTLa2 configuration or the MTLα1/MTLα2 configuration in different strains. All but one of the 38 tested C. glabrata strains were either aaα or aαα. One test strain was ααα. Based on the mating type genotype, the MTL genes at the MTL1 or MTL2 loci, and the size of the XbaI fragment harboring MTL1 or MTL2, four classes of C. glabrata strains (I, II, III, and IV) were distinguished. Northern analysis revealed that strains were either a-expressors or α-expressors and that expression always reflected the genotype of either the MTL1 or MTL2 locus, depending on the class. The expression pattern in each class, therefore, is similar to that observed in S. cerevisiae, which harbors two silent cassette loci, HMR and HML, and the expression locus MAT. High-frequency phenotypic switching between core phenotypes in an α-expressing, but not in an a-expressing, strain modulated the level of MTL expression, suggesting a possible relationship between core phenotypic switching and mating.


One of the most important product development decisions facing SOC designers today is choosing an intellectual property (IP) core. It can impact product performance and quality, as well as time-to-market and profitability. But SOC designers face many challenges when choosing a core. Determining which core is most appropriate for a given SOC requires careful consideration. Decisions must be made about the type of core (soft vs. hard), the quality of the deliverables, and the reliability and commitment of the IP provider. This paper discusses each of these areas and offers guidance on how best to evaluate the features of competing IP cores.


In this paper, an empirical research of business networking in transport and logistics sector is presented with the aim to explore the embeddedness into inter-firm and intrafirm business networks. The research comprises identification of the mode of networking (interfirm or intra-firm networking), the level of participation in global networks; analysis of network attributes. The empirical research was constructed as a case study of the companies operating in the USA, the U.K and Lithuania to analyse their networking from different perspectives (structural, relational and usage) and compare the modes of interaction. Empirical research found the evidence that more similarities than differences between the inter-firm and intra-firm types of networking have been identified, which leads to conclusion that similar networking practices could be interchangeably adapted in both types of the networks.


Asian Americans have historically enjoyed one of the highest rates of intermarriage of any racial/ethnic group. By exploring the dynamics of interracial marriages among middle-class, professional Asian Americans in Chicago, this article examines what interracial marriages mean for these putative racial/ethnic "boundary crossers" and what they signify about assimilation, racial/ethnic identity, and redrawing of color boundaries in America. This article finds that for Asian Americans in this study, interracial marriage is far from an unproblematic indicator of assimilation; rather, it is a terrain in which complex subjective negotiations over ethnic/racial identities are waged over lifetimes. For both female and male Asian Americans, personal struggles over racial/ethnic identity are thrown into full relief when they begin the process of raising mixed-race children, which forces a reexamination of their own identities, and of those of their children. This article makes a distinctive contribution to the interrelationship of intermarriage, race, and ethnic identity development by comparing the views of Asian Americans and those of their non-Asian spouses regarding marital dynamics and children, which helps to further illuminate the uniqueness of the Asian American experience.


Many data sets used by economists and other social scientists are collected by stratified sampling. The sampling scheme used to collect the data induces a probability distribution on the observed sample that differs from the target or underlying distribution for which inference is to be made. If this effect is not taken into account, subsequent statistical inference can be seriously biased. This paper shows how to do efficient semiparametric inference in moment restriction models when data from the target population are collected by three widely used sampling schemes: variable probability sampling, multinomial sampling, and standard stratified sampling.


This paper examines the challenge of entrepreneurial companies to go beyond the start-up phase and grow into large successful companies. We examine the long-term financing of these so-called scale-up companies, focusing on the US, Europe and Canada. The paper first provides a conceptual framework for understanding the challenges of financing scale-ups. It then shows some data about the various aspects of financing scale-ups in the US, Europe and Canada. Finally the paper raises the question of long-term public policies for supporting the creation of a better scale-up environment.


The 2005 National Health Disparities Report found disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in the United States health-care system. While varying in magnitude, disparities were observed in almost all aspects of health care including cancer. Disparities were noted across quality and access to health care, levels and types of health care, various health-care settings, and within many subpopulations. In this review, we explore the disparities in cancer care among racial and ethnic minorities. In particular we consider numerous factors that may influence health care for racial and ethnic minority groups including socioeconomic issues, access, cultural beliefs, risk factors, and comorbidities. Although there are extensive confounding factors that vary with each subgroup, trends that may help individual practitioners better understand this complex issue become evident through closer evaluation of available data.


In November 2014, the Obama administration announced the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) initiative, which built upon a program instituted two years earlier, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) initiative. As mechanisms to channel the government's scarce resources toward its enforcement priorities more efficiently and effectively, both DACA and DAPA permit certain individuals falling outside those priorities to seek "deferred action," which provides its recipients with time-limited, nonbinding, and revocable notification that officials have exercised prosecutorial discretion to deprioritize their removal. While deferred action thereby facilitates a highly tenuous form of quasi-legal recognition for its recipients, it does not provide legal immigration status. Accordingly, the two initiatives are not an equivalent substitute for legislative reform proposals that would create a pathway to durable legal status for a much larger number of individuals. Nevertheless, critics have accused the Obama administration of imposing by decree precisely that which Congress has declined to authorize by statute: namely, legalization of noncitizens who lack lawful immigration status. In this Article, I critically examine those assertions and develop a rationale for the deferred action initiatives, anchored in rule of law values, that has received no meaningful attention in recent debates about DACA and DAPA. As the decision by U.S. District Judge Andrew S. Hanen enjoining those initiatives illustrates, legal discourse has mirrored and reinforced the same incorrect claims about deferred action that circulate in anti-immigration political discourse. Like the Obama administration's political critics, Judge Hanen repeatedly mischaracterizes the initiatives as providing "legal status" and, on that basis, flays the Obama administration for "total[ly] abdicat[ing]" immigration enforcement. These conclusions ultimately amount to what I describe elsewhere as "judicial truthiness," highlighting an erosion of the conventional lines between litigation, adjudication, and public discourse in politically salient cases more generally.The flawed discourse surrounding DACA and DAPA underscores the need for a more careful assessment of the complex relationships between enforcement priorities, prosecutorial discretion, and the rule of law in an era of mass deportation. The blunt and distorted nature of that discourse, however, in turn has distorted the substantive analysis of those relationships. As the scale of the expansive and fragmented immigration enforcement regime has grown to such enormous levels — making the interrelated challenges of ensuring consistent execution of the law and fidelity to enforcement priorities more formidable — the need for effective mechanisms to supervise the discretion exercised by rank-and-file officials has only grown more important. But even as it purports to respect the government's enforcement priorities, the logic of Judge Hanen's ruling would largely disable policymaking officials from implementing such mechanisms, requiring them instead to let the vagaries of the bureaucracy reign supreme. The decision therefore not only inhibits the agency's ability to establish enforcement priorities and manage its scarce resources, but also fails to acknowledge the importance of rule of law values such as consistency, transparency, accountability, and nonarbitrariness in the execution of the immigration laws.


The nearest neighbor technique is a simple and appealing method to address classification problems. It relies on the assumption of locally constant class conditional probabilities. This assumption becomes invalid in high dimensions with a finite number of examples due to the curse of dimensionality. We propose a technique that computes a locally flexible metric by means of Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The maximum margin boundary found by the SVM is used to determine the most discriminant direction over the query's neighborhood. Such direction provides a local weighting scheme for input features. We present experimental evidence of classification performance improvement over the SVM algorithm alone and over a variety of adaptive learning schemes, by using both simulated and real data sets.


1. Information on close interactions between wild animals is difficult to obtain for cryptic species, but is important for understanding their social and mating systems as well as the dynamics of directly transmitted diseases.

2. The persistence of bovine tuberculosis (Tb) in New Zealand is enhanced by the presence of wildlife hosts for the infection, principally the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula. Quantifying the relationship between the frequency of contacts and possum population density is important for understanding the dynamics of the disease and the potential effectiveness of different methods for disease control.

3. We used novel proximity data loggers to record contacts (< 40 cm distance) between individual male and female wild-living brushtail possums over 3 years at three different sites with a range of habitats and population densities.

4. Most contacts between male and female possums appeared to be sexual in nature, and contact rate was not related linearly to population density. Contacts occurred more frequently during the breeding season, when a female possum could interact with up to four males. However, even during this peak contact period the average contact rate was equivalent to only one contact every 2 days.

5. The total duration of contacts was significantly higher during the breeding season. During this time, contacts lasting for more than 1 min occurred episodically. A small proportion (2·3%) of the interactions lasted for 5–15 min, although the mean duration of contacts was only 18–26 s 24 h−1. Outside the breeding season, contacts were brief and infrequent.

6. The frequency of contacts showed a slight increase when the possum density increased sharply at the main study site, although the duration of contacts was unaffected. This increase in contact rate may have been the result of an influx of new animals causing perturbation to the existing population.

7. Previous paternity analysis using DNA profiling indicated that the possum mating system is polygynous, with males being promiscuous. Our data reveal that females are probably also promiscuous and that the mating system of possums may therefore be polygamous, including both polygyny and polyandry.

8. Synthesis and applications. Most contacts between possums occur in the peak mating season and appear to be related to mating and associated behaviour. There are some contacts outside the main mating season, but these are infrequent. The transmission of bovine Tb infection in possum populations may therefore occur by other routes in addition to direct contact. The non-linear (frequency-dependent) contact rate–density relationship recorded provides some insight as to why repeated population reduction is necessary to achieve lasting Tb control in possum populations. It also provides some support for the role that could be played by sexually transmitted, viral-vectored immunocontraception in the control of possum populations, either alone or in conjunction with more traditional control methods.


A novel all-fiber connector is proposed for connecting each core of a twin-core fiber (TCF) to a single-core fiber (SCF) core simultaneously and accessing independently the both close cores of the TCF. The connector is mainly composed of two cascaded pieces of collinear four-core fiber (CFCF). The two close optical fields launched from the TCF are separated into two far apart optical fields, so that each optical field could be butt-coupled into one of the cores of one gemini fiber segment, which has two single-mode SCF pigtails. For the simulated example, the center distance of the two optical fields is increased from 16 μm to more than 90 μm, the cross-talk is -37 dB, and the power loss is 0.056 dB. The feasibility of the strategy is partially demonstrated experimentally by fabricating a CFCF by groove & stack & draw method and one gemini fiber segment with pigtails by flame-brushing technology.


There has been increasing excitement over the last few years with the suggestion that exogenous stem cells may offer new treatment options for a wide range of diseases. Within respiratory medicine, these cells have been shown to have the ability to differentiate and function as both airway and lung parenchyma epithelial cells in both in vitro and increasingly in vivo experiments. The hypothesis is that these cells may actively seek out damaged tissue to assist in the local repair, and the hope is that their use will open up new cellular and genetic treatment modalities. Such is the promise of these cells that they are being rushed from the benchside to the bedside with the commencement of early clinical trials. However, important questions over their use remain and the field is presently littered with controversy and uncertainty. This review evaluates the progress made and the pitfalls encountered to date, and critically assesses the evidence for the use of stem cells in lung disease.


In the present study, samples from different ecological sources were collected and screened for desired activity. Only samples of fermented sugar scum, fermented sugar foam and some samples of oil contaminated soil showed high gas production and hence were selected for further experimentation. Considering the bacterial counts, gas production, decrease in pH and quantity of oil consumed for the selection of ecological sources rich in hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms, fermented sugar scum and oil contaminated soil were found to be the best sources for such bacteria. Results of experiments on Dhurnal Crude oil and Motor oil differ from each other only slightly. In case of Dhurnal Crude, high degree of all the parameters were observed as compared to Motor oil 30/40 PBS. The predominant bacterial isolates from the selected ecological sources were identified as Bacillus, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas. Bacillus was most commonly found in all samples, so further work was done on three strains of Bacillus (BS-l, BS-2, BS-3) and their mixture isolated from most active samples.

Gas analysis showed that four types of gases were produced. C02 was the major component produced by all the strains and mixed culture in a large quantity. The other three gases were N2' CH4 and C2H6' Growth and activity of bacteria are also dependent upon the amount and type of nutrients available to them. Best bacterial growth in sucrose mineral medium proved that these bacteria had already the capacity to use molasses as a sugar source. Comparison of crude oil and hexadecane was studied and it was found that hexadecane medium showed better bacterial growth and activity as compared to crude oil medium. A view of the overall results revealed that the strain BS-l was best among all the bacterial isolates and the mixed culture. All the parameters, i. e. bacterial growth, gas production, decrease in pH, oil consumption and biosurfactant production were found to be maximum in the case of strain BS-l. Effect of physical parameters (pH, temperature and NaCl concentration) on supernatant containing biosurfactants showed that BS-l produced more stable biosurfactants that showed better surface activity as compared to other strains and mixed culture. The GLC analysis of organic acids revealed that the maximum number of acids were produced by strain BS-l and mixed culture. The organic acids produced by three bacterial strains were Acetic, Butyric, Iso-butyric, Formic, Propionic, Isovaleric, Valeric, Iso-caproic, Caproic and Heptanoic acid. Similarly, the GLC analysis of organic solvents showed that the organic solvents produced by three bacterial strains and mixed culture were methanol, iso-propanol and acetone.

Biopolymers from three bacterial strains and their mixed culture were also isolated under anaerobic as well as aerobic conditions. Biopolymers produced under aerobic conditions were in greater quantity and were water soluble. Additional analysis by paper chromatography revealed that the biopolymers of bacterial strains and their mixed culture were made up of glucose and fructose.

Thermal analysis showed that the biopolymers of BS-2 and BS-3 were stable up to 470C while the biopolymers of BS-1 and mixed culture were stable upto 1120C and 1300C respectively. Viscosity of biopolymer solution and of saline biopolymer solution was also measured. All the biopolymers caused a significant increase in viscosity of water and saline solution.

The ability of gases, biosurfactant, biopolymers, organic acids and solvents producing bacteria to release oil from sandpack glass columns was also observed. Maximum residual oil recovery efficiency (ER) was exhibited by mixed culture which was 40.28%, followed by BS-1 (24.54%) and BS-2 (12.88%) with least residual oil recovery in BS-3 which was 0.38%. Similarly total oil recovery was highest in case of mixed culture (82.64%) followed by BS-1 (76.24%) and BS-2 (65.67%). Better oil recovery from these three strains and their mixed culture suggested that the bacterial strains can be considered for future MEOR studies on large scales and for field trials.


The factors determining the quality of surface mount technology (SMT) solder joints are numerous, and complex. The exploration of these factors, and how they may affect the reliability and quality of the joints can only be achieved through continuous research. In this project, essential areas of SMT joints were selected for study and analysis, with the intention of providing additional design and process guidelines for the production of quality SMT joints. In the infrared reflow process, one of the common defect phenomena is the occurrence of tombstoning; that is after soldering only one end of the component is soldered while the other is lifted up, assuming a position like a tombstone. The initiation of tombstoning during reflow was analysed based on the forces acting on the component. A model was developed to predict the initiation of this phenomenon. The model shows that, under vibration-free conditions, the surface tension of the molten solder is the source of the force causing the initiation of tombstoning. The contact angle, which varies with the length of the printed circuit board solder land, has a significant effect on the value of the surface tension acting as a force pulling upward on the component. The model further shows that tombstoning initiation is due to the combined effects of the surface tension; the weight of the component; the dimensions of the component; the length of the solder underneath the component; and the length of the solder protruding from the end of the component. Selected components were used as examples for predicting the conditions of initiation, and these conditions were further substantiated by a series of experiments. Another area of study was a method which directly pulled the components off printed circuit boards and this was used as a means for testing the bond quality of surface mount technology leadless chip solder joints. Components D7243, CC1206, RC1206, RC121O, and CC1 812 were selected for this study. It was found that the ultimate tensile force which breaks a component off the printed circuit board has the potential to be used as a parameter for measuring the quality of the solder joint. The effect of solder thickness on the strength ofajoint has also been investigated. The shape of joints soldered by two methods, wave soldering and III infrared reflow, were compared. Joints at the two ends of a component produced by infrared reflow were found more uniform than the ones produced by wave soldering. A recommendation is made here for the wave soldering approach in achieving uniform solder joints. The effects of solder shape on the joint strength were further investigated by finite element analysis. A convex joint was found marginally more robust than a concave joint. Two aspects of the internal structure of SMT solder joints were investigated, void content and copper/tin intermetallic compounds. The voiding conditions of wave-soldered and infrared reflow joints were compared. No voids were found in all specimens that were produced by wave soldering. However, there were always voids inside joints produced by infrared reflow. Microhardness tests indicated that the hardness of compounds at the copper/solder interface of infrared reflowed joints is lower than that in the wave-soldered joints. It is considered that the lower hardness of the interfacial region of the infrared reflowed joints is due to the presence of voids.canning electron microscopy was used to study the formation of copper/tin intermetallic compounds for joints produced by infrared reflow. The results show that Cu 6 Sn5 was the only compound with a detectable thickness. Other compounds such as Cu 3 Sn, were virtually not found at all. Aging of the joints at 100°C, shows that both the Cu 6 Sn5 and the overall interfacial thickness grew with timeTl One of the important areas which had been overlooked previously and was studied in some details was the effects of solder paste exposure on the quality of solder paste. The characteristic changes of solder paste due to exposure were investigated in three areas, weight loss, tackiness, and rheology. The evaporation of low boiling point solvents was considered as the main contribution to the loss in the weight of the solder paste. The weight loss against exposure time was found to follow an exponential behaviour. A method was designed to evaluate the tackiness changes of solder paste due to exposure. It was found that the decay of tackiness against exposure time can be expressed by a power law. It is recommended that solder paste manufacturers should provide the necessary characteristic constants so as to enable the characteristics to be calculated after a specific exposure. The rheological changes of the solder paste as a result of exposure were also investigated. The


Prior research indicates that land use and land cover change (LULCC) in the central United States has led to significant changes in surface climate. The spatial resolution of simulations is particularly relevant in this region due to its influence on model skill in capturing mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and on representing the spatial heterogeneity. Recent advances in Earth system models (ESMs) make it feasible to use variable resolution (VR) meshes to study regional impacts of LULCC while avoiding inconsistencies introduced by lateral boundary conditions typically seen in limited area models. Here, we present numerical experiments using the Community Earth System Model version 2–VR to evaluate (1) the influence of resolution and land use on model skill and (2) impacts of LULCC over the central United States at different resolutions. These simulations are configured either on the 1° grid or a VR grid with grid refinement to 1/8° over the contiguous United States for the period of 1984–2010 with two alternative land use data sets corresponding to the preindustrial and present day states. Our results show that skill in simulating precipitation over the central United States is primarily dependent on resolution, whereas skill in simulating 2‐m temperature is more dependent on accurate land use. The VR experiments show stronger LULCC‐induced precipitation increases over the Midwest in May and June, corresponding to an increase in the number of MCS‐like features and a more conductive thermodynamic environment for convection. Our study demonstrates the potential of using VR ESMs for hydroclimatic simulations in regions with significant LULCC.


Noting that both the earliest readers of Montaigne's Essais and their modern counterparts have likened them to a dialogue with a friend, this article seeks to explore the work's dialogic characteristics. The humanist dialogue is an obvious precursor to the Essais, and even though Montaigne voiced dissatisfaction with Plato's dialogues, he aspired to match Plato's style, not least in achieving a conversational tone. Three different elements of dialogue are analysed : the "Dialogue of One" between the different parts of Montaigne's mind, the dialogue between the author and the writers quoted and paraphrased, and the use of direct address to the reader to invite or provoke the reader to enter into dialogue with the author. This essay is concerned to show how Montaigne uses the dialogue to create an entirely new genre, poised between monologue and dialogue.


C57Black/6 and SV129 mice are widely used for the production of transgenic mutants in molecular stroke research but the ischemic susceptibility of these strains is influenced by differences in vascular anatomy and the responsiveness to excitotoxins and vasodilatory stimuli. To differentiate between these opposing effects on infarct size, the vascular territory of the two strains was correlated with the hemodynamic, metabolic, and morphological consequences of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. The vascular anatomy was studied by latex infusion, brain infarction by vital staining, the size of the ischemic penumbra by imaging of ATP and protein synthesis, and blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry. In C57Black/6 mice the MCA-supplied vascular territory and the size of brain infarcts were significantly larger than in SV129 mice but the size of the penumbra and the residual blood flow in the center of the MCA-supplying territory were similar in both strains. These findings suggest that differences in infarct size in C57Black/6 and SV129 mice are determined mainly by the vascular anatomy and not by differences in collateral vascular responsiveness or excitotoxicity.


Concerns about climate change and the general status of the environment have increased expectation that food products have sustainability credentials, and that these can be verified. There are significant and increasing pressures in key export markets for information on Greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of products throughout its life-cycle. How this information is conveyed to consumers is a key issue. Labelling is a common method of communicating certain product attributes to consumers that may influence their choices. In a choice experiment concerning fruit purchase decisions, this study estimates willingness to pay for sustainability attributes by consumers in Japan and the UK. The role of label presentation format is investigated: text only, text and graphical, and graphical only. Results indicate that sustainability attributes influence consumers' fruit purchase decisions. Reduction of carbon in fruit production is shown to be the least valued out of sustainability attributes considered. Differences are evident between presentation formats and between countries, with increased nutrient content being the most sensitive to format and country while carbon reduction is the most insensitive and almost always valued the least.


When Margaret Thatcher called in 1979 for a return to Victorian values such as hard work, self-reliance, thrift, and national pride, Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock responded that \u201cVictorian values\u201d also included \u201ccruelty, misery, drudgery, squalor, and ignorance.\u201d The Victorians in the Rearview Mirror is an in-depth look at the ways that the twentieth century reacted to and reimagined its predecessor. It considers how the Victorian inheritance has been represented in literature, politics, film, and visual culture; the ways in which modernists and progressives have sought to differentiate themselves from an image of the Victorian; and how conservatives (and some liberals) have sought to revive elements of nineteenth-century life. Nostalgic and critical impulses combine to fix an understanding of the Victorians in the popular imagination. Simon Joyce examines heritage culture, contemporary politics, and the \u201cneo-Dickensian\u201d novel to offer a more affirmative assessment of the Victorian legacy, one that lets us imagine a model of social interconnection and interdependence that has come under threat in today\u2019s politics and culture. Although more than one hundred years have passed since the death of Queen Victoria, the impact of her time is still fresh. The Victorians in the Rearview Mirror speaks to diverse audiences in literary and cultural studies, in addition to those interested in visual culture and contemporary politics, and situates detailed close readings of literary and cinematic texts in the context of a larger argument about the legacies of an era not as distant as we might like to think.


Today's university lecturers are faced with the challenge of educating students to see beyond the limits of their own discipline and to come up with innovative solutions to societal challenges. Many lecturers would like to put more emphasis on teaching students how to integrate diverse forms of knowledge, work together in teams, critically reflect and become self-regulated learners. These lecturers are breaking down the silos of scientific disciplines as well as the barriers between academia and society and responding to the changing role of universities in society.
 Just as teaching and learning are ready for change, so is assessment. In this book, we call for an assessment strategy with a greater emphasis on assessment for and assessment as learning, with a focus on giving powerful feedback and the use of authentic assessment tasks as well as alignment with the intended learning outcomes and your pedagogical beliefs.
 If you are looking for ways to assess integration, collaboration, reflection, and critical thinking rather than only assessing the acquisition of knowledge, the examples in this handbook are inspiring initiatives that can point you to new directions in assessment.


The expansion of woody shrubs in arctic tundra alters many aspects of high-latitude ecosystems, including carbon cycling and wildlife habitat. Dendroecology, the study of annual growth increments in woody plants, has shown promise in revealing how climate and environmental conditions interact with shrub growth to affect these key ecosystem properties. However, a predictive understanding of how shrub growth response to climate varies across the heterogeneous landscape remains elusive. Here we use individual-based mixed effects modeling to analyze 19 624 annual growth ring measurements in the stems of Salix pulchra (Cham.), a rapidly expanding deciduous shrub. Stem samples were collected at six sites throughout the North Slope of Alaska. Sites spanned four landscapes that varied in time since glaciation and hence in soil properties, such as nutrient availability, that we expected would modulate shrub growth response to climate. Ring growth was remarkably coherent among sites and responded positively to mean June temperature. The strength of this climate response varied slightly among glacial landscapes, but in contrast to expectations, this variability was not systematically correlated with landscape age. Additionally, shrubs at all sites exhibited diminishing marginal growth gains in response to increasing temperatures, indicative of alternative growth limiting mechanisms in particularly warm years, such as temperature-induced moisture limitation. Our results reveal a regionally-coherent and robust shrub growth response to early season growing temperature, with local soil properties contributing only a minor influence on shrub growth. Our conclusions strengthen predictions of changes to wildlife habitat and improve the representation of tundra vegetation dynamics in earth systems models in response to future arctic warming.


This paper presents a summary of beam-induced backgrounds observed in the ATLAS detector and discusses methods to tag and remove background contaminated events in data. Trigger-rate based monitoring of beam-related backgrounds is presented. The correlations of backgrounds with machine conditions, such as residual pressure in the beam-pipe, are discussed. Results from dedicated beam-background simulations are shown, and their qualitative agreement with data is evaluated. Data taken during the passage of unpaired, i.e. non-colliding, proton bunches is used to obtain background-enriched data samples. These are used to identify characteristic features of beam-induced backgrounds, which then are exploited to develop dedicated background tagging tools. These tools, based on observables in the Pixel detector, the muon spectrometer and the calorimeters, are described in detail and their efficiencies are evaluated. Finally an example of an application of these techniques to a monojet analysis is given, which demonstrates the importance of such event cleaning techniques for some new physics searches.


Birds that fly over mountain barriers must be capable of meeting the increased energetic cost of climbing in low-density air, even though less oxygen may be available to support their metabolism. This challenge is magnified by the reduction in maximum sustained climbing rates in large birds. Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) make one of the highest and most iconic transmountain migrations in the world. We show that those populations of geese that winter at sea level in India are capable of passing over the Himalayas in 1 d, typically climbing between 4,000 and 6,000 m in 7–8 h. Surprisingly, these birds do not rely on the assistance of upslope tailwinds that usually occur during the day and can support minimum climb rates of 0.8–2.2 km·h−1, even in the relative stillness of the night. They appear to strategically avoid higher speed winds during the afternoon, thus maximizing safety and control during flight. It would seem, therefore, that bar-headed geese are capable of sustained climbing flight over the passes of the Himalaya under their own aerobic power.


To estimate the impact of light-colored surfaces (roofs and pavements) and urban vegetation (trees, grass, shrubs) on meteorology and air quality of a city, it is essential to accurately estimate the fraction of various urban surfaces. In this report, we estimate the fabric of Sacramento by analyzing high-resolution (0.30-m) aerial color photographs of about 65 square km of the urban area. The analysis show that in downtown Sacramento, vegetation as seen from above the canopy covers 30% of the area, whereas roofs cover 23% and paved surface 41%. Under-the-canopy fabric consists of 52% paved surfaces, 26% roofs, and 12% grass. In the industrial areas, vegetation covers 8-14% of the area, roofs cover 19-23%, and paved surfaces cover 29-44%. The surface-type percentages in the office areas are 21% trees, 16% roofs, and 49% paved surfaces. In commercial areas,vegetation covers 5-20%, roofs 19-20%, paved surfaces 44-68%. Residential areas exhibit a wide range of percentages of surface-types . On average, vegetation covers about 36% of the area, roofs cover about 20%, and paved surfaces about 28%. Trees mostly shade streets, parking lots, grass, and sidewalks. Under the canopy the percentage of paved surfaces is significantly higher. In most non-residential areas, paved surfaces cover 50-70% of the area. In residential areas, on average, paved surfaces cover about 35% of the area. For an area of roughly 800 sq. km, defining most of metropolitan Sacramento, about half is residential. The total roof area is about 150 sq. km and the total paved surfaces (roads, parking areas, sidewalks) is about 310 sq. km. The total vegetated area is about 230 sq. km.


Feature Construction Using Evolution-COnstructed Features for General Object Recognition Kirt Dwayne Lillywhite Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Doctor of Philosophy Object recognition is a well studied but extremely challenging field. Human detection is an especially important part of object recognition as it has played a role in machine and human interaction, biometrics, unmanned vehicles, as well as tracking and surveillance. We first present a hardware implementation of the successful Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) method for human detection. The implementation significantly speeds up the method achieving 38 frames a second on VGA video while testing 11,160 sliding windows per frame. The accuracy remains comparable to the CPU implementation. Analysis of the HOG method and other popular object recognition methods led to a novel approach for object detection using a feature construction method called Evolution-COnstructed (ECO) features. Most other approaches rely on human experts to construct features for object recognition. ECO features are automatically constructed by uniquely employing a standard genetic algorithm to discover series of transforms that are highly discriminative. Using ECO features provides several advantages over other object detection algorithms including: no need for a human expert to build feature sets or tune their parameters, ability to generate specialized feature sets for different objects, and no limitations to certain types of image sources. We show in our experiments that ECO features perform better or comparable with state-of-the-art object recognition algorithms making it the first feature construction method to compete with features created by human experts at general object recognition. An analysis is given of ECO features which includes a visualization of ECO features and improvements made to the algorithm.


This study examines the relationship between academic stress and adolescent self-concept by investigating the mediating role of PFC strategies and the moderating role of democratic parenting styles in influencing the mediation. Sample of 1070 adolescents completed questionnaires regarding academic stress, coping strategies, parenting styles and self-concept. After nullifying the effect of gender, it was found that academic stress was negatively related to self-concept. Moreover, PFC strategies partially mediated the relation of academic stress to self-concept. Moderated mediation analyses further revealed that PFC strategies mediated the effect of academic stress on self-concept at different levels of perceived democratic parenting style. There was conditional direct and indirect between academic stress and self concept of adolescent students.


Money greases the wheels of American politics from the local level to the White House. In the 2004 presidential campaign, President George W. Bush alone raised nearly $400 million in private and public funds - nearly twenty times the combined total raised by John Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960 - to defeat challenger John F. Kerry, further fueling anxiety over the power of money to dictate political results. Melvin Urofsky, one of our nation's most respected legal historians, takes a fresh look at efforts to rein in campaign spending and counter efforts in the courts to preserve the status quo. He offers a thoughtful and balanced overview of campaign finance reform and the legal responses to it, from the Progressive era through the Supreme Court's landmark ruling in McConnell v. FEC (2003) and its impact on the 2004 election. Urofsky focuses especially on the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act and 2002 McCain-Feingold or Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA), and on challenges to both in the Supreme Court. In Buckley v. Valeo (1976), the Court upheld contribution limits but struck down expenditure caps on First Amendment grounds. In McConnell it upheld the key provisions of McCain-Feingold. In both cases, however, opponents argued that congressional control of campaign financing was an unconstitutional infringement of the free speech rights of campaign contributors. Urofsky deftly steers the reader through this contentious and complex history, revealing how both Congress and the courts have navigated uneasily between the Scylla of potential corruption and the Charybdis of suppressing political speech. Ironically, despite the Court's decision upholding McCain-Feingold, the 2004 presidential election was the most expensive in history - because, as Urofsky notes, money is the mother's milk of politics and both candidates and donors will always find ways to keep it flowing. His book provides an excellent and succinct guide to the controversies and historical debates emerging from that fact.


We develop a revealed preference approach to elicit science and engineering PhDs' preferences over employment outcomes, exploiting cohort size variations. Depending on whether pecuniary and non-pecuniary rewards are sticky or not, increments in the PhDs' cohort size decrease either the availability of their ideal employment categories or the related compensations. In both cases, the PhDs' preferred employment categories are revealed to be the ones that are relatively less chosen when the PhDs' cohort is large and relatively more so when it is small. Examining two major European universities, we find that PhDs equally value employment in highly-ranked universities and R&D-intensive companies. Moreover, these employment categories are preferred to low-ranked universities, non-R&D-intensive firms, and public administration. There is preference heterogeneity across PhDs depending on their research field.


We investigate how important details of the microphysics of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) and background aerosol particles are for the representation of polar ozone loss in chemistry transport models. For this purpose, the Lagrangian Chemistry and Transport Model ATLAS was applied to simulate the stratospheric chemistry in the Arctic winter 2009/2010. After a validation of the model results against measurements by the satelliteborne Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), a number of sensitivity runs were performed. Thus, the efficiency of chlorine activation on different types of liquid aerosols versus activation on nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) clouds was explored. Moreover, the effects of particle composition and denitrification on ozone loss were analysed.

It is shown that even large changes in the underlying assumptions regarding detailed activation surfaces have only a small impact on the modelled ozone loss. Differences in column ozone between the various sensitivity runs remain below 10% at the end of the winter. Chlorine activation on liquid aerosols alone is able to explain the observed magnitude and morphology of the mixing ratios of active chlorine, reservoir gases and
ozone. This is even true for cold binary aerosols (no uptake of HNO3 from the gas-phase allowed in the model). This demonstrates that the heterogeneous chlorine activation in the polar stratosphere is dominated by the temperature dependence of the heterogeneous reaction rate constants rather than by the composition of the solid or liquid aerosol particles.


Trees, like many other organisms, decrease their rate of metabolic activities to cope up with harsh environments. This stage of 'dormancy' is marked by shedding of leaves and bud-set in deciduous trees. Recent studies have revealed the role of the circadian clock in synchronizing the timing of dormancy and physiology for conferring fitness in trees. To better understand the possible role of natural selection on circadian clock-related genes in climatic adaptation, I took a candidate gene approach, selecting circadian clock genes, some of which had been functionally validated, and others hypothesized, to identify signatures of natural selection in Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides. Using both frequency spectrum based tests and tests of heterogeneity, I identified genetic variants deviating from selective neutrality. Results reveal that photoreceptors and dormancy regulator genes may have been the targets of natural selection. Nearly the same levels of selective constraints were found in different functional groups of genes irrespective of pleiotropy. Further, upstream regions of all genes showed high selective constraint, with some of them (FT-2, PIF-4, FRIGIDA) showing significantly higher variation than the other genes, hinting at the role of non-coding regulatory regions in local adaption. In some cases, the same genes in both species appeared as outliers, including PIF-6, FRI, FT-2, SRR1, TIC, and CO, which might reflect their common role in adaptation across species boundaries. All of these results indicate a complex nature of phenology regulation and local adaptation in Populus species with photoreceptors and dormancy regulator genes playing key roles.


Understanding the karst aquifer response to precipitation and contaminants transport, especially in arid to semi-arid areas, is a very important issue and a challenge due to the unique and heterogeneous characteristics of karst aquifers. Monitoring the water travel time through karst aquifers and the response to precipitation events can provide good information about the characteristics of water and pollutant flow through the aquifer. This can subsequently help provide proper protection for the aquifer against pollution to sustain the water resources for the coming generations.
Within this study, different methods and approaches were developed and applied in order to characterise the karst aquifer system of the Tanour and Rasoun springs and the flow dynamics within the aquifer and to develop a process-oriented method for vulnerability assessment based on the monitoring of different multi-spatially variable parameters of travel time. The karst aquifer of the Tanour and Rasoun springs (about 75 km2 northwest of the capital city of Amman) catchment area (~ 36 km2) was chosen as a case study due to the pollution events that occur at both of the springs, the high importance of these karst springs as the primary local drinking water supply for the surrounding villages and to fill a gap in the literature regarding the characteristics of the karst aquifer in this area.
To better understand the vulnerability of the karst aquifer of the Tanour and Rasoun springs to pollution events and the capability of the aquifer for the natural attenuation of pollutants based on the natural characteristics of the aquifer itself, COP and EPIK intrinsic vulnerability assessment methods were applied. Based on the applied COP method, spatial distribution of groundwater vulnerability is as follows: (1) high (37%), (2) moderate (34.8%), (3) low (20.1%), and (4) very low (8.1%). While in the EPIK vulnerability assessment method, only two out of four vulnerability classes characterise the catchment area: very highly vulnerable areas (38.4%) and moderately vulnerable areas (61.6%).
The understanding of the groundwater pathways and movement within the epikarst is fundamental to evaluate pollution risks from point and non-point sources in karst aquifer systems. A travel time physics based method was developed and applied by integrating flow path lengths with the sub-surface groundwater transport velocity through the epikarst zone, towards the streams as a final recharge point. The base flow recession curve method was used in order to estimate the transmissivity values of the epikarst zone as 3.58 * 102 m2/d. Final water travel times were applied within three different scenarios of the hydraulic conductivity values of the epikarst zone, which was calculated based on three different assumed thicknesses of the epikarst zone. The applied method showed that around 97% of the catchment area exhibits a water travel time of up to 5 days.
The analysed stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in both of the Tanour and Rasoun springs water, in combination with other different automated monitored parameters, including turbidity, water temperature and electrical conductivity, in addition to the Tanour spring discharge, showed that the springs response to precipitation events is very rapid. Both springs responded to the rainfall events with an maximum water travel time of two to four days, except during the two intensive snowfall events that occurred in the winter season 2014/2015, where the maximum water travel time was nine to eleven day for the first snowfall event and three to five days for the second snowfall event. The difference in water travel times between the two snow events is related to other different factors that affected the snow melting process. The LMWL for the catchment area was defined as δ2H = 7.66 * δ18O + 24.43‰ (R2 = 0.98).
Pollution events in karst aquifers is a big problem due to the limited natural attenuation of pollutants resulting from fast water travel times and the thin, or absent, protective cover. At Tanour spring, both of the TOC and oxygen saturation showed a high sensitivity to pollution events from the olive mills wastewater. Clear, strong and wide-ranging potassium concentration peaks were recorded in Tanour and Rasoun springs during the pollution and recharge events. The measured potassium concentrations were used in order to develop a method for the quantification of the leaked wastewater towards Tanour spring (from the olive mills wastewater) and Rasoun spring (from domestic wastewater), based on the springs discharge volumes and the measured potassium concentration in the springs water and in the undiluted wastewater.


This symposium focuses on understanding key territorial-level innovation trends and processes by country, region and technology. It questions various widely accepted assumptions, offers fresh perspectives, both conceptually and methodologically, and challenges a paradigm shift in the field of innovation and spatial dynamics. It consists of three articles analysing at different scales (urban, regional and national) the territorial dynamics of innovation and their determinants. The innovation process, with local symbiosis and spatial spillovers at its core, is analysed within the conceptual framework of national and regional innovation systems and regional economic development. Based on a discussion of spatial spillovers and the way they shape the evolutionary and symbiotic relationships between local agents and actors, including university, industry and local development agencies, the symposium highlights the relevance of this framework for a better understanding of the transformation of local economic development processes. It investigates the differences in the geography of innovation regarding different institutional settings, different systems of innovation, and different national innovation strategies. While addressing mainly the EU, the US, and emerging countries such as China and India, the contributions also highlight the critical role of current innovation policies from a general perspective. In so doing, the symposium recognizes a contrarian perspective that argues that contemporary information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide a way to leapfrog the dominant role of proximity in innovation processes, creating a complimentary rather than a substitution effect for more remote and peripheral places. That said, this symposium focuses primarily on an urban network view of the innovation process and proximal effects in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


For most developing countries, the proportion of exports going to other developing countries has steadily increased since the early 1970's. Until that time, most of the developing countries with an outward-looking trade strategy did proportionately less trade with other developing countries, particularly manufacturers. Since the early 1970's, however, an outward orientation has often gone hand in hand with more South-South trade. The proportionate increase in South-South trade occurred despite relatively higher protection in most developing countries against the products for which they, as a group, have a comparative advantage. As the annual growth rate slowed, it greatly affected the direction of developing countries trade. But the resumption of growth in industrial countries did not alter the increasing trend in South-South trade. The structure of tariff and nontariff protection in most developing countries discriminated against products that other developing countries could supply competitively. Hence, across the board, nondiscriminatory liberalization would generally favor South-South trade - particularly if liberalization focused on the most heavily protected sectors.


Student debt is receiving attention as a significant stressor for college undergraduates. This, coupled with concerns about the future, has the potential to negatively impact students' well-being. Using data from a national student survey, this study examined the extent to which financial burdens and feelings of preparedness for their path following graduation predicted the functioning of college seniors. Higher debt and lower perceptions of preparedness for employment or higher education significantly predicted lower levels of emotional and physical health in students with loans of $0 - $200,000. These results support the notion that, in these uncertain economic times, greater emphasis could be placed on student career planning and guidance, not only for the purposes of future professional development, but to promote well-being while students are still in college.