A laser diode (LD) with external feedback can generate undamped relaxation oscillation (RO) under a certain operational condition. The RO frequency is highly sensitive to the external cavity condition. This work is to study the relationship between the RO frequency of an LD with optical feedback and its external cavity length. We firstly numerically solve the Lang-Kobayashi (L-K) equations to theoretically determine the relationship, then, experimentally verify the theoretical results. Both the simulation and experiment show that the RO frequency is quasiperiodic function of the external cavity length with the period of half laser wavelength when the cavity length is varied in micro scale. The results obtained at this work is useful for sensing and measurement using a laser feedback interferometry at relaxation oscillation.


The present study aimed at identifying the impact of the organizational justice dimensions (i.e. the distributive, procedural, and interactional justice) on the counterproductive work behavior towards the organization and individuals. The researcher selected a random sample that consists from (340) employees. He also designed a questionnaire for collecting the required data. The researcher used descriptive statistical methods and conducted the multiple and simple regression analysis. That was done to analyze the collected data and test the study's hypotheses. It was concluded that there is a negative relationship of moderate strength between the organizational justice dimensions and the counterproductive work behavior. The researcher recommends avoiding overlooking the top level management due to the significance of achieving organizational justice at the workplace. He also recommends holding training programs for promoting awareness among employees about the negative consequences resulting from counterproductive work behavior


In this work the effect of weight reduction using advanced lightweight materials on the mass, energy use, and cost of conventional and battery electric passenger vehicles is compared. Analytic vehicle simulation is coupled with cost assessment to find the optimal degree of weight reduction minimizing manufacturing and total costs. The results show a strong secondary weight and cost saving potential for the battery electric vehicles, but a higher sensitivity of vehicle energy use to mass reduction for the conventional vehicle. Generally, light weighting has the potential to lower vehicle costs, however, the results are very sensitive to parameters affecting lifetime fuel costs for conventional and battery costs for electric vehicles. Based on current technology cost estimates it is shown that the optimal amount of primary mass reduction minimizing total costs is similar for conventional and electric vehicles and ranges from 22% to 39%, depending on vehicle range and overall use patterns. The difference between the optimal solutions minimizing manufacturing versus total costs is higher for conventional than battery electric vehicles.


This is a lively retelling of an old Chinese tale. Lee is too lazy to grow any food, so he gets very hungry. Then he plants a magic melon - but things don't go as planned...Easy-to-read text is brought to life with delightful illustrations, and there are fun comprehension puzzles to try after the story. It is developed in consultation with Alison Kelly, who is a Principal Lecturer in Education and an early reading specialist from Roehampton University. Every title in this series features clear and compelling text accompanied by highly appealing illustrations. It is designed to motivate children as they learn to read.


A water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE), PEDOT-S (poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-1-butanesulfonic acid)), is demonstrated to be an excellent hole transport material in several polymer solar cells with different donor's HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital). With a P3TI:PC71BM (poly[6,6′-bis(5′-bromo-3,4′-dioctyl-[2,2′-bithiophen]-5-yl)-1,1′-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-[3,3′-biindolinylidene]-2,2′-dione]:[6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester) active layer, the device using PEDOT-S as a hole transport layer (HTL) outperforms the PEDOT:PSS-based devices due to an increased FF (fill factor). The devices' current density–voltage characteristics (J–V) show that a PEDOT-S layer can operate well with a wide range of thicknesses as well, helped by its high conductivity and decent transparency. With UV-ozone treatment, the work function of the PEDOT-S can increase from 4.9 eV to 5.2 eV. In TQ1:PC71BM (poly[[2,3-bis(3-octyloxyphenyl)-5,8-quinoxalinediyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl]:PC71BM) devices, which have a deeper donor HOMO than P3TI, Voc is improved from 0.81 V to 0.92 V by 7 min UV-ozone treatment, along with a suppressed reverse injection current and increased Jsc (short-circuit current density) and FF. Topography study shows the excellent coating ability of PEDOT-S. Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) shows the out-of-plane current in PEDOT-S film is one thousand times higher than that in PEDOT:PSS PH 4083 film under the same electric field and has much more uniformly distributed current pathways.


Background
In the Netherlands, various organisational models of dementia case management exist. In this study the following four models are distinguished, based on differences in the availability of the service and in the case management function: Model 1: the case management service is available from first dementia symptoms + is always a separate specialist function; Model 2: the case management service is only available after a formal dementia diagnosis + is always a separate specialist function; Model 3: the case management service is available from first dementia symptoms + is often a combined function; Model 4: the case management service is only available after a formal dementia diagnosis + is often a combined function. The objectives of this study are to give insight into whether satisfaction with dementia case management and the development of caregiver burden depend on the organisational model.
 Methods
A survey was carried out in regional dementia care networks in the Netherlands among 554 informal carers for people with dementia at the start of case management (response of 85 %), and one year later. Descriptive statistics and multilevel models were used to analyse the data.
 Results
The satisfaction with the case manager was high in general (an average of 8.0 within a possible range of 1 to 10), although the caregiver burden did not decrease in the first year after starting with case management. No differences were found between the four organisational models regarding the development of caregiver burden. However, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found regarding satisfaction: informal carers in the organisational model where case management is only available after formal diagnosis of dementia and is often a combined function had on average the lowest satisfaction scores. Nevertheless, the satisfaction of informal carers within all organisational models was high (ranging from 7.51 to 8.40 within a range of 1 to 10).
 Conclusions
Organisational features of case management seem to make little or no difference to the development in caregiver burden and the satisfaction of informal carers. Future research is needed to explore whether the individual characteristics of the case managers themselves are associated with case management outcomes.


This study estimated separately the unique effects of three dimensions of good practice and the global effects of a composite measure of good practices on the cognitive development, orientations to learning, and educational aspirations of students during their first year of college. Analyses of longitudinal data from a representative sample of colleges and universities were conducted, and net of a battery of confounding influences, measures of good practices were positively related to a number of first-year outcomes. The magnitude of the effects of these good practices differed by the pre-college characteristics of the students and by the type of institution attended.


[1] To diagnose the causes of an excessive response of the clear-sky greenhouse effect to El Nino warming in the Community Atmosphere Models (CAMs), the response of both water vapor and temperature to El Nino warming in the models is examined as a function of height. The percentage response of water vapor to El Nino warming in the models is considerably stronger than the response in the NCEP reanalysis in the middle and upper troposphere (700–300 mbar). The maximum discrepancy with NCEP data at 500 mbar reaches 18%/K in CAM3. The discrepancy in the temperature response between the models and NCEP data at all tropospheric levels is within 0.3 K/K, with the maximum discrepancy occurring in the immediate neighborhood of 600 mbar. The comparison between the models and ERA-40 reanalysis leads to the similar results. Employing a radiative model, we have calculated the contributions of the excessive water vapor response in the middle and upper troposphere and the contributions from the differences in the lapse rate response to the discrepancies seen in the clear-sky greenhouse effect. The results confirm that the main cause of the excessive response of the clear-sky greenhouse effect is an excessive response of water vapor in the middle and upper troposphere. The excessive response of upper tropospheric water vapor is found to be accompanied with an excessive response in the upper cloud cover and vertical motion. Biases in both phases of ENSO contribute to these excessive responses to ENSO.


OBJECTIVE
The effects of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, benzylbutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate were investigated on human prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3 in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Standards of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and di-ethyl hexyl phthalate were used. Alpha lipoic acid was used as antioxidant compound. DU145 and PC3 human prostate carcinoma cells were used. MTT assay were used for cytotoxicity assay.

RESULTS
A low dose proliferative effect of phthalates in vitro was observed. With the hypothesis of the inhibition of aerobic glycolysis activity in cancer treatment, α-lipoic acid was applied to cells; where as a contrary to previous studies, no change in the cell proliferation was observed. In combination with ALA, at IC50 and lower doses, an increase of the cytotoxic effect was found for DIBP, DBP and BBP; while for DMP, DEP and DEHP, a decrease was observed for DU145 cells. In PC3 cells, a decrease was observed for DMP, DEP and DBPs; while no significant difference were observed for DEHP, DIBP and BBP.

CONCLUSSION
The present study demonstrates preliminary information regarding the low dose proliferative effects of phthalates in prostate cancer in vitro (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 65).


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The IV STEP conference challenged presenters and participants to consider the state of science in rehabilitation, highlighting key area of progress since the previous STEP conference related to prediction, prevention, plasticity, and participation in rehabilitation.

KEY POINTS
Emerging from the thought-provoking discussions was recognition of the progress we have made as a profession and a call for future growth. In this summary article, we present a recap of the key points and call for action. We review the information presented and the field at large as it relates to the 4 Ps: prediction, prevention, plasticity, and participation.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Given that personalized medicine is an increasingly important approach that was clearly woven throughout the IV STEP presentations, we took the liberty of adding a fifth "P," Personalized, in our discussion of the future direction of the profession.


If you're in need of a quick, concise tutorial to learn Unix and get on your way, this is it. Sams Teach Yourself UNIX in 10 Minutes, Second Edition will help you quickly and easily learn UNIX essentials and review UNIX features and functions. You will master components of UNIX programming through clear, concise learning modules and step-by-step instructions without having to wade through a lot of fluff and theory. You will learn to: Get onto the system and use the command line Move about the file system Create, move, rename and delete files and directories Slice and dice command pipe data Use the vi Editor Print in the UNIX environment And more!Whatever your expertise level, Sams Teach Yourself UNIX in 10 Minutes will get you up and running with UNIX in no time.


Introduction: On the Breadth of Family Experience - Kory Floyd and Mark T. Morman What We Know and Don't Know about Communication in Family Relationships Widening the Circle of Family Communication Part A: Family-of-Origin Relationships Introduction - Kory Floyd and Mark T. Morman 1. Communication Over the Life Span: The Mother-Adult Daughter Relationship - Michelle Miller-Day and Carla Fisher Communication and Connection in Mother-Adult Daughter Relationships Unique Patterns of Communicating Dialectics Turning Points Conclusion 2. Communication among Peers: Adult Sibling Relationships - Alan Mikkelson Unique Characteristics of the Sibling Relationship Different Types of Sibling Relationships Communication in Adult Sibling Relationships Communication Behaviors among Adult Siblings Conclusion 3. The Good Son: Men's Perceptions of the Characteristics of Sonhood - Mark T. Morman and Kory Floyd The Role of Son The Good Son Study Conclusion Commentary on Part A - Anita L. Vangelisti Part B: Extended Family Relationships Introduction - Kory Floyd and Mark T. Morman 4. Friends and Allies: Communication in Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships - Jordan Eli Soliz, Mei-Chen Lin, Karen Anderson, and Jake Harwood The Lack of Attention to Grandparental Relationships Communicative Opportunities and Challenges What Do We Know about Grandparent-Grandchild Communication? What's Left to Learn about the Grandparent-Grandchild Relationship? Conclusion 5. The "Other" Women in Family Life: Aunt/Niece/Nephew Communication - Patricia J. Sotirin and Laura L. Ellingson The Title of "Aunt" Aunting in Family Communication Research Themes and Schemas of Aunting Relationships Descriptions and Dialectics of Aunting Relationships Communicative Strengths and Challenges What is Left to Learn about Aunting? Conclusion 6. Getting Along with the In-Laws: Relationships with Parents-in-Law - Mary Claire Morr Serewicz Defining the Relationship with Parents-in-Law The Nonvoluntary, Tiradic Structure of the Parent-in-Law/Child-in-Law Relationship Interaction Between Parents-in-Law and Children-in-Law Conclusion 7. Getting Along with the In-Laws: Relationships with Siblings-in-Law - Christina G. Yoshimura What is a Sibling-in-Law? What is Known about Communication among Siblings-in-Law Contemporary Research on Siblings-in-Law Conclusion Commentary on Part B - Fran Dickson Part C: Relationships Created Through Divorce, Remarriage, or Adoption Introduction - Kory Floyd and Mark T. Morman 8. Joined by Hearts and Words: Adoptive Family Relationships - Kathleen M. Galvin How Common is Adoption? Background of Adoption Practices Contemporary Adoption Practices Why is Adoption Historically Understudied? Communicative Challenges to the Adoptive Family Communicative Opportunities and Challenges What We Need to Learn about Adoption Conclusion 9. Understudied and Misunderstood: Communication in Stepfamily Relationships - Dawn O. Braithwaite, Paul Schrodt, Leslie A. Baxter Stepfamily Development and Types Communication and Stepfamily Boundaries Conclusion 10. Investigating Privacy Boundaries: Communication in Post-Divorce Families - Tamara D. Afifi and Tara McManus The Role of Privacy Boundaries in Post-Divorce Family Relationships Redefining the Boundaries with One's Former Spouse Redefining the Boudaries with One's Children The Privacy Dilemmas of Interpersonal Conflict and Children's Feelings of Being Caught Conclusion Commentary on Part C - Beth Le Poire 11. Understudied Relationships in Family Communication Research: Expanding the Social Recipe - Lynn H. Turner and Richard West Dialectic Tensions Methods for Dealing with Dialectic Tensions Conclusion References


Light-responsive devices are becoming increasingly relevant in many applications ranging from soft-robotics, energy harvesting, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Here we present a two-photon fabrication process based on a photocurable azopolymeric compound that we successfully employed to manufacture suspended micro-membranes. Thanks to the incorporation of azobenzene units, the membranes are shown to exhibit a remarkable mechanical photo-responsivity despite the disordered, amorphous structure of the crosslinked network. When irradiated with a focused laser beam at 532 nm wavelength, a reversible shape modification is observed, with a linear expansion coefficient as large as 28%. This effect is accompanied by a refractive index decrease of about 0.16, as measured interferometrically. The initial state of the membrane is fully recovered when the irradiation is switched off, as the cyclic photoisomerization process is stopped. The presented approach can be extended to light-induce complex modifications of the mechanical features in 3D printed objects by remotely providing arbitrary illumination patterns.


The increase awareness of nowadays consumers regarding the food they purchase and consume and the health has led to an increase demand of foods containing biologically active compounds, namely antioxidants, which can help the body to fight against oxidative stress. As a consequence finding, new or nonconventional sources of antioxidants are a priority for food and also pharmaceutical industries. Wastes from fruits and vegetable processing are shown to contained valuable molecules (antioxidants, dietary fibers, proteins, natural colorants, aroma compounds, etc.) which can be extracted, purified and valorized in value-added products. The present chapter is underlying the great potential of food wastes to be exploited as sources of antioxidants based on the scientific evidences regarding the possibilities of extraction and purification, health benefits and envisaged applications of antioxidants recovered from these wastes.


The focus of this article is Swansea's tiered approach to tackling youth anti-social behaviour. It discusses the findings of a series of interviews with individuals working in the city around the following four themes: de-escalation and diversion; consistency and avoiding net-widening; inclusionary welfarism and multi-agency partnership; and voluntarism, engagement and compliance. Recognizing that youth justice policies can vary both between and within jurisdictions, the article argues that the interviewees' accounts contrast sharply with New Labour's New Youth Justice, embody key features of the Welsh Assembly Government's children's policy, and might inform the new approach to tackling anti-social behaviour promised by the Coalition Government.


The composition of olive oils may vary depending on environmental and technological factors. Fatty acid profiles and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy data in combination with chemometric methods were used to classify extra-virgin olive oils according to geographical origin and harvest year. Oils were obtained from 30 different areas of northern and southern parts of the Aegean Region of Turkey for two consecutive harvest years. Fatty acid composition data analyzed with principal component analysis was more successful in distinguishing northern olive oil samples from southern samples compared to spectral data. Both methods have the ability to differentiate olive oil samples with respect to harvest year. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis was also applied to detect a correlation between fatty acid profile and spectral data. Correlation coefficients (R 2 ) of a calibration set for stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic and linolenic acids were determined as 0.83, 0.97, 0.97, 0.83 and 0.69, respectively. Fatty acid profiles were very effective in classification of oils with respect to geographic origin and harvest year. On the other hand, FT-IR spectra in combination with PLS could be a useful and rapid tool for the determination of some of the fatty acids of olive oils.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to uncover the realities of managerial work in the Norwegian police service. Observation and interview of 27 police managers showed that managerial work emerged and unfolded through specific practices, which occurred within a shared organisational practice shaped by police culture, context and mission. Managers practiced in a variety of ways rather than according to a universal set of managerial practices. Individual police managers developed proficiency by carrying out day-to-day work duties. These managerial practices were dependent on dynamic actions and interactions and were subject to expectations and pressures. Police managers earned legitimacy primarily through being foremost among equals. The current findings supported studies suggesting that managers face complexity and uncertainty in their work as well as those that downplay what managers ought to do, focussing instead on what it is possible to achieve. The implication of these findings for practice is that individual police managers need to develop their own ways of tackling personal, strategic, relational and operational challenges.


This paper examines the level of satisfaction attained by complainants to three different consumer protection agencies in Anambra State, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, the paper verified proposition that establishes relationship between three components of performance evaluation namely accomplishment of objectives, carrying out duties, procedural obstacles, and consumer satisfaction with consumer protection agencies. Secondly, the paper examined the dimension that influences consumer satisfaction most. A total of 43 out of 92 complainants were surveyed using a 5-point likert type structured questionnaire. Factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results show that overall consumer satisfaction is derived from the objectives accomplished, roles played and procedural obstacles removed by consumer protection agencies. Interestingly, the roles played by these agencies proved to be the dimension that influences consumer satisfaction most. Overall, the paper recommends that the agencies should among other things, liaise with market associations, the media, consumer groups, sister agencies and other relevant stakeholders to achieve the desired consumer satisfaction.


This paper analyzes China's development strategy by focusing on both global and regional approaches to solving problems of energy security and ecological imbalance by addressing specifically the problems of China's energy security. PRC's growing energy dependence has become a major concern for both economic and national security policymakers in that country. The ambitious goal of modernization of the economy along the lines of the other newly industrialized economies(NIEs) of Asia has succeeded only too well, and it is difficult to reorient economic priorities. If examined rigorously, such an economic strategic assumption can be seen to entail the goal of creating further technological capabilities. In particular, China seems to be firmly committed to the creation of a largely self-sustaining innovation system as part of a knowledge-based economy of the future . Such innovation systems, called positive feedback loop innovation systems or POLIS have been created by advanced countries, and NIEs such as South Korea and Taiwan are proceeding to create these as well. But this will add to its energy burden and further dependence on the US as the power which controls the key sea lanes. Only a strategic reorientation to building a self-sustaining POLIS and appropriate regional cooperation institutions can lead to the way out of the current dilemma for China. Fortunately, such a model of POLIS which is distributionally and ecologically sensitive can be built for China and applied strategically to lead towards a sustainable development trajectory. However, time is of the essence. Given the path dependence of development unless strategic disengagement from the existing path followed by a strategic engagement with the alternative strategy is begun within the next five years, it may well be too late. The stakes are indeed very high. A more detailed strategy paper based on the key ideas from the alternative strategy outlined here with concrete quantitative scenarios and feasibility studies along the lines of models sketched in the appendix ( and other, more detailed models) will go some distance towards giving the appropriate analytical foundations for the policy makers. The preliminary results confirm the predictions regarding fossil fuel-based energy shortage and lead towards a serious consideration of alternative energy sources. Achieving the twin goals of energy security and ecological balance are challenging but not impossible for China. Serious policy research can be used effectively if there is the political will to do so. The goal of regional cooperation is also achievable if patient negotiations in good faith can start in earnest. In particular, cooperation with other Asian economies, particularly Japan, Indonesia, Viet Nam and India will be crucial.This paper has sketched out the complexities of cooperation and conflict between China and Japan. Future work will address the problems of Regional cooperation for China in the East, South and South Asian context as well as in the context of Africa and Latin America.


A common problem encountered in phased array signal processing is how to remove sources of interference from a desired signal. Two existing methods to accomplish this are the Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV) beamformer and the Side-Lobe Canceller (SLC). LCMV provides better performance than SLC, but comes with much higher computational costs. The Steered Auxiliary Beam Canceller (SABC) presented in this thesis is a new algorithm developed to improve the performance of SLC without the computational costs of LCMV. SABC performs better than SLC because it uses high-gain auxiliary channels for cancellation. This new technique is now possible because digital arrays allow for direction finding algorithms such as Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) to estimate the directions of the interference sources. With this added knowledge, high gain beams similar to the main beam may be used as auxiliaries instead of low-gain antenna elements. Another contribution is a method introduced to calculate the computational complexity of LCMV, SLC, and SABC much more accurately than existing methods which only provide order-of-magnitude estimates. The final contribution is a derivation of the signal loss experienced by SLC and SABC and simulations that verify the performance of LCMV, SLC, and SABC. iv Acknowledgements


The aim of this commentary is to present the position that a pattern language approach facilitates, even catalyzes (comparative) learning in planning for young professionals. This position builds on literature and is supported by the research work of six MSc Urbanism graduation projects, in which the students adopted a pattern language approach. Additionally, these alumni have been asked in retrospect to evaluate their pattern language experiences for their learning. The students say their pattern languages give focus, enrich the knowledge field, are flexible, and they do not prescribe what to do, or how to make a plan. Students see and appreciate the value of the simple, yet thoughtful structure of a pattern with both visual and verbal information. Additionally, they observe that this method enables the connection between disciplines, between theory and practice, and between stakeholders, and that, potentially, it is a helpful tool for all kinds of stakeholders. They refer to the method as a tool for communication, a tool for design and analysis, and a tool for learning.


Different aspects related to floral development have a close link to fruit set failures in apricot and other fruit trees. In this work we review studies on flower bud development, pollen viability and germinability, ovule development and longevity, fertilization, as well as on molecular bases of selfand cross-(in)compatibility. A high flower buds drop and a scarce flower bud production of some apricot cultivars affect negatively fruit set. Climatic conditions during flowering influence pollen germination and pollen tubes growth. A delay in the ovule development at anthesis has been found as genotype-dependent in apricot and this trait has been related to low percentages of fertilisation. Also differences in fruit set observed between cultivars may be related to the ability of the ovules to develop and mature after anthesis. Abnormal embryo sacs or ovules have been observed in apricot at different stages of flower development, which is a direct cause of low fruit set. Different plant growth regulators can be useful to regulate different processes. The knowledge of the incompatibility phenotype for many apricot cultivars has allowed advising about the planting of single-cultivar orchards. The study of the inheritance of this and other traits in apricot and other fruit trees has allowed planning of hybridisations to minimise or eliminate the production of undesirable seedlings, increasing the efficiency of the breeding programmes. Furthermore, molecular studies and characterization of Salleles in apricot have allowed the development of molecular markers for self-(in)compatibility, a successful tool for breeding. All together, these studies on the floral development in apricot have provided valuable information to help select the appropriate cultivars for producers and to avoid losses caused by an inadequate cultivar selection. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Get the guide that makes learning Microsoft Outlook 2010 plain and simple! This full color, no-nonsense book shows you the quickest ways to manage your email and schedule appointments, using easy-to-follow steps and concise, straightforward language. You'll learn how to stay productive and in touch with all of your personal and business networks. Here's WHAT you'll learn: Send and receive messages, files, and photos Set up e-mail filters to weed out the junk Manage your contacts and stay in touch Keep track of your calendar and manage your tasks Read RSS feeds right from your inbox Jot down e-notes and keep a journal Here's HOW you'll learn it: Jump in whenever you need answers Easy-to-follow STEPS and SCREENSHOTS show exactly what to do Handy TIPS teach new techniques and shortcuts Quick TRY THIS! exercises help apply what you learn right away


This case study describes an osteopathic approach to improving the quality of life of a survivor of gastric cancer. An older male patient received eight consultations over a period of 10 months, some three years after his cancer diagnosis and treatment. Osteopathic management included manual treatment to improve musculoskeletal mobility, cranial osteopathic treatment to release tension in the deeper fascia, discussion of dietary strategies and advice and education about the origin of his symptoms due to a total gastrectomy and cancer chemotherapy. After treatment his physical symptoms were reduced. His neck pain was reduced. Nausea and discomfort after eating disappeared. Frequency of diarrhoea, breathlessness and fatigue were improved. He gained weight and resumed social activities. This case study illustrates how osteopathy can play a role in the supportive care of cancer patients after their conventional treatment; a wide range of systemic and musculoskeletal symptoms fall within the scope of osteopathic knowledge and problem-solving skills. The training of osteopaths as primary health care practitioners equips them with a high level of knowledge in pathology and differential diagnosis. Osteopathic consultations provide time to engage in complex problems that may benefit from a holistic approach. The touch and body work involved in osteopathy can help the patient come to terms with altered body image and to talk openly about anxieties. The Hay approach to diet appeared to be valuable in improving the quality of life for this particular patient after his gastrectomy. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47μm to 243μm. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns.


The growing popularity of cloud and multimedia services is dramatically increasing the traffic volume that each data center needs to handle. This is driving the demand for highly scalable, flexible, and energy-efficient networks inside data centers, in particular for the edge tier, which requires a large number of interconnects and consumes the dominant part of the overall power. Optical fiber communication is widely recognized as the highest energy- and cost-efficient technique to offer ultra-large capacity for telecommunication networks. It has also been considered as a promising transmission technology for future data center applications. Taking into account the characteristics of the traffic generated by the servers, such as locality, multicast, dynamicity, and burstiness, the emphasis of the research on data center networks has to be put on architectures that leverage optical transport to the greatest possible extent. However, no feasible solution based on optical switching is available so far for handling the data center traffic at the edge tier. Therefore, apart from conventional optical switching, we investigate a completely different paradigm, passive optical interconnects, and aim to explore the possibility for optical interconnects at the top of the rack. In this article, we present three major types of passive optical interconnects and carry out a performance assessment with respect to the ability to host data center traffic, scalability, optical power budget, complexity of the required interface, cost, and energy consumption. Our results have verified that the investigated passive optical interconnects can achieve a significant reduction of power consumption and maintain cost at a similar level compared to its electronic counterpart. Furthermore, several research directions on passive optical interconnects have been pointed out for future green data centers.


Abstract. The uncertainties in the cloud physical properties derived from satellite observations make it difficult to interpret model evaluation studies. In this paper, the uncertainties in the cloud water path (CWP) retrievals derived with the cloud physical properties retrieval algorithm (CPP) of the climate monitoring satellite application facility (CM SAF) are investigated. To this end, a numerical simulator of MSG-SEVIRI observations has been developed that calculates the reflectances at 0.64 and 1.63 μm for a wide range of cloud parameter values, satellite viewing geometries and surface albedos using a plane-parallel radiative transfer model. The reflectances thus obtained are used as input to CPP, and the retrieved values of CWP are compared to the original input of the simulator. Cloud parameters considered in this paper refer to e.g. sub-pixel broken clouds and the simultaneous occurrence of ice and liquid water clouds within one pixel. These configurations are not represented in the CPP algorithm and as such the associated retrieval uncertainties are potentially substantial. It is shown that the CWP retrievals are very sensitive to the assumptions made in the CPP code. The CWP retrieval errors are generally small for unbroken single-layer clouds with COT > 10, with retrieval errors of ~3% for liquid water clouds to ~10% for ice clouds. In a multi-layer cloud, when both liquid water and ice clouds are present in a pixel, the CWP retrieval errors increase dramatically; depending on the cloud, this can lead to uncertainties of 40–80%. CWP retrievals also become more uncertain when the cloud does not cover the entire pixel, leading to errors of ~50% for cloud fractions of 0.75 and even larger errors for smaller cloud fractions. Thus, the satellite retrieval of cloud physical properties of broken clouds as well as multi-layer clouds is complicated by inherent difficulties, and the proper interpretation of such retrievals requires extra care.


On-line social networking has become a very popular Web 2.0 application. This paper studies the issues around using web mining techniques for analysis of on-line social networks. Techniques and concepts of web mining and social networks analysis will be introduced and reviewed along with a discussion about how to use web mining techniques for on-line social networks analysis. In addition this paper sets out a process to use web mining for on-line social networks analysis, which can be treated as a general process in this research area. Discussions of the challenges and future research are also included.


In recent years, the using of energy having in the natural environment has drawn attention of many researchers in the world. And the energy harvesting (EH) protocol is a ideal point focusing the study of many scientists especially in wireless communication systems. This paper deals with the EH architecture of the full duplex relay networks. Through utilizing the time switching based relaying (TSR) protocol and Decode-and-Forward (DF) model, we extract the approximate clause of throughput and after that work out the maximal throughput of delay-limited (DL) and delay tolerant (DT) models. A worth outcome can be taken evidently that the noise factor, the time fraction, the target ratio as well as the position of relay in TSR effected the maximal throughput. Finally, the numerical results give out a efficient relay strategy of the DT to be better than that of the DL in full duplex cooperative networks.


Fourteen-month-old German infants can distinguish between isolated non-finite verb-noun and noun-verb verb-phrases [1]. This study investigated whether prosody is the cause of this differential attention. The prosodic content of 144 verb-phrases was manipulated, and the impact of this manipulation on infants' perception was examined. Our results show that, even though prosody does influence infants' perception, the segmental content of phrases (i.e., morphological markers) is also crucial for German infants' early sensitivity to word-order differences within verbphrases.


Controlling Invertebrate Pests in Agriculture discusses the principles of pest management and relates this to historical methods as well as current and future directions. It describes current practice, the concept of agricultural ecosystems, the role of pesticides and cultural control options. A separate chapter covers biological control and the different ways in which this may be implemented.

The book provides a detailed examination of the application of pesticides, the different types that are available and how they may be integrated into more holistic approaches. A summary of all available pest control measures is given to allow the reader to decide which approach is best to adopt. The authors clearly describe why the most ecologically sound methods are not always adopted, but also explain why they can be adopted with great success.

Examples of successful implementation of Integrated Pest Management are highlighted, together with a discussion on what is required in the future to achieve successful control of pests in a sustainable manner.


Literature uncovers that depression is common in elderly people. The problem is more serious in elderly with chronic physical illnesses. Although the relationship between physical problems and depression is well documented, the underlying mechanism is basically unknown. This article proposed after a comprehensive literature review that depression in elderly with chronic physical illnesses results from disability and a reduction in psychosocial resources. If depression is left untreated, suicide may be a consequence. In view of this, various forms of psychosocial interventions are developed based on mainstream western medicine. The authors argue that qigong, a form of Chinese therapeutics, has the effect of alleviating clinical depression and thus improves quality of life. A simple form of dynamic qigong, namely the Eight‐Section Brocades, is suggested to serve the purpose. A theory which explains the psychosocial effect of qigong is hypothesized. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In Zimbabwe the need to incorporate indigenous knowledge in science education to reflect local cultural settings cannot be overemphasized. Current policies on science are situated in Western cultural definitions, thus marginalizing indigenous knowledge, which is misconceived as irrational and illogical. This study used qualitative research methods. Ten teachers were purposively selected and interviewed to gain their insights into problems faced in incorporating indigenous knowledge into science teaching. The study found that the problems were attitudinal, institutional, and systemic. Teachers were found to be conservative "gatekeepers" who exhibited negative attitudes toward indigenous science and supported maintaining the teaching of Western science. The study suggests reforming and transforming science curriculum, policymaking, and teacher education to promote cross-cultural science in Zimbabwean primary schools.


The nursing process is a problem-solving framework that enables the nursing staff to plan their care for a patents and clients as an individual or group basis . This requires nurses to be accountable for the care that they prescribe with care deliver and to keep clear and accurate records of the discussions .Today, one's ability to use the nursing process is governed by the standards for pre-registration for any nursing education as outline. The present study aimed at utilize the nursing process in Mosul teaching hospitals The initial sample consisted of (42) nurses whose were selected randomly from surgical and emergency units at Mosul teaching Hospitals . the period of data collection for this study was carried out from 20-1-2019 until 20-2-2019 . in Ibn-Sina and AL-Jamhuori teaching hospitals. The results shows a highly significant of all assessment for applications of nursing process at p. value (0.05) In conclusions of this study The nursing process it's very important to enhancing the quality of care especially at surgical field and The highly significant number for all elements of nursing process. Furthermore, the nursing staff cant not be able to make any management without nursing process. Thus the researcher put some recommendations for the current study such as ;the nursing process case sheet should be putting in patient case folder , to evaluate the patient and his health status systematically, the nursing staff and health care team must be educating to how could they using nursing process and updating, surgical wards should be formulate a time table for all clients to guide them about their care as a schedules .The head of nursing staff as a adviser must be enrolled with conferences and educations centers to discuss the implementation of nursing process .


Phospho- and sphingolipids are crucial cellular and intracellular compounds. These lipids are required for active transport, a number of enzymatic processes, membrane formation, and cell signalling. Disruption of their metabolism leads to several diseases, with diverse neurological, psychiatric, and metabolic consequences. A large number of phospholipid and sphingolipid species can be detected and measured in human plasma. We conducted a meta-analysis of five European family-based genome-wide association studies (N = 4034) on plasma levels of 24 sphingomyelins (SPM), 9 ceramides (CER), 57 phosphatidylcholines (PC), 20 lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), 27 phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and 16 PE-based plasmalogens (PLPE), as well as their proportions in each major class. This effort yielded 25 genome-wide significant loci for phospholipids (smallest P-value = 9.88×10−204) and 10 loci for sphingolipids (smallest P-value = 3.10×10−57). After a correction for multiple comparisons (P-value<2.2×10−9), we observed four novel loci significantly associated with phospholipids (PAQR9, AGPAT1, PKD2L1, PDXDC1) and two with sphingolipids (PLD2 and APOE) explaining up to 3.1% of the variance. Further analysis of the top findings with respect to within class molar proportions uncovered three additional loci for phospholipids (PNLIPRP2, PCDH20, and ABDH3) suggesting their involvement in either fatty acid elongation/saturation processes or fatty acid specific turnover mechanisms. Among those, 14 loci (KCNH7, AGPAT1, PNLIPRP2, SYT9, FADS1-2-3, DLG2, APOA1, ELOVL2, CDK17, LIPC, PDXDC1, PLD2, LASS4, and APOE) mapped into the glycerophospholipid and 12 loci (ILKAP, ITGA9, AGPAT1, FADS1-2-3, APOA1, PCDH20, LIPC, PDXDC1, SGPP1, APOE, LASS4, and PLD2) to the sphingolipid pathways. In large meta-analyses, associations between FADS1-2-3 and carotid intima media thickness, AGPAT1 and type 2 diabetes, and APOA1 and coronary artery disease were observed. In conclusion, our study identified nine novel phospho- and sphingolipid loci, substantially increasing our knowledge of the genetic basis for these traits.


A sweeping historical epic and a radical new interpretation of Vasco da Gama's groundbreaking voyages, seen as a turning point in the struggle between Christianity and Islam In 1498 a young captain sailed from Portugal, circumnavigated Africa, crossed the Indian Ocean, and discovered the sea route to the Indies and, with it, access to the fabled wealth of the East. It was the longest voyage known to history. The little ships were pushed beyond their limits, and their crews were racked by storms and devastated by disease. However, their greatest enemy was neither nature nor even the sheer dread of venturing into unknown worlds that existed on maps populated by coiled, toothy sea monsters. With bloodred Crusader crosses emblazoned on their sails, the explorers arrived in the heart of the Muslim East at a time when the old hostilities between Christianity and Islam had risen to a new level of intensity. In two voyages that spanned six years, Vasco da Gama would fight a running sea battle that would ultimately change the fate of three continents. An epic tale of spies, intrigue, and treachery; of bravado, brinkmanship, and confused and often comical collisions between cultures encountering one another for the first time; Holy War also offers a surprising new interpretation of the broad sweep of history. Identifying Vasco da Gama's arrival in the East as a turning point in the centuries-old struggle between Islam and Christianity--one that continues to shape our world--Holy War reveals the unexpected truth that both Vasco da Gama and his archrival, Christopher Columbus, set sail with the clear purpose of launching a Crusade whose objective was to reach the Indies; seize control of its markets in spices, silks, and precious gems from Muslim traders; and claim for Portugal or Spain, respectively, all the territories they discovered. Vasco da Gama triumphed in his mission and drew a dividing line between the Muslim and Christian eras of history--what we in the West call the medieval and the modern ages. Now that the world is once again tipping back East, Holy War offers a key to understanding age-old religious and cultural rivalries resurgent today.


We present a novel robot programming methodology that is aimed at reducing the level of robotics expert knowledge needed to operate industrial robotic systems by explicitly modeling this knowledge and abstracting it from the user. Most of the current robot programming paradigms are either user-centric and fully-specify the robot's task to the lowest detail (used mostly in large industrial robotic systems) or fully autonomous solutions that generate the tasks from a problem description (used often in service and personal robotics). We present an approach that is user-centric and can interpret underspecified robot tasks. Such task descriptions make the system amenable for users that are experts in a particular domain, but have limited knowledge about robotics and are thus not able to specify low-level details and instructions. Semantic models for all involved entities enable automatic reasoning about underspecified tasks and missing pieces of information. We demonstrate this approach on an industrial assembly use-case and present a preliminary evaluation—both qualitatively and quantitatively—vis-a-vis state-of-the-art solutions available from industrial robot manufacturers.


ABSTRACT Occurrences of articulated, multi-element skeletons of edrioasteroids provide evidence of sudden burial and an opportunity for detailed paleoecologic analysis. This study examines two catastrophically buried communities of edrioasteroids from Florence, Kentucky and Sharonville, Ohio. In these two occurrences, the edrioasteroids Isorophus cincinnatiensis, Streptaster vorticellatus, and Carneyella pilea utilized brachiopod and mollusk shells as hard substrates for attachment. Age structure analysis for specimens of Isorophus cincinnatiensis on both pavements show right-skewed distributions that are attributed to high juvenile mortality. Thecae on the Florence pavement have slight bimodal preferential orientation, likely in response to current flow, whereas no preferential thecal orientation was noted for specimens on the Sharonville pavement. Spatial analysis of the Florence pavement indicates a clustered edrioasteroid distribution resulting from multiple edrioasteroids attached to single brachiopod shells. Edrioasteroid margin deformation, in response to inter- and intraspecific competition, provides evidence that edrioasteroids were unable to move once attached to the substrate. Spatial analysis for Isorophus cincinnatiensis on the Sharonville pavement shows few instances of multiple edrioasteroids attached to individual shells. Instead, this clustered distribution suggests enhanced encrustation in areas of enhanced survival (i.e., increased feeding opportunity). The high degree of thecal disarticulation on the Sharonville pavement suggests postmortem bloating and rupture.


Using the Pfizer funded Swedish informational site about erectile dysfunction (ED), www.potenslinjen.se, we examine how potential users, their partners, and medical doctors are enrolled in the process of creating the Swedish Viagra user. Contextualized against other critical work on Viagra, our analysis shows how the commercial discourse embeds the ED patient into a network of actors. Three separate actors are co-constituted and enrolled by this erectile dysfunction information discourse, comprising Viagra marketing material in a country which forbids direct to consumer advertising of prescription medication. Doctors are enrolled to produce the cultural authority of expert medical knowledge, whereas partners are given responsibility for the emotional aspects of a man's sexuality and encouraged to direct the man toward the relationship-saving Viagra. Throughout, though, the man is the patient responsible for taking Viagra to fix his dysfunctioning penis. We problematize this individualised solution by contrasting it with the social aspects of the discourse and examining other qualitative and historical studies of impotence. We then ask if the enrolment presented by the Swedish Viagra website could be (mis)used to expand the circle of actors involved in ED, redefi ning the 'problem' and opening for a wider variety of treatments.


Several states, including Israel and the United States, have put decapitation tactics, which seek to kill or capture leaders of terrorist organizations, at the forefront of their counterterrorism efforts. The vast majority of scholarly work on decapitation suggests, however, that leadership decapitation is ineffective at best and counterproductive at worst. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, leadership decapitation significantly increases the mortality rate of terrorist groups, although the results indicate that the effect of decapitation decreases with the age of the group, even to a point where it may have no effect at all. This finding helps to explain the previously perplexing mixed record of decapitation effectiveness. Terrorist groups are especially susceptible to leadership decapitation because their organizational characteristics (they are violent, nonclandestine, and values based) amplify the difficulties of leadership succession. Additionally, in contrast to the conventional wisdom regarding the durability of terrorist groups, politically relevant terrorist groups (defined as those with at least four attacks including one attack resulting in a fatality) endure significantly longer than previously believed.


Whistle-blowing indicates disclosing organizational wrongdoings resulting in harm to third parties. An individual's decision to blow the whistle might be based upon organizational, situational or personal factors. This study inquires the relationship between value orientations of prospective teachers and choices for whistle-blowing with particular modes and two concepts of individual value orientations, individualism/collectivism and idealism/relativism. Descriptive statistics and Correlation matrix were used for the analysis of the data. Results revealed that, prospective teachers prefer anonymous reporting more than external reporting. The results showed that there is no relationship between the values and intentions of the prospective teachers to blow the whistle externally, and anonymously. While there have been many studies examining whistle blowing with different factors in especially marketing, there has not been any intention for examining it in education. Thus, this paper aimed to contribute to the extant literature by choosing Turkey and education as context as most studies have been conducted in the Western cultures, and in accounting or marketing service. Keywords: Education, prospective teachers, Turkey, value orientation, whistle-blowing Introduction Whistle-blowing means disclosing organizational wrongdoings resulting in harm to third parties. It is an effective corporate governance mechanism against organizational wrongdoings. Having come into the limelight with the fall of American corporations such as Enron due to acts of wrongdoings, whistle-blowing is one of the responses that organization members show in relation to organizational wrongdoings (Jubb, 1999; Miceli and Near, 2005; Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, 2010). Whistle-blowing is a prosocial behavior in organization. Since whistle-blowers release information deliberately, and employ unconventional methods to make the disclosure, they are at high risk such as being fired. Therefore, individual traits such as positive and negative affectivity and proactive personality affect the evaluation of wrongdoing and whistle-blowing as well as the type of wrongdoing (Jubb, 1999; Miceli et. al, 2001; Near et al. (2004). In addition, individual's perception and moral reasoning are also related to decision-making process for blowing the whistle (Miceli and Near, 1985). Miceli et. al (1991; 2001) argue that whistle-blowers are likely to be valued individuals because they feel constrained to report wrongdoing by their own sense of moral behavior. Moral reasoning requires the ability to recognize and correctly evaluate any ethical dilemma. Besides, observers do not report when they do not view the form of wrongdoing in question as requiting action on moral grounds. In addition, Liyanarachchi and Newdick (2009) argued that moral courage and moral reasoning are two of the most important factors to understand one's propensity to blow the whistle, and they examined the effect of students' level of moral reasoning, on their intention to whistle blow. Thus significant research has investigated the whistleblowing on account of demographic and rational decision-making processes (i.e. Near, Spector, 1982; Brabeck (1984); Miceli and Near, 1985; Miceli et al. (2001; Miethe and Rothschild, 1994; McDevitt and Van Hise, 2002; Keenan, 2002; Tavakoli et al., 2003; and Near et al. 2004; Reidenback and Robin, 1990; Cohen et al. 1993, 2001; and Cruz et al. 2000), Rhodes and Swain (2004); Ohnishi et al (2008, Chiu (2002). Nayir and Herzig (2012) studied the relationship between value orientations of Turkish managers and choices for particular whistleblowing modes. They found significant relationship between external and anonymous whistleblowing, and the level of idealism has a negative relationship with an external-anonymous mode of whistleblowing. Educators face widely different ethical cases at schools and they need to be competent in accordance with the ethical cases that they come up against in schools. …


On 5 July 2014 the six members of the Pretoria Centre of ASSA braved the light pollution of one of the shopping malls in Centurion to reach out to shoppers a la John Dobson and to show them the moon, Mars and Saturn. Although the centre hosts regular monthly public observing evenings, it was felt that we should take astronomy to the people rather than wait for the people to come to us. This was borne out with "Astronomy in the Mall" initiative.


This essay focuses on issues of assimilation, identity, and hybridity as they apply to the Native American characters in Louise Erdrich's Shadow Tag. It interprets the stages of colonization, as proposed by Frantz Fanon, within the novel's storyline by focusing on the specific characterization of its three major characters: Irene, Gil, and Riel. These three characters metaphorically represent the players in a colonial system—the colonized subject, the colonizing force, and the generations of hybrids who result from colonization—in order to depict a truth about Native American identity in contemporary America. According to Fanon, the three phases of colonization are assimilation, rejection, and revolution, with the end result being a hybridized people. Gil colonizes Irene, Irene assimilates to Gil's image of her, Irene rejects Gil's influence, and Riel lives on as a hybrid of both of her parents' influences.


SUMMARY Incentives used to encourage local residents to support conservation range from integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), which indirectly connect improved livelihoods with biodiversity protection, to direct payments for ecosystem services (PES). A unique hybrid between these two strategies, the Arabuko-Sokoke Schools and Ecotourism Scheme (ASSETS), provides secondary-school bursaries to encourage stewardship of a biodiverse highly-imperiled Kenyan forest. Household surveys and semi-structured interviews were used to assess the effectiveness of ASSETS by comparing attitudes and perceptions toward the forest among scheme beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The most commonly identified benefit of the forest was resource extraction (for example fuelwood), followed by ecosystem services (such as source of rain). Those in favour of forest clearing tended not to be ASSETS beneficiaries, were less-educated, and were less likely to mention ecosystem services and tourism as forest benefits. ASSETS appears to shape pro-conservation attitudes among beneficiaries and foster a sense of responsibility toward the forest. Challenges for ASSETS are similar to those faced by many conservation and development projects, namely unsteady funding and the risk that the extremely poor may be overlooked. ASSETS may serve as an effective hybrid between the PES and ICDP approaches, and such educational support provides a promising conservation incentive.


In our previous studies, we have shown that benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) inhibits the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. In the present study, we demonstrate the activation of all the three (MAPK) family members [extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38] in response to BITC treatment. Exposure of Capan-2 cells with varying concentrations of BITC for 24 h resulted in the phosphorylation (activation) of ERK at Thr202/Tyr204, JNK at Thr183/Tyr185 and P38 at Thr180/Tyr182, leading to the induction of apoptosis. Similar MAPK activation was also observed in MiaPaCa-2 cells in response to BITC treatment. However, normal human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells did not show the activation of MAPK's and remained unaffected by BITC treatment. To confirm the role of ERK, JNK and P38 in BITC-induced G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis, Capan-2 cells were pre-treated with MAPK-specific inhibitors or MAPK8-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) prior to BITC treatment. Significant protection from BITC-induced G(2)/M arrest was observed in the cells pre-treated with MAPK kinase (MEK-1) but not JNK or P38 inhibitors. On the other hand, BITC-induced apoptosis was almost completely abrogated in the cells pre-treated with MEK-1, JNK or P38 inhibitors. Similarly, MAPK8-shRNA also offered almost complete protection against BITC-induced G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed that BITC treatment leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Capan-2 and MiaPaCa-2 cells, which in part was orchestrated by depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) level. Blocking ROS generation with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly prevented GSH depletion and activation of ERK and JNK but not P38. Further, NAC or tiron prevented G(2)/M arrest by blocking G(2)/M regulatory proteins and completely protected the cells from BITC-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that BITC-mediated G(2)/M arrest is mediated through ERK activation, whereas apoptosis is via ERK, JNK and P38.


There has recently been a major thrust toward advanced research in the area of hierarchical carbon nanostructured electrodes derived from cellulosic resources, such as cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), which are accessible from natural cellulose and bacterial cellulose (BC). This research is providing a firm scientific basis for recognizing the inherent mechanical and electrochemical properties of those composite carbon materials that are suitable for carbon-electrode applications, where they represent obvious alternatives to replace the current monopoly of carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide, and their derivatives). Significant promising developments in this area are strengthened by the one dimensional (1D) nanostructures and excellent hydrophobicity of the CNFs, the interconnected pore networks of carbon aerogels, and the biodegradable and flexible nature of cellulose paper and graphenic fibers. Outstanding electrode materials with different dimensions (1D, 3D) are derivable by the strategic choice of cellulose sources. This development requires special attention in terms of understanding the significant impact of the cellulose morphology on the final electrochemical performance. This review article attempts to emphasize the role of the different structural forms and corresponding composites derived from different forms of cellulose, including bacterial cellulose and its varied 3D nanostructures. This article strongly highlights that cellulose deserves special attention as an extremely abundant and extensively recyclable material that can serve as a source of components for electronic and energy devices. Along with emphasizing current trends in electrochemical device components from cellulose, we address a few emerging areas that may lead in future such as enzyme immobilization, flexible electronics, modelling of cellulosic microfibrils. Finally, we have discussed some of the important future prospects for cellulose as source of materials for future.


Based on the fast growth of the device performance, there has been an increasing demand for handling the issue of thermal management in electronic equipments. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve the thermal conductivity of thermoplastics, which are commonly used in electronic components. However, the difficulty of graphene dispersion and strong interfacial phonon scattering restrict the heat dissipation performance of graphene/thermoplastic composites, especially in the case of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE). Here, we propose a single-step and versatile approach to fabricate graphene/thermoplastic composites with a remarkable thermal conductivity enhancement. The composites were prepared by coating graphene on polymer powder first, followed by hot pressing. As a result, an interconnected graphene framework can be developed in the thermoplastic matrix, leading to significant heat transfer enhancement of the composites. At a 10 wt% graphene content, the thermal conductivity reaches 1.84, 1.53, 1.43, and 1.47 W m−1 K−1 for PE, PP, PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)), and PVDF (poly(vinylidene fluoride)) composites, respectively. Our finding provides a path to develop a variety of highly thermally conductive thermoplastic composites for use in heat dissipation and other thermal applications.


Fire in the tropical savannas of northern Australia is frequent and extensive, management is a continuous and iterative process. The remote sensed mapping of fire and its effects can be returned to managers quickly and cost effectively. The post-fire measure of the affect of fire on vegetation is defined here as fire severity. This study developed a method of calibrating remotely sensed imagery for mapping fire severity. It coupled helicopter-based spectra and comprehensive ground measurements. Data were modelled against a fire severity index, the metrics of which were previously developed in collaboration with land managers. The differenced normalised burn ratio (ΔNBR) was determined to be the best of a candidate set of models to separate severe from not-severe fire effects. Other models were assessed to discriminate low from moderate fire severity, the most parsimonious model used the shortwave infrared band at 1640 nm. The reflectance models were applied to a time series of images from the MODIS sensor for the fire season of 2009 and assessed against validation data. Image differences were within 5 to 6 days, as a pre-determined window of algorithm applicability. Overall accuracy discriminating severe from not-severe fires was 94%. Discrimination within the not-severe category was only 60% due mostly to image availability in MODIS channel 6 and the coarseness of validation data. As an outcome a fire severity mapping product, initially discriminating severe from not-severe fires, will be made available through the North Australian Fire Information mapping system to enhance its utility. Fire severity mapping will improve the ability of land managers to monitor the effects of fires and undertake strategic fire management planning. It will provide conservation land managers with greater parametric detail to more effectively assess fire effects on ecological communities, and it will improve the precision of greenhouse gas emissions calculations.


Breast feeding has many important benefits in children and in mothers. These benefits are greatest in infants in developing countries in whom breast feeding, particularly when initiated early and practiced exclusively, protects against mortality and severe infectious morbidity. Studies from developed countries tend to show smaller health benefits than those observed in developing countries. Nevertheless, there is good quality evidence from the UK and other developed countries that breast feeding protects against diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infection in infancy, including hospitalisation for these infections. In addition, preterm infants who do not receive breast milk are at an increased risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis. A recent report, which was based on evidence from UK studies, estimated that a moderate increase in breastfeeding rates in the UK could save over £17 million annually as a result of the reduced costs of treating infants for diarrhoeal disease, respiratory infection, otitis media and necrotising enterocolitis.1

The evidence on the long-term effects of breast feeding is less clear and is the subject of much debate. A systematic review of the effect of breast feeding on five long-term outcomes (blood pressure; diabetes and related indicators; serum cholesterol; overweight and obesity; and intellectual performance) concluded that the evidence was either inconclusive or suggested no effect for most of these long-term outcomes. However, there was strong evidence of a causal effect of breast feeding on IQ although the magnitude of this effect seems to be modest.2 Most of the studies in the review were observational; hence, it is difficult to infer causality. As an example, in …


Mobile commerce, has become a significant topic in IS research community and it is a key concept for many businesses, However, it has not fulfilled the expectations. This paper tackles the issue of mobile commerce in three different ways. First, it emphasizes the relative importance of customer relationship management and its relationship with mobile commerce. Second, it illustrates the ways to enhance E-loyalty of the clients within small and medium enterprises. Ultimately, the positive relationship among these, three concepts will be clarified. M-Commerce constitutes an important future market worldwide. This paper argues that businesses should strengthen and enhance loyalty as well as e-loyalty and M-Commerce activities, in order to better acquire the customers toward wireless marketing and customer relationship channels. Moreover to get the most euphoria businesses must create value for consumers in a way that is different from what they get used to prior to the latest version of services from the businesses. This paper, introduces a new area of doing business with the assistance of CRM and some evaluators to grasp loyalty under the context of mobile commerce. In addition, businesses should consider consumer's willingness to use successful features of M-Commerce. While performing the project, we expect to achieve productivity and reputation to the organization.


Democracy and its Elected Enemies reveals that American politicians have usurped their constitutional authority, substituting their economic and political sovereignty for the people's. This has been accomplished by creating an enormous public service sector operating in the material interest of politicians themselves and of their big business and big social advocacy confederates to the detriment of workers, the middle class and the non-political rich, jeopardizing the nation's security in the process. Steven Rosefielde and Daniel Quinn Mills contend that this usurpation is the source of America's economic decline and fading international power, and provide an action plan for restoring 'true' democracy in which politicians only provide the services people vote for within the civil and property rights protections set forth in the constitution.


Supercritical fluids have captured global attention due to their extraordinary properties, such as high heat transfer coefficients, solubility and heat storage capacity. Due to the requirement for more effective power generation systems, supercritical Brayton cycles were proposed because of its high potential for the development of high thermal efficiency power cycles with no need for condensers. It is known that small fluid temperature and pressure variations near critical point or pseudocritical regions, result in significant changes to the thermo-physical properties of the fluid. However, the available correlations for convection heat transfer do not show sufficient agreement with the available experimental data to simplify industrial design except in very limited conditions. Therefore, further experimental investigations are still required to better understand the thermal and hydraulic behaviors of the supercritical fluids before they can be widely used in industrial applications. In the newly developed test facility in Texas A&M University at Qatar, forced convection heat transfer of supercritical CO₂ in a circular horizontal tube at relatively low Reynolds numbers (Re <105) is investigated experimentally in a straight tube with an inner diameter of 8.7 mm. Experiments are carried out for different mass flow rates, fluid inlet temperatures, system pressures, and semi-local heat transfer coefficients, which are recorded at several locations in the pipe with constant heat flux. The influence of the fluid bulk temperature and pressure on the forced convection heat transfer in the tube was then recorded and compared to widely used empirical correlations. The results indicate that the effect of buoyancy on the heat transfer coefficient cannot be ignored in the near critical or pseudocritical region of fluids for this flow geometry. This dependency is believed to be due to extreme dependence of fluid properties on temperature in this region. The results suggest that the heat transfer correlation should include the buoyancy effects especially near the pseudocritical region. Therefore, new empirical correlations in horizontal pipes is proposed based on our experimental results of the heat transfer measurements. An effort is undertaken to design an inclined pipe test section for the existing facility to further study the effect of buoyancy of this flow.


The welfare state in postwar Western Europe has been extended and intensified in a spectacular manner. Today, "welfare" represents a complex mix of services covering health, education, welfare, the arts, leisure, and social security. Anton C. Zijderveld is of the opinion that Europe's vast, comprehensive welfare state is becoming leaner and meaner, heading down a more sober path toward decentralization and deregulation, which only, but not merely, secures order for its citizens and shields society's vulnerable. As the millennium approaches, Zijderveld believes Europe is experiencing a cultural renaissance and a socioeconomic and political reformation in which the market will flourish and civil society will prosper. The Waning of the Welfare State focuses on the transformation of the welfare state in Europe over a four-decade period. Zijderveld employs the democratic triangle theoretical model, in which democracy is viewed as a system in which state, market, and civil society are held in precious balance. If one component supersedes the other two, democracy is endangered. In its 1960s and 1970s heyday, the state took center stage at the expense of the market and civil society; social democracy was the prevailing ideology. In the 1980s the market triumphed, often at the expense of both the state and civil society; this was the decade of liberalism. Today, civil society prevails, albeit at risk of being injurious to state and market. Ideologically, this is the decade of conservatism. Zijderveld sees a future "Americanization" of European social policy producing a fortuitously balanced coalition of social democracy, liberalism, and conservatism; a place where safety and order, prosperity and economic participation, and social participation and meaningful interactions flourish equally. This transformation carries many risks. But it will, in the end, strengthen Europe's political, economic, and sociocultural stamina. If it also draws the Atlantic partners closer together, as Zijderveld believes it does, the chances of another European communist, libertarian, or fascist GtterdOmmerung will remain remote. Zijderveld presents useful concepts in a highly organized fashion. He has produced a very important book for American readers who will, hopefully, discover, beyond the often vast differences, some basic similarities of structures and developments within the European welfare state.


Using a recent innovative Oregon sustainable corporation law as a springboard, this article argues for requiring all transnational corporations to be chartered as sustainable corporations. Given the far-reaching effects of their operations and their uniquely powerful role, the global wealth that has been accumulated in these organizations must be fundamentally redirected toward creating a sustainable world. As a privilege of doing transnational business, transnational corporations should be required to incorporate environmental and social responsibility into their corporate charters - the document that sets forth the prime mission of the corporation and its directors, essentially baking sustainability into the corporate DNA of transnational corporations. To be both effective and to harness the entrepreneurial creativity of these organizations, the sustainable corporation charter must be implemented per provisions that require transnational corporations to develop corporate sustainability strategies in accordance with the guidance provided by the implementing provisions. The implementing provisions should also require that the transnational corporations monitor and report in a standardized manner compliance with the corporate sustainability strategy, with sustainability-related laws, and with nonbinding environmental, labor, human rights, corruption, and other sustainability-related standards. The sustainable corporation charter requirement should be imposed as a matter of international law, through an international convention and administered by an international commission. The requirements should be directly applicable to transnational corporations as a condition of doing transnational business. The commission should be authorized to take enforcement action directly against the corporation. In addition, both home and host nations to transnational corporations should agree to compel the corporations - either incorporated in that nation or doing business in that nation - to comply with the sustainable corporation charter requirement as a condition of doing any business. Nations that fail to join the international convention, or that fail to enforce the international convention, should be subject to mandatory trade and other economic sanctions by all signatories to the international agreement. We can no longer allow transnational corporations to aggregate the bulk of societal wealth and then operate in an environmentally and socially irresponsible manner. The proposals in this article are one step toward turning transnational corporations into sustainable corporations.


This paper studies distributionally robust chance constrained programs (DRCCPs), where the uncertain constraints must be satisfied with at least a probability of a prespecified threshold for all probability distributions from the Wasserstein ambiguity set. As DRCCPs are often nonconvex and challenging to solve optimally, researchers have been developing various convex inner approximations. Recently, ALSO-X has been proven to outperform the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) approximation of a regular chance constrained program when the deterministic set is convex. In this work, we relax this assumption by introducing a new ALSO-X\# method for solving DRCCPs. Namely, in the bilevel reformulations of ALSO-X and CVaR approximation, we observe that the lower-level ALSO-X is a special case of the lower-level CVaR approximation and the upper-level CVaR approximation is more restricted than the one in ALSO-X. This observation motivates us to propose the ALSO-X\#, which still resembles a bilevel formulation -- in the lower-level problem, we adopt the more general CVaR approximation, and for the upper-level one, we choose the less restricted ALSO-X. We show that ALSO-X\# can always be better than the CVaR approximation and can outperform ALSO-X under regular chance constrained programs and type $\infty-$Wasserstein ambiguity set. We also provide new sufficient conditions under which ALSO-X\# outputs an optimal solution to a DRCCP. We apply the proposed ALSO-X\# to a wireless communication problem and numerically demonstrate that the solution quality can be even better than the exact method.


This study investigates the potential of a set of ECG morphological features for person verification/identification. The measurements are done over 145 pairs of ECG recordings from healthy subjects, acquired 5 years apart (T1, T2 = T1+5 years). Time, amplitude, area and slope descriptors of the QRS-T pattern are analysed in 4 ECG leads, forming quasi-orthogonal lead system (III correlation analysis applied over the measurements in T1 and T2; synthesis of regression equations for prediction of features' values in T2 based on T1 measurements; and cluster analysis for assessment of the correspondence between measured and predicted feature values. Thus, 11 amplitude descriptors of the QRS complex are highlighted as stable, i.e. keeping their strong correlation (≥0.7) within a certain factor, weak correlation (<0.3) with the features from the remaining factors and presenting high correlation in the two measurement periods that is a sign for their person verification/identification potential. The observed coincidence between feature values measured in T2 and predicted via the designed regression models (r=0.93) suggests about the confidence of person identification via the proposed morphological features.


"How much compensation ought to be paid to a woman who was raped 7,500 times? What would the members of the Commission want for their daughters if their daughters had been raped even once?" -Karen Parker, speaking before the U.N. Commission on Human Rights Seemingly every week, a new question arises relative to the current worldwide ferment over human injustices. Why does the U.S. offer $20,000 atonement money to Japanese Americans relocated to concentration camps during World War II, while not even apologizing to African Americans for 250 years of human bondage and another century of institutionalized discrimination? How can the U.S. and Canada best grapple with the genocidal campaigns against Native Americans on which their countries were founded? How should Japan make amends to Korean "comfort women" sexually enslaved during World War II? Why does South Africa deem it necessary to grant amnesty to whites who tortured and murdered blacks under apartheid? Is Germany's highly praised redress program, which has paid billions of dollars to Jews worldwide, a success, and, as such, an example for others? More generally, is compensation for a historical wrong dangerous "blood money" that allows a nation to wash its hands forever of its responsibility to those it has injured? A rich collection of essays from leading scholars, pundits, activists, and political leaders the world over, many written expressly for this volume, When Sorry Isn't Enough also includes the voices of the victims of some of the world's worst atrocities, thereby providing a panoramic perspective on an international controversy often marked more by heat than reason.


Drawing upon Conversation Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis, and in the frame of what is currently called discursive psychology, we open up a significant macro-social problem - indeed a global problem - to inspection at a local level by reference to a naturally-occurring instance of talk-in-interaction. The problem is the documented increase in diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in recent years - particularly for boys, particularly in Anglophone countries, and particularly by reference to school-based conduct - and its consequent 'treatment' by amphetamines (including Ritalin [methylphenidate]) and related medications (Singh, 2002a). The local instance of talk-in-interaction is a transcript of a diagnostic session involving a young boy, his parents and a paediatrician. We aim to show that the local instance can shed light on just how routine and mundane it is for children to be positively diagnosed and medicated merely on presentation for the possibility of the 'disorder', even when parents are manifestly sceptical about (even resistive to) the diagnosis and its methodological grounds.


A special branch of complexity science, complex adaptive systems (CAS), is a way of thinking
about systems of interacting agents and how order emerges in systems from the interactions of
agents. Though CAS has been widely used in management and organizational studies for
decades, it has been employed in the Information Systems (IS) research domain only more
recently to investigate complex phenomena like agile software development, bottom-up IT use
process, and systems dynamics. The aim of this research is to conduct a review of CAS studies
within the IS discipline, particularly focusing on how CAS concepts are used for theorizing
complex phenomena and the context of the use. To achieve this, we survey papers published in top
outlets between 2002 and 2014, conduct in-depth analysis and categorize the contributions of
the papers sampled by mapping them with the relevant CAS concepts. The review suggests that
CAS has attracted limited interest within IS due to confusion with its central concepts, inherent
complexities and possible ontological and epistemological issues with knowledge accumulation.
We identify some promising IS research areas that can be studied using CAS and propose some
guidelines for future researchers.


Machine learning has been increasingly applied to neuroimaging data to predict age, deriving a personalized biomarker with potential clinical applications. The scientific and clinical value of these models depends on their applicability to independently acquired scans from diverse sources. Accordingly, we evaluated the generalizability of two brain age models that were trained across the lifespan by applying them to three distinct early‐life samples with participants aged 8–22 years. These models were chosen based on the size and diversity of their training data, but they also differed greatly in their processing methods and predictive algorithms. Specifically, one brain age model was built by applying gradient tree boosting (GTB) to extracted features of cortical thickness, surface area, and brain volume. The other model applied a 2D convolutional neural network (DBN) to minimally preprocessed slices of T1‐weighted scans. Additional model variants were created to understand how generalizability changed when each model was trained with data that became more similar to the test samples in terms of age and acquisition protocols. Our results illustrated numerous trade‐offs. The GTB predictions were relatively more accurate overall and yielded more reliable predictions when applied to lower quality scans. In contrast, the DBN displayed the most utility in detecting associations between brain age gaps and cognitive functioning. Broadly speaking, the largest limitations affecting generalizability were acquisition protocol differences and biased brain age estimates. If such confounds could eventually be removed without post‐hoc corrections, brain age predictions may have greater utility as personalized biomarkers of healthy aging.


As part of the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Pediatric Lupus Erythematosus (APPLE) Trial, a prospective multicenter cohort of 221 children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (mean age 15.7 years, 83% female) underwent baseline measurement of markers of cardiovascular risk, including fasting levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein A (Lpa), homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). A cross-sectional analysis of the baseline laboratory values and clinical characteristics of this cohort was performed. Univariable relationships between the cardiovascular markers of interest and clinical variables were assessed, followed by multivariable linear regression modeling. Mean levels of LDL, HDL, Lpa, TG, hs-CRP and homocysteine were in the normal or borderline ranges. In multivariable analysis, increased Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), prednisone dose, and hypertension (HTN) were independently associated with higher LDL levels. Higher hs-CRP and creatinine clearance were independently related to lower HDL levels. Higher body mass index (BMI), prednisone dose, and homocysteine levels were independently associated with higher TG levels. Only Hispanic or non-White status predicted higher Lpa levels. Proteinuria, higher TG and lower creatinine clearance were independently associated with higher homocysteine levels, while use of multivitamin with folate predicted lower homocysteine levels. Higher BMI, lower HDL, and longer SLE disease duration, but not SLEDAI, were independently associated with higher hs-CRP levels. The R2 for these models ranged from 7% to 23%. SLE disease activity as measured by the SLEDAI was associated only with higher LDL levels and not with hs-CRP. Markers of renal injury (HTN, proteinuria, and creatinine clearance) were independently associated with levels of LDL, HDL, and homocysteine, highlighting the importance of renal status in the cardiovascular health of children and adolescents with SLE. Future longitudinal analysis of the APPLE cohort is needed to further examine these relationships.


Low rank estimators for higher order statistics are considered. Rank reduction methods offer a general principle for trading estimator bias for reduced estimator variance. The bias-variance tradeoff is analyzed for low rank estimators of higher order statistics using a tensor product formulation for the moments and cumulants. In general the low rank estimators have a larger bias and smaller variance than the corresponding full rank estimator. Often a tremendous reduction in variance is obtained in exchange for a slight increase in bias. This makes the low rank estimators extremely useful for signal processing algorithms based on sample estimates of the higher order statistics. The low rank estimators also offer considerable reductions in the computational complexity of such algorithms.


This memoir describes the geology of a corridor across
central Wales extending from Cardigan Bay in the west,
across the Cambrian Mountains, to Llandrindod Wells in
the east. As such, it provides a detailed, east–west transect
across the central part of the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh
Basin onto the western edge of the Midland Platform.
The exposed basin fill is dominated by a variety of mudand
sand-dominated turbidite systems of latest Ordovician
to early Silurian age. Using data from the mapping,
and palaeontological and sedimentological
studies,
the memoir represents the first detailed sedimentary
architecture for this part of the basin. It details the
characteristics
of each turbidite system and discusses the
depositional processes
involved. Factors governing the
evolution of the various systems include the direction and
rate of sediment supply, eustasy, and intrabasinal growth
faulting resulting from the reactivation of basement
structures. Similar, but structually dislocated, turbidite
systems of mid- to late-Ordovician age are exposed near
the basin margin. Mid-Ordovician to early Silurian shelf
sequences, including the richly fossiliferous mudstones
and volcanic tuffs of the Ordovician Builth Inlier, are also
described. Computer modelling of the regional gravity
and aeromagnetic
databases
has provided east–west
profiles across the district, and located the position and
approximate depths of several of the basement faults.
The structural history of the region, dominated by
the low-grade metamorphism
and deformation of the
basin fill during the Acadian Orogeny (early to mid-
Devonian), receives comprehensive treatment. Several
of the late stage faults contain lead, zinc and silver ore;
the disused mines form part of the Central Wales Mining
Field. The geological
setting, mineralogy and genesis of
these mineralised veins is described. Glacial deposits are
widespread across the district, and include tills derived
from the local Welsh ice and the Irish Sea ice sheet.


The question of which global minima are accessible by a stochastic gradient decent (SGD) algorithm with specific learning rate and batch size is studied from the perspective of dynamical stability. The concept of non-uniformity is introduced, which, together with sharpness, characterizes the stability property of a global minimum and hence the accessibility of a particular SGD algorithm to that global minimum. In particular, this analysis shows that learning rate and batch size play different roles in minima selection. Extensive empirical results seem to correlate well with the theoretical findings and provide further support to these claims.


The PROMISE network of excellence organized a two-days brainstorming workshop on 30th and 31st May 2012 in Padua, Italy, to discuss and envisage future directions and perspectives for the evaluation of information access and retrieval systems in multiple languages and multiple media. This document reports on the outcomes of this event and provides details about the six envisaged research lines: search applications; contextual evaluation; challenges in test collection design and exploitation; component-based evaluation; ongoing evaluation; and signal-aware evaluation. The ultimate goal of the PROMISE retreat is to stimulate and involve the research community along these research lines and to provide funding agencies with effective and scientifically sound ideas for coordinating and supporting information access research.


A failure of an aboveground storage tank occurred due to external corrosion of the tank floor. The liquid asphalt tank operated at elevated temperatures (approximately 177 deg C, or 350 deg F) and had been in service for six years. Cathodic protection (rectifiers) had been installed since start-up of the tank operation. It was noted, however, that some operational problems with the rectifier may have interrupted its protection. Investigation (visual inspection, on-site examination and testing, EDS analysis of scale deposits, and MIC testing of the soil) supported the conclusion that corrosion may have been caused by an interruption in cathodic protection. The effectiveness of cathodic protection on established microbial deposits is questionable. Recommendations included ultrasonically testing the tank floor and replacing portions based on the remaining wall thickness. Doubling the wall thickness of the floor plates was also recommended.


Music and Displacement: Diasporas, Mobilities, and Dislocations in Europe and Beyond. Edited by Erik Levi and Florian Scheding. (Europea: Ethno musicologies and Modernities, no. 10.) Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010. [viii, 207 p. ISBN 9780810863798 (hardcover), $75; ISBN 9780810872950 (paperback), $50.] Music examples, bibliographies, illustrations, index. The study of displacement, or forced migration, exile, and the formation and movement of diasporas, is a relatively young field of inquiry in musicology. Some scholars have recently begun to investigate the impacts of displacement on composition, performance, and listening in a transnational context, examining such questions as the relationship of music to the experiences of nostalgia and acculturation among dispersed peoples, the representation of exile in musical works, and the roles of music in the construction of identities in displaced communities. This new volume, edited by Erik Levi and Florian Scheding, considers this topic in a set of essays that explore music in Europe, America, Israel, and North Africa, paying particular attention to musicians forced into exile from Central Europe during the twentieth century. The book offers a useful investigation of some of the various techniques by which scholars might consider the significant effects of displacement in the history of music. Music and Displacement is divided into three parts that consider the consequences of displacement on the creation and reception of music from complementary perspectives. Part 1 investigates the ways forced migration, racist policy, and genocide have affected musicians and their work. Part 2 focuses on musical evocations of identities in exile, and on historical instances in which musicians have responded to the conditions of displacement to undertake innovative projects in the fields of composition and performance. Part 3 covers displacement's impacts on music criticism, and the roles a theory of displacement might play in broadening musicological knowledge. Taken together, these groupings of essays provide a usefully broad range of approaches to the subject matter. The first chapter, by Philip V. Bohlman, addresses music composed and performed by prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. Bohlman interpolates his text with poetry, song, and musical notation, as he explores examples of music that is extant in manuscript form alongside music that has not survived, about whose performance historians know only from reports of life in the camps. He also considers the presence of song and its potent symbolism in works of literary fiction about World War II by authors including Imre Kertesz, Primo Levi, Irene Nemirovsky, and W. G. Sebald, arguing that music's role in this genre is to "provide the reader with rhetorical strategies for listening to silence," for contemplating the displacement and loss brought about by the Holocaust (p. 26). The Holocaust also provides the historical context for the discussion in chapter 2, in which Peter Petersen studies the effects on music of the mass exile and genocide that took place under Nazi rule. Touching on Nazi controls on Jewish musical activities in the ghettos and camps, the representation of the Holocaust in postwar compositions, and the uneven treatment of Nazi anti- Semitism in German scholarship, Petersen outlines both the consequences of and responses to anti-Semitic ideology and violence in the realm of musical production and reception in Germany. In the following chapter, Michael Beckerman addresses the historiography of displaced composers and the challenges involved in interpreting their music as representative of the conditions of exile. Beckerman offers an insightful reminder of the danger of making assumptions about the ways historical subjects might have reacted to their contexts. He demonstrates, for example, how the biographies of exiled Central European composers Jaroslav Jez?ek and Eric Zeisl can be readily characterized as alternatively tragic or triumphant, based on the sometimes contradictory evidence of their ambivalent reactions to their experiences in America. …