This paper examines the potential educational benefits and corresponding disadvantages of providing easily accessible and carefully selected key course texts and other course-related material in an electronic format.These findings emerged from a Library Services exercise to identify userneeds/expectations/potential use of an electronic reserve (short loan collection), before designing and installing the ResiDe system for the Faculty of the Built Environment at the University of the West of England. ResIDe is a project funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (IISC) of the Higher Education Funding Councils, as part of its Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib).Through a series of one-to-one loosely structured interviews and focus groups, students, and cross-faculty academic and library staff were encouraged to discuss such issues as the types of material they wished to be included, preferred methods of retrieval and how they wished to use the stored items.It quickly became apparent that all interviewees felt that the collection mightbecome exclusive; mirroring concerns of staff creating ResIDe that the moreclosely it fulfilled users' specifications the greater the possibility that it might not integrate with existing library services and might discourage an investigative approach to study.Whilst detailing the item types they wished to submit, almost all academics included both essential texts and a sufficiently wide range of other sources to ensure students using this material alone could obtain adequate or good assignment and examination passes. They welcomed the possible inclusion, within an electronic environment, of detailed lecturer-directed material to these sources and for links between different items required for each assignment or module. Most interviewees actually used the term 'spoon-feeding' whilst identi1'ing material to be submitted to the collection. The concept of 'spoon-feeding, however, was held to be of very positive educational advantage by some interviewees and of positive educational detriment by others. There was not, however, any homogeneous opinion within any one group, though unexpectedly, almost all students expressed grave concerns about using a system which might 'spoon-feed' them information. Academics and librarians held 'spoon-feeding' to be a positive teaching methodology for students preparing for professional examinations. All interviewees felt that these (part-time) students attended for the sole purpose of learning essential information to pass specific examinations and had neither the time nor inclination to explore additional sources or read information not strictly required.Some interviewees felt that, for other students, the electronic environment offered a dangerous level of direction and interaction between material pre-selected by lecturers or librarians which could easily lead to the non-reading of more peripheral material and damage the educational process. A system which unintentionally discourages the seeking of additional information from other sources may create excellent graduates in a particular discipline, but is a bather to students gaining a broader 'education for life' in that an inquisitive open mind is not fostered nor searching skills absorbed. Others, however, felt that concentrated direction to essential information supporting lectures and assignments fostered a more enquiring mind, broadening the educational base by removing tedious and, possibly, discouraging and fruitless searches for material. For these, 'spoon-feeding' core information did not discourage further browsing either within the electronic reserve collection or within wider library or external resources, but encouraged it. An electronic collection is quickly and easily accessible; thus leaving students with a whetted appetite and more time to explore material which might be important, but peripheral to their courses.


Fiduciary responsibilities and related court-imposed liabilities have forced investors to assess market conditions beyond gut level, resulting in the development of sophisticated decision-making tools. Roger Brown's use of historical real estate data enables him to develop tools for gauging the impact of circumstances on relative risk. His application of higher level statistical modeling to various aspects of real estate makes this book an essential partner in real estate research. Offering tools to enhance decision-making for consumers and researchers in market economies of any country interested in land use and real estate investment, his book will improve real estate market efficiency. With property the world's biggest asset class, timely data on housing prices just got easier to find and use. Excellent mixture of theory and application Data and database analysis techniques are the first of their kind


In an earlier paper the wave functions and eigenvalues for an electron moving in a magnetic field, and interacting with one component of lattice potential, were analysed in terms of a model of coupled localized orbits. The model is now examined in more detail and shown to be a reasonable approximation to one possible representation of the true wave function. It is then extended to cover the case of a two-dimensional metal, the model now consisting of a network of interlocking orbits, on which an electron can move with specified probability amplitude for making a transition between orbits at any junction point. The problem of periodicity of the structure is discussed carefully, and it is found that the phase changes accompanying gauge transformations assume great importance. It is shown that the magnetic field imposes a periodicity on the network which is not in general compatible with that of the lattice potential, and the consequences are briefly investigated with the conclusion that they are probably observable only with difficulty. A special case, the hexagonal network, is then solved exactly, the magnetic field being chosen to avoid the above mentioned difficulty of incompatible periodicities. From the solution an energy level diagram is constructed, showing how the free-electron levels are broadened by the lattice potential and, as this is made stronger, reconstruct themselves into the sharp level system predicted by Onsager's semi-classical method. In the intermediate stages of the process the bands contact each other frequently and other types of singularity appear. It is claimed that the structure revealed by this simple model is more elaborate than anything that could be readily derived by a perturbation treatment of the magnetic field. The electrons are able to move as quasi-particles in straight lines in any direction through the lattice, the velocity being derived from the energy level structure by the standard formula h~x^ kE.. When the bands are at their broadest the velocity is comparable with that of a free electron near the corners of the Brillouin zone. The contribution of the quasiparticles to the conductivity of the metal is evaluated on the assumption that the width of individual bands is rather less than kT ,so that much of the rapid variation of conductivity with Fermi energy is smoothed out. The variations that are left are still considerable and have a periodicity determined by the smallest quantized orbits. The results of the theory are applied to the fairly extensive, though not always consistent,observations of oscillatory behaviour in zinc. The anomalous variation with field strength of the de Haas-van Alphen amplitude can be satisfactorily explained if it is assumed that the energy gap across the sides of the Brillouin zone is about 0.027 eV. The vigorous resistance oscillations, attributed by Stark to magnetic breakdown changing some of the hole orbits into electron orbits, are shown to require more than this, though this effect is certainly important and is implied by the theory. It is suggested that the quasi-particles provide the necessary extra mechanism to account for resistance and Hall-effect data, but quantitative comparison is far from satisfactory, and it is concluded that more data and further analysis are probably needed. Stark's proposal that the fine structure of the oscillations are due to spin, with a g-factor of 34, is disputed since it appears that the quasi-particle conductivity possesses the right sort of fine structure to account for the observations.


BACKGROUND
The recently identified RASSF1 locus is located within a 120-kilobase region of chromosome 3p21.3 that frequently undergoes allele loss in lung and breast cancers. We explored the hypothesis that RASSF1 encodes a tumor suppressor gene for lung and breast cancers.

METHODS
We assessed expression of two RASSF1 gene products, RASSF1A and RASSF1C, and the methylation status of their respective promoters in 27 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, in 107 resected NSCLCs, in 47 small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, in 22 breast cancer cell lines, in 39 resected breast cancers, in 104 nonmalignant lung samples, and in three breast and lung epithelial cultures. We also transfected a lung cancer cell line that lacks RASSF1A expression with vectors containing RASSF1A complementary DNA to determine whether exogenous expression of RASSF1A would affect in vitro growth and in vivo tumorigenicity of this cell line. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS
RASSF1A messenger RNA was expressed in nonmalignant epithelial cultures but not in 100% of the SCLC, in 65% of the NSCLC, or in 60% of the breast cancer lines. By contrast, RASSF1C was expressed in all nonmalignant cell cultures and in nearly all cancer cell lines. RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation was detected in 100% of SCLC, in 63% of NSCLC, in 64% of breast cancer lines, in 30% of primary NSCLCs, and in 49% of primary breast tumors but in none of the nonmalignant lung tissues. RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation in resected NSCLCs was associated with impaired patient survival (P =.046). Exogenous expression of RASSF1A in a cell line lacking expression decreased in vitro colony formation and in vivo tumorigenicity.

CONCLUSION
RASSF1A is a potential tumor suppressor gene that undergoes epigenetic inactivation in lung and breast cancers through hypermethylation of its promoter region.


The Nakasib suture is a prominent structural belt in the central Red Sea Hills, Sudan. It is one of the ophiolite-decorated sutures along which the late Proterozoic (Pan-African) island arc/back arc terranes and continental micro-plates of the Arabian–Nubian Shield were welded together. It juxtaposes the 900–800 Ma Haya terrane in the south with the 830–700 Ma Gebeit terrane to the north. New structural data from the Nakasib suture show that the suture had evolved through three phases of deformation which gave rise to a fold and thrust belt. During the early two phases of deformation, SE-verging tight folds and thrusts were developed. The third phase of deformation refolded the earlier structures into NE-trending, upright, and horizontal antiforms and synforms and culminated in the development of NW-verging thrusts. The structural data are used, together with previous stratigraphic and geochemical data, to suggest a tectonic model for the evolution of the Nakasib suture. The suture followed a Wilson Cycle. This started with rifting of the Haya terrane, extrusion of rift volcanics and deposition of passive margin sediments, and development of a NW-dipping subduction zone over which the arc volcanics of the Gebeit terrane erupted. The closing of the oceanic basin gave rise to the Nakasib suture with the present structural configuration. The structural styles of other sutures of the Arabian-Nubian Shield are examined in light of structural data from the Nakasib suture. These sutures show a common feature of steepening of the early subhorizontal ophiolite-obduction structures during a late event of upright folding which may be related to collision between terranes.


Abstract Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) resides in the pantheon of nineteenth century English literature. While working full time in his postal position until 1867, he still managed to publish 47 novels, travel books, biographies, short stories, collections of essays, and articles on various topics. Trollope has been described as the novelist of the ordinary for his realistic description of English society. Law and legal issues flow through Trollope's fiction. The legal system held a special importance to him as the skeleton upholding the social and political framework of the country. Over one hundred lawyers appear in his work and eleven of his novels feature trials or hearings. The law intrigued and exasperated him. Along with the lawyers and legal issues he depicts are ideas of the law and legal system that are part of elaborate philosophical and jurisprudential traditions, which he recognized. This article examines Trollope's changing attitude toward lawyers. It describes the structure of the Bar in terms of class, status and reputation. Trollope believed the legal system should ensure justice, and those who labored in the law should be the vehicle of that pursuit. Justice for Trollope was the meting out of rewards and punishments as the consequence of a right or wrong decision. However, the law, as he depicted it, was often an impediment to this process, and lawyers were unreliable guides. Initially Trollope portrayed lawyers critically as caricatures as evinced by such names as Alwinde, O'Blather, Slow & Bideawhile, Haphazard, and Chaffanbrass. He was outraged that barristers (lawyers who appear in court) put loyalty to their clients ahead of the search for truth and justice. The adversary system was flawed as the enactment of laws in accord with the laws of nature assumes an inbuilt moral compass in humans that contains self-evident truths of right and wrong. Trollope felt there was no reason why a right-minded person could not intuitively recognize the truth, so criminal law's adversary system was unnecessary. The legal system sought not the discovery of the truth but was more interested in aiding the guilty defendant to escape punishment. As he matured as a writer and achieved success, Trollope's understanding and appreciation of the legal profession changed. He met and become friends with leaders of the Bar, and they influenced his descriptions of lawyers, who became realistic and often admirable human beings. Beyond the legal problems of its characters, Trollope's later novels incorporated the social, political, and jurisprudential issues of the times and engaged the Victorian legal culture in a broader sense of history, traditions, continuity and change. Natural law principles were challenged during the Victorian era by positivist notions that law is what the statute books say. These divisions lurk in the background of his later portraits of lawyers and the legal system. In his later period Trollope created a realistic characterization of the legal profession at the time that offered universal insights into human nature.


We have investigated the effect of diffusion creep on lithospheric extension using a one-dimensional numerical model that assumes a constant force is available to drive extension. The model is motivated by the fact that continental areas with average heat flow should be too strong to rift using standard estimates of lithospheric strength. However, such areas do rift and diffusion creep is a mechanism by which lithosphere may deform at a lower stress level than is required for the usually assumed dislocation creep. We consider the evolution of strain rate and temperature at the center of an idealized pure shear rift. The strain rate will either increase or decrease with time depending on whether lithospheric weakening or strengthening dominates as extension progresses. Given an initial thermal condition and an assumed lithospheric rheology, the applied force must be such that the initial strain rate is greater than some critical value for weakening to dominate. The force at which this condition is met we will term the critical force. Diffusion creep is more efficient at smaller grain sizes and the model results indicate that mantle grain sizes would have to be less than 1 mm for diffusion creep to significantly reduce the critical force. We speculate that during the initial stages of continental rifting, grain size reduction and diffusion creep deformation mechanisms may have an important effect on lithospheric strength.


The study of subjective well-being is no longer on the periphery of study in the field of economics. A significant body of literature exists on the determinants of subjective well-being in the developed world. This paper uses the first wave of the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) dataset to investigate the determinants of subjective well-being in South Africa, involving a broad range of economic, socio-economic and attitudinal variables identified from literature. Ordinary Least Squares and ordered probit estimations reveal that age, race, level of income, years of education, gender, marital status and the number of children explain varying levels of well-being. Unlike studies in the developed world, respondents' height, health and residence in urban areas do not explain well-being. Two of the surprising findings point towards the significant influence of religion and provincial location in determining well-being in South Africa.


The prevalence of allergic sensitization and clinical manifestations is low in Eastern Europe, despite a continuous increase in industrialized countries with a market economy. The aim of the present study was to study changes in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitization over time among schoolchildren in Estonia, in relation to environmental changes as the country transformed into a market economy. A cross-sectional study of 10-yr-old children was carried out between October 1996 and April 1997, employing a questionnaire regarding the prevalence of wheezing, rhinitis and itching rash (n=979) and skin-prick tests with seven inhalant allergens (n=640). The results were compared with those of a similar study performed in 1992-1993. The 12-month prevalence of wheeze was 8.3%, as compared to 9.4% in 1992-1993 (NS) and of asthma was 2.5 versus 3.2% (NS). The prevalence of a positive skin-prick test result was 14.3% in both studies. Furthermore, the prevalence of sensitivity to the individual allergens was similar, except for a significantly higher prevalence of dog sensitivity in 1996-1997 (4.7 versus 2.0%). The prevalence of respiratory and other potentially allergic symptoms, as well as the prevalence of atopic sensitization, remains low in Estonian 10-yr-old children, despite a changing lifestyle over the past 4 yrs. This could indicate that the time period was too short for environmental changes to affect the prevalence of allergy, or alternatively that risk factors associated with a "western lifestyle" are of particular significance earlier in life.


The aim of this research work was to investigate and quantify the risk of fatal and fracture injury for Thoroughbreds participating in flat racing in the US and Canada so that horses at particular risk can be identified and the risk of fatal injury reduced. Risk factors associated with fatalities and fractures were identified and predictive models for both fatalities and fractures were developed and their performance was evaluated. Our analysis was based on 188,269 Thoroughbreds that raced on 89 racecourses reporting injuries to the Equine Injury Database (EID) in the US and Canada from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2015. This included 2,493,957 race starts and 4,592,162 exercise starts. The race starts reported to the EID represented the starts for 90.0% of all official Thoroughbred racing events in the United States and Canada during the 7-year observation period.
The annual average risk of fatal and fracture equine injuries for the period 2009 - 2015 was estimated and a description of the different injury types that resulted in fatalities and fractures was given, based on the cases recorded in the EID.
Possible risk factors were pre-screened using univariable logistic regression models; risk factors with an association indicated by p < 0.20 were then included in a stepwise logistic regression selection process. A forward bidirectional elimination approach using Akaike's Information Criterion was utilised for the stepwise selection. We identified more than 20 risk factors that were found to be significantly associated with fatal injury (p < 0.05) and more than 20 risk factors associated with fracture injury, across the final multi-variable models. The risk factors identified are related to the horse's previous racing history, the trainer, the race, the horse's expected performance and the horse's racing history.
Five different algorithms were used to develop predictive models based on the data available from the period 2009 - 2014 for both fatal and fracture injuries. Firstly, we used Multivariable Logistic Regression, commonly used in risk factor analysis. Secondly, Improved Balanced Random Forests were developed, a machine learning algorithm based on a modification of the random forests algorithm. Because fatal injuries are extremely rare events, less than 2 instances per 1000 starts on average, balanced samples were used to develop the Random Forest model to deal with the class-imbalance problem. Furthermore, we trained an Artificial Neural Network with a single layer and two networks with deep architecture, a Deep Belief Network and a Stacked Denoising Autoencoder. As artificial neural networks and deep learning models have been successfully used to solve complex problems in a diverse field of domains we wanted to explore the possibility of using them to successfully predict equine injuries. The performance of each classifier was evaluated by calculating the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC), using the data available from 2015 for validation. AUC results ranged from 0.62 to 0.64 for the best performing algorithm and similar predictive results were obtained from the wide array of different models created.
This is the first study to make use of the extensive information contained in the EID to identify risk factors associated with equine fatal and fracture injuries in the US and Canada for this period. To our knowledge, this is the largest retrospective observational study investigating the risk of equine fatal and fracture injuries during flat racing in the literature. This is also the first study to train logistic regression and machine learning models to predict equine injuries using such an extensive amount of data and a full year of horse racing events for prediction and evaluation.
We believe the results could help identify horses at high risk of (fatal) injury on entering a race and inform the design and implementation of preventive measures aimed at minimising the number of Thoroughbreds sustaining fatal injuries during racing in North America.


In August 2011, England's cities experienced significant social disorder, resulting in violence and criminal damage. Unsurprisingly, politicians and police ascribed this unrest to the usual suspects - such as 'gangs', 'problem youth', 'dysfunctional families', and the 'feral underclass' while the media debates tended to revolve around the scale and severity of the violence, 'innocent victims', effective policing techniques and stiff sentencing practices. In a definitive speech, David Cameron, the British Prime Minister, branded the behaviour 'criminality, pure and simple.' At the time, balanced or accurate explanations for what was taking place were entirely absent; in particular, how and why the disorder developed and spread so quickly. In the months since, numerous commentators have tried to make sense of what happened and this is the principle aim of this chapter. Using empirical data gathered from 20 of those who participated in the riots,1
Frustrations and the 'trigger': Mark Duggan's death I seek to place the events in context by showing why people may have participated in the disorder. I focus in this instance mostly on what happened in London and borrow on theoretical insights where the narratives indicate some association. This chapter shows that what took place in August 2011 does match the political rhetoric and media representations of the unrest and suggests that the events were perhaps more complex – even in the wake of the subsequent analyses which followed. The chapter also acts as the 'springboard' for deeper discussion, in the chapters which follow, of the numerous social issues which were at play. I begin by discussing, what is considered to be, the 'trigger' event - the killing of Mark Duggan - before highlighting why people may have participated.


BACKGROUND
Vitamin A deficiency impairs iron metabolism; vitamin A supplementation of vitamin A-deficient populations may reduce anemia. The mechanism of these effects is unclear. In vitro and in animal models, vitamin A treatment increases the production of erythropoietin (EPO), a stimulant of erythropoiesis.

OBJECTIVE
We measured the effect of vitamin A supplementation on hemoglobin, iron status, and circulating EPO concentrations in children with poor iron and vitamin A status.

DESIGN
In a double-blind, randomized trial, Moroccan schoolchildren (n = 81) were given either vitamin A (200,000 IU) or placebo at baseline and at 5 mo. At baseline, 5 mo, and 10 mo, hemoglobin, indicators of iron and vitamin A status, and EPO were measured.

RESULTS
At baseline, 54% of children were anemic; 77% had low vitamin A status. In the vitamin A group at 10 mo, serum retinol improved significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.02). Vitamin A treatment increased mean hemoglobin by 7 g/L (P < 0.02) and reduced the prevalence of anemia from 54% to 38% (P < 0.01). Vitamin A treatment increased mean corpuscular volume (P < 0.001) and decreased serum transferrin receptor (P < 0.001), indicating improved iron-deficient erythropoiesis. Vitamin A decreased serum ferritin (P < 0.02), suggesting mobilization of hepatic iron stores. Calculated from the ratio of transferrin receptor to serum ferritin, overall body iron stores remained unchanged. In the vitamin A group at 10 mo, we observed an increase in EPO (P < 0.05) and a decrease in the slope of the regression line of log10(EPO) on hemoglobin (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
In children deficient in vitamin A and iron, vitamin A supplementation mobilizes iron from existing stores to support increased erythropoiesis, an effect likely mediated by increases in circulating EPO.


Objective: To assess the attitudes, knowledge, and practice patterns of US neurologists regarding migraine management relative to the US Headache Consortium Guidelines (the Guidelines). Methods: Two samples of 600 neurologists each were selected from the American Academy of Neurology membership database. The first group received a Migraine Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practice Patterns (MKAPP) Survey. The second group received a Clinical Vignette (CV) Survey, presenting two patient histories and correspondent questions. Results: The MKAPP Survey showed that most neurologists felt that migraine was primarily a disease of the brain with a well-established neurobiological basis (69%) and an important part of their practice (60%). Most (53%) indicated that they routinely used neuroimaging in evaluating severe headache, an approach not recommended by the Guidelines. Most favored acute treatment limits, but 36% did not agree with the Guidelines that acute treatment should be limited to 2 or 3 days/week. In the CV Survey, for vignette 1, most (91%) correctly diagnosed migraine, 31% requested neuroimaging in the absence of indications, 64% appropriately recommended a triptan, and 45% recommended a preventive medication in the absence of indications. For vignette 2, 78% diagnosed migraine, 71% appropriately ordered neuroimaging, 80% appropriately recommended a preventive medication, and 38% prescribed a triptan in face of clear contraindication. Conclusions: Educational initiatives aiming to increase the awareness of the Guidelines among neurologists should highlight the full range of migraine symptoms that support the diagnosis, appropriate use of neuroimaging, indications for preventive treatments, issues of triptan cardiovascular safety, and preventing rebound headaches.


Objective To investigate the prevalence and correlates of high screen time (ST) among students in Zhejiang, China. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting School-based adolescent health survey in Zhejiang Province, China. Participants 23 543 students in grades 7–12 from 442 different schools. Outcome High ST. Results The mean age of the students was 15.6 years and 49.7% of them were girls. The prevalence of high ST (screen viewing ≥2 hours per day) was 42.4% (95% CI 40.2% to 44.5%), higher in boys than in girls (45.4%(95% CI 42.8% to 48.0%) vs 39.1% (95% CI 36.6% to 41.7%)). No statistically significant difference was found between urban and rural areas (43.0% (95% CI 37.2% to 48.7%) vs 42.1% (95% CI 39.6% to 44.6%)). The prevalence of high ST among middle school, academic high school and vocational high school students was 35.3%, 30.0% and 73.5%, respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that older age, attendance at vocational high school, non-intact family, poor academic performance, bad self-reported health status, loneliness and drinking carbonated beverages ≥3 times every day were positively associated with high ST. Attendance at academic high school, higher parental education and being physically active were negatively associated with high ST. Conclusions High ST was prevalent among students and associated with a cluster of sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors in Zhejiang, China.


BACKGROUND
Tea consumption may improve endothelial function and blood pressure via increased bioavailability and bioactivity of nitric oxide. However, questions remain as to the impact of the common practice of adding milk.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of regular consumption of black tea, with and without milk, on vascular function and blood pressure in healthy volunteers.

DESIGN
A randomised, controlled, crossover study was performed in 17 healthy volunteers; 7 men and 10 women, mean age 22.4 ± 3.0 years. Participants received each of the following treatments in random order for 4 weeks, with no washout period in between, (i) hot water, (ii) black tea and (iii) black tea with milk. Vascular function was assessed using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery at the end of each treatment period. In addition, participants monitored their home blood pressure for the last 7 days of each treatment period. A blood and urine sample was also collected at the end of each treatment period.

RESULTS
Black tea increased FMD compared to the hot water control group (1.00 ± 0.18%, P < 0.0001). Black tea with milk decreased FMD compared to both the hot water control (-0.64 ± 0.19%, P = 0.001) and black tea (-1.64 ± 0.19%, P < 0.0001). Compared with hot water, black tea did not alter blood pressure, while black tea with milk increased systolic (1.1 ± 0.5 mmHg, P = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (2.0 ± 0.5 mmHg, P < 0.0001). Black tea (-1.8 ± 0.5 bpm, P < 0.001) and black tea with milk (-1.8 ± 0.6 bpm, P < 0.001) lowered heart rate compared to hot water. No significant difference for plasma nitrate or nitrite was observed between treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The addition of milk to black tea alters the acute/short-term impact of regular tea consumption on vascular function and blood pressure in young healthy men and women. The exact mechanism for this affect remains unknown and longer-term trials to establish this effect in a range of populations are warranted.


BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that giving newly born preterm infants sustained lung inflation (SLI) may decrease their need for mechanical ventilation (MV) and improve their respiratory outcomes. METHODS: We randomly assigned infants born at 25 weeks 0 days to 28 weeks 6 days of gestation to receive SLI (25 cm H2O for 15 seconds) followed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) or nCPAP alone in the delivery room. SLI and nCPAP were delivered by using a neonatal mask and a T-piece ventilator. The primary end point was the need for MV in the first 72 hours of life. The secondary end points included the need for respiratory supports and survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). RESULTS: A total of 148 infants were enrolled in the SLI group and 143 in the control group. Significantly fewer infants were ventilated in the first 72 hours of life in the SLI group (79 of 148 [53%]) than in the control group (93 of 143 [65%]); unadjusted odds ratio: 0.62 [95% confidence interval: 0.38–0.99]; P = .04). The need for respiratory support and survival without BPD did not differ between the groups. Pneumothorax occurred in 1% (n = 2) of infants in the control group compared with 6% (n = 9) in the SLI group, with an unadjusted odds ratio of 4.57 (95% confidence interval: 0.97–21.50; P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: SLI followed by nCPAP in the delivery room decreased the need for MV in the first 72 hours of life in preterm infants at high risk of respiratory distress syndrome compared with nCPAP alone but did not decrease the need for respiratory support and the occurrence of BPD.


Cutting carbon emissions is a global priority, wherever they occur, and those associated with crime are no exception. This research project explores the carbon cost of crime and crime prevention to ensure that carbon emissions can be considered wherever possible. Although this study focuses on crime in England and Wales as a case study, this can be applied elsewhere around the world.
A lifecycle perspective was adopted throughout, to ensure that all aspects of the carbon footprint were accounted for. The carbon footprint of crime was estimated using Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis (EE-IOA) multipliers, and crime prevention measures were analysed by systematically reviewing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) environmental declarations.
The study estimated that crime in England and Wales gave rise to over 4 million tCO2e in the year 2011, representing the 'carbon cost of crime'. The falling number of criminal offences has resulted in a reduced carbon footprint from around 7 million tCO2e in 1995 to below 3 million tCO2e in 2015 (a cumulative reduction of over 54 million tCO2e).
To explore burglary prevention measures, the carbon footprint was combined with an indicator of how secure against burglary the products were. Window and door locks were shown to be the highest performing individual measures with low carbon footprints and the highest chance of preventing crime. The highest performing combinations included window locks, internal lighting, door locks and external lighting. Burglar alarms were the worst performing measure, from both environmental and security perspectives.
Overall, it is clear that crime and crime prevention have a carbon cost, and that carbon emissions need to be assessed and reduced wherever possible. The study has contributed towards informing practitioners and policy-makers of this connection between crime and the environment. If a low crime and low-carbon future is to be achieved, the encouraging trend of a decreasing carbon footprint attributable to crime needs to be maintained, and strategies must take into account environmental considerations alongside social and economic benefits.


Hurricane Katrina pushed mixed Taxodium distichum forests toward a dominance of Taxodium distichum (baldcypress) and Nyssa aquatica (water tupelo) because these species had lower levels of susceptibility to wind damage than other woody species. This study documents the volume of dead versus live material of woody trees and shrubs of T. distichum swamps following Hurricane Katrina along the Gulf Coast of Mississippi and Louisiana. Pearl River Wildlife Management Area near Canton, Mississippi had the highest winds of the study areas, and these forests were located in the northeast quadrant of Hurricane Katrina (sustained wind = 151 kph (94 mph)). Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve south of New Orleans had medium to high winds (sustained winds = 111 kph (69 mph) at the New Orleans lakefront). Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge had a lower level of winds and was positioned on the western edge of the storm. The forests at Pearl River and to a lesser extent at Jean Lafitte had the highest amount of structural damage in the study. For Cat Island, Jean Lafitte, and Pearl River, the total volume of dead material (debris) was 50, 80, and 370 m3 ha−1, respectively. The ratio of dead to live volume was 0.010, 0.082, and 0.039, respectively. For both of the dominant species, T. distichum and N. aquatica, the percentage of dead to live volume was less than 1%. Subdominant species including Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus lyrata, and Quercus nigra were more damaged by the storm at both Pearl River and Jean Lafitte. Only branches were damaged by Hurricane Katrina at Cat Island. Shrubs such as Morella cerifera, Euonymous sp., and Vaccinium sp. were often killed by the storm, while other species such as Cephalanthus occidentalis, Forestiera acuminata, and Cornus florida were not killed. Despite the fact that Hurricane Katrina was a Category 3 storm and struck Pearl River and Jean Lafitte fairly directly, dominant species of the T. distichum swamps were relatively little affected, even though certain subdominant and shrub species were completely removed from the species composition.


Dynamic DNA clustering of nanoparticles The size and shape of nanoparticles can increase the cellular uptake and delivery of contrast agents and therapeutics. Ohta et al. created gold nanoparticles partly covered with DNA chains and with folic acid as the targeting molecule (see the Perspective by Parak). The particles could link together to hide the folic acid or to expose it on the surface, depending on the hybridization and overall particle configuration. The addition of complementary DNA allowed switching between structures, thus changing the way the particles interacted with cells. Science, this issue p. 841; see also p. 814 Manipulation of DNA-linked nanoparticle assemblies changes the optical properties and cellular targeting and uptake. [Also see Perspective by Parak] Precise control of biosystems requires development of materials that can dynamically change physicochemical properties. Inspired by the ability of proteins to alter their conformation to mediate function, we explored the use of DNA as molecular keys to assemble and transform colloidal nanoparticle systems. The systems consist of a core nanoparticle surrounded by small satellites, the conformation of which can be transformed in response to DNA via a toe-hold displacement mechanism. The conformational changes can alter the optical properties and biological interactions of the assembled nanosystem. Photoluminescent signal is altered by changes in fluorophore-modified particle distance, whereas cellular targeting efficiency is increased 2.5 times by changing the surface display of targeting ligands. These concepts provide strategies for engineering dynamic nanotechnology systems for navigating complex biological environments.


Abstract. Many atmospheric chemicals occur in the gas phase as well as in liquid cloud droplets and aerosol particles. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the distribution between the phases. According to Henry's law, the equilibrium ratio between the abundances in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase is constant for a dilute solution. Henry's law constants of trace gases of potential importance in environmental chemistry have been collected and converted into a uniform format. The compilation contains 17 350 values of Henry's law constants for 4632 species, collected from 689 references. It is also available at http://www.henrys-law.org .


Essential Novelty The evolution of essential function for newly originated genes presents a conundrum, in that prior to the gene's origin either the essential function was absent or else performed by another gene or set of genes. In order to better understand how new genes acquire essential function, Ross et al. (p. 1211) investigated the origin of the Drosophila gene Umbrea. Umbrea became an essential protein in certain Drosophila species through the gain of localization at the centromere and a role in chromosome segregation. How does a recently evolved gene come to encode an essential function? Evolutionarily young genes that serve essential functions represent a paradox; they must perform a function that either was not required until after their birth or was redundant with another gene. How young genes rapidly acquire essential function is largely unknown. We traced the evolutionary steps by which the Drosophila gene Umbrea acquired an essential role in chromosome segregation in D. melanogaster since the gene's origin less than 15 million years ago. Umbrea neofunctionalization occurred via loss of an ancestral heterochromatin-localizing domain, followed by alterations that rewired its protein interaction network and led to species-specific centromere localization. Our evolutionary cell biology approach provides temporal and mechanistic detail about how young genes gain essential function. Such innovations may constantly alter the repertoire of centromeric proteins in eukaryotes.


In recent years various media have claimed that America is falling behind in high-speed broadband Internet, that Americans pay more for broadband of lower quality than people in other countries, and that American broadband providers don't compete, innovate, or invest. The EU, Japan, and South Korea, not the United States, are said to be leading in these areas. This paper investigates a variety of datasets to see whether there is evidence for these claims. The paper demonstrates not only that the United States performs well on many broadband measures, but that claims about the United States falling behind are inconsistent with American leadership in the digital economy where broadband networks are an essential, though not the only, input. Based on these conclusions, the paper provides policy analysis on broadband network deployment and suggestions on adoption, the arguably more important?but frequently overlooked?component of broadband.


ABSTRACT This study examines how climatic extremes during winter 2010–2011 affected the traditional food system in Iqaluit, Nunavut. This winter was anomalous throughout the Canadian Arctic, and manifested itself locally by warmer temperatures and decreased ice coverage. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with hunters (n = 25), a fixed question survey with public housing residents (n = 100), as well as analysis of remotely sensed sea-ice charts and temperature data from the Iqaluit weather station, this work identifies and characterises the extreme climatic conditions experienced, their subsequent effects on Iqaluit's traditional food system, and coping strategies used for dealing with food-related stresses. The results show increased environmental stress on the traditional food system compared to previous years. Freeze up occurred 59 days later than the average for the 1982–2010 period, while mean annual temperatures were 4.9ºC higher than the climatological mean, which negatively impacted hunters' harvests and residents' food supplies. Coping strategies alleviated some stresses, but adaptability was limited for financially insecure households reliant on income support. The study shows that when challenging socioeconomic conditions, such as those associated with public housing, are coupled with significant environmental stress, such as experienced during that winter, the vulnerability of the traditional food system is exacerbated. We suggest that winter 2010–2011 can be used as an analogue for exploring future food system vulnerabilities, with climate models projecting similar conditions in the coming decades.


Although unemployment likely entails various externalities, research examining its spillover effects on spouses is scarce. This is the first paper to estimate effects of unemployment on the smoking behavior of both spouses. Using German Socio-Economic Panel data, we combine matching and difference-in-differences estimation, employing the post-double-selection method for control variable selection via Lasso regressions. One spouse's unemployment increases both spouses' smoking probability and intensity. Smoking relapses and decreased smoking cessation drive the effects. Effects are stronger if the partner already smokes and if the male partner becomes unemployed. Of several mechanisms discussed, we identify smoking to cope with stress as relevant.


Objective: To estimate the occurrence of hand eczema in hairdressers in Sweden. Methods: The occurrence of hand eczema was estimated in a Swedish longitudinal retrospective cohort study including all female graduates from vocational schools for hairdressers from 1970 to 1995. A stratified sample from the general population acted as controls. A self-administered questionnaire including questions on the occurrence of hand eczema, skin atopy, working periods and number of hair treatments performed per week was sent to the participants. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of hand eczema were estimated. Results: The incidence rate of hand eczema in hairdressers was 23.8 cases/1000 person-years, whereas in hairdressers who were aged <25 years it was 37.1/1000 person-years. The corresponding IRR for hairdressers compared with controls was 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2 to 2.8), and that for younger hairdressers was 3.1 (95% CI 2.6 to 3.5). The mean age at onset of hand eczema was 21.6 years for hairdressers and 21.2 years for controls. The 1-year prevalence of hand eczema was 18.0% for hairdressers and 12.1% for controls. A large number of hair treatments involving exposure to skin irritants and sensitisers were reported. The incidence rate of hand eczema was higher among individuals with a history of childhood eczema, both for hairdressers and for controls, giving an (age-adjusted) IRR of 1.9 and 2.2, respectively. The attributable fraction of hand eczema from skin atopy was 9.6%. A synergistic effect of skin atopy and hairdressing was found on the occurrence of hand eczema. The relative excess risk due to interaction was 1.21 (95% CI 0.21 to 2.21; p = 0.01). Conclusion: Hairdressers are highly exposed to skin-damaging substances. The self-reported incidence of hand eczema was substantially higher in female hairdressers than in controls from the general population and than that found previously in register-based studies. For many individuals, onset of hand eczema occurs early in life. Only about 10% of the hand eczema cases among hairdressers would be prevented if no one with skin atopy entered the trade.


The study of trust of consumer on Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-commerce is one of the key research interests of Information Systems (IS) researchers. In this research, we investigate the impact of trust on two different E-payment gateways, viz. online credit card payment system and the hypothetical online Octopus card (a stored-value smart card) payment system. Based on the model developed by Gefen et al. (2003) and McKnight et al. (2002a), we synthesize our own research model by incorporating disposition to trust, and trust and its antecedents with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). An online survey was conducted on the Government-to-Citizen (G2C) E-commerce portal of the Hong Kong Government and 2,481 usable responses were collected. The empirical result shows that consumers in Hong Kong are using different trust building processes to consider their adoption for E-payment gateways.


A simple theoretical model is developed that describes the recording and reconstruction of the polarization state of light in photoanisotropic materials through the use of a plane-polarized reference beam. The bipolar response of the medium to photoexcitation allows the recording of holograms with useful polarization discrimination properties.


Respondent incentives are widely used to increase response rates, but their effect on nonresponse bias has not been researched as much. To contribute to the research, we analyze an incentive experiment embedded within the third wave of the German household panel survey "Panel Labor Market and Social Security" conducted by the German Institute for Employment Research. Our question is whether attrition bias differs in two incentive plans. In particular, we want to study whether an unconditional €10 cash incentive yields less attrition bias in self-reported labor income and other sociodemographics than a conditional lottery ticket incentive. We find that unconditional cash incentives are more effective than conditional lottery tickets in reducing attrition bias in income and several sociodemographic variables.


By using rate-compatible (RC) low density parity-check (LDPC) codes with adaptive modulation, we propose an adaptive, discrete-rate multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications system. Given the high spectral efficiency of MIMO and the flexibility of an incremental redundancy (IR) protocol, combined with adaptive coding and modulation (ACM), the designed communications system is capable of achieving high data rates, for a low amount of overhead. A novel ACM power- and bit-allocation protocol is proposed to implement this system. We adapt the existing water-filling algorithm (WFA) to the discrete and finite bit rate constraints inherent in any communications system. This constrained WFA is shown to significantly improve the throughput performance of the communications system, over the case where a regular WFA is used. The results given in this paper show that the combination of IR and ACM with MIMO creates a wireless communications system that can easily adapt to channel fluctuations and provide high-data rates.


Performance appraisal has become increasingly
important tool for organization to use in managing and
improving employee' s performance.However,little
empirical result has been conducted to determine( a )
the extent to which performance criteria were being
selected for performance appraisal,( b ) the extent to
which performance appraisal is used for each of several
purpose sin the organization,( c ) the extent to which
appraisal data maybe used for multiple and possibly
conflicting uses within the organization,and ( d ) the
psychometric criteria of the new performance appraisal
under the New Remuneration System.
A survey questionnaire designed to answer these
questions was distributed personally to 100 police
officers ranking from P/lnsp.to Deputy Superintendent
of Police (DSP )in the Special Branch Department ,Bukit
Aman,Kuala Lumpur.A correlational and simple Analysis
of Variance were utilized to analyze the data of
seventy-six completed questionnaires.
The findings showed that loyalty,conduct,
decision making ability and quality of work were cited
among the most important performance criteria,while
non-work related activities,adapt ability to work and
quantity of work were cited as the least importan


Background: Postoperative shivering is an important common complication after general anesthesia. This may lead to dissatisfaction and a sense of discomfort, especially in parturients undergoing cesarean section. In addition to warming, many drugs have been investigated for prevention of shivering. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous paracetamol for prevention of shivering after general anesthesia in cesarean section. Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial, 110 pregnant women, physical Status I or II, based on the classification of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), aged 18–40 years, who were scheduled for elective cesarean section under general anesthesia were included in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups of 55 each. One group received 100 ml normal saline, and another group received 1 g of paracetamol in 100 ml normal saline intravenously, 15 min after the delivery of the baby. The anesthesia technique was similar in both the groups. Tympanic membrane temperature was measured before and after the induction of anesthesia and every 15 min till the end of recovery from anesthesia. Postanesthetic shivering was graded on a scale of 0 to 4; if the score was more than 2, it was treated with 25 mg pethedine. Vital signs and side effects were recorded during the surgery and recovery period. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding age, weight, height, and duration of surgery (P > 0.05). Shivering was seen in 5 parturients (9.1%) in paracetamol group (group A) and 28 parturients (50.9%) in the saline group (group N). On a scale of 0 to 4, shivering was of lower intensity in paracetamol group compared to the saline group (P < 0.05). There was a fall in core temperature in both the groups after induction of anesthesia, which was statistically similar (P > 0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of hypotension, nausea, and vomiting among the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The prophylactic use of intravenous paracetamol during surgery is effective for the prevention of postoperative shivering.


As U.S. courts have repeatedly declared, marriage is fundamentally a private, individual right. One implication of this view, clear but not always consistently applied, is that the federal role in marriage should be to get out of the way. When it cannot, it should behave in predictable, orderly, and low-cost ways so that individuals may conduct their family and private lives as they think best. When the federal government must act in this area, it should do so only with a view toward preserving individual rights. This paper considers federal marriage policy in a new light by suggesting that some, though far from all, of the federal provisions governing marriage may be understood as protections of this kind, or as guarantees of individual responsibility, as in the case of children. When marriage acts in such a way, it merits federal recognition, but not otherwise. Although privatizing all aspects of marriage may well be appealing, such an approach would result, at both state and federal levels, in much greater government interference in family life, higher taxes for married couples, invasions of privacy, difficulties related to child custody, and other negative consequences. In some areas, marriage is a defense against state power, and such a defense should not be lightly discarded. However, marriage should be decoupled from the tax code by adopting a flat tax; the Defense of Marriage Act should be repealed; and Congress should adopt language making it clear that civil and religious marriage are not the same institution, and that the existence of marriage as a legal category is neutral with respect to religion. Wherever possible, marriage penalties and bonuses in the tax code and welfare system should be eliminated.


In the 10th anniversary year of the Open Archiving Initiative it is necessary to elevate research data to be a first-class citizen in the world of open scholarly communication. Such a profound goal requires far more than technical capability, but encompasses significant change for all stakeholders. Data curation and data management is often seen as an additional task for researchers. In this paper we describe how we are attempting to make it a seamless part of a researcher?s daily workflow across a wide range of disciplines as a cornerstone of research practice. This paper describes the Institutional Data Management Blueprint (IDMB) project, which aims to create a practical and attainable institutional framework for managing research data throughout its lifecycle that facilitates ambitious national and international e-research practice. The objective is to produce a framework for managing research data across the whole lifecycle that encompasses a whole institution (exemplified by the University of Southampton) and based on an analysis of current data management requirements for a representative group of disciplines with a range of different data. Note: This paper is a summary of the IDMB Initial Findings report, which is available at www.southamptondata.org


Abstract:Using a classroom experience teaching Nella Larsen's 1929 novel Passing alongside a contemporary controversy over racial identity, this article explores the value of literary study for intervening in student attitudes toward core curriculum requirements. The author argues that literature is uniquely situated to teach the skills colleges most want students to acquire in their general education curricula, in turn providing a crucial method for responding to the "crisis" of the humanities in higher education today.


We have developed a method for fluorescence lifetime measurements in a flow cytometer based upon the amplitude demodulation of the fluorescence signals using digital data acquisition techniques. Amplitude demodulation is one of the two methods by which excited state lifetimes may be investigated in the frequency domain. The other method involves the phase-shift measurements. In frequency-domain measurement techniques, the amplitude-demodulation and phase-shift data serve mutually complementary roles to enhance the analytical capabilities of the measurements. The purpose of having amplitude demodulation measurement capability is to obtain information that supplements, rather than replaces, that obtained by the phase-shift method alone. Application of amplitude demodulation measurements has been widely explored in static, cuvette-based, frequency domain systems. However, due to time dependence of the amplitude of the modulated fluorescence signal in a flow cytometer, the amplitude demodulation measurements in flow turns out to be more complicated than similar measurements in a static system. The goal of the present work is to explore the problems involved in amplitude demodulation measurements in flow (using digital method), through detailed theoretical modeling and use the model to develop a practical method that can be incorporated into a flow cytometer to measure amplitude modulation lifetimes. We experimentally verify the amplitude demodulation measurement capability of this method using fluorescent microspheres. The experimental measurements show good agreement with static frequency-domain measurements on microspheres in bulk suspensions.


The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase is essential for antiviral immunity in vivo. The presence of DNA in the cytosol of mammalian cells is a danger signal, which indicates, for example, that a DNA-containing virus has infected the cell. This signal triggers an innate immune response, which involves the expression of type I interferons, and is critical for antiviral immunity and responses to DNA vaccines. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) was recently identified as a sensor of cytosolic DNA. Li et al. now use knockout mice to provide genetic evidence that, in multiple cell types, cGAS is the primary DNA sensor required for the type I interferon response in vivo. X.-D. Li, J. Wu, D. Gao, H. Wang, L. Sun, Z. J. Chen, Pivotal roles of cGAS-cGAMP signaling in antiviral defense and immune adjuvant effects. Science 341, 1390–1394 (2013). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Abstract Using a previously derived treatment of viscoelastic flexure of floating ice shelves, we simulated multiple years of evolution of a single, axisymmetric supraglacial lake when it is subjected to annual fill/drain cycles. Our viscoelastic treatment follows the assumptions of the well-known thin-beam and thin-plate analysis but, crucially, also covers power-law creep rheology. As the ice-shelf surface does not completely return to its un-flexed position after a 1-year fill/drain cycle, the lake basin deepens with each successive cycle. This deepening process is significantly amplified when lake-bottom ablation is taken into account. We evaluate the timescale over which a typical lake reaches a sufficient depth such that ice-shelf fracture can occur well beyond the lake itself in response to lake filling/drainage. We show that, although this is unlikely during one fill/drain cycle, fracture is possible after multiple years assuming surface meltwater availability is unlimited. This extended zone of potential fracture implies that flexural stresses in response to a single lake filling/drainage event can cause neighbouring lakes to drain, which, in turn, can cause lakes farther afield to drain. Such self-stimulating behaviour may have accounted for the sudden, widespread appearance of a fracture system that drove the Larsen B Ice Shelf to break-up in 2002.


Adaptive learning is an educational method that utilizes computers as an interactive teaching device. Intelligent tutoring systems, or educational agents, use adaptive learning techniques to adapt to each student's needs and learning styles in order to individualize learning. Effective educational agents should accomplish two essential goals during the learning process – 1) monitor engagement of the student during the interaction and 2) apply behavioral strategies to maintain the student's attention when engagement decreases. In this paper, we focus on the first objective of monitoring student engagement. Most educational agents do not monitor engagement explicitly, but rather assume engagement and adapt their interaction based on the student's responses to questions and tasks. A few advanced methods have begun to incorporate models of engagement through vision-based algorithms that assess behavioral cues such as eye gaze, head pose, gestures, and facial expressions. Unfortunately, these methods typically require a heavy computation load, memory/storage constraints, and high power consumption. In addition, these behavioral cues do not correlate well with achievement of high-level cognitive tasks. As an alternative, our proposed model of engagement uses physical events, such as keyboard and mouse events. This approach requires fewer resources and lower power consumption, which is also ideally suited for mobile educational agents such as handheld tablets and robotic platforms. In this paper, we discuss our engagement model which uses techniques that determine behavioral user state and correlate these findings to mouse and keyboard events. In particular, we  equired to answer a question; accuracy of responses; and proper function executions. We evaluate the correctness of our model based on an investigation involving a middle-school after-school program in which a 15-question math exam that varies in cognitive difficulty is used for assessment. Eye gaze and head pose techniques are referenced for the baseline metric of engagement. We conclude the investigation with a survey to gather the subject's perspective of their mental state after the exam. We found that our model of engagement is comparable to the eye gaze and head pose techniques for low-level cognitive tasks. When high-level cognitive thinking is required, our model is more accurate than the eye gaze and head pose techniques due to the students' non-focused gazes during questions requiring deep thought or use of outside variables for assistance such as their fingers to count. The large time delay associated with the lack of eye contact between the student and the computer screen causes the aforementioned algorithms to incorrectly declare the subjects as being disengaged. Furthermore, speed and validity of responses can help to determine how well the student understands the material, and this is confirmed through the survey responses and video observations. This information will be used later to integrate instructional scaffolding and adaptation with the educational agent.


Background: living alone in later life has been linked to psychological distress but less is known about the role of the transition into living alone and the role of social and material resources. Methods: a total of 21,535 person-years of data from 4,587 participants of the British Household Panel Survey aged 65+ are analysed. Participants provide a maximum 6 years' data (t0−t5), with trajectories of living arrangements classified as: consistently partnered/ with children/alone; transition from partnered to alone/with children to alone. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12 caseness (score >3) is investigated using multi-level logistic regression, controlling for sex, age, activities of daily living, social and material resources. Results: after a transition from partnered at t0 to alone at t1, the odds for GHQ-12 caseness increased substantially, but by t3 returned to baseline levels. The odds for caseness at t0 were highest for those changing from living with a child at t0 to living alone at t1 but declined following the transition to living alone. None of the covariates explained these associations. Living consistently alone did confer increased odds for caseness. Conclusions: living alone in later life is not in itself a strong risk factor for psychological distress. The effects of transitions to living alone are dependent on the preceding living arrangement and are independent of social and material resources. This advocates a longitudinal approach, allowing identification of respondents' location along trajectories of living arrangements.


Using femtosecond laser machining, we fabricated a terahertz resonant cavity in LiNbO3. Optical pulse sequences with variable repetition rates, generated through a novel pulse-shaping method, are used for characterization of the cavity resonances and for amplification of terahertz phonon-polaritons in the cavity.


This paper examines academic peer effects in college. Unique new data from the Berea Panel Study allow us to focus on a mechanism wherein a student's peers affect her achievement by changing her study effort. Although the potential relevance of this mechanism has been recognized, data limitations have made it difficult to provide direct evidence about its importance. We find that a student's freshman grade point average is affected by the amount her peers studied in high school, suggesting the importance of this mechanism. Using time diary information, we confirm that college study time is actually being affected.


This extraordinary account of schmoozing, scheming, and consensus building among the chimpanzees of a large zoo colony in Arnhem, The Netherlands, attracted attention. Throughout this revised edition - which features a new gallery of color photographs along with a new introduction and epilogue - de Waal expands and updates his story of the Arnhem colony and its continuing political upheavals. We learn the fate of many memorable characters and meet the colony's current leaders and their allies. The new edition remains a detailed and thoroughly engrossing account - of sexual rivalries and coalitions, of actions governed by intelligence rather than instinct - and it reaffirms the complex bond between humans and their closest living relatives. As we watch the chimpanzees of Arnhem behave in ways we recognize from Machiavelli (and from the nightly news), de Waal reminds us again that the roots of politics are older than humanity.


Abstract. We use 2011–2019 aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) instrument over East Asia to infer 24 h daily surface fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations at a continuous 6 × 6 km2 resolution over eastern China, South Korea, and Japan. This is done with a random forest (RF) algorithm applied to the gap-filled GOCI AODs and other data, including information encoded in GOCI AOD retrieval failure and trained with PM2.5 observations from the three national networks. The predicted 24 h GOCI PM2.5 concentrations for sites entirely withheld from training in a 10-fold cross-validation procedure correlate highly with network observations (R2 = 0.89) with a single-value precision of 26 %–32 %, depending on the country. Prediction of the annual mean values has R2 = 0.96
and a single-value precision of 12 %. GOCI PM2.5 is only moderately successful for diagnosing local exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) because these exceedances are typically within the single-value precisions of the RF and also because of RF smoothing of extreme PM2.5 concentrations. The area-weighted and population-weighted trends of GOCI PM2.5 concentrations for eastern China, South Korea, and Japan show steady 2015–2019 declines consistent with surface networks, but the surface networks in eastern China and South Korea underestimate population exposure. Further examination of GOCI PM2.5 fields for South Korea identifies hot spots where surface network sites were initially lacking and shows 2015–2019 PM2.5 decreases across the country, except for flat concentrations in the Seoul metropolitan area. Inspection of the monthly PM2.5 time series in Beijing, Seoul, and Tokyo shows that the RF algorithm successfully captures observed seasonal variations in PM2.5, even though AOD and PM2.5 often have opposite seasonalities. The application of the RF algorithm to urban pollution episodes in Seoul and Beijing demonstrates high skill in reproducing the observed day-to-day variations in air quality and spatial patterns on the 6 km scale. A comparison to a Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulation for the Korean peninsula demonstrates the
value of the continuous GOCI PM2.5 fields for testing air quality
models, including over North Korea, where they offer a unique resource.


From their debut in Berlin in the 1780s to their emergence in 1930s California, Jewish women's salons served as welcoming havens where all classes and creeds could openly debate art, music, literature, and politics. This fascinating book is the first to explore the history of these salons where remarkable women of intellect resolved that neither gender nor religion would impede their ability to bring about social change. Emily D. Bilski and Emily Braun examine the lives of more than a dozen Jewish salonieres, charting the evolution of the salon over time and among cultures, in cities including Berlin, Vienna, Paris, London, New York, and Milan. They show how each woman uniquely adapted the salon to suit her own interests while maintaining the salon's key characteristics of basic informality and a diversity of guests. Other distinguished contributors to the volume discuss in detail the Berlin salons of the 1800s; the salon in terms of Jewish acculturation and its relation to gender and music; and the relations of Marcel Proust, Oscar Wilde, and Gertrude Stein to the literary salon. The book is enriched with a lavish array of illustrations, including documentary photographs, paintings, drawings, prints, and decorative arts.


In this paper, we present the development of a concurrent atomistic–continuum (CAC) methodology for simulation of the grain boundary (GB) structures and their interaction with other defects in ionic materials. Simulation results show that the CAC simulation allows a smooth passage of cracks through the atomistic–continuum interface without the need for additional constitutive rules or special numerical treatment; both the atomic-scale structures and the energies of the four different [001] tilt GBs in bi-crystal strontium titanate obtained by CAC compare well with those obtained by existing experiments and density function theory calculations. Although 98.4% of the degrees of freedom of the simulated atomistic system have been eliminated in a coarsely meshed finite-element region, the CAC results, including the stress–strain responses, the GB–crack interaction mechanisms and the effect of the interaction on the fracture strength, are comparable with that of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation results. In addition, CAC simulation results show that the GB– crack interaction has a significant effect on the fracture behaviour of bi-crystal strontium titanate; not only the misorientation angle but also the atomic-level details of the GB structure influence the effect of the GB on impeding crack propagation.


ABSTRACT Downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli, is one of the most destructive diseases of hop. Weather factors associated with infection risk by P. humuli in the maritime region of western Oregon were examined for 24- and 48-h periods and quadratic discriminant function models were developed to classify periods as favorable for disease development on leaves. For the 24-h data sets, the model with superior predictive ability included variables for hours of relative humidity>80%, degree-hours of wetness, and mean night temperature. The same variables were selected for the 48-h data sets, with the addition of a product variable for mean night temperature and hours of relative humidity>80%. Cut-points (pT) on receiver operating characteristic curves that minimized the overall error rate were identified by selecting the cut-point with the highest value of Youden's index. For the 24- and 48-h models these were pT=0.49 and 0.39, respectively. With these thresholds, the sensitivity and specificity of the models in cross validation by jackknife exclusion were 83.3 and 88.8% for the 24-h model and 87.5 and 84.4% for the 48-h model, respectively. Cut-points that minimized the average costs associated with disease control and crop loss due to classification errors were determined using estimates of economic damage during vegetative development and on cones near harvest. Use of the 24- and 48-h models was estimated to reduce average management costs during vegetative development when disease prevalence was <0.31 and 0.16, respectively. Using economic assumptions near harvest, management decisions informed by the models reduced average costs when disease prevalence was <0.21 and 0.1 for the 24- and 48-h models, respectively. The value of the models in management decisions was greatest when disease prevalence was relatively low during vegetative development, which generally corresponds to the normally drier period from late spring to midsummer in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.


The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the Convention) is the most successful multilateral treaty adopted by the international community since the Charter of the United Nations. Its provisions govern some seventy percent of our planet. It has established certainty in the international law of the sea in place of the chaos that preceded it. The Convention clearly sets out the basic legal structure or framework for ocean use and management within which all states must operate. In doing so it has contributed immensely to the global system of peace and security of which the Charter of the United Nations is the foundation. In reviewing the old law and revising it or, where necessary, replacing it, and by introducing new concepts and norms to meet the current needs of the international community, the Convention has revolutionized the international law of the sea. It is comprehensive, complex, and multi-faceted. Its impact has been far-reaching. It has changed the political and economic geography of the world as over the past thirty years states have adjusted to the new concepts and in particular, the new zones of jurisdictions. The broad acceptance of the Convention is in large part due to the delicate balance it has achieved between the interests of coastal states and that of the international community as a whole in the many and varied uses of the ocean space. The Convention has resolved critical legal issues, some of which had eluded agreement for centuries. The prime example of this is the breadth of the territorial sea, which has finally been settled at twelve nautical miles with a guaranteed right of passage for international navigation in those waters, together with rules to ensure free and unhampered passage of vessels and aircraft through and over vital straits used for international navigation around the world. The success of a multilateral treaty, such as this Convention, depends on two essential elements: first, the level of adherence to it by states; and second, its uniform and consistent application in state practice. In both these areas the Convention's achievement has been remarkable. There are, as of March 30, 2012, 162 parties to the Convention. This is very impressive and beyond all expectations. Those few states that have not yet become parties have certain specific problems peculiar to them. Some are unable to amend their constitutions; others are waiting for their legislature to provide the necessary consent for ratification or accession; and others have bilateral problems with their neighbors. Among these are Ecuador, Iran, Peru, Turkey, the United States, Venezuela, and a number of newly emerging states that were formerly part of the Soviet Union. In practice, however, most of these states acknowledge that the provisions of the Convention reflect the current international law of the sea. Indeed, the Convention has been recognized as the preeminent source for the international law of the sea by states, the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and other judicial and arbitral bodies dealing with marinerelated issues. If one examines the practice of states, with very few exceptions, there is a remarkable level of consistency and uniformity in the interpretation and application of the provisions of


Objective: To compare postoperative outcomes of minimally invasive gastrectomy (MIG) to open gastrectomy (OG) for cancer during the introduction of MIG in the Netherlands. Background: Between 2011 and 2015, the use of MIG increased from 4% to 53% in the Netherlands. Methods: This population-based cohort study included all patients with curable gastric adenocarcinoma that underwent gastrectomy between 2011 and 2015, registered in the Dutch Upper GI Cancer Audit. Patients with missing preoperative data, and patients in whom no lymphadenectomy or reconstruction was performed were excluded. Propensity score matching was applied to create comparable groups between patients receiving MIG or OG, using year of surgery and other potential confounders. Morbidity, mortality, and hospital stay were evaluated. Results: Of the 1697 eligible patients, 813 were discarded after propensity score matching; 442 and 442 patients who underwent MIG and OG, respectively, remained. Conversions occurred in 10% of the patients during MIG. Although the overall postoperative morbidity (37% vs 40%, P = 0.489) and mortality rates (6% vs 4%, P = 0.214) were comparable between the 2 groups, patients who underwent MIG experienced less wound complications (2% vs 5%, P = 0.006). Anastomotic leakage occurred in 8% of the patients after MIG, and in 7% after OG (P = 0.525). The median hospital stay declined over the years for both procedures (11 to 8 days, P < 0.001). Overall, hospital stay was shorter after MIG compared with OG (8 vs 10 days, P < 0.001). Conclusions: MIG was safely introduced in the Netherlands, with overall morbidity and mortality comparable with OG, less wound complications and shorter hospitalization.


Improving our understanding of risk and vulnerability is an issue of increasing importance for Ethiopia as it is for much of Africa. A small, but growing, body of evidence, points to the role that risk, shocks and vulnerability in perpetuating poverty. Specifically, uninsured shocks – adverse events that are costly to individuals and households in terms of lost income, reduced consumption, or the sale of destruction of assets – are a cause of poverty, Further, the threat of such events may cause households and individuals to take actions that, while providing some additional protection against shocks, come at the cost of income gains. The paper examines who is vulnerable to different types of shocks in rural Ethiopia. Using the two most recent rounds of the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey, it will characterize the nature, frequency, and severity of climatic, economic, health and other shocks faced by rural Ethiopian households. It will assess the impact of these on levels and changes in measures of household well-being such as food consumption, total consumption, asset holdings and poverty status between 1999 and 2004. To do so, it will draw on conditional convergence models of growth, but applied here at a micro level. The modeling framework will take changes in these outcomes as a function of the lagged outcome and other covariates, a model of conditional convergence. In such models, endogeneity of these lagged outcomes is a real concern. Our data from earlier rounds of the ERHS as well as shocks information on the period prior to 1999 will provide us with instruments and we will test for the validity of these used standard techniques. Further, the paper will explore the differential effects of these initial conditions and shocks by sub-groups based on location, demographic, and wealth characteristics. Doing so will indicate whether the speed of convergence is effected by transitory shocks and will illustrate what types of households are most vulnerable to different types of shocks.


One of the most crucial, but systematically neglected, comparative differences between corporate law systems in Europe and in the United States concerns the regulations governing freeze-out transactions in listed corporations. Freeze-outs can be defined as transactions in which the controlling shareholder exercises a legal right to buy out the shares of the minority, and consequently delists the corporation and brings it private. Beyond this essential definition, the systems diverge profoundly. This gap exists despite the fact that minority freeze-outs are one of the most debated issues in corporate law, in the public media, in a vast body of scholarly work and in case law in the United States and, to a lesser degree, in Europe. In light of the relevance of the subject and the extensive and growing number of cross-Atlantic mergers in which the acquiring and the target corporations are subject to different legal regimes, it is startling how little research has focused on a comparison between the European and the American approaches in this area. This Article fills this gap offering a first comparative discussion of freeze-out regulations in the U.S. and in Europe. The Article proposes some explanations for the causes and consequences of the differences between the two regulatory regimes, and advances reform proposals for the development of financial markets both in Europe and in the U.S. The Article is organized as follows. Part I briefly discusses the economic reasons for going private. Part II analyzes U.S. rules concerning freeze-outs and going private transactions, focusing in particular on Delaware law. Part III discusses the corresponding European rules. While every single European country has its own rules, freeze-outs enjoy a certain degree of harmonization. Even though the level of harmonization is partial and insufficient, European Union's directives on mergers and on takeovers provide for a general uniform framework. Specific details on a selected number of countries will also be offered, but the goal of this work is more to capture the fundamental traits of the European approach, rather than to dig in the technicalities of single jurisdictions. Part IV sums up the major differences between the two systems and offers an explanatory theory of the different developments of the law in Europe and in the U.S. Finally, Part V is dedicated to the normative implications of the analysis.


Many kinds of entities—including terrorists and insurgents—seek to influence perceptions and behavior among various target audiences, and have become increasingly reliant on the Internet in their efforts, incorporating social media, blogging, public video sharing and other online tools. This article is focused on the ideological messages that terrorist groups use to convey with these tools. Drawing from a study of Al-Qaeda , this discussion illustrates how ideologies of violence have certain vulnerabilities that can be exploited in order to degrade a terrorist group's ability to achieve its objectives. While crafting and disseminating counter-narratives can be a critical part of a counterterrorism strategy, it is also important to identify ways in which terrorists undermine their own central narratives and exacerbate pre-existing "influence warfare" challenges


In this paper we show that price equalization does not imply zero barriers to trade. There are many barrier combinations that deliver price equalization, but each combination implies a different volume of trade. We demonstrate this first theoretically in a simple two-country model and then quantitatively for the case of capital goods trade in a multi-country model. To be quantitatively consistent with the observed capital goods trade flows across countries, our model implies that trade barriers must be large, yet our model delivers capital goods prices that are similar across countries. The absence of barriers to trade in capital goods delivers price equalization in capital goods but cannot reproduce the observed trade flows.


ABSTRACT Intriguing fossils encrusting oncoids and exhumed carbonate concretions are described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Poland. The fossils, up to a few millimeters in diameter and preserved in a form of calcium carbonate, are characterized by a tubular, elongate shape with the external surface covered with distinctive semicircular to oval concavities. These tubes do not match any known fossils and do not represent trace fossils sensu stricto. They are similar to serpulid and/or sabellid polychaetes with which they are associated. The latter, however, have calcitic tubes and none are known to possess the concave structures that characterize the tubular fossils. The shape of the concavities and the presence of a carbonate lining within them suggest that the tubular fossils were originally covered with ooids, a few of which are still preserved in the concavities. These Middle Jurassic fossils may represent the fossilized remnants of agglutinated tubes formed by polychaete worms. Their greatest abundances are noted on media bearing thick microbial crusts (oncoidal in nature) on which they often form dense aggregations. This may indicate that the tube-building worms selected such media not only because they provided a suitable hard surface for settlement, but also because they were a rich source of food in the form of both microbes (Cyanophyta) and other organic matter present in the microbial mats. The selectivity of only ooids for tube building makes them dissimilar to any known recent tube-building polychaetes and, thus, the Middle Jurassic representatives are nonactualistic with respect to particle selection for the tube formation.


In 2012, 4 million people aged 12 or older received help for alcohol and illicit drug use in the United States with approximately 2.5 million treated as inpatients (SAMHSA, 2012). Studies show the majority of women, men, and adolescents obtaining substance abuse residential treatment have been traumatized before entering treatment. Traumatic events span past sexual abuse, physical abuse and victimization from violence; trauma also include experiences from disasters and war. Yet, trauma-informed treatment is not mandated for substance abuse treatment facilities, and the manner in which clients are handled upon entering substance abuse residential treatment facilities is largely unknown. In a survey reflecting the most comprehensive national data on treatment delivery, Capezza and Najavits (2012) found that 66% of the 13,233 substance abuse treatment facilities examined reported the use of trauma-related counseling with clients. However, a considerable 33.4% of these facilities rarely or did not provide trauma counseling. Alarmingly, similar residential structures such as nursing homes report rising annual abuse of patients while in care in a third of their institutions throughout the U.S. (U.S. House of Representatives, 2001), and client re-traumatization has been documented in psychiatric inpatient wards (Cusack et al., 2003; Freuh et al., 2000). This dissertation explores the triggers and consequences of high-challenge moments that occur within residential drug treatment settings; high-challenge moments are escalated moments between staff and clients that result in potential emotional and/or physical harm to clients. Client harm from high-challenge moments appears related to the absence of trauma-informed facilities, lack of staff training in client symptomatology, enactment of authoritarianism by staff, and inappropriate maintenance of staff-client boundaries. A qualitative study was conducted in which nine staff members working for at least six months in adult and adolescent residential substance abuse treatment milieus of varying treatment lengths engaged in intensive semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed utilizing open-coding and category formation from grounded theory and theme formation surrounding a common concept from phenomenology. Subjects confirmed high-challenge moments do occur in residential substance abuse treatment settings. Results signify training as useful in preventing re-traumatization, overidentification, lack of staff understanding of trauma, client exploitation, use of shame, and excessive enforcement of residential setting rules. Implications indicate a need for traumainformed facilities in treating substance abuse and an emphasis on changing hiring practices, training, supervision, and client treatment. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Social Work (DSW) First Advisor Lani Nelson-Zlupko Second Advisor Andrea Doyle This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/52 Third Advisor Jim McKay


Seismic events have convulsed global markets since 2008, when From Poverty to Power was first published. World news has been full of stories reflecting a profound sense of uncertainty about global futures. In response, this new edition of From Poverty to Power has been fully revised and now includes an in-depth analysis of the human impact of the global financial and food crises. From Poverty to Power, 2nd Edition argues that a radical redistribution of power, opportunities, and assets, rather than traditional models of charitable or government aid, is required to break the cycle of poverty and inequality. Active citizens and effective states are driving this transformation. Why active citizens? Because people living in poverty must have a voice in deciding their own destiny and holding the state and the private sector to account. Why effective states? Because history shows that no country has prospered without a state structure that can actively manage the development process. There is now an added urgency: climate change. We need to build a secure, fair, and sustainable world within the limits set by scarce resources and ecological realities. The book is accompanied by a list of blog resources.The From Poverty to Power blog played a key role in shaping the second edition of the book.Selected posts have now been indexed thematically to create an effective list of background material that can be read alongside the book.


An ECVAM task force on nephrotoxicity has been established to advise, in particular, on the follow-up to recommendations made in the ECVAM workshop report on nephrotoxicity testing in vitro. Since this workshop was held, in 1994, there have been several improvements in the techniques used. For example, the duration of renal slice viability, and the maintenance of functional activities in slices, have been improved by using dynamic incubation systems with higher oxygen tensions and more-appropriate cell culture media. Highly differentiated primary cultures of pig, human and rabbit proximal tubule cells have been established by using specific cell isolation procedures and/or selective culture media. To date, the most comparable phenotypic expression and transepithelial transport capacities to proximal tubules in vivo have been obtained with primary cultures of rabbit proximal tubule cells which are grown on bicompartmental supports; in this system, transepithelial substrate gradients are generated and the transepithelial transport of both organic anions and cations is highly active. This in vitro system has been selected by ECVAM for further evaluation and prevalidation. Industrial needs in the area of nephrotoxicity testing have been identified, and recommendations are made at the end of this report concerning possible future initiatives.


In this paper we investigated the levels of addiction and personal data disclosure within Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game environments (MMORPG's). The study made use of an online survey which embraced a combination of a six point behavioural addiction framework, Self Determination Theory and Impression Management theory to assess addictive behaviour and consequential data disclosure amongst a sample representative of 188 Singaporean based MMORPG gamers. Results found that pathological gaming addiction had a direct effect on levels of personal and sensitive data disclosure and participants who were disclosing high amounts of data were considered more vulnerable to exploitation and predation.


Typical Men's investigation of masculinity was conducted through wide-ranging primary research (including viewing over 1,000 films) and an innovative methodology that constructed various 'cultural types' as a way of understanding and mapping the complexities of masculinity, moving away from the narrow binary oppositions that had characterised previous studies. Typical Men was nominated for a 2000-2001 Kraszna-Krausz Moving Image Book Award (Category A: Culture and History) and has been reviewed in: Screening The Past (13 December 2001), MEDIENwissenschaft (4/2: 2001), Contemporary British History (16/2: Summer 2002) and the Journal of British Cinema and Television (2/1: 2005), It has been cited on numerous occasions in subsequent studies of British cinema (e.g. Harper and Porter, British Cinema of the 1950s, 2003; Amy Sargent, British cinema - A critical history, 2005) or studies of masculinity (e.g. Phil Powrie et al (eds), The Trouble with Men, 2004). It is recommended on numerous undergraduate and postgraduate courses (e.g. the British cinema module in MA Film at the University of East Anglia) and is included in the bibliography of standard reference books (e.g. Brian McFarlane (ed.), The Encyclopedia of British Film, 2003). The high-standing in which the book is held has led to numerous invitations to speak at conferences and to university staff and to contribute chapters and journal articles (e.g. 'Masculinity and British Cinema', Kwartalnik Filmowy (Film Quarterly), Poland Academy of Science, no. 52, December 2005 and to writing the contribution 'Masculinity and Film' to the prestigious International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities (Routledge, 2007).


The main aim of ventilation is to guarantee a good indoor air quality, related to the energy consumed for heating and fan(s). Active or passive heat recovery systems seem to focus on the reduction of heating consumption at the expense of fan electricity consumption and maintenance. In this study, demandcontrolled mechanical extract ventilation systems of Renson (DCV1 and DCV2), based on natural supply in the habitable rooms and mechanical extraction in the wet rooms (or even the bedrooms), was analysed for one year by means of multi-zone Contam simulations on a reference detached house and compared with standard MEV and mechanical extract ventilation systems with heat recovery (MVHR).
To this end, IAQ, total energy consumption, CO2 emissions and total cost of the systems are determined. The results show that DCV systems with increased supply air flow rates or direct mechanical extract from bedrooms can significantly improve IAQ, while reducing total energy consumption compared to MEV. Applying DCV reduces primary heating energy consumption and yearly fan electricity consumption at most by 65% to 50% compared to MEV. Total operational energy costs and CO2 emissions of DCV are similar when compared to MVHR. Total costs of DCV systems over 15 years are smaller when compared to MVHR due to lower investment and maintenance costs.


Objective: To determine if playing position, a higher playing standard, and nonhelmet use are related to an increased odds of joint-specific injury and concussion in cricket. Design: Cross-sectional cohort. Participants: Twenty-eight thousand one hundred fifty-two current or former recreational and high-performance cricketers registered on a national database were invited to participate in the Cricket Health and Wellbeing Study. Eligibility requirements were aged ≥18 years and played ≥1 cricket season. Independent Variables: Main playing position (bowler/batter/all-rounder), playing standard (high-performance/recreational), and helmet use (always/most of the time/occasionally/never). Main Outcome Measures: Cross-sectional questionnaire data included cricket-related injury (hip/groin, knee, ankle, shoulder, hand, back) resulting in ≥4 weeks of reduced exercise and self-reported concussion history. Crude and adjusted (adjusted for seasons played) odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. Results: Of 2294 participants (59% current cricketers; 97% male; age 52 ± 15 years; played 29 ± 15 seasons; 62% recreational cricketers), 47% reported cricket-related injury and 10% reported concussion. Bowlers had greater odds of hip/groin [odds ratio (95% CI), 1.9 (1.0-3.3)], knee [2.0 (1.4-2.8)], shoulder [2.9 (1.8-4.5)], and back [2.8 (1.7-4.4)] injury compared with batters. High-performance cricketers had greater odds of injury and concussion than recreational cricketers. Wearing a helmet most of the time [2.0 (1.4-3.0)] or occasionally [1.8 (1.3-2.6)] was related to higher odds of self-reported concussion compared with never wearing a helmet. Concussion rates were similar in cricketers who always and never wore a helmet. Conclusions: A higher playing standard and bowling (compared with batting) were associated with greater odds of injury. Wearing a helmet occasionally or most of the time was associated with higher odds of self-reported concussion compared with never wearing a helmet.