Women's labor - producing both crops and children - has long been the linchpin of male status and power throughout Africa. This book lucidly interprets the intricate relations of gender to state-building in Africa by looking historically at control over production and reproduction, from the nineteenth century to the present. Miriam Goheen examines struggles over power within the Nso' chiefdom in the highlands of Western Cameroon, between the chiefdom and the state, and between men and women, as the women increasingly reject traditional marriages. Based on a decade of fieldwork, this work tracks the negotiations between chiefs and subchiefs and women and men over ritual power, economic power, and administrative power. Though Nso' men obviously dominate their society at both the local level and nationally, women have had power of their own by virtue of their status as women. Men may own the land, for example, but women control the crops through their labor. Goheen explains clearly the place of gender in very complex historical processes, such as land tenure systems, title societies, chieftancy, marriage systems, changing ideas of symbolic capital, and internal and external politics. In examining women's resistance to traditional patterns of marriage, Goheen raises the question of whether such actions truly change the balance of power between the sexes, or whether resistance to marriage is instead fostering the formation of a new elite class, since it is only the better-educated women of wealthier families who can change the dynamic of power and labor within the household.


The goal of this work is to investigate the role of global integration in determining long-run patterns of land-use change. We utilize a dynamic general equilibrium model that has been modified to incorporate the most important economic features driving global land demand and supply, and simulate a baseline period from 1997- 2025 over which land rents world-wide rise sharply and the global allocation of land between agriculture and forestry changes rather significantly in some regions. Through a series of restricted simulations of the model, we are able to isolate the impact on land markets of the following elements of growth and globalization: (i) population growth, (ii) real income growth, (iii) access of new forest lands, and (iv) international trade. We found that international trade plays a very substantial role in mediating between the land-abundant, slower growing economies of the Americas and Australia/New Zealand, and the land-scarce, rapidly growing economies of Asia. In summary, when combined, the forces of globalization are expected to play a large role in determining the pattern of land use change.


An intracellular signalling pathway in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal neurons is a popular target in pain research that is relevant to the neuroplastic changes that occur during chronic pain conditions. First, we examined the phosphorylation of ERK in DRG neurons after peripheral inflammation and sciatic nerve transection without any stimulation to the receptive field. We found an activation of ERK in different populations of DRG neurons after peripheral inflammation and axotomy, which developed from alterations in target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF). We observed that the ERK signalling regulates the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in DRG neurons in both conditions. We also demonstrated that very rapid phosphorylation of ERK occurred in DRG neurons that were involved in the transmission of various noxious signals under normal conditions. Further, we examined the pERK labelling after the mechanical stimuli into the inflamed tissue and found that the pERK labelling occurred through the P2X3 receptors in the terminals. This activity-dependent activation of the ERK signal pathway may be useful for identifying which DRG neurons are involved in transmission of noxious stimuli under normal and pathological conditions.


abstract Wound healing is a complex physiological process including overlapping phases (hemostatic/inflammatory, proliferating and remodeling phases). Every alteration in this mechanism might lead to pathological conditions of different medical relevance. Treatments for chronic non-healing wounds are expensive because reiterative treatments are needed. Regenerative medicine and in particular mesenchymal stem cells approach is emerging as new potential clinical application in wound healing. In the past decades, advance in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying wound healing process has led to extensive topical administration of growth factors as part of wound care. Currently, no definitive treatment is available and the research on optimal wound care depends upon the efficacy and cost-benefit of emerging therapies. Here we provide an overview on the novel approaches through stem cell therapy to improve cutaneous wound healing, with a focus on diabetic wounds and Systemic Sclerosis-associated ulcers, which are particularly challenging. Current and future treatment approaches are discussed with an emphasis on recent advances.


The advent of virtualization and cloud computing technologies necessitates the development of effective mechanisms for the estimation and reservation of resources needed by content providers to deliver large numbers of video-on-demand (VOD) streams through the cloud. Unfortunately, capacity planning for the QoS-constrained delivery of a large number of VOD streams is inherently difficult as VBR encoding schemes exhibit significant bandwidth variability. In this paper, we present a novel resource management scheme to make such allocation decisions using a mixture of per-stream reservations and an aggregate reservation, shared across all streams to accommodate peak demands. The shared reservation provides capacity slack that enables statistical multiplexing of peak rates, while assuring analytically bounded frame-drop probabilities, which can be adjusted by trading off buffer space (and consequently delay) and bandwidth. Our two-tiered bandwidth allocation scheme enables the delivery of any set of streams with less bandwidth (or equivalently with higher link utilization) than state-of-the-art deterministic smoothing approaches. The algorithm underlying our proposed framework uses three per-stream parameters and is linear in the number of servers, making it particularly well suited for use in an on-line setting. We present results from extensive trace-driven simulations, which confirm the efficiency of our scheme especially for small buffer sizes and delay bounds, and which underscore the significant realizable bandwidth savings, typically yielding losses that are an order of magnitude or more below our analytically derived bounds.


Abstract A lasting legacy of the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2008 was the promotion of the Permafrost Young Researchers Network (PYRN), initially an IPY outreach and education activity by the International Permafrost Association (IPA). With the momentum of IPY, PYRN developed into a thriving network that still connects young permafrost scientists, engineers, and researchers from other disciplines. This research note summarises (1) PYRN's development since 2005 and the IPY's role, (2) the first 2015 PYRN census and survey results, and (3) PYRN's future plans to improve international and interdisciplinary exchange between young researchers. The review concludes that PYRN is an established network within the polar research community that has continually developed since 2005. PYRN's successful activities were largely fostered by IPY. With >200 of the 1200 registered members active and engaged, PYRN is capitalising on the availability of social media tools and rising to meet environmental challenges while maintaining its role as a successful network honouring the legacy of IPY.


Using the evidence Tom McGarity assembles in his recent book 'Freedom to Harm', this paper examines regulatory history during the thirty-plus years since Reagan became president. Although the available evidence presented is necessarily incomplete, it suggests strongly that the opponents of regulation have had only mixed success. Legislative efforts to roll back the regulatory state have given rise to pitched political battles, but in the end have not infrequently ended in modest expansions of agency authority. Opponents of regulation have had more luck in the rule-making process, where they have succeeded in delaying or killing regulatory efforts or in weakening the final regulations. They have successfully joined advocates of "smarter regulation" in some of these efforts. Yet, in the end, the body of federal regulation has continued to grow almost unabated. The biggest success of the opponents of regulation has come through budget cuts and policy changes that have weakened enforcement, but even there, other factors may have helped soften the impact on the beneficiaries of regulation. Altogether, despite the frustrations of environmentalists, this has also been a dismal period for opponents of the regulatory state.


The prairie pothole region of Saskatchewan is characterized by many shallow, highly productive wetlands which support a diverse floral and faunal assemblage. Although assumed to be detritally driven, recent research has revealed that algal communities, both pelagic and attached, may be of great importance in these systems. Bacteria may also be significant. Consequently, studies of factors, for example nutrients, which control microbial growth are needed but lacking. In this study, a suite of physiological tests, including nutrient enrichment bioassays, sestonic ratios, protein to carbohydrate ratios, alkaline phosphatase activity and 32 P (phosphorus) uptake and turnover times, were utilized at four prairie wetland sites to assess nutrient status of algal and bacterial communities. The results indicated that the communities were nutrient sufficient in all ponds for the majority of the ice free season. Sestonic and protein to carbohydrate ratios were within the nutrient sufficient range, alkaline phosphatase activity was low and 32 P uptake and turnover times were slow for the majority of the year. Only in October did 32 P uptake and turnover times indicate P-deficiency. The abundance of biologically available nutrients may be linked to pond hydrology and ability of sediments to sequester and subsequently release nutrients. It is also hypothesized that a number of mechanisms including competition for P and P bound to dissolved organic carbon, may be responsible for the P-deficiency noted in October.


Process approaches are increasingly applied in qualitative studies in many fields within social sciences. Yet, few studies have seriously elaborated on the ontological premises of process theorizing. This study addresses this void by suggesting a process philosophical framework. The framework is ontologically grounded with the concepts of causality, spatiality, and temporality in process theorizing. We use these tenets for developing three process theorizing techniques – articulating, relating, and conjugating. Articulating denotes to effectively expressing the potential identifying and generative properties of the process. Relating is the technique by which one maintains continuous connections within and between reified properties of a process. Conjugating is the technique by which a process' identifying and generative properties are pulled together from various temporal and spatial sites in order to form a novel nexus. Each of these techniques builds on process philosophy and process theory and is illustrated through examples from prior process studies.


We study cosmological consequences of a kinetic gravity braiding model, which is proposed as an alternative to the dark energy model. The kinetic braiding model we study is characterized by a parameter n, which corresponds to the original galileon cosmological model for n = 1. We find that the background expansion of the universe of the kinetic braiding model is the same as the Dvali-Turner's model, which reduces to that of the standard cold dark matter model with a cosmological constant (ΛCDM model) for n equal to infinity. We also find that the evolution of the linear cosmological perturbation in the kinetic braiding model reduces to that of the ΛCDM model for n = ∞. Then, we focus our study on the growth history of the linear density perturbation as well as the spherical collapse in the nonlinear regime of the density perturbations, which might be important in order to distinguish between the kinetic braiding model and the ΛCDM model when n is finite. The theoretical prediction for the large scale structure is confronted with the multipole power spectrum of the luminous red galaxy sample of the Sloan Digital Sky survey. We also discuss future prospects of constraining the kinetic braiding model using a future redshift survey like the WFMOS/SuMIRe PFS survey as well as the cluster redshift distribution in the South Pole Telescope survey.


This paper outlines the basic knowledge that should form an integral component of a training programme in basic biomechanics and biomaterials for orthopaedic residents. For a comprehensive learning package the reader is directed to the substantive textbooks listed in the suggested reading section.


JPEG 2000 offers critical advantages over other still image compression schemes at the price of increased computational complexity. Hardware-accelerated performance is a key to successful development of real time JPEG 2000 solutions for applications such as digital cinema and digital home theatre. The crucial role in the whole processing plays embedded block coding with optimized truncation because it requires bit-level operations. In this paper, a dedicated architecture of the block-coding engine is presented. Square-based bit-plane scanning and the internal first-in first-out are combined to speed up the context generation. A dynamic significance state restoring technique reduces the size of the state memories to 1 kbits. The pipeline architecture enhanced by an inverse multiple branch selection method is exploited to code two context-symbol pairs per clock cycle in the arithmetic coder module. The block-coding architecture was implemented in VHDL and synthesized for field-programmable gate array devices. Simulation results show that the single engine can process, on average, about 22 million samples at 66-MHz working frequency.


Divination and Healing: Potent Vision. Edited by Michael Winkelman and Philip M. Peek. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004. Pp. viii + 295, preface, introduction, photographs, tables, bibliography, index. $50.00 cloth); Singing Story, Healing Drum: Shamans and Storytellers of Turkic Siberia. By Kira Van Deusen. (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, and Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004. Pp. xxvi + 205, introduction, acknowledgments, glossary, photographs, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $25.00 paper) While healing, divination, and shamanistic modes of religiosity are closely intertwined in many cultures, academic work bridging these topics has been spotty. Works by authors who claim practical authority, such as Carlos Castaneda (1998 [1968]) and Michael Harner (1990 [1980]), have provoked controversies over appropriation, fieldwork ethics, and the possibility of outright fraud. Mircea Eliade's work on shamanism (1964 [1951]) claimed so consistent a cross-cultural pattern that some scholars now avoid the term "shaman" altogether. Many folklorists and anthropologists working on divination and shamanism sidestep experiential truth-claims by reporting only on the nuts and bolts of rituals or by turning to functionalism for an acceptable reason why rational people might do such things. By these lights, it is refreshing to see two recent books, Divination and Healing and Singing Story, Healing Drum, which, though unlike in tone and approach, attempt to discuss divination, shamanism, and healing without dismissing or ducking practitioners' claims that these things actually work. Kira Van Deusen's Singing Story, Healing Drum centers on shamans and storytellers in the Siberian republics of Tuva and Khakassia. Van Deusen, a Canadian storyteller, is apparently a self-taught folklorist. Her interest in Siberian cultures, initially sparked by a book of folktales, led her to seek out a wealth of obscure ethnographic material, to interpret for visiting Tuvan performers at music and storytelling festivals, and eventually to travel six times to the region. She interviewed and observed dozens of shamans and other individuals familiar with local shamanistic traditions, and her book is rich with traditional stories, descriptions of rituals, and testimonials about the effectiveness of healings. Van Deusen introduces us to mirrors, pebbles, knucklebones, and shoulder blades as instruments of divination and vision generation, and to music as an integral part of these practices. Throughout the book, her love of stories is evident, and her comparison of the roles of storytellers and shamans is insightful. On the other hand, academic folklorists may be frustrated that her story texts are translated to emphasize narrative flow over poetics and performance, and that many of her passing remarks go un-footnoted. At times the account feels romanticized, but Van Deusen does show she is aware that traditions vary and change. Even in Tuva and Khakassia, she finds tremendous variability in the methods and traditional knowledge of shamans. She documents changes that occurred during outside persecutions of the 1930s and 1940s and the later, subtler repressions of the Soviets, and makes wonderful use of Soviet-era ethnographic material. She interviewed several key scholars from the era, giving us insights into these Soviet ethnographers' strategies to protect shamans. Required to meet daily writing quotas, for example, they disguised their fieldwork about contemporary shamanism by setting all their accounts in the past. Van Deusen's attention to the influence of shifting politics on both shamanism and scholarship makes this book particularly useful for readers with an interest in Siberia's cultural transformation over the past century. Divination and Healing: Potent Vision is a collection of eleven essays that examine therapeutic systems in an assortment of cultural settings. In the introduction, editors Michael Winkelman and Philip Peek provide a tremendously useful overview of the subject, discussing information channels used in divination and exploring some of the principal processes through which divination brings about healing. …


How precise should accounting measurements be, if management has discretion to strategically withhold? We examine this question by nesting an optimal persuasion mechanism, which controls what measurements are conducted, within a voluntary disclosure framework a la Dye (85) and Jung and Kwon (1988). In our setting, information has real effects because the firm uses it to make a continuous operating decision, increasing in the market's belief. Absent frictions other than uncertainty about information endowment, we show that imprecision can reduce strategic withholding but always decreases firm value. We then examine plausible environments under which, by contrast, there is an optimal level of imprecision featuring coarseness at the marginal discloser. We offer additional implications in the contexts of enforcement against strategic withholding and financing with collateralized assets.


Variations in chlorophyll a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios are indicators of senescence, stress or damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and affect the normal course of plant biological processes. The aim of this work was to investigate the chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoid content and ratios in the leaves of four Vitis vinifera L. table grape cultivars in the main phenophases of the annual biological cycle. During the annual cycle, the moisture content of the leaves decreased significantly (up to 21%), along with a reduction in leaf area and perimeter. Chlorophyll a and b showed a continuous accumulation until grape veraison, with lower values of the Chl a/b ratio at the beginning of the vegetative period. Carotenoids continued their biosynthesis until grape ripening (for another 30 days), at which stage there was a significant decrease in the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio (2.62 ± 0.31). At veraison, peroxidase had the most intense activity (0.20 to 0.51 U/mg), possibly because of involvement in chlorophyll degradation, while total phenolic content started to decrease. Grape veraison could be regarded as the starting point of foliage senescence. Moreover, the relationship between total chlorophyll (by extraction) and chlorophyll content index (non-destructive method) was very significant (R2 = 0.92). These results contribute to a better understanding of foliar pigment dynamics and the timing of their decline in order to define the behaviour of table grape cultivars during the annual biological cycle.


Purpose of review The cause of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is multifactorial. Known causes include external factors such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, infections that lead to a permanent insult to the ovary, autoimmune conditions, and genetic causes. An association between the quadrivalent antihuman papilloma vaccine (HPV4) and POI was recently suggested. Recent findings An increasing number of cases of POI post-HPV4 are being reported. Possible mechanisms for the suspected effect of HPV on female reproductive function are a toxic effect or an autoimmune response. The trigger could be the vaccine immunogen contents or the adjuvants, the latter are used to increase the immune reaction. The adjuvant in HPV4 contains aluminum. Animal models have shown aluminum exposure to inhibit expression of female reproductive hormones and to induce histologic changes in the ovaries. Specific genetic compositions may be more susceptible to developing an autoinflammatory syndrome after exposure to an environmental factor. Summary The mechanisms responsible for POI are not yet fully understood. Although case reports cannot establish causation, awareness of a possible link between HPV4 and POI will help to identify and manage future cases that may arise.


BACKGROUND: Different measures of health related quality of life for use exclusively in children and adolescents have been developed over the last ten years. However, few instruments of this type have been adapted in Spain. The VSP-A is a generic health related quality of life measure for adolescents aged 11-17 developed in France. The objective of this study was to adapt the VSP-A into Spanish as a first step towards obtaining this questionnaire. METHODS: The version of the VSP-A including 39 questions was adapted following the forward-backward translation methodology, including two translations into Spanish, scoring of difficulty (0 min-10 max.) and classification of semantic and conceptual equivalence, two panel discussions with adolescents, as well as meetings of consensus with the original authors. Finally, a backward translation (translation back into the original language) was carried out into French, and the final pre-test version was administered in a pilot test. RESULTS: Most of the questions were classified as equivalent (24/39). Following the meetings with adolescents, changes were made in some questions. After the back-translation into French, three questions required some minor changes. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the VSP-A seems to be semantically and culturally equivalent to the original version and suitable for adolescents in Spain. The inclusion of easy statements in the original version, the comments of the adolescents and the involvement in the adaptation process of the original authors has offered the possibility of achieving a suitable pre-test version. The next phase of the study will involve the questionnaire's reliability and validity testing. The VSP-A is expected to be useful for measuring the health-related quality of life in health surveys or as a screening tool in schools and primary care centers in Spain.


This article investigates the association between students' self-related cognition and mathematics performance in Hong Kong, a region that has excelled in mathematics performance in previous international studies. The five constructs of self-related cognition are: self-concept, self-efficacy, interest and enjoyment, instrumental motivation, and anxiety. The data were obtained from the second cycle of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an international assessment measuring the performance of 15-year-old students from over 40 countries/regions around the world. Multilevel analysis was used to examine the relationship between self-related cognition and mathematics performance. The study found that self-efficacy and self-concept were significantly associated with mathematics performance even after controlling background factors of both students and schools. High level of mathematics anxiety might not have direct effect on mathematics achievement; however, it might reduce the self-concept and self-efficacy of girls, which in turn, might affect their mathematics performance.


Abstract The presence of two different additives during non-covalent immobilization of lipase was studied. Lipase was immobilized via hydrophobic interactions on an amorphous silica with large pore size bearing octyl groups on the surface. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) with different molecular weights (MW: 1500, 3000 and 10,000) were added to the suspension during enzyme immobilization, in an enzyme to PEG molar ratio of 1:10, and also 1:20 in the case of PEG1500. The activity after 15 d increased from 10% (absence of PEG) to values close to 40% in samples with PEG except the catalyst immobilized in the presence of 1:10 PEG1500, which kept fully active after 15 d incubation in toluene at 70 °C. The presence of water during storage of immobilized enzymes leads to significant activity loss. Saturated solutions of salts controlling the water activity of the systems were used to reduce in a controlled fashion the moisture of the systems: CaCl2 (aw= 0.037), MgCl2 (aw= 0.328), Mg(NO3)2 (aw= 0.529), Na2PO4.12H2O (aw= 0.74) and KCl (aw= 0.84). The immobilized lipase was suspended in saturated solutions of these salts, and then filtered and incubated in desiccators in the presence of the corresponding saturated salt solutions. Catalysts suspended and incubated in KCl or only suspended in phosphate kept some 20% activity after 33 d incubation whereas the maximal stability was achieved when the catalyst was suspended in phosphate and kept in a desiccator without salt solution. This catalyst kept around 50% activity after 33 d incubation. An inversely proportional relationship can be established between the stability achieved by the enzyme and the water content of the system.


A numerical study is presented of the steady-state and transient regimes in stimulated Raman scattering, including diffractive coupling of the fields and detuning of the Stokes field from resonance. In the steady-state regime, ring formation in the laser output intensity is observed as well as a ring in the Stokes output intensity when it is detuned from resonance. In the transient regime a solitonlike pulse is initiated by modulation of the phase of the input Stokes field. For Fresnel numbers between 5 and 50, we observe a simultaneous maximum of the on-axis laser and Stokes intensities after a π phase shift is introduced on the Stokes seed. At the same time the transverse profiles of the fields are narrowed and the laser intensity displays a satellite ring. It is found that the soliton remains relatively stable, although diffraction eventually leads to its decay.


The fifty years since the publication of Economic Development has been a time of change and growth for Ireland. Analysis of the development of the structural composition of the economy in this period requires a consistent and comprehensive dataset from the late 1950s onwards. The national income and expenditure tables have changed over time and a consistent set of historical tables is only available from 1970 onwards. Gross value added by sector in the official historical series is given for only a small number of sectors. In this paper the tables of gross value added by sector in current and in constant prices, are extended backwards to 1957 and expanded to include fifteen industry groupings. A new comprehensive and consistent dataset spanning fifty years of the Irish economy is thus constructed. Details of the methods and sources used to develop these series are presented. A context for analysis is set out based on the framework or model developed by Professor Carlota Perez in a series of publications since 1983 and most notably in her 2002 book Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital. Structural changes of the economy over the period are analysed. The analysis shows how different sectors have contributed to the economy over time. It also reveals, in the Irish case, that structural change can be independent of economic growth. The Irish economy is set in the context of the Perez model of technological revolutions and Ireland.s place in current and past technological revolutions is evaluated.


Infrastructure financing "gaps" remain large but institutional investors maintain trillions of dollars in low yielding government bonds. One of the G20's 2018 priorities has been to develop infrastructure as an asset class. Yet many argue the constraint is deal flow. In this paper we argue financing and the supply of viable projects are linked. For large, greenfield infrastructure in emerging economies banks, governments and multilateral development banks (MDB's) are key financiers. Institutional investors may also play an important role, we suggest refinancing through standardized infrastructure bonds may be the best route to a liquid global asset class. Regulation should ensure banks maintain adequate liquidity and capital, while allowing them to finance construction, and provide incentives to then refinance. We argue national infrastructure funds may assist standardization and provide a focal point for MDB's to facilitate project development and supply enhancements to attract private finance. A careful analysis of risks and an allocation to exploit comparative advantages in risk bearing, avoiding large public contingent liabilities are required.


Aim:  To describe the acceptance of DietAdvice, an automated dietary assessment website, by its stakeholders.

Methods:  One-month evaluation study using audio-recorded telephone interviews with 10 patients who had used DietAdvice, 10 dietitians, 10 general practitioners who recruited many patients and 10 general practitioners who recruited few or no patients to the website to obtain their beliefs and opinions about DietAdvice, health, nutrition and technology. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed for categorical themes using NVivo software.

Results:  Patients were concerned about Internet difficulties and had a preference for face-to-face interviews and dietitians felt that DietAdvice could save time prior to dietary education and counselling. Recruiting general practitioners believed that patient computer literacy was a limitation, although increased availability of dietary services created by DietAdvice. Non-recruiting general practitioners felt that they had a lack of time available to recruit patients, patient computer literacy was limited and there was a need for face-to-face contact.

Conclusion:  The perspectives of patients and health-care providers show variation based on their experience with DietAdvice, their focus on nutrition and their role in the health-care system. Automated technologies are likely to play a significant part in the future of dietetics.


Tertiary prevention comprising treatment, care and rehabilitation of patients with heart disease is an important task for nurses and other health care professionals. This is achieved through a combination of medico-physical and psychosocial interventions, related to the male or female patient's personal, expressed problems and the personnel's knowledge. Therefore, the aim of this literature study was to highlight the comprehensiveness of the cardiac rehabilitation concept from a Nordic perspective and with focus on psychosocial gender differences. The Nordic examples of cardiac rehabilitation programmes, involving a multidisciplinary team and comprising health education, physical exercise and stress management, include no specific efforts for women. However, the efficacy of out-patient programmes is still poorly documented and there is a need to increase the attendance of eligible patients, particularly women, in these programmes. There are differences between the genders concerning the need for support from personnel and laymen in order to better reach patient's compliance. Taking the psychosocial characteristics specific to women into account, could be the first step towards increased attendance rates for women as well as reaching the proximal and distal targets with regards to cardiac rehabilitation.


This article provides a genealogical perspective on narratives about the past and the future as governmental discourses in teacher education, public health, and criminal justice in Sweden. Contemporary governmental strategies bring nostalgic memories of the past and visions and fears about the future back to life in the present. The past (history) is a technology of the present to re-memorialize who "we" are and have been. The future is a spatial concept, a technology to shape and nurture the "future oriented" subject bent on the pursuit of lifelong learning. The notions of history and future in the construction of the lifelong learner function to link and harmonize the interest of the individual with that of society. As technologies of government these are not new. Similar technologies were operating in the discourses about the future, society, and the citizen in the first part of the 20th century. What is new is the particular capabilities and capacities of the individual as an agent of the future and the collective principles in which life is lived.


Well-structured soils are generally considered to have bimodal pore structure, including textural pores between soil particles and structural pores between soil aggregates. Bimodal pore structure has previously been inferred indirectly from the soil water retention curve (SWRC) but our understanding of the precise 3-D pore geometry that regulates this curve is limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the bimodal pore structure of a paddy soil under different fertilization regimes using both SWRC and X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT), an imaging approach with the aim of comparing the two methods. Undisturbed soil aggregates and soil cores were collected from the surface layer of a long-term unfertilized control (CK), inorganically fertilized (NPK), and organically and inorganically fertilized (NPKOM) paddy soils. The aggregates and cores were scanned using micro-CT and pore structure analyzed. The SWRCs were measured on the same CT-scanned soil cores. Three widely used unimodal models, three bimodal models, and one trimodal model were evaluated for their fit to the SWRC and to derive soil pore size distribution (PSD). Results showed the SWRC of the paddy soil were best fitted with the bimodal lognormal (BLN) and double-exponential (DE) models, with the derived PSD showing distinct bimodality. The micro-CT images revealed the hierarchy structure of the paddy soil and a distinct bimodal pattern in the PSDs. The structural porosities from BLN, DE models and from CT imaging are consistent, and all correlated with the natural logarithm of saturated hydraulic conductivity. Long-term application of NPKOM increased structural porosity though no changes were recorded in the textural porosity compared with NPK and CK treatment, while the latter two showed a near identical pore structure. The results of this study showed the consistence of the SWRC and imaging method in studying soil pore structure and supported the use of bimodal SWRC models to investigate the pore structure of the well-structured paddy soil.


Recruitment ecology of cod has been an important focus within the framework of GLOBEC. A large part of this work focused on understanding the spatiotemporal component of cod populations. For the early pelagic life stages, studies based on an individual-based platform have provided highly valuable insights combining oceanographic, behavioural and modelling approaches. The spatial modelling of observational data often fails to include densitydependent covariates, which for early pelagic life stages, originate from the combination of circulation patterns and eggs coming from the spawning aggregations. We performed this task combining a hydrographical particle-tracking model with spatial statistical analyses to investigate the relative contribution of hydrographical variables on the spatial distribution of cod larvae in the Barents Sea under two short-term climatic regimes in the period 1986-1991. The cod larvae distribution is modelled using eggs drifting from the spawning aggregations in the Lofoten Islands. We found that inter-annual variability in the spatial aggregations of the spawners influenced the distribution of larvae drifted. We have also shown how the spatial distribution of passive-drifting larvae can change over the two regimes (1986-1988 and 19891991), being more upstream in cold periods. Though the currents pattern is the main hydrographical factor shaping the spatial distribution of larvae, the temperature modifies such distribution by affecting larvae survival. However, our study highlights the geographic extension of the temperature effect changed between warm and cold periods, with clear ecological implications in terms of growth and survival. This approach can be useful for other fish populations to further understand the underlying processes shaping the seascape of early life stages.


The paper investigates an innovative ironless linear generator, installable inside a wave energy converter, in order to produce electricity from sea waves. This energy source is considered strategic for the future, especially in small islands; however, this technology is still far from the commercial phase. Considering the wave energy potential of the Mediterranean Sea, a first prototype of the electrical linear generator was realized at the Department of Engineering of Palermo University. This machine can be run by a two-floating buoys system, able to produce a linear vertical motion. The main goal of this paper is the investigation of the advantages and the disadvantages of the utilization of steel materials to realize the stator of linear generators. Thus, starting from the prototype, the authors analyzed the effects produced by the replacement of steel in the stator with a non-magnetic material. For comparison, the authors evaluated the amplitude of no-load voltages, using a three-phase connection scheme, and the amplitude of the magnetic force produced by the interaction of magnets with the stator. Both aspects were evaluated through numerical simulations and mathematical models.


INITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE TRANSGENDER ALLY IDENTITY SCALE FOR COUNSELORS Jamie D. Bower Old Dominion University, 2016 Dissertation Chair: Dr. Jeffry Moe The Transgender Ally Identity Scale for Counselors (TAISC) is a 35-item scale measuring counselors' ally identity for working with transgender individuals. The purpose of the current study was to develop and initially validate the TAISC. Using a non-experimental survey design, the scale was developed (i.e., item development, external review, pilot study) and validation analyses were performed (i.e., exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, validity, and social desirability analyses). Electronic data were collected from a nationwide sample of counseling students, professional counselors, and counselor educators (N=285). Participants completed a survey packet consisting of the TAISC, Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS; Ponterotto et al., 2002), Genderism and Transphobia Scale – Revised –Short Form (GTS-R-SF; Tebbe et al., 2014), Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale – Short-Form C (MCSDS-C; Reynolds, 1982) and a demographic information form. A two-factor model was determined to be the best fit for the sample, accounting for approximately 37% of the total variance. The internal consistency estimate was acceptable for the TAISC total scale (α = .94). Additionally, the TAISC was significantly, positively correlated with the MCKAS (Ponterotto et al., 2002) and significantly, negatively correlated with the GTS-R-SF (Tebbe et al., 2014) supporting convergent validity. Although further validation analyses are needed, initial results support the use of the TAISC in measuring transgender ally identity of counselors.


Objectives: This study aims to investigate the rate of balance disorders and risk of falling in the geriatric population who do not complain of a balance disorder. Patients and methods: Sixty-eight elderly participants (24 males, 44 females; mean age 72.1±5.5 years), who were admitted to outpatient clinic between May 2012 and September 2012, were included in the study. Demographic data were recorded. Participants were divided into two age groups as young old (65-74 years) and old (75-85 years). Static balance was evaluated with Sharpened Romberg and the one-legged stance test. The dynamic balance and walking of the individuals were evaluated with Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Tinetti (balance and gait) test (TT), and 20-meter walk test. Results: None of the participants had sought medical help due to loss of balance or falling. According to BBS, 41% of the participants had a moderate risk of falling; 66% had moderate and high risk of falling according to TT; and 63% of them had a high risk of falling according to TUG. Thirty-four percent of elderly had experienced at least one fall over the last year. Loss of balance was more significant in women and number of falls was more (p<0.05). The total evaluation results in TUG and TT for the individuals in the young old group were better than the individuals in the older age group in terms of balance. Conclusion: Loss of balance is a common finding in geriatric individuals and is associated with the risk of falling. Physicians, who frequently encounter with the geriatric population, should take this condition into account even for the patients who do not complain of a balance disorder. Thus, rehabilitation may be an option to prevent the fall and related complications, through the evaluation of balance.


A better understanding of biodiversity and its current threats is urgently needed, especially in the Netherlands where high population density, industrialisation, and intensive land-use have radically altered the natural landscape. Often, biodiversity research is seriously hampered by a lack of data. This is not so much a problem in the Netherlands, one of the most intensively inventoried countries of the world. Over the last decades, data on the occurrence of a broad range of species have become digitally available in the form of large geo-referenced databases that can be used for spatial analyses. Data from several of such databases were used in this research, which aims at gaining insight in the spatial organisation of Dutch biodiversity, using a broad array of taxonomic groups: hoverflies (Syrphidae), dragonflies (Odonata), mosses (Bryophyta), grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera), and herpetofauna (Reptilia and Amphibia). The objectives of this study are threefold: to assess the potential of Dutch species occurrence databases for biodiversity studies; to describe spatial patterns of species richness and composition for different taxonomic groups and relate them to environmental factors; and to analyse the implications of the results for nature conservation. Patterns of species richness of the different groups showed a fairly positive correlation. In broad outline, in the southeastern part of the country more species are found than in the northwestern part, with the dune area as an important exception. A multiple regression analysis revealed which environmental factors may play a role in the mechanisms underlying these patterns. Heterogeneity of the landscape (e.g. number of habitat types, altitudinal range) explained most of the variation in species richness. Biodiversity is not just about species numbers; an area may be relatively poor in species but can still be of high value when the species occurring there do not occur anywhere else. Based on the distribution of the species from the five studied taxa, the country was divided into five distinct regions, covering 40% of the country. Each region was characterized by unique species that are absent or scarce in other parts of the country. These regions were also characterized by differences in their environmental conditions. A method by means of which quantitative and compositional aspects of biodiversity can be analysed at the same time, the so-called nestedness analysis, was used to investigate biodiversity patterns at a finer scale. The grasshopper and cricket assemblages in 178 semi-natural sites within the Pleistocene sand region of the Netherlands were found to be significantly nested. This means that the species present in species-poor areas constitute a subset of the species from richer locations. It follows that rare species, species with a small distribution area, are predominantly found at species rich locations. The spatial configuration of the hotspots of species richness and areas with an important species composition have been compared with that of the National Ecological Network, one of the most important instruments of Dutch nature conservation. Especially regarding the protection of the areas with a characteristic species composition important improvements can be made.


The study is based on the concept of Huntington's civilizations. They were used as a methodological basis for an analysis of the changes in their geopolitical power between 1995–2020 with the following conclusions: 1) The large population growth of 1995-2020 has been driven primarily by African, Islamic and Hindu civilizations, 2) Economically, the unquestionable superiority of Western civilization has remained, although its share has declined. A large economic growth has been mainly seen in the Confucian and Hindu civilizations, 3) Of the core countries, the USA, Russia, and China match the status of superpowers, while for India it seems to be only a matter of time, 4) Most of the civilizations are economically highly compact and their compactness has increased over the last 25 years (except of African civilization) and 5) The Western, Hindu and Latin-American civilizations are politically highly compact. Conversely, the African, Islamic, Orthodox and Confucian civilizations show low cohesion. The Muslim civilization is the least compact – politically as well as economically. 6. The superpowers (United States, China, Russia and India) will remain or become the most important players in the multipolar world of the 21st century. However, it is a question whether the most important issue will be the relations of the Western and non-Western world or the mutual relations among the other three (actual or rising) superpowers.


At raves, young men and women dance to electronic music from dusk to dawn. Previous scholarship treats the rave as a hypertext of pleasure and disappearance. However, such a postmodern view does not attend to the poignant and meaningful spiritual experiences reported by those who go to raves. This article examines claims about altered states of consciousness at raves and the therapeutic results-"spiritual healing"-such states are said to bring. While physiological processes (exhaustive dancing, auditory driving) may contribute to altered states of consciousness, symbolic processes create appropriate frameworks for spiritual healing. Such therapeuticism can be more fully understood in the context of other modern western spiritual subcultures. Placing raves within the context of these other subcultures foregrounds questions for further research. (raves, shamanism, youth culture, American spirituality, symbolic analysis) Ever had an experience that makes you sit up and re-evaluate all your ideas, thoughts and incidents in your life?' Introduction The question above was voiced by a young man who had just returned from a rave: a dance party, usually all night long, featuring loud "techno"2 music, also called electronica, in which participants often reach ecstatic states, occasionally with the help of drugs.' Initially, in the late 1980s, when they first appeared in Britain, raves were underground events, taking place in makeshift and occasionally secretive venues such as warehouses and outdoor fields. By the mid-1990s analysts could comment that "the scale is huge and ever increasing" (McRobbie 1994: 168). Fully licensed and often held in nightclubs, raves now penetrated to the center of British youth culture. Combined attendance at dance events in Great Britain in 1993 reached 50 million, which was substantially more than at "sporting events, cinemas, and all the `live' arts combined" (Thornton 1995: IS). Commercially, the 1993 British rave market brought in approximately $2.7 billion (Thornton 1995: 15). In Germany nearly two million youngsters and post-adolescents united in the so-called "rave nation" of the mid-1990s (Richard and Kruger 1998). Following this initial north European florescence, rave hot spots emerged around the world at Rimini (Italy), Ko Phangan (Thailand), the Balearic Islands (Spain), Goa (India), and coastal Mozambique. Though they have never been as popular in the United States as in Great Britain, raves have been a fixture in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York since the early 1990s and some of techno music's strongest roots are in Detroit and Chicago. Raves today are remarkably diversified. In fact, in places like London where raves have their deepest roots, the rave "scene" has fragmented into many successor sub-scenes, usually centered on divergent varieties of techno music, such as Big Beat or Drum $`n Bass. Raves in the traditional sense-semi-legal and located in factories and outdoors-are rare. Nevertheless, rave's various offshoots all feature what I believe are the critical elements of rave: dance music, long duration, and ecstatic experience. As in London, most all-night dance parties in U.S. cities with a long tradition of raves have blended into the regular nightclub scene and are no longer called raves. However, in smaller cities and especially in the Midwest (Champion 1998) and the Southeast, raves in the traditional sense are alive and well.' Demographically, most people who attend raves-often called "ravers"-are between the ages of 15 and 25, thus making rave a "youth" subculture (see Epstein 1998). The socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds of ravers are not nearly so predictable as their ages. For example, early raves in Great Britain attracted people of various backgrounds, mostly from the working classes (Reynolds 1998a: 64). This socially mixed tradition continues today in most urban venues. At the other extreme, in the midwestern United States, for example, most ravers are white and middle class. …


Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques allow near molecular scale resolution (~ 20nm) as well as precise and robust analysis of protein organization at different scales. SMLM hardware, analytics and probes have been the focus of a variety of studies and are now commonly used in laboratories across the world. Protocol reliability and artefact identification are increasingly seen as important aspects of super-resolution microscopy. The reliability of these approaches thus requires in-depth evaluation so that biological findings are based on solid foundations. Here we explore how different fixation approaches that disrupt or preserve the actin cytoskeleton affect membrane protein organization. Using CD4 as a model, we show that fixation-mediated disruption of the actin cytoskeleton correlates with changes in CD4 membrane organization. We highlight how these artefacts are easy to overlook and how careful sample preparation is essential for extracting meaningful results from super-resolution microscopy.


Student engagement has direct links to academic achievement. The problem investigated in this study is the role teachers play in ensuring students are engaged in the learning process in order to minimize boredom and maximize learning. The purpose of this study was to raise teacher awareness about the importance of student engagement, and to examine research-based teaching strategies that can be incorporated into the repertoire of a teacher to improve student engagement and inspire lifelong learners in a Central Alberta school jurisdiction. The project focused on teacher pedagogy to determine if a more authentic, hands-on, inquiry-based approach to teaching and learning would improve student motivation and achievement in a rural school in Central Alberta. The problem was investigated in two Grade 5 classrooms that incorporated a more authentic, inquiry-based learning approach through collaborative projects that encompassed a unit of study in Science and Social Studies. The study examined the influence that teacherstudent, student-student and teacher-teacher relationships have on student learning and the effect that purposeful teaching strategies that incorporate student voice and choice and real-world application have on student engagement and student learning. Although it was difficult to determine the precise impact on student achievement as a result of the change in instructional delivery, all other aspects of the study concluded positive change in student engagement when a more authentic, active-learning, inquiry-based approach was administered and the students were given voice and choice in their learning. For future research, it would be recommended that this group of students be followed and asked to complete a more in-depth study that involves a direct comparison of teaching methodologies that include aspects of more traditional teaching compared to the more authentic, hands-on, inquiry-based approach utilized in this study. Running head: TEACHING STRATEGIES TO INCREASE ENGAGEMENT v


The paper looks at the essential components in Rail Transport such as Axles and Pantograph and gives the detail of the systems used in monitoring their operation. The continuously measured data such as Torque on the main gearbox shaft or load/acceleration on the Pantograph enables diagnostics of such systems on routinely operating trains. Variations from the expected values are being detected early and corrected to avoid compromising passenger safety.

A theoretical model is proposed which includes all the components in the traction system and their dynamic influence on each other. The model studies the traction system with the view on the interaction between the wheel and the rail interface.

The paper discusses the system designed for monitoring the transmitted torque and bending moments in the rail vehicle axle as a mean for identification of any abnormal loading.

Pantograph failures due to complex interactions between the overhead line (OHL) and pantograph structure cause significant problems to railway industry worldwide.

This paper also describes the design, development and test results from the first fully proven Pantograph Monitoring System which is now deployed on routinely operating trains in the UK.

In both applications monitoring data instantly captured by the embedded systems. The system uses two subcomponents; Digital Processing Module (DPM) and the Receiving Signal and Relay Unit (RSRU) which is installed in a secure location inside the carriage. The DPM uses Bluetooth communication to report any unexpected events to the RSRU, which is equipped with an on-board GPRS module to allow instantaneous access and remote interrogation from any location worldwide. The data collected will enable the reliability of the component under operation to be assessed.

Any high alarm events are instantaneously transferred to the train to warn the operator and the control centre about potentially harmful event which require immediate attention. This will in turn increase safety of the travelling passengers from any consequences of developing failures.


In India, information about nuclear technologies is often kept shrouded in secrecy. Science reporters covering such strategic sectors depend for information on cultivating sources and pursuing contacts in the nuclear establishment. Based on in-depth interviews with two science/environmental journalists and analysis of their television reports and magazine articles, I show how journalists are acutely aware of their role as mediators between scientists and their complex technological projects on the one hand and the general public on the other. Reporting on 'secret' nuclear sciences makes concerns of objectivity and bias in journalistic practice strategic: if journalists are considered pro-nuclear, they have a better chance of accessing nuclear reactor and space research sites. Journalists and scientists co-design and co-stage experiments to be witnessed by the television audiences, and I argue for a close analysis of these mutual entanglements of scientific processes and media practices to understand the performative mediations of environmental debates. Furthermore, I examine how television studio and split-screen management affords news anchors a strategic advantage in confronting politicians and science experts with questions about the risk and safety of scientific projects – an advantage that is not equally available to journalists while accessing strategic technoscience sites.


Transport properties of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in high magnetic
fields are used to investigate scattering processes affecting the resistivity of GaAs-GaAlAs
and GaInAs-InP heterojunctions and quantum wells: especially coupling of electrons to
acoustic and optic phonons; and transitions between electric subbands.The experiments fall into two groups:
A systematic study of magnetophonon resonance (MPR) between 30K and 300K.
Resonance positions indicate a coupling substantially below the LO phonon energy,
expected from 3D measurements. GaAs-GaAlAs hetero junctions show amplitudes varying
smoothly with electron density (ns) and closely related to the 4K mobility. On rotation
in magnetic field they decrease rapidly as the resonance position returns to the LO
value. In modulation doped structures the damping factor is determined by remote
impurity scattering. As ns is increased in GaInAs-InP the coupling frequency decreases
dramatically from the GaAs-like LO at 272cm-1 to the InAs-like TO at 226cm-1. At
higher electric fields the 'normal' MPR maxima invert, starting at low magnetic fields,
to form 'hot electron' MPR minima, with maximum amplitude at ~60K. This is the
first direct observation of HEMPR in 2D and is explained in a diffusion picture. At
lower electric fields, additional resonances are identified with resonant cooling by
inter-subband scattering. Comparisons are made with calculations and explanations
sought including consideration of interface phonons; coupled plasmon-phonon modes; and
shifts of the resonance positions due to the shape of the density of states.
Low temperature magnetoresistance measurements in GaAs-GaAlAs heterojunctions
with more than one occupied electric subband. Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in
perpendicular magnetic fields contain non-additive terms at electron temperatures > 2K
where acoustic phonon mediated inter-subband scattering is comparable to intra-subband
scattering. Subband separations and greatly enhanced g-factors [largest for electrons in
the upper subband ] are deduced from the oscillations. Damping of the oscillations in
field, gives values for quantum lifetimes (τs), much smaller than τt', deduced from
mobility. With two subbands occupied τs is always largest for the upper subband, while
relative sizes of τt depend on sample quality. Study of electron energy loss rates, from
thermal damping of the oscillations, shows enhancement in the region kTe ~ ħωc', which
is evidence for cyclotron phonon emission. Depopulating subbands in parallel fields
causes the resistance to drop, by up to 60%, due to suppression of inter-subband
scattering. Systematic studies show this scattering rate is independent of ns.


Optical trapping combined with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy is demonstrated for the first time as a new technique for the chemical analysis of individual particles over an extended period of time with high temporal resolution. Single submicron-size particles suspended in aqueous media are optically trapped and immobilized using two tightly focused collinear laser beams from two pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser sources. The particles can remain stably trapped at the focus for many tens of minutes. The same lasers generate a CARS vibrational signal from the molecular bonds in the trapped particle when the laser frequencies are tuned to a vibrational mode of interest, providing chemical information about the sample. The technique is characterized using single polystyrene beads and unilamellar phospholipid vesicles as test samples and can be extended to the study of living biological samples. This novel method could potentially be used to monitor rapid dynamics of biological processes in single particles on short time scales that cannot be achieved by using other vibrational spectroscopy techniques.


Several errors occurred in the "Data supplement" of this Feature article (BMJ 2012;345:e4797, doi:10.1136/bmj.e4797) by Carl Heneghan and colleagues. The corrections to these errors are listed below according to their page number in the supplement, but they also have the following implications for the text of the Feature article itself. The first sentence of the second paragraph should now read: "Of this list of 175 studies, we were able to critically review 105 studies (100 clinical trials) dating from 1971 through to 2012." In paragraphs four and 12, where the Feature refers to "106 studies" this should instead cite 105 studies. Finally, with the change in risk status of six studies in the supplement from high to moderate risk of bias, and the removal of one moderate study, the article should state that the proportion of low quality studies is 70% [not 76%, as cited in the eighth paragraph]. Page 10: Galloway SD, Maughan RJ. The effects of substrate and fluid provision on thermoregulatory andmetabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a hot environment. J Sports Sci 2000;18:339-51. Study type: "Randomized crossover" [not "Non randomized crossover"]; Risk of bias: "Moderate" [not "High"]. Page 29: Venables MC, Shaw L, Jeukendrup AE, Roedig-Penman A, Finke M, Newcombe RG, et al. Erosive effect of a new sports drink on dental enamel during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:39-44. Study type: "Randomized cross over trial" [not "Non randomized cross over trial"]; Risk of bias: "Moderate" [not "High"]. Page 31: Gant, Williams & Backhouse. The influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on treadmill running performance. 2006. Supplement at a conference of European College of Sports Science. This work was never published. Page 43: Rollo I, Williams C, Gant N, Nute M. The influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse on self-selected speeds during a 30-min treadmill run. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008;18:585-600. Study type: "Randomized cross over trial" [not "Cross over trial"]; Blinding status: "Blinded" [not "Lack of blinding"]; Risk of bias: "Moderate" [not "High"]. Page 44: Betts JA, Toone RJ, Stokes KA, Thompson D. Systemic indices of skeletal muscle damage and recovery of muscle function after exercise: effect of combined carbohydrate-protein ingestion. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009;34:773-84. Blinding status: "Blinded" [not "Lack of blinding"]; Risk of bias: "Moderate" [not "High"]. Page 46: Foskett A, Ali A, Gant N. Caffeine enhances cognitive function and skill performance during simulated soccer activity. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2009;19:410-23.This paper was not relevant to the product and so should not have appeared in the supplement (author communication). Pages 49, 54: Rollo I, Cole M, Miller R, Williams C. Influence of mouth rinsing a carbohydrate solution on 1-h running performance.Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:798-804. (Duplicate record.) Study type: Randomised controlled trial; Risk of bias: Moderate. Page 52: Gant N, Ali A, Foskett A. The influence of caffeine and carbohydrate coingestion on simulated soccer performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2010;20:191-7. Study type: "Randomised crossover trial" [not "Non-randomised crossover trial"]; Blinding status: "Blinded" [not "Lack of blinding"]; Risk of bias: "Moderate" [not "High"]. Page 57: Rollo I, Williams C, Nevill M. Influence of ingesting versus mouth rinsing a carbohydrate solution during a 1-h run. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:468-75. Blinding status: "Blinded" [not "Lack of blinding"]; Risk of bias: "Moderate" [not "High"].


Computer-Generated Images (CGIs) are widely used and accepted in the world of entertainment but the use of the very same visualization techniques in academic research in the Arts and Humanities remains controversial. The techniques and conceptual perspectives on heritage visualization are a subject of an ongoing interdisciplinary debate. By demonstrating scholarly excellence and best technical practice in this area, this volume is concerned with the challenge of providing intellectual transparency and accountability in visualization-based historical research. Addressing a range of cognitive and technological challenges, the authors make a strong case for a wider recognition of three-dimensional visualization as a constructive, intellectual process and valid methodology for historical research and its communication. Intellectual transparency of visualization-based research, the pervading theme of this volume, is addressed from different perspectives reflecting the theory and practice of respective disciplines. The contributors archaeologists, cultural historians, computer scientists and ICT practitioners emphasize the importance of reliable tools, in particular documenting the process of interpretation of historical material and hypotheses that arise in the course of research. The discussion of this issue refers to all aspects of the intellectual content of visualization and is centred around the concept of 'paradata'. Paradata document interpretative processes so that a degree of reliability of visualization outcomes can be understood. The disadvantages of not providing this kind of intellectual transparency in the communication of historical content may result in visual products that only convey a small percentage of the knowledge that they embody, thus making research findings not susceptible to peer review and rendering them closed to further discussion. It is argued, therefore, that paradata should be recorded alongside more tangible outcomes of research, preferably as an integral part of virtual models, and sustained beyond the life-span of the technology that underpins visualization.


Patch-based appearance models are used in a wide range of computer vision applications. To learn such models it has previously been necessary to specify a suitable set of patch sizes and shapes by hand. In the jigsaw model presented here, the shape, size and appearance of patches are learned automatically from the repeated structures in a set of training images. By learning such irregularly shaped 'jigsaw pieces', we are able to discover both the shape and the appearance of object parts without supervision. When applied to face images, for example, the learned jigsaw pieces are surprisingly strongly associated with face parts of different shapes and scales such as eyes, noses, eyebrows and cheeks, to name a few. We conclude that learning the shape of the patch not only improves the accuracy of appearance-based part detection but also allows for shape-based part detection. This enables parts of similar appearance but different shapes to be distinguished; for example, while foreheads and cheeks are both skin colored, they have markedly different shapes.


This paper investigates the introduction of location-based services by government as part of an all-hazards approach to modern emergency management solutions. Its main contribution is in exploring the determinants of an individual's acceptance or rejection of location services. The authors put forward a conceptual model to better predict why an individual would accept or reject such services, especially with respect to emergencies. While it may be posited by government agencies that individuals would unanimously wish to accept life-saving and life-sustaining location services for their well-being, this view remains untested. The theorised determinants include: visibility of the service solution, perceived service quality features, risks as perceived by using the service, trust in the service and service provider, and perceived privacy concerns. The main concern here is to predict human behaviour, i.e. acceptance or rejection. Given that location-based services are fundamentally a set of electronic services, this paper employs the Technology Acceptance Model TAM as a special adaptation of the Theory of Reasoned Action TRA to serve as the theoretical foundation of its conceptualisation. A series of propositions are drawn upon the mutual relationships between the determinants and a conceptual model is constructed using the determinants and guided by the propositions. It is argued the conceptual model presented would yield to the field of location-based services research a justifiable theoretical approach competent for exploitation in further empirical research in a variety of contexts e.g. national security.


Context: Cortisol, the human glucocorticoid, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is known that individuals with chronic PTSD suffer from low basal cortisol levels. Endogenic normalization of basal cortisol concentration through exercise may have a therapeutic effect on treating PTSD symptoms, yet little is known about the association between exercise-induced endogenic increase of cortisol and PTSD symptom reduction. Objective: To identify whether mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise (MBX) increases basal cortisol levels, examine if MBX reduces PTSD symptom severity, and evaluate MBX as a complementary intervention for PTSD. Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled. Setting: University of New Mexico Hospital. Participants: 29 nurses with PTSD symptoms, ages 45-53, with 28 female. Intervention: 8-week bi-weekly 60-minute MBX vii sessions. Main Outcome Measures: Serum cortisol and PTSD Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16. Results: Twenty-eight participants completed the study procedures. In EX group, serum cortisol levels increased significantly from 9.6±4.1 μg/dl at baseline to 14.6±5.7 μg/dl at week 8 (p=0.0039); PTSD symptom severity decreased significantly from PCL-C scores of 43.1±11.2 at baseline to 24±3.3 at week 8 (p=0.0002); and the effects were maintained at follow-up at week 16 with cortisol concentration of 14.0±3.9 μg/dl (p= 0.5706) and PCL-C scores of 25.0±5.1 (p=0.8013). Conclusions: The results indicate a strong relationship between changes in cortisol levels and changes in PTSD symptom severity. This study provides preliminary evidence that programs aimed at reducing symptom severity in individuals with chronic PTSD should consider a mind-body intervention. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized controlled trial to assess the therapeutic benefits of MBX in individuals with PTSD symptoms using both biomarkers and PCL-C scores measuring the long-term effects of cortisol changes.


Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and gender predilection of bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) in Indian population using extra oral radiographs. Material and Methods: Previous record of 800 patients was evaluated by the observers who had undergone extra oral radiography for any diagnostic or treatment purposes between years 2012 and 2014. Results: Out of 800 extra oral radiographs, bifid condyles were found in 28, giving an overall prevalence of 3.5%. Out of 28 bifid condyles, 20 were in females (2.5%) and eight were in males (1.7%). The prevalence of BMC was found to be more in females as compared to the males and this difference was statistically significant with P value equivalent to 0.001. Among 28 bifid condyles, 19 were unilateral (2.4%) and nine were bilateral 1.5%. Chi-square test shows non-significant P value. Conclusion: It is possible that BMC is a more frequent condition than is commonly perceived. However, because of the minimal symptoms associated with this condition, the authors believe that it will remain an incidental finding upon routine radiographic examination, rather than a clinical observation.


With the new Immigrant and Refugee Protection Act, 2002 Immigrant and refugee issues have been on the forefront of Canadian social policy. Refugees are amongst the most vulnerable population in the world and literature suggests that amongst the refugee population, women are disproportionately represented. Each year, Canada is home to thousands of refugees and is faced with the difficult task of re-settling refugees into a new culture, political and social system. While Canada is often celebrated for its immigration policies, there are significant shortcomings in the process of re-settling refugees. The social construction of 'refugee' and 'women of colour' create a situational space for complex and dynamic experiences that refugee women must overcome in the re-settlement process. These interlocking oppressions impact on the newcomers' sense of belonging and inclusion in their community of re-settlement. This research paper looked at the re-settlement experiences of govemment assisted refugees as well as asylum seekers in the first two years ofre-settlement. A comprehensive literature review was conducted as well a two focus groups with refugee women, and three in-depth interviews with settlement service providers. Research showed that often, re-settlement was left to chance. Refugee women faced many barriers to accessing needed resources and therefore were often shut out from full pmiicipation in society. Many refugee women felt isolated in their communities and were marginalized because of their status as a refugee woman, impacting their re-settlement into Canadian society. There are no state protections from the factors that marginalize and shut out their participation as contributing citizens. Implications for this research showed that there needs to be additional support offered to refugee women in the re-settlement process especially those who are asylum seekers.


Defence of Usury [1787] Jeremy Bentham 212pp The Querist, containing Several Queries, Proposed to the consideration of the Public [1735-1737] George Berkeley 168pp A Discourse on Trade and other Matters relative to it [1745] John Cary 228pp Several Essays in Political Arithmetick (4th Edition) with Memoirs of the Author's Life [1755] William Petty 194pp An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy [1770] James Steuart (3 volumes) 1374pp A Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind in Ancient and Modern Times [1753] Robert Wallace 336pp


The constructs grit and conscientiousness are closely connected. However, this relationship has not been analysed while accounting for the complex structure of conscientiousness and the multifaceted conception of grit (perseverance of effort; consistency of interest). In this study, we analysed the connection while considering the hierarchical structure of conscientiousness, differentiating between a superordinate factor, a first–level common factor (industriousness), and lower level unique factors. Drawing on two samples (N = 413, Mage = 15.29, and N = 530, Mage = 31.75), we applied an extension procedure for confirmatory factor analysis that enables a simultaneous investigation of the relationships on all levels. The perseverance facet of grit was tightly aligned to the common factors (95% shared variance) and was strongly related to the industriousness factor. Consistency shared less variance with the common factors of conscientiousness (53%), but it was additionally correlated with the self–discipline facet. The results for the global grit scale were most similar to the results for perseverance. Grit appears to be a construct that combines the superordinate and industrious aspects of conscientiousness and shares the unique aspect of the self–discipline facet; this suggests that grit and its facets can be fully integrated into the hierarchical structure of conscientiousness.


An increasing emphasis is being placed on scientific inquiry and reasoning skills in both the new MCAT2015 and in new student learning goals and objectives developed by the ASBMB for student certification. This comes as both organizations are moving from recommending required courses to recommending acquisition of competencies and skills by students. For the new MCAT2015, students must have a diverse knowledge of concepts/ideas from the biological/ physical sciences and apply this knowledge to problem solving, assessing experimental design/methodology, and using data and statistical reasoning. An optimal approach to prepare students for this new emphasis is to have them analyze data and draw conclusions from research papers. These changes will require faculty to use more research‐literature based question to assess the students' acquisition of these higher level Bloom's learning skills. To facilitate this change, I have developed a model for the creation of a web‐based collection of assessment questions derived from the research literature. Model assessment questions were created using data, figures and tables derived from The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Questions are targeted to assess the broadly overlapping learning goals recently articulated by the ASBMB for programs accredited in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the learning competencies developed by the Association of American Medical Colleges for the new MCAT2015. Faculty would use, contribute to and help peer‐review the proposed collection. Students would use it to gain skills in understanding and evaluating research design and findings.


We investigate the multiphoton ionization and the subsequent fragmentation of SF6 molecules with intense x-ray-free electron laser pulses at different photon energies. We observe highly charged molecular and atomic ions which were absent in previous experiments with conventional x-ray sources. The observation of fully stripped fluorine ions suggests sequential multiphoton ionization processes with intermediate 1s electron excitation. We measure the average momentum and kinetic energy of each fragment, the comparison of which implies many-body fragmentation pathways of the molecular ions. The observed non-monotonic dependence of the kinetic energy on the charge states of fluorine indicates the multiphoton ionization of 'isolated' atomic neutral fluorine or fluorine ions resultant from bond cleavages and also implies the fragmentation of highly charged molecular ions that are produced at a later time during a single pulse.


The trend for international engagement in post-conflict reconstruction has produced a host of best-practice postulates on topics such as local involvement in decision-making, accountability for past atrocities, sensitivity to context, and the construction of democratic institutions of governance. International law has potential relevance for many of these themes, yet the question of how the implementation of best-practice policy recommendations might be affected by international law remains under-examined. This book offers a fuller understanding of the role of international law in the practice of post-conflict reconstruction. It explores how international legal issues that arise in the post-conflict period relate to a number of strands of the policy debate, including government creation, constitution-making, gender policy, provision of security, justice for past atrocities, rule of law development, economic recovery, returning displaced persons, and responsibilities of international actors. The chapters of the book work to reveal the extent to which international law figures in the policy of internationally enabled post-conflict reconstruction across a range of sectors. They also highlight the scope for international law to be harnessed in a more effective manner from the perspective of the transition to peace and stability. The book lays out a basis for future policy making on post-conflict reconstruction; one that is informed about the international legal parameters, and more aware of how international law can be utilized to promote key objectives.


The U.S. legal system is known as the envy of the world. Yet law as an instrument of national power has been woefully understudied. Traditional academic frameworks for studying the instruments of national power do not consider the full potential of law to be used as a weapon of war between states, a concept known as "Law-fare." Meanwhile, U.S. adversaries understand that law can be a potent weapon, both to achieve concrete military objectives and to win battles in the information domain, and have wielded it against the U.S. As war escalates in the information domain, information law-fare will be a critical piece of any party's strategy. Through a case study of the U.S.'s strike that killed Iranian Major General Soleimani in January 2020, this short article demonstrates how information law-fare can be used, and why the U.S. must develop its offensive and defensive law-fare capabilities. This paper won a prize in the 2020 Air Force Judge Advocate General School's National Security Law Writing Competition.


Despite all their efforts, the majority of cities in India have been unsuccessful in meeting the sanitation needs of the poor. Today, one of the main challenges they face in this sector is to develop innovative approaches, alternative to the centralized provision of sanitation services, and do this in partnership with the communities of users. This note describes the positive experience of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai in implementing the WB-assisted Slum Sanitation Program in partnership with the communities of slum dwellers, and draws lessons.


Many empirical evapotranspiration models, used for scheduling irrigation, require meteorological measurements not routinely compiled by the National Weather Service. Thus, difficulties and expense are incurred in obtaining the needed measurements. Therefore, an empirical evapotranspiration model, requiring few meteorological measurements was developed and tested for corn [Zea mays (L.) cv. 'Dekalb XL72A'] at two sites in Kansas. Daily inputs required by the model include leaf area index, solar radiation, effective precipitation, and maximum and minimum air temperatures. Daily outputs include transpiration, evaporation, advective contribution, and soil water content. Model estimates of soil moisture in the 150-cm profile were compared with neutron attenuation estimates. Model estimates were within 6% of neutron attenuation estimates during the growing season, and since the meteorological measurements can be routinely obtained at the field site, the model has potential for scheduling irrigation on a regional basis in Kansas.


The value of astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, in the treatment of oxidative injury is assessed. Astaxanthin protects the mitochondria of vitamin E-deficient rats from damage by Fe2(+)-catalyzed lipid peroxidation both in vivo and in vitro. The inhibitory effect of astaxanthin on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation is stronger than that of alpha-tocopherol. Thin layer chromatographic analysis shows that the change in phospholipid components of erythrocytes from vitamin E-deficient rats induced by Fe2+ and Fe3(+)-xanthine/xanthine oxidase system was significantly suppressed by astaxanthin. Carrageenan-induced inflammation of the paw is also significantly inhibited by administration of astaxanthin. These data indicate that astaxanthin functions as a potent antioxidant both in vivo and in vitro.


Remote sensing of fractures with elastic waves is important in fields ranging from seismology to nondestructive testing. In many geophysical applications, fractures control the flow of fluids such as water, hydrocarbons or magma. While previous analytic descriptions of scattering mostly deal with very large or very small fractures (compared to the dominant wavelength), we present an analytic solution for the scattering of elastic waves from a fracture of arbitrary size. Based on the linear slip model for a dry fracture, we derive the scattering amplitude in the frequency domain under the Born approximation for all combinations of incident and scattered wave modes. Our analytic results match laser-based ultrasonic laboratory measurements of a single fracture in clear plastic, allowing us to quantify the compliance of a fracture. Copyright © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.


Using two closely related larval parasitoids (Cotesiaspp.) ofPieriscaterpillars we tested the hypothesis that parasitoids are capable of assessing patch profitability from a distance by showing differential responses to odors from plants infested with different host densities. We furthermore tested whether experience improves this assessment process. The effect of host densities on the olfactory responses of naive and experienced females was studied in two-choice wind tunnel experiments. Naive females ofCotesia glomerataandC. rubeculadiscriminated between odors from plants with high and low densities. Responsiveness of naive females to odors from host-infested leaves increased with an increase in the total number of feeding hosts. InC. glomeratasensitivity to low host densities increased after experience. The effect of multiple oviposition experiences ofC. glomerataon different plants with different host densities was measured in two-choice situations. Females indeed use experienced host density of a patch as a cue to establish a preference, but the sequence of the experienced host densities influences the behavior to a great extent. The first experience does not entirely fix their behavior. ForC. glomerata,the retention time of learned odors was 3 days. This study illustrates the importance of quantitative differences in infochemicals to host-foraging decisions from a distance. It further demonstrates how experience can modify the parasitoid's response to variation in resource availability.


The present study aims to explore the position of women and their role in the domestic and public realm as presented by the Greek prose writer Gregorios Xenopoulos (1867-1951). The study will be divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, after having discussed the social context of the last quarter of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century, I will examine and analyze women's position in Greek society as presented in Xenopoulos's novels, with special emphasis on the impact of the feminist movement on marriage and motherhood, education and work. Also, there will be a comparison of the Athenian and Zakynthian novels. In the second chapter, I intend to analyze the presentation of the physical appearance of female characters regarding facial and other physical characteristics, looking also at dress and hairstyles. I will then comment on the way their behavioural patterns are presented and finally, there will be a general, rather brief, survey of the most popular female types encountered in Xenopoulos's novels. This exploration will lead to the conclusion that, although Xenopoulos was writing at a time when women had a secondary role in society, by being his major characters, they are given the importance and respect they deserve to have in society. Thus he can be considered one of the few male supporters of the feminist movement that emerged during the first decade of the twentieth century and one of the first among the minority to applaud women's efforts to achieve emancipation.


. To react to unforeseen circumstances or amend abnormal situations in communication-centric systems, programmers are in charge of "undoing" the interactions which led to an undesired state. To assist this task, session-based languages can be endowed with reversibility mechanisms. In this paper we propose a language enriched with programming facilities to commit session interactions, to roll back the computation to a previous commit point, and to abort the session. Rollbacks in our language always bring the system to previous visited states and a rollback cannot bring the system back to a point prior to the last commit. Programmers are relieved from the burden of ensuring that a rollback never restores a checkpoint imposed by a session participant different from the rollback requester. Such undesired situations are prevented at design-time (statically) by relying on a decidable compliance check at the type level, implemented in MAUDE. We show that the language satisfies error-freedom and progress of a session.


Abstract. Atmospheric blocking represents a weather pattern where a stationary high-pressure system weakens or reverses the climatological westerly flow at mid-latitudes for up to several weeks. It is closely connected to strong anomalies in key atmospheric variables such as geopotential height, temperature, and humidity. Here we provide, for the first time, a comprehensive, global perspective on atmospheric blocking and related impacts by using an observation-based data set from Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) from 2006 to 2016. The main blocking regions in both hemispheres and seasonal variations are found to be represented well in RO data. The effect of blocking on vertically resolved temperature and humidity anomalies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere is investigated for blocking regions in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, respectively. We find a statistically significant correlation of blocking with positive temperature anomalies, exceeding 3 K in the troposphere, and a reversal above the tropopause with negative temperature anomalies below −3 K in the lower stratosphere. Specific humidity is positively correlated with temperature throughout the troposphere with larger anomalies revealed in the Southern Hemisphere. At the eastern and equatorward side of the investigated blocking regions, a band of tropospheric cold anomalies reveals advection of cold air by anticyclonic motion around blocking highs, which is less distinct in the Southern Hemisphere due to stronger zonal flow. We find GPS RO to be a promising new data set for blocking research that gives insight into the vertical atmospheric structure, especially in light of the expected increase in data coverage that future missions will provide.


A Cerebral Phausy (CP) is a neurological problem that involves damages in neuromuscular function, with or whithout intelectual deficit. The damages don´t have a progressive character and occur after a cerebral lesion that happens in the pre, near or post natal period. It may have consequences like motor or psychological alterations, paralysis, epilepsy, among others. Children with CP may cause several distruptions to parents. The objective of this research was to find out the knowledge the mothers have about CP and its impact on family dynamic. 20 others with a CP new born or 4 years child, from three different instuitions, were interviewed. It was used a semi-structured guide, previously tested. The obtained data were analyzed, based on the the Thematic Analysis of Contents. The Knowing limitations were about general and motor delay. The influence of the handicap on the family is posivite or negative, but there are changes on family dynamics, and the mother is the main affected member.


Languages that lack grammatical gender often still index the sex of humans and higher animates through lexical means (Braun 2001). In the Papuan language Nungon, natural sex is indicated lexically, with gendered person and kin terms. Certain person terms may also function as nominal modifiers. Indexation of sex in these person and kin terms is partially dependent on age. The older the speaker or focal person for the kin relationship, the more likely that his/her sex will determine the term chosen to refer to the addressee or secondary person in the kin relationship. Most kin and person terms for small children disregard the sex of the child; such terms instead employ the sex of the focal person to describe the relationship with the child. Unlike with children, there are no completely gender-neutral terms for adults, although the dedicated male person terms amna, "man" and ketket, "boy" function in certain contexts with generic reference, meaning "human" and "youth." Generic application of amna, "man" relates to syntax: amna as object argument of deverbal participle expressions has generic reference, as does amna under negation. Thus, indexation of sex is seen to be partially dependent (per Aikhenvald & Dixon 1998) on negation.


Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest human tendon. AT disorders are common among athletes. AT pathologies vary from tendinopathy to frank rupture. Diagnosis is made clin-ically. Imaging modalities are used adjunctively. Management of AT rupture in athletes is challenging to surgeons due to worldwide growing popularity of sports and potential social and financial impact of AT injury to an athlete. Hence, new surgical techniques aim at attaining quick recovery with good outcome, finding similar results with both open and percutaneous techniques when accompanying these with functional rehabilitation protocols. Non-operative strategies include shoe wear modification, physiotherapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Surgical interventions vary based on the AT pathol - ogy nature and extent. Direct repair can work for small-sized defects. V-Y gastrocnemius advancement could approximate the tendon edges for repair within 2–8 cm original gap. Gastrocnemius turndown can bridge tendon loss > 8 cm. Autogenous, allogeneous or synthetic tendon grafts were used for AT reconstruction purposes. In AT tendinopathies with no tendon tissue loss, surgical procedures revolve around induction of tissue repair through lesion incision or debridement to full detachment followed by reattachment. Extra-precautions are exercised for prevention of AT disorders especially among susceptible athletes participating in sports involving excessive AT strain.


(Ferrocenylmethyl)dimethylammonium chloride has been synthesised and the cation intercalated into the montmorillonite Westone-L. Variable temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy indicated that the molecule had a similar Debye temperature in each environment (144 +/- 5 K and 140 +/- 5 K respectively). The intercalated Mossbauer spectra revealed a Karayagin effect above 80 K. The cation occupies 80 % of the total exchange capacity of the clay, most likely orientated with the cyclopentadienyl rings perpendicular to the silicate layers. Thermal decomposition of the intercalate involved the volatilisation of iron containing fragments below 350°C. Variable-temperature XRD showed the intercalated sample had a d[001]-spacing of 1.55 nm at room temperature, which decreased at 200°C to give a d[001]-spacing of 1.3 nm. An iron oxide probably remains within the interlayer after the inserted molecule has decomposed. 2,2''-bis [(dimethylamino)methyl]biferrocene has been synthesised and intercalated into acid exchanged Westone-L. Variable temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy revealed a Debye temperature of 172 +/- 5 K which dropped to 150 +/- 5 K on intercalation. The molecule was shown to occupy 75 % of the total CEC of the clay and most likely resides with the cyclopentadienyl rings perpendicular to the silicate sheet. Thermal decomposition of the biferrocene intercalate indicated the loss of iron containing fragments below 430°C. Variable-temperature XRD indicated a d[001]-spacing of 1.65 nm at room temperature which collapsed to 1.41 nm at 250°C, after which it slowly decreased to 1.29 nm at 400°C. An iron oxide was probably left within the interlayer after the intercalated molecule had decomposed. Contact of the biferrocene with the acid Westone-L for 3 and 48 hours resulted in 2 and 11 % oxidation to biferrocenium respectively. Contact of iodine with a suspension of the intercalated biferrocene resulted in ca. 16 % oxidation to biferrocene. The biferrocenium intercalate exhibited "domain" type valence electron de-trapping above 200 K until by 250 K only a single charge averaged doublet was observed. The molecule N,N-dimethylaminomethylferrocene was successfully intercalated into aluminium pillared Westone-L, occupying 30 % of the total CEC of the original clay. The inserted molecule was found to have a Debye temperature of 113 +/- 5 K as determined by variable temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy. Decomposition of the inserted molecule involved the loss of iron containing fragments below 350°C. When heated in air the inserted molecule gave rise to high spin iron(IH) in a distorted octahedral environment. Heating the sample in nitrogen and hydrogen resulted in a species characteristic of high spin octahedrally co-ordinated iron(II). At the higher temperatures, the sample heated in hydrogen exhibited a further high spin octahedrally co-ordinated iron(K) species, with a less symmetric co-ordination sphere than the first.


Research in the domain of vocabulary gained impetus in the 1980s.The popularity of word knowledge assessment has increased in the past 30 years. Even though the construct of learning strategies is another significant and well-researched domain in educational science, the intersecting construct, vocabulary learning strategies are rather under-researched (Schmitt, 2000, p. 44). An attempt is also made to fill in this gap. The study was carried with the participation of 86 Hungarian 6th graders in primary schools. A self-report 52-item questionnaire was developed so that the most frequently used vocabulary learning strategies would be mapped in depth. The questionnaire consisted of five factors. Item-analysis and factor analysis were conducted to examine how each item functioned and whether the factor classification of the questionnaire was justified. Results indicate that some of the items have low item-total correlation value and the original factor classification is not reflected by what we found in the factor analysis. Based on this pilot study a new questionnaire was developed by replacing items. Further findings are discussed.