The high attrition rate of potential anti-cancer drugs entering clinical trials indicates the need for more predictive pre-clinical model systems. Standard compound screening is high-throughput and relatively inexpensive, but conducted with non-representative cells in a non-physiological environment. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems provide cells a more physiological microenvironment including relevant extracellular matrix (ECM) cues and cell-cell interactions. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) culture preserves tumor heterogeneity while mitigating harsh selective pressures induced by traditional 2D culture methods. However, in vivo mouse models are slow and expensive, often with low "take" rates that limit the numbers of drugs and drug combinations that can be tested. Within the present study, we established the direct culture of breast cancer PDX cells in a hyaluronan-based hydrogel matrix that is amenable to automated dispensing. Washington University Human in Mouse (WHIM) breast cancer PDX tumors were dissociated and PDX cell were encapsulated in 3D hydrogels for in vitro culture. In vitro cultured PDX cells showed high viability over 7 days, as assessed by standard live/dead assay. Cell morphology and marker retention were also examined using immunofluorescence staining for markers including ER, EpCAM, and vimentin, and were found to be subtype-consistent. Ongoing studies seek to expand the PDX tumors in hydrogel matrices such that they may be useful for a variety of applications including drug screening, proteome and kinome activation analysis, and other applications that will enable the development of personalized therapies suited to individual breast cancer patients presenting with various disease subtypes. Citation Format: Lindsey K. Sablatura, MeghaShyam Kavuri, Priya Richards, Daniel A. Harrington, Matthew J. Ellis, Mary C. Farach-Carson. Ex vivo culture of breast cancer patient-derived xenografts in modified 3-D hyaluronan hydrogels. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr B30.


In this book J. M. Balkin offers a strikingly original theory of cultural evolution, a theory that explains shared understandings, disagreement, and diversity within cultures. Drawing on many fields of study-including anthropology, evolutionary theory, cognitive science, linguistics, sociology, political theory, philosophy, social psychology, and law-the author explores how cultures grow and spread, how shared understandings arise, and how people of different cultures can understand and evaluate each other's views. Cultural evolution occurs through the transmission of cultural information and know-how-"cultural software"-in human minds, Balkin says. Individuals embody cultural software and spread it to others through communication and social learning. Ideology, the author contends, is neither a special nor a pathological form of thought but an ordinary product of the evolution of cultural software. Because cultural understanding is a patchwork of older imperfect tools that are continually adapted to solve new problems, human understanding is partly adequate and partly inadequate to the pursuit of justice. Balkin presents numerous examples that illuminate the sources of ideological effects and their contributions to injustice. He also enters the current debate over multiculturalism, applying his theory to problems of mutual understanding between people who hold different worldviews. He argues that cultural understanding presupposes transcendent ideals and shows how both ideological analysis of others and ideological self-criticism are possible.


Natural disturbances significantly influence forest ecosystem services and biodiversity. Accurate delineation and early detection of areas affected by disturbances are critical for estimating extent of damage, assessing economical influence and guiding forest management activities. In this study we focus on snow load damage detection from C-Band SAR images. Snow damage is one of the least studied forest damages, which is getting more common due to current climate trends. The study site was located in the southern part of Northern Finland and the SAR data were represented by the time series of C-band SAR scenes acquired by the Sentinel-1 sensor. Methods used in the study included improved k nearest neighbour method, logistic regression analysis and support vector machine classification. Snow damage recordings from a large snow damage event that took place in Finland during late 2018 were used as reference data. Our results showed an overall detection accuracy of 90%, indicating potential of C-band SAR for operational use in snow damage mapping. Additionally, potential of multitemporal Sentinel-1 data in estimating growing stock volume in damaged forest areas were carried out, with obtained results indicating strong potential for estimating the overall volume of timber within the affected areas. The results and research questions for further studies are discussed.


Abstract The last for-profit radio station with an all-jazz format was located not in a major city or center of jazz activity, but in Carmel, California. KRML-AM 1410 broadcasted jazz almost exclusively for three decades, before changing to an eclectic rock format in October 2012. This article attempts to explain the conditions that enabled this small but affluent community to sustain a presence for jazz on the airwaves for so long. Moreover, it takes a microhistorical approach that examines the ways that KRML's history reflects the broader national trends in jazz programming. As jazz has accrued "cultural nobility," a fancy for the music has become a social indicator of one's level of cultural sophistication. Canonized as a quintessentially American expressive form and repackaged as a non-intrusive, unthreatening vehicle for tranquil repose and nostalgia, jazz thus complements the aura of refinement and serenity that Carmel residents have sought to create and have fought to maintain for over a century. Its jazz programming informed by such discursive shifts, KRML sought to sway listeners to accept jazz as the ideal accompaniment to the placid, laid-back Carmel lifestyle.


The article presents the theoretical basis for privatisation. The vast jumble of goods and services can be sorted and classified according to two characteristics: exclusion and consumption. Goods and services are subject to exclusion if the potential user of the goods can be denied the goods or excluded from using them unless he meets the conditions set by the potential suppliers. The other relevant characteristic of goods and services has to do with consumption. Some goods may be used or consumed jointly and simultaneously by many customers without being diminished in quality or quantity, while other goods are available only for individual (rather then joint) consumption; that is, if they are used by one consumer, they are not available for consumption by other. Goods can be classified according to the degree to which they possess these two properties. The result is four idealised kinds of goods: individual goods (characterised by exclusion and individual consumption), toll goods (exclusion and joint consumption), common-pool goods (nonexclusion and individual consumption), and collective goods (nonexclusion and joint consumption). The resulting classification determines the roles of government and of the nongovernmental (private) institutions of society in supplying the goods and services. It examines the basic goods and services that people want and need and discusses the intrinsic characteristics that permit them to be categorised usefully as private, toll, common- pool, or collective goods. It clarifies the role of collective action in supplying each of these kinds of goods.


There is overwhelming consensus among language learning researchers on the benefits of developing an autonomous approach by learners (Hurd et al. 2001, p344). Despite the difficulty in defining what Little (2004) describes as a "problematic term" and a "slippery concept", he suggests there is also broad agreement on what this means. Autonomous learners "understand the purpose of their learning programme, explicitly accept responsibility for their learning, share in the setting of goals, take initiatives in planning and executing learning and evaluate its effectiveness" (Little 2004). However, it is also argued (e.g. by Candy 1991; Little 1995) that the achievement of learner autonomy depends on the willingness of teachers to hand over these responsibilities. Teachers must be committed to creating a learning environment where learners can gradually "learn how to learn" and experience autonomy in order to become more autonomous, a process which Little (2004) calls "autonomisation". In distance learning, much of the responsibility for autonomisation rests with the teaching/learning materials. However, these materials are often mediated and supported by tutors who can use their contact with learners to develop learning skills. This chapter explores the tutor role in autonomisation in a distance language learning programme of The Open University in the UK (OU(UK)).


Our cause is health, our passion is service, and we are here to make lives better. This is the social mission of Kaiser Permanente (KP), and the personal mission of the staff whose stories are shared in this collection of essays. Each volunteered their time, sacrificed their personal safety and comfort, and challenged themselves to extend well beyond their normal limits both personally and professionally. And each of them would say that they gained more than they gave. Why is volunteering such an elevating human experience? Why is being of service to someone who cannot repay you so profoundly rewarding? Perhaps it is legacy, knowing that one has truly made an invaluable contribution to the lives of others. Perhaps it is mastery, the challenge of testing one's expertise, resilience, and resourcefulness in an unfamiliar and austere environment. Perhaps it is gratitude, the recognition that we live and work in a community of extraordinary wealth and privilege, and that with this privilege comes the opportunity, even the responsibility, to give back. Perhaps it is just the human desire to connect in an authentic and noncontractual way. These stories give us a glimpse into the many factors that motivate us. Every physician and nurse who worked in Haiti did so because colleagues and family at home made it possible. These stories are written both to inform and to express gratitude to the many silent partners that made this work possible. Many are extracted from letters, blogs, or e-mails written while in Haiti or soon after returning to the US. They are written to honor the people of Haiti, suffering or healed, living or dead. They are written to acknowledge the courage, the sacrifice, and the skill of those who continue to dedicate themselves to making lives better. Because the desire to share the stories was as great as the outpouring of compassion , this collection is being published in two parts. This first part is an introduction and commentary on the experience, the need, and the organization of answering the need. The second part, in the Winter 2011 issue, will be the personal stories, triumphs and failures of some of those who traveled to Haiti whose lives were changed. v


Interacting with graphs using queries has emerged as an important research problem for real-world applications that center on large graph data. Given the syntactic complexity of graph query languages (e.g., SPARQL, Cypher), visual graph query interfaces make it easy for non-programmers to query such graph data repositories. In this book, we present recent developments in the emerging area of visual graph querying paradigm that bridges traditional graph querying with human computer interaction (HCI). Specifically, we focus on techniques that emphasize deep integration between the visual graph query interface and the underlying graph query engine. We discuss various strategies and guidance for constructing graph queries visually, interleaving processing of graph queries and visual actions, visual exploration of graph query results, and automated performance study of visual graph querying frameworks. In addition, this book highlights open problems and new research directions. In summary, in this book, we review and summarize the research thus far into the integration of HCI and graph querying to facilitate user-friendly interaction with graph-structured data, giving researchers a snapshot of the current state of the art in this topic, and future research directions.


Ginga is a new astronomical image viewer written in Python. It uses and inter-operates with several key scientific Python packages: NumPy, Astropy, and SciPy. A key differentiator for this image viewer, compared to older- generation FITS viewers, is that all the key components are written as Python classes, allowing for the first time a powerful FITS image display widget to be directly embedded in, and tightly coupled with, Python code. We call Ginga a toolkit for programming FITS viewers because it includes a choice of base classes for programming custom viewers for two different modern widget sets: Gtk and Qt, available on the three common desktop platforms. In addition, a reference viewer is included with the source code based on a plugin architecture in which the viewer can be extended with plugins scripted in Python. The code is released under a BSD license similar to other major Python packages and is available on GitHub. Ginga has been introduced only recently as a tool to the astronomical community, but since SciPy has a developer focus this talk concentrates on programming with the Ginga toolkit. We cover two cases: using the bare image widget to build custom viewers and writing plugins for the existing full-featured Ginga viewer. The talk may be of interest to anyone developing code in Python needing to display scientific image (CCD or CMOS) data and astronomers interested in Python-based quick look and analysis tools.


The mapping of many short sequences of DNA, called reads, to a long reference genome is an common task in molecular biology. The task amounts to a simple string search, allowing for a few mismatches due to mutations and inexact read quality. While existing solutions attempt to align a high percentage of the reads using small memory footprints, Shepard is concerned with only exact matches and speed. Using the human genome, Shepard is on the order of hundreds of thousands of times faster than current software implementations such as SOAP2 or Bowtie, and about 60 times faster than GPU implementations such as SOAP3. Shepard contains two components: a software program to preprocess a reference genome into a hash table, and a hardware pipeline for performing fast lookups. The hash table has one entry for each unique 100 base pair sequence that occurs in the reference genome, and contains the index of last occurrence and the number of occurrences. To reduce the hash table size, a minimal perfect hash table is used. The hardware pipeline was designed to perform hash table lookups very quickly, on the order of 600 million lookups per second, and was implemented on a Convey HC-1 high performance reconfigurable computing system. Shepard streams all of the short reads through a custom hardware pipeline and writes the alignment data (index of last occurrence and number of occurrences) to a binary results array.


It has long been known that objects which are opaque in transmitted white light can become translucent in infra-red (IR) light. Its application to palynology was shown by Leclercq (1933) who used an IR filter to cut out the visible light from the specimen coupled with an IR-sensitive film to capture the image. Although the significance of this development was recognized (Walton, 1935), it was never generally used since oxidative methods such as Schulze's solution are normally successful in clearing exines. The exceptions are opaque palynomorphs from thermally over-mature rocks. Such assemblages have been studied with IR microscopy using either IR-sensitive film on partially cleared material (e.g. Tiwari & Schaarschmidt, 1975) or electronic IR imaging systems (Cramer & Diez, 1972). The technical sophistication and performance of IR imaging microscopes has recently improved significantly following their routine application for the internal imaging of silicon chips. However, such microscopes are designed for use in reflected light and also rather costly. In addition their design makes them difficult to routinely switch from brightfield transmitted light to IR light without risk of damaging their sensitive IR tube. This note describes a simplified IR microscope for transmitted light which shows how excellent images of opaque spores in the near-IR can be produced using the simplest palynological microscope. This IR microscope is based around an Olympus BHSM-IR system. This is fitted with a 100W quartz halogen bulb which is essential for providing the required level of IR illumination. However, the only specific IR corrected optics this. . .


There are many herbal teas that are found in nature that may be effective at treating the symptoms and also shortening the duration of viral infections. When combating viral infections, T lymphocytes are an indispensable part of human acquired immunity. However, studies on the use of natural products in stimulating lymphocyte-mediated interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production are very limited. In this study, we found that acteoside, a natural phenylpropanoid glycoside from Kuding Tea, enhanced IFN-γ production in mouse lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner, particularly in the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of T lymphocytes. To this end, we suggest that the antiviral activity of acteoside was highly correlated to its inducing ability of IFN-γ production. Mechanistically, the activation of T-bet enhanced the promoter of IFN-γ and subsequently resulted in an increased IFN-γ production in T cells. Collectively, we have found a natural product with the capacity to selectively enhance mouse T cell IFN-γ production. Given the role of IFN-γ in the immune system, further studies to clarify the role of acteoside in inducing IFN-γ and prevention of viral infection are needed.


Irregular mounds of glacial debris, commonly referred to as 'hummocky moraine', until recently were linked to ice stagnation during rapid climatic amelioration. However, recent work in Scotland has demonstrated that some hummocky moraine, dating from the Younger Dryas event (c. 10 000 years BP), was the product of deposition at active ice margins. Observations at modern high–arctic glacier margins in Svalbard (76–80°N) indicate that some moraines of this type form under a dynamic glaciological regime, mainly by thrusting in active polythermal ice undergoing strong longitudinal compression. This situation is particularly common where there is a transition from warm–based ice in the interior of a glacier to cold–based ice at the margins or snout. From their morphological similarity (rectilinear slopes facing up–glacier and irregular downglacier faces), and apparent stacking of slabs of sediment of subglacial derivation, it is concluded that some assemblages of British moraines are also the product of thrusting. This process appears to be most dominant in polythermal glaciers, rather than in temperate glaciers. On this basis, it is tentatively suggested that the Younger Dryas in Britain was characterized by a climatic regime similar to that in Svalbard today (mean annual temperature − 5°C; 400–1000 mm precipitation), and that the associated glaciers may have been of polythermal character.


Objectives: This study aimed to explore the experiences of a group of first time fathers during the transition to parenthood, and identify factors which predict paternal adjustment postpartum. The transactional model of stress and coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) was used as a framework to investigate the relationships between mood, coping strategies, social support, expectations and experiences of childbirth antepartum and six weeks after the birth.

Design: This was a prospective, postal questionnaire study.

Methods: Thirty five prospective fathers and their partners were recruited through parent education classes; data are reported for 26 of these. Fathers completed questionnaires during the third trimester of pregnancy, immediately following the birth and six weeks postpartum. Mothers' postnatal depression scores were obtained directly from health visitors. Adaptation to parenthood was considered in terms of reported paternal anxiety, depression and parenting stress.

Results: The study found evidence of clinically significant levels of anxiety antepartum, which decreased following the birth. Fathers reported their experience of childbirth to be more positive than they had expected, and this was largely independent of obstetric variables. Preliminary evidence suggests problem-focused coping strategies were associated with more negative experiences of childbirth. Adaptation to parenthood was best predicted by antenatal mood.

Conclusions: The implications of maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies for antenatal interventions are discussed and directions for future research outlined. Longer term follow up is required to explore the observed association between parenting stress, obstetric variables and experiences of childbirth.


Government spending in the developing world has historically been procyclical. Traditional explanations for this have mostly revolved around the explicit or implicit notion that fiscal procyclicality is the deliberate result of political economy distortions and weak institutions. Because of revisions in output growth forecasts around the world since the global financial crisis, two recent explanations in the literature have gained increasing support: (i) over-optimism in output forecasts as a cause of procyclicality, and (ii) real-time data, as opposed to ex-post data, as an explanation for policymakers? intended responses to output fluctuations, which in practice tend to deliver less procyclical intentions than reliance on ex-post data. This study revisits the implications of output forecast errors on fiscal procyclicality in light of these two recent strands in the literature. For this study, a simple conceptual framework was developed and empirical evidence presented using output forecasts for 101 countries. The results showed that: (i) over-optimism is neither necessary nor sufficient to explain fiscal procyclicality, and (ii) there is no reason to accept the interpretation that forecast errors have -unfortunate- systematic effects on fiscal procyclicality. Traditional political economy arguments help explain how governments handle unanticipated output fluctuations.


Papua Specific Autonomy Draft Bill is developed to bring into reality the satisfied basic rights and obligation of Papua people. It is performed under a number of basic value guidance. There are seven basic values of Papua Specific Autonomy: (1) protection on basic rights of Papua aborigines; (2) democracy and maturity in performing democracy; (3) appreciation on ethics and moral; (4) admiration on human rights; (5) Law supremacy; (6) appreciation on pluralism; and (7) equality in status, rights and obligation as citizen. So that, the research problem is how the implementation of Papua Specific Autonomy in giving service to public by local government of
Mimika County, Papua province.
Purpose of this research is to describe the implementation of Papua Specific Autonomy in giving service to public and to obtain some answers from many society components.
Data collecting technique uses documentation, direct interview, and direct observation.
Concerned with interview technique, its keywords are very good and good. In other words, the respondents in the implementation of Papua Specific Autonomy are very good in their daily lives.
The research design uses descriptive approach. Its stages are data reduction, data display, and data analysis. Type of research method is descriptive qualitative method. Thus, one who become the research object is Chief of Tembagapura District of Mimika County, Yossias Lossu, SE; Chief of Education and Instruction Department of Mimika County; Chief of Health Department of Mimika County; and society sympathizer.
Based on the data obtained in the field, hence the research result shows that by the implementation of Papua Specific Autonomy, Kabupaten Mimika develops its education and
health field.
From the research result, it can be drawn the conclusion that Papua' residents get quite significant effects from the implementation of Papua Specific Autonomy in Kabupaten Mimika. The main priority program in the implementation of Papua Specific Autonomy is education and health.
The suggestion to the next researcher, it is expected to be able to study about its negative effects. It is because in here writer composes its positive effect only, which means that the existence of Papua Specific Autonomy implementation in giving positive contribution to the society, thus the result obtained in field is equal to the positive value.


NMR studies of water oxygen-17 relaxation in aqueous sucrose and lysozyme solutions have been carried out to investigate the interactions of water with sucrose and lysozyme. The effect of sucrose and lysozyme concentration on water oxygen-17 relaxation has been studied in detail. The dependence of relaxation on frequency and pH has also been analysed. The existing model, describing the relaxation of water oxygen-17 in aqueous protein solutions suggested by Halle in 1981, is tested to see whether it gives a true representation. It is found that at low concentrations of sucrose and lysozyme, the experimental data give good agreement with the model. However, at saturated sucrose concentration the agreement is not so good. An extra contribution to the transverse relaxation rate is seen. A possible explanation for the extra contribution to the transverse relaxation rate at high sucrose content is discussed. The effect of ionic charge on oxygen-17 relaxation in lysozyme solutions is also investigated. It is observed that both the ionic charge of lysozyme as well as lysozyme aggregation strongly affect the relaxation of water oxygen-17. A method for analysing the experimental data for water oxygen-17 relaxation in aqueous sucrose and lysozyme solutions using Halle's model is presented and employed to calculate the various parameters of the model. The relaxation and chemical shift of calcium-43 in simple calcium salts, calcium acetate and calcium ascorbate have been studied as a function of concentration and pH. The complexation of calcium to sucrose and to lysozyme has also been investigated. In almost all cases, a significant calcium-43 chemical shift has been detected. The direct measurement of complexation and binding of calcium by relaxation time and chemical shift measurements has been of particular interest.


In pasture-based seasonal calving systems, failure to become pregnant during the breeding season results in important economic losses as maximum profit is attained by minimising costs and increasing the proportion of grass in the diet of the lactating dairy cow. In the United States, dairy producers primarily strive to maximise production potential but are becoming increasingly aware of the economic consequences of sub-optimal cow fertility and survival. For this reason, interest in crossbreeding is emerging. The objective of this paper is to review the fertility and survival outcomes reported from recent research studies and data analyses in Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. Research conducted in Ireland during the early 2000s concluded that of three 'alternative' dairy breeds the Norwegian Red was most suited to seasonal grass-based production. A key finding was favourable fertility and survival. A follow-up study confirmed a fertility advantage with Norwegian Red×Holstein-Friesian compared with Holstein-Friesian: proportion pregnant to first service; +0.08 and in-calf after 6 weeks breeding; +0.11. Another study found higher fertility with Jersey crossbreds: pregnant to first service; +0.21, and in-calf after 6 weeks breeding; +0.19. Studies conducted in Northern Ireland also found superior fertility performance with Jersey crossbred cows offered low and moderate concentrate diets. In New Zealand, crossbred dairy cattle (primarily Jersey×Friesian) are achieving similar rates of genetic gain for farm profit as the purebred populations, but creating additional gain derived from economic heterosis. In the United States, analysis of commercial data from California showed higher first-service conception rates for Scandinavian Red×Holstein (+6 percentage units) and Montbeliarde×Holstein (+10 percentage units) compared with Holstein (23%). They also exhibited fewer days open and greater survival. At Penn State University, Brown Swiss×Holstein cows had 17 fewer days open than Holstein cows during first lactation, and numerically fewer in second (12 days) and third lactation (6 days). At the University of Minnesota, crossbred cows had 21 percentage units higher first-service conception rates, 41 fewer days open and 12 percentage units higher in-calf rates compared with pure Holstein cows. They also had greater survival to second (+13 percentage units), third (+24 percentage units), fourth (+25 percentage units) and fifth (+17 percentage units) lactation. The literature clearly illustrates favourable animal performance benefits from crossbreeding, using a range of modern breeds, and within the context of both grass-based and high-input confinement production environments. Economic analyses generally indicate profitable performance owing to lower replacement cost and higher herd productivity.


This paper proposes a system, the Smart Learning Design Framework, designed to support the development of pedagogically sound learning material within an integrated, platform-indepen-dent data structure. The system supports sharing, reuse and adaptation of learning material via a metadata-driven philosophy that enables the technicalities of the system to be imperceptible to the author and consumer. The system proposes the use of pedagogically focused metadata to support and guide the author and to adapt and deliver the content to the targeted consumer. A prototype of the proposed system, which provides proof of concept for the novel processes involved, has been developed. The paper describes the Smart Learning Design Framework and places it within the context of alternative learning object models and frameworks to highlight similarities, differences and advantages of the proposed system.


Abstract The discovery of quasiaxially symmetric stellarators whose magnetic spectrum has approximate two-dimensional symmetry opens up the possibility of designing fusion reactors that have tokamak transport and stellarator stability. Prototypes with two or three field periods have asymmetries almost as small as the coefficients for a typical tokamak that are associated with ripple from the toroidal coils or helical excursion of the magnetic axis resulting from instability. We have found modular coils that are only moderately twisted and produce robust flux surfaces that do not deteriorate when changes are made in the magnetic field. This work is bolstered by recent stellarator experiments that have exceeded stability limits predicted by linear theory. The problem may be that force balance and stability are lost across islands if the equilibrium equations are not in conservation form.


BACKGROUND
Dietary guidelines generally recommend increasing fish intake and reducing red meat intake for better long-term health. Few studies have compared the metabolic differences between eating meat and fish.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the postprandial plasma metabolic response to meals containing baked beef, baked herring, and pickled herring.

METHODS
Seventeen overweight men (BMI 25-30 kg/m(2), 41-67 y of age) were included in a randomized crossover intervention study. Subjects ate baked herring-, pickled herring-, and baked beef-based meals in a randomized order and postprandial blood plasma samples were taken over 7 h. Plasma metabolomics were measured with the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and areas under the curve for detected metabolites were compared between meals.

RESULTS
The plasma postprandial response of 2-aminoadipic acid, a suggested marker of diabetes risk, was 1.6 times higher after the beef meal than after the baked herring meal (P < 0.001). Plasma β-alanine and 4-hydroxyproline both were markedly greater after beef intake than after herring intake (16 and 3.4 times the response of baked herring, respectively; P < 0.001). Herring intake led to a greater plasma postprandial response from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and cetoleic acid compared with beef (17.6 and 150 times greater, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas hippuric acid and benzoic acid were elevated after pickled herring compared with baked herring (5.4 and 43 times higher; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
These results in overweight men confirm that DHA and cetoleic acid reflect herring intake, whereas β-alanine and 4-hydroxyproline are potential biomarkers for beef intake. The greater postprandial rise in 2-aminoadipic acid after the beef meal, coupled to its proposed role in stimulating insulin secretion, may have importance in the context of red meat intake and increased diabetes risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02381613.


Policymakers, academics, and market participants have raised many questions in recent years over the accuracy of China's official economic growth rates, both in terms of levels and volatility. This issue is of considerable importance for policymakers because fluctuations in China's economic activity can have significant impacts on growth, employment, inflation, and other policy objectives, given China's large shares of world output, trade, and commodity demand, and its rapidly growing role in global financial markets. This study addresses the question of growth volatility using a set of alternative growth indicators and concludes that China's official growth rate most likely has been implausibly smooth. Moreover, growth slowdowns during 2014-15 and 2017-19 were about twice as large as officially reported, while a growth rebound in 2016 was scarcely reported at all; the 2017-19 downturn was also shallower than that of 2014-15, by alternative measures. We argue that this picture fits reasonably well with other indicators of the global economy, China's own domestic data, and policy developments in China. Economic cycles in the period after the global financial crises have shown much shorter upturns and much longer downturns compared with the first decade after China joined the World Trade Organization. These cycles are likely to continue around a substantial slowdown in trend growth.


Abstract:In this article, we investigate the redistributive outcomes of the Finnish pension system. We hypothesize that a pension system does not straightforwardly diminish, maintain, or increase income differences after retirement, but it can have different outcomes for different groups. Our focus is on differences in changes in income between groups that vary in their timing and type of retirement. We make use of longitudinal register-based data from the Finnish Centre for Pensions and analyze income and retirement trajectories of Finnish employees born in 1948 from the age of 57 to 66 (N = 44,449). Our aim is to find out in what way trajectories of income from earnings and pensions are related to different types of retirement trajectories, while controlling for gender, sector of employment, and length of working life. Eight distinct retirement trajectories are identified using sequence analysis. The results of our multilevel regression models indicate that the pension system sustains inequalities related to gender and employment sector. Early old-age retirement and part-time retirement are associated with higher earnings and more generous pension entitlements, indicating cumulative advantage. Lower earnings are associated with higher risk of early exit through unemployment and disability pensions, while the pension system guarantees a minimum income level in retirement, resulting in status leveling. Those who retire later are relatively well off in work, but worse off in retirement, suggesting a status-leveling outcome. By disentangling these outcomes of the pension system, it is possible to learn social policy lessons for other national institutional contexts as well.


The success of many open source applications has motivated commercial firms to explore how they can benefit from opening their software platforms in hope of getting free high quality contributors and more complementary products. Yet the openness decision is tightly coupled with the pricing of the software (e.g. openness limits the price that can be charged) and the reinforcing feedback loops of network effects and complementary products. In this paper we explore how there interconnections impact the optimum pricing and openness decision for two firms in competition. Reinforcing loops increase the value of early market lead and put pressure on the competing firms to seek such advantage. We show that the competitive equilibrium under strong reinforcing loops calls for highly open software products with deep early discounts, which may significantly compromise the profitability of the players in the market. Proprietary platforms and higher prices are favored in the absence of these loops.


We introduce our explorative historical leveled approach that we use to understand drug debates in the Royal Dutch Library's digital newspaper archive. In this approach we alternate between distant reading and close reading. Furthermore, we use this approach to evaluate two text mining tools: AVResearcherXL and Texcavator.


The Learn By Doing Lab (LBDL) at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo is an on-campus laboratory where 5th through 8th grade students are taught by undergraduates who may be planning a careers in teaching. The two populations -elementary students and undergraduates - are equally important in the process. Since 2008, the lab has seen over 4000 elementary and junior high students and over 100 undergrads have participated. In most outreach assessment the number of individuals participating is an important metric, but this last Spring we experimented with a more in depth measure of effectiveness. As in any learning experience engagement in the process is an essential ingredient. Although there are several methods of measuring engagement, we chose to observe the activity of the participants as a proxy for engagement. Two industrial engineering (IE) undergraduates who themselves have been exposed to the topics of work sampling and observation studies had an opportunity to improve professional skills through this application. This involvement of undergraduates is consistent with the LBDL and Cal Poly's motto of "learn by doing." These two students, who are also coauthors, spent multiple hours coding and randomly sampling the of the elementary and junior high students as well as the undergraduate teacher's activities. Not only did the IE students discover important insights for the LDBL they also learned how to apply work sampling in a research setting. This paper discusses the integrated learning environment and the next steps involved in these undertakings.


This paper uses the relationship between graph conductance and spectral clustering to study (i) the failures of spectral clustering and (ii) the benefits of regularization. The explanation is simple. Sparse and stochastic graphs create several ``dangling sets'', or small trees that are connected to the core of the graph by only one edge. Graph conductance is sensitive to these noisy dangling sets and spectral clustering inherits this sensitivity. The second part of the paper starts from a previously proposed form of regularized spectral clustering and shows that it is related to the graph conductance on a ``regularized graph''. When graph conductance is computed on the regularized graph, we call it CoreCut. Based upon previous arguments that relate graph conductance to spectral clustering (e.g. Cheeger inequality), minimizing CoreCut relaxes to regularized spectral clustering. Simple inspection of CoreCut reveals why it is less sensitive to dangling sets. Together, these results show that unbalanced partitions from spectral clustering can be understood as overfitting to noise in the periphery of a sparse and stochastic graph. Regularization fixes this overfitting. In addition to this statistical benefit, these results also demonstrate how regularization can improve the computational speed of spectral clustering. We provide simulations and data examples to illustrate these results.


DURING THE EARLY years of T.S. Eliot's expatriation, when the aspiring poet was striving to establish himself as a writer in London, he undertook a rigorous and comprehensive rereading of American literature and history. At this time, during and immediately after World War One, Eliot also began to diagnose the malaise he believed to be afflicting western civilization, or what he was then fond of referring to as the "mind of Europe" ("Tradition," 39). Eliot's solution eventually required him to conflate the vocabularies of several disciplines--notably aesthetics, theology, politics, and psychology--in order to prescribe a remedy for the cultural ailment. Indeed, several scholars have noted that Eliot's most important historical formulation--the dissociation of sensibility-is itself a psychological diagnosis. Over the course of many years, Eliot would describe the ailment he detected as a variety of "immaturity," "heresy," "'provincialism," "whiggery," or any of several types of "hypertrophy." Eliot's aesthetic solution would involve an attempt to "reassemble" as many different aspects of the West's "dissociated" sensibility as was possible ("Wilkie," 461). This project of re-assembly led him to combine various literary styles into a coherent whole. In the process, he managed both to write some of the most innovative poetry of the twentieth century and to reinvent himself as an American-European. Eliot began to address this larger cultural dilemma in his quatrains, where his disciplined use of formal elements brought under control eclectic subject matter while providing an ironic contrast with the poems' frequently irreverent and eccentric passages. If The Waste Land can be read, at least in part, as the culminating aesthetic attempt to reintegrate the "mind of Europe" through its use of several innovative literary devices--stream of conscious associations, symboliste images, snippets of realist conversation, ironic juxtapositions, and a multivocal collage of allusions to the literatures of several nations--then it is imperative to read the quatrains that preceded The Waste Land, and especially "Sweeney Erect," as a necessary step on the way to the production of this masterpiece of modernism. Of course the quatrains, perhaps the most overlooked of Eliot's pre-Waste Land poems, can stand on their own merit. But to appreciate fully Eliot's individual works, it is best to understand the trajectory of his career and have a view of his entire corpus in mind. Eliot affirmed this in 1944 when he wrote that a "major poet is one the whole of whose work we ought to read, in order to appreciate any part of it," and one wonders if he was trying to correct his youthful claim that Hamlet was "most certainly an artistic failure" ("Minor," 47; "Hamlet," 47). The distaste Eliot and Pound were expressing after the Great War for the undisciplined excesses of free verse is well documented. The quatrains are more than a sustained move made against verse libre. Though they are ironic and contain allusive and at times esoteric subject matter, the poems are not merely derivative or reactionary. In fact, the poems are not so much negations of verse libre as they are conscious affirmations marking a formal return to a meter and stanzaic structure with a rich and storied history: The Bay Psalm Book. The first book ever printed in America, The Bay Psalm Book was published by Massachusetts Bay colonists (Winthrop mentions it in his journal in the late 1630s) who were not content to use the Psalm book of the rival and more radical Plymouth colony, whose collection--as Haraszti points out--had been translated in Holland and published overseas. In fact, Eliot's earliest American ancestor had been a member of the colony, and generations of his family had lived there and served prominently over the course of nearly three centuries. The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay were non-conforming but non-separating; initially, they acknowledged the authority of the Church of England and wanted to reform it from within rather than break from it, the route prescribed by the Pilgrims. …


Ambient Intelligence technologies have not yet been widely adopted in safety critical scenarios. This principally has been due to fact that acceptable degrees of dependability have not been reached for the applications that rely on such technologies. However, the new critical application domains, like Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Hospitals, which are currently emerging, are increasing the need for methodologies and tools that can improve the reliability of the final systems. This paper presents a middleware architecture for safety critical Ambient Intelligence applications which provides the developer with services for runtime verification. It is now possible to continuously monitor and check the running system against correctness properties defined at design time. Moreover, a visual tool which allows the formal design of several of the characteristics of an Ambient Intelligence application and the automatic generation of setting up parameters and code for the middleware infrastructure is also presented.


The popularization of multimedia content on the Web has arised the need to automatically understand, index and retrieve it. In this paper we present ViTS, an automatic Video Tagging System which learns from videos, their web context and comments shared on social networks. ViTS analyses massive multimedia collections by Internet crawling, and maintains a knowledge base that updates in real time with no need of human supervision. As a result, each video is indexed with a rich set of labels and linked with other related contents. ViTS is an industrial product under exploitation with a vocabulary of over 2.5M concepts, capable of indexing more than 150k videos per month. We compare the quality and completeness of our tags with respect to the ones in the YouTube-8M dataset, and we show how ViTS enhances the semantic annotation of the videos with a larger number of labels (10.04 tags/video), with an accuracy of 80,87%. Extracted tags and video summaries are publicly available.1


After an introduction, the authors derive some common industrial make-buy situations. Six prominent economic theories of the firm are then outlined, before setting criteria to select the most appropriate economic theory for deciding when to make and when to buy. An augmented transactions cost theory may we1l be the most secure basis for a manager, in an industrial setting, to decide what to make within, and what to buy outside, the firm.


In the present study Ultrasonic velocity (u), density (n) and viscosity (c) have been measured at 2MHz frequency in the binary mixtures of Pyridoxine Hydrochloride with water in the concentration range (0 to 0.1 M) at 3030K using Ultrasonic interferometer technique. The measured value of ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been used to estimate the acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (âa), relaxation time (o), acoustic impedance (z), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf) and internal pressure (Pi), with a view to investigate the nature and strength of molecular interaction in the binary mixture of Pyridoxine hydrochloride with water. The obtained result support the occurrence of Complex formationmolecular association through intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the binary liquid mixtures.


This thesis explores the relationship between ethnicity and television viewing in
France by means of a case study focusing on the situation comedy Fruits et Legumes.
The programme, which was partly financed by the French government via the Fonds
d'Action Sociale (FAS), portrays the everyday life of an Algerian family living in
France, and was intended to be a French version of The Cosby Show. The FAS was
aiming to produce a television series that would not only reassure the French public
about the "innocuous" nature of the Maghrebi population in France but would also
encourage it to identify with an immigrant family. The present study set out to
investigate the role of ethnicity in shaping viewers' perceptions of the programme and
the extent to which Fruits et Legumes may have encouraged greater understanding
among viewers of different ethnic origins.
A sample of 49 viewers was constructed so as to encompass three ethnic
groups ("native" French people, those of Maghrebi origin and people originating from
sub-Saharan/Central Africa), gender differences, two age groups (18 to 30 year olds
and those over the age of 40), and two levels of education (those with less than a
baccalaureat and those with university education). These respondents viewed a
sample episode individually and then took part in one-to-one, in-depth interviews.
Using Hall's three proposed reading positions - dominant, negotiated and oppositional
in relation to the preferred meaning within the text - as a basic structure within which
to analyse decodings of the episode, a further set of interpretive categories was
evolved for the purposes of this study. Having classified viewer decodings of the
programme, patterns in these readings were analysed, so as to ascertain whether there
was a correlation between these distributions of decodings and respondents' ethnicity,
gender, age or educational level.
It was found that nearly a third of all decodings diverged significantly from
the preferred meaning. Numerous patterns amongst viewer responses were identified,
and ethnicity was found to be the main variable shaping these interpretive communities, although in certain instances gender, generation and educational level
were the defining factors. These results do not imply, however, that ethnicity will
invariably have the greatest influence on the decoding process, as it would seem
probable that if the programme had been "non-ethnically marked", ethnicity would
have shaped decodings to a lesser extent.


Krishna Godavari Basin is a peri-cratonic passive margin basin on the east coast of India (Figure 1). The onland part consists of 28 000 km2 and is mostly alluvium covered. Krishna and Godavari are the two major river systems which drain the area and discharge in the Bay of Bengal. The offshore basinal area covers 24 000 km2 to the isobath of 200 m. However, the basin extends into deeper water and covers a much larger area. The basin's characteristic feature is its en-echelon horst and graben system which is filled with a thick pile of sediments of Permian-to-Recent age and emerging as one of India's most promising petroliferous areas. Commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons occurs in sediments from the Permian to as young as the Pliocene.


Tropical montane forests are amongst the most threatened ecosystems by climate change. However, little is known about climatic changes already observed in these montane areas in Africa, or the adaptation strategies used by pastoralist communities. This article, focused on three mountains in northern Kenya, aims to fill these knowledge gaps. Focus-group discussions with village elders were organised in ten villages on each mountain (n=30). Villages covered different pastoralist ethnic groups. Historical data on rainfall, temperature and fog was gathered from Marsabit Meteorological station. All participants reported changes in the amount and distribution of rainfall, fog, temperature and wind for the past 20-30 years; regardless of the mountain or ethnicity. They particularly highlighted the reduction in fog. Meteorological evidence on rainfall, temperature and fog agreed with local perceptions; particularly important was a 60% reduction in hours of fog per year since 1981. Starting farming and shifting to camel herding were the adaptive strategies most commonly mentioned. Some adaptive strategies were only mentioned in one mountain or by one ethnic group (e.g. starting the cultivation of khat). We highlight the potential use of local communities' perceptions to complement climatic records in data-deficient areas, such as many tropical mountains, and emphasise the need for more research focused on the adaptation strategies used by pastoralists.


The microenvironment can regulate osteoblast behavior during integration of implants with host bones. An intrinsically magnetic field induced by an Fe3+ doped TiO2 coating was applied herein to enhance the cytocompatibility of Ti. Porous TiO2 incorporated with different amounts of Fe (2.27-11.07 wt%) was directly prepared on Ti by micro-arc oxidation. The microstructure, roughness, wettability, ion releasing and magnetic property of TiO2 coatings were investigated. Cell behavior, including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, collagen secretion and extracellular matrix mineralization on coating surfaces was evaluated. The results show that incorporation of Fe3+ did not significantly alter the phase component, topography, roughness and wettability of coatings, and with increased doses of Fe3+, trace amounts of Fe3+ were released into the media, whereas the Ca2+ accumulation concentration slightly decreased. Fe-Doped TiO2 displayed a weak ferromagnetic property, and its saturation magnetization value increased initially and then decreased with the increased dose of Fe. Compared with the undoped, proliferation, expression of osteogenesis-related genes, collagen secretion and extracellular matrix mineralization of osteoblasts were enhanced with Fe doped ones, especially for those with 4.25 wt% Fe. By analyzing the structures and properties of different surfaces and their osteoblast responses, it is deduced that the ferromagnetism of Fe doped TiO2 plays a key role in enhancing osteoblast behavior. Such a result provides a new perspective for the potential application of ferromagnetic coatings in bone repair.


The aim of this research was to identify the abutment-implant gap using 20 N or 30 N torques for the abutment. A descriptive study was designed using 3 internal hex implant systems from four different companies; the implants were manipulated in a usual way, installing the respective prosthetic abutment in each platform using 20 N/cm2 and 30 N/cm2 torque. Then, observations were made and photos taken a LEO 1420 VP scanning electron microscope; the data were analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality and t-test for related samples, considering a value of p<0.05 for significant differences to compare the group with 20N and the group with 30N torque. Significant differences were identified between the gap in abutments installed with either 20 N/cm2 or 30 N/cm2, with fewer differences being observed in the latter group. There were wide variations between the study units, with reductions from 49% to 23% from the interface with the lower (20 N/cm2) to the higher torque (30 N/cm2). It can be concluded that the installation torque of prosthetic abutments influences the interface between prosthetic connector and implant surface.


This is the second article in the methodology series; it focuses on different ways to analyze data graphically. As is the case for all articles in this series, the authors welcome comments from all readers who have suggestions about the way information is presented or questions about content. This treatment is not comprehensive and does not replace information found in textbooks or peer-reviewed articles. Beyond their experience, the authors have used textbooks, articles, and Web sites as sources, and they recommend that readers do likewise (see Bibliography) for more detailed explanations of the content of this article.Scenario: Raj, the junior member of an architectural firm we met in the first article in this series, has been asked by his boss to present the results of his analysis of the survey data previously collected. The chief executive officer (CEO) from the hospital where the data were collected will be there, too. Raj contacts his colleague, Sarah, for help about how to do this. Their conversation follows.Raj: Sarah, thanks for your previous help with understanding and computing descriptive statistics. My boss wants me to present the survey results to the hospital CEO and chief operating officer. I was planning to take some of the descriptive statistics I created and present them in tables. How does that sound?Sarah: That is certainly one way to present the information, Raj. Descriptive statistics are certainly valuable, and it makes sense to discuss these statistics in your presentation. To further strengthen your presentation and better explain the results, however, I would also include graphical displays of the data.Raj: Graphical displays? Would that be similar to the histograms we created previously?Sarah: Yes. In fact, histograms are one type of graphical display of data. For this discussion, I am going to use a data set I collected for a different project. First, though, I need to explain the advantages of graphical analysis of data.Graphical analyses of data are important because they communicate valuable information beyond that contained in descriptive statistics-and even in more complicated statistical analyses. Welldesigned plots of data stimulate comparisons that can lead to new understanding, and they can uncover patterns and structure in the data that might be missed in statistical analysis. Graphical displays allow the viewer to immediately see outliers (i.e., data points that are quite different from the majority of data points) as well as relationships between variables (curvilinear associations, for example) that would not be evident solely by examining statistics.Graphical displays also allow one to see trends or changes across a number of different factors. They can reveal distinct clusters (groupings) in the data related to a previously unknown variable. For example, the histograms below visually depict central tendency (where the data points tend to cluster) and variability (spread in the data) for a variable such as noise. In this example, noise is a built environment factor that is measured with three questions about whether noise is minimized in the hospital setting.Each of the questions contained a 1 = Strongly Disagree to 7 = Strongly Agree Likert-type rating scale. The histograms in Figure 1 are based on the average responses to the three questions for each of the participants who answered these questions. In this example, two factors are depicted. The first factor is the type of participant who answered the noise questions: family members of patients, patients, staff , and physicians. The second is the clinic in which the participants were located: A, B, C, and D.By examining the histograms, we can see that within participant type, responses tend to be similar. Notice that family member responses tend to be clustered near the high end of the response scale (i.e., responses tend to indicate agreement with the questions about noise). …


As deep learning continues to make progress for challenging perception tasks, there is increased interest in combining vision, language, and decision-making. Specifically, the Vision and Language Navigation (VLN) task involves navigating to a goal purely from language instructions and visual information without explicit knowledge of the goal. Recent successful approaches have made in-roads in achieving good success rates for this task but rely on beam search, which thoroughly explores a large number of trajectories and is unrealistic for applications such as robotics. In this paper, inspired by the intuition of viewing the problem as search on a navigation graph, we propose to use a progress monitor developed in prior work as a learnable heuristic for search. We then propose two modules incorporated into an end-to-end architecture: 1) A learned mechanism to perform backtracking, which decides whether to continue moving forward or roll back to a previous state (Regret Module) and 2) A mechanism to help the agent decide which direction to go next by showing directions that are visited and their associated progress estimate (Progress Marker). Combined, the proposed approach significantly outperforms current state-of-the-art methods using greedy action selection, with 5% absolute improvement on the test server in success rates, and more importantly 8% on success rates normalized by the path length.


Leukocyte-endothelium interactions play a key role in regulation of the inflammatory response, leukocytes migration and ischaemia-reperfusion injury. These adhesive reactions controlling the circulation of leukocytes, are key parts of immune surveillance arising from extravasation of neutrophils, and migration into tissue to eliminate invading microorganism. They also play important role in the generation of ischaemic-reperfusion injury of different organs including brain. Plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules may be a diagnostic marker of the systemic endothelial injury. It is likely that the next few years bring new therapies to control leukocyte-endothelial interaction by directly inhibiting the adhesion molecules or by modulating their expression.


Public opinions toward emergent technologies may be highly dependent on the manner in which people are introduced to these technologies for the very first time. In this light, understanding how such first introductions are related to adolescents' information seeking behaviors and their developing opinions may be particularly interesting because this target public can be considered to be not only future users of the technology but also future decision makers of its development. The present paper presents a case study of the introduction of ecogenomics among 246 adolescents who were asked to inform themselves about this technology and to write two essays: one that would reflect their personal opinions, and another that would reflect their advice to the Dutch government about further funding of ecogenomics research. Results showed that the Internet was by far their preferred source of information and that most adolescents held positive attitudes toward ecogenomics as expressed in essays that reflected their personal opinions and advice to others. In their perspective, ecogenomics was a positive development in science because of expected benefits concerning medical and environmental applications, such as the potential discovery of new antibiotics and the possible use in bioremediation.


This study of the area around St Saviour s Abbey (Alto Lazio/Tuscia, Viterbo, southern Etruria, Italy) is based on multidisciplinary research methods which employ analyses of documents, surveys, aerial archaeology, and modern computer technologies to determine the connection between archaeological and documentary data. The abbey, according to tradition, was founded by the Lombard King Ratchis. The main objective of this volume is to determine archaeological evidence that may be linked to the many settlements reported in the abbey s extant literary and MSS resources."


Implicit arguments, which cannot be detected solely through syntactic cues, make it harder to extract predicate-argument tuples. We present a new model for implicit argument prediction that draws on reading comprehension, casting the predicate-argument tuple with the missing argument as a query. We also draw on pointer networks and multi-hop computation. Our model shows good performance on an argument cloze task as well as on a nominal implicit argument prediction task.


ABSTRACT/RESUE This study of Quebec's cultural policy examines the place of cultural diversity within the institutional discourse on culture. Drawing on an analytical framework that focusses on the "majority" category, the research questions the relative treatment of majority and minority groups in this discourse. The article provides a perspective that can be used to identify the analytical links between the development of a normative pluralism in Quebec, on the one hand, and the social parameters of the majority category, on the other. La presente etude examine la place de la diversite culturelle au sein du discours institutionnel sur la culture, principalement a partir des politiques de la culture au Quebec depuis 1961. A partir d'un cadre d'analyse centre sur l'examen de la categorie majoritaire - dont l'analyse demeure parcellaire en sociologic - on se demande si la diversite concerne tant le groupe majoritaire que les groupes minoritaires. Dans l'ensemble, il s'agit d'une perspective qui vise cerner les liens et les elements d'analyse a etablir entre le developpement d'un pluralisme normatif au Quebec et les parametres sociaux de la categorie majoritaire. INTRODUCTION This study situates diversity as it appears in institutional discourse about culture, using the notion of "majority" as its main analytical tool. It approaches the interethnic dynamic in Quebec society via the notion of culture as it appears in cultural policies produced by Quebec's ministere de la Culture et des Communications (1) since that department's creation. The focus is on the institutional and ideological dimensions of majority/minority social relations, and more specifically, on normative pluralism. How plural identities appear at the institutional level is one important aspect, while another is assessing to what extent the value placed on plural identities affects both majority and minority groups. Following the transformation of the intercthnic dynamics of Quebec's society that marked the late 1970s, the notion of culture has come to occupy an important place in the definition of the Quebecois nationalistic project. In Quebec, French Canadians (more commonly designated "Quebecois" since the 1960s) have become a sociological majority (2) in recent decades, a period when Quebec society has become more ethnically diverse than ever (see Piche, this issue). Examining Quebec's cultural policies, as well as the way culture is defined institutionally and how such policies relate to diversity, offers a promising research focus for analyzing the notion of majority and outlining its main parameters. At present, I am not aware of any study that looks at cultural policies as a field for the study of normative pluralism. But as Handler (1988) has noted, cultural policies are associated with promoting a certain uniformity at the national level. These policies are likely to present an idealized social portrait of the nation whose traits are deemed worthy of being cherished and promoted. Furthermore, the institutional field of culture is now taking on wider significance on a global level. Culture and the sphere of education are seen to need protection from the effects of globalization by many governments. Since 1998, following the path opened by the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, a network of ministers of culture from around the world (3) has been created, its mandate being to protect cultural diversity from the threat believed to accompany the process of globalization. One of the first priorities identified by this network is to reject the notion that culture should be considered a commodity, as that is likely to give rise to cultural homogenization. One can argue that international diversity, as promoted by this network, is part and parcel of diversity within nations. If cultural policy is seen as an international tool for promoting and protecting the world's cultural diversity, does this imply that only what is thought of as the culture of a nation should be promoted? …


Optical components are ubiquitous. Applications that use them include DVD players, audio devices, cell phones, re-writable drives, projection displays, and communication devices. This report concentrates on the role of micropackaging for the for next generation fiber optic components with an eye towards lower cost and higher volume.


A sixteen-week longitudinal study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of OCLC as a source of cataloging data and to optimize the timing of searches for cataloging copy for various categories of materials. The findings indicated a high rate of success and, further, suggested that for many types of materials a holding pattern might be unnecessary. A midsized research library should be able to clear about half of its monographic receipts immediately, if it is willing to accept CIP copy. For materials not searched immediately, or for subsequent searches of materials not cataloged at once, the data may be used to determine the best timing and frequency of searches.


Concept identification is a crucial step in understanding and building a knowledge base for any particular domain. However, it is not a simple task in very large domains such as restaurants and hotel. In this paper, a novel approach of identifying a concept hierarchy and classifying unseen words into identified concepts related to restaurant domain is presented. Sorting, identifying, classifying of domain-related words manually is tedious and therefore, the proposed process is automated to a great extent. Word embedding, hierarchical clustering, classification algorithms are effectively used to obtain concepts related to the restaurant domain. Further, this approach can also be extended to create a semi-automatic ontology on restaurant domain.


In conscious instrumented normotensive and two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hyperten-sive dogs, we compared the effects of the a-receptor blocking agent, urapidil, on blood pressure, renal vascular resistance, heart rate, and plasma renin activity with those of prazosin and phentolamine. Urapidil (2 mg/kg) and prazosin (0.25 mg/kg) decreased blood pressure and renal vascular resistance in both groups of animals, and urapidil caused a small increase in renal blood flow. Heart rate, but not plasma renin activity, was increased at the peak of the hypotension. Phentolamine had no significant effect on any of these parameters. All three agents markedly inhibited the renal vasoconstrictor responses to intraarterially administered phenylephrine and norepinephrine, and thus exhibited an (α1-receptor blocking action. Only urapidil significantly antagonized the response to B-HT 933, a selective os-receptor agonist, indicating that it also interacts at α2-receptor sites. Since both normo-tensive and hypertensive animals exhibited similar hypotensive responses after both urapidil and prazosin, the degree of α-receptor blockade achieved did not reveal greater sympathetic tone in renal hypertension.


Greeks, Romans, and Pilgrims examines the availability, circulation, and uses of classical knowledge in the earliest period of the settlement of New England, demonstrating the surprising awareness of Greek and Roman culture by the socially humble "Pilgrims" of Plymouth Plantation.


Media availability and fragmentation and the resulting possibilities of content selection have risen dramatically with the expansion of new digital media. Previous research has found that this may increase knowledge gaps among citizens with different resources and motivations. This article analyses how Internet use affects political knowledge gaps due to education and to political interest in Spain. As expected, frequent Internet users are more knowledgeable about politics than non-users. Furthermore, Internet use increases knowledge more for the highly educated than for citizens with lower levels of education. Thus, the political knowledge gap related to education seems to be growing with the introduction of new media. However, the knowledge gap between citizens with high and low levels of political interest is smaller for frequent Internet users than for non-users. These o ndings provide a complex picture and partially contradict the pessimistic theory about the impact of increasing media choice on political knowledge.


In the first part of this talk we survey our and others research efforts on human-computer interaction: natural, affective and social interactions. The assumption is that sensor-equipped environments are able to detect, interpret and anticipate our intentions and feelings. This allows more natural interaction between humans and intelligent environments that support human activity. However, it also allows these environments to collect more information about their human partners than these human partners may find desirable. Environments collect our lives, environments process our lives. Humans are becoming part of the 'Network of Things'. Their actions and activities are detected, anticipated and interpreted. The environment may provide alerts and suggestions to the user, it may also take decisions in the interest of the owner of the environment or in the interest of the user; and, it may be the case that the user does not fully understand the decisions that are made or simply does not agree with them. In the second part of our presentation we look at situations where it is quite acceptable or even desirable that part of the intentions and feelings of an interacting partner remains hidden for the other. The 'other' can be a human partner, but also a virtual human partner, a social robot, or a socially intelligent networked environment. Hiding information, not giving away yourselves, not always telling what you think, is natural behavior. It occurs in everyday life, but also in sports and entertainment situations. Non-cooperative behavior is often more natural than cooperative behavior. In this talk we will also discuss the many useful uses of non-cooperative behavior - for example in training and simulation environments - both from the point of view of a smart environment and from the point of view of human partners, users, or inhabitants of smart environments.


Generalized additive and generalized additive threshold models were used to study the relationship between landings per unit effort (LPUE) of anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, during the spawning season (May-October) from 2000-2010, and environmental variables, using sea surface data derived from satellite imagery (temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, and meridional and zonal velocity current) in three fishing zones defined along the Catalan coast. The configuration of the environment where spawning aggregations occur affects early life stages and therefore the future demographic structure of the population. It is therefore fundamental to define the environmental conditions and their variations during the spawning season. Our results show that the low salinity in the Northern and Central sector and the velocity of the zonal and meridional currents in the Central and Southern sector, respectively, implicated in retention processes, increase LPUE during the spawning period. Temperature was related to LPUE in the Southern and in the Northern sectors, in both of which a non-linear positive effect with a local maximum peak at lower temperature values was present. However, in the Northern sector, this relationship held only for the period before 2007. After 2007 the decrease in preferred temperature suggests a reduction of the thermal window in which adult spawner aggregations occur. In agreement with previous studies on this species, the relationships were non-linear, stressing the importance of the match in timing and location between favourable conditions and spawning period as a crucial event for understanding the dynamics of small pelagics populations.


Laser ignition with its many potential advantages in comparison to conventional spark plug ignition has been investigated in detail. As ignition source several, to a certain extent exclusive prototype ns, Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers were used. Experiments were performed in a constant volume, high pressure/temperature combustion chamber and with two gasoline research engines. On one engine a mechanical & thermal robust, passive Q-switched, diode pumped Nd:YAG laser combined with special optimized optics was mounted directly on the research engine. Despite the harsh environment on the engine, the laser ignition system was able to operate the engine more than 10 hours. It turned out that the laser can ignite far leaner mixtures than with the conventional spark plug which means a significant reduction of NOx. Further on, the ignition delay and combustion time is shorter and the coefficient of variation (COV) of the induced mean effective pressure (IMEP) is significantly smaller.


The genera of calcarinids Calcarina and Baculogypsina are the dominant foraminifera in the surface sediment of Green Island Reef of the Great Barrier Reef Province, northeastern Australia. Two species of Calcarina are recognized: C. spengleri (Gmelin) and C. mayori Cushman. Both species are common and widely distributed on the Great Barrier Reef and in the Indo-Pacific region but have been much confused in the literature. They are re-evaluated in this contribution. Hansen (1980) described and illustrated a neo-type of C. spengleri which is different in appearance to the lecto-type illustration of Gmelin, 1791. The neotype is inseparable from C. hispida Brady, 1884 and therefore the name spengleri has priority over hispida. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin) is the dominant species at Green Island and is common in shallow water on the reef flat. Calcarina mayori Cushman, a smaller less hispid species, is subordinate to C. spengleri and dominates in deeper water off the reef flat. This species has commonly been reported as C. spengleri or C. hispida. The monotypic genus Baculogypsina, represented by Baculogypsina sphaerulata Parker & Jones, does not dominate in any region but is a shallow water high-energy species on Green Island Reef.

These species are common and abundant epiphytes on a variety of reef top macroalgae, especially the reef-rim restricted algal turf. Due to their preference for shallow water, high-energy environments most calcarinid specimens suffer appreciable test surface degradation soon after death due to physical abrasion, breakage and bioerosion. Four taphonomic groups characterized by the preservation of Calcarina specimens are identified by cluster analysis of samples. Samples of groups 1 and 4, in which most Calcarina specimens are broken and abraded, characterize the reef flat where sediment reworking by biological agencies involving callianassid shrimp and endolith activity are dominant, as well as physical processes of degradation. Group 2 samples are composed primarily of Calcarina spines and occur in the leeward shoals. Sediment grains in this area have a long surface residence time and are little affected by waves and current agitation. Spines are considered to represent the most resistant of Calcarina fragments. Group 3 samples contain the best preserved Calcarina at Green Island Reef and are located in the windward shoals. A high production rate applies in this zone but the tests have suffered significant impact damage indicating that physical processes dominate degradation. Group 4 samples typify shallow water samples close to the reef flat where physical energy plays a significant role in these areas and therefore has a high degree of abrasion and breakage.

The distribution of all three calcarinid species is limited to the western Indo-Pacific. Despite the occurrence of C. spengleri around India, these calcarinids are otherwise absent from the Indian Ocean and also absent east of 170°W. They are shallow water tropical species and are particularly abundant on coral reef flats.


ABSTRACT Absconding is a potentially risky event that has wide reaching consequences both for the institution and greater community; however, few studies have examined the characteristics of clients who abscond, their motivations, and details about their absconding event, especially within a forensic context. The purpose of this research was to determine if risk factors could be identified that might predict absconding behavior. A retrospective chart review was conducted of all reported absconding events between 1 January 2012 and 31 August 2015 by clients on forensic units in a public psychiatric hospital in Ontario, Canada. In addition, these clients were matched with a comparison group. Categories of motivations for absconding including goal-directed, frustration/boredom, symptomatic/disorganized, and impulsive/opportunistic were identified. The best indicator of a client's risk for absconding was having experienced a stressful, significant event in the two weeks prior to the absconding event. Additionally, total scores on the HCR-20 and the presence of a co-occurring substance use disorder differentiated the absconders from the comparison group. This research contributes to our knowledge base regarding absconding events by forensic psychiatric patients and highlights specific targets for clinical staff in assessing risk for absconding and managing privileges leading to more effective care planning.


The literature referred to here provided information concerning the epidemiology of hypodontia and
its association with other developmental anomalies. Current research with the major developments in molecular biology has focused on the genetic component of the aetiology mainly on animals. Limited information has been gained
from human studies concerning the morphology of different teeth in hypodontia. The present research is both methodological and investigative in nature.
The aims of this study were to measure crown morphology of the permanent dentitions for hypodontia subjects divided
according to severity of hypodontia into mild, moderate and severe groups and a control group, and then to compare the measurements of groups. All subjects were of white Caucasian origin and were unrelated. The study groups were balanced for size (N = 40), gender (N = 20) and age. The effect of both severity of hypodontia and gender were examined. The total study population was N= 161.
A new measurement system using image analysis and new measurement index for tooth taper were developed,
validated and then utilised in the main study. The image analysis technique and tooth taper measurement were validated against the classical manual measurements and subjective scoring respectively. The errors of measurements were assessed by duplicate measurements to determine the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. It was found that measurements for all study variables were repeatable without systematic error and with small method error. Comprehensive measurements (N = 15) were obtained from both the buccal and occlusal views for
the following dimensions of tooth crowns: The principal mesiodistal (MDb and MDo) and buccolingual (BL), proportional mesiodistal (MD25, MD50 and MD75) and
buccolingual (BLm and BLd), occlusogingival
(OG), perimeter (Pb and Po), area (Ab and Ao) and the distance between MDb and occlusal level (Db) and between MDo and buccal border of tooth crown
(Do). A number of indices (N = 5) to evaluate
tooth crown morphology were also calculated: Tooth
taper determination index (MD50/MD75), crown indices
of buccal morphology (CIBMI and CIBM2 i.
e. MDb/OG and Db/OG respectively) and crown indices of occlusal morphology
(CIOMI and CIOM2 i. e. MDo/BL and Do/BL
respectively). Two-way analysis of variance
followed by multi-comparison
tests with Bonferroni
adjustment
for
the significance
levels were employed
in
the main study.
The
results of the main study revealed significant differences between hypodontia groups
and control subjects
for
the following measurement variables: MDb, Db, OG, Pb, Ab,
MD25, MD50, MD75, tooth taper, CIBM2, MDo, Do, BL, Ao, Po, BLm and BLd.
Hypodontia subjects demonstrated
significantly smaller measurement values
than controls
except Db, tooth taper and CIBM2. The
severity of hypodontia affected
the degree of
difference in
tooth morphology;
for many variables
the more severe the hypodontia the
greater the difference from
controls. There were only a
few
significant
differences between
hypodontia
and control groups
for
the variables CIBM1, CIOM1 and CIOM2.
Gender differences (within groups)
indicated
that males
tend to show
larger measurements
than females
although
few findings
reached statistical significance.
The symmetry of right and
left measurements
(MDb and tooth taper), the number of cusps
in
the premolar and molar teeth and the intermaxillary
ratios were
investigated. The
findings
suggest that asymmetry
in bilateral measurements appeared to be increased in
hypodontia
subjects. Descriptive data also suggest that all the intermaxillary
ratios
tend to
be larger in hypodontia than the control group. There was a tendency for the reduction
in
the number of cusps
for hypodontia
subjects than controls. Again, these
findings were
related to severity of hypodontia.
Thus,
variation
in tooth morphology
in patients with hypodontia was clearly established.
The differences were related to the severity of the condition. However, there were also
variations
in
the measurements between individuals with hypodontia
of the same severity
group. A possible explanation
is the multifactorial aetiology of the condition.
In certain
groups, especially with severe hypodontia,
the small numbers of some tooth types which
developed may also have influenced the results.


While analyzing the transcripts of interviews with cancer survivors and writing up her findings, the first author found herself suffering from a writer's block of sorts. She was stuck, unable to move forward, encircled by a cloud of voices. Some voices came from the empirical data of the study, others emerged out of her private personal experiences, and one materialized from somewhere altogether more mysterious, urging her to bring the two together. This performance text aims to evoke that struggle to grapple with the many 'ghosts' that haunt our research (Doucet, 2008), while also working through the challenge of telling a 'true' cancer story (Park-Fuller, 2008). Interviews with 26 members of Gilda's Club of Greater Toronto (a meeting place for people affected by cancer) served as the data that was analyzed utilizing narrative analysis. Excerpts from the interviews were woven together to create the lines spoken by the character of the father. Three additional speaking parts were created—the daughter, the ghost, and the narrator—to help explore themes of isolation, navigation, and reflexivity. Thus, this is a story about feeling lost as a person living with cancer. But it is also a story about feeling lost as a researcher. Ultimately, it is the story of individuals struggling to make the pieces of their lives fit together, struggling to make their way forward, without always knowing how to do either.


European Works Councils (EWCs) provide transnational information and consultation mechanisms for employee representatives in multinational companies (MNCs). By organising meetings between central management and employee representatives from the EU Member States in which the companies operate, the EWC builds a bridge between the headquarters where strategic decisions are made and the workplaces where these decisions have an impact on employees. This report explores the efforts of the members in 10 EWCs to enhance these bodies for European companylevel social dialogue. Looking at the developments in EWCs over a longer period of time gives an insight into how practices evolve and how they achieve their objectives. Based on the 10 longitudinal case studies, a comparative analysis explores the factors that can influence these developments and assesses in particular the impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis and of the recast directive 2009/38/EC. Other factors, such as company characteristics and whether these can influence developments in the composition or functioning of EWCs, are also considered.


Diverse artifacts in contemporary Chinese visual culture—from urban screens to architectural models, art exhibits, and viral media—share a panoramic breadth. This article suggests, however, that we should regard panorama not as a preordained form but as a discursive construct that posits an imaginary vantage point. Panorama as method notes the use of scale, recording of the skyline, and mediation of the cityscape. The article asks what material conditions and ideological circumstances allow for the existence of the images at hand and what brings us to identify them as panoramic. The implications reach far beyond specific artifacts: panorama as method challenges accepted paradigms about the relationship between the modern subject and urban space, including the distinction between cartographic vision and street-level immersion. The article focuses on what may be called the panoramic imaginary in contemporary Chinese urbanism: a visual emphasis on expansive space by scaling the built environment up and down, thereby recalibrating social relations and relocating civic engagement to virtual spaces.


Marketing in business is the task of finding and stimulating buyers for a firms's output. Product development, pricing, distribution, and communication are the mainstays of marketing, while progressive firms also develop new products and chart the trends and changes in people's needs and desires. Marketing can either apply its knowledge to social problems and organizations or remain in a narrowly defined business activity. Every organization has basically the same functions: personnel management, production, income, and promotion, which are using modern marketing skills in commercial sectors. Suppliers and consumers are needed by all organizations. In Canada a group wished to promote an antismoking campaign but they had little money compared to the tobacco companies. This group used modern marketing techniques to combat their lack of funds and found many ways, e.g., books, articles. A business firm uses a multitude of marketing tools to sell its product. Nonbusiness organizations frequently do not integrate their programs the way the businesses place all activities under one marketing vice president and department. Astute marketing depends on continuous feedback from consumers and suppliers. They are dependent upon up-to-the-minute research that tells them about changes in the environment and moves of competitors. Nonbusiness organizations are often casual about the research upon which they base their vital decisions.


after erythropoietin therapy, rapid regression upon discontinuation of therapy, and the rare conversion to erythroleukemia dictate caution in the use of erythropoietin in patients with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia.


Landmarks are treated with kid gloves during restoration, but striking a balance between costs and aesthetics is difficult. In addition to structural integrity, original construction methods and materials must also be considered. This sort of detailed, archival research, however, is not typical of developers, engineers or architects. Therefore, historical consultants and facade chemists are hired to determine how a structure can be restored without damaging it. The reasoning is more than aesthetic: Experts stand behind a developer if the Department of the Interior questions their work; if the work is done incorrectly, a developer can lose his 20% federal tax credit. Landmark commissions work closely with architect, engineer and construction manager, but they're generally flexible about many aspects of the rehab. However, experts say they clearly draw the line between restoration and replication. Although the urge might be to roll out the wrecking ball, demolish the creaky structure and start from scratch, in many cases it simply is not allowed. Three structures on the National Register of Historic Places (Mead Hall at Drew University, Philadelphia's City Hall Tower and the Colorado St. Bridge in Pasadena, Calif.) illustrate the challenges that go into landmark restoration.


The development of fully automated vehicles is becoming more and more present in the social discussion. The image of fully automated cars is determined by automobile manufacturers and placed in the context of individual traffic. In contrast to fully autonomous private cars, fully automated public transport is already operating in some cities and is to be expanded in the future. Autonomous public transport offers great potential for the development and promotion of sustainable mobility concepts. However, the user acceptance is important for the enforcement and widespread use of these technical innovations. An online study on the acceptance of fully automated public transport based on quantitative data of a sample of N = 201 is presented. The results show a high level of familiarity with the topic and a very high level of overall intention to use fully automated public transport in the future.


The shift in the care of people with serious mental illness to community-based care has been the subject of intense policy, educational and research activity, yet the provision of effective services remains problematic. This book brings together experts from a range of disciplines to provide a comprehensive and contemporary account of community services. Section I: Contemporary Issues in Community Health Care Services provides an informed and critical overview of the effect of policy framework, organizational structures, economic issues and the principles of 'good' practice in the provision of community services for people with serious mental health problems. Section II: Specific Intervention strategies summarises much of the work to date on working effectively with people who have serious mental health problems. It combines research evidence and practical illustrations of approaches and interventions with informed comment on their efficacy and implementation in routine clinical practice. Chapters include key points, case studies, questions for reflection and discussion and suggested further reading. Relevant research and evidence is cited throughout and the need for further research in this area are emphasised. All students and practitioners involved in planning, providing and evaluating services for people who have serious mental health problems will find this book an invaluable source of information for developing and delivering effective services.


In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Habsburg government had a very complicated task of inventing some form of supranational identity as an alternative to nationalist programs in Cisleithania. It sought to craft this supranational identity first and foremost as part of the self-images of schoolchildren as future citizens. One of the major ways to create and solidify a notion of a common "Austrian" identity in school history classes was to highlight the Habsburg wars, triumphal and bloody battles, and military heroes as reminders of an integrated supranational past. Official instructions obliged teachers to emphasize the "heroic times of Austria," its "glorious battles," and its "valiant wars," as emphasis on these episodes of the past, it was hoped, would further the development of "the idea of the integrated statehood in Austria." In this article, I offer an example of this cult of the Austrian wars in school education by the ways in which the wars fought during the early period of Francis Joseph's rule, namely, the Sardinian war of 1859 and the Seven Weeks' War of 1866, were taught to later generations of schoolchildren. Ironically, the fact that Austria lost these wars was humiliating. Nevertheless, during the late period of Francis Joseph's rule, narratives and visual depictions of the events of these wars in schoolbooks strongly contributed to the formation of a heroic image of the Austrian army and to the idea of just Habsburg rule. I focus in my discussion first on how the accounts of the wars in schoolbooks deviated from the historical facts and, second, on how these accounts nonetheless furthered the emergence of the "Austrian" identity.