Networking for Home and Small Businesses CCNA Discovery Learning Guide Allan ReidJim Lorenz Networking for Home and Small Businesses, CCNA Discovery Learning Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Networking for Home and Small Businesses course in the Cisco Networking Academy CCNA Discovery curriculum version 4. The course, the first of four in the new curriculum, teaches networking concepts by applying them to a type of network you may encounter in a home or small office. The Learning Guide, written and edited by instructors, is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time. In addition, the book includes expanded coverage of CCENT/CCNA exam topics. The books features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course: Chapter ObjectivesReview core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter. Key TermsRefer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter. The Glossary defines each key term. Summary of Activities and LabsMaximize your study time with this complete list of all associated exercises at the end of each chapter. Check Your UnderstandingEvaluate your readiness with the end-of-chapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer. Challenge Questions and ActivitiesApply a deeper understanding of the concepts with these challenging end-of-chapter questions and activities. The answer key explains each answer. Hands-on LabsMaster the practical, hands-on skills of the course by performing all the tasks in the course labs and additional challenge labs included in Part II of the Learning Guide. Allan Reid is the curriculum lead for CCNA and a CCNA and CCNP instructor at the Centennial College CATC in Toronto, Canada. Jim Lorenz is an instructor and curriculum developer for the Cisco Networking Academy. How ToLook for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to perform certain tasks. Interactive ActivitiesReinforce your understanding of topics with more than 50 different exercises from the online course identified through-out the book with this icon. The files for these activities are on the accompanying CD-ROM. Packet Tracer Activities Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout some chapters. The files for these activities are on the accompanying CD-ROM. Packet Tracer v4.1 software developed by Cisco is available separately. Hands-on LabsWork through all 26 course labs and 3 additional challenge labs included in Part II of the book. The labs are an integral part of the CCNA Discovery curriculum, so you can review the core text and the lab material to prepare for all your exams. Companion CD-ROM The CD-ROM includes Interactive Activities Packet Tracer Activity files IT Career Information Taking Notes Lifelong Learning OSI Model Overview This book is part of the Cisco Networking Academy Series from Cisco Press. Books in this series support and complement the Cisco Networking Academy curriculum.


Abstract Wind-power development is occurring throughout North America, but its effects on mammals are largely unexplored. Our objective was to determine response (i.e., home-range, diet quality) of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development in southwestern Oklahoma. Ten elk were radiocollared in an area of wind-power development on 31 March 2003 and were relocated bi-weekly through March 2005. Wind-power construction was initiated on 1 June 2003 and was completed by December 2003 with 45 active turbines. The largest composite home range sizes (>80 km2) occurred April–June and September, regardless of the status of wind-power facility development. The smallest home range sizes (<50 km2) typically occurred in October–February when elk aggregated to forage on winter wheat. No elk left the study site during the study and elk freely crossed the gravel roads used to access the wind-power facility. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes and percent nitrogen in feces suggested that wind-power development did not affect nutrition of elk during construction. Although disturbance and loss of some grassland habitat was apparent, elk were not adversely affected by wind-power development as determined by home range and dietary quality.


Australia represents a global proving ground for effective riparian climate change adaptation due to its scale and diversity, extreme variation in runoff and degrees of aridity. An array of autonomous riparian zone (RZ) management adaptations have emerged in Australia that have captivated the international community but have yet to be effectively delivered. This paper reviews government policies, governance structures, the application of market-based instruments and voluntary measures to ask why Australia has not achieved more. We find promise in: the resurgence of application of indigenous knowledge and engagement in management; understanding of the catalytic roles of women, means of better engaging individuals, strengthening of social networks and fostering leadership in rural communities; transferring of urban resources to their rural hinterlands; better engaging communities through campaigns, businesses and political leaders; and strategic research programmes. These findings have application in other difficult hydrologies. We contend that government and market-based programmes are underpinned by voluntary and cultural institutions, and that these require strengthening through fostering of an ethic to conserve RZs as the core element of the biophysical and human landscape. It calls for stakeholders to adopt a common vision for conservation of RZs that can sustain implementation through institutional changes.


The directors of a company can not dispose of the whole or the greater part of the company or the whole or the greater part of the assets of the company unless they obtain the approval of the general meeting by way of a special resolution by the members. The general meeting's approval can be obtained prior to the entering into proposed transaction or by way of ratification after having entered into such transaction.


Today`s dynamic and competitive business environment puts an ever increasing pressure on companies to innovate, redesign processes, and leverage the potential of partnerships along the supply chain. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology offering a solution. RFID can be used to automate and streamline identification processes at decreased costs. However, as RFID is only a way to collect the data at the lowest level, the technology must be integrated with the supply chain management systems. Also, the various information systems along the supply chain must be integrated to allow for exchange and in order to give a meaning to the data. This study deals with RFID technology introduction and impacts on supply chain management systems to give an insight into the current issues and status of the technology. It examines five RFID projects carried out by companies operating in different industries. The presentation and discussion of the results will help to better understand what RFID can deli ver, what deficiencies companies reveal and where its application in supply chain operations is sensible and likely to occur.


Recent research has directed attention to the transformative potential of war for female empowerment. As a disruptive shock, armed conflict can create a window of opportunity for advancing the societal role of women. We complement this research agenda by looking at how conflict severity and termination condition the outcomes for women in the aftermath of civil conflict. We expect that both level of violence and mode of resolution affect subsequent female empowerment, where severe conflicts ending by a negotiated settlement have the greatest transformative potential. Consistent with expectations, we find that post-conflict improvements in female empowerment occur primarily after high-intensity civil conflicts. However, subsequent tests reveal that this effect is driven largely by conflicts terminated by peace agreements. The greatest improvement in female empowerment is seen when peace agreements have gender-specific provisions. These results support calls for a sustained effort toward mainstreaming gender issues in conflict resolution and peacebuilding processes.


Globally the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by strong competition, research-intensive and protracted new product development (NPD) processes, intensive regulation and extensive alliance activity. Policy regimes and operating environments differ markedly, however. Here we examine how these differences impact on the NPD strategies of biopharmaceutical firms in the USA and three major EU economies (the UK, France and Germany). Our analysis suggests four key differences between firms' NPD strategies in the two areas. First, while levels of R&D intensity and continuity are broadly similar in the two areas, US firms have notably stronger patent profiles, and are significantly more active in technology licensing than their European counterparts. Second, product development cycles are significantly longer in the USA than among our European respondents. Third, the nature of the product development pipeline is very different in the USA and the major European economies covered by our study: US firms conduct early stage development of more compounds than European firms but take only a similar number to market. Fourth, we see broadly similar levels of alliance activity in our US and European respondents at both the early and late stages of the NPD process. These results suggest a greater substitution of "market" for "hierarchy" in US firms' NPD strategies, reflecting differences in the availability and structure of government support in the USA and Europe.


Sport and sports fields the world over are contested ground, a form of public theatre. In the Northern Territory sport is a hotly contested social and political terrain where issues of race and identity continually collide. Palmerston (Darwin after 1911), the Northern Territory's first permanent White settlement, established in February 1869, rather precariously marked colonial Australia's northern frontier. Its enervating tropical climate, diverse but deeply divided cultures, frontier attitude and proximity to Asia gave it a distinctive character. A social hierarchy developed dominated by a tight-knit White minority that simplistically delineated and distanced a White 'us' from an alien, non-White 'them'. Sport had a privileged and prominent place in this society because it was one of the few sites where its diverse communities could come together, albeit conditionally. Sport was, and remains, an active and powerful social agent and an important barometer of changing values. From 1869, to the end of the South Australian administration in 1911, sport was an essential means of constructing and sustaining White society. It did so by excluding or strictly segregating Aborigines, Chinese and other non-Whites. Then, from World War I to 1953, under the administration of the Commonwealth, sport, particularly Australian football, played an equally important role in transforming the Northern Territory into a more representative and inclusive society. For the non-White community, sport was a means of challenging the status quo and asserting its rights in the face of continuous institutional racism. Success in sport was a potent counter-narrative, a declaration of resistance and developed a strong sense of community identity. The evolution from sporting exclusion and segregation to integration and liberation for the Territory's non-White sportsmen and women is an extraordinary story that until now has been largely overlooked by researchers. At the heart of this history is the struggle for human rights and recognition.


OVEREXPRESSION OF THE 5HT3 RECEPTOR AND PRODUCTION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED INTERLEUKIN-1BETA CYTOKINE. D. FitzsimmonsPattison, D. Chabot-Richards, A. Allan, Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM. Neurogenesis, the growth of new neural cells, occurs primarily in the hippocampus and can be seen throughout the life span. Proper progression of neurogenic processes have been linked to protection from depression and improved learning and memory. The 5-HT3 overexpressing (5HT3-OE) mouse model has been demonstrated to have reduced stress, reduced learned helpless behavior (a measure of depression), and improved performance in fear-conditioned learning tasks. More recently, these mice have been shown to have increased survival of new neurons compared to their wild-type counterparts. Changes in neurogenesis are followed using a series of daily injections of a compound, 5 bromo2 deoxyuridine (BrdU). Most often, BrdU is prepared in a standard saline solution that has not been specifically treated to eliminate lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Lipopolysaccharides are known to be present in most water sources and multiple injections of solutions containing LPS could induce peripheral inflammatory state, which might impact neurogenesis and the fate of new neuronal cells. In this study we compared the effect of BrdU prepared in standard saline with that of LPS-free saline on the production of the inflammatory cytokine, IL-1 (interleukin 1beta) in the plasma from 5-HT3 overexpressing mice and their wild-type counterparts. A 7-day regimen of BrdU injection with the standard solutions produced a significant increase in IL-1 in the plasma from wild-type mice compared to plasma taken from the wild-type mice injected with the LPS-free BrdU solutions. Overexpression of the 5HT3 receptor appeared to protect mice from the injection mediated increase in IL-1 . These findings suggest that the 5HT3-OE mice may have a natural resistance to infection and may suggest a mechanism for the increased neuronal survival seen in these mice. Further, these studies highlight the importance of using LPS-free solutions when multiple injection regimens are planned.


Young shoots and leaves of chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) are commonly consumed as a vegetable in Taiwan. In Hualien County, the major chayote-production area of Taiwan, as much as 15% of chayote plants were not marketable between September and October 2010 because of mosaic symptoms on the leaves. Three symptomatic leaves were collected from each of three fields in Hualien. All nine samples tested positive for a begomovirus by PCR using general primer pair PAL1v1978B/PAR1c715H (3) and negative for Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Melon yellow spot virus, Papaya ringspot virus - type W, Watermelon mosaic virus, and Watermelon silver mottle virus by ELISA (2). On the basis of the high nucleotide sequence identity (97.7 to 99.6%) of the 1.5-kb begomoviral DNA-A fragments, all nine samples were considered infected by the same begomovirus species. The 1.5-kb sequences had greatest nucleotide sequence identity (96.6 to 97.8%) with Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCPHV) pumpkin isolate from Taiwan (1) (GenBank Accession No. DQ866135; SLCPHV-TW[TW:Pum:05]). One sample was selected to complete viral genomic DNA analysis. Abutting primer pairs PKA-V/C (PKA-V: 5'-AACGGATCCACTTATGCACGATTTCCCT-3'; PKA-C: 5'-TAAGGATCCCACATGTTGTGGAGCA-3') and PKB-V/C (PKB-V: 5'-TGTCCATGGATTGATGCGTTATCGGA-3'; PKB-C: 5'-TGACCATGGCATTTCCGAGATCTCCCA-3'') were used to amplify the complete DNA-A and DNA-B, respectively. The sequences of DNA-A (GenBank Accession No. JF146795) and DNA-B (GenBank Accession No. JF146796) contain 2,734 and 2,715 nucleotides, respectively. The geminivirus conserved sequence TAATATTAC was found in both DNA-A and -B. The DNA-A has two open reading frames (ORFs) in the virus sense (V1 and V2) and four in the complementary sense (C1 to C4). The DNA-B also had one ORF each in the virus sense (BV1) and the complementary sense (BC1). When compared by BLASTn in GenBank and analyzed by MEGALIGN software (DNASTAR, Madison, WI), they were found to have greatest nucleotide identity (98.0 to 99.0% of DNA-A and 96.7% of DNA-B) with SLCPHV isolates from Taiwan. In addition, SLCPHV caused similar symptoms on leaves when transmitted to healthy chayote by viruliferous whitefly. In Taiwan, SLCPHV has been detected and sequenced from naturally infected melon (GenBank Accession No. EU479710), pumpkin (GenBank Accession No. DQ866135), and wax gourd (GenBank Accession No. EU310406). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SLCPHV infecting chayote plants in Taiwan. The prevalence of SLCPHV infection on different cucurbit crops should be taken into consideration for managing viral diseases in Taiwan. References: (1) W. S. Tsai et al. Plant Dis. 91:907, 2007. (2) W. S. Tsai et al. Plant Dis. 94:923, 2010. (3) W. S. Tsai et al. Online publication. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02424.x. Plant Pathol., 2011.


This paper is concerned with the accuracy of singlehit angle estimation by a monopulse radar in the search mode. The system analyzed is an amplitude comparison estimator. Off-axis targets are considered. The effects of narrow-band Gaussian receiver noise on the sum and difference signals are considered. An asymptotic expansion for the angle estimate is derived which converges for SNR's of 12 db or greater. The mean and the standard deviation of the angle estimate are found. These statistics are given in terms of antenna radiation patterns, true target angular position, SNR, and noise statistics. It is found that the expected value of off-boresight angle estimates is equal to the true angle of the target. Further, the standard deviation of the angle estimate increases as the target is moved off boresight. This increase is greater than would be expected from the decrease in antenna gain due to off-axis operation. Correlation between noise in the sum and difference channels reduces the off-axis errors.


Abstract. In this study the frequency of days with extreme low (termed ELOs) and extreme high (termed EHOs) total ozone values and their influence on mean values and trends are analyzed for the world's longest total ozone record (Arosa, Switzerland). The results show (i) an increase in ELOs and (ii) a decrease in EHOs during the last decades and (iii) that the overall trend during the 1970s and 1980s in total ozone is strongly dominated by changes in these extreme events. After removing the extremes, the time series shows a strongly reduced trend (reduction by a factor of 2.5 for trend in annual mean). Excursions in the frequency of extreme events reveal "fingerprints" of dynamical factors such as ENSO or NAO, and chemical factors, such as cold Arctic vortex ozone losses, as well as major volcanic eruptions of the 20th century (Gunung Agung, El Chichon, Mt. Pinatubo). Furthermore, atmospheric loading of ozone depleting substances leads to a continuous modification of column ozone in the Northern Hemisphere also with respect to extreme values (partly again in connection with polar vortex contributions). Application of extreme value theory allows the identification of many more such "fingerprints" than conventional time series analysis of annual and seasonal mean values. The analysis shows in particular the strong influence of dynamics, revealing that even moderate ENSO and NAO events have a discernible effect on total ozone. Overall the approach to extremal modelling provides new information on time series properties, variability, trends and the influence of dynamics and chemistry, complementing earlier analyses focusing only on monthly (or annual) mean values.


The theoretical recognition of the priority for human rights and freedoms and their legal consolidation are the core of the constitutionalism of democratic states. It is clear that the system of human rights and freedoms is a particular entirety of standards of behavior among people. The doctrines of the constitutionalism of democratic states agree that the genesis of human rights and freedoms is treated as innate. Such a conception is meaningful due to several aspects. Firstly, it no longer provides any ground a priori to question the value of human rights and freedoms. Secondly, such a conception leaves much room for the discourse on the content of a specific right or freedom, and on the balance between rights and freedoms. When analyzing the catalogues of human rights and freedoms, the notion of human dignity is inevitably encoutered. Paradoxically, the term of human dignity, although forming a part of the content of many international legal acts and national constitutions, is not understood unambiguously. In some countries, such as Poland or Germany, human dignity is such a significant core of the constitutional jurisprudence that it itself determines the outcome of many cases. In other countries, such as Lithuania and Latvia, human dignity is mentioned in the constitutional jurisprudence, however, an assessment related to guaranteeing (failure to guarantee) human dignity is not the principal one, nor is it the only argument determining the outcome of a specific case. That being said, it is also necessary to note that the different intensity of the use of the term "human dignity" in the constitutional jurisprudence of different countries does not mean a different situation of human dignity in those states. Neither philosophy nor the legal jurisprudence defines the category of human dignity in an unambiguous manner. However, an important conclusion may be formulated that the ontological essence of human dignity, both in philosophical and legal aspects, is best disclosed through the relation between this term and the term of human rights and freedoms. In the discourse, on the basis of an empirical method, we have held that human dignity may not be violated without violating its specific right or freedom. In this sense, we find a methodological formula to treat the term "human dignity" as a certain synonym when we talk about specific human rights and freedoms or when we talk about them in general. By ensuring a specific right or freedom of the human being, the constitutional jurisprudence ensures their dignity as of the human being.


The empirical focus of the chapter is the morphosyntax of the morphologically marked response particles ja and neen in the Lapscheure dialect of West Flemish. Building on Krifka (2013)'s analysis of the corresponding German response particles ja/nein as TP pro-forms, we analyze morphologically marked Flemish ja/neen as TP pro-forms. First we show that the morphological marking on these particles is sui generis : it does not correspond to the marking found on verbs nor does it correspond to a clitic form of the subject pronoun. We develop a cartographic analysis of the syntax of the morphologically marked response particles in the dialect, endorsing Rizzi and Shlonsky (2006, 2007)'s proposal that a finite TP is dominated by a specialized projection for the subject, SubjP, a criterial projection. The pronominal marking on ja/neen is an instantiation of finiteness. If all finite clauses have SubjP then the finite TP pro-form realized by morphologically marked ja/neen is also dominated by (the criterial) SubjP. In the absence of an overt subject, following Rizzi and Shlonsky (2006, 2007), we assume that the Subject Criterion is satisfied by nominal φ-features generated on Fin and that morphologically marked ja/neen moves to Fin in order to license these features. Our analysis predicts that West Flemish morphologically marked ja/neen are a root phenomenon. In addition to the variant with pronominal marking, there is also a bare variant of the ja/neen pro-forms. The presence and absence of the pronominal marking on ja/neen correlates fairly closely with the distribution of finite and non-finite clauses, and we correlate the presence vs. absence of pronominal marking with a finiteness opposition.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
With Continuing Professional Development activity, a requirement of Allied Health Professional registration in the UK and said to be most effectively supported by practitioners who adopt a deep approach to learning, a UK university has been exploring how its pre-registration curriculum influences learner development. This paper investigates the possible influences of the clinical placement component of the curriculum that is structured as four 4-week blocks during both Years 2 and 3 of the 3-year BSc (Hons) programme. A range of placement models are used within this structure including the traditional 1:1 educator : student ratio and those that have a higher ratio of student(s) : educator(s).

METHODS
This phase of the larger project used a case study design framed about students from two academic year groups on one UK undergraduate, pre-registration physiotherapy programme. Three questionnaires comprising a learning approaches inventory, a demographic questionnaire and a placement self-assessment form were posted to Year 2 and 3 students during one clinical placement. The students were invited to complete the questionnaires halfway through their placement, but in advance of the first, formal placement education feedback meeting. The need for students' self-assessment prevented follow-up data collection.

RESULTS
Analysis of the data from the learning approaches inventory against the demographic variables and placement assessment scores suggest that students' learning strategies depend upon the number of students, educators and assessors involved in their placement. The paper explores the possible links between placement experience, learning strategy and academic outcome. The authors question assumptions about the perceived benefits of some placement education models.

CONCLUSION
Increasing the ratio of student : educator or educator : student may have a detrimental effect on students' learning development when placements are of 4-week duration. If such placement models are adopted, then students and placement educators must be adequately prepared and supported so that students' learning development towards the deep-learning autonomous professionals of tomorrow can continue through placement education.


Local needs in urban settings create opportunities for STEM students and professionals to work together with city stakeholders to develop original innovative solutions. In preparation for the upcoming Kumbh Mela festival to be held in Nashik, India in 2015, a technical hackathon was convened with students and faculty, technology professionals and entrepreneurs as mentors and instructors. Over the 72-hour event, teams ideated concepts, created rapid prototypes, and tested hardware, software, and social entrepreneurship business models. Stakeholder inputs gathered prior to the event guided the project goals. Top projects were advanced through rapid prototyping and demonstrations. Through this experience students applied principles of design to solving real-world local needs and provided innovative solutions for improved resilience and responsiveness.


Background It is well established that migration and ethnic minority status are risk factors for psychotic disorders. Recent studies have aimed to determine if they are also associated with subclinical psychosis (psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits). Aims We aimed to determine to what extent migrant and ethnic minority groups are associated with higher risk of subclinical psychosis. Method We conducted a systematic review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, and examined findings by ethnicity, migrant status, outcomes of subclinical psychosis and host country. A meta-analysis was carried out with robust variance estimation where possible, to handle statistically dependent effect size estimates. Results We included 28 studies (19 studies on psychotic-like experiences and 9 studies on schizotypal traits) and found that ethnicity, but not migrant status, was associated with current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences. In the narrative analysis, we observed the effect of psychosocial risk factors on this association: Black ethnicity groups showed consistent increased prevalence of current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences compared with the reference population across countries. Conclusions More generalisable and standardised cohort studies of psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits in relation to migration/ethnicity are necessary to examine the effects of exposures and outcomes in different contexts, and to understand the underlying mechanisms of the association between subclinical psychosis and migrant and ethnic minority status. Declaration of interest None.


This paper will primarily seek to examine the official response of the Spanish Restoration and Primo de Rivera governments to the events in Ireland during the time of the Irish Civil War and Partition, as well as giving some insights on the reaction within Spanish society. The quotation, attributed to US Ambassador Juan Riano, was in response to the Provisional Government of Ireland's request for official Spanish recognition of Ireland in post war international institutions. The paper will analyse the extremely cautious response of the Spanish authorities to the emergence of the Irish state, as exemplified by Riano's quote, which, within the echelons of the Spanish diplomatic service, was viewed as the apparent victory of separatism in Ireland. The paper will also touch on the influential role of the Spanish Ambassador in London, Alfonso Merry del Val, and how his pro-British establishment view coloured the efforts of Dublin to establish diplomatic ties with a country it believed to be a natural historical ally. It will chart the difficulties which prevailed in the setting up of limited diplomatic ties in 1924 and the formal establishment of a Spanish consulate in Dublin in 1927 and examine how the links between Republican Ireland and Monarchical Spain developed until 1931.


SUMMARY: The application of statistical models on a time series of data arising from the MEDITS International Trawl Survey, an experimental demersal resources survey carried out during six years (1994-1999) in the same season of the year (late spring - early summer) using the same fishing gear in a large part of the Mediterranean, has allowed for a study to compare, for the first time, the space-time distribution, abundance, and size structure of the two Aristeids Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus throughout most of the Mediterranean Sea. This research has shown a large variability among the six reference areas, that were arbitrarily defined within the basin. In particular the two shrimps do not seem to present any correlation or yield continuity in the years. The same lack of homogeneity was also observed in the time trend of the abundances and frequencies of each of the two species. These data seem to confirm the intrinsic variability of the species, the cause of which is still unknown and undocumented. Nevertheless, a longitudinal gradient of catches has been observed where A. antennatus is more abundant in the west and A. foliacea in the east of the basin.


High-level nuclear wastes (HLW) are the liquid effluents that result from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. These wastes are typically solidified in a glass for final disposal in deep geologic formations. At present, there is no geologic repository receiving these vitrified wastes. A primary issue in nuclear waste management is whether there can be societal, regulatory, and political confidence that the radiotoxic constituents of HLW can be safely disposed of for hundreds of thousands of years. If a glass waste form, placed at a depth of hundreds of meters, is stable and essentially insoluble in groundwater, it would be almost impossible for radioactivity to reach the environment. This paper summarizes the state of knowledge of glass performance in a geologic repository and examines the question of whether the long-term stability of the glass and radionuclide retention can be assured.


American methods of policy implementation and dispute resolution are more adversarial and legalistic when compared with the systems of other economically advanced countries. Americans more often rely on legal threats and lawsuits. American laws are generally more complicated and prescriptive, adjudication more costly, and penalties more severe. In this book, Robert Kagan examines the origins and consequences of this system of "adversarial legalism." Kagan describes the roots of adversarial legalism and the deep connections it has with American political institutions and values. He investigates its social costs as well as the extent to which lawyers perpetuate it. Ranging widely across many legal fields, including criminal law, environmental regulations, tort law, and social insurance programs, he provides comparisons with the legal and regulatory systems of western Europe, Canada, and Japan that point to possible alternatives to the American methods. Kagan notes that while adversarial legalism has many virtues, its costs and unpredictability often alienate citizens from the law and frustrate the quest for justice. This study aims to deepen our understanding of law and its relationship to politics in America and raises valuable questions about the future of the American legal system.


INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL personages are often alleged to have suffered from certain diseases or disabilities. Sometimes there is good evidence for this, but sometimes when the evidence is examined one wonders how the belief originated. At least three historical characters, and one biblical one, are frequently referred to as albinos. Two of them, Edward the Confessor and Timur, were real people, one being a King of England and the other the most powerful of the medieval Tartar rulers; the third is a figure in Persian legend, Zal. The albinism of the fourth, Noah, is examined elsewhere.' Generalized albinism is a rare condition inherited as a Mendelian recessive. Although some variation in expression in the genotype occurs the phenotypical extremes share certain basic clinical characteristics. These are: (i) hair which is always white at birth but may become fair or straw coloured in adult life, (2) white skin which may redden but does not tan, (3) the characteristic eye findings of nystagmus, pale blue irides which give a marked red reflex, photophobia, often marked lacrimation, and some degree of defective vision usually quite severe. For an individual to be confidently diagnosed as an albino from written descriptions, both the first and third of these must be mentioned. In the three cases under review careful clinical descriptions are not available and consequently some inferences are drawn. These are confined to the eyesight because albinism has no direct detrimental effect on the general physical and mental health, physique or expectation of life. The possibility of parental consanguinity is considered because, albinism being inherited as a rare Mendelian recessive, the incidence of kinship marriage amongst the parents of albinos is many times greater than that amongst the population as a whole.


Third-party logistics was propelled first in US; later on, European nations put it on to successfully deal with an organization's coordination exercises, re-appropriating the capacity and purchasing the administrations. 3PL suppliers without their very own advantages are called lead coordination suppliers that have preferred the standpoint that they have particular industry ability combined with low overhead expenses, yet they bring down arranging power. Lead coordination suppliers may likewise be less bureaucratic with shorter basic leadership cycles because of the littler size of the organization, and the most critical contrast between a second gathering coordination supplier and an outsider coordination supplier is the way that a 3PL supplier is constantly incorporated in the client's framework. The 2PL is not coordinated as compared to the 3PL as it is just a redistributed coordination supplier with no framework mix. A 2PL regularly just gives institutionalized administrations, while 3PLs frequently give benefits that are redone and particular to the necessities of their client. Coordination is evaluated as a significant use for organizations. Thus, in the present aggressive condition, there is a squeezing need to control coordination expenses, and execution estimation has turned out to be an effective apparatus in accomplishing business targets.


Applied water research, like the one derived from open-channel hydraulics, traditionally links empirical formulas to observational data; for example Manning's formula for open channel flow driven by gravity relates the discharge ( Q ), cross-sectional average velocity ( V) , the hydraulic radius ( R ), and the slope of the water surface ( S ) with a friction coefficient n , characteristic of the channel's surface needed in the location of interest.  Here we use Genetic Programming (GP), a machine learning technique inspired by nature's evolutionary rules, to derive empirical relationships based on synthetic datasets of the aforementioned parameters. Specifically, we evaluated if Manning's formula could be retrieved from datasets with: a) 300 pentads of A , n , R, S , and Q (from Manning's equation), b) from datasets containing an uncorrelated variable and the parameters from (a), and c) from a dataset containing the parameters from (b) but using values of Q containing noise. The cross-validated results show success retrieving the functional form from the synthetic data in the first two experiments, and a more complex solution of Q for the third experiment. The results encourage the application of GP on problems where traditional empirical relationships show high biases or are non-parsimonious. The results also show alternative flow equations that might be used in the absence of one or more predictors; however, these equations should be used with caution outside of the training intervals.


Purpose of the Study. To highlight specific differences between pediatric and adult patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Study Population. The case report involved a 15-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and a 10-lb weight loss. Colonoscopy revealed colitis. A nonproductive cough, night sweats, and a diffuse pruritic, papular rash developed. His initial absolute eosinophil count was 1890/mm3 (reference: <400/mm3), which increased to 52 000/mm3. Additional laboratory studies included: immunoglobulin E, 8561 U/mL (7–110 U/mL); alkaline phosphatase, 1149 U/mL (reference: 50–280 U/mL); γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, 193 (reference: 0–50 U/mL); and serum tryptase, 4.7 μg/L (reference: 1.9–13.5 μg/L). Ultrasound of the liver revealed an abnormal parenchymal pattern with dilated bile ducts. Molecular analysis of the patient's peripheral blood for the Fip1-like-1 platelet-derived growth factor receptor α chain (FIP1L1-PDGFRA) fusion tyrosine kinase associated with HES in adults was negative. Open lung biopsy revealed patchy interstitial and intra-alveolar inflammation with a predominance of eosinophils. A skin biopsy showed acute neutrophilic folliculitis with perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated a hypercellular marrow with predominantly eosinophils, which is consistent with idiopathic HES. Methods. The investigators compared this case report of pediatric HES and additional published cases of pediatric and adult patients with HES. Results. Pediatric HES has only a slight male predominance (55.3% male vs 44.7% female), whereas adult HES is reported to be more common among males than females, with a ratio of 9 to 1. In adults, the frequencies of symptoms found on presentation are: fatigue (26%), cough (24%), dyspnea (16%), rash (12%), and fever (12%). Fever (58.8%), arthralgias (23%), and rash (23.5%) were more common in pediatric cases. As with adults, involvement of the cardiovascular system is the major source of morbidity and mortality. Pediatric HES is commonly associated with chromosomal abnormalities, and in ∼40% of the cases, it has been associated with acute leukemia. As opposed to the vast majority of adult HES cases, no pediatric case with the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene has been reported. Conclusion. There are several distinct features of pediatric, compared with adult, HES. Reviewer Comments. Most of the published information on the HES has focused on adult patients. This report compares a pediatric case report of HES and a review of published pediatric cases of this condition to adult patients with this syndrome. This is an insightful clinical report that should be useful in the overall workup of pediatric patients who present with dramatic eosinophilia (>1500/mm3) for >6 months' duration without other known causes of eosinophilia and who have evidence of organ involvement that might be attributable to HES.


INTRODUCTION To interpret data and update the traditional categorization of prostate cancer in order to help treating clinicians make more informed decisions. These updates include guidance regarding how to best use next generation imaging (NGI) with the caveat that the new imaging technologies are still a work in progress.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature review.

RESULTS
Critical goals in prostate cancer management include preventing or delaying emergence of distant metastases and progression to castration-resistant disease. Pathways for progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) involve transitional states: nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), and oligometastatic disease. Determination of clinical state depends in part on available imaging modalities. Currently, fluciclovine and gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga) prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) are the NGI approaches with the most favorable combination of availability, specificity, and sensitivity. PET imaging can be used to help guide treatment selection in most patients. NGI can help determine patients who are candidates for new treatments, most notably (next-generation androgen antagonists, eg, apalutamide, enzalutamide, darolutamide), that can delay progression to advanced disease.

CONCLUSIONS
It is important to achieve a consensus on new and more easily understood terminology to clearly and effectively describe prostate cancer and its progression to health care professionals and patients. It is also important that description of disease states make clear the need to initiate appropriate treatment. This may be particularly important for disease in transition to mCRPC.


Tomographic methods offer great potential for retrieving three-dimensional spatial distributions of cloud liquid water from radiometric observations by passive microwave sensors. Fixed tomographic systems require multiple radiometers, while mobile systems can use just a single radiometer. Part 1 (this paper) examines the results from a limited cloud tomography trial with a single-radiometer airborne system carried out as part of the 2003 AMSR-E validation campaign over Wakasa Bay of the Sea of Japan. During this trial, the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) and Microwave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) aboard the NASA P3 research aircraft provided a useful dataset for testing the cloud tomography method over a system of low-level clouds. We do tomographic retrievals with a constrained inversion algorithm using three configurations: PSR, MIR, and combined PSR and MIR data. The liquid water paths from the PSR retrieval are consistent with those from the MIR retrieval. The retrieved cloud field based on the combined data appears to be physically plausible and consistent with the cloud image obtained by a cloud radar. We find that some vertically-uniform clouds appear at high altitudes in the retrieved field where the radar shows clear sky. This is likely due to the sub-optimal data collection strategy. This sets the stage for Part 2 of this study that aims to define optimal data collection strategies using observation system simulation experiments. Correspondence to: D. Huang (firstname.lastname@example.com)


Noun incorporation (NI), i.e. the formation of a new verbal form by combining a verb and a noun into a single phonological word, has been the focus of much discussion among linguists. Some researchers argue that it is done in the lexicon (Mithun 1984), others have claimed that it must be treated as a syntactic process (Sadock 1980; Baker 1988 and subsequent work). This paper addresses NI in the Bzhedug dialect of Adyghe, a polysynthetic language from the Northwest Caucasian family. Unlike many well-known polysynthetic languages, Adyghe does not have productive verbal NI; however, arguments may be incorporated into the predicate if it is nominalized (1).


The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant contributor to
multiple-drug resistant nosocomial and respiratory tract infections. In a vigorous search for
alternative therapeutic approaches, innovative strategies that aim to modulate functions
essential for infection have come to prominence. Natural and synthetic molecules capable
of modulating virulence have been described. However, little is known regarding
hyperbranched peptide-based macromolecules. The overall aim of this work was to
determine the anti-virulence potential of poly (e-lysine) dendrons against P. aeruginosa;
their suitability as novel modulators of biofilm formation and virulence factor production,
and their efficiency in an in vitro co-culture infection model.
Using N-Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis, dendrons (consisting of an arginine root and
branching points of lysine) were assembled onto a solid support to attain an asymmetrical
hyperbranched structure. Dendrons with up to three branching generations (G) were
successfully synthesised, as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass
spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The cationic charge of poly (e-
lysine) dendrons, exhibited as 16 terminal amine functionalities at G3, was predicted to
enable dendron-bacteria interactions.
In order to identify changes in cellular functions post-exposure to G3 dendrons, the
metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 was investigated. G3 dendrons induced a
reduction in total RNA and protein synthesis, which caused a temporary (6h) growth arrest
but did not affect the endpoint cell density. The anti-biofilm potential of G3 dendrons was
assessed against PAO1 grown on three surfaces. G3 dendrons demonstrated a dosedependent
effect against phenotypes associated with biofilm formation. As such, inhibition
of swarming/swimming motility, reduction in surface coverage and microcolony
formation, and attenuation of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix production
reduced the bacterium's biofilm forming capacity. The lack of EPS, which serves as a
physical barrier when present, increased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Fluorescent
labelling of G3 dendrons revealed their intracellular localisation and cell-penetrating
capacity. Within 2h of incubation, G3 dendrons presented high uptake efficiency in PAO1
biofilms, and their accumulation at the inner poles of the cells was demonstrated using
confocal microscopy. Free dendrons were rapidly released from the biofilm within 2-3 h.
Using transcriptional and translational lacZ reporters, the regulation of virulence factors
controlled by the las, rhl, and pqs networks of quorum sensing was investigated. G3
dendrons reduced the expression of two autoinducer synthases, lasI and rhlI, independent
of changes to growth kinetics. Subsequently, the expression of genes that encode for
elastase (lasB) and rhamnolipid (rhlA) production, and PQS (pqsA) signalling was
downregulated. Complementation studies, using a lasI rhlI deficient mutant and exogenous
autoinducers, demonstrated the ability of G3 dendrons to prevent biofilm formation, lascontrolled
LasA protease and rhl-/pqs-controlled pyocyanin production.
Using an optimised in vitro co-culture model of human bronchial epithelial (16HBE 14o-)
cells and PAO1, the efficiency of G3 dendrons was evaluated. At a concentration non-toxic
to 16HBE 14o- cells (0.8 mg/mL), G3 dendrons exhibited bacterial density-dependent
protective properties. Specifically, a reduction in P. aeruginosa-induced cytotoxicity
impaired the adherence and invasion of PAO1, and delayed the negative impact of PAO1
on the airway epithelial barrier function and integrity.
In conclusion, this research highlights the anti-virulence effects of hyperbranched peptidebased
macromolecules and constitutes a novel potential therapeutic. This may provide a
non-antibiotic alternative for control and prevention of P. aeruginosa infections, and an
effective approach to challenge the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.


Executive Summary Clarke Roberts, owner of Topper's Restaurant, never planned early in life to own and manage a restaurant. He had a successful 30-year career in the Louisiana oil fields working for equipment rental companies that serviced oil drilling firms. The oil Crash in the early 1980s prompted Clarke's career change from oil field manager to restaurateur. After the Crash, oil prices fell, the U.S. drilling industry contracted, and thousands lost their jobs in Louisiana. With the depressed economy, jobs for oil field workers were scarce. As noted by some entrepreneurship researchers, job loss, or "negative displacement," can often be a critical factor prompting people to become entrepreneurs (Shapero & Sokol, 1982). Based on his family upbringing and past experience, Clarke decided to purchase a restaurant when his career in the oil fields ended. In 1986, he bought Topper's Restaurant, a bar and potato shop in downtown New Orleans near the Louisiana Superdome, and transformed it uito a full-service, lunch restaurant. The extraordinary failure rates for restaurants, which may be as high as 85 percent (Jones, 1995), made this an extremely risky decision, especially in the fiercely competitive New Orleans restaurant industry. Today, Topper's is a successful restaurant serving dozens of regular customers daily and employing 11 people. Clarke has innovated by adding new menu items and launching a website (www.toppersneworleans.com'). He attributes his continued success to finding a viable niche and providing good value for the money. Despite his success, he also notes how difficult competing in the restaurant industry can be. His experiences and insights, therefore, provide both important guidance and caveats to aspiring entrepreneurs, especially those interested in opening restaurants. Authors: When people study entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship, they often examine what motivated people to start their own business. So, let's start out with your background and how you grew up, especially if you think it had any impact on your decision to start Topper's. You really went through a major career change before doing this. Roberts: (Laughing) I had no choice. Authors: Yes, sometimes it is forced on you. First, let's discuss your upbringing, what happened in terms of your previous career, and how you trained yourself to work in the restaurant industry, because you didn't have a background in this industry. Roberts: I was born and raised poor in the country near Gonzales, Louisiana. My daddy was a farmer and jack-of-all-trades. There was a crop failure one year and he came to the city, went to work, and moved us all to the outskirts of New Orleans. I went to school here, quit in the tenth grade and stayed out a few years working in the oil fields, went back, graduated and started looking for a job. Everybody here worked in the oil fields, so I went down Peters Road in Harvey, Louisiana, got a job, and stayed there for 30 years working for rental tool and oil service companies. I guess my first major break came because of the Vietnam War. A lot of people were drafted, and I took over as a manager, the youngest one in the history of the company. When the boys came back two or three years later, I was a manager and I got to keep my job. I wasn't any smarter than anyone else. I just got ahead because I worked a lot harder than anyone else was willing to work. I think that's the secret to any success, everybody putting in 110 percent. It doesn't matter what you choose to do. I always had a good head for math and 1 guess crunching numbers has always been my long suit even without a lot of formal schooling. Numbers just always made sense. Once you learn how to figure costs, that's one thing that can transfer from one industry to another. When the oil field went bust, we sold out at auction in 1983. From 1983 to 1986,1 remodeled a couple of old houses. …


Elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of the current but problematic Dasyatidae (Order Myliobatiformes) was the first priority of the current study. Here, we studied three molecular gene markers of 43 species (COI gene), 33 species (ND2 gene) and 34 species (RAG1 gene) of stingrays to draft out the phylogenetic tree of the order. Nine character states were identified and used to confirm the molecularly constructed phylogenetic trees. Eight or more clades (at different hierarchical level) were identified for COI, ND2 and RAG1 genes in the Myliobatiformes including four clades containing members of the present Dasyatidae, thus rendering the latter non-monophyletic. The uncorrected p-distance between these four 'Dasytidae' clades when compared to the distance between formally known families confirmed that these four clades should be elevated to four separate families. We suggest a revision of the present classification, retaining the Dasyatidae (Dasyatis and Taeniurops species) but adding three new families namely, Neotrygonidae (Neotrygon and Taeniura species), Himanturidae (Himantura species) and Pastinachidae (Pastinachus species). Our result indicated the need to further review the classification of Dasyatis microps. By resolving the non-monophyletic problem, the suite of nine character states enables the natural classification of the Myliobatiformes into at least thirteen families based on morphology.


INTRODUCTIONFunctional proteomics enables protein activities to be studied in vitro using high-throughput (HT) methods. Protein microarrays are the method of choice because they display many proteins simultaneously and require only small reaction volumes to assess function. Protein microarrays are typically used to (1) measure the abundance of many different analytes in a sample or (2) study the functions or properties of many proteins spotted on the array. Target protein microarrays are usually generated by expressing, purifying, and spotting the proteins onto a solid surface at very close spatial density. An alternative approach is to translate the proteins in situ on the array surface. This method uses cell-free extracts that transcribe and translate DNA into proteins which are then captured in situ, thus converting cDNA copies of genes into the desired target proteins. Instead of printing proteins at each feature of the array, the cDNA molecules for the corresponding genes that produce desired proteins are affixed to the array. Chemical treatment of glass slides and DNA isolation can be performed in advance and stored. The plasmid DNA can then be printed to make NAPPA slides, which can be stored dry for use. For experiments, NAPPA slides are expressed followed by detection of proteins and DNA using antibodies and stains. This protocol describes DNA biotinylation, precipitation, and arraying in preparation for protein expression.


In this first comprehensive examination of women candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives, Barbara Burrell argues that women are as successful at winning elections as men. Why, then, are there still so few women members of Congress? Compared to other democratically elected national parliaments, the U.S. Congress ranks very low in its proportion of women members. During the past decade, even though more and more women have participated in state and local governments, they have not made the same gains at the national level."" "A Woman's Place Is in the House" examines the experiences of the women who have run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1968 through 1992 and compares their presence and performance with that of male candidates. The longitudinal study examines both general and primary elections and refutes many myths associated with women candidates including their ability to raise money and garner support from both interest groups and political parties. According to Burrell, election year 1992 was correctly dubbed the "Year of the Woman" in American politics--not so much because women overcame perceived barriers to being elected but because for the first time a significant number of women chose to run in primaries. Burrell's study examines the effects women are having on the congressional agenda and offers insight on how such issues as term limitations and campaign finance reform will impact on the election of women to Congress. Barbara Burrell (Ph.D. University of Michigan) is professor and director of graduate studies in the Political Science Department at Northern Illinois University where she teaches courses in public opinion, political behavior and women and politics.


Upon independence in 1980, Zimbabwe inherited a dual economy characterized by skewed land ownership and white minority control of land. For a decade following independence, government made headway in redistributing land to the black majority population through state-assisted land reform, but these efforts had substantially stalled by the late 1980s. A joint government-donor initiative in 1998 sought to re-energize Zimbabwe's land reform programme using improved government- and market-assisted approaches) but this initiative by 2000 had become displaced by the Fast Track programme. What is less known is that two other mechanisms - the private land market (deeds transfers), and public leasing of state lands - have also been active in redistributing land. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role and potential of these two mechanisms in future land reform debate. It was found that while government-assisted land resettlement averaged ± 85 000 ha/year over the period 1984-2001, the private land market redistributed between 25 000 and 80 000 ha per year to "black" farmers between 1996 and 1999. Unfortunately, beginning in 2000 with the Fast Track programme, the private land market for both "black" and "white" farmers has collapsed, as have land valuations and mortgage financing. Meanwhile, the public leasing market in the late 1990s accelerated as government began to unload its properties on the public leasing market. Neither process - financial distress in the rural sector or government ownership and leasing of land - provides the foundations for a productive agricultural sector. This paper concludes with concrete recommendations for both public leasing and private land markets that would improve delivery of land to the black majority, both men and women.


The hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a chromosomal translocation between the c-abl gene (chromosome 9) and the bcr gene (chromosome 22). This event gives rise to BcrAbl, a chimeric protein with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity that drives the pathogenesis of the disease. Imatinib, a Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor is the frontline therapy in CML. Although imatinib is very effective in the chronic phase of CML, patients in advanced stages develop resistance. An increased understanding of the signaling pathways implicated in CML pathogenesis and imatinib resistance is critical to the development of improved therapies. Previous work in our laboratory found that A-419259, a broad-spectrum Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor induces growth arrest and apoptosis in CML cells, suggesting that SFKs are required for Bcr-Abl transformation of myeloid progenitors. Additionally, Hck couples BcrAbl to Stat5 activation in myeloid cells, which may contribute to survival. Furthermore, studies on samples from some imatinib-resistant patients found increased expression and activity of Hck and Lyn. In this dissertation, using two chemical genetic methods, I addressed the contribution of Hck to Bcr-Abl signaling and imatinib resistance. To explore the individual contribution of Hck to Bcr-Abl signaling, I developed an A419259-resistant mutant of Hck (Hck-T338M). Expression of Hck-T338M fully protected K562 CML cells from A-419259-induced apoptosis, an effect that correlated with sustained Stat5 activation. In addition, the Hck-T338M partially protected CML cells against the growth inhibition induced by A-419259. These studies suggest that Hck plays a non-redundant role as a key downstream survival partner for Bcr-Abl.I also tested whether Hck overexpression was sufficient to induce imatinib resistance in CML cells. For this study, I developed a mutant of Hck (Hck-T338A) that is uniquely sensitive to NaPP1, an analog of the generic SFK inhibitor pyrrazolo-pyrimidine 1. Overexpression of Hck or Hck-T338A in K562 cells induced resistance to imatinib-dependent apoptosis and growth arrest. Furthermore, NaPP1 reversed imatinib resistance in K562-Hck-T338A cells, suggesting that Hck-induced imatinib resistance requires Hck kinase activity. Taken together, my work validates Hck as a target for the development of apoptosis-inducing drugs and that are likely to be effective in imatinib-resistant patients.


Often placed at the center of psychotherapeutic training rhetoric are the notions of cultural sophistication, competency, and responsiveness; however, these notions are often pushed to the margins of practice. This qualitative and interdisciplinary community project explores an important strand of psychosocial development that has always already existed, but had yet to be named. Psychosocial consciousness develops, through time, as a natural human response to our day-to-day experiences and encounters. These experiences and encounters form, reinforce, and perpetuate systems of understanding of self and others which profoundly impact our experience in the world. The exploration of the psychosocial development of a specific cohort of mujeres from the USA-Mexico border is a means toward the expansion of the understanding of psychosocial development of an underrepresented vii strand of mujeres and leads to the imagining of a culturally relevant and responsive intervention. This dissertation is designed to engage with the ongoing exploration of theories of identity, culture, and community; this as a means of contributing to border and borderland discourse in multiple fields of study, research, pedagogy, and praxis. This project braids together three strands of discourse. First, the voices that emerge from a process of a historicized and sequential connection of literature drawn selectively from multiple fields of study in order to build the foundation, shape the framework, and contextualize the notion of borderpsychosocial development. Second, my cuento, reflexive stories that emerged from my personal, professional, and academic experiences. Third, the cuentos of las seis mujeres del valle who provide a glimpse into their experiences of living on the border. Interviewed were six mujeres of Mexican heritage between ages fifty and sixty-five who live in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas near the USA-Mexico border. Written and video recording methods are used to gather contextualand cuento-data about their specific psychosocial experience with religion, traditional medicine, language, and education from childhood through adulthood that constitutes their psychosocial development on the border. Selected findings provide a glimpse into border-based experiences, the dilemmas that result, demonstrate the value of centering the marginalized experience and theorizing of psychosocial experience, and imagine a clinical intervention. viii Table of


The Chinese policy and academic communities have mixed views about the US-led TPP, either viewing it as a strategic attempt at encircling China, or as a positive spur for domestic reform and opening-up. Although the Chinese government adopted an open and flexible attitude towards the TPP, it has moved strategically by accelerating the negotiations of the RCEP and China–Korea FTA, as well as updating its FTA with ASEAN. A more interesting development is China's new initiatives for building two grand silk roads, one to Central Asia, leading on to Europe, and the other to Southeast Asia, leading on to the Indian Ocean. Both represent China's renewed confidence in finding its role in Asia.


The production of coal combustion products (CCPs) in all the European member states is estimated to be about 100 million tonnes. The utilisation of CCPs is well established in some European countries, based on long term experience and technical as well as environmental benefits.

The CCPs are mainly utilised in the building material and construction industry as a replacement for natural resources. By their utilisation, they help to reduce energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions to atmosphere for mining and production of products which are replaced and to save natural resources. By this, the use of CCPs contributes to the sustainability of construction materials. Furthermore, the majority of the CCPs is produced to meet certain requirements of standards or other specifications with respect to utilisation in certain areas. The standards and specifications are subject to regular revision by CEN or national authorities.


This paper presents a frame for rethinking how we make cities by exploring the notion of writing beyond a literary act. To contextualize our approach and its application, we draw upon our recent Collaborative Urbanism practice in the Scottish city of Glasgow, UK, to explore the ongoing dialogue between practice and theory in relation to city making. A significant challenge that this emerging practice seeks to address is the need for an effective and authentic method for communities and professionals to come together to co-create new public realm. To understand the perspective our practice is based on, we define two key terms. We employ the term authorship in its broader definition to describe the state of creating or causing effect, specifically the sense of ownership and activation resulting from engaging directly with urban space. By the term inscriptive practice, we are referring to the action of a spatial practice that leads to authorship, i.e. we use collective walking as a means of inscribing urban space. We argue that collective walking when framed as an inscriptive practice enables a different type of authorship through rather than of the site. Our action research area addresses the aftermath of the Modernist project to drive a motorway through the heart of Glasgow in the 1960s and therefore seeks to give people a sense of ownership of parts of the city that have become lost to public use. In this case study we use the practice of night walking to explain how walking enables us to unlock the latent identities, memories and rituals of sites for architectural design and urban choreography. Furthermore, our paper explores, when urban stories are revealed, how they can be used to change what places become in two ways. Firstly, through the act of walking as active and inscriptive in itself. Secondly, having inscribed it and enacted it these places are opened up to a dialogue that can be built upon for future uses. To conclude, we discuss our findings so far and their implications to better understand how we can work with the people of a city to read its secrets and collectively author its future. In this manner, we intend to contribute to the understanding of how collaborative, action-based research may portray and reconstruct places and provide nuanced knowledge of sites by activating them temporally prior to permanent design interventions.


The most stable structures of two-dimensional (2D) silicon-carbon monolayer compounds with different stoichiometric compositions (i.e., Si : C ratio = 2 : 3, 1 : 3 and 1 : 4) are predicted for the first time based on the particle-swarm optimization (PSO) technique combined with density functional theory optimization. Although the 2D Si-C monolayer compounds considered here are rich in carbon, many of the low-energy metastable and the lowest-energy silicon-carbon structures are not graphene (carbon monolayer) like. Phonon-spectrum calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to confirm the dynamical stability of the predicted most stable 2D silicon-carbon structures as well their thermal stability at elevated temperature. The computed electronic band structures show that all three predicted silicon-carbon compounds are semiconductors with direct or indirect bandgaps. Importantly, their bandgaps are predicted to be close to those of bulk silicon or bulk germanium. If confirmed in the laboratory, these 2D silicon-carbon compounds with different stoichiometric compositions may be exploited for future applications in nanoelectronic devices.


Hodgkin Lymphoma HL can be cured in the large majority of younger patients, but prognosis for older patients, especially those with advanced-stage disease, has not improved substantially. The percentage of HL patients aged over 60 ranges between 15% and 35%. A minority of them is enrolled into clinical trials. HL in the elderly have some specificities: more frequent male sex, B-symptoms, advanced stage, sub diaphragmatic presentation, higher percentage of mixed cellularity, up to 50% of advanced cases associated to EBV. Very old age (>70) and comorbidities are factor of further worsening prognosis. Like in younger patients, ABVD is the most used protocol, but treatment outcome remains much inferior with more frequent, severe and sometimes specific toxicities. Few prospective studies with specific protocols are available. The main data have been published by the Italian Lymphoma Group with the VEPEMB schedule and the German Hodgkin Study Group with the PVAG regimen. Recently, the Scotland and Newcastle Lymphoma Study Group published the SHIELD program associating a prospective phase 2 trial with VEPEMB and a prospective registration of others patients. Patients over 60y with early-stage disease received three cycles plus radiotherapy and had 81% of 3-year overall survival (OS). Those with advanced-stage disease received six cycles, with 3-year OS of 66%. The role of geriatric and comorbidity assessment in the treatment's choice for HL in the elderly is a major challenge. The combination of loss of activities of daily living combined with the age stratification more or less 70y has been shown as a simple and effective survival model. Hopes come from promising new agents like brentuximab-vedotin (BV) a novel antibody-drug conjugate. The use of TEP to adapt the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy according to the metabolic response could also be way for prospective studies.


In this paper, the authors present a breakthrough extension of the stencil lithography tool and method. In the standard stencil lithography static mode, material is deposited through apertures in a membrane (stencil) on a substrate which is clamped to the stencil. In the novel dynamic mode, the stencil is repositioned with respect to the substrate inside the vacuum chamber and its motion is synchronized with the material deposition. This can be done either in a step-and-repeat or in a continuous mode. The authors present the first results proving the accurate x-y-z in situ positioning and movement of our stages during and in between patterning.


Graph-based ranking models, such as manifold ranking (MR), have been widely used in various image retrieval applications. To further improve such models, a current trend is to fuse the ranking results from multiple feature sets. Most of existing methods mainly concentrate on fusing the homogeneous feature sets derived from a single information channel, like the multiple modalities of image visual content, but little is known in fusing such heterogeneous feature sets derived from multiple information channels as the click-through data associated with images and their visual content. The primary challenge is how to effectively exploit the complementary properties of the heterogeneous feature sets. Another tough issue is the low-quality nature of the click-through data, which makes the exploration of such complementary properties more difficult. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous MR (HMR) model, in which a couple of graphs built on the click and visual feature sets are fused to simultaneously encode the image ranking results. Specifically, our HMR model applies different solutions to fuse the heterogeneous feature sets in terms of whether the relevance feedback mechanism is available or not. In addition, we develop a click refinement technique to address the noiseness and sparseness problems inherent in the click-through data. Concretely, it prunes the inaccurate clicks from the click-through data using a neighbor voting strategy, and then enriches the pruned data with novel yet accurate clicks based on a novel collaborative filtering (CF) approach, which is devised by integrating the merits of three popularly used CF methods, thus called Tri-CF algorithm. Extensive experiments on the tasks of click refinement and image retrieval demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithms over several representative methods, especially when the click-through data is highly noisy and sparse.


OAPEN is a collaborative initiative to develop and implement a sustainable Open Access publication model for academic books in the Humani-ties and Social Sciences. The OAPEN Library aims to improve the visibility and usability of high quality academic research by aggregating peer reviewed Open Access publications from across Europe.


Boosting and stratified operation can be used to increase the fuel efficiency of modern gasoline direct-injected (GDI) engines. In modern downsized GDI engines, boosting is standard to achieve a high power output. However, boosted GDI-engines have mostly been operated in homogenous mode and little is known about the effects of operating a boosted GDI-engine in stratified mode.

This study employed optical and metal engines to examine how boosting influences combustion and particulate emission formation in a spray-guided GDI (SGDI), single cylinder research engine. The setup of the optical and metal engines was identical except the optical engine allowed optical access through the piston and cylinder liner.

The engines were operated in steady state mode at five different engine operating points representing various loads and speeds. The engines were boosted with compressed air and operated at three levels of boost, as well as atmospheric pressure for comparison. The fuel used was market gasoline (95 RON) blended with 10% ethanol. The spark plug and injector were mounted in parallel with the intake valves. The gas motion induced by the engine head was primarily tumble motion with a small amount of swirl.

Results on particulate emissions indicated that nucleation mode particulates increased with increasing boost. In contrast, agglomeration mode particulates decreased with increasing boost pressure. The combustion was found to consist of a yellow flame in the center of the combustion chamber and a pre-mixed blue flame in the perimeter. The optical studies indicated that the flame area decreased with increasing boost.


Since the introduction of the GI Bill in 1944, college has been part of the American dream, in large part because it is viewed as a ticket to economic security. Currently, about 21 million individuals attend a postsecondary institution, and the vast majority of high school students aspire to earn a bachelor's degree or higher. (1) While the popular image of college may be dominated by Ivy League schools, flagship state universities, and elite liberal arts colleges, in fact only a minority of students attend such institutions. Many go to less-selective regional four-year colleges and universities and vocational institutions, and nationwide close to 40 percent are enrolled in open-access community colleges. A small but growing number of students are working toward college degrees mostly or entirely online. Students pursue postsecondary education for a variety of reasons. Some are looking for a broad liberal arts education, while others are more career focused. Still others enroll to take only a class or two to keep up their skills or simply for the joy of learning. U.S. postsecondary institutions serve not only those students with the best academic preparation but also those who were not well served in the nation's elementary and secondary school system and need a second chance. This range is reflected in the differing degrees of "college readiness" among entering postsecondary students and in the increasing proportion of students who are "nontraditional" in that they are older, from less advantaged families, financially independent of their parents, parents themselves, or working while going to school. As enrollments in postsecondary education have increased, so have private and public investments in education. Federal, state, and local governments combined contribute about 1 percent of the nation's gross domestic product ($160.9 billion in 2011) to postsecondary education, largely predicated on the belief that it addresses long-standing economic inequalities and leads to economic growth. (2) Namely, investment in education benefits the individual in many forms, including higher lifetime income, and benefits society by increasing labor force productivity, which in turn generates faster economic growth. Growing evidence backs these claims. For example, individuals with a bachelor's degree earn 50 percent more during their lifetime than individuals with no more than a high school diploma, and their unemployment rate is less than half as high. (3) Research also suggests that college graduates have higher job satisfaction and better health outcomes than those without a college degree. Finally, economists such as Enrico Moretti have documented significant benefits to the broader society: workers earn more in cities with higher proportions of college graduates, suggesting that more educated workers generate positive "spillovers" to other workers. In fact, he documents that cities with more highly educated populations are hubs of innovation and experience faster economic growth than those with less educated populations, again generating positive spillovers to all residents. (4) Increased globalization and advances in production technology suggest that postsecondary education will become even more important to the economic security of individuals and society in the future, as suggested by the work of economist David Autor. He has documented that the occupations that have grown over the past two decades require more "non-routinized" skills, many of which are associated with postsecondary education. (5) Despite these data, critics are starting to ask whether current high levels of investment in postsecondary education are still worth it. Nowhere is this question more starkly voiced than by Peter Theil, cofounder of PayPal, who two years ago began offering young entrepreneurs up to $100,000 not to go to college. His reasoning is that traditional postsecondary institutions do not teach the critical skills that individuals need to succeed in the "real world" of business. …


Accurate tree ages are critical to a range of forestry and ecological studies. However, ring counts from increment cores, if not corrected for the years between the root collar and coring height, can produce sizeable age errors. The magnitude of errors is influenced by both the height at which the core is extracted and the growth rate. We destructively sampled saplings and small trees of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and combined within- and between-tree cross-dating to determine accurate rings counts and radial growth rates for 11 stem sections of each sample. We developed regression models to estimate age adjustment as a function of coring height and radial growth rate. We compared candidate models using corrected Akaike's information criterion scores, and we evaluated model performance by jackknife permutations. Application of our best-fit equations clearly improved age estimates: compared with unadjusted ring counts, our adjusted age estimates had normally distributed errors centered near 0, lower standard deviations, and a narrower range of values. Thus, these equations can be used to adjust ages of cored, mature trees occurring in these same settings. The methods used here may be applied to other shade-intolerant or mid-tolerant species where improved tree establishment dates are needed. FOR .S CI. 57(2):164-170.


The impact factor is based on citations of papers published by a scientific journal. The primary

goal of impact factor analysis was to improve the management of library journal collections.

The true value and implications of the journal impact factor are important to understand. It is

critical to remember that journal impact factor can be used only to evaluate journals as a

scientific basis is lacking for its use for assessment of the quality of individual papers, scientists

and departments. It is not a perfect tool to measure the quality of articles but there is nothing

better and it has the advantage of already being in existence and is, therefore, a good technique

for scientific evaluation. Even though it has been subject of numerous controversies, especially

due to certain biases around its calculation, the journal impact factor will likely be around for a

long time. The present article is aimed to highlight its calculation, strengths, limitations and

common flaws on its application in the research field.


While natural hazards have never been so frequent in modern history, the political economy of disaster preparation remains largely understudied. To prepare for natural disasters, local governments can adopt mitigation measures (e.g., infrastructure elevation, retrofitting, shelter construction, etc.). However, in doing so, there is a trade-off between risk reduction and risk disclosure as these initiatives may signal latent dangers of a place to unsuspecting homebuyers. Increased media coverage may ease this trade-off by revealing these dormant risks. I develop a measure of newspaper coverage of storms using data on newspapers' circulation and occurrence of storms at the ZIP code level in the United States. Using the variation in this measure, I identify the effects of heightened media attention on local governments' mitigation efforts under the Hazard Mitigation Grant program managed by FEMA. I find that when newspaper coverage is high, jurisdictions that have experienced severe storms tend to implement significantly more mitigation projects. Conversely, when coverage of storms is low, jurisdictions do not undertake mitigation projects after being hit by a storm. My results are primarily driven by ZIP codes with high pre-treatment levels of vacant housing units, housing units occupied by renters, and housing units owned with a mortgage. I argue that local governments may be strategically underinvesting in disaster preparation to avoid revealing their jurisdictions' inherent risk to otherwise uninformed property investors.


Many people experience digestive discomfort at some time in their lives. It affects those who are healthy and unhealthy, and in some cases can signal a more serious underlying condition. For most people the discomfort is minor and transitory, but for some it can cause regular unpleasant symptoms, such as bloating. More severe gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can have a significant impact on health and wellbeing. There are relatively few options for people with digestive discomfort and/or IBS. In recent years the body of evidence to support the health benefits of consuming probiotics has grown significantly. This article investigates how certain strains of probiotics have been shown to reduce digestive discomfort and symptoms of IBS. It highlights some of the problems associated with poor digestive health and offers guidance on educating patients about digestive comfort.


To win election and reelection, presidents, senators, and representatives work hard to interact with constituents, often through personal contact and visits (Shaw 1999a; Fenno 1996; Jacobson 2001; Mayhew 1974; Cohen, Krassa, and Hamman 1991). Many voters, however, may condition their support on more than contact with an elected official. These voters also want that politician to enforce or change government policies. Exerting meaningful influence over government policy is often difficult for one person, even the president, because such influence commonly requires collective effort often by politicians in the same party (Aldrich and Rohde 2005; Cox and McCubbins 1993). Observers have documented extensively how elected officials from the same party work together to change government policy in Washington (Bond and Fleisher 2000; Edwards and Wood 1999; Kernell 1997; Neustadt 1960). Shared goals of policy influence may lead these politicians to extend their coordination from the policy-making arena to the electoral stage. We know less about this area of coordination. Party leaders may encourage their candidates to campaign on similar issues and to "stay on message" (Herrnson 2000; Jacobs and Shapiro 2000). Congressional party leaders often coordinate fundraising efforts, redistributing resources to vulnerable incumbents and strong challengers (Herrnson 2000, 2005). As the most powerful elected official with the broadest constituency, the president is a national leader in elections. The president's policies may link his party to prominent national trends, thereby extending his coattails down the ticket to other candidates from his party (Brady 1988; Fiorina 2005). The president himself can also work directly with his party's candidates and thereby shape electoral outcomes. In congressional races, the president helps raise money for both individual candidates and the national party committees (Jacobson, Kernell, and Lazarus 2004). This article focuses on another area of the president's direct involvement: visits to the home constituencies of his party's Senate candidates. Knowledge of the motivations behind these visits and their effects can help us better understand the nature and extent of presidential power. For example, in the 2002 midterm elections, President George W. Bush campaigned vigorously for Republican candidates. He spent 241 days in 43 different states during the 22 months between his first inauguration and Election Day. The election produced historic results: the GOP regained control of the Senate, and the party's six-seat gain in the House marked the first time the Republican party gained House seats in a midterm election while controlling the presidency (Clymer and Rosenbaum 2002). Bush may have chosen states to visit with the goal of helping Republicans win control of Congress. If his visits actually helped Republican candidates, Bush could convincingly claim credit for the Republican victory that November. The news media's widespread acceptance of this interpretation boosted Bush's subsequent influence with Congress and the American public. (1) However, the election events and outcomes may have other explanations. One possibility is that Bush chose his campaign visits to help his own chances of reelection in 2004. Each visit may have only reinforced the effects of other influences on each race's outcome, and Republican congressional candidates might have won without Bush. These answers would suggest that the link between Bush's efforts and the Republicans' November victory is more coincidental. His credit claiming would be less believable, and his increased influence more fabricated than real. This article investigates these explanations of presidential visits, using the midterm Senate elections between 1982 and 2002. The first section of the article discusses how the president's conflicting incentives affect his interaction with Congress, particularly in the context of Senate elections. …


depmixS4 implements a general framework for defining and estimating dependent mixture models in the R programming language. This includes standard Markov models, latent/hidden Markov models, and latent class and finite mixture distribution models. The models can be fitted on mixed multivariate data with distributions from the glm family, the (logistic) multinomial, or the multivariate normal distribution. Other distributions can be added easily, and an example is provided with the exgaus distribution. Parameters are estimated by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm or, when (linear) constraints are imposed on the parameters, by direct numerical optimization with the Rsolnp or Rdonlp2 routines.


Cyclosporine has clearly been shown to directly inhibit T lymphocyte activation by monoclonal antibodies or mitogens where nominal antigen and accessory cells are not present. However, when T lymphocytes are stimulated by antigen, as occurs in allograft rejection, T lymphocytes and accessory cels must interact with one another. Under the latter circumstances, the issue of whether cyclosporine acts on T lymphocyte, accessory cell, or both is not resolved. This issues is addressed in this study. To assess the effect of cyclosporine on T cell activation, macrophages were incubated with heat-killed Listeria and then fixed in paraformaldehyde. These fixed macrophages retained ther ability to present antigen to T cells but were not affected by subsequent treatment with cyclosporine. When cyclosporine and a L3T4+ T lymphocyte line were added simulataneously to fixed, antigen-pulsed macrophages, the drug inhibited antigen-specific T cell activation with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 10 ng/ml. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that low doses of cyclosporine inhibit antigen-specific T cell activation where the drug's effects on antigen-presenting cell have been excluded. To assess the effects of cyclosporine on macrophage-mediated antigen-presentation, macrophages were exposed simultaneusly to cyclosporine and antigen, and then fixed. Antigen-presentation was not inhibited unless extremely large doses (9000 ng/ml) of cyclosporine were used. In our experimental system, any cyclosporine were used. In our experimental system, any new inhibitory activity acquired bvy live cyclosporine-treated macrophages could be explained by residual drug. Finally, cyclosporine did not inhibit the induction of macrophage Ia expression nor antigen-presenting function after stimulation in vitro with lymphokine.