The Nation's capacity to respond to bioterrorism depends in part on the ability of clinicians and public health officials to detect, manage, and communicate during a bioterrorism event. Information technologies and decision support systems (IT/DSSs) have the potential to aid clinicians (e.g., physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, and respiratory therapists) and public health officials to respond effectively to a bioterrorist attack. The Evidence Report from which this summary was taken details the methodology, results, and conclusions of a systematic and extensive search for published materials on the use of IT/DSSs to serve the information needs of clinicians and public health officials in the event of a bioterrorist attack. The information is intended to assist clinicians, public health officials, and policymakers to improve preparedness for a bioterrorism event.


Abstract. Multi-year objective analyses (OA) on a high spatiotemporal resolution for the warm season period (1 May to 31 October) for ground-level ozone and for fine particulate matter (diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5)) are presented. The OA used in this study combines model outputs from the Canadian air quality forecast suite with US and Canadian observations from various air quality surface monitoring networks. The analyses are based on an optimal interpolation (OI) with capabilities for adaptive error statistics for ozone and PM2.5 and an explicit bias correction scheme for the PM2.5 analyses. The estimation of error statistics has been computed using a modified version of the Hollingsworth–Lonnberg (H–L) method. The error statistics are "tuned" using a χ2 (chi-square) diagnostic, a semi-empirical procedure that provides significantly better verification than without tuning. Successful cross-validation experiments were performed with an OA setup using 90% of data observations to build the objective analyses and with the remainder left out as an independent set of data for verification purposes. Furthermore, comparisons with other external sources of information (global models and PM2.5 satellite surface-derived or ground-based measurements) show reasonable agreement. The multi-year analyses obtained provide relatively high precision with an absolute yearly averaged systematic error of less than 0.6 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) and 0.7 μg m−3 (micrograms per cubic meter) for ozone and PM2.5, respectively, and a random error generally less than 9 ppbv for ozone and under 12 μg m−3 for PM2.5. This paper focuses on two applications: (1) presenting long-term averages of OA and analysis increments as a form of summer climatology; and (2) analyzing long-term (decadal) trends and inter-annual fluctuations using OA outputs. The results show that high percentiles of ozone and PM2.5 were both following a general decreasing trend in North America, with the eastern part of the United States showing the most widespread decrease, likely due to more effective pollution controls. Some locations, however, exhibited an increasing trend in the mean ozone and PM2.5, such as the northwestern part of North America (northwest US and Alberta). Conversely, the low percentiles are generally rising for ozone, which may be linked to the intercontinental transport of increased emissions from emerging countries. After removing the decadal trend, the inter-annual fluctuations of the high percentiles are largely explained by the temperature fluctuations for ozone and to a lesser extent by precipitation fluctuations for PM2.5. More interesting is the economic short-term change (as expressed by the variation of the US gross domestic product growth rate), which explains 37% of the total variance of inter-annual fluctuations of PM2.5 and 15% in the case of ozone.


Pregnancy among teenagers and unmarried young adults is common in South Africa. This presents challenges and concerns due to the association with lower socio-economic status, lack of paternal support and commitment among male partners, disruption of schooling that potentially accompanies pregnancy, and many others. It also raises critical sociological and communication questions: Do parents talk to their children about sex-related issues? What are the young adults' idea of love, sex and relationships? What are the patterns of motherhood and pregnancy among university students? Many studies have explored teenage pregnancy in South Africa, but there is limited focus on young adult students at universities, especially rural universities. Through a survey of 150 students at the University of Limpopo in South Africa, this study shows that parental communication about sex is not a popular communicative practice among many students, and for those whose parents have talked to them about sex, the parental communication tends to have limited influence on the students' attitude to safe sex. In this study, for a third of the students who are mothers the concerns about young motherhood continue to shape their economic and socio-cultural experiences.


The universal approximation theorem states that any regular function can be approximated closely using a single hidden layer neural network. Some recent work has shown that, for some special functions, the number of nodes in such an approximation could be exponentially reduced with multi-layer neural networks. In this work, we extend this idea to a rich class of functions, namely the discriminant functions that arise in optimal Bayesian classification of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) in $\mathds{R}^n$. We show that such functions can be approximated with arbitrary precision using $O(n)$ nodes in a neural network with two hidden layers (deep neural network), while in contrast, a neural network with a single hidden layer (shallow neural network) would require at least $O(\exp(n))$ nodes or exponentially large coefficients. Given the universality of the Gaussian distribution in the feature spaces of data, e.g., in speech, image and text, our results shed light on the observed efficiency of deep neural networks in practical classification problems.


To the Editor: Malaria continues to cause disease and death in millions of persons living in areas of the world where it is endemic, despite 4 decades of research on vaccines, new drugs, and alternative methods of control. Still, by far the most effective method for reducing and controlling the impact of this disease is indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides. The most cost-effective and safe insecticide has been, and in many instances still is, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). This intervention is continually under scrutiny, and we address these issues in this letter.

Chen and Rogan (1) claim that DDT causes reduced duration of lactation and increased incidence of preterm births, and they posit that DDT used for malaria control would do as much harm as good. The validity of their arguments requires substantial evidence of a causal relationship between DDT and adverse consequences of DDT IRS for malaria control.

Chen and Rogan dismiss a field study on births and duration of lactation in South African mothers, some of whom occupied houses sprayed with DDT for malaria control (2). However, if claims of large numbers of adverse health effects of DDT IRS are correct, then the study should have detected large differences between DDT-exposed and unexposed populations. According to Chen and Rogan, the median duration of breastfeeding could be as low as 3–4 months when mothers are exposed to high levels of DDT. Thus, a cross-section of breastfeeding infants in the DDT-exposed population should, on average, have been considerably younger than in the unexposed population. In fact, the average age of breastfeeding infants was slightly greater in the DDT-exposed population (8.3 months versus 7.7 months). For both populations, only an insignificant fraction of mothers could not donate milk. Furthermore, twice the level of dichlordiphenylethylene (DDE, metabolic breakdown product of DDT) that is claimed to cause reduced duration of lactation in humans has no adverse affect on lactation in rats (3). The authors of the South African study (2) report no difference in rates of stillbirths between the sprayed and unsprayed areas.

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences study (4) reported a causal association between DDT and preterm and small-for-gestational-age births but this has not been replicated for African births. The study was not based on a random population of births, and no explanation is offered for including diverse categories of births in the study population.

An earlier study in Sri Lanka presented data on deaths attributed to malaria and to premature births years before DDT was used and years when DDT IRS was used in 21 districts (5). Districts varied greatly in levels of malaria endemicity. After DDT was introduced in 1946, levels of IRS in 21 districts were commensurate with levels of endemic malaria. After 1946, malaria deaths declined greatly and the reduction was greatest where DDT usage was highest. During the same period, deaths attributable to premature births increased slightly. Investigators attributed this to "improvements in reporting and diagnosis rather than any declines in the health of expectant mothers, which on all other criteria showed improvement." (5). Spearman's correlation analysis for 21 districts shows that the increase in premature birth deaths was slightly greater in areas with less malaria and DDT use. Thus, the evidence does not support the idea that the reported increase in premature births was a side effect of DDT use. In any case, the increase in deaths attributable to premature births was orders of magnitude less than the reduction in deaths directly caused by malaria and other conditions indirectly related to malaria (5).

Similar major benefits of DDT use were seen in Guyana, where in 2 to 3 years, near elimination of malaria halved maternal deaths and reduced infant deaths by 39% (6). Anemia-associated deaths in pregnant females were reduced from 10 to 2.3 per 1,000 adult deaths (7). There was no offset of infant deaths attributable to adverse effects of DDT. Data from Guyana are particularly relevant to the present issue because malaria control was entirely due to DDT, i.e., drug treatments were not included (7). Health improvements related to DDT use accounted for 21% to 56% of increased population growth in Guyana during the postwar years (5).

In summary, these data from South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Guyana are clearly contrary to the claims of Chen and Rogan (1) that ill effects of DDT on maternal health and infant survival would counterbalance the beneficial effect of malaria control. Their claim that alternative chemicals are cheaper than DDT is incorrect (8). Recent data on pyrethroid-treated bed nets are encouraging for situations in which sustained provision of spray pumps and trained spray teams are not feasible. However, even the best results with these nets do not match those obtained in the past with IRS, e.g., the suppression of malaria infection in Zanzibar from holoendemic levels to <5% (9).

In recent years, programs in South Africa and Madagascar (10) that again started IRS with DDT have greatly reduced malaria and malaria-related deaths. DDT is still needed and research is required to improve its use. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants specifically allows continued public health use of DDT.


Biomaterial microarrays are being developed to facilitate identifying the extrinsic cues that elicit stem cell fate decisions to self-renew, differentiate and remain quiescent. Raman microspectroscopy, often combined with multivariate analysis techniques such as partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), could enable the non-invasive identification of stem cell fate decisions made in response to extrinsic cues presented at specific locations on these microarrays. Because existing biomaterial microarrays are not compatible with Raman microspectroscopy, here, we develop an inexpensive substrate that is compatible with both single-cell Raman spectroscopy and the chemistries that are often used for biomaterial microarray fabrication. Standard deposition techniques were used to fabricate a custom Raman-compatible substrate that supports microarray construction. We validated that spectra from living cells on functionalized polyacrylamide (PA) gels attached to the custom Raman-compatible substrate are comparable to spectra acquired from a more expensive commercially available substrate. We also showed that the spectra acquired from individual living cells on functionalized PA gels attached to our custom substrates were of sufficient quality to enable accurate identification of cell phenotypes using PLS-DA models of the cell spectra. We demonstrated this by using cells from laboratory lines (CHO and transfected CHO cells) as well as adult stem cells that were freshly isolated from mice (long-term and short-term hematopoietic stem cells). The custom Raman-compatible substrate reported herein may be used as an inexpensive substrate for constructing biomaterial microarrays that enable the use of Raman microspectroscopy to non-invasively identify the fate decisions of stem cells in response to extrinsic cues.


Warning letters may be issued to probation service users in the community on licence as an alternative action to recalling them to prison, when the risk of serious harm can be managed safely. Template-based, formalized warning letters may inadvertently increase or compound risk when working with high-risk clients with personality difficulties. As an alternative, psychologically-informed warning letters can be used. The aim of the letters is to facilitate joint meaning-making of violations and breaches of licence conditions between a client and an offender manager, whilst reinforcing boundaries in a thoughtful, empathic way. Practical guidelines are provided for writing and issuing psychologically-informed warning letters in probation when working with high-risk clients with personality difficulties, along with a case study. Finally, possible barriers to using these letters are identified and potential ways to overcome them are suggested.


Book synopsis: This collection of original essays on the aftermath of the Second World War - edited by four of Europe's leading scholars and practitioners - presents the best, broadest, and newest research in an international enterprise to recover a submerged past that, while half-forgotten, shaped the lives of millions of people. The book is characterized by sensitive explorations of individual stories, rigorously contextualized and informed by an acute awareness of how national and international policies, as well as age, gender, ethnicity, and nationality, affected the fate of ordinary people. Applying multi-disciplinary insights and techniques, the essays show how almost every category, that seems fixed and familiar now, was actually in a state of flux in the turbulent post-war world. This innovative and often moving body of work, originating in a dozen countries, draws on the results of several major European-funded research projects. Crucially, the essays consider experiences from both Eastern and Western Europe.


Worker attrition is a costly and operationally disruptive challenge throughout the world. Although large bodies of research have documented drivers of attrition and its operational consequences, managers still lack an integrated approach to understanding attrition and making decisions to address it on a forward-going basis. To fill this need, we build a structural model that captures both the firm's decision to terminate a workers' employment (involuntary attrition) and uses an optimal stopping problem process to model a workers' decision to leave the firm (voluntary attrition). We then estimate the parameters of the model and conduct counterfactual analyses on the population of 1,135 agents serving one client over four years for an Indian business process management (BPM) company. Our model reveals a number of interesting findings as we see that agents' voluntary attrition decisions are relatively insensitive to salary. We also find that supervisors have a strong impact on whether employees stay as they reshape the way that agents make their decisions. If all employees were managed by the best supervisor in our data then voluntary attrition would reduce by over 40%. Altogether our paper contributes to the burgeoning literature on people operations, as well as to managerial practice.


Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative bacillus, an opportunistic pathogen, particularly among nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant strains are associated with very high rate of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control. The following parameters viz. susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical studies and biotype number of both control and treated samples were measured by MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The results showed an overall change of 37.5% in susceptibility pattern and 39.4% in biochemical study while 33.3% changes in MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment. Further, the treated group of S. maltophilia has also shown a significant change in biochemical reactions followed by its biotype number as compared to control group. Biochemical reactions of treated group showed negative reaction to acetamide and positive reactions to colistin, glucose, adonitol, melibiose, arabinose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, raffinose, rhaminose, sorbitol, sucrose, and Voges-Proskauer as compared with control. The biofield treatment showed an alteration in MIC values of amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotetan, ticarcillin/K-clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Altogether, data suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials and biotype number against multidrug resistant strain of S. maltophilia.


Through the ingenious means of a fictional Internet conversation among two dozen or so Americans from various walks of life and every shade of the ideological spectrum, Debating the Good Society probes two questions lying at the heart of the ongoing culture war in contemporary America: Where does goodness come from, and how is good social order to be achieved?Traditionalists and conservatives, who tend to view human nature as inherently sinful, argue that good order must be imposed from above, by parental authority and ruling powers, by the forces of law and tradition, and, ultimately, by God. Counterculturalists and liberals, who tend to believe in the inherent goodness of human nature, claim that well-supported children will develop into well-ordered adults and that adults empowered to make their own choices will form a healthy, well-ordered society. These opposing visions underlie a host of current controversies, including philosophies of child-rearing and education, social and political policy, sexual morality, and the evolution-creation debate.By exposing the limitations of both points of view, Andrew Bard Schmookler shows how the culture war presents a challenge to all Americans. This challenge is to integrate the half-truths advanced by both sides into a higher wisdom, one that promises to take the American experiment -- to see whether humans can enjoy both the blessings of liberty and the fruits of good order -- to the next level of its evolution, toward which it has been straining for the better part of a century.


This paper describes a service that allows hotels to reduce their dependency form online travel agencies, such as Booking.com or Expedia. Online travel agencies are extremely helpful to increase the number of new reservations of most hotels, but they seem to be less effective for niche hotels that seek for recurring customers. By following the guidelines for design research, we seek to develop a new online service, which combines existing solutions to (1) acquire new clients, (2) book a room on the website of the hotel and (3) retain the customer after service delivery. We illustrate a case study of a hotel, which has reduced the number of clients obtained via Booking.com by following our guidelines.


The adoption of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in educational continues to offer new possibilities and challenges to virtual learning environments. VR opens new realms in the field of elementary math and creates effective learning experiences for students especially in numeracy concept using Virtual Manipulatives (VM). This study investigated whether or not students who used 3-Dimensional VM would out-perform students who used 2-Dimensional VM on numeracy concepts exercises (integer addition and subtraction). Results showed that students made significant achievement gains in numeracy concepts using 3-Dimensional VM. The general conclusion is that the VR supported students" learning of these concepts.


The author offers a theory of adolescence based on the necessary subjective revolution introduced by the emergence of the potential for orgasm linked to the biological maturation of puberty. But this is first experienced passively because it is « imposed » on the adolescent by biology. It is in the work of subjective re-appropriation the adolescent is then led to perform that we must place the adolescent's relationship with death and the different forms that can be produced by the encounter with death. Confronted with the issue of death, the adolescent will mobilize the potential of the act in order to try to differentiate the psychical registers threatened with confusion by the contingencies of this encounter and try to set some limits by falling back on those of the body.


Dr. Charles Hennekens from the Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL moderated the topic "Metabolic Syndrome: The New Silent Killer" with Drs. Felicita Andreotti from the Institute of Cardiology Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy, and Joan Barice from Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL. The discussion focused primarily on: 1) A working definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS); 2) the definition of body mass index (BMI) and its implications for primary healthcare providers; 3) the clinical implications of MetS in the US and worldwide; 4) the public health implications of MetS in the US and worldwide; 5) the adoption of therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) of proven benefit to prevent and treat MetS; 6) adjunctive drug therapies of proven benefit for the treatment of MetS; 7) the obesity paradox; 8) methodological biases about obesity in prospective studies; 9) the implications of obesity and MetS in US children as well as in developing countries. (Med Roundtable Gen Med Ed. 2012;1(1):28–33.) ©2012 FoxP2 Media, LLC


"Bokanovsky's Process," repeated the Director, and the students underlined the words in their little note-books.

One egg, one embryo, one adult — normality. But a bokanoskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before. Progress.

"Essentially," the D.H.C. concluded, "bokanovskification consists of a series of arrests of development. We check the normal growth and, paradoxically enough, the egg responds by budding."

Responds by budding. The pencils were busy.

He pointed. On a very slowly moving band a rackful of test-tubes was entering a large metal box, another rackful was emerging. Machinery faintly purred. It took eight minutes for the tubes to go through, he told them. Eight minutes of hard X-rays being about as much as an egg can stand. A few died; of the rest, the least susceptible divided into two; most put out four buds; some eight; all were returned to the incubators, where the buds began to develop; then, after two days, were suddenly chilled, chilled and checked. Two, four, eight, the buds in their turn budded; and having budded were dosed almost to death with alcohol; consequently burgeoned again and having budded — bud out of bud out of bud — were thereafter — further arrest being generally fatal — left to develop in peace. By which time the original egg was in a fair way to becoming anything from eight to ninety-six embryos — a prodigious improvement, you will agree, on nature. Identical twins — but not in piddling twos and threes as in the old viviparous days, when an egg would sometimes accidentally divide; actually by dozens, by scores at a time.

"Scores," the Director repeated and flung out his arms, as though he were distributing largesse. "Scores."

But one of the students was fool enough to ask where the advantage lay.

"My good boy!" The Director wheeled sharply round on him. "Can't you see? Can't you see?" He raised a hand; his expression was solemn. "Bokanovsky's Process is one of the major instruments of social stability!"

From Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (London, 1932), ch 1.


Mitosis starts when morphogen signaling levels have increased by half since the beginning of the cell cycle. Growth regulation of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc critically depends on the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) morphogen gradient. How a graded Dpp signal is interpreted by cells to control homogeneous tissue growth remains unclear. Wartlick et al. (see the Perspective by Le Goff and Lecuit) address this question by measuring the spatial and temporal changes of Dpp concentration and signaling activity during the disc growth phase and by quantifying cell proliferation parameters in the discs. Both modeling and experimental findings suggest that both Dpp concentration and signaling gradients scale with tissue size so that, on average, the onset of mitosis occurs when Dpp signaling levels have increased by 50% since the beginning of the cell cycle. O. Wartlick, P. Mumcu, A. Kicheva, T. Bittig, C. Seum, F. Jülicher, M. González-Gaitán, Dynamics of Dpp signaling and proliferation control. Science 331, 1154–1159 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text] L. Le Goff, T. Lecuit, Gradient scaling and growth. Science 331, 1141–1142 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Interest in transcript-based research has grown significantly in recent years. Alongside this growth has been an increase in awareness of the empirical utility of naturalistic research on language use in interaction. However, a quick scan of the literature reveals that very few transcription books have been published in the past three decades. This is an astonishing fact given that there are perhaps hundreds of books published on spoken discourse analysis. This book aims to narrow this gap by providing an introduction to the theories and practices related to transcribing communication data. The book is intended for students with little to no knowledge of transcription work and/or instructors responsible for teaching introductory courses on transcript-based research. Readers who are learning or teaching discourse/conversation analysis or similar analytic methods of investigation will find this book particularly helpful. The author: Christopher Jenks has many years of experience teaching transcription work and analysis of communication data to postgraduate students and researchers. In addition to running workshops and giving presentations on similar topics at universities around the world, he has published widely in top international journals and has numerous other forthcoming publications.


We investigate the application of deformable templates to recognition of handprinted digits. Two characters are matched by deforming the contour of one to fit the edge strengths of the other, and a dissimilarity measure is derived from the amount of deformation needed, the goodness of fit of the edges, and the interior overlap between the deformed shapes. Classification using the minimum dissimilarity results in recognition rates up to 99.25 percent on a 2,000 character subset of NIST Special Database 1. Additional experiments on an independent test data were done to demonstrate the robustness of this method. Multidimensional scaling is also applied to the 2,000/spl times/2,000 proximity matrix, using the dissimilarity measure as a distance, to embed the patterns as points in low-dimensional spaces. A nearest neighbor classifier is applied to the resulting pattern matrices. The classification accuracies obtained in the derived feature space demonstrate that there does exist a good low-dimensional representation space. Methods to reduce the computational requirements, the primary limiting factor of this method, are discussed.


PurposeCybercrime rates have increased rapidly during the last couple of decades, resulting in cybercrimes becoming common crimes. However, most victims do not report cybercrimes to the police. Therefore, this study examines reporting cybercrime victimization and provides insights into the role of the police in this process.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 595 individuals was used. All respondents were shown three vignettes about hypothetical cybercrime victimization and were asked to imagine that this situation happened to them. Four crime and reporting characteristics were manipulated across vignettes. Respondents' intentions to report to the police and to other organizations were used as the dependent variables in regression analyses. Four random factors in the vignettes (i.e. type of crime, seriousness of crime, victim–perpetrator relationship, and reporting modality), as well as several characteristics of the respondents were included in the regression models as independent variables.FindingsThe type of cybercrime is the most important predictor for reporting behaviors. Other determinants are: more serious offenses were more often reported and offenses are less often reported in situations where the victim personally knows the perpetrator. Furthermore, there is large discrepancy between intended and actual cybercrime reporting. These findings provide valuable insights into the factors that influence reporting behavior in the real world. Only a fifth of respondents indicated that they would not report cybercrime victimization to the police. This implies that attempts at improving reporting rates should not solely be focused on improving people's attitudes, but also on removing obstacles to turn these attitudes into actions.Originality/valueIn the current study, the authors contribute to the existing literature by asking a large sample from the general population in the Netherlands about both their intended reporting behavior (i.e. a vignette study) and their actual reporting behavior (i.e. self-reports) of victimization of a wide variety of different types of cybercrime. Determinants of both reporting to the police as well as to other organizations are examined. Moreover, respondents are asked about motivations behind their decision to (not) report a cybercrime to the police. Last, people were asked about their past experiences with reporting cybercrime victimization to the police.


TURNING SPACE INTO PLACE IN THE SPRAWLING "NEW CITY": SHRINKING SPACE, VISIONS OF PLACE, HOMEOWNERS IN CONFLICT by Lael Leslie Advisor: Professor Philip Kasinitz Was there a "real place" to be found in the sprawling "new city" landscape? This interview study considers the categories of sprawl as a placeless, apolitical space, and of the suburban white middle class, to explore how "place" is variously understood by homeowners confronting rapid spatial reconfiguration. The interviewees are residents of a municipality located in one of New Jersey's "growth corridors." Emphasis is on homeowners' experiences, and on what they view as problems related to rapid growth. Given the long settlement history of this northeastern seaboard region, this study finds that relations among homeowners had changed over time in surprising ways. In the v present era, homeowners are differentiated according to historical position (settlement layer), taste culture, and related housing ideologies. Housing is treated as many things. Among these things it is a commodity, a valued property, exclusionary or inclusionary space, and also a moral stance vis-à-vis others in a wider body politic. The sprawling "new city" landscape is not an impersonal space, a haphazard jumble of spatial uses. It is instead fractured into separate political entities, each a work in progress. In New Jersey, "home rule" grants residents of its 566 municipalities the power to make zoning determinations (within overarching guidelines). Residents are often in conflict as they engage in a politicized process of balancing one spatial use against another and one set of values against another, never entirely losing track of a necessary competition with other municipalities for revenue-generating clean ratables. They are not only users of space; they are also its makers. Housing, space and place are subjects of particular relevance for planners. Knowledge of residents' categories of meaning and experience is an indispensable prerequisite for specific hypothesis-testing research and survey design aimed at identifying problems and solving them. Interviewees do not view sprawl as a problem that has to be solved. They do not need a small town configuration with a Main Street, as posited in a New Urbanist model. What they do view as problematic is the shrinkage of open space, necessary for the fulfillment of their different visions of place.


Recently, the customers of refrigerators and freezers have become more exigent in respect to the acoustic comfort of these home appliances. Among the noise sources, there are the refrigerant flow, the fans and the compressors. The compressors might be responsible for a part of the cabinet low frequency noise, which could be generated either by the gas pulsation that excites the tubing or the compressor low frequency vibration that transfers energy to the cabinet base plate and tubing. The compressor low frequency vibration is a function of the mechanism loads and the gas pressure that acts on the piston and it is modulated by its running frequency and harmonics. Besides, at low frequencies, the compressor behaves as a rigid body assembled on isolators or grommets, which link the compressor to the cabinet base plate. If one knows these rigid body natural frequencies, it is possible to optimize the refrigerator project, providing a better acoustic performance for manufacturers and final customers. Based on this context, this paper aims to present a study of the compressor grommets, usually made of rubber. First of all, an investigation about the materials is carried out using a technique with a single degree-of-freedom system. Secondly, an analysis of the static behavior of an isolator using the rubber properties is performed. Finally, a numerical model to predict the modal behavior of a compressor assembled on a rigid base is created and experimentally validated.


Comparative Legal Interpretation focuses on textual interpretation of the law. All law needs to be interpreted, and there are many ways to do it. Greenawalt covers the dominant methods of legal interpretation, explaining their underlying structure and efficacy. But there are other issues involved. Which perspective should we prioritize-the writer or the reader? Should interpretation be abstract or contextual? Should it have a specific aim or a general objective? To answer these tough questions, he explores how interpretive strategies from other disciplines-the philosophy of language, literary and musical interpretation, religious interpretation, and general interpretive theory-can augment and enrich our methods of legal interpretation.


In this article we have expanded the analysis of the new dataset we created in Santella, Paone, Drago (2005) which analysed and quantified corporate disclosure on directors formally identified as independent by the forty Italian Blue Chips. We find here a general low level of compliance with independence requirements for both financial and non-financial companies, particularly with regard to the two key independence criteria of not having too many concurring commitments and not having business relationships with the company or an associated company. We also find that financial companies show a lower level of compliance than non-financial ones and are connected with each other and with a few non-financial companies through networks of cross-directorships: two directors (one independent and one executive) who also sit at the same time on another company board. Finally, those non-financial companies that have a relatively fragmented shareholder structure tend to be characterised by higher levels of compliance and disclosure (but not always by lower levels of not compliance) than tightly-controlled non-financial companies, presumably because of sensitivity to a larger pool of small shareholders. Peculiarly, financial companies with fragmented shareholder structure tend to be characterised by low disclosure levels, although such companies are also subject to strong financial supervision.


OBJECTIVE To investigate pedometer-measured physical activity (PA) in 2000 and change in PA over 5 years with subsequent risk of dysglycemia by 2005. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This prospective cohort study in Tasmania, Australia, analyzed 458 adults with normal glucose tolerance and a mean (SD) age of 49.7 (12.1) years in 2000. Variables assessed in 2000 and 2005 included PA, by pedometer and questionnaire, nutrient intake, and other lifestyle factors. Incident dysglycemia was defined as the development of impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance revealed by oral glucose tolerance testing in 2005, without type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Incident dysglycemia developed in 26 participants during the 5-year period. Higher daily steps in 2000 were independently associated with a lower 5-year risk of incident dysglycemia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.87 [95% CI 0.77–0.97] per 1,000-step increment). Higher daily steps in 2005, after controlling for baseline steps in 2000 (thus reflecting change in steps over 5 years), were not associated with incident dysglycemia (AOR 1.02 [0.92–1.14]). Higher daily steps in 2000 were also associated with lower fasting blood glucose, but not 2-h plasma glucose by 2005. Further adjustment for BMI or waist circumference did not remove these associations. CONCLUSIONS Among community-dwelling adults, a higher rate of daily steps is associated with a reduced risk of incident dysglycemia. This effect appears to be not fully mediated through reduced adiposity.


Entrepreneurial ability in managing the business very well and encouraged by good science will also serve as sources of labor become a vital object in the implementation of the company. Entrepreneurship as the driving wheel of the company plays an important role in supporting the achievement of business objectives. Entrepreneurial Education and Science is a unity that can not be separated. The purpose of this study is to determine the existing entrepreneurial competence in RM. PADANG ANGKASA, PADALARANG, to know the success of the RM. PADANG ANGKASA, PADALARANG, and to test the effect of competence on the success of entrepreneurial businesses in the RM. PADANG ANGKASA, PADALARANG.  The method used in this research is to census descriptive and verification approaches . This study uses explanatory survey research data collection techniques. This was a census study, by taking the entire population as the sample population totaling 48 employees. Techniques of data collection using interviews, observation, questionnaires and documentation. Analysis method using Pearson product moment correlation and coefficient of determination, as well as t test using SPSS 17.0 for windows. The results showed that entrepreneurial competencies in supporting the success of Business In the calculation of correlation is obtained for (r) = 0.657, the determination coefficient (Kd) = 43.17%, which means Entrepreneurial Competence affect business success is positive and strong. Where as in the calculation of the hypothesis with used t get t value = 5.91, while t table value = 2 . 013 where t count > t table which means that Ho is rejected, H1 is accepted, based on research by using the t test the two parties with a significant level of 5%, this means that the effect on the Entrepreneurial Competencies of Business Success in RM. PADANG ANGKASA, PADALARANG. Keywords :    Entrepreneurship Competence and Business Su c cess.


We demonstrate how quantum computation can provide non-trivial improvements in the computational and statistical complexity of the perceptron model. We develop two quantum algorithms for perceptron learning. The first algorithm exploits quantum information processing to determine a separating hyperplane using a number of steps sublinear in the number of data points $N$, namely $O(\sqrt{N})$. The second algorithm illustrates how the classical mistake bound of $O(\frac{1}{\gamma^2})$ can be further improved to $O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\gamma}})$ through quantum means, where $\gamma$ denotes the margin. Such improvements are achieved through the application of quantum amplitude amplification to the version space interpretation of the perceptron model.


This study describes the perspectives of five pairs of preservice teachers and their experienced mentor teachers who engaged collaboratively in planning, implementing, and evaluating action research projects during a semester-long internship experience in their professional development school sites. The views of novice and experienced teachers about the costs and benefits of doing collaborative action research are presented, and the authors elaborate on the development of the mentor/mentee relationship between the preservice and experienced teacher pairs. The authors also offer guidelines for successfully engaging preservice and experienced teachers in collaborative action research.


Synopsis: A number of regulatory agencies have long enforced prohibitions against manipulative behavior in the markets that they oversee. The Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission all have statutes or rules that ban manipulation. Recently, Congress granted authority to the Federal Trade Commission to promulgate a rule against market manipulation in wholesale petroleum markets, which it did in November 2009. Unlike the other agencies, the FTC is not a sector regulator; it is a law enforcement agency that enforces the antitrust and consumer protection laws across all industries. The Commission's new rule thus breaks new ground both for the agency and for entities that trade in covered products. A thorough understanding of the rule is necessary to comply with its strictures without diluting the incentives to engage in efficient business conduct. This article aids in that understanding by discussing the authorizing legislation, the rulemaking process, the breadth and scope of the final rule, the FTC's reasons for adopting the rule that it did, and the rule's place in the regulatory landscape facing companies in wholesale petroleum markets. I. INTRODUCTION After a long period of relatively stable prices, U.S. retail gasoline prices experienced sharp increases beginning in 2005. By 2006, the average price for regular gasoline reached $2.59 per gallon, and by May 2007 it had risen to $3.13.' A number of observers attributed at least some part of the higher prices to market distortions caused by fraudulent or manipulative conduct in wholesale and futures markets.2 In response, Congress added language to a comprehensive energy reform bill, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA),3 that authorized the Federal Trade Commission (FTC or Commission) to promulgate regulations to define and prohibit manipulative or deceptive conduct in wholesale petroleum markets.4 The Commission conducted a rulemaking proceeding under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA),5 which included receiving comments from interested parties and holding a workshop on alternative potential rules, and promulgated a rule that took effect on November 4, 2009.6 The final rule states that: [i]t shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, in connection with the purchase or sale of crude oil, gasoline, or petroleum distillates at wholesale, to: (a) Knowingly engage in any act, practice, or course of business - including the making of any untrue statement of material fact - that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person; or (b) Intentionally fail to state a material fact that under the circumstances renders a statement made by such person misleading, provided that such omission distorts or is likely to distort market conditions for any such product.7 The final product of the proceeding is a fraud-based rule that draws heavily from similar rules in effect at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), and the anti-fraud enforcement efforts at the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), though modified to reflect the unique features of wholesale petroleum markets. The market manipulation rule has engendered substantial comment in the antitrust and energy communities.8 This article is designed to explain in detail the scope and reach of the final rule, and to provide some understanding of the Commission's rationale behind the rule. Section II sets out the rule and discusses the legislative history of the EISA and the earlier statutes and rulemakings that served as the models of this latest rule. Section III discusses the rulemaking process and the derivation of the final rule. Section IV delineates the scope of the rule and explains the Commission's jurisdictional reach. Section V discusses the practices prohibited by the final rule and the elements necessary for the Commission to prove a violation. …


BACKGROUND
Heavy episodic drinking (HED) or consuming 4+/5+ drinks in 1 occasion for women/men is linked consistently with alcohol-related harms. Recent research suggests that many individuals drink at levels more than twice this cutoff (8+/10+ drinks), commonly referred to as "high-intensity drinking." Prevalence rates of high-intensity drinking and its dynamic association with alcohol use disorder (AUD) across all ages, however, remain unknown. The current study used data from a nationally representative sample to document age-varying prevalence rates of HED-only drinking and high-intensity drinking, prevalence rates of AUD for HED-only drinkers and high-intensity drinkers, and relative odds of experiencing an AUD for high-intensity drinkers as compared to HED-only drinkers.

METHODS
Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. The final analytic sample consisted of past-year drinkers aged 18 to 64 years (n = 22,776).

RESULTS
Time-varying effect modeling revealed that high-intensity drinking and HED-only drinking were equally prevalent during young adulthood and prevalence rates of both types of drinking generally became less common with increasing age. At all ages, high-intensity drinkers were at 3 or more times greater odds of meeting criteria for an AUD than HED-only drinkers. The association between high-intensity relative to HED-only drinking was strongest earlier in adulthood with approximately 83% of 18-year-old high-intensity drinkers having AUD relative to 42% of HED-only drinkers.

CONCLUSIONS
Future research aiming to identify drinkers most at risk of harms and in need of treatment may benefit from assessing the extent to which an individual exceeds the 8+/10+ threshold of drinking.


Some problems associated with forecasting water cooling in the entrance to the Baltic Sea are examined, using a diagnostic study from the severe ice winter of 1986/87 as a starting point. In the study, measured and numerically simulated data demonstrate that surface water cooling can be well simulated with the mathematical model presented by Omstedt (1987). Forecast tests during the same winter also indicate that the model may provide useful forecast information. However, because of the limited numbers of temperature and salinity profile measurements, the forecasts had to be accomplished with diagnostic calculations. These calculations will then produce the necessary initial data for the forecasts.


Background & Aim: Postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV) is a common problem after surgery. Apart from increased patient dissatisfaction, PONV may lead to serious complications including disruption of surgical incisions and anastomosis, electrolyte imbalance, and delay in postoperative rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate acupressure as a nonpharmacological alternative for the prevention of PONV in patients undergoing adenotonsilectomy. Patients & Method: We conducted a prospective, randomized, clinical trial to assess the efficacy of acupressure band in prevention of PONV after adenotonsilectomy. The band was placed on patients' wrists after establishing invasive monitoring and before induction of anesthesia. In the band group, spherical beads of the acupressure band were in contact with the P 6 point, which is located on the anterior surface of the forearm, 2 inches proximal to the distal wrist crease between the tendons of flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus muscles. In the control group, an identical band with a head was placed in the opposite position. Patients with a previous history of congenital heart disease, severe pulmonary dysfunction, prolonged duration of operation due to the complication of anesthesia or surgery, and vomiting during operation were excluded from the study. A standard track for adenotonsilectomy anesthesia was employed. Postoperative pain relief was achieved with acetaminophen and standard pharmacological treatment of nausea and vomiting was applied. Data collection was performed within 6 hours after surgery. Results: 177 children ranging 5 to 10 years were studied in two groups(case-control). 22(24.7%) out of 89 patients in the case group presented with PONV, while 49(55.7%) out of 88 patients in the control group did so. There was no difference between the two groups with respect to demographic data, surgical characteristics, and analgesic requirements. Numerical and categorical data were analyzed by comparing two proportions(z-test) between two independent populations. Data was recorded as number of patients in percent. A Pvalue of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion: Acupressure is a simple, noninvasive and cost-effective method in prevention of PONV and has been used successfully in different patient populations. Although in one study on the effects of acupressure on PONV in 100 patients undergoing adenotonsilectomy there was no significant difference between the case and control group, we found out that inter-group difference with respect to PONV was approximately 30%, which is suggestive of statistical significance(Pvalue<0.001). In conclusion, we recommend that acupressure be applied to decrease PONV after adenotonsilectomy.


ABSTRACT Older adults have increasingly adopted Internet and social network sites (SNSs), but little communication scholarship has explored systematic differences in access within this population. Using a nationally representative sample of Americans over the age of 50 years from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study, we examine Internet access (N = 18,851) and SNS adoption patterns (N = 869) among this sample and explore how these patterns vary by age. Regarding Internet access, results suggest that while the gender divide has reversed in favor of women, older adults who are economically, socioculturally, or physically disadvantaged are less likely to have reliable Internet access. In addition, the view that the various divides in Internet access are less of a concern for those who are younger is only partially supported, as some access-related divides do not vary by age or even decrease with age. For SNS adoption, we found that access to technological resources (diversity of online activities) positively predicts SNS use. Moreover, SNS users are more likely to be younger, female, widowed, and homemakers, perhaps because these individuals are more motivated to use SNSs to complement or compensate for their existing social status. These findings reveal unique challenges and motivations in relation to Internet access and SNS adoption patterns across the later life span.


Struggles over the meaning of the past are common in postcolonial states. State cultural heritage programs build monuments to reinforce in nation building efforts often supported by international organizations and tourist dollars. These efforts often ignore the other, more troubling memories preserved by local communities markers of colonial oppression, cultural genocide, and ethnic identity, Yet, as the contributors to this volume note, questions of memory, heritage, identity and conservation are interwoven at the local, ethnic, national and global level and cannot be easily disentangled. In a fascinating series of cases from West Africa, anthropologists, archaeologists and art historians show how memory and heritage play out in a variety of postcolonial contexts. Settings range from televised ritual performances in Mali to monument conservation in Djenne and slavery memorials in Ghana.


A strategy for addressing the complexity of problem identification and notification by autonomous telemetry monitoring software is discussed. The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite's science operations center (ESOC) is completing a transition to autonomous operations. Originally staffed by two people, twenty-four hours every day, the ESOC is nearing the end of a phased transition to unstaffed monitoring of the science payload health. To develop criteria for the implementation of autonomous operations we first identified and analyzed potential risk areas. These risk areas were then considered in light of a fully staffed operations model, and in several reduced staffing models. By understanding the accepted risk in the nominal, fully staffed model, we could define what criteria to use in comparing the effectiveness of reduced staff models. The state of the scientific instrument package for EUVE is evaluated by a rule-based telemetry processing software package. In the fully automated implementation, anomalous states are characterized in three tiers: critical to immediate instrument health and safety, non-critical to immediate instrument health and safety, and affecting science data only. Each state requires specific action on the part of the engineering staff, and the response time is determined by the tier. The strategy for implementing this prioritized, autonomous instrument monitoring and paging system is presented. We have experienced a variety of problems in our implementation of this strategy, many of which we have overcome. Problems addressed include: dealing with data dropouts, determining if instrument knowledge is current, reducing the number of times personnel are paged for a single problem, prohibiting redundant notification of known problems, delaying notification of problems for instrument states that do not jeopardize the immediate health of the instrument, assuring a response to problems in a timely manner by engineering staff, and communicating problems and response status among responsible personnel.


The incidence and transmission patterns of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital were investigated over a 3-year period. K. pneumoniae isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, capsular serotyping, plasmid profiles, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of genome macrorestriction patterns with XbaI, and the results were compared with those obtained by typing with the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns. The discriminatory power of RAPD typing was evaluated for three primers. The incidence of isolation of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae was 2.5 cases per 1,000 admissions to the ICU versus 0.35 cases per 1,000 admissions to other units (relative risk, 7.03; 95% confidence interval, 3.89 to 12.69). Infection developed in 53% of evaluable patients. Thirty-six percent of the cases were possibly acquired in other institutions. Isolates from ICU patients were subdivided into six capsular serotypes and into four clonal groups based on antibiotype, plasmid content, and PFGE and RAPD patterns. Two clones were associated with clusters of cross-infection, involving 5 and 12 patients, respectively. Following implementation of contact isolation precautions, the incidence of nosocomial acquisition of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae decreased from 0.55 to 0.26 cases per 1,000 admissions (P = 0.03). PFGE and RAPD analysis showed concordant results and comparable discrimination for differentiation between groups of epidemiologically related strains of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. More subclonal variants were determined among epidemic clones by PFGE analysis than by RAPD analysis. Both methods are useful for typing K. pneumoniae strains in epidemiological investigations, although RAPD analysis is more efficient.


In the past view decades the therapy of malignant diseases has improved significantly. However
especially metastatic diseases and relapses still require the development of new therapeutic
modalities. Most chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptosis. A better understanding of apoptosis
signaling is needed in order to combine cytostatic drugs in a more efficient way and to develop new targeted therapies. Conventional cytotoxic drugs and new therapies target p53, a key
regulator of apoptosis. p53 is one of the most intensively studied target proteins but the
heterogeneity and diversity of the function of p53 remains unclear.
We investigated the importance of p53 in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signaling, via a
variety of molecular biological approaches (Wachter et al., 2013). Apoptosis is induced intrinsically
by the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion (eg.
doxorubicin) or via activation of death receptors on the surface of the cell (eg. TRAIL, Tumor
necrosis factor Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand). As described in the literature, wildtype p53
leaded to an increase in intrinsic cell death, whereas different p53 mutations reduced apoptosis. In
our work we discovered that the influence of p53 status on extrinsic cell death induction was
much more multifaceted. The presence of p53 in tumor cell lines and xenograft tumor cells
resulted in augmented, unaffected or decreased cell death. With great interest we discovered
that the replacement of wildtype p53 by mutant p53 did not disturb the extrinsic apoptosis
inducing capacity.
As a next step we studied the influence of cell cycle arrest induced by p53 activation on
TRAIL apoptosis sensitivity (Ehrhardt/Wachter et al., 2013). Cell cycle arrest was induced in
tumor cell lines and patient samples in G0, G1 or G2 with cytostatic drugs, phase-specific
inhibitors or RNA interference against cyclinB and E. Molecular or biochemical arrest at any
point of the cell cycle augmented the rate of apoptosis by TRAIL. Consequently, when cell
cycle arrest was deactivated by adding caffeine, the antitumor activity of TRAIL was
decreased. The extrinsic apoptosis by TRAIL was increased in senescent tumor cells. This is
especially important for the therapy of minimal residual disease and for the prevention of relapse
caused by resting tumor cells.
Additionally, we studied the impact of p53 activation on the rate of apoptosis induced by
combinations of cytostatic drugs (Ehrhardt, Schrembs, Moritz, Wachter et al., 2011). A single
drug is not very effective in cancer therapy therefore malignant diseases are usually treated
with a combination of cytostatic agents. Co-administration of anthracyclines and vinca
alkaloids on the same day is a standard of care for hematopoietic malignancies. If both drugs
are applied simultaneously, doxorubicin inhibits apoptosis induction of vincristine. While it is
well understood that doxorubicin activates p53 and induces cell-cycle arrest, we observed
that cell-cycle arrest disabled inactivation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-family members by
vincristine. Therefore, it follows that vincristine was unable to activate downstream apoptosis signaling. Cycling cells are required for vincristine to kill cancer cells efficiently.
In summary we have shown the heterogeneity of p53 in extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis
signaling. The impact of the p53 status of tumor cells on extrinsic apoptosis signaling should
be considered, especially in the context of therapeutic approaches that aim to restore p53
function to enable cell death. p53 can act pro- and anti-apoptotic, depending on the individual
patient tumor cell and on drug and signal interactions. Finally, this suggests that patients
benefit from an individualized therapeutic regimen. Further investigation is required in order to better understand the therapeutic potential of these complex interactions.


Residual effects of manure or compost application on crop production and soil properties can last for several years. This study was conducted to evaluate residual effects of annual or biennial applications of N- and P-based composted and noncomposted beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure, chemical fertilizer, and no-treatment check on corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil properties. Manure and compost were applied from 1992 to 1995, and the residual effects were determined from 1997 to 1999. Residual effects of N- and P-based manure and compost applications on corn grain yield and N uptake lasted for at least one growing season while the effects on soil properties were longer lasting. Soil P can contribute to crop P uptake for >4 yr after N-based manure or compost application had ceased. The residual effects of manure and compost applications significantly increased soil electrical conductivity and pH levels and plant-available P and NO 3 -N concentrations. Four years after the last application, P leaching to a soil depth of 45 to 60 cm was observed with N-based manure or compost application. No residual effects of manure and compost applications on soil NH 4 -N were observed. Averaged across years, soil total C concentrations or quantities were not different among the treatments, indicating that total C was not a sensitive indicator. Residual effects of N- or P-based manure or compost application increased crop production for one year and influenced soil properties for several years.


The Southern Ocean is ofren portrayed as rhe last great wilderness. However, the marine living resources of the sub-Antarctic islands haw
been harvested for over two centuries. ExploitaLion began with the upper trophic levels and the high-value air-breathing species, before
progressing down the food chain to the lower trophic levels and the less valuable nekton and zooplankton. Exploitation in the sub-Antarctic
began in the late eighteenth century, nowhere better typified than at South Georgia. At South Georgia exploitation started with Antarctic
Fur Seals,Arctocephalus gazella, which were reduced almost to extinction by the mid-nineteenth century. As the fur trade rapidly became
uneconomic, new targets were sought and by the end of the nineteenth century, oilers were hunting for Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga leonina, Southern Right Whales, Eubalaena australis, and some sub-Antarctic penguin species. As these stocks also declined and their commercial
exploitation became uneconomic, the focus shifted such that by the beginning of the twentieth century, harvesting for other baleen
whales (the so-called rorquals) and Sperm Whales,Physeter macroephalus, was well-established. With the demise of the great whales, other
less valuable species were then sought, so that by the latter half of the twentieth century, fishing for finfish and krill had begun. Removal of
the upper trophic level species has impacted upon the sub-Antarctic marine system resulting in profound changes, the consequences of which
continue to the present. The consequences of such harvesting are reviewed in the context of an ecosystem model that demonstrates some
of the expected changes in the marine foodweb that may arise as a consequence of harvesting and how, once harvesting ceases, populations
may recover to their pre-exploitation state.The current status of the South Georgia foodweb is reviewed in the context of these predicted
changes. In the period since uncontrolled harvesting ceased, the role of physical environmental forcing factors has been recognised and
found to be key to any understanding of marine foodweb dynamics. These two major forces, historical exploitation and climate change,
may act in concert to alter ecosystem dynamics. Disentangling these confounding drivers may be difficult and complex, but because of the
relatively well-documented history of exploitation the sub-Antarctic may offer one location where it is feasible.


This paper is based on data drawn from Ph.D. research investigating the relationship between language and motivation. It specifically describes the motivating and demotivating factors that influence young female language learners in the Saudi context. This study aims to investigate what factors could motivate female learners of ESL classrooms. Further, the author utilizes sociocultural theory to explore what factors could affect participants' motivation as female Muslim Arabs. She also supports her arguments using data drawn from classroom observations, pupil focus group interviews and one-to-one teacher interviews. The current study involves 132 second-year pupils from a secondary public school in Taif city and three Saudi English language teachers. The findings indicate the impact of various social factors relevant to the Saudi identity, culture and everyday life on girls' ESL learning in the Saudi context. Participants' beliefs and practices of ESL appear to be influenced by certain imaginative views towards their local identities and cultures, their possible selves in the future, and the linguistic communities. In addition, findings regarding autonomy indicate that identity and culture attributes affects teachers' and learners' roles in the classroom and their motivation both inside and outside the classroom. Finally, the study recommends extending the setting of the sample for future study to include more than one city in order to compare cultural and social attributes that impact ESL, as cultures and identities vary from one area to another in Saudi Arabia.


T he first grant that I received was to better understand how young cancer survivors made decisions to become pregnant after treatment. The year was 1989. The Office of Cancer Survivorship at the National Cancer Institute in the United States had not yet been established. The term cancer survivor was yet to be part of our collective vernacular. The amount of funding was $1000, and I was thrilled. The thousand dollars felt more like a million dollar award. Surely, I thought, this is what it was like to strike gold. In the intervening 2 decades, I have received sustained funding, both large and small, to support our research team's work in cancer survivorship. But I still hold dear what it felt like to receive my first small award, and what the value of small beginnings meant to me, and I try to convey the value of these insights to others. I have worked with young and eager doctoral students who are anxious to seek any amount of funding to support their work. I have also mentored some faculty who are less eager about small funds. They scoff at securing initial pilot funds. ''What can you do with such a little amount of money?'' they ask. ''I want the big bucks,'' they say. Next, they get that dreamy faraway look in their eyes, seeing 1 letter and 2 numbers (read: R01) twinkling after their names. I understand the big picture and where they want to go. I sit back and think the phrase, ''haste makes waste,'' has not yet become a learned strategy. In the haste to get large funding, they waste time in overlooking the value of small funds. They do not connect how small funds can lead to a meaningful difference in their patients' and families' lives. So when they are ready to listen after a less than successful grant submission, we start with the value of small beginnings. The steps in small beginnings are not embedded in rocket science; they are the basics. We carefully construct a pilot project to address the questions that will lead to the next step. We carry out the small pilot in a small amount of time with a small number of research questions. We focus on the ''answerable questions.'' Most importantly, we keep our eyes on the horizon to where we are going. We take the lessons learned from pilot results to move to the next vital question, which, in turn, will move them to the next level. The focus is not on the funding, per se, but on the learning and understanding of the outcome. Small funding with good results can beget larger funding. Larger funding can bring its share of challenges. Today, the word sustainable takes on even greater meaning. Maintaining sustained external support is increasingly difficult given that funding levels are being cut, and the available funding mechanisms are being reduced. And, with more researchers seeking small pilots, the value of small beginnings takes on larger significance.


In order to get stable continuous wave (CW) mode-locked (ML) laser, conventionally, the laser cavity was designed to reach very small mode radius in the laser crystal to make the laser material saturated. While for the laser diode (LD) end pumped Nd:YVO4 without fiber coupling transmission, as long as choosing the appropriate short focus lens and making the focus area in front of the Nd:YVO4 small enough, we found even large cavity mode volume can make the laser material saturated. In addition, relatively large cavity mode volume can make high power output with single mode come true. Ideal beam quality without high order transverse mode oscillating, the CW ML state turned to be very stable. Accordingly, relatively large mode volume in the laser crystal was designed with semiconductor saturated absorber mirror (SESAM), over 1.5-W CW ML output with near diffraction limited was acquired. The optical-to-optical conversion efficiency reached 30%.


Network embedding learns the low-dimensional representations for vertices, while preserving the inter-vertex similarity reflected by the network structure. The neighborhood structure of a vertex is usually closely related with an underlying hierarchical taxonomy---the vertices are associated with successively broader categories that can be organized hierarchically. The categories of different levels reflects similarity of different granularity. The hierarchy of the taxonomy therefore requires that the learned representations support multiple levels of granularity. Moreover, the hierarchical taxonomy enables the information to flow between vertices via their common categories, and thus provides an effective mechanism for alleviating data scarcity. However, incorporating the hierarchical taxonomy into network embedding poses a great challenge (since the taxonomy is generally unknown), and it is neglected by the existing approaches. In this paper, we propose NetHiex, a NETwork embedding model that captures the latent HIErarchical taXonomy. In our model, a vertex representation consists of multiple components that are associated with categories of different granularity. The representations of both the vertices and the categories are co-regularized. We employ the nested Chinese restaurant process to guide the search of the most plausible hierarchical taxonomy. The network structure is then recovered from the latent representations via a Bernoulli distribution. The whole model is unified within a nonparametric probabilistic framework. A scalable expectation-maximization algorithm is derived for optimization. Empirical results demonstrate that NetHiex achieves significant performance gain over the state-of-arts.


The current standard for confidence interval construction in the context of a possibly misspecified model is to use an interval based on the sandwich estimate of variance. These intervals provide asymptotically correct coverage, but small-sample coverage is known to be poor. By eliminating a plug-in assumption, we derive a pivot-based method for confidence interval construction under possibly misspecified models. When compared against confidence intervals generated by the sandwich estimate of variance, this method provides more accurate coverage of the pseudo-true parameter at small sample sizes. This is shown in the results of several simulation studies. Asymptotic results show that our pivot-based intervals have large sample efficiency equal to that of intervals based on the sandwich estimate of variance.


Globally, there is growing recognition of participatory public expenditure management (PPEM). PPEM is seen as the process whereby citizens and civil society organisations participate in the management of public expenditures. The adoption of PPEM is aimed at ensuring greater transparency, better targeting and tracking of resources, and increased overall responsiveness. The Gauteng Department of Health and Social Development (GDHSD) is committed to co-operative governance; this includes working with different spheres of government and civil society or non-profit organisations (NPOs). NPOs are required to have a governing committee to manage funds allocated by GDHSD. The committee has the capacity to hold the NPO management accountable for the resources (financial and material) entrusted to it by the GDHSD. The effectiveness of NPOs is challenged by poor attendance of board members at meetings, poor understanding of the board's mandate and responsibilities and lack of experience amongst members. The paradigm of PPEM is still faced with challenges to ensure that significant flows of revenue are accounted for and used effectively for growth and poverty reduction. This study is divided into three components. The first section focuses on the background, the introduction and the conceptual framework. The second part focuses on the empirical study for deriving a benchmark for the South African NPO sector. The third section highlights good practices as well as governance-related challenges. Finally, for further consideration by the GDHSD, a series of recommendations is provided, focusing on how key domestic stakeholders can better contribute to successful participatory budgeting programmes. Keywords: Participatory public expenditure management, non-profit organisations, pro-poor spending, public finance, public financial management, early childhood development.  Disciplines: Public Management and Administration, Public Financial Management


In order to address the question of what kind of marketing relations induce producers to invest more and/or target their production to specific markets, this study assesses small-scale potato growers' access to dynamic markets. This study defines dynamic markets as those capable of absorbing increasing quantities of farmers' produce, either because of the scale of the market, or because demand is rising rapidly. Using potato marketing in the most important producing region for this crop in Peru – the Mantaro Valley, which is located in Peru's central mountains – as a case study, the dynamic markets considered in this study are the processing (potato chip) market and the seed potato market; both are generally considered more profitable than the traditional potato market aimed for direct consumption. This study examines the features and conditions governing sales in the various markets where potato growers place their produce. We have employed two consecutive surveys of same producers, one focusing on transactions and the other on the socio-economic attributes of individual producers. Quantitative results were supplemented by in-depth interviews with a variety of participants in the marketing chain, in order to better understand how these producers connect with different markets, and what contractual modalities and conditions enable them to create solid, successful market arrangements. The research shows that the most complex marketing arrangements are the most profitable. However, these arrangements also involve greater transaction costs, since they take place in markets that demand higher product quality and more product differentiation, requirements that can only be met if growers invest more in the production process. It should be noted that institutional costs play a dominant role in these markets due to information asymmetries. The high transaction costs entailed are a barrier to access for producers with fewer resources, preventing them from entering these more dynamic and hence potentially more profitable markets. The study also explores the main bottlenecks that producers face in attempting to enter more complex markets, and examines the role that these barriers play in informing producers' choices and decisions regarding activity in given markets and investment. The study found that any isolated actions do not suffice to solve these problems; only a series of interventions (involving education and training, risk management, and organization) can increase the probability of access to these markets under favourable conditions for the growers in question. conTenTs Page


Responses in eyewitness identification of a person in a line-up may be based on two types of recovery experiences, remember and know experiences. Remember responses involve eyewitness identification of the target person as an episodic memory task, because it implies retrieving information about the target person in the place and at the time of the event. Know responses, in contrast, engage recognition based on familiarity or perceptual facilitation, that is, as a semantic memory task. To explore the relation between retrieval experiences and recognition accuracy, 86 participants took part in a recognition task with two conditions: one with an interpolated target absent line-up and the other only with the target present line-up. Accuracy of recognition and retrieval experience was measured. The results showed that, having previously participated in a target-absent line-up, increased omissions, while the number of hits decreased. Furthermore, participants' know responses were associated to false recognition, whilst remember responses were associated to hits in recognition. Thus, asking eyewitnesses to inform about the kind of retrieval experience in which they based their recognition responses, may serve as a reliable indicator of accuracy in recognition. Future studies are needed to investigate whether this is also the case in natural settings.


A review was performed looking at the first 100 intubation procedures performed or solely supervised by one emergency medicine trainee. Over the 5 year period during which the procedures were performed the author performed 93 and supervised 7 procedures. There were 90 rapid sequence intubation procedures and 10 intubations without drugs. The intubation procedure was successful by the author on 94 occasions, 91 of these on the first attempt and 3 on a second attempt. There were 8 complications. These comprised 3 oesophageal intubations and 5 failures to achieve an adequate view. This study suggests that as a trainee gains experience in performing intubation procedures, the nature of the complications arising changes. Initial complications involved misplacement of the tube, whereas later complications involved not obtaining an adequate view, latterly in increasingly difficult airways. Truly difficult airways are not common and may not be experienced until much later in a trainee's career.


Too many babies and children in South Africa are dying unnecessarily, despite the fact that our health care system
is one of the more advanced on the African continent. It is clear from the avoidable factors identified when reviewing
these cases of deaths, that there is a lot we can do to reduce the number of infant deaths, and the midwife, as a
key role player, can impact greatly if the right measures are taken to improve care and caring for these patients. The most important change that will have to be made, is to improve the clinical skills required to manage pregnancy and labour and identify risk factors, but then also to act appropriately to these risk factors.


The cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in the world and presents a higher chemi‐ cal variability for presence of several hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups allow sur‐ face modification of biomaterials, with insertion of several chemical groups which change cellulose characteristics. This natural biopolymer and its derivatives have been used a lot as adsorbent, from several contaminants of aqueous medium due to biocompatibility, chemical degradability, and variability. Therefore, this chapter has the objective to review the literature about several cellulose surfaces or cellulosic material (incorporation of car‐ boxymethyl, phosphorus, carboxyl, amines, and sulfur), presenting the main characteris‐ tics of reactions and showing its adsorption in application of aqueous medium (metals, dyes, and drugs), locating the main interactions between biomaterial/contaminant.


From the Publisher:
Special Edition Using JSP and Servlets starts by detailing the evolution of web servers that led to the creation of ASP and JSP. It explains both the limitations of previous technologies and the benefits that JSP provides including platform independence. Includes coverage of: organizing applications with multiple files and client-side objects, generating well-formed XML using JSP, storing data in cookies and sessions, interacting with Enterprise Java Beans, displaying dynamic graphics with Java 2D, and using RMI and Corba to enhance JSP applications. The final chapters demonstrate advanced JSP & Servlet techniques, including using JSP to create wireless & XML-based applications. Appendices provide an overview of popular JSP & Servlet runtime environments, including Jrun, Tomcat and ServletExec.


BACKGROUND
With almost 47 million individuals worldwide suffering from some aspect of dementia, it is clear that cognitive loss impacts a significant proportion of the global population. Unfortunately, definitive treatments to resolve or prevent the onset of cognitive loss are limited. In most cases such care is currently non-existent prompting the need for novel treatment strategies.

METHODS
Mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FoxO) are one such avenue of investigation that offer an exciting potential to bring new treatments forward for disorders that involve cognitive loss. Here we examine the background, structure, expression, and function of FoxO transcription factors and their role in cognitive loss, programmed cell death in the nervous system with apoptosis and autophagy, and areas to target FoxOs for dementia and specific disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

RESULTS
FoxO proteins work in concert with a number of other cell survival pathways that involve growth factors, such as erythropoietin and neurotrophins, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), Wnt signaling, and cancer-related pathways. FoxO transcription factors oversee proinflammatory pathways, affect nervous system amyloid (Aβ) production and toxicity, lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, foster neuronal apoptotic cell death, and accelerate the progression of degenerative disease. However, under some scenarios such as those involving autophagy, FoxOs also can offer protection in the nervous system and reduce toxic intracellular protein accumulations and potentially limit Aβ toxicity.

CONCLUSION
Given the ability of FoxOs to not only promote apoptotic cell death in the nervous system, but also through the induction of autophagy offer protection against degenerative disease that can lead to dementia, a fine balance in the activity of FoxOs may be required to target cognitive loss in individuals. Future work should yield exciting new prospects for FoxO proteins as new targets to treat the onset and progression of cognitive loss and dementia.


STV and ranked pairs (RP) are two well-studied voting rules for group decision-making. They proceed in multiple rounds, and are affected by how ties are broken in each round. However, the literature is surprisingly vague about how ties should be broken. We propose the first algorithms for computing the set of alternatives that are winners under some tiebreaking mechanism under STV and RP, which is also known as parallel-universes tiebreaking (PUT). Unfortunately, PUT-winners are NP-complete to compute under STV and RP, and standard search algorithms from AI do not apply. We propose multiple DFS-based algorithms along with pruning strategies and heuristics to prioritize search direction to significantly improve the performance using machine learning. We also propose novel ILP formulations for PUT-winners under STV and RP, respectively. Experiments on synthetic and real-world data show that our algorithms are overall significantly faster than ILP, while there are a few cases where ILP is significantly faster for RP.


This study aims to examine if there is any cross-cultural difference in attitudes towards the natural environment and its resources, especially in the context of tourism development. Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan are chosen as East Asian subjects and Germany and the United Kingdom as Northern European subjects in this study because they show not only distinctive traditions and philosophies, but also various stages of national economic development. The first part of the study provides (1) the current situation of environmental awareness in tourism and hospitality industries and (2) information about the cultural values, religions and the philosophies which shape people's attitudes towards the natural environment. The history of environmental awareness and the protective movement started quite differently in western and eastern societies. While Western societies are more concerned about the conservation of the natural resources, delayed industrialisation in East Asia, in contrast, caused more serious and often irreversible damage to the natural environment. The tourism industry in Western societies has recently shown more environmental concern as its survival depends on the quality of the natural environment, but in the East, tourism and environmental management are considered unrelated. East and West also have different religious views, aesthetic values and risk perceptions which determine their values of the natural environment and its resources. The main survey of this study is twofold: investigation of the construction of attitudes towards the natural environment and tourism impacts and their sense of responsibility as an individual for environmental problems. Over 100 respondents from the tourism and hospitality industry, and environmentalists in each region have been sampled. The Multidimensional Scaling procedures in addition to one-way analysis of variance are applied to elicit the underlying structure of attitudes towards environmental issues and tourism development and the respondents' sense of responsibility towards the environmental issues. The data revealed that there are not only East-West differences but also differences between the tourism industry/environmental expert subjects and the university students in the attitudes construct. The cultural differences are observed within the tourism industry/environmental expert groups but the university students show constant across-culture similarities. Contradictory to the empirical evidence, the perception of nature and natural resources turns out to be universal. However, significant cultural differences in the level of authoritarianism and individualism are found both in tourism industry/environmental expert subjects and the university students. The Chinese groups have a stronger authoritarian tendency than the others but also believe more in individual contribution to the environmental management. Although individuals are expected to take a more active stance in environmental management, when it conies to the respondents' own responsibility, the Northern European groups and Japan showed more interests in the quality of personal life than the Chinese groups. The Northern European minds perceive tourism activity and its impacts as being under the control of people but the East Asians consider nature has more control over them.


Originally published as twenty-four newspaper columns from 1859 to 1861, Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management is many things, but it is first and foremost a guide to managing a household during the nineteenth century. Beeton wrote, "As with the commander of an army, or the leader of any enterprise, so is it with the mistress of a house." Running an extravagant household was a monumental task and a responsibility not to be taken lightly. It meant supervising every employee, from the butler to the laundry-maid to the footman and the wet nurse. It meant managing the safety, happiness, comfort, and well-being of the family. In addition to offering advice on a wide range of domestic topics, this abridged edition of Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management contains hundreds of original recipes. A compendium of practical information about everything from animal husbandry to child care, this Victorian classic is both fascinating and still useful. Sarah A. Chrisman, author of Victorian Secrets and This Victorian Life provides the foreword, reflecting on how she uses Mrs. Beeton's advice on a daily basis.


Modern neural interfaces allow access to the activity of up to a million neurons within brain circuits. However, bandwidth limits often create a trade-off between greater spatial sampling (more channels or pixels) and the temporal frequency of sampling. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to obtain spatio-temporal super-resolution in neuronal time series by exploiting relationships among neurons, embedded in latent low-dimensional population dynamics. Our novel neural network training strategy, selective backpropagation through time (SBTT), enables learning of deep generative models of latent dynamics from data in which the set of observed variables changes at each time step. The resulting models are able to infer activity for missing samples by combining observations with learned latent dynamics. We test SBTT applied to sequential autoencoders and demonstrate more efficient and higher-fidelity characterization of neural population dynamics in electrophysiological and calcium imaging data. In electrophysiology, SBTT enables accurate inference of neuronal population dynamics with lower interface bandwidths, providing an avenue to significant power savings for implanted neuroelectronic interfaces. In applications to two-photon calcium imaging, SBTT accurately uncovers high-frequency temporal structure underlying neural population activity, substantially outperforming the current state-of-the-art. Finally, we demonstrate that performance could be further improved by using limited, high-bandwidth sampling to pretrain dynamics models, and then using SBTT to adapt these models for sparsely-sampled data.


Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a very versatile technology. It has the potential to increase the efficiency of many common applications and is thus becoming increasingly popular. The main drawback is that the general principles the technology is built on are very vulnerable to attack. The ID imbedded in every chip combined with the openness of the radio interface exposes the users to tracking. As additional sensitive information may be stored on the tags, the user may also be exposed to other security and privacy threats. This thesis investigates how easily the reading distance of RFID tags can be increased by modifying a regular reader. A thorough presentation of general privacy and security threats to RFID systems is also given together with an analysis of how the results from the experiments influence these threats. General countermeasures to defend against threats are also evaluated. Finally, the thesis investigates how easily a user can reduce the reading distance of tags he is carrying by physical shielding. The general results are that moderately increasing the reading distance of RFID tags by modifying a regular reader is possible. It is, however, not trivial. Given that the attacker has extensive knowledge of the technology and its implementation, obtaining extensive increases in reading distance by using very sophisticated techniques may be possible. Users can, on the other hand, relatively easily decrease the reading distances of tags by physically shielding them. The obtainable reading distance using an electronics hobbyist's tools, skills and knowledge is sufficient to greatly simplify the execution of several attacks aimed at RFID systems. As the technological development is likely to increase the obtainable reading distance even further, inclusion of on-tag security measures for the future is of great importance.


This paper investigates whether the institution of life time tenure for public sector employees affects the selection of workers into private and public sector occupation. Precisely, we argue that more generous employment protection for public sector employees may induce risk averse individuals to select into civil service employment even if they have a low intrinsic motivation and talent for this type of occupation. To empirically test for this effect, we exploit the natural experiment of the German reunification in 1990. While occupational choices in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) before 1990 may be affected by the described security motive, workers in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) enjoyed an employment guarantee irrespective of their occupation. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we employ a difference-in-difference approach that takes absenteeism as a proxy for intrinsic worker motivation and productivity. The results suggest a significant selection effect: public sector employees who made their occupational choice in the FRG report more days of absence than the control group of civil servants who chose their occupation in the former GDR. This effect turns out to be robust against controlling for potential socio-economic and cultural differences between the groups.


Toward Determining Best Items for Identifying Therapeutic Problem Areas Kevin L. Kimball Department of Psychology Doctor of Philosophy While most clients show improvement in therapy, anomalously, 5% to 10% actually worsen, and a significant minority of clients shows little or no response to therapy. Earlier studies developed clinical support tools (CSTs) designed to provide feedback to therapists about potential problem areas and to improve the likelihood of a positive outcome for clients identified as at-risk for a negative outcome in therapy (Harmon et. al. 2007; Slade, Lambert, Harmon, Smart, & Bailey, 2008; Whipple et al., 2003). While varying from study to study, the CSTs looked at five domains: therapeutic alliance, motivation to change, social support, life events, and perfectionism. More than 100 questions were used to assess these domains. The major goal of this study was to streamline the CST measures to increase efficiency. Toward that end, a new instrument consisting of 37 questions was developed by administering questionnaires to 169 patients at a rural Utah mental health center. In addition, the life events and social support questions were given to 76 students at Brigham Young University and 88 randomly selected residents of Utah County. Using item response analysis and mean scores for each dimension, subscale cut scores were developed for four dimensions: therapeutic alliance, motivation for therapy, social support, and life events. The perfectionism subscale was dropped from the questionnaire because perfectionism was deemed to be too stable to be useful for the intended use of the measure. Cut scores were also developed for each individual question. These subscale and individual item cut scores are intended to help clinicians identify potential problem areas to be explored during the course of therapy.


This article investigates how different actors and agents of forest change interact, and whether their interactions have an enhanced impact on forest management or on livelihoods of local villagers. Studies of forest cover change indicate that multiple agents and causes may speed deforestation. We disaggregate and interrogate the conventional polarization of local villagers versus external loggers and show how multiple actors interact in a dynamic context. We investigate these issues through studies of three villages in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon in Central Africa. We examine different actors' strategies in the face of external and internal pressures and stimuli. Economic crisis in Cameroon has impacted on local livelihoods as well as logging strategies of timber companies, and this has led to diverse alliances, conflicts, and outcomes. Our study shows that the combined action of local actors has synergistic or enhanced impacts in three ways. First, impacts are enhanced through accelerated extensification of cultivation in forest; second, through increased access to markets; and third, through increased migration to rural areas. These synergistic impacts are brought about by a number of mechanisms, of which the opening of new roads in forest areas is most important. A number of policy measures, including the effective enforcement of the legal mechanisms, clarification of property rights, and creation of spaces or platforms for negotiation between the different actors, are necessary to ameliorate the negative synergistic impacts of their interactions.