Memory channel contention is a critical performance bottleneck in modern systems that have highly parallelized processing units operating on large data sets. The memory channel is contended not only by requests from different user applications (CPU access) but also by system requests for peripheral data (IO access), usually controlled by Direct Memory Access (DMA) engines. Our goal, in this work, is to improve system performance byeliminating memory channel contention between CPU accesses and IO accesses. To this end, we propose a hardware-software cooperative data transfer mechanism, Decoupled DMA (DDMA) that provides a specialized low-cost memory channel for IO accesses. In our DDMA design, main memoryhas two independent data channels, of which one is connected to the processor (CPU channel) and the other to the IO devices (IO channel), enabling CPU and IO accesses to be served on different channels. Systemsoftware or the compiler identifies which requests should be handled on the IO channel and communicates this to the DDMA engine, which then initiates the transfers on the IO channel. By doing so, our proposal increasesthe effective memory channel bandwidth, thereby either accelerating data transfers between system components, or providing opportunities to employ IO performance enhancement techniques (e.g., aggressive IO prefetching)without interfering with CPU accessesWe demonstrate the effectiveness of our DDMA framework in two scenarios: (i) CPU-GPU communication and (ii) in-memory communication (bulk datacopy/initialization within the main memory). By effectively decoupling accesses for CPU-GPU communication and in-memory communication from CPU accesses, our DDMA-based design achieves significant performanceimprovement across a wide variety of system configurations (e.g., 20% average performance improvement on a typical 2-channel 2-rank memory system).


"The Western Mysteries "(previously published as "The Key of It All, Book II: The Western Mysteries), " by David Allen Hulse, is perhaps the most comprehensive, in-depth description of various aspects of the Western magickal tradition ever published. The uniting factor of this book is language. It begins with a discussion of the mysteries of the Greek alphabet, followed by the different forms of the Runes, and goes on to describe the mystical secrets of Latin. and then Enochian, where you will discover, for the first time ever, the correctly constructed Watchtower system. The book also includes the mysteries of the Tarot, a pictorial language, and it describes the development of the esoteric Tarot, how to do readings, and the significance of the symbolism on the Tarot cards. It concludes with the English language and its relationship to the Tarot, Enochian, and more. The introduction to "The Western Mysteries" serves as a complete introduction to the magickal tradition of the West. You will learn about the evolution of thought concerning the Elements, astrology, magick squares, geomancy, words of power, and more. You will find that each section of this book is a key that unlocks the meaning behind another of the magickal languages that you can relate to your own spiritual system. It is ideal for a beginning student to explore the mysteries of Western magick. It is a necessary tool for more advanced students, as it has collected hundreds of charts and lists which clarify and identify the similarities and differences between various systems. This is a reference book you will study over and over. The volume of information revealed makes "The Western Mysteries "an instant classic and a necessity for any spiritual practitioner.


Rox De Luca is a visual artist based in Sydney, Australia.  Her recent work focuses on the concepts of abundance, excess and waste. These concerns translate directly into vibrant and colourful garlands that she constructs from discarded plastics collected on Bondi Beach where she lives. The process of collecting is fastidious, as is the process of sorting and grading the plastics by colour and size. This initial gathering and sorting process is followed by threading the components onto strings of wire. When completed, these assemblages stand in stark contrast to the ease of disposability associated with the materials that arrive on the shoreline as evidence of our collective human neglect and destruction of the environment around us. The contrast is heightened by the fact that the constructed garlands embody the paradoxical beauty of our plastic waste byproducts, while also evoking the ways by which those byproducts similarly accumulate in randomly assorted patterns across the oceans and beaches of the planet.


Power-line communications are becoming a key component in home networking. The dominant MAC protocol for high data-rate power-line communications, IEEE 1901, employs a CSMA/CA mechanism similar to the back off process of 802.11. Existing performance evaluation studies of this protocol assume that the back off processes of the stations are independent (the so-called decoupling assumption). However, in contrast to 802.11, 1901 stations can change their state after sensing the medium busy, which introduces strong coupling between the stations and, as a result, makes existing analyses inaccurate. In this paper, we propose a new performance model for 1901, which does not rely on the decoupling assumption. We prove that our model admits a unique solution. We confirm the accuracy of our model using both test bed experiments and simulations, and we show that it surpasses current models based on the decoupling assumption. Furthermore, we study the trade off between delay and throughput existing with 1901. We show that this protocol can be configured to accommodate different throughput and jitter requirements, and we give systematic guidelines for its configuration.


Virology and Prion biology has significant impacted basic research in molecularbiology, neurology and neuropathology, immunology, epidemiology,epigenetics and gene regulation, pathogenesis. In addition, many technicalimprovements ranging from trans-gene expression to high-through putscreening have their roots in virology/prion research. Translational medicinehas benefitted not only from the technical advances, but also from recentadvances in cell biology stemming from basic virology/prion biology. Withthis in mind, it would benefit those interested in translational medicine tokeep abreast of current topics in virology.


AN EDUCATION that includes general semantics and critical thinking can help an individual wade through the flood of doublespeak and propaganda that surrounds us. That seemed to be the consensus among those who participated in the 42nd annual Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture and a colloquium entitled, "Doublespeak and Propaganda," October 22-23, 1993, at the Williams Club in New York. William Lutz, a professor at Rutgers University, presented the Korzybski lecture, which he entitled "General Semantics, Doublespeak, and Linguistic Survival in the Twentieth Century." Lutz serves as director of the English Graduate Program at Rutgers, has served as the head of the Committee on Public Doublespeak for the National Council of Teachers of English since 1971, and is editor of the Quarterly Review of Doublespeak. Presenters at the colloquium, held the day after the lecture, included Terence Moran of the Department of Culture and Communication at New York University, veteran general semanticist and language expert Allan Walker Read, Oleg Pocheptsov, a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania and formerly of Kiev University, and Gregg Hoffmann, senior lecturer at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and author of a new book Media Maps & Myths. Ralph Wesselmann led participants in a group participation exercise in creating doublespeak. Participating in a panel discussion were Howard Livingston of Pace University and Kenneth Johnson, professor emeritus at UW-Milwaukee. Lutz emphasized that we must be careful to not trust maps automatically. "Every verbal map must be critically examined and tested against the territory it is supposed to represent," he said. "We must always ask whether this map gets us where we want to go. Moreover, we have to check our verbal maps constantly. The world changes constantly, so our maps have to be continually adjusted. "Second, we have to ask where we got a particular map. Did someone give us the map? If so, who gave it to us, and for what purpose? Does the map take us where we want to go, or where the map giver wants us to go? Finally, we should heed the advice of Ernest Hemingway, who said that 'a person must have a built-in, shock-proof crap detector.' I would suggest that good map reading and good crap detecting are the essential requisite skills for linguistic survival in the Twentieth Century." Lutz cited numerous examples of doublespeak from advertising, government, and military sources. "There are a lot of verbal maps offered to us, verbal maps drawn of doublespeak. These maps are also maps deliberately made false, maps that do not help us find our way safely, maps that do not lead but mislead. Whe maps bear a false or inaccurate relationship with their territories, those who try to use those maps to find their way quickly become lost or worse." A couple examples offered by Lutz included: * Congressman Newt Gingrich's list of 133 words that can help candidates attack their opponents and praise themselves. Using this list, a candidate coul call his or her opponent, "sick, pathetic, incompetent, liberal traitors whose self-serving permissive attitude promotes a unionized bureaucracy and an anti-flag, anti-family, anti-child, anti-jobs ideology." Using Gingrich's "positive words," the candidate could bill himself or herself, and other member of his or her party, as "humane, confident, caring, hard-working reformers who have a moral vision of peace, freedom, and liberty that we can all build throug a crusade for prosperity and truth." * From the Persian Gulf War, came terms like "use of force" instead of war, "weapons systems" instead of bombs, "visiting a site" instead of bombing raids, "neutralizing" sites instead of blowing them up, "collateral damage" instead of civilian casualties. Terence Moran said gathering examples of doublespeak from business and media, from politics and government and other sources has "never been easier, except for the bumper crops during the Vietnam War, the Nixon Watergate affair and the Reagan-Bush-Quayle assault on language and logic. …


Unlike many modern editions of classic novels, the Harvard Annotated Editions take their cue from models such as The Arden Shakespeare, The Longman Annotated English Poets, and Martin Gardner's annotated edition of Lewis Carroll – all editions that feature significant original research. The text itself is based on a freshly generated and corrected copy-text, the result of collating different copies of the first edition in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere. Another result of this greater scholarly emphasis is that Emma: An Annotated Edition contains, in addition to an introduction of 10,000 words or so, some 50,000 words of marginal annotation. This means that, where appropriate, individual notes of anything up to 2,000 words at a time can provide small essays that contextualize particular details from the text with extensive reference to larger literary, cultural, and intellectual circumstances. For example, when Vicesimus Knox's Elegant Extracts is mentioned in Vol. 1 of the novel, the availability of space allows for an extensive note which places Austen's allusion in a much larger context of contemporary debates about popular literacy and women's education. Likewise, the annotations connect the novel's tiny allusions to the broader historical narratives which Austen's fiction has sometimes been accused of ignoring. Many of the annotations and illustrations are based on new and extensive contextual research that has never appeared in an Austen edition before: examples include contemporary medical treatises on fevers and sea-bathing, contemporary poems on crop rotation and the resort of Southend-on-Sea, the social history of monastic fisheries, 'Situations Vacant' advertisements that are coeval with the novel's imagined time-line, and the first ever colour reproduction of one of the few known contemporary images of a barouche-landau.


We conducted a Q-method-based study to examine patterns of agreement and disagreement across stakeholder groups regarding greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) management in Montana, USA, between 2010 and 2014. Tested groups consisted of government natural resource managers, advocacy groups, landowners, and concerned citizens. We asked 49 representatives of 14 different stakeholder agencies to complete a Q-method assessment of their viewpoints on greater sage-grouse management in Montana. We identified the substantively different ways that stakeholders organized their views on 2 issues: 1) What is the condition of greater sage-grouse in Montana? (i.e., the problem); and 2) What should be done about it? (i.e., the solution). We identified 3 "archetypes" (or factors in Q-method terminology): Limit Development, Local Governance, and Limit Regulation—each of which prioritized a different set of management values. We found that viewpoints toward climate change and predators were issues that created divisions among archetypes regarding sources of greater sage-grouse mortality, whereas the issues of sod-busting (breaking up new ground for cultivation) and concerns for the economic impacts of listing as an endangered species could be starting points for building consensus among stakeholder groups. Not only did Q methodology reveal the issues that divided the 3 archetypes and those issues that served as common ground, it also identified stakeholders whose viewpoints made them well-suited to act as agents of consensus or translators during contentious decision-making processes. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.


Third-party litigation funding is no longer a new phenomenon, but rather is a mainstay in global commerce and dispute resolution. Yet, many observers still consider the third-party litigation funding industry as a "wild west" due to a lack of regulation in many countries. Some of the countries that have regulations suffer from a lack of uniformity and an array of conflicting laws at the sub-national level (i.e., the laws of states, provinces, territories, etc.). For example, the United States has a confusing patchwork of state laws on third-party litigation funding. This article proposes harmonizing the regulatory framework for third-party litigation funding in the United States by identifying the three categories of interactions – transactional, procedural, and ethical – that make up third-party litigation funding and suggesting avenues for regulation within those three categories. This approach will weave a regulatory "safety net" of minimum standards for the behaviors and interactions of the players in third-party litigation funding arrangements to ensure the integrity of the dispute resolution system in which they invest and participate.


Alpha-lipoic acid (LA), the metabolic antioxidant, was evaluated for its potential to protect against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage. Potassium dichromate was administered to Swiss albino mice orally ad libitum at the doses of 5, 10 or 25 mg/kg body weight in drinking water to set DNA damage in cells, which was characterized in mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells using single-cell gel electrophoresis and analyses of generated comets for Tail moment, Tail DNA and Tail length. DNA damage was dose dependent. Cytoprotection by LA was remarkable. LA (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) in pre-, co- and post-toxicant administration schedule abrogated DNA damage substantially in both cell types. Protection by LA was also dose dependent. LA annulled DNA damage by Cr(6+) in plasmid relaxation assay. A negligible DNA damage resulted during interaction of Cr(6+) and LA. Compared to ascorbate, LA emerged as a better antioxidant and least DNA damaging. In conclusion, our study advocated an experimental therapeutic research potential in LA against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage for reduction of occupational cancer risk in humans.


California is in a drought State of Emergency, which is fueling negative social and economic consequences. After multiple years of below average rainfall, California has arrived at one of the most severe droughts in recorded history. Climate change is upon the Golden State, and the ugly consequences need to encourage citizens to spur green movements combating environmental destruction. The agriculture industry is in need of drastic change in order to secure a future that includes clean water, and fresh food for a growing population. Currently, the agricultural techniques practiced are far from sustainable. Adopting a new ideal on what it means to grow food is key if California's citizens wish to continue living in an aesthetically pleasing state. To address this problem I will implement the disciplines of ecology, environmental history, public health, environmental economics, environmental policy, and environmental design. Basic ecological principles will be the backbone for understanding how to improve agricultural techniques to deal with drought. Public health will be addressed, as it pertains to quality and availability for water and food. I will use economic and political disciplines to gain a better understanding of why the problems associated with drought exist, and the pragmatic solutions they can offer to those problems. Concepts in environmental design will be crucial for proving that we have available technologies that can change the way we farm. In the end, I hope to offer a clear path for how California agriculture should revolutionize in the wake of severe drought.


Event synopsis: Latin America has long been known as the world region with the highest levels of inequality, yet the degree and nature of inequalities vary across the domains of economics, politics and culture. The struggle to overcome inequalities has engendered social movements for centuries, and today as in various moments in the past has motivated interventions by policymakers. Many of these efforts have not been without impact, and their achievements may be underestimated by scholars and citizens alike. Yet by all accounts the distribution of assets and power remains fundamentally unequal even as the region undergoes profound changes in its social and economic structures, political institutions and cultural norms. Neither theory nor practice has grasped adequately the complexities of Latin America's inequalities or the factors that sustain or undermine them over time. Understanding of inequalities requires insights from disciplines across the social sciences and humanities, and demands attention to the circumstances and strategies of the rich as well as the poor, of the privileged as well as the subaltern.


We analyze the Moral Hazard problem, assuming that agents are inequity averse. Our results differ from conventional contract theory and are more in line with empirical findings than standard results. We find: First, inequity aversion alters the structure of optimal contracts. Second, there is a strong tendency towards linear sharing rules. Third, it delivers a simple rationale for team based incentives in many environments. Fourth, the Sufficient Statistics Result is violated. Dependent on the environment, optimal contracts may be either overdetermined or incomplete.


The authors conduct a meta-analysis of 751 short-term and 402 long-term direct-to-consumer brand advertising elasticities estimated in 56 studies published between 1960 and 2008. The study finds several new empirical generalizations about advertising elasticity. The most important are as follows: the average short-term advertising elasticity is .12, which is substantially lower than the prior meta-analytic mean of .22; there has been a decline in the advertising elasticity over time; and advertising elasticity is higher (1) for durable goods than nondurable goods, (2) in the early stage than the mature stage of the life cycle, (3) for yearly data than quarterly data, and (4) when advertising is measured in gross rating points than monetary terms. The mean long-term advertising elasticity is .24, which is much lower than the implied mean in the prior meta-analysis (.41). many of the results for short-term elasticity hold for long-term elasticity, with some notable exceptions. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.


HIV/AIDS is a highly stigmatizing condition that dramatically influences the social relations of those infected with the disease (Herek & Glunt, 1988; Kalichman, 2000). Stigmatized individuals experience interpersonal rejection because of their stigma and this rejection can heighten dispositional sensitivity to rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996). Increased sensitivity to interpersonal rejection has been shown to decrease relationship satisfaction and lead to relationship dissolution (Downey, Freitas, Michaelis, & Khouri, 1998). Few studies have examined the influence of stigmatization on romantic relationships and little is known about the romantic relationships of people living with HIV/AIDS. The current study examined the role of rejection sensitivity as a mediator in the association between HIV/AIDS stigma and romantic relationship satisfaction. A diverse sample of HIV-positive participants was recruited from Vermont and neighboring states. Participants completed measures of perceived stigma, rejection sensitivity and satisfaction with their current romantic relationship. Disclosure concerns and enacted, or personalized, stigma predicted decreased relationship satisfaction. Rejection sensitivity did not mediate the relationship between stigma and relationship satisfaction. Results suggest that both rejection sensitivity and perceived stigma independently influence relationship satisfaction. The implications of the influence of stigma on romantic relationships are discussed.


Emphasising a positive approach to dealing with terrorism (the carrot), this book provides a critique of deterrence policy (the stick) which can be ineffective and even counterproductive, and proposes three alternative and effective anti-terrorist policies: Decentralisation reduces vulnerability to terrorist attacks. A system with many different centres is more stable due to its diversity, enabling one part to substitute for another; Positive incentives can be offered to actual and prospective terrorists not to engage in violent acts. Incentives include: reintegrating terrorists into society, welcoming repentents and offering them valued opportunities; and Diverting attention by naming several terrorist groups potentially responsible for a particular terrorist act. The government thus supplies more information than the terrorist responsible would wish.


We present observations from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument onboard Mars Express of the thermal electron plasma density of the Martian ionosphere and investigate the extent to which it is influenced by the presence of Mars's remnant crustal magnetic fields. We use locally measured electron densities, derived when MARSIS is operating in active ionospheric sounding (AIS) mode, covering an altitude range from ∼300 km to ∼1200 km. We compare these measured densities to an empirical model of the dayside ionospheric plasma density in this diffusive transport‐dominated regime. We show that small spatial‐scale departures from the averaged values are strongly correlated with the pattern of the crustal fields. Persistently elevated densities are seen in regions of relatively stronger crustal fields across the whole altitude range. Comparing these results with measurements of the (scalar) magnetic field also obtained by MARSIS/AIS, we characterize the dayside strength of the draped magnetic fields in the same regions. Finally, we provide a revised empirical model of the plasma density in the Martian ionosphere, including parameterizations for both the crustal field‐dominated and draping‐dominated regimes.


Abstract. The ionospheric feedback instability (IFI), which involves feedback between ionospheric modifications and waves reflected off the magnetosphere, has up to this point been analyzed in terms of field line integrated (FLI) ionospheric quantities, that is, with the assumption that the ionospheric thickness can be ignored. In this work we test this assumption by solving the two-fluid equations for a representative ionospheric slab of finite thickness. We find that the results are for the most part incompatible with a description in terms of FLI quantities, and that their use can easily lead to an order of magnitude overestimation of the growth rate. This occurs because the first eigenmode, which is the one compatible with an FLI description, is cutoff above a certain frequency, leaving only higher order modes with wavelengths along B that are subsumed by the slab. Taking the results at face value, the parallel electric fields associated with the higher order modes are a possible contributor to electron heating and plasma structure in the E-region ionosphere.


This article extends the materialist critique of bio-capitalist structures and logics to not medically indicated, recreational uses of biomedical diagnostic information. The increasing biomedicalization of society changes our understanding of life, body, and self. The possibilities of intervening in the make-up of the body turns life into a controllable process, which only depends on the right choice and consumption of products. And this choice is produced by a commercial sector that has been described as bio-capitalist complex. Diagnostic tools that provide a new insight into the body have revolutionized the concept of health, making self-surveillance an integral part of everyday life. With the growing prevalence of diagnostic testing and its extension to recreational and everyday practices – from genetic testing to me- Health and wearables – bio-capitalist market structures pervade not only the understanding of the body but of the self. This article argues that the renegotiation of the body as bio-capital has extended to everyday identity practices that are not necessarily recognized as biomedical and biotechnological but follow nonetheless the logics that govern this biomedical-industrial complex.


Technical best practices recommend pressure control as an effective countermeasure to reduce leakages in water distribution networks (WDNs). Information and communication technologies allow driving pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in real-time based on pressure observed at remote control nodes ( remote real-time control – RRTC ), going beyond the limitations of classic PRV control (i.e. with target pressure node just downstream of the device). Nowadays, advanced hydraulic models are able to simulate both RRTC -PRVs and classic PRVs accounting for unreported and background leakages as diffused pressure-dependent outflows along pipes. This paper studies how such models are relevant to support pressure control strategies at both planning and operation stages on the real WDN of Oppegard (Norway). The advanced hydraulic model permits demonstration that RRTC -PRVs in place of existing c lassic PRVs might reduce unreported and background leakages by up to 40%. The same analysis unveils that advanced models provide reliable evaluation of leakage reduction efforts, overcoming the inconsistencies of lumped indexes like the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). Thereafter, the model allows comparison of three strategies for the real-time electric regulation of PRVs in some of the planned scenarios, thus supporting real-time operation of RRTC -PRVs.


Aim: To develop a practical system to enable nurses to screen for psychological distress following stroke. Background: Mood disorders and psychological distress are prevalent following stroke, but often go undetected and therefore untreated. National guidelines recommend screening for distress, but the evidence suggests that there are significant barriers to the implementation of post-stroke mood and psychological distress screening programmes. One barrier relates to limitations of questionnaire methods for identifying distress. Specifically, existing mood questionnaires are often too lengthy; miss important emotional changes that result from stroke; and do not necessarily point nurses towards the most helpful intervention approaches. Methods: We sought to develop a brief, clinically valid screening system that could be used by nurses to identify the levels of psychological distress experienced by stroke survivors. As well as determining levels of distress, the system was intended to aid the identification of first-line interventions that nurses could offer to alleviate distress. Results: A screening system was identified from the oncology literature (the Distress Management System [DMS]) that appeared to meet the broad requirements for screening for stroke-related distress. To tailor the DMS for stroke settings, we obtained feedback on the components of the DMS from stroke survivors and stroke nurses, and also consulted the research literature. This led us to: (1) retain the distress screening component of the DMS, the 'Distress Thermometer'; (2) modify the DMS's 'Concerns Checklist' to reflect the main problems encountered after stroke; and (3) add a 'Resource Pack' to the screening system to enable nurses to offer first-line interventions targeted at individuals' distress. The result, the Distress Management System for Stroke (DMSS), is presented in full in this paper. Conclusion: The DMSS is a potentially useful tool for nurses working in stroke settings. It is brief, straightforward to administer, captures the main emotional concerns of stroke survivors, and the findings from the DMSS can be used to structure interventions for psychological distress. Future work is required, however, to establish the DMSS's reliability, validity and clinical effectiveness.


In this article it is discussed and analysed the influence of the European Union (EU) for Lithuanian regional policy development and its benefits. It was made a research that showed the present situation in Lithuanian regional policy and particular influence of the EU for it. This article research was made in 2011 from February to May. In the period of current economical recession EU structural funds support for Lithuania is very significant. It helps for Lithuanian regions to become more competitive. Financial support gives opportunities for economical development. In Lithuanian case the biggest problem is uneven economical development of capital Vilnius, biggest cities (Klaipėda, Kaunas) and other regions. Our country does not have regional policy traditions. For that reason Lithuanian regional policy faces with a lot of obstacles, which make difficulties for Lithuanian regions to become politically and economically stronger. EU structural funds support and other financial support from EU to member countries is an effective tool for regional economical development. The major obstacle in Lithuania is the fact that not always EU support to Lithuanian regions is imbibed effectively. As a result, positive effect and expected results are not achieved. The research data published in this article helped to reveal the essential obstacles, which prevent the Lithuanian regional policy from becoming stronger and more competitive in the context of economically developed EU regions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.12.1.4007


A study was undertaken to determine the importance of subsurface flow and drainage in a northern Saskatchewan forested basin, and to examine the effect of clear-cutting on the hydrologic cycle. Components of the soil water cycle were estimated for clear-cut and forested sites during the spring melt and growing season. Surface runoff was measured using interceptor troughs and tipping-bucket gauges. Soil water contents were measured using a neutron probe. Soil water fluxes were calculated using Darcy's Law and mass-balance equations. Creek flow was monitored using a water-level recorder and still well. Surface runoff was insignificant on all plots during the growing well. Surface runoff was insignificant on all plots during the growing season. Clear-cutting increased hillslope water yield fivefold during the snowmelt period and doubled drainage during the growing season, compared with the forested site. Stream hydrographs indicated the basin was dominated by subsurface flow. This was consistent with measurement made on the forested plots where calculated drainage values could account for almost all observed streamflow. Hydrograph separation was carried out using mass-balance calculations of Ca and Mg. The separation was used to identify sources of subsurface water contributing to streamflow.


I. ADVERSARIAL VS. INQUISITORIAL SYSTEM II. JURY SYSTEM III. CONCLUSION This Article aims to answer the following question: Are the American and British adversarial systems, which rely heavily on juries, or the German and Continental inquisitorial non-adversarial systems, which operate without juries, more likely to result in justice? The Article advocates for America's adversarial and jury systems because they are logically superior and, in my experience, they most often succeed in rendering justice. I. ADVERSARIAL VS. INQUISITORIAL SYSTEM Paraphrasing Winston Churchill's well known statement about democracy (1) provides a succinct description of these competing systems of justice: no one pretends that the adversarial system is perfect; indeed the adversarial system may be the worst form of judicial procedure except for all others that have been tried from time to time. The only possible way to avoid defects in any system of justice would be to create a computer program that could digest all of the facts and determine the absolute truth between the divergent assertions of the litigating parties. No such computer exists. That means that any determination must rest on the human foibles of the fact-finder--such as a biased reaction to evidence or the issues of the case--as well as the fact finder's willingness to spend time considering all available evidence and to search for additional relevant facts. These human elements control the ultimate judgment regardless of whether the fact-finder is a lawyer for one of the parties, a juror, or a judge in either the inquisitorial or adversarial system. No one with litigation experience would claim that every lawyer or each judge is identical in ability, energy, work ethic, or the extent of bias brought to any case. These realities, these differences between human beings, do not disappear because the human being becomes an inquisitorial judge. This is an axiom that must be applied to the specific question of this Article--whether the inquisitorial system or the adversarial system is more likely to result in justice being done. Understanding the differences between the two systems is imperative. The adversarial litigation system relies heavily on advocacy by each party with a relatively passive judge acting as an umpire or evidentiary traffic warden. (2) Only in bench trials (trials where there is no jury) does the judge take on the role of fact-finder. Much, but not all, of the rest of the world has the inquisitorial system, in which the judge plays the pivotal role in adducing the facts and deciding every case. (3) Neither the "fact-searching" system nor the "fact-presenting-leading-to-fact-finding" system has any fixed plan or procedure that must be followed. The reality is that, whether that task of searching for and presenting facts is delegated to an inquisitorial judge or adversarial lawyers, the facts made available for consideration will depend on the ability, initiative, bias, determination, thoroughness, energy, aggressiveness, interest, knowledge, and motivation of the specific human being acting as inquisitorial judge or as adversarial lawyer in that specific case. That person, whether judge or lawyer, can do a great job, a passing job, or a poor job. The attributes of the specific person in that role, which determines how that person performs his duty, can result in benefit to one of the litigating parties and detriment to the other. So, one might ask, does that mean that, insofar as a search for justice is concerned, the two systems are six of one and half dozen of the other? My answer is a decisive no. In the adversarial system, the lawyer for a party has the duty to act zealously and faithfully for his client. Zealous, faithful advocacy means the obligation to search out all favorable evidence, to seek, neutralize or destroy all unfavorable evidence, and to press the most favorable interpretation of the law for his client. …


Summary
Serological studies were conducted on 29 leptospiral isolates obtained during an epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of human leptospirosis. The isolates were derived from urine of 2 of 6 patients, from 1 of 15 samples of surface water obtained at the locus of infection and from 15 of 106 trapped mammals as follows: 11 of 27 spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus), 2 of 14 spiny pocket mice (Liomys adspersus), 1 of 3 opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) and 1 of 3 four-eyed opossums (Philander opossum). No leptospiras were isolated from 49 short-tailed bats (Carollia perspicillata), 6 small-eared bats (Micronycteris megalotis), and 4 long-tongued bats (Glossophaga soricina).
On the basis of cross-agglutination and agglutinin adsorption tests, seven different and hitherto unreported serologic types were classified and designated as follows: serotype bravo (hyos group) isolated from man, spiny rat and spiny pocket mouse; serotype weaveri (icterohaemorrhagiae group) isolated from man and spiny rat; serotypes canalzoni (cynopteri group) isolated from spiny rat, spiny pocket mouse and four-eyed opossum; kobbe (bataviae group) isolated from spiny rat; serotype pomona, subserotype tropica, isolated from spiny rat and spiny pocket mouse; maru (hebdomadis group) isolated from spiny rat and surface water; and panama (possible new group) isolated from opossum. Evidence of mixed infections was obtained in five animals. The bacteriological findings affirmed previous serological indications that Panama is an area of multiple leptospirosis.


Abstract EFSA was asked to update the 2015 EFSA risk assessment on Xylella fastidiosa for the territory of the EU. In particular, EFSA was asked to focus on potential establishment, short‐ and long‐range spread, the length of the asymptomatic period, the impact of X. fastidiosa and an update on risk reduction options. EFSA was asked to take into account the different subspecies and Sequence Types of X. fastidiosa. This was attempted throughout the scientific opinion but several issues with data availability meant that this could only be partially achieved. Models for risk of establishment showed most of the EU territory may be potentially suitable for X. fastidiosa although southern EU is most at risk. Differences in estimated areas of potential establishment were evident among X. fastidiosa subspecies, particularly X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex which demonstrated areas of potential establishment further north in the EU. The model of establishment could be used to develop targeted surveys by Member States. The asymptomatic period of X. fastidiosa varied significantly for different host and pathogen subspecies combinations, for example from a median of approximately 1 month in ornamental plants and up to 10 months in olive, for pauca. This variable and long asymptomatic period is a considerable limitation to successful detection and control, particularly where surveillance is based on visual inspection. Modelling suggested that local eradication (e.g. within orchards) is possible, providing sampling intensity is sufficient for early detection and effective control measures are implemented swiftly (e.g. within 30 days). Modelling of long‐range spread (e.g. regional scale) demonstrated the important role of long‐range dispersal and the need to better understand this. Reducing buffer zone width in both containment and eradication scenarios increased the area infected. Intensive surveillance for early detection, and consequent plant removal, of new outbreaks is crucial for both successful eradication and containment at the regional scale, in addition to effective vector control. The assessment of impacts indicated that almond and Citrus spp. were at lower impact on yield compared to olive. Although the lowest impact was estimated for grapevine, and the highest for olive, this was based on several assumptions including that the assessment considered only Philaenus spumarius as a vector. If other xylem‐feeding insects act as vectors the impact could be different. Since the Scientific Opinion published in 2015, there are still no risk reduction options that can remove the bacterium from the plant in open field conditions. Short‐ and long‐range spread modelling showed that an early detection and rapid application of phytosanitary measures, consisting among others of plant removal and vector control, are essential to prevent further spread of the pathogen to new areas. Further data collection will allow a reduction in uncertainty and facilitate more tailored and effective control given the intraspecific diversity of X. fastidiosa and wide host range.


ABSTRACT Terrorism is an increasing problem; still, research systematically investigating the impact of varying kinds of terrorism is scarce. The present investigation uses hypothetical scenarios to look at effects of diverging sorts of terrorism on risk perceptions in a student- and a tourist sample. Two characteristics of terrorism were varied systematically: frequency (whether terrorism hits a destination where terrorism is frequent or infrequent) and degree of organization (whether terrorism is committed by an organization or by an isolated perpetrator). Results show that both variables affect the level of perceived risk. Results are also in line with prospect theory's [Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47 (2), 263–291] predictions regarding changes in risk perceptions. Findings thus provide a taxonomy of how terror characteristics affect level of and changes in perceived risk. This taxonomy might possibly be useful for predicting tourists travel decisions and behaviour.


This essential reference covers alphabetically both the major concepts in political theory and the key writers in the field. While ensuring accuracy and objectivity, the entries represent interpretations that are both challenging and interesting. The premise underlying the book is that politics cannot be studied without theory, and for students, the more concrete and relevant the theory, the better. Presenting theory in an abstract fashion makes it daunting for students who can find it difficult to see the links between theory and practice. The definitions in this glossary therefore relate political ideas to political realities (i.e. everyday controversies) in an attempt to make them as lively, stimulating, and accessible as possible. Terms have been selected based upon the concepts most regularly used in teaching.


Transitioning into retirement is an under-researched phenomenon in developing countries. Largely, this is linked to a predominance of contexts where – in particular – the rural population remains outside the coverage of any formal pension system. In 2008, China introduced the New Rural Social Pension (NRSP), a program which by now covers the majority of the Chinese rural elderly. This paper examines the effects of the NRSP on the labor supply of the elderly in rural China. As pension benefit eligibility at the time of its implementation is conditional on age, a regression discontinuity design is applied to investigate the casual effect of the receipt of pension benefits on labor supply. Furthermore, as the NRSP is neither means-tested nor conditions on retirement, it induces a pure income effect on employment. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative data set, we find that the receipt of pension benefits increases the probability of retirement among the rural elderly by around 15%.


Alexandria Eastern Harbor is a shallow, protected, semi-enclosed, circular basin. It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea through two openings: El-Boughaz (main) and ElSilsila. New data, from a recent bathymetric survey in the Harbor, is used to build up its bathymetric chart. The bottom of the Harbor slopes gradually seawards, with an average depth of 5m inside the Harbor. The study build up Alexandria Eastern Harbor new bathymetric chart, will be a useful tool to follow-up the problems of the harbor and to propose suitable solutions. Recommendations are set in the end of the study to activate the self recovery (by the Harbor water body) to preserve and recover the situation of Alexandria Eastern Harbor.


Space is a means of self-expression and evolves under the influence of social structure and environment. The environment-human-space relationship can be examined by using different models. Among them, the physical aspect and the socio-cultural aspect are dominant. This mutual relationship has always been a focal point for archaeology and geographical sciences. Supporting archaeological finds with absolute dating methods and interdisciplinary studies may lead to establishing paleo-environmental models for various periods and may also help to define external physical factors affecting social structures. Constructions, one of the tangible cultural items, are also one of the most evident visible remains of past societies. The investigation of the space in the architectural context is the most important tool used to understand the daily practices of past communities, their social structure and also their organization. The architectural traditions created by the communities are based on the matured two-way relationship of the relationship that man constructs with space in a short and long run. The structure is also a solution to social consequences and/or a socio-economic crisis. New excavations and researches carried out in Neolithic settlements of the Upper Mesopotamia have provided various informations. This increase in knowledge has been led to a very different pattern emerging as well as complementing the missing aspects of current information. Thus, in prehistoric archaeology of the Near East, but especially for Upper Mesopotamia, it become necessary to make some changes in long-accepted concepts. This study is about participating in the discussions about the cultural mobility process in Upper Mesopotamia and its surroundings between 8000 - 7000 BC with the architectural data of Sumaki Hoyuk Neolithic settlement.


Realizing a conceptual quantum algorithm on an actual physical device necessitates the algorithm's quantum circuit description to undergo certain transformations in order to adhere to all constraints imposed by the hardware. In this regard, the individual high-level circuit components are first synthesized to the supported low-level gate-set of the quantum computer, before being mapped to the target's architecture-utilizing several optimizations in order to improve the compilation result. Specialized tools for this complex task exist, e.g., IBM's Qiskit, Google's Cirq, Microsoft's QDK, or Rigetti's Forest. However, to date, the circuits resulting from these tools are hardly verified, which is mainly due to the immense complexity of checking if two quantum circuits indeed realize the same functionality. In this paper, we propose an efficient scheme for quantum circuit equivalence checking—specialized for verifying results of the IBM Qiskit quantum circuit compilation flow. To this end, we combine characteristics unique to quantum computing, e.g., its inherent reversibility, and certain knowledge about the compilation flow into a dedicated equivalence checking strategy. Experimental evaluations confirm that the proposed scheme allows to verify even large circuit instances with tens of thousands of operations within seconds or even less, whereas state-of-the-art techniques frequently time-out or require substantially more runtime. A corresponding open source implementation of the proposed method is publicly available at https://github.com/iic-jku/qcec.


Time travel has been a staple of science fiction. With the advent of general relativity it has been entertained by serious physicists. But, especially in the philosophy literature, there have been arguments that time travel is inherently paradoxical. The most famous paradox is the grandfather paradox: you travel back in time and kill your grandfather, thereby preventing your own existence. To avoid inconsistency some circumstance will have to occur which makes you fail in this attempt to kill your grandfather. Doesn't this require some implausible constraint on otherwise unrelated circumstances? We examine such worries in the context of modern physics.


An 80-year-old woman has been carrying percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG) 20Fr for 3 years due to post-stroke dysphagia. She complains of 2 months of vomiting and recurrent abdominal pain. Analyses were unremarkable. Plain abdominal X-ray revealed hidroaereal levels and distention of the bowel loops. Abdominal CT showed concentric thickening of the antrum of oedematous nature, the PEG balloon at the duodenum first portion without pneumoperitoneum (Figure 1). The PEG was functional with easy rotation, but only with possible traction up to the 7 cm mark. After gastric content aspiration, the esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed duodenal migration of the PEG balloon causing gastric drainage obstruction (Figure 2) and duodenal bulb erosions by PEG balloon trauma. The PEG tube was repositioned at the level of the gastrocutaneous fistula after deflation of the balloon (Figure 3A) and then reinflated with 20 mL of distilled water. Additionally, a second external fixator was placed 3.5cm from the anterior abdominal wall to avoid recurrence of this complication (Figure 3B). No PEG migration recurrence was verified during 11 months of follow-up.


Networks of nonlinear systems contain unknown parameters and dynamical degrees of freedom that may not be observable with existing instruments. From observable state variables, we want to estimate the connectivity of a model of such a network and determine the full state of the model at the termination of a temporal observation window during which measurements transfer information to a model of the network. The model state at the termination of a measurement window acts as an initial condition for predicting the future behavior of the network. This allows the validation (or invalidation) of the model as a representation of the dynamical processes producing the observations. Once the model has been tested against new data, it may be utilized as a predictor of responses to innovative stimuli or forcing. We describe a general framework for the tasks involved in the "inverse" problem of determining properties of a model built to represent measured output from physical, biological, or other processes when the measurements are noisy, the model has errors, and the state of the model is unknown when measurements begin. This framework is called statistical data assimilation and is the best one can do in estimating model properties through the use of the conditional probability distributions of the model state variables, conditioned on observations. There is a very broad arena of applications of the methods described. These include numerical weather prediction, properties of nonlinear electrical circuitry, and determining the biophysical properties of functional networks of neurons. Illustrative examples will be given of (1) estimating the connectivity among neurons with known dynamics in a network of unknown connectivity, and (2) estimating the biophysical properties of individual neurons in vitro taken from a functional network underlying vocalization in songbirds.


The phenomenon of cavitation inception was studied on four axisymmetric bodies whose boundary layers underwent a laminar separation and subsequent turbulent reattachment. The non-cavitating flow was studied by holographic and schlieren flow-visualization techniques. Surface distributions on the mean and the fluctuating pressures were also measured. The conditions for cavitation inception and desinence were determined and holograms were recorded just prior to and at the onset of cavitation. The population of microbubbles and the subsequent development of visible cavitation was determined from the reconstructed image. In every case the appearance of visible cavitation was preceded by a cluster of microscopic bubbles in a small portion of the flow field providing clear evidence that cavitation is initiated from small nuclei. The inception zone was located within the turbulent shear layer downstream of transition and upstream of the reattachment region of the bodies with large separation regions. The location and the shape of this cavitation suggested a relation to the mixing-layer eddy structure. The inception region on the body with the smallest separation zone, a hemisphere-cylinder body, was located in the reattachment region, but the cavities were still detached from the surface. Instantaneous minimum-surface-pressure measurements do not account for observed cavitation-inception indices except for the hemisphere body, where the correlation is satisfactory. The rate of cavitation events was estimated from measurements of nuclei population, and fluctuating-pressure statistics in the portion of the flow susceptable to cavitation. It was demonstrated for the hemisphere body that at least one such cavitation event could occur every second. These findings are consistent with what is observed visually at the onset of cavitation and support the location of inception determined holographically.


One of the major challenges that SMEs (small and medium enterprises) face when it comes to the implementation of Industry 4.0 is the high technological complexity and consequently the high investment and operation cost to be expected as well as the need for highly qualified specialists to operate and maintain such complex systems. This paper presents a generic CPPS (cyber-physical production system) architecture that copes with SMEs specific challenges and simplifies the implementation of the Industry 4.0 paradigm in real world applications. The proposed CPPS architecture has been validated in an industrial pilot application. The COSMIXER-CPPS is able to control devices with different interfaces and protocols as well as to communicate with external databases and web-services. The unified communication middleware within the CPPS enables furthermore the reconfiguration and scaling of the system with minimal disruption. This research is a contribution to reduce inhibitions towards the implementation of Industry 4.0 in SMEs, further research has to be carried out to investigate and enhance the dependability, security, real-time capability and performance of SME-friendly CPPS.


This article examines the impact of conflict-induced population displacement on urban labour markets. Data from over 900 working-age individuals in Sudan indicates that long-term urban residents in conflict areas have a higher probability of being employed in skilled sectors relative to similar individuals in a non-conflict city and a lower likelihood of becoming unemployed. Recent arrivals to the conflict city, however, are much more likely to become unemployed. The data also show that young women entering the labour market during the conflict are less likely to be unemployed in the conflict city. This is consistent with a framework where war-induced population displacement from rural to urban areas generates demand for services provided by higher-skill workers and increased competition for low-skill jobs. The data show that household wealth of long-term residents decreases in conflict zones. Negative wealth effects are smaller for those more dependent on skilled sectors.


Association Between Polymorphisms Associated with Major Depression, Cognitive Function, and Stress Regulation and Telomere Length in Older Community-Dwelling Adults and in Older Competitive Athletes Cynthia Elizabeth Perry Department of Psychology, BYU Master of Science Introduction: Many factors detrimental to healthy aging have been proposed including depression, stress, cognitive decline, and telomere shortening. Of specific interest are the genetic factors that may contribute to these factors and subsequently lead to accelerated telomere shortening and aging, namely the Bcl1, 5-HT, DRD2, and ApoE polymorphisms. We sought to: 1) further clarify the role of depression, stress tolerance, and cognitive decline in aging by examining the effect of associated polymorphisms (Bcl1, 5-HT, DRD2, and ApoE) on telomere length in two samples of older adults and 2) determine the difference in absolute telomere length between the two groups. Method: We examined two samples of older adults: participants in a competitive, athletic event (N=220; mean age=66.8 years) and a sample of community-dwelling older adults (N=208; mean age=69.1 years). Participants completed a questionnaire with demographic information and provided a saliva sample. The Bcl1, 5-HT, DRD2, and ApoE polymorphisms were determined using PCR and Taqman assays. Telomere length was determined using qPCR analysis. Results: The community-dwelling group had significantly shorter telomere lengths than the athletic group (t=-4.82, p< .0001). Additionally, for males in the athletic group, the L/S genotype of the 5-HT polymorphism was associated with longer telomere length. In males in the community-dwelling group, the GC genotype of the Bcl1 polymorphism was associated with shorter telomere length. In females in the athletic group, the GC and GG genotypes of the Bcl1 polymorphism were associated with shorter telomere length with the opposite being true for females in the community-dwelling group: the GC genotype of the Bcl1 polymorphism predicted longer telomere length. Exercising nearly everyday and the length of exercise were associated with telomere length in both groups. Conclusion: Our results indicate that competitive athletic activity in older age is associated with increased telomere length, longer periods of exercise at one time may contribute to longer telomere length, and the Bcl1 and 5-HT polymorphisms are associated with telomere length in older adults.


Standard convolutional neural networks assume a grid structured input is available and exploit discrete convolutions as their fundamental building blocks. This limits their applicability to many real-world applications. In this paper we propose Parametric Continuous Convolution, a new learnable operator that operates over non-grid structured data. The key idea is to exploit parameterized kernel functions that span the full continuous vector space. This generalization allows us to learn over arbitrary data structures as long as their support relationship is computable. Our experiments show significant improvement over the state-of-the-art in point cloud segmentation of indoor and outdoor scenes, and lidar motion estimation of driving scenes.


Context. CM-like asteroids (Ch and Cgh classes) are a major population within the broader C-complex, encompassing about 10% of the mass of the main asteroid belt. Their internal structure has been predicted to be homogeneous, based on their compositional similarity as inferred from spectroscopy and numerical modeling of their early thermal evolution.
Aims. Here we aim to test this hypothesis by deriving the density of the CM-like asteroid (41) Daphne from detailed modeling of its shape and the orbit of its small satellite.
Methods. We observed Daphne and its satellite within our imaging survey with the Very Large Telescope extreme adaptive-optics SPHERE/ZIMPOL camera and complemented this data set with earlier Keck/NIRC2 and VLT/NACO observations. We analyzed the dynamics of the satellite with our Genoid meta-heuristic algorithm. Combining our high-angular resolution images with optical lightcurves and stellar occultations, we determine the spin period, orientation, and 3D shape, using our ADAM shape modeling algorithm.
Results. The satellite orbits Daphne on an equatorial, quasi-circular, prograde orbit, like the satellites of many other large main-belt asteroids. The shape model of Daphne reveals several large flat areas that could be large impact craters. The mass determined from this orbit combined with the volume computed from the shape model implies a density for Daphne of 1.77 ± 0.26 g cm−3 (3 σ). This densityis consistent with a primordial CM-like homogeneous internal structure with some level of macroporosity (≈ 17%).
Conclusions. Based on our analysis of the density of Daphne and 75 other Ch/Cgh-type asteroids gathered from the literature, we conclude that the primordial internal structure of the CM parent bodies was homogeneous.


Abstract. Qualified knowledge about the impacts of climate change on hydrology is needed for the derivation of adaptation measures in the water sector. As temperature and precipitation time series in Thuringia, Germany of the last 50 years reveal that the climate is becoming warmer and drier in summer and wetter in winter, the question of changes in runoff time series arises. In the presented study, simple robust analysis approaches to detect changes in runoff characteristics are applied. A selection of 19 anthropogenically undisturbed Thuringian catchments with daily runoff time series of up to 78 years without gaps, covering different landscapes and climatic conditions in Thuringia, is made. Indicators of mean, high, and low runoff in the hydrological year, winter and summer are derived and tested for trends, using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test. To analyze the impact of significant lag-1 autocorrelation (AR) in the series, a prior removal of AR from the series before testing for trend (trend-free-pre-whitening) is performed. Results show that removal of AR has only minor influence on test results and is therefore considered as not necessary. Mean flow and high flow indicators in annual and winter time frame show increasing trends, escpecially in catchments in the higher regions of Thuringia like the Thuringian forest. In summer, all indicators show decreasing trends, especially in the drier central and northern Thuringian basin area. In order to assess changes in floods, 8 gauges, covering the 50-year time period 1949–1999, are selected. Annual maximum flow series are derived for the hydrological year, winter and summer. After fitting of 8 theoretical distributions to the samples by the method of L-moments, 3 goodness-of-fit tests are applied. Flood quantiles for the return periods 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years are calculated from means of well fitted distributions for all gauges. To analyze change in flood values, the relative difference of flood quantiles in 2 time periods, 1949–1979 (TP 1) and 1969–1999 (TP 2), with respect to the whole time period 1949–1999 are calculated. Results show that flood values have increased in the later time period in annual and winter time frame and have decreased in summer.


Music is a highly dynamic stimulus, and consists of distinct acoustic features, such as pitch, rhythm and timbre. Neuroimaging studies highlight a hierarchy of brain networks involved in music perception. Psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) temporary disintegrate the normal hierarchy of brain functioning, and produce profound subjective effects, including enhanced music-evoked emotion. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of LSD on music-evoked brain-activity under naturalistic music listening conditions. 16 healthy participants were enrolled in magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while listening to a 7-minute music piece under eyes-closed conditions on two separate visits (LSD (75 mcg) and placebo). Dynamic time courses for acoustic features were extracted from the music excerpts, and were entered into subject-level fMRI analyses as regressors of interest. Differences between conditions were assessed at group level subsequently, and were related to changes in music-evoked emotions via correlation analyses. Psycho-physiological interactions (PPIs) were carried out to further interrogate underlying music-specific changes in functional connectivity under LSD. Results showed pronounced cortical and subcortical changes in music-evoked brain activity under LSD. Most notable changes in brain activity and connectivity were associated with the component timbral complexity, representing the complexity of the music's spectral distribution, and these occurred in brain networks previously identified for music-perception and music-evoked emotion, and showed an association with enhanced music-evoked feelings of wonder under LSD. The findings shed light on how the brain processes music under LSD, and provide a neurobiological basis for the usefulness of music in psychedelic therapy.


Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is known as a major feedstock for biofuel production. To improve its biomass yield through genetic research, manually measuring yield component traits (e.g. plant height, stem diameter, leaf angle, leaf area, leaf number, and panicle size) in the field is the current best practice. However, such laborious and time‐consuming tasks have become a bottleneck limiting experiment scale and data acquisition frequency. This paper presents a high‐throughput field‐based robotic phenotyping system which performed side‐view stereo imaging for dense sorghum plants with a wide range of plant heights throughout the growing season. Our study demonstrated the suitability of stereo vision for field‐based three‐dimensional plant phenotyping when recent advances in stereo matching algorithms were incorporated. A robust data processing pipeline was developed to quantify the variations or morphological traits in plant architecture, which included plot‐based plant height, plot‐based plant width, convex hull volume, plant surface area, and stem diameter (semiautomated). These image‐derived measurements were highly repeatable and showed high correlations with the in‐field manual measurements. Meanwhile, manually collecting the same traits required a large amount of manpower and time compared to the robotic system. The results demonstrated that the proposed system could be a promising tool for large‐scale field‐based high‐throughput plant phenotyping of bioenergy crops.


The term "liminality" originated in the work of two socioanthropologists, Arnold van Gennep and Victor Turner; it is descriptive of the middle phase in a rite of passage. Whereas the "betwixt and between" transitional pattern is temporary in tribal societies, it often becomes a way of life in the twentieth century. Although their projects differ greatly, Victor Turner's and Jacques Derrida's mutual interest in border spaces brings them both into this discussion. Some of the same phenomena described by the sociological term, liminality, is discussed philosophically as "undecidability" and "aporia." Liminality functions to link and to investigate three disparate twentieth-century novels written in French: Georges Bataille's Le Bleu du ciel. Julien Green's L'Autre, and Assia Djebar's L'Amour, la fantasia. Transgressivity, by its violation of convention, places one in liminality as is evident in Le Bleu du ciel. Religious experience is undeniably liminal, and in L'Autre the experience of liminality results in Christian conversion. Communitas is a spontaneous bonding that occurs among those undergoing liminal experiences together, and in L'Amour. la fantasia, the narrator writes for a community of women telling the stories of human suffering in Algeria's past. iv R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. The schema for investigating each text is: the authority of the author since each of these writers is marginal to the commonly-accepted canon of French literature; the narratorial voice as it moves from one male to a male-female combination, to a proliferation of women's voices; and feminine presence which evolves in these novels as women become more prominent. The notion of liminality is useful not only in the analysis of literary texts, but it can also be seen as descriptive of the transitional state that literature and literary studies have entered during the past thirty years. Deconstruction and feminism are discussed as the catalysts prompting this sense of displacement in literary studies. Derrida uses the term ecriture to denote writing that disturbs the logocentrism of literary and philosophical thinking. Feminists writers like Helene Cixous and Luce Irigaray have borrowed this term to signify a style of writing they call ecriture feminine that explores women's language and literary production.


Large-scale assessment programs are increasingly including complex performance exercises along with traditional multiple-choice items in a given test. These performance assessments are developed in part to measure sets of skills that are part of the trait to be measured, but are not easily assessed with multiple choice items. One approach to creating and scoring these items is to create a set of tasks within a scenario that can be objectively scored using a set of scoring rules to yield dichotomous responses. Including complex performance items introduces two potential challenges: first, the performance items are developed to measure something distinctly different and may introduce some degree of multidimensionality into the test; second, as the set of measurement opportunities stem from a common stimuli and are scored with a set of elaborate rules, contextual and scoring dependencies are likely to arise. Both multidimensionality and statistical dependencies may create a situation where non-zero residual covariances are present. This study uses a computer simulation to create different amounts of association among the CPE item due to the three sources mentioned above. The magnitude and distribution of the residual covariances are assessed under two different methods for scoring the simulations (dichotomous or polytomous scoring) and under different Item Response Theory based scaling methods (creating separate scales for the two item types or joint calibrations of all items). The results indicate the following: If only contextual/scoring dependencies are present in the data, polytomous scoring is effective in eliminating some of the extreme dependencies due to scoring factors, but does not decrease the average amount of residual covariance among the measurement opportunities of the performance items. Treating performance exercises and selected response items as two separate and distinct scales was effective in controlling the amount of residual covariance regardless of the underlying dimensional structure. However, when the correlation between traits was moderate to high, the joint calibration approaches show similar amounts of residual covariance among performance exercises as the separate scale approach, and produce score estimates that are more precise. Last, when dependencies are the result of all the sources mentioned above, only the separate scales approach couple with the polytomous scoring approach is successful in reducing the residual covariance to zero levels. Choosing a joint scaling approach and polytomously scored items when the data is two-dimensional, even when context or scoring dependencies are present, leads to large amounts of residual covariance.


In this paper, we address the optimal joint control of inventory and transshipment for a firm that produces in two locations and faces capacity uncertainty. Capacity uncertainty (e.g., due to downtime, quality problems, yield, etc.) is a common feature of many production systems, but its effects have not been explored in the context of a firm that has multiple production facilities. We first characterize the optimal production and transshipment policies and show that uncertain capacity leads the firm to ration the inventory that is available for transshipment to the other location and characterize the structure of this rationing policy. Then, we characterize the optimal production policies at both locations, which are defined by state-dependent produce-up-to thresholds. We also describe sensitivity of the optimal production and transshipment policies to problem parameters and, in particular, explain how uncertain capacity can lead to counterintuitive behavior, such as produce-up-to limits decreasing for locations that face stochastically higher demand. We finally explore, through a numerical study, when the optimal policy is most likely to yield significant benefits compared to simple policies.


Top-down and bottom-up theorem proving approaches each have specific advantages and disadvantages. Bottom-up provers profit from strong redundancy control but suffer from the lack of goal-orientation, whereas top-down provers are goal-oriented but often have weak calculi when their proof lengths are considered. In order to integrate both approaches, we try to achieve cooperation between a top-down and a bottom-up prover in two different ways: The first technique aims at supporting a bottom-up with a top-down prover. A top-down prover generates subgoal clauses, they are then processed by a bottom-up prover. The second technique deals with the use of bottom-up generated lemmas in a top-down prover. We apply our concept to the areas of model elimination and superposition. We discuss the ability of our techniques to shorten proofs as well as to reorder the search space in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, in order to identify subgoal clauses and lemmas which are actually relevant for the proof task, we develop methods for a relevancy-based filtering. Experiments with the provers SETHEO and SPASS performed in the problem library TPTP reveal the high potential of our cooperation approaches.


Solar energy conversion in oxygen evolving organisms occurs in two separate reaction center protein complexes called photosystems I and II. In each, light induces the transfer of electrons, via a series of protein bound pigment acceptors, across a biological membrane. The very high efficiency of light induced electron transfer is related to the electronic and structural organization of these protein bound electron acceptors. To study the electronic and structural organization of these acceptors in the protein binding site we have used time-resolved visible and infrared difference spectroscopy. In photosystem I a highly reducing phylloquinone functions as an intermediary in electron transfer. Phylloquinone is bound to the protein in the, so called, A1 binding site, and it is the nature of this binding that makes phylloquinone so reducing. To probe the properties of the A1 binding site we have made use of a mutant cyanobacterial strain that allows different quinones to be easily incorporated into the A1 binding site. To verify the extent of quinone incorporation into the A1 binding site we have used nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in the visible spectral region. To probe the molecular properties of the introduced quinones in both the neutral and anion states, we have used microsecond time-resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy at 77 K. The time resolved FTIR difference spectra display a multitude of bands that are associated with both the quinone and the protein binding site. The convoluted nature of the spectra makes interpretation difficult. However, by comparing spectra obtained for photosystem I particles with four different quinones incorporated (phylloquinone, 2-methyl naphthoquinone, plastoquinone and dichloro naphthoquinone) we have been able to distinguish quinone infrared absorption bands from protein bands. To complement the experimental work and to aid in FTIR difference band assignment we have used quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics computational methods to simulate the infrared difference spectra associated with the different quinones in the protein binding site.


If surveillance technologies are to be democratically controlled, then knowledge of these technologies is required. What do they do? How do they work? What are the costs? Yet gaining this knowledge in the context of a new surveillance technology such as biometrics can be problematic, because no settled definition exists. Competing versions of biometrics appear in both public and governmental discourse on the technology: different ideas about how often it fails, where it can be used and even what it does. This paper is an exploration of how these different versions compete with each other, and how knowledge about a new surveillance technology such as biometrics is thus constructed. Through reference to original research in the context of the use of biometrics in the UK, points of stability and instability in the definition of biometrics are identified, and some of the processes through which instable definitions become stable are tracked. From this empirical story, conclusions are drawn both for the process of construction of the meaning of technologies, and the general practice of surveillance in modern society. In particular, this paper aims to show how notions such as democratic control (central to the legitimation of state surveillance) become problematic when the very meaning of a technology is negotiable.


The only self-sustaining population of the Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus on the continent of Africa is on Robben Island (33°49'S, 18°22'E), Table Bay, South Africa (Hockey et al. 2005). Brooke and Prins (1986) reported 1968 as the year of introduction, based on a letter from N.H. Pietersen, of the then South African Department of Prisons. It is extremely unlikely that additional birds were taken to the island. We are not aware of any other mention of this species on Robben Island between the date of introduction and the paper by Brooke and Prins (1986). Crawford and Dyer (2000) estimated that the population size in 1999 was about 16 birds; TML estimated that the population in summer 2007/08 was c. 80 birds.


Introduction: Oral hygiene practices are not taught as meticulously as general hygiene in schools. There is a dire need for effective and convenient oral health education program in schools. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of two different health education interventions in 12-year-old school children in Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted in two schools of North Bengaluru which were randomly selected and allotted to Group A (received oral health education from a class teacher, trained by a dental professional; n = 30) and Group B (received the same education from the dental professional; n = 33). Oral prophylaxis for both the groups was done at baseline. Assessment of oral hygiene was done for all the subjects using Silness and Loe plaque index and oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) along with reinforcement of health education at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. An adapted version of the World Health Organization Oral Health Questionnaire for children was administered to the participants at the beginning and end of the study to assess the oral health knowledge and practice. Mann–Whitney U-test and t-test were used for comparing the mean scores of two groups. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between Group A and Group B in the plaque scores at all 3 follow-ups (P < 0.001) and in OHI-S scores last two follow-ups (P < 0.05). There was an increase in knowledge score postintervention for both groups which was significant; however only Group B be showed significant improvement in practice (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Oral health education conducted by the dentist was found to be more effective than that given by a trained teacher.


On July 25, 2011, in United States v. Mitchell, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that taking a DNA sample from a pretrial arrestee did not violate the Fourth Amendment. The court did so by holding that taking DNA profiles serves only to identify arrestees, and thus, like fingerprinting, is an acceptable "booking" practice. Unlike fingerprints, however, DNA profiles contain significant personal information beyond that necessary for mere identification. This Comment argues, therefore, that to determine the reasonableness of this intrusion onto arrestees' expectations of privacy under the Fourth Amendment, courts must consider both the physical DNA collection and the retention of the sensitive personal information in the DNA profile.


The integration of hard and soft skills has become increasingly important to employers. Colleges of agriculture and natural sciences can facilitate the development of these skills in their students. The purpose of this study was to explore impacts of a behavioral style learning unit on soft skill development with 15 students enrolled in a senior-level undergraduate capstone course. The research objectives were to (a) explore students' preflections and reflections for indications of soft skill development, (b) explore team dynamics, and (c) identify best practices for integrating a behavioral style learning unit into a capstone course. Qualitative content analysis methods and basic quantitative methods were used to examine the preflections and reflections of the students. Students found the behavioral assessment improved understanding of their own behavioral needs, and allowed them to flex their style to meet the needs of team members. Relationship compatibility, based on behavioral styles within teams, correlated with the ability of team members to accurately perceive their contributions to tasks, relative to peer-based perceptions of contributions. Based on these results, it is recommended that a behavioral style learning unit, or a similar psychological type unit, be integrated into courses where soft skills are a desired student learning outcome.


Salafism and jihadi-Salafism have become significant doctrinal trends in contemporary Islamic thought, yet the West has largely failed to offer a sophisticated and discerning definition of these movements. The contributors to Global Salafism carefully outline not only the differences in the Salafi schools but the broader currents of Islamic thought that constitute this trend as well. They examine both the regional manifestations of the phenomenon and its shared, essential doctrines. Their analyses highlight Salafism's inherent ambivalence and complexitites – the 'out-antiquing the antique' that has brought Islamic thought into the modern age while maintaining its relationship to an older, purer authenticity. Emphasising the subtle tensions between local and glocal aspirations within the 'Salafi method', Global Salafism investigates the movement like no other study currently available.


The potential of Endophytic Bacteria from Shoot of healthy Vanilla for Biological Control Agenst of Fuxarium oxusporum f. sp. vanilla. The aim of the research was to determine in-vitro inhibitory of endophytic bacteria from healthy stem of vanilla against stem rot dideases caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae The research was conducted in Phythopatology Laboratory and green house Fakulty of Agiculure from January to August 2014. The results showed that 50 isolates of endophytic bacteria can be isolated from Tabanan and Badung regency. Antagonistic test results from 50 isolate of endophytic bacteria found the six isolates of endophytic bacteria has potential as antagonists against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae namely Endophytic Tabanan 1 (T1), T7, T13, Endophytic Badung 28(B28), B30 and B41. In-vitro test showed endophytic bacteria isolate T1 has the highestinhibition to the F. oxysporum f.sp. vanillae growth by 87%. Results of the research in Greenhouse, endophytic bacteria isolate T1 can stimulate the growth of shoots and capable of protecting plants from vanilla stem rot diseases with the lowest attack percentage of 32%.


Thin film technology, based on different chemical and physical methods, enabled miniaturization, co-integration, and amelioration of the performance of the devices. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) systems ensure high productivity and demonstrate excellent film uniformity (up to 12 inch wafers) and repeatability with high throughput for a variety of different films of oxides, nitrides, metals, chalcogenides, etc. In the last two decades, direct liquid injection (DLI)-CVD enabling the usage of solid and liquid precursors has proven to be one of the most versatile CVD process to meet industrial requirements. In this chapter, the requirements to the precursors suitable for DLI-CVD, different classes of available precursors, and models used to describe the evaporation are overviewed. Then, different liquid delivery devices used in DLI-CVD such as capillary tubes, syringes, aerosol delivery systems, and valves are reviewed in detail.


Allogromiids are classically defined as a group of monothalamous, soft-walled foraminiferans. Recent morphological, cytological, and molecular studies, however, challenge this view, showing that the soft-walled allogromiids are closely related to naked athalamids and unilocular agglutinated foraminiferans. To establish the phylogenetic relationships among these three groups we obtained partial small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of 50 species and undetermined morphotypes, and compared them to other foraminiferal taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of our data show that allogromiids, athalamids and astrorhizids comprise an assemblage of 13 lineages branching together at the base of the foraminiferal tree. Among these lineages, two are represented by a single species and four comprise similar genera, while the remaining seven are heterogeneous groups composed of several species having different types of wall structure and different test morphologies. All lineages are relatively well supported, yet the relationships among them are not resolved. In view of our data, we propose to revise the definition of allogromiids to include all naked and testate unilocular granuloreticuloseans that diverged early in the evolution of Foraminifera.


We distinguish three senses of the concept of measurement (measurement as the selection of observable indicators of theoretical concepts, measurement as the collection of data from respondents, and measurement as the formulation of measurement models linking observable indicators to latent factors representing the theoretical concepts), and we review important issues related to measurement in each of these senses. With regard to measurement in the first sense, we distinguish the steps of construct definition and item generation, and we review scale development efforts reported in three major marketing journals since 2000 to illustrate these steps and derive practical guidelines. With regard to measurement in the second sense, we look at the survey process from the respondent's perspective and discuss the goals that may guide participants' behavior during a survey, the cognitive resources that respondents devote to answering survey questions, and the problems that may occur at the various steps of the survey process. Finally, with regard to measurement in the third sense, we cover both reflective and formative measurement models, and we explain how researchers can assess the quality of measurement in both types of measurement models and how they can ascertain the comparability of measurements across different populations of respondents or conditions of measurement. We also provide a detailed empirical example of measurement analysis for reflective measurement models.


The production, trade, and market share of palm oil has shown impressive growth in the last two decades. As a result of sustainability concerns over issues such as deforestation in Indonesia, the causes of the growth in the palm oil market have received considerable attention. The growth of the biofuels market is one potential culprit that has been notably discussed, but it is not the only possible driver of growth in the palm oil market. Restrictions on genetically-modified organisms may have played a role, especially as they relate to limits on oil produced from GMO soybeans. Additionally, increasing concerns over health issues such as trans-fats may have spurred substitution to the low trans-fats palm oil. This analysis details some of the changes in net imports, market shares, and world prices that the edible oil complex has undergone. Additionally, a vector-error correction model and Granger causality are applied to the prices of the edible oils. The differences in causality across the oils in the complex suggest that the drivers of change may be more multi-dimensional than expected.


Since the late 1980s, researchers have been working on a "post-desktop" paradigm for human-computer interaction, known as "ubiquitous" or "pervasive" computing. Combining any number of mobile, networked and context-aware technologies, pervasive computing involves the embedding of computational capacities in the objects and environments that surround us. When this research began to spread from university and corporate labs to the popular imagination, there was an almost immediate and negative reaction, marked by anxieties around the idea of technologies penetrating into everyday life. In North America and Europe in particular, privacy concerns came to the fore as commentators envisioned a world of absolute surveillance. Conversely, the more recent emerging research agendas in "urban computing" and "locative media" present a strongly utopian vision. Following urban computing and locative media and their accompanying visions from labs, conferences and classrooms to journal publications and popular media accounts, this dissertation presents four case histories in corporate, academic and artistic design practice. An analysis of the Mobile Bristol, Passing Glances, Sonic City and Urban Tapestries research and design projects draws out the idea that everyday life in the future city is expected to become more expressive, engaging and meaningful. The increased extensibility and transmissibility of the city itself, along with an increased ability to be socially embedded within it, is seen to be a fundamental promise inherent in these projects. The dissertation argues that such spatial and cultural potentialities can be productively understood as involving temporary, selective and mobile publics, where creative and playful interactions emerge as primary means of social innovation. The dissertation builds on available sociological approaches to understanding everyday life in the networked city to show that emergent technologies reshape our experiences of spatiality, temporality and embodiment. It contributes to methodological innovation through the use of data bricolage and research blogging, which are presented through experimental and recombinant textual strategies; and it contributes to the field of science and technology studies by bringing together actor-network theory with the sociology of expectations in order to empirically evaluate an area of cutting-edge design.


BACKGROUND
To study motion perception, a stimulus consisting of a field of small, moving dots is often used. Generally, some of the dots coherently move in the same direction (signal) while the rest move randomly (noise). A percept of global coherent motion (CM) results when many different local motions are combined. CM computation is a complex process that requires the integrity of the middle-temporal area (MT/V5) and there is evidence that increasing the number of dots presented in the stimulus makes such computation more efficient.

OBJECTIVE
In this study, we explored whether anodal direct current stimulation (tDCS) over MT/V5 would increase individual performance in a CM task at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, i.e. low percentage of coherent dots) and with a target consisting of a large number of moving dots (high dot numerosity, e.g. >250 dots) with respect to low dot numerosity (<60 dots), indicating that tDCS favour the integration of local motion signal into a single global percept (global motion).

METHOD
Participants were asked to perform a CM detection task (two-interval forced-choice, 2IFC) while they received anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation on three different days.

RESULTS
Our findings showed no effect of cathodal tDCS with respect to the sham condition. Instead, anodal tDCS improves performance, but mostly when dot numerosity is high (>400 dots) to promote efficient global motion processing.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests that tDCS may be used under appropriate stimulus conditions (low SNR and high dot numerosity) to boost the global motion processing efficiency, and may be useful to empower clinical protocols to treat visual deficits.


The history of atmospheric oxygen prior to the Great Oxidation Event (2.45–2.2 Ga) is not well understood. Hematite in the Marble Bar Chert from a NASA-funded drill hole (ABDP1) in the Pilbara craton, Australia, has been cited as evidence for an oxygenated ocean 3.46 b.y. ago. However, isotopic data from the same drill hole have been used to argue for an anoxic ocean. It is generally agreed that the hematite is primary, representing either a direct hydrothermal precipitate or a dehydration product of iron oxyhydroxides that formed during anoxygenic photosynthesis. Here we present new petrographic evidence from the Marble Bar Chert (in drill hole ABDP1) that shows that hematite in jasper bands formed via mineral replacement reactions. The hematite mostly occurs as sub-micron–sized inclusions within chert (so-called "dusty" hematite) that are typically arranged into polygonal clusters surrounded by a rim of clear quartz, resembling shrinkage structures. The lateral transition from laminated chert enclosing minute inclusions of greenalite, siderite, and magnetite to chert dominated by dusty hematite provides evidence for in situ replacement of iron-bearing minerals. The presence of hematite-rich bands containing octahedral crystals with residual cores of magnetite indicates that some of the hematite was derived from the replacement of magnetite. This interpretation is supported by the widespread occurrence of magnetite in jasper displaying progressive stages of replacement, from unaltered octahedral inclusions in quartz to hematite pseudomorphs along quartz grain boundaries. The occurrence of dusty hematite in fractures, sedimentary laminae, and the outer margins of polygonal clusters containing greenalite is consistent with fluid-mediated oxidation of iron-rich precursor minerals. The presence of syn-sedimentary chert breccias comprising rotated fragments of laminated chert indicates that the precursor sediment was silicified shortly after deposition. The abundance of "dusty" greenalite inclusions, which are texturally the earliest components of the laminated chert, suggests that the precursor sediment contained an iron-rich clay mineral. Our results show that hematite has replaced ferrous-rich minerals after deposition and provide a mechanism to explain the origin of hematite in the Marble Bar Chert, which is consistent with the origin of hematite in adjacent basalts. A secondary origin for hematite invalidates arguments for an oxygen-bearing ocean ∼3.46 b.y. ago and provides a viable explanation for the formation of Archean jasper bands. Our findings show that misinterpretations about the origin of hematite in early Precambrian cherts could lead to false conclusions about the chemistry of the ancient ocean and atmosphere.


Abstract The processes of fossilization have usually been perceived by paleontologists as destructive ones, leading to consecutive (and in most cases irretrievable) losses of paleobiological information. However, recent developments of conceptual issues and methodological approaches have revealed that the decrease in paleobiological information runs parallel to the gain of taphonomic information. This taphonomic imprinting often makes it possible to decode the fraction of paleobiological information that was lost during fossilization, and may also contribute new data for deciphering paleobiological information that was not originally preserved in the assemblage, such as paleoethology. A good example is the study of the macrovertebrate assemblage from the lower Pleistocene site at Venta Micena (Orce, southeastern Spain). Taphonomic analysis showed that the giant, short-faced hyenas (Pachycrocuta brevirostris) selectively transported ungulate carcasses and body parts to their maternity dens as a function of the mass of the ungulates scavenged. The fracturing of major limb bones in the dens was also highly selective, correlating with marrow content and mineral density. Important differences in bone-cracking intensity were related to which species the bones came from, which in turn biased the composition of the bone assemblage. The analysis of mortality patterns deduced for ungulate species from juvenile/adult proportions revealed that most skeletal remains were scavenged by the hyenas from carcasses of animals hunted by hypercarnivores, such as saber-tooths and wild dogs. Analytical study of the Venta Micena assemblage has unlocked paleobiological information that was lost during its taphonomic history, and has even provided paleobiological information that was not preserved in the original bone assemblage, such as the paleoethology of P. brevirostris, which differed substantially from modern hyenas in being a strict scavenger of the prey hunted by other carnivores.


This thesis examines the reasons for Cadburys' move from a city centre site to a greenfield site in Bournville in 1879 and the subsequent development of the factory and the Bournville community. The founding of the Bournville Village Trust by George Cadbury is discussed in relation to the Garden City movement. The welfare and personnel management policies which Cadburys adopted in the 1900s are considered in relation to welfarism in general, especially in the United States. The extent to which the idea of a `Quaker employer' can explain Cadburys policies is questioned both methodologically and empirically. The early use of scientific management at Bournville is described and related to Edward Cadbury's writings on the subject. Finally, the institution of a Works Council Scheme in 1918 is described and its uses are discussed. It is concluded that Cadburys instituted a new factory system in this period which consisted of a synthesis of ideas borrowed from elsewhere and that for a variety of reasons Cadburys was an appropriate site for their implementation.