Dolphins and porpoises in coastal and/or riverine habitats face serious conservation threats, yet surveys of their abundance are often especially difficult due to the challenges imposed by the habitats. Because many of these species occur in developing countries, lack of resources imposes a further set of challenges. 2. We offer advice on designing and conducting line-transect surveys with a focus on sound, practical, design rather than analytical sophistication, and we attempt, where possible, to offer simple, inexpensive solutions. 3. We guide the reader through the questions of what kind of survey should be done, whether by boat or aircraft, and we discuss ways to avoid bias and increase precision. 4. Our treatment of field methods focuses especially on robust, but low-cost, approaches. We provide two case studies to illustrate the implementation of these ideas.


This book focuses on the translation of English academic texts into German, closely analysing the structural and discourse properties of original sentences and their possible translations. It consists of six chapters, with more than a hundred carefully discussed examples, and presents the author's results of a series of research projects which have successively dealt with the typologically determined conditions for discourse-appropriate uses of word order, case, voice (perspective) and structural explicitness in simple and complex sentences or sequences of sentences. The theoretical and methodological assumptions of the book follow a basically generative approach in studying the interaction between semantic-pragmatic and phonological-syntactic properties of the linguistic forms as they are involved in the perception of written language. The linguistic and psycholinguistic models accessed are also introduced in detail to promote comprehension for the interested reader with an alternative theoretical background, whether scholar, student or translator.


Objective: The present study was designed to assess the knowledge and practice among diabetic patients in a tertiary care hospital regarding diabetic foot care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in government district hospital of Mangalore in the month of January 2014. A pre-designed semistructured questionnaire was used to collect the information pertaining to the knowledge and practices of the diabetic patients regarding foot care. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 11.5. The results obtained were expressed in proportions. Results: A total of 133 subjects were assessed regarding their knowledge and practice regarding diabetic foot care. Around three-fourth (75.2%) of participants had adequate knowledge. More than half (55.5%) of the subjects had adequate practice. No significant association was found between study variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, and education status with awareness regarding diabetic foot care in the present study (p>0.05). Gender, socioeconomic, and educational statuses were found to be significantly associated with diabetic foot care practices. Conclusion: The gap between knowledge and practice regarding self-care among diabetic patients can be bridged by providing continuous health education by the health workers. Foot care should be promoted at all available opportunities whenever the patient comes in contact with the health system. Keywords: Mangalore, Foot care, Diabetes.


As the effects of digital change, demographic forces, political momentum and ecological concerns are rewriting the rules of global economic competition and sustainability, investors, businesses, and governments are on the lookout for scalable strategies and tools to harness existing and emerging resources for industrial renewal of national and regional economies. With this book, we want to enable financiers, companies and economic developers achieve this goal. In collaboration with global practitioners in banking, investing and economic development, we have developed and road-tested an integrated set of analytical tools to design Multi-Asset Renewal Funds (MARF) – a financial technology innovation – for the promotion of renewal in one thematic industrial ecosystem at a time. MARFs leverage capital commitments of both large institutional investors and economic developers to fuel the renewal of legacy industries and invest in the growth of emerging industrial ecosystems. By pooling both liquid and illiquid financial asset classes – such as leveraged debt, growth equity, ETFs and corporate or infrastructure bonds – in thematic multi-asset portfolios, this instrument enables systemic economic development at enhanced market returns. Allowing for extreme customization, the investment vehicle has great potential to address the distinct financial needs of institutional investors, startups, SMEs and enterprises alike.


SUMMARY Production of tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with good flavor is receiving special attention since flavor has become a primary quality parameter in the acceptance of fruits and vegetables. In this manuscript we analyze how volatile compounds play a significant role in flavor perception of tomatoes, as they are responsible of their aroma. The most important volatile compounds in tomato include short-chain unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and esters which are synthesized from free amino acids, fatty acids and carotenoids. Among the main enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of volatiles derived from fatty acids are lipoxygenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and hydroperoxide lyase, while aminotransferase, decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase are involved in the biosynthesis of volatiles derived from amino acids. This manuscript brings together the current information related to tomato volatiles biosynthesis, including


We are delighted to present this special edition on Pioneers Who Have Changed the Face of Science and Those That Have Been Mentored By Them. This edition has been especially an honor to be involved with since it includes many articles from pioneers themselves, as well as those taking a moment to reflect and to give thanks and gratitude to those they have been mentored by. In this sense, it is with great pleasure that we present this edition that is geared towards acknowledging some of the outstanding contributions various leaders in the field have made. We would also like to take a moment to give a special thanks to Sultan Tarlaci, Editor-In-Chief, for allowing us to do this, and would also like to thank Renee Trudeau, an Editorial/Advisory board member, for taking the time to help us proofread a few of these articles.

 The edition begins with an editorial by Sultan Tarlaci titled "Wanted! Creative Quantum Physicists", and is followed by an article by Karl Pribram as he recollects various contributions he has made to the field. Next is an article by Vernon Neppe and Ed Close highlighting a new consciousness-based paradigm which overviews their lives' work. This is followed by articles by Subhash Kak and then Giuseppe Vitiello, who were also key players in the field of quantum physics, in addition to colleagues of Pribram's.

 Next is a delightful article by Donald Mender sharing his mentorship story with Gordon Globus - another key player in the field; followed by an article by Alan Haas reflecting on his mentorship with several prominent leaders at Harvard University. We are especially honored to present as article by Kenneth Ring (who officially retired from near-death experience research in 2000 and is a pioneer in that field), but who agreed to contribute to this edition, who shares his story about how he got started in the field.

 In Wasney de Almeida Ferreira's article, a "Description-Prescription" principle is presented for the readers to ponder, followed by an article by Massimo Cocchi, who recalls some of his groundbreaking research and mentorship with Kerry Mullis - most definitely a prominent figure in the field and Nobel Prize Winner. Fred Alan Wolf then presents an article titled "Towards a Quantum Field Theory of Mind" - challenging the reader to consider various theoretical perspectives, while Sergio Stagnaro tantalizes the reader with his groundbreaking theory on "Quantum Biophysical Semeiotics."

 Just when you thought your mind could be tantalized enough, Ruth Richards and colleagues present an article on creativity that will blow the readers mind, followed by an article by Allan Combs on "Mentors and Muses". Cheryl Fracasso, Zeno Franco, Douglas MacDonald, and Harris Friedman then present an article on the mentorship and research contributions by Harris Friedman. After this, Michael Bova recollects out-of-body experiences with a person he calls "Jimmy", followed by an article by Elva Hoxie and Cheryl Fracasso highlighting the outstanding mentorship and contributions made by Willson Williams.

 Marc Applebaum then presents an article on the pioneering work of Amedeo Giorgi; and Jason Dias, Michael Moats, Trent Claypool, and Elva Hoxie recall the "Art of International Dialogue" of Louis Hoffman - a prominent figure in the field of existential psychology. In "The Flapping Butterfly Wings of Gifted Mentorship: Ruth Richards and Saybrook University," Denita Benysheck shares an inspiring story of her mentorship with Richards, while the edition is concluded by a delightful article by Mike Maliszweski on his mentorship with Mircea Eliade.

 In closing, we hope that readers will enjoy this special edition, as we editors were especially honored to take part in putting this edition together.


We investigate the connection between measure, capacity and algorithmic
randomness for the space of closed sets. For any computable measure m, a
computable capacity T may be defined by letting T(Q) be the measure of the
family of closed sets K which have nonempty intersection with Q. We prove an
effective version of Choquet's capacity theorem by showing that every
computable capacity may be obtained from a computable measure in this way. We
establish conditions on the measure m that characterize when the capacity of an
m-random closed set equals zero. This includes new results in classical
probability theory as well as results for algorithmic randomness. For certain
computable measures, we construct effectively closed sets with positive
capacity and with Lebesgue measure zero. We show that for computable measures,
a real q is upper semi-computable if and only if there is an effectively closed
set with capacity q.


For the past decade, economic uncertainties were the only certainty. At the breakout of the global financial crisis, sales managers at the air conditioning industry noticed two strange distortions in the supply chain. At the downstream, factories were increasing their levels of inventories of specific raw materials mainly copper pipes and power cables whereas at the upper stream the distribution channels were logically making lower orders of the finished products compared to the actual market demands. This paper aims at analyzing some of the situational factors that lead to these two types of distortions. In doing so, it also proposes that the model of the Bullwhip Effect (BWE) will have an inverse shape under economic uncertainty compared to the conventional shape reported in supply chain traditional literature. Despite the fact that a number of BWE distortions were reported by several scholars, the phenomenon has never been studied under the special situational factors during an economic uncertainty.


Purpose of the article The present article deals with associations between the development of money supply measured by the money aggregate M2 and the development of the Ameri-can stock index Dow Jones Industrial Average. The objective of the article is to determine, describe and assess the impact of the changes of money supply (as measured by the money aggregate M2) on the development of the American stock market. Another objective is to find out whether the changes in money supply are reflected in the changes of stock prices immediately or with a time delay of several weeks.
Methodology/methods Regarding to the aim of the article was all useful historic data of money suplly (measured with money aggregate M2) and close values of DJIA obtain in monthly frequence, since 1959 to 2011. From econometric methods, will be using Pearson correlation index, Dickey-Fuller stationary test and test of Granger causality, which will be focus on realtionship between money supply (M2) and stock prices (DJIA index).
Scientific aim The aim of this article is by using econometric methods find, describe and analyze ipact of changing money supply to selected stock market. The second aim is disclose, if stock market react immediately or with time delay (in week).

Findings The correlation analysis shows, that between change of money supply and stock index is high dependence (correlation index 0.9224). By calculating with time delay, was correlation index high too, but slowly decrease. By market colaps in year 2007 and 2008, was correlation index negative with value -0.9477, no matter to money supply rasing, that is meaning, that investors have to calculate with psychologic factors, which are very strong in nervous time and market crashes. The result of Granger causality test for 1 month delay failed to show a relationship between money supply and DJIA index. With application of 2, 3 and 6 month delay the dependence was demonstrated, rejecting the null hypothesis stat-ing that the M2 money aggregate does not affect the DJIA stock index
Conclusions (limits, implications etc) Reached results can be biased by using first diferention of raw data and in correlation analysis was using raw (non-sesonally adjusted) data of development DJIA index and sesonally adjusted data of money supply. The weak spot is using Dow Jones Index in place of S&P 500 index, which is more wider. By changes in analysis is possible to measure the impact of money supply (measured by Money with Zero Maturity aggregate) on stock index and compare both results and make decision, which aggregate is better for forecasting.


[1] Air quality and meteorological measurements were conducted at the Chemistry and Physics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (CAPABLE) site during the summers of 2009 and 2010 in Hampton, Virginia. Significant differences in surface ozone mixing ratios were observed between the two years and are correlated with meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, and cloud cover. The number of exceedance days for ozone set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency within this region has been decreasing for the past decade, especially in urban areas. There were no exceedance days with respect to ozone in 2009, and there were four exceedance days in 2010. The four highest ozone daily maxima and the two exceedance days observed during the 2010 measurement period were coincident with sea breeze phenomena. In one case, surface ozone increased at a rate of 14.6 ppb h−1 with the passage of a sea breeze front. A comprehensive multilinear regression model as well as an operational forecast was unable to resolve the high ozone observed during sea breeze events. As the number of exceedance days per year within this region continues to decrease, accurately forecasting sea breezes may become more important for the forecasting of pollution events.


Advanced and free learning environment coupled with the creative learning activities is assumed to be a motivational variable. In the present study, we applied an innovative learning strategy involving students in order to achieve positive impact on their attitude towards science, desire to learn science and future career choices. The study experiment was focused on enhancing the research skills of the students; apply knowledge for solving real world problems, positively changing the students' attitude towards science, raising students' self-efficacy and enhance positivism toward science related subjects. This research assumes that if the attitude and perception of post-secondary students is changed and made positive about science, then they might choose to study related science subjects for example, mathematics, engineering and science at university level studies. Therefore, it will also impact students' career choices after university studies and they might enter scientific careers. Our study focused on evaluating various changes in the attitude, desire and self-efficacy of participating students when traditional instruction is replaced through the innovative learning environment. A total of 120 students participated in our experiment where researchers assisted students to experience hands on different research activities. Pre and posttest were used to evaluate the change in students' attitude and desire towards science, knowledge and self-efficacy. The study results have shown that significant changes in the performance of students' for-example, student noticed positive attitude towards their own research abilities, desire to learn science, self-efficacy, learning and career choices. However, results did not show any differences based on gender as such.


H ospital's key primary mission is to ensure continuous ward care service with appropriate number of nursing staffs and theright mix of nursing skills. The planning and scheduling is done to avoid additional non essential cost for hospital. Nurses' preferencesare taken into considerations such as the number of night shift and consecutive rest days. To present a mathematical modelling technique by means of linear programming as an efficient tool to solve problems related to optimization in healthcare. Hospital must bestaffed 24 hours a day by a limited number of nurses. This paper illustrates how a linear programming solves the nurses schedulingproblems. This paper illustrates how linear programming has been effectively used in Nurses scheduling at a multi-specialty Hospital in Bhopal


It is now well known that Internet traffic exhibits self-similarity, which cannot be described by traditional Markovian models such as the Poisson process. In this work, we simulate a simple network with a full implementation of TCP-Reno. We also assume Poisson arrivals at the application layer specifically to determine whether TCP can cause self-similarity even when input traffic does not exhibit long-range dependence. Our study shows that, at some loads TCP can induce the appearance of self-similarity. In particular, when load is low and loss is rare, traffic looks Poisson. When load is high and the network is overloaded, TCP congestion control can smooth out the burstiness of the aggregate stream so that traffic at the bottleneck tends to Poisson. However, when load is intermediate and the network is prone to occasional bouts of congestion, as is typical of many networks, traffic can become self-similar. Moreover, factors such as round trip time and number of streams passing through the bottleneck can cause the network to become congested at different loads, and consequently affect the range of load over which self-similarity can be observed. The impact of one self-similar TCP stream has also been observed. In particular, our study show that if one or more streams passing through the bottleneck is self-similar and the aggregate flow does not exceed the capacity, traffic observed at the bottleneck will also be self-similar.


Decades of work in psychology labs have vastly enhanced our knowledge about how children perceive, think and reason. But it has also encouraged a distorted view of children, argues psychologist Susan Engel in this provocative and passionate book - a view that has affected every parent who has tried to debate with a six-year-old. By focusing on the thinking processes prized by adults, too many expert opinions have rendered children as little adults. What has been lost is what is truly unique and mysterious - the childlike quality of a child's mind. Engel draws on keen observations and descriptive research to take us into the nearly forgotten, untidy, phantasmagorical world of children's inner lives. She reminds us that children fuse thought and emotion, play and reality; they swing wildly between different ways of interpreting and acting in the world. But just as a gawky child may grow into a beauty, illogical and sometimes maddening childishness can foreshadow great adult ability. Engel argues that the 'scientist in a crib' view encourages parents and teachers to expect more logical reasoning and emotional self-control from children than they possess. She provides a concise and valuable overview of what modern developmental psychologists have learned about children's developing powers of perception and capacity for reasoning, but also suggests new ways of studying children that better capture the truth about their young minds.


It is well-established that turning on the spot or changing the direction of walking involves a stereotyped sequence of eye, head and body segment rotation characterized by an anticipatory gaze strategy driven primarily by eye movements (nystagmus). However, the relationship between eye movements and whole-body coordination during turning has not been fully explored under different environmental and sensory contexts and as a result, the neural mechanisms responsible for this coordination are poorly understood. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of turn size and speed on eye movements and intersegmental coordination. Results showed systematic relationships between turn speed, amplitude and eye and whole-body coordination characteristics and that the timing of eye, head and axial segment reorientation onset does not accurately represent coordination during the turn. Secondly, we investigated the effects of either removing vision or suppressing eye movements during turns. We found that eye and motor behaviour during vision removal was similar to behaviour during full vision, however suppressing eye movements delayed gait initiation and decreased stepping frequency throughout the turn. Next we examined the influence of neck muscle vibration on turning and found that stimulating neck proprioceptors to evoke the CNS perception of head rotation with respect to the upper body resulted in early turn initiation. Lastly, we looked at the effects of divided attention using a secondary cognitive task during the turn. We found that turn onset was delayed during dual-tasking, but eye and body coordination were unaffected. We conclude that oculomotor nystagmus during turning represents a crucial component of an automatic, subcortically generated motor synergy, the release of which is dependent on cortical and sensory input (i.e. eye and neck proprioception). We propose that turning on-the-spot is organized centrally as part of a whole-body gaze shift rather than a specialized adaptation to conventional locomotion.


Patient satisfaction can be used as one of the indicator for measuring quality of dental care provided. The objective of this study was to assess patient experiences with dental service provided by undergraduate dental students in Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya. A cross sectional study was done by distributing a self-answered questionnaire to patients treated by undergraduate dental students. Patient level of satisfaction was assessed by using five point Likert-like scale (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree), with a list of items divided into three domains, consist of interpersonal skills, dental treatment and services. The response rate was 71.3%. The mean satisfaction scores were 83.09%, 78.62 and 74.16 for interpersonal skills, dental treatment and services domains respectively and the overall mean satisfaction score was highly satisfactory (78.62%). The percentage of satisfied patients was 82.4%, 66.2% and 55.4% for interpersonal skills, dental treatment and services domains respectively. There was significant association between satisfaction score with age (p-value=<0.001), treatment received by examination and diagnosis (p-value=0.027), denture treatment (p-value=0.032), others treatment (p-value=0.043) and 'year of study' of the students (p-value=0.001). Patients were satisfied with their overall experiences while receiving dental care provided by undergraduate dental students. They were highly satisfied with the students' interpersonal skills, dental treatment received and services provided at the undergraduate dental clinics.


One-ninth of all traffic fatalities in the United States (U.S.) in the past five years have involved large trucks, although large trucks contributed to only 3% of registered vehicles and 7% of vehicle miles travelled. This crash overrepresentation indicates that truck crashes in general tend to be more severe than other crashes, though they constitute a smaller portion of vehicles on the road. To study this issue, fatal crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) was used to analyze characteristics and factors contributing to truck-involved crashes. Driver, vehicle, and crash-related contributory causes were identified, and as an extension, the likelihood of occurrence of these contributory causes in truck-involved crashes (with respect to non-truck crashes) was evaluated using the Bayesian Statistical approach. Likelihood ratios indicated that factors such as stopped or unattended vehicles and improper following have greater probability of occurrence in truck crashes than in non-truck crashes. Also, Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to model the type of fatal crash (truck vs. non-truck) to compare the relative significance of various factors in truck and non-truck crashes. Factors such as cellular phone usage, failure to yield right of way, inattentiveness, and failure to obey traffic rules also have a greater probability in fatal truck crashes. Among several other factors, inadequate warning signs and poor shoulder conditions were also found to have greater predominance in contributing to truck crashes than non-truck crashes. By addressing these factors through the implementation of appropriate remedial measures, the truck safety experience could be improved, which would eventually help in improving overall safety of the transportation system.


Due to economic and social advances since the 1990s, Brazil became the 7th largest economy in the world in 2012. However, crime rates have not stopped rising since the beginning of the last decade, with Brazil having the 11th largest homicide rate on the planet in that year (UN). In this paper we estimate how much crime harms economic activity from a case study of the city of Manaus, where in 2007 the organized crime group known as "Família do Norte" was created. We analyzed the effects on Manaus' GDP per capita using the synthetic control method. The comparison between Manaus and its synthetic control in the period after the creation of the criminal group showed that the presence of the criminal faction diminished the city's GDP by 3% per year. Robustness checks confirmed this result, showing how organized crime can disrupt the country's economic advances.


Background: Urolithiasis is a widespread problem, that affects up to 10% of population. Uric acid stones come second to calcium stones in prevalence (around 10% of urolithiasis). Potassium citrate is currently the treatment of choice for urine alkalization with minimal side effects and high tolerability. Aims and Objectives: This study is trying to present the outcome of oral dissolution therapy (ODT) for treating radiolucent renal stones and evaluating factors affecting its success in a prospective manner. Materials and Methods: Between 2015 and 2018, 147 patients with solitary radiolucent renal stones were offered ODT using potassium sodium hydrogen citrate (K citrate). The study included patients diagnosed by noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) with stone size of 5–30 mm in the longest dimension and attenuation less than 600 Hounsfield units (HU) . Patient compliance, blood pressure, creatinine level, K level, and tolerance to side effects were followed up at days 3, 7, and 15 and then monthly for 3 months. Follow-up renal ultrasound at 6-week intervals and a final NCCT at the end of treatment. Successful dissolution was defined as complete stone dissolution or residual that measures up to 2 mm in maximum length. Data were collected, tabulated, and analyzed using Stata 12.0 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Results: One hundred and thirty-nine patients were included in the analyses. The age was 45.1 ± 10.5 years. DJ stent was used in 47 (33.8%) patients. Overall response rate was 64.8%. The stone location within the kidney (pelvic or calyceal) showed no difference between responders and non-responders. Stone longest diameter was smaller in responders ( 17 ± 5.7 mm) versus 19.2 ± 6.1 mm in nonresponders (P value = 0.039). The mean stone attenuation value (HU) was also lower in responders( 347.4 ± 68.5 HU) versus (428.9 ± 84.0 HU) in nonresponders with P < 0.001. DJ insertions seemed to have marginal effect on stone dissolution on univariate analysis but found insignificant in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: ODT is safe and effective in the treatment of radiolucent renal stones. The efficacy was affected by stone density and stone size with more tendencies to failure with bigger stones and denser stones. Double J stent insertion may facilitate dissolution rate. There was no effect of the baseline urinarypH, hyperuricemia, or stone location on the dissolution rate of the stones.


The simultaneous expansion of variable renewables and combined heat and power (CHP) plants in Europe has given rise to a discussion about their compatibility. Due to the concurrence of high wind power generation and high heating loads, it has been argued that only the flexible, electricity oriented operation of CHP plants could go along with the extended penetration of renewables in the European energy system.The current work focuses on the wet cycle simulation of a Turbec T-100. Three operational strategies are applied on the heat and electricity demand data of a public building, to assess the economic and environmental performance of the wet cycle. The operation of the mGT is modeled in ASPEN Plus and the model is validated with data found in literature. The economic aspects of the operational strategies are assessed with a financial model, which takes into account the current CHP policy incentives and price levels. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks of wet operation are highlighted by its comparison to the typical heat-driven operation of dry-cycle mGTs, with a reference to the same case study. It is shown that the wet cycle turbines have a higher number of full load equivalent operating hours and can achieve higher investment payback, with minor drawbacks to their overall environmental performance.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


This paper presents the results of research conducted with university students in order to determine connections between their propensity to entrepreneurship and their predominant learning style. The relationship that could exist between family business background and work experience with entrepreneurial behavior are also explored. A sample of 240 college students was designed. Computerized Adaptive Test to assess personality Enterprising (Pedrosa, 2015), and the Honey-Alonso Questionnaire on Learning Styles (Alonso 1991) were used as instruments to collect information. The information was processed using the software XLSTAT and analysis of variance was used to determine which one is the difference between the subsamples studied. Evidence of connection between the theoretical and pragmatic styles of learning with the general index of entrepreneurship were found, as well as between this indicator and work experience. The originality of this article is the exploration of the relationship between entrepreneurship and learning, whose ties have been little studied.


Built environment 10 800 Key findings Australia's built environment faces many pressures and is only in a fair shape. Australia's built environment is diverse. There are significant pressures on this environment driven by population and economic growth, and climate change. An increasing need for space and buildings (our urban footprint), increasing traffic congestion and increasing consumption are affecting the livability and environmental efficiency of the built environment. Traffic congestion, in particular, is of growing concern. However, growth in traffic may be levelling, and use of public transport is increasing. Residents are also concerned about the look and design of their cities; in the biggest cities, there are concerns about whether the cities are clean, well maintained and unpolluted. Climate change is creating new risks by increasing the likelihood of weather-related events such as mega-storms. The Australian built environment consumes significant natural resources, although this may be improving. The residents and industries of the built environment consume natural resources, including water, energy and land. Waste generation within the built environment also has an impact on the natural environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that increases in the use of energy and water may be slowing due to improved technology, and better understanding and recognition of the need to reduce human environmental impact. Recent government initiatives aim to improve the uncoordinated management of the built environment. Management of the built environment is characterised by complex arrangements involving all levels of government, as well as the private sector, and these arrangements lack effective coordination. Recent initiatives of the Council of Australian Governments to reform capital city planning, as well as the recently released National Urban Policy, seek to address this issue. There are also concerns that insufficient investment has been made in infrastructure. The expected increase in the physical size of cities and increased traffic congestion will have negative impacts, but these may be offset by improved management and more efficient use of natural resources.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is the most frequent neurological disease in young adults and affects over 2 million people worldwide. Current treatments reduce the relapse rate and the formation of inflammatory lesions in the CNS, but with only temporary and limited success. Despite the presence of endogenous oligodendroglial progenitors (OPCs) and of spontaneous remyelination, at least in early MS its levels and its qualities are apparently insufficient for a sustained endogenous functional repair. Therefore, novel MS therapies should consider not only immunemodulatory but also myelin repair activities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an attractive alternative to develop a cell-based therapy for MS. MSCs display stromal features and exert bystander immunemodulatory and neuroprotective activities. Importantly, MSCs induce oligodendrocyte fate decision and differentiation/maturation of adult neural progenitors, suggesting the existence of MSC-derived remyelination activity. Moreover, transplanted MSCs promote functional recovery and myelin repair in different MS animal models. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on endogenous mechanisms for remyelination and proposed autologous MSC therapy as a promising strategy for MS treatment.


In the structure of Brazilian Government, regarding both the executive as well as the executive powers, the increase in ways in which society can participate in decisions of public interest, stands out. Among the shared or participatory managerial policies implemented in Brazil, the following are noteworthy: the participatory budget, managerial councils, committees dealing with watersheds, thematic conferences, plebiscites, public meetings and referenda. However, if compared to the size of Brazil's territory and population, the experiences of participatory management are rare and have developed mainly in the southern and southeastern regions of the country. In most Brazilian municipalities, politics by patronage, authoritarian and populist, is the rule, linked to changes in the parties and to the electoral mandate (four years).


Since little is still known about fundamental brain mechanisms associated to thought, its different manifestations are usually classified in an oversimplified way into normal and abnormal, like delusional and disorganized thought or creative thinking. Considering dopaminergic signal-to-noise neuronal modulation in the central nervous system, and the existence of semantic maps in the human brain, we developed a self-organizing neural network model to unify different thought processes into a single neurocomputational substrate. We performed simulations varying dopaminergic modulation and observed the total patterns that emerged at the resulting semantic map, assuming that these correspond to thought. The model thus shows how normal and abnormal thinking are generated, and that there are no clear borders between their different manifestations. Actually, a continuum of different qualitative reasoning, ranging from delusion to disorganized thought, and passing through normal and creative thinking, seems to be more plausible.


Chemokines are a family of small low molecular weight secreted cytokines that regulate cell migration by activating a set of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Beside the physiologic role, chemokines and their receptors participate in numerous disease states, including HIV/AIDS, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Over expression of CXCR4 receptor and over production of its only ligand, the chemokine CXCL12 (also called stromal cell-derived factor-1, SDF-1), was described in brain neoplasm, neuroblastoma cells, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma,renal cell cancer, ovarian cancer, and others. Because it directs stem-cell homing and participates in nearly every aspect of cancer progressions, growth, metastasis and neovascularization, the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis is of increasing interest for drug discovery. Among the CXCR4 inhibitors there are two major classes of CXCR4 antagonists, small-molecule antagonists (AMD3100 and its analogs) and peptidomimetics (T140 and its analogs).
As for other chemokines, structure-activity studies of SDF-1 have shown the critical role of the N-terminal region for both receptor binding and activation and in particular the residues 1-8 and 12-17, these last being located in the loop region.
vMIP-II, a CC chemokine-like protein encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, binds and blocks chemokine receptors belonging to the CXC, CC and XC class, such as CCR1, CCR2. CCR5, CCR8, XCR1 and CXCR4. As for SDF-1, the N-terminus and the N-loop are essential for receptor binding. In particular it was demonstrated that the N-terminus alone, encompassing residues 1-10, is sufficient for binding and antagonizing CXCR4 receptor. Therefore in this study we have focused on a sequence-structure comparison between the N-terminal regions of SDF-1 and vMIP-II, with the aim of looking for a possible common motif responsible for the binding to CXCR4. On the basis of this comparison, several cyclic peptides containing a putative common motif have been designed, studied by molecular dynamics simulations and then synthesized. The peptides differ in: a) nature of the aromatic residues; b) sequence sense; c) N- and C-termination, as all combinations of free, single- and double-protected (by acetylation and amidation) termini were tested on selected peptides; d) possible elongation at either peptide termini by a Arg-Ala sequence. Their activity has been tested by different essays addressing some of the many physiological and pathological functions of CXCR4 receptor: Binding through flow cytometry, modulation of intracellular Ca2+ release, modulation of cell migration in presence or without specific ligand SDF-1 and Modulation of P-Erk activation.
The pattern of biological responses elicited by these peptides was, heterogeneous demonstrating agonism, antagonism and no interference for the same peptide in different assays. These results cannot be explained simple models interaction receptor activation/inhibition and suggest more complex scenario considering direct CXCL12-peptide interactions and/or influence on symmetry, stoichiometry or structural variations of the homo- or hetero-oligomeric state of CXCR4 receptor. Among the peptides with consistent inhibitory activity on CXCR4 four peptides were identified: peptides C1, C16, C17 and C18. In particular peptide C16 is inhibitor in all the evaluated in vitro assays performed. Based on these results, the in vivo effect on metastases formation was tested. The peptides (C1, C16 and C18) significantly inhibited melanoma metastases and preliminary results showed that renal cancer cells xenograft SN12C-pEGFP was significantly reduced in growth in the presence of peptides C1, C16 and C18.
As a subsequent step, it was evaluated the possibility to develop peptide C18 derivative bearing a chelating agent able to coordinate radioactive metals for applications in cancer diagnosis by nuclear medicine techniques. In order to investigate the chelating agent site of linkage which does not interfere on the peptide-receptor interaction, two diethylentriaminopentacetic acid (DTPA)-C18 conjugates were synthesized: one carrying DTPA moiety covalently bound to petide N-terminus (C20) and one carrying the chelating moiety DTPA covalently bound to the epsilon-NH2 of a lysine residue which replaced Ala2 of C18 (C19).
Before performing nuclear medicine imaging studies, C19 and C20 were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the specific antibody binding to CXCR4. Both conjugates exhibited a reduced inhibiting activity, compared with that exerted by the only peptide sequence (C18). These results highlighted that the introduction of the chelating agent on the N-terminus, as well as on the lysine epsilon-NH2 group, can affect the binding process with the receptor target. We are currently exploring other peptide positions where to anchor the DTPA moiety.
Since the pharmacophoric motif of the most active peptide sequence (C18) is characterized by aromatic rings and idrofobic residues, it is possible to project peptidomimetics in order to modulate the aromatic rings distance from the peptide backbone. In particular, Phe3 and Phe4 residues of C18 can be replaced by aminobenzilic derivatives, such as Ne-benzylated Lys and its shorter homologues, in order to evaluate the influence of the more flexible pharmacoforic motif on the binding process. The final goal has been to introduce conformational constraint into the peptide sequence by which it would be possible to stabilize the so-called 'bioactive' conformation, that is the peptide conformation required for receptor binding and activation.
On these basis, we focused on an alternative and more practical synthetic strategy in solution and in solid phase in order to obtain modified amino acids to be used as a building block in peptidomimetic synthesis. In particular we performed the alkylation reaction on several Fmoc-amino acids, protected on their side chain, (Fmoc-Lys(P)-OH, Fmoc-Orn(P)-OH, Fmoc-Dab(P)-OH Fmoc-Dap(P)-OH) only in presence of 4 Ǻ molecular sieves and alkyl halides. This methodology was validated for different amino protecting groups, but the best results were obtained by using o-Ns protected Fmoc-amino acids. Furthermore, for the majority of the employed halides, the procedure is a one-pot synthesis which avoids the purification after each reaction step. As final step we verified the applicability of building block synthesized by introducing one of them into a peptide sequence using the standard Fmoc-based solid phase protocol.
Data complied and the methodology developed open new perspectives in obtaining more selective compounds toward different biological pathways involving CXCR4 receptor. In this regard, the forthcoming activity will be focused on the development of peptidomimetics that allow stabilizing conformation required for receptor binding and activation. Moreover, dimers of the most active peptides will be also synthesized and tested for their biological activity, in order to evaluate any potential improvement of it compared with the activity exerted by the corresponding monomeric peptide sequence.


Materials selection processes have been the most important aspects in product design and development. Knowledge-based system (KBS) and some of the methodologies used in the materials selection for the design of aircraft cabin metallic structures are discussed. Overall aircraft weight reduction means substantially less fuel consumption. Part of the solution to this problem is to find a way to reduce overall weight of metallic structures inside the cabin. Among various methodologies of materials selection using Multi Criterion Decision Making (MCDM) techniques, a few of them are demonstrated with examples and the results are compared with those obtained using Ashby's approach in materials selection. Pre-defined constraint values, mainly mechanical properties, are employed as relevant attributes in the process. Aluminum alloys with high strength-to-weight ratio have been second-to-none in most of the aircraft parts manufacturing. Magnesium alloys that are much lighter in weight as alternatives to the Al-alloys currently in use in the structures are tested using the methodologies and ranked results are compared. Each material attribute considered in the design are categorized as benefit and non-benefit attribute. Using Ashby's approach, material indices that are required to be maximized for an optimum performance are determined, and materials are ranked based on the average of consolidated indices ranking. Ranking results are compared for any disparity among the methodologies.


The purpose of this study was to determine if active deliberation of either Personal
Moral (PM) dilemmas or Impersonal Moral (IM) dilemmas would have an effect on
performance during the Iowa Card Task (ICT), a measure of decision-making. Males
typically outperform females on the ICT (Bolla et al., 2004; Overman et al., 2004). In
men, the predominant areas of the brain that increase in activation during the ICT are the
right lateral OFC (BA 47), the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) (BA 9, 10) and
the right parietal lobe (BA 40). In women, the predominant area of the brain that shows
increased activation during the ICT is the left medial OFC (BA 11) (Bolla et al., 2004).
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reveal that, in contrast to
Non Moral (NM) dilemmas, deliberation of IM dilemmas increase neuronal activity the
right medial dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) (BA 46), an area associated with
working memory, as well as bilateral areas of the parietal lobe (BA 40) (Greene et al.,
2004). In addition, deliberation of PM dilemmas increased activation in the medial PFC
(BA 9/10), an area involved in social-emotional processing and "higher cognition",
(Greene et al., 2004) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (BA 24/32), an area
associated with the detection of conflict (Moll et al., 2005).
In the present experiment, participants performed the ICT while deliberating either
an NM dilemma, an IM dilemma, or a PM dilemma after ever 10 trials of the ICT. The
main hypothesis is that purported increased activation of areas in the PFC associated with
moral deliberation will improve performance of women on the ICT to the level of men.
The results support this hypothesis, as women perform the ICT significantly better in the
PM condition then either the IM or NM conditions.


Focus on IELTS New edition with iTests CD-ROM keeps its popular topic based approach plus new material aimed at helping students succeed in their future studies. Thorough exam skills training and graded practice helps students pass the exam. This new edition includes: *50% more language and vocabulary input * completely new units * New texts and lead in activities * Exam tips 4 new academic strands (10 Academic Style Sections, 10 Academic Vocabulary Sections, 5 Reflective Learning Sections, 5 Critical Thinking Sections) The iTests CD-ROM offers students timed, realistic exam practice using the same format and question types as the real exam.


China's path of political and economic change has diverged sharply from the experience of virtually all other state socialist regimes. Distinguishing it are its rapidly growing economy and expansion of higher education, deep engagement with the world economy and radical shift towards educational attainment in Party recruitment. These signs of political revitalisation portend a quiet transformation of China's elite, and may reinforce a stable evolution towards effective and less authoritarian forms of government. The greatest threat to this scenario would be state sector reform via privatisation that leaves large percentages of state assets in the hands of elite families.


Ovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne rickettsial disease associated with huge economic losses and is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. This study was carried out to investigate the incidence of Anaplasma infection in sheep slaughtered at Sokoto Metropolitan abattoir, Sokoto. A total of 142 randomly selected sheep were sampled by collection of 10 ml of blood from each sheep, processed, stained with Giemsa and microscopically examined for Anaplasma organism. 26 sheep were infected with a prevalence rate of 18.3% and the occurrence were more in female (20.5%) than in the male (14.8%). Varying prevalence rates were observed across the age groups with highest infection (50.0%) in the age group of 2½-3 years and no infection was of observed in sheep older than 3½years of age. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) of Anaplasma infected sheep (24.8±8.77) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of non-infected sheep (32.7±5.01). Significant association was also observed between Anaplasma infection and presence of anaemia in sheep. In conclusion, this study showed high incidence of Anaplasma infection in slaughtered sheep at Sokoto Metropolitan Abattoir, hence strategic measures should be taken to control the vectors involve in their transmission so as to improve the production potentials of these animals and the economic well being of the owners.Keywords: Anaplasma, Incidence, Sheep, Sokoto abattoir


Current wound dressings have disadvantages such as less flexibility, poor mechanical strength, lack of porosity, and a tendency for dressings to adhere onto the wound surface; in addition, a majority of the dressings did not possess antibacterial activity. Hydrogel-based wound dressings would be helpful to provide a cooling sensation and a moisture environment, as well as act as a barrier to microbes. To overcome these hassles, we have developed flexible and microporous chitosan hydrogel/nano zinc oxide composite bandages (CZBs) via the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) into chitosan hydrogel. The prepared nanocomposite bandages were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, swelling, degradation, blood clotting, antibacterial, cytocompatibility, cell attachment on the material, and cell infiltration into the composite bandages were evaluated. The nanocomposite bandage showed enhanced swelling, blood clotting, and antibacterial activity. Cytocompatibility of the composite bandage has been analyzed in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Cell attachment and infiltration studies showed that the cells were found attached to the nanocomposite bandages and penetrated into the interior. Furthermore, the in vivo evaluations in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that these nanocomposite bandages enhanced the wound healing and helped for faster re-epithelialization and collagen deposition. The obtained data strongly encourage the use of these composite bandages for burn wounds, chronic wounds, and diabetic foot ulcers.


This book is dedicated to helping potters identify quickly the nature, causes and remedies of a multitude of difficulties that can arise during pottery production. Comprehensive and easy to use, it has aleady proved itself to be an enormously helpful source of reference for craft potters and those working in the ceramic industry. The second edition has been fully redesigned with colour illustrations and the text has been revised, updated and expanded to reflect new developments.


Il faut parler du Fantome, voire au fantome et avec lui, des lors qu'aucune ethique, aucune politique, revolutionnaire ou non, ne parait possible et pensable et juste, qui ne reconnaisse son principe le respectsur ces autres qui ne sont plus ou pur ces autres qui ne sont pas encore la, presentement vivants, qu'ils soient deja morts ou qu'ils ne soient pas encore nes. Jacques Derrida, Spectres de Marx The contemporary momentum is informed by the celebrated prophecy of a "global coming" that ensures peace in the world--with a few "necessary" interruptions of violence against the barbarian "others," who must be "corrected" for not abiding by the requirements of the global market. The paradox of global peace relying upon regional wars (the events in Kosovo and Bosnia constitute one of the most recent examples) demands that we, both the people living in "safe" territories as well as the ones living in "fragile areas," listen to the spectral silence becoming painfully audible in the thousands of the refugees, exiles, and displaced "others" who are proliferating out of the merciless fulfillment of capitalist and imperialist logic. These "others," presently absent and absently present, escaping representation at the same time that they are represented, repeat the problematic of belonging at a global moment that calls itself "post" (i.e., after the violence of the colonial mechanisms), revealing that this "post," this after, is an illusion. Thus, the "absent presence" of these "radical others" haunts the politics of our global "post" moment by unconcealing the failures of its unfulfilled prophecies with their spectral silence. What is important in all the theoretical attempts to think the potential dynamics of the specter and to listen to its deluging silence is the impossibility of escaping the language of the centre, which sets the standards for the processes of representation and identification. To speak about the specter, therefore, is an impossible task. For the specter is "the marginal--the radical Other--that is either accommodated to or banished from the totalizing circle articulated by the concentering logos of Imperial metaphysics" (Spanos, Anatomy 195); it is what escapes representation (even when it appears to be fully represented) and is the performance of silence; it is the body of the unwanted "other," the body of the "unanswerable" one, who haunts the logic of the centre, demanding a rethinking of thinking, a rethinking of difference. Therefore, forgetting the silence of the specter means forgetting the "other," forgetting being itself. This forgetting implies the tendency to relax in the comfort that our "post" so euphorically promises and not contemplate the "other," whose exclusion, accommodation, or even violation feeds the illusion of this comfort. But how does silence speak, and how can "we," the represented ones, listen to the "residue" of language, to what is not spoken but haunts the speaking in this age, which strives to portray the "all" in the "one"? The contemporary Western "post," manifested in the international liaisons of political, like the Economic Community, or strictly economic goals, like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, is so ubiquitous and the politics of portraying so pervasive that one wonders how a peripheral constituency--which does not belong but oscillates between presence and absence, not always acknowledged even when used as a tool by the centre--can continue to tiptoe on the fragile borders of being in the world. The question of silence cannot be answered but must be engaged with care, for an all-embracing answer can reduce the term "peripheral constituency" to another "umbrella" discourse for the non-represented. In this essay, I contemplate the present global, postcolonial occasion in view of Ama Ata Aidoo's Anowa, and I do so in order to rethink the question of belonging, representation, and silence that the haunting politics of the specter provokes. …


Since the first reported case of human brucellosis in 2002 in South Korea, its incidence has been increasing nationally. However, bovine brucellosis has not been present from 2005 to date on Jeju Island. Despite Jeju Island being considered a clean area for bovine brucellosis, we experienced an outbreak of human brucellosis between 2012 and 2013. Herein, we report cases with human brucellosis after ingestion of raw materials of fetal calf at a restaurant. Patients were identified by isolation of the Brucella abortus in their blood and joint tissue. Because all patients developed zoonosis by a faulty folk remedy, we emphasize the importance of educational programs to increase the awareness of zoonosis, and the need for active surveillance and detection of illegal distribution channels of the infected animal. After the outbreak, we took control of the involved restaurant and its illegal distribution channel, and there have been no further outbreaks.


Recent technological innovations allow compact radios to transmit over long distances with minimal energy consumption and could drastically affect the way Internet of Things (IoT) technologies communicate in the near future. By extending the communication range of links, it is indeed possible to reduce the network diameter to a point that each node can communicate with almost every other node in the network directly. This drastically simplifies communication, removing the need of routing, and significantly reduces the overhead of data collection. Long-range low-power wireless technology, however, is still at its infancy, and it is yet unclear (i) whether it is sufficiently reliable to complement existing short-range and cellular technologies and (ii) which radio settings can sustain a high delivery rate while maximizing energy-efficiency. To shed light on this matter, this paper presents an extensive experimental study of the reliability of LoRa , one of the most promising long-range low-power wireless technologies to date. We focus our evaluation on the impact of physical layer settings on the effective data rate and energy efficiency of communications. Our results show that it is often not worth tuning parameters, thereby reducing the data rate in order to maximize the probability of successful reception, especially on links at the edge of their communication range. Furthermore, we study the impact of environmental factors on the performance of LoRa, and show that higher temperatures significantly decrease the received signal strength and may drastically affect packet reception.


Batch processes are usually complex and highly nonlinear systems. Modeling error can be the cause of bad performance when optimal input profiles computed for a particular model are applied to the actual plant. The approach followed in this paper uses the available model and actual plant measurements to modify the operation of the next batch, without requiring the remodeling the process. The effect of model error on the convergence of the iterative batch to batch input profile determination is investigated. The method is applied through computer simulations to the determination of the optimal feedrate profile for a cell mass production process. A model parameter update scheme is also proposed, based on the convergence analysis. This is applied to the determination of the optimal temperature profile of bulk polymerization of the optimal temperature profile of styrene.


ABSTRACT Background Hepatocelullar carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world. It mostly occurs in patients with cirrhosis. The aim of investigation is to evaluate the efficiency of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for unresectable HCC in cirrhosis and use of it in preoperative stage. Materials and methods We evaluated data from 49 patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of HCC on cirrhosis. Median age of the patients was 56 years. Male – 35 (71.4%, female – 14 (28.6%). In 33 (67.3%) cases tumor located in right lobe and in 16 (32.7%) cases located in left lobe. In 7 (14.3%) cases tumor size consisted 8-12 cm, in 32 (65.3%) 12-15 cm and in 10 (20.4%) cases more than 15 cm. The underlying cirrhosis was staged as Child-Pugh A in 14(28.6%) cases and Child-Pugh B in 35 (71.4%). We selectively catheterized the tumour via arteria femoralis and used Doxorubicin with Lipiodol as embolic material. Results In follow up, we carried out laboratory studies and CT. Three weeks after TACE there are dominated tumours with the sizes 8-12 cm (in 16 (32.7 patients)) due to reduction of tumour sizes. Reduction of tumour sizes averaged 26.7 ± 0.4 mm. There is noted physiological increase of opposite part of live from 1 up to 3 cm, averagely 23 ± 0.32 mm in 46 (93.9%) patients. Alpha-fetoprotein normalized in 37 patients, which was high before manipulation. After TACE patients were restaged and Child-Pugh class A noted in 25 (51%), class B noted in 24 (49%) patients. There is not noted full clinical effect, partial effect noted in 21 (42.9%) patients, stable process in 13 (26.5%) patients. Twenty one of the 49 patients (49%) selected for surgical treatment according objective changes, reduction of tumour sizes and improvement of opposite part of liver after TACE. Conclusions TACE is safe method, it provides reduction of tumour sizes, intensifies influx of arterial blood to the opposite part of liver which improves liver function and conducts to hypertrophy of remaining part of liver. In 49% of unresectable HCC patients TACE conducts to curative hepatic resection. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


The total-head meter is essentially a venturi, housing a pitot tube for obtaining the total head. In yaw the flow within the nozzle is deflected, depending upon the degree of yaw, to a greater or lesser extent into the axial direction of the nozzle. After experimenting with several nozzle forms as to their suitability, the best design was finally adopted. When, with the chosen nozzle form, the total head is 0.5 entrance section diameter downstream, the instrument supplies the genuine total head at low Reynolds Numbers up to 43 degrees yaw.


Higher Education system reforms, especially Finnish system of Universities of Applied Sciences in 2014 are discussed. The new steering model is based on major legislative changes, output-oriented funding and open information. The governmental steering reform, especially the financial model and the resulting institutional level responses, such as a curriculum reforms are discussed, focusing especially in engineering programs. The paper is motivated by management need to establish objective steering-related performance indicators and to apply them consistently across all educational programs. The close relationship to governmental steering and funding model imply that internally derived indicators can be directly applied. Metropolia University of Applied Sciences (MUAS) as a case institution is briefly introduced, focusing on engineering education in Information and Communications Technology (ICT), and its related programs. The reform forced consolidation of previously separate smaller programs into fewer units of student application. New curriculum ICT students have a common first year before they apply for a Major. A framework of parallel and longitudinal comparisons is introduced and used across Majors in two campuses. The new externally introduced performance criteria are applied internally on ICT Majors using data ex-ante and ex-post of program merger. A comparative performance of the Majors after completion of joint first year is established, focusing on previously omitted Majors for completeness of analysis. Some new research questions resulting from transfer of Majors between campuses and quota setting are discussed. Practical orientation identifies best practices to share or targets needing most attention for improvement. This level of analysis is directly applicable at student group and teaching team level, where corrective actions are possible, when identified. The analysis is quantitative and the nature of the corrective actions are not discussed. Causal relationships and factor analysis are omitted, because campuses, their staff and various pedagogical implementation details contain still too many undetermined factors for our limited data. Such qualitative analysis is left for further research. Further study must, however, be guided by the relevance of the observations. Keywords—Engineering education, integrated curriculum, learning outcomes, performance measurement. Kari Björn is with the Health Technology education, Information Technology department, MUAS, Helsinki, Finland (phone +358503654770, email: email@example.com). Mikael Soini is with the Health Technology education, Information Technology department, MUAS, Helsinki, Finland (phone: +358406528887, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).


About the book:
A research collaboration between the The Open University, the University of Adelaide and the BBC World Service Trust (WST), this book is a first-of-its-kind initiative that offers a window into the social and media worlds that typically remain closed to academic inquiry.

By critically analysing the Drama for Development work of the BBC WST and its partners, the book offers insights into a range of highly popular radio and television productions broadcast in such diverse locales as Afghanistan, Burma, Cambodia, Nepal, Pakistan, India, Nigeria and Rwanda. In doing so, it draws together contributions and experiences from academics and researchers working in both the university sector and within the BBC WST (Research and Learning Group).

At the heart of this book lies an examination of what cultural and linguistic translation means in a critical and academic sense, what practices and accommodations it entails, and what imaginative investments it requires. It seeks to break new ground in how we think about, create and research serial drama to effect progressive social change.


Two thousand years ago, Seneca described advocates not as seekers of truth but as accessories to injustice, "smothered by their prosperity." This unflattering assessment has only worsened over time. The vast majority of Americans now perceive lawyers as arrogant, unaffordable hired guns whose ethical practices rank just slightly above those of used car salesmen. In this penetrating new book, Deborah L. Rhode goes beyond the commonplace attacks on lawyers to provide the first systematic study of the structural problems confronting the legal profession. A past president of the Association of American Law Schools and senior counsel for the House Judiciary Committee during Clinton's impeachment proceedings, Rhode brings an insider's knowledge to the labyrinthine complexities of how the law works, or fails to work, for most Americans and often for lawyers themselves. She sheds much light on problems with the adversary system, the commercialization of practice, bar disciplinary processes, race and gender bias, and legal education. She argues convincingly that the bar's current self-regulation must be replaced by oversight structures that would put the public's interests above those of the profession. She insists that legal education become more flexible, by offering less expensive degree programs that would prepare paralegals to provide much needed low cost assistance. Most important, she calls for a return to ethical standards that put public service above economic self-interest. Elegantly written and touching on such high profile cases as the O.J. Simpson trial and the Starr investigation, In the Interests of Justice uncovers fundamental flaws in our legal system and proposes sweeping reforms.


Introduction I. A Fine Mess: The Post-Heller/McDonald World A. What Is the Scope of the Second Amendment Post-Heller? B. Uncertainty Regarding the Scope of the Second Amendment Is Disappointing Whether One Is Pro-Gun Rights or Pro-Gun Control C. Heller and McDonald Have Left Open Many More Questions Than They Have Answered 1. What Is the Proper Standard of Review for Gun Control Laws? 2. Which Laws, if Any, Limiting Gun Rights Are Constitutional? II. Can State Constitutions Offer Better Clarity About Gun Rights? A. State Constitutions and the Right to Keep and Bear Arms B. What Would a Particularly Pro-Gun Rights State Constitutional Provision Look Like? C. Potential Sources of Federal Law that Could Counteract State Constitutional Provisions D. Current Federal Laws that Would Limit the Ability for a State to Grant Broad Gun Rights Through Its State Constitution E. If a State Did Amend Its Constitution, What Deference Would Other States Have to Pay to Constitutional Provisions of Sister States on, E.g., Carry Laws? Conclusion INTRODUCTION Although the Supreme Court's decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller (1) and McDonald v. City of Chicago (2) were hailed as watershed moments for the gun rights movement as they resolved two major uncertainties, these cases also created scores of additional important questions regarding the scope of the protections that the Second Amendment affords. No one currently has any firm idea about who the Second Amendment protects, what the Second Amendment protects, where those protections exist, and--to the extent that they do exist--why they exist. Without question, we are at the very beginning of Second Amendment jurisprudence; the precise rights guaranteed by the Second Amendment will be debated, litigated, appealed, interpreted, redebated, re-litigated and re-appealed for the next generation. There likely will be important Supreme Court opinions written on the Second Amendment by Justices who currently are still in high school, choosing prom dresses, or learning how to drive. In the face of this uncertainty, an old idea, formerly championed by quite a different side of the political spectrum, may be of some use to the pro gun lobby in its desire to expand--or at least define the scope of--gun rights. A consequence of Heller's holding that the right to bear arms is an individual as opposed to a collective right is that state constitutions can at least theoretically confer greater protections of individual gun rights than the federal Constitution--though state constitutions cannot go below the guarantees afforded by the Second Amendment. (3) The idea that the federal Constitution creates a floor but not a ceiling for individual rights was called "the new judicial federalism" when it took root in the mid-twentieth century. (4) This Article, which is based on my portion of the panel discussion at the Fordham Urban Law Journal Symposium on Gun Control and the Second Amendment on March 9, 2012, begins with an overview of the post-Heller/McDonald world, arguing that there is no consensus on what rights the Second Amendment confers and analyzing the possible scopes of the Second Amendment. The second part of this Article examines the new judicial federalism to see if there is any potential for state constitutions to define, in a more substantial way, which rights are conferred by state constitutional gun rights provisions; and examines how, in the face of the Supremacy Clause, a state could confer greater individual gun rights than the federal Constitution. I. A FINE MESS: THE POST-HELLER/MCDONALD WORLD Although the Supreme Court's ruling in Heller has been analyzed ad nauseam in the popular press, in law review articles, and by the lower courts, (5) there are a few key points that bear repeating. …


Since the 90s in the Twentieth Century, China has always been advocating artistic education for all-round development among university students. As part of education for all-round development, dance education has entered classes in universities and has enabled quite a lot of people who care about dance education to feel delighted. In the mean while, how to make dance education really play its role in education for all-round development also has become a problem which is considered and reflected by all people involved in dance education in general institutions of higher learning. This article makes an analysis in the status quo and reasons of dance education among university students and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for reform of dance education among university students.


This paper examines and analyzes conflict in the Southern Philippines and suggests recommendations that might bring an end to the decade-old problem in the region using a peacebuilding model. It is divided into several parts.First part describes the conflict in the region. The second part
suggests recommendations: the political and administrative, economic,security, humanitarian and social dimensions.And Finally,the concluding remarks.The data for this analysis came from primary and secondary sources, namely newspapers, policy statements, speeches, press releases, joint communique',peace agreements, books, magazines, and journals. Interviews with some informed people were also conducted.The study found that the parties involved in the Southern Philippines have no better option other than to reach socio-political and economic accommodations. The Government of the Republic,of the Philippines (GRP)should grant self-determination to the Bangsamoro through Bangsamoro Juridical Entity which has full constitutional power and authority over the political, social, economic, and securiv domains of the region. At the same time the Bangsamoro leaders, in general and, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), in particular, should accept political settlement short of independence. With this formula, we believe that the conflict in the Southern
Philippines is solvable.


Background Fibroblast migration is crucial for normal wound repair after sinonasal surgery. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent inhibitor of fibroblast functions including chemotaxis, proliferation, and matrix production. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PGE2 affects the migration of nasal fibroblasts and to investigate the mechanism of action of PGE2 on nasal fibroblasts. Methods Primary cultures of nasal fibroblasts were established from inferior turbinate samples. Fibroblast migration was evaluated with scratch assays. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for E prostanoid (EP) 1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors. EP receptor–selective agonists and antagonists were used to evaluate receptor functions. Stimulatory G (Gs) proteins were activated to evaluate mechanisms. Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured by ELISA, and fibroblast cytoskeletal structures were visualized with immunocytochemistry. Results PGE2 significantly reduced the migration of nasal fibroblasts. Agonists selective for the EP2 and EP4 receptors significantly reduced the nasal fibroblast migration. Antagonists of the EP2 and EP4 receptors inhibited the effect of PGE2 on nasal fibroblast migration. Activation of Gs protein and adenyl cyclase reduced nasal fibroblast migration. Conclusion PGE2 inhibited the migration of nasal fibroblasts via the EP2 and EP4 receptors, and this inhibition was mediated by cAMP elevation. Targeting specific EP receptors could offer therapeutic opportunities for conditions such as delayed wound healing after nasal surgery.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Community-acquired infections are common, contributing to adverse outcomes and increased health care costs. We hypothesized that, with lower eGFR, the incidence of community-acquired infections increases, whereas the pattern of site-specific infections varies.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
Among 1,139,470 health care users (mean age =52±18 years old, 53% women) from the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements Project, we quantified the associations of eGFR with the risk of infections, overall and major types, over 12 months.

RESULTS
A total of 106,807 counts of infections were recorded throughout 1,128,313 person-years. The incidence rate of all infections increased with lower eGFR from 74/1000 person-years for individuals with eGFR=90-104 ml/min per 1.73 m2 to 419/1000 person-years for individuals with eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Compared with eGFR of 90-104 ml/min per 1.73 m2, the adjusted incidence rate ratios of community-acquired infections were 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.14) for eGFR of 30-59 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and 1.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.39 to 1.69) for eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The relative proportions of lower respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and sepsis became increasingly higher along with lower eGFR strata (e.g., low respiratory tract infection accounting for 25% versus 15% of community-acquired infections in eGFR<30 versus 90-104 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively). Differences in incidence associated with eGFR were in general consistent for most infection types, except for nervous system and upper respiratory tract infections, for which no association was observed.

CONCLUSIONS
This region-representative health care study finds an excess community-acquired infections incidence in individuals with mild to severe CKD. Lower respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and sepsis are major infections in CKD.


The nucleolus and nucleolar organizing region have been studied with the electron microscope in respect of (a) the fine structure of the nucleolar organizer during zygotene in pollen mother cells of Phaedranassa viridiflora, as compared with that seen in interphase nuclei of ovary wall and tapetum of this plant; (b) in relation to premature dissolution of the nucleolus at zygotene in pollen mother cells of an F1 hybrid of Lilium aureliensis × Lilium henryi and the hybrid lily 'Formobel'; (c) in respect of pseudonucleoli found in association with the nucleolus in pollen mother cells of all three plants. In the pollen mother cells of the Phaedranassa, as distinct from a simple arrangement of intranucleolar chromatin observed in the nucleoli in interphase nuclei of tapetum and ovary wall, the organizer is shown to consist of rounded electron-opaque filamentous aggregations about 40-50 nm in diameter, joined by a fine filament seemingly as in a string of beads, and, toward the periphery of the nucleolus, arranged equidistant from each other in columns originating from the organizing chromosomes. Within the core of the nucleolus the aggregations, though still joined, were widely dispersed and contained within lacunae. Axial cores were closely aligned with the organizer, but the completion of the synaptonemal complex in the organizing region was apparently delayed. The premature dissolution of the nucleoli in the pollen mother cells of the two lilies led to a displacement of their characteristic zones: the peripheral particulate zones were dispersed and the weakly staining organizing region became external to the relic nucleolar cores. The relegated organizing regions, fringed lightly at the sides by chromatin, invariably contained 1-2 rounded areas comprised of fine filaments with an electron opacity equivalent to that of the coarser fibrils in the chromatin of the organizing chromosomes to which they were seen to be joined. These rounded skeins are tentatively assumed to represent the withdrawn organizers. No synaptonemal complexes or relics of its components were observed in the organizing regions. Round bodies (pseudonucleoli) with a maximum observed incidence of 2 per nucleus in Phaedranassa and 1 per nucleus in the lilies were frequently seen. They were either totally enclosed within the nucleolus, as was usually the rule in the former, or partly engulfed by it as in the latter. They were composed of filaments about 25 nm wide and their diameter ranged between 0.6-2.5 μm. Their close association with the nucleolus and confinement to meiosis, suggests that they are formed on the nucleolar chromosomes at loci close to the nucleolar organizer, which may be metabolically active only at prophase of meiosis. Various aspects concerning the nucleolar organizing region and organizer are discussed in the light of the present observations.


Abstract. The River Rother, West Sussex, is suffering from excess sediment which is smothering the river bed gravels. This is thought to be exacerbating issues of pollution and degradation of ecosystems. This project aims to identify the severity, extent, possible causes and potential mitigation options available to reduce these pressures on the river. Data have been collected from ten sites to investigate the amount of sediment stored in the river bed gravels and cores obtained from four small reservoirs to establish rates of sedimentation and contribute to the construction of a temporal sediment budget over the last 50–100 years. Evidence suggests that tributary streams have more stored sediment per m2 upstream of their confluence with the River Rother compared to the Rother itself. Reservoir core data indicate that sediment has accumulated more rapidly in the small reservoirs surrounded by mixed agricultural land compared to one surrounded by ancient woodland. These are preliminary results and work is continuing.


Introduction In adults, large optic disc cups are often a sign of glaucoma. Children, however, show a lower prevalence of glaucoma than adults, but may present with optic disc cupping of nonglaucomatous origin. Aim of the work The purpose of this study is to evaluate with large cupping in children having anemia. Patients and methods This is a prospective analysis of patients attending the ophthalmology outpatient clinic in Beni Suef, Fayoum, and Misr universities. All patients were subjected to standard ophthalmological examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography, complete blood count (CBC), and stool analysis to diagnose the cause of anemia. Results In this study examination cupping of greater than 0.4 was detected in 236 patients out of 3361 patients examined within the same age. The mean age of the selected patients (236 patients) was 11.48 ± 3.2 ranging from 6 to 18 years of which 137 (58.05%) were girls and 99 (41.95%) boys. The mean best corrected visual acuity converted to logMAR is 0.093 ± 0.109 ranging from 0.301 (6/12) in 53 eyes to 0 (6/6) in 260, whereas the rest best-corrected visual acuity 0.176 (6/9). The mean intraocular pressure was 11.75 ± 1.539.The mean cup disc ratio was 0.498 ± 0.0934 (0.497 ± 0.095 for females and 0.501 ± 0.090 for males). The majority of patients (females more than males) had C/D ratio similarity between both eyes, whereas very few had 0.2 differences (males more than females). The mean Hb concentration was 10.79 ± 0.89 g/dl in females and 11.04 ± 1.09 g/dl in males. It was as low as 7.2 in males and 7.8 in females. The stool analysis for the patients showed that 126 patients (74 females, 52 males) were infected with Entamoeba histolytica, whereas 31 patients (22 females, nine males) were infected with Giardia lamblia and 79 patients did not have parasitic manifestations. Conclusion In conclusion to our work we found that functional optic nerve damage is a possibility in children with anemia and cupping and with normal intraocular pressure and that there is very high incidence of parasitic infestation in those children and young adolescents that warns for state intervention to deal with this problem. A larger scanning by the ministry of health may be needed to verify these results.


Oxidative stress is well known to be involved in the pathogenesis of lifestyle-related diseases, including, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery diseases, and malignancies. However, oxidative stress also has a useful role in physiologic adaptation and in the regulation of intracellular signal transduction. Therefore, a significant description of oxidative stress may be "a condition where oxidative forces go beyond the antioxidant systems due to loss of the equilibrium between them". Significant Nitric Oxide (NO) confirmed as a envoy of vasodilatation, derivative from the endothelium. Coronary artery disease also defined as atherosclerotic heart diseases are the outcome of the growth of antheromatous plaques (made up of fats, cholesterol etc) within the walls of the coronary arteries that provide the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients. The evidence of the plaque in the lumen (free space in the artery for the flow of nutrients, oxygen etc.) of an artery causes tapering of lumen of the artery by declining its diameter. NO levels show a significant relation with higher BMI and hypertension in coronary artery disease. Many research have shown that adipose tissue contains NO synthetase enzyme, and is thus an impending NO source. Biological activity of Nitric Oxide provides clinicians with additional therapeutic options in the treatment of cardiovascular disease which will subordinate oxidative stress, a process which is becoming gradually more standard as critical in the pathophysiology of vascular disease.


To investigate the biogeochemistry of iron in the waters of the European continental margin, we determined the dissolved iron distribution and redox speciation in filtered (<0.2 µm) open‐ocean and shelf waters. Depth profiles were sampled over the shelf slope southeast of the Chapelle Bank area (47.61°N, 4.24°W to 46.00°N, 8.01°W) and a horizontal surface‐water transect over the shelf and through the English Channel (la Manche) and the southern North Sea (46°N, 8°W to 52°N, 4°E). An abrupt trace‐metal front was found near the shelf slope, indicated by a horizontal gradient of dissolved iron (DFe) and aluminium (DAl), which correlated with changing salinities (r2 = 0.572 and 0.528, respectively, n = 92). Labile Fe(II) concentrations varied from <12 pmol L−1 in North Atlantic surface waters to >200 pmol L−1 in the near bottom waters of the shelf break. Labile Fe(II) accounted for ~5% of the dissolved iron species in surface shelf waters (mean 5.0 ± 2.7%), whereas higher Fe(II) fractions (i.e., >8%) were observed near the sea bottom on the shelf break and during a midday solar maximum in surface waters in the vicinity of the Scheldt river plume. Benthic processes (resuspension and diagenesis) constituted important sources of Fe(II) and DFe in this region, and photoreduction of Fe(III) species in shelf waters caused enhanced labile Fe(II) concentrations. These processes increased the lability of iron and its potential availability to marine organisms in the shelf ecosystem.


This presentation comments on Rajah Rasiah's paper Fostering Clusters in the Malaysian Electronics Industry. The document covers a brief summary of the paper's main findings, a series of comments and suggestions, and lessons from the Malaysian experience and from clusters in the Andean region. Rasiah's paper examines the agglomeration-oriented initiatives in Malaysia, especially policies to promote clustering in electronics manufacturing. Main hypothesis tested are that Penang and Kelang Valley faced different sets of state-level instruments and exhibited different performance and technological deepening indicators. Dimensions evaluated include: local government coordination (systemic synergies), interfirm linkages (local firms & TNCs), and clustering. This presentation was prepared for the Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 2nd Annual Meeting held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 28th-29th, 2005.


Energy of computing is a serious environmental concern and mitigating it is an important technological challenge. Accurate measurement of energy consumption during an application execution is key to application-level energy minimization techniques. There are three popular approaches to providing it: (a) System-level physical measurements using external power meters; (b) Measurements using on-chip power sensors and (c) Energy predictive models. In this work, we present a comprehensive study comparing the accuracy of state-of-the-art on-chip power sensors and energy predictive models against system-level physical measurements using external power meters, which we consider to be the ground truth. We show that the average error of the dynamic energy profiles obtained using on-chip power sensors can be as high as 73% and the maximum reaches 300% for two scientific applications, matrix-matrix multiplication and 2D fast Fourier transform for a wide range of problem sizes. The applications are executed on three modern Intel multicore CPUs, two Nvidia GPUs and an Intel Xeon Phi accelerator. The average error of the energy predictive models employing performance monitoring counters (PMCs) as predictor variables can be as high as 32% and the maximum reaches 100% for a diverse set of seventeen benchmarks executed on two Intel multicore CPUs (one Haswell and the other Skylake). We also demonstrate that using inaccurate energy measurements provided by on-chip sensors for dynamic energy optimization can result in significant energy losses up to 84%. We show that, owing to the nature of the deviations of the energy measurements provided by on-chip sensors from the ground truth, calibration can not improve the accuracy of the on-chip sensors to an extent that can allow them to be used in optimization of applications for dynamic energy. Finally, we present the lessons learned, our recommendations for the use of on-chip sensors and energy predictive models and future directions.


Flast v. Cohen held that federal taxpayers have standing to challenge government spending for religion. While Frothingham v. Mellon generally prohibits taxpayer standing in federal courts, the Court reasoned that the Establishment Clause specifically prohibits taxation in any amount to fund unconstitutional religious spending. For several decades Flast has been settled law that supplied jurisdiction in many leading establishment cases. But Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation, Inc. and Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn signal that Flast may soon be overruled. This jurisdictional ferment raises two questions: Why this sudden shift? And what does it signify for the Establishment Clause? This article develops two themes. The first is that the Court wants to cut down on the amount of Establishment Clause litigation, in an asymmetrical fashion that increases the prospect of government aid for religion. This "court reform" explanation denies the relevance of individual psychic harm from and suggests that the Clause has little to do with governmental religious spending. The second theme is that the Justices are preparing a major substantive departure from existing doctrine, but have not yet worked out its contours. Rather than clouding doctrine with messy transitional rulings, they seek "breathing space" until the best opportunity arises for a bold transformative departure. A cutoff of taxpayer standing, by reducing the frequency of Establishment Clause litigation, may afford the time and circumstances needed to fashion a new direction. The retreat from Flast has important ramifications. By removing an entire class of cases, it surrenders control over those issues to the government's political branches, giving them largely unreviewable discretion about whether and how to treat religion in taxing and spending. This converts financial arrangements between church and state from a constitutional to a political issue. It also renders the commands of the Establishment Clause regarding spending on religion largely precatory.


Understanding the relationship between ingested plant material and the attached microbiome is essential for developing methodologies to improve ruminant nutrient use efficiency. We have previously shown that perennial ryegrass (PRG) rumen bacterial colonization events follow a primary (up to 4 h) and secondary (after 4 h) pattern based on the differences in diversity of the attached bacteria. In this study, we investigated temporal niche specialization of primary and secondary populations of attached rumen microbiota using metagenomic shotgun sequencing as well as monitoring changes in the plant chemistry using mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Metagenomic Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (MG-RAST) taxonomical analysis of shotgun metagenomic sequences showed that the genera Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Eubacterium, Prevotella, and Selenomonas dominated the attached microbiome irrespective of time. MG-RAST also showed that Acidaminococcus, Bacillus, Butyrivibrio, and Prevotella rDNA increased in read abundance during secondary colonization, whilst Blautia decreased in read abundance. MG-RAST Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) functional analysis also showed that the primary function of the attached microbiome was categorized broadly within "metabolism;" predominantly amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and transport. Most sequence read abundances (51.6, 43.8, and 50.0% of COG families pertaining to amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, respectively) within these categories were higher in abundance during secondary colonization. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis confirmed that the PRG-attached microbiota present at 1 and 4 h of rumen incubation possess a similar functional capacity, with only a few pathways being uniquely found in only one incubation time point only. FT-IR data for the plant residues also showed that the main changes in plant chemistry between primary and secondary colonization was due to increased carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. This study confirmed primary and secondary colonization events and supported the hypothesis that functional changes occurred as a consequence of taxonomical changes. Sequences within the carbohydrate metabolism COG families contained only 3.2% of cellulose activities, on average across both incubation times (1 and 4 h), suggesting that degradation of the plant cell walls may be a key rate-limiting factor in ensuring the bioavailability of intra-plant nutrients in a timely manner to the microbes and ultimately the animal. This suggests that a future focus for improving ruminant nutrient use efficiency should be altering the recalcitrant plant cell wall components and/or improving the cellulolytic capacity of the rumen microbiota.


Carotenoidsaresecondaryplantmetabolites invegetablesknowntobeessential in the human diet and reported to confer various positive health-promoting effects when consumed.BrassicaoleraceaL.vegetables likekale,cabbage,andbroccoliarerecognized as excellent sources of dietary carotenoids. Broccoli has emerged as the most important B. oleracea crop in the United States and it likely supplies more carotenoids to the U.S. diet than the other crops of this species. However, very little is known about the general carotenoid profile of this important vegetable or the levels of specific carotenoids and how they might vary among genotypes. Thus, the objectives of this study were to assess carotenoid profiles of different inbred broccoli heads; to assess chlorophyll concen- trations measured simultaneously during carotenoid assays; to determine the relative effects of genotype versus environment in influencing head carotenoid levels; and to examinephenotypic correlations betweencarotenoidlevelsandothertraits.Resultsshow lutein to be the most abundant carotenoid in broccoli heads ranging from 65.3 to 139.6 mgg -1 dry mass (DM) among nine inbreds tested in three environments. Genotype had a highly significant effect on lutein levels in broccoli heads and the ratio of s 2 g/s 2 p for this carotenoid was 0.84. Violaxanthin also exhibited a significant genotype effect, but it was found at lower levels (17.9 to 35.4 mgg -1 DM) than lutein. b-carotene and neoxanthin were detected at levels similar to violaxanthin, but genotypic differences were not detected when all environments were compared. This was also true for antheraxanthin, which was detectable in all genotypes at lower levels (mean of 13.3 mgg -1 DM) than the other carotenoids. Significant genotypic differences were observed for both chlorophyll a and b among the studied inbreds; however, no environment or genotype-by-environment effects were observed with these compounds. Results indicated that most carotenoids measured were positively and significantly correlated with one another, indicating that higher levels of one carotenoid were typically associated with higher levels of others. This study emphasizes the relative importance of lutein in broccoli heads and the key role that genotype plays with this compound, ultimately indicating that breeding cultivars with increased levels of this particular carotenoid may be feasible.


Received: September 24, 2019 Accepted: October 27, 2019 Published: November 30, 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 6 DOI: 10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.6.41 In the third millennium, the role of interpretation seems vital for several purposes like education, politics, commerce, healthcare, and so on. So, the performance of interpreters would definitely influence on further success in above mentioned objectives. In the present study, the researchers tried to investigate employed strategies in Persian to English consecutive interpreting of medical and healthcare terms with only one equivalent word by interpreting learners across gender. To this end, twenty four male and female interpreting learners were selected based on the obtained scores in a proficiency test and an interpreting exam. Then, they were asked to listen and interpret consecutively a Persian medical audio file. All interpreters were free to take notes or any kind of techniques they deemed necessary. While they were involved in the process of interpreting consecutively, their voices were recorded for further analysis. Next, the collected data were analyzed thoroughly to identify the employed strategies by consecutive interpreters as they were encountered with terms with only one word equivalent in English. As the results indicated, among six common employed strategies, both male and female interpreting learners employed approximation/ attenuation as the most frequent strategy and transcodage/ calque as the least one. Also, further statistical analysis showed no difference between male and female interpreting learners in strategy employment. The results of the present study could be helpful for novice interpreters, interpreting training courses, interpreting syllabus design, and workshops. KEYWORDS