Over 95% of the population in Uganda relies on solid fuels for their cooking and heating needs [1]. These are burned in a variety of cooking appliances, ranging from three stone fires to improved cookstoves (ICS). Appropriate Energy Saving Technologies (AEST Ltd.) is a social business that manufactures and distributes Makaa fuel briquettes and charcoal cookstoves in Soroti, Uganda. This work summarizes collaboration with AEST to design for improved performance, usability, and manufacturability of their Makaa cookstove product. Two prototypes were selected and laboratory performance tested. The prototypes included engineered insulation materials which were compared to the current Makaa stove with mineral insulation. Techno-economic analyses were also performed in order to estimate and compare the production cost for each stove model. Combining the performance results with the cost analyses indicates that the most cost-effective design is a combination of the metal grate and vermiculite models. This design maximized performance and usability while also minimizing the time and cost of production. Recommendations were made for further product development, and an open-access cost-analysis tool was made available online to carry out similar techno-economic analysis.


Abstract Seismic moments for the first four chemical tests making up phase I of the Source Physics Experiments (SPE) are estimated from 6‐Hz Rg waves recorded along a single radial line of geophones under the assumption that the tests are pure explosions. These apparent explosion moments are compared with moments determined from the reduced displacement potential method applied to free‐field data. Light detection and ranging (lidar) observations, strong ground motions on the free surface in the vicinity of ground zero, and moment tensor inversion results are evidence that the fourth test SPE‐4P is a pure explosion, and the moments show good agreement, 8×10 10   N·m for free‐field data versus 9×10 10   N·m for Rg waves. In stark contrast, apparent moments for the first three tests are smaller than near‐field moments by factors of 3–4. Relative amplitudes for the three tests determined from Rg interferometry using SPE‐4P as an empirical Green's function indicate that radiation patterns are cylindrically symmetric within a factor of 1.25 (25%). This fact assures that the apparent moments are reliable even though they were measured on just one azimuth. Spallation occurred on the first three tests, and ground‐based lidar detected permanent deformations. As such, the source medium suffered late‐time damage. Destructive interference between Rg waves radiated by explosion and damage sources will reduce amplitudes and explain why apparent moments are smaller than near‐field moments based on compressional energy emitted directly from the source.


Background and Purpose— Although there is strong evidence on the beneficial effects of virtual reality (VR)-based rehabilitation, it is not yet well understood how the different aspects of these systems affect recovery. Consequently, we do not exactly know what features of VR neurorehabilitation systems are decisive in conveying their beneficial effects. Methods— To specifically address this issue, we developed 3 different configurations of the same VR-based rehabilitation system, the Rehabilitation Gaming System, using 3 different interface technologies: vision-based tracking, haptics, and a passive exoskeleton. Forty-four patients with chronic stroke were randomly allocated to one of the configurations and used the system for 35 minutes a day for 5 days a week during 4 weeks. Results— Our results revealed significant within-subject improvements at most of the standard clinical evaluation scales for all groups. Specifically we observe that the beneficial effects of VR-based training are modulated by the use/nonuse of compensatory movement strategies and the specific sensorimotor contingencies presented to the user, that is, visual feedback versus combined visual haptic feedback. Conclusions— Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of VR-based neurorehabilitation systems such as the Rehabilitation Gaming System for the treatment of chronic stroke depend on the specific interface systems used. These results have strong implications for the design of future VR rehabilitation strategies that aim at maximizing functional outcomes and their retention. Clinical Trial Registration— This trial was not registered because it is a small clinical study that evaluates the feasibility of prototype devices.


J.R Kantor's Interbehaviorism, developed in the early 20th century, is a system which is characteristic of a naturalistic foundation to explain all scientific psychology, behavior, and activity. The aim of this citation analysis is to examine the influence of Interbehaviorism between 1984 and 2021; a window of time encompassing contemporary applications since research by Ruben (1984), who evaluated major trends in Interbehavioral psychology between 1937 and 1983. The current analysis focused on peer-reviewed Empirical (experimental) and Non-Empirical (reviews or conceptual) studies citing Interbehavior-related search terms. The analysis was further organized by journal, topic, empirical details (populations, participant demographics, manipulation, measures, results), and country of origin. Databases searched included Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar. The analysis revealed 91 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 10 (10.9%) were Empirical and 81 (89%) were Non-Empirical. The Non-Empirical category included 21 (23.5%) Review and 60 (74%) Conceptual articles. These results shed light on the ongoing nature of the influence of Interbehaviorism on contemporary research.


Thin island metal films embedded in the p-n semiconductor junction of a photovoltaic structure enable significantly change their efficiency. A type of metal defines this change. In this work we present our results of experimental trials of creation photovoltaic heterostructures ITO/C-Si with thin metal films embedded into the semiconductor junction. We applied such metals as gold and silver which can appear the localized surface plasmon resonance effects, when the islet dimensions are several nanometers. We found that the gold nanoparticle significantly improves the photovoltaic conversion efficiency when the silver nanoparticles prevent the photocurrent generation. Generated photo-power in the samples with embedded gold island films was more to approximately 10 times than without this interlayer. All metal island films and ITO emitter films were prepared using low-pressure triode dc sputtering system. Key-Words: Metal island films, Localized surface plasmon-polariton, Diode Schottky, Solar cells


Gesture-first theories of language propose the transparent intelligibility of deictic and iconic gestures. The gestures of a man with a three-word vocabulary are used to investigate gesture without accompanying language. Rather than being transparent, the rich intrinsic meaningfulness of deictic and iconic gestures produces a surplus of possible referents. The task of working out their meaning delays movement to subsequent action, and thus creates selective pressure for the emergence of arbitrary, rather than inherently meaningful, signs. Analysis then turns to Kendon's argument that meaning and action are accomplished through the way in which talk, gesture, and phenomena in the environment mutually elaborate each other, with the semiotic possibilities of each of these resources mutually constraining the others.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the international transmission of US monetary policy to real variables (inflation and GDP) in the Jordanian economy through the channel of remittances using yearly data from 1980 to 2013. The VEC model is used to estimate the transmission of US monetary policy shocks to Jordan's real GDP while the VAR model is used to estimate the transmission to the inflation rate. US monetary policy shocks are found to transmit to real GDP but not to inflation. The results of this study suggest that the monetary policy of the Central Bank of Jordan is successful in containing inflationary pressures and keeping inflation rates at acceptable levels, which is the bank's main monetary policy goal.


OBJECTIVE
To compare cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations determined by use of a point-of-care analyzer with values determined by use of a bench-top immunoassay in plasma samples obtained from clinically normal horses with and without experimentally induced cardiac disease, and to establish a reference range for plasma equine cTnI concentration determined by use of the point-of-care analyzer.

ANIMALS
83 clinically normal horses, 6 of which were administered monensin to induce cardiac disease.

PROCEDURES
A blood sample was collected from each of the 83 clinically normal horses to provide plasma for analysis by use of the point-of-care analyzer; some of the same samples were also analyzed by use of the immunoassay. All 83 samples were used to establish an analyzer-specific reference range for plasma cTnI concentration in clinically normal horses. In 6 horses, blood samples were also collected at various time points after administration of a single dose of monensin (1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg) via nasogastric intubation; plasma cTnI concentration in those samples was assessed by use of both methods.

RESULTS
The analyzer-specific reference range for plasma cTnI concentration in clinically normal horses was 0.0 to 0.06 ng/mL. Following monensin treatment in 5 horses, increases in plasma cTnI concentration determined by use of the 2 methods were highly correlated (Pearson correlation, 0.83). Peak analyzer-determined plasma cTnI concentrations in monensin-treated horses ranged from 0.08 to 3.68 ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In horses with and without experimentally induced cardiac disease, the point-of-care analyzer and bench-top immunoassay provided similar values of plasma cTnI concentration.


The religious education of children represents a critical component of the Catholic Reformation that has often been overlooked by historians of early modern Europe. In "Creating Catholics: Catechism and Primary Education in Early Modern France," Karen E. Carter examines rural schooling in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries--the period when community-supported primary education began--and brings to light a significant element of the early modern period.Carter scrutinizes Catholic religious education in rural parishes in France through its two leading forms: the explosion of Catholic catechisms for children and their use in village schools. She concentrates on educational opportunities for rural peasants in three French dioceses: Auxerre (in Burgundy) and Chalons-sur-Marne and Reims (in Champagne). Carter argues that the study of catechism in village schools was an integral part of a comprehensive program, implemented by both clerical and lay leaders, for the religious, ethical, and moral education of children. Her research demonstrates that the clergy and a majority of the lay population believed in the efficacy of this program; for this reason, parish priests taught catechism in their parishes on a weekly basis, and small village communities established and paid for a surprisingly large number of local schools so that their sons and daughters could receive an education both in basic literacy skills and, through memorization of catechism, in Catholic faith and practice."Karen E. Carter's "Creating Catholics: Catechism and Primary Education in Early Modern France" is a well-written, informative, and original piece of scholarship that helps to fill a large gap in our understanding of French religious life in the latter part of the early modern period. Carter shows how church and Bourbon state interests in promoting a devoutly Catholic and obedient populace intersected in the religious education of its children. Using a rich body of sources, she provides a much more textured understanding of the everyday functioning of primary school education than has so far been undertaken."--Megan Armstrong, McMaster University"Karen Carter's book delivers a great deal more than its title promises. It rescues the history of French catechetical ambitions during the Catholic Reformation from serious neglect, and firmly anchors it in the practice of primary education within a regional context. Above all, she restores the agency of lay Catholics in an age of increased clericalisation by showing why they wanted schooling for their children and paid for it from their own pockets. This astute and economical combination of hitherto discrete subjects fills an important gap and offers historians new ways of approaching familiar questions." --Joseph Bergin, University of Manchester"This book makes an excellent contribution to early modern history in general, and particularly to the fields of religious history and French history. The central argument that the teaching of catechism by parish priests and the broad instruction available at the petites ecoles found in most villages had a broad impact on the lives, particularly the religious lives, of townspeople and villagers, should interest historians, people in religious studies, and students of education." --Marc R. Forster, Connecticut College"


Methods for the manufacture of rugate filters by the ion-beam-sputtering process are presented. The first approach gives an example of a digitized version of a continuous-layer notch filter. This method allows the comparison of the basic theory of interference coatings containing thin layers with practical results. For the other methods, a movable zone target is employed to fabricate graded and gradual rugate filters. The examples demonstrate the potential of broadband optical monitoring in conjunction with the ion-beam-sputtering process. First-characterization results indicate that these types of filter may exhibit higher laser-induced damage-threshold values than those of classical filters.


Variations of global and regional silicate weathering rates and paleo-ocean circulation patterns are estimated by using radiogenic isotope records, but the effects of changes in provenance are generally ignored. Here sediment provenance has been constrained through the use of Ar-Ar ages for individual detrital minerals from the Labrador Sea, which can be compared directly to the radiogenic isotope compositions from the same core material. Dramatic changes in the radiogenic isotope composition of North Atlantic Deep Water through the Quaternary Period are shown to reflect discrete changes in both sources and weathering processes accompanying Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Changes in the different radiogenic isotope systems reflect the influence of source, physical weathering, and chemical weathering, and not simply changes in the underlying weathering rate or ocean circulation patterns that are typically inferred.


Crude petroleum and its refined products are principal energy sources driving industrialisation; albeit, the resultant pollution of the natural environment is antithetical to sustainable development. Soil pollution arising from the release of petroleum hydrocarbons causes changes in the soil microbial community structure and functional diversity, which can result in significant impact on soil ecosystem functioning. A number of physical, chemical and biological processes determine hydrocarbon fate in soil, but microbial degradation is generally considered to be the most important loss process. The overall aim of this project was to assess the biodegradation of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils contaminated with petroleum oil. The effects of the presence and concentration of co-contaminants, the presence and concentration of HP-beta-CD, and of prescribed fire on microbial catabolic activity in soils were investigated. Selected soils from the UK and the Antarctic (SOM < 1-27% and clay < 0.01---42%) provided a good basis for evaluating the influence of soil physicochemical properties. Levels of hydrocarbons in the background soils reflect their proximity to anthropogenic input sources. Indigenous mineralisation of target hydrocarbons was measured using 14C-radiorespirometry in the background soils and soils amended with increasing diesel oil concentrations analogous to the spatial heterogeneity in contaminant levels common at polluted sites. The 14C-hydrocarbons used were naphthalene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene, hexadecane and octacosane. Collectively, the results from studies of effect of diesel concentration highlight the need to consider the potential variations in the development of indigenous catabolic activity towards various hydrocarbons when designing bespoke remediation strategies, as contaminant levels varied widely, even on a millimetre/centimetre-scale, in polluted soils. The efficiency of microbial utilisation of labile C-substrate was also influenced by the initial diesel concentration and soil contact time; the use of in-situ derived kEC values is advised to quantify microbial biomass-C in petroleum oil-polluted soils. The failure of HP-beta-CD to promote greater benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation despite a significantly enhanced solubilisation has weighty ecotoxicological implications for cyclodextrin-aided bioremediation of PAH-impacted soil. The negligible long-term effects on overall microbial activity and PAH degradative ability of soils and the substantial reduction of contaminant burdens in soil suggest low-severity prescribed fire as a practicable first-line option for remediation of heavily oil-polluted soils.


Fast similarity search is a key component in large-scale information retrieval, where semantic hashing has become a popular strategy for representing documents as binary hash codes. Recent advances in this area have been obtained through neural network based models: generative models trained by learning to reconstruct the original documents. We present a novel unsupervised generative semantic hashing approach, Ranking based Semantic Hashing (RBSH) that consists of both a variational and a ranking based component. Similarly to variational autoencoders, the variational component is trained to reconstruct the original document conditioned on its generated hash code, and as in prior work, it only considers documents individually. The ranking component solves this limitation by incorporating inter-document similarity into the hash code generation, modelling document ranking through a hinge loss. To circumvent the need for labelled data to compute the hinge loss, we use a weak labeller and thus keep the approach fully unsupervised. Extensive experimental evaluation on four publicly available datasets against traditional baselines and recent state-of-the-art methods for semantic hashing shows that RBSH significantly outperforms all other methods across all evaluated hash code lengths. In fact, RBSH hash codes are able to perform similarly to state-of-the-art hash codes while using 2-4x fewer bits.


HCI is focused on improving the interactions we have with technology and innovating new types of interactions, as well as expanding the types of people for whom those interactions are designed. Central to these efforts is the simultaneously empowering and contested construct of the "user." This paper examines what the construct of the user highlights, as well as what it conceals. We introduce post-userism, a perspective that simultaneously acknowledges the limits of, and proposes alternatives to, the central construct of the user as proxy for the "human" in HCI. Drawing on developments across the historical trajectory of HCI, we articulate how the user is enacted across four different levels of representation-systems, interface, design process, and the ideology and identify situations where the user breaks down. Synthesizing prior work, we offer a series of strategies for grappling with such situations. In doing so, we seek to overcome the limitations imposed by the user and develop a language that will aid in evolving the foundations of HCI by asking what, exactly, we place at the center of our scholarship and design.


Carmyerius marchandi n. sp., a new species of trematode (Paramphistomoidea, Gastrothylacidae), has been described in Senegal. It has an average length of 13 +/- 1 mm and an average diameter of 3 +/- 0.4 mm. The brood pouch, bearing muscular invaginations and a ventrolateral swelling, makes up two thirds of the body length. There is a Carmyerius-type acetabulum. The ratio between the diameter of the acetabulum and body length is 1:7.4. The trematode has a Gastrothylax-type pharynx. The ratio between pharynx length and body length is 1:13.3. The ratio between pharynx length and acetabulum diameter is 1:1.8. The caeca extend beyond the mid section of the parasite. The lobed testicles are in a lateroposterior position. The ovary is situated between the two testicles and the uterus is in a mediodorsal position. The vitelline glands take up a large area in the ventrolateral swelling of the brood pouch. The small genital atrium is of the elongatus type. Using scanning electron microscopy, the parasite's body shows transverse ridging and tegumentary papillae around the oral aperture, genital pore and acetabulum. All of these characteristics indicate that this Gastrothylacidae belongs to the Carmyerius genus. To judge by the other species in the genus previously described, this appears to be a new species. We suggest that it should be named C. marchandi n. sp., as a token of gratitude to Professor Bernard Marchand.


Importance BRAF mutations are reportedly associated with aggressive tumor biology. However, in contrast with primary colorectal cancer, the association of V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations with survival and recurrence after resection of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) has not been well studied. Objective To investigate the prognostic association of BRAF mutations with survival and recurrence independently and compared with other prognostic determinants, such as KRAS mutations. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, all patients who underwent resection for CRLM with curative intent from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2016, at the institutions participating in the International Genetic Consortium for Colorectal Liver Metastasis and had data on BRAF and KRAS mutational status were retrospectively identified. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess long-term outcomes. Interventions Hepatectomy in patients with CRLM. Main Outcomes and Measures The association of V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Of 853 patients who met inclusion criteria (510 men [59.8%] and 343 women [40.2%]; mean [SD] age, 60.2 [12.4] years), 849 were included in the study analyses. Forty-three (5.1%) had a mutated (mut) BRAF/wild-type (wt) KRAS (V600E and non-V600E) genotype; 480 (56.5%), a wtBRAF/wtKRAS genotype; and 326 (38.4%), a wtBRAF/mutKRAS genotype. Compared with the wtBRAF/wtKRAS genotype group, patients with a mutBRAF/wtKRAS genotype more frequently were female (27 [62.8%] vs 169 [35.2%]) and 65 years or older (22 [51.2%] vs 176 [36.9%]), had right-sided primary tumors (27 [62.8%] vs 83 [17.4%]), and presented with a metachronous liver metastasis (28 [64.3%] vs 229 [46.8%]). On multivariable analysis, V600E but not non-V600E BRAF mutation was associated with worse OS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.76; 95% CI, 1.74-4.37; P < .001) and DFS (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.30-3.20; P = .002). The V600E BRAF mutation had a stronger association with OS and DFS than the KRAS mutations (&bgr; for OS, 10.15 vs 2.94; &bgr; for DFS, 7.14 vs 2.27). Conclusions and Relevance The presence of the V600E BRAF mutation was associated with worse prognosis and increased risk of recurrence. The V600E mutation was not only a stronger prognostic factor than KRAS but also was the strongest prognostic determinant in the overall cohort.


Quantifying volcanic ash emissions syneruptively is an important task for the global aviation community. However, due to the near real time nature of volcano monitoring, many parameters important for accurate ash mass estimates cannot be obtained easily. Even when using the best possible estimates of those parameters, uncertainties associated with the ash masses remain high, especially if the satellite data is only available in the traditional 10.8 and 12.0 μm bands. To counteract this limitation, we developed a quantitative comparison between the ash extents in satellite and model data. The focus is the manual cloud edge definition based on the available satellite reverse absorption (RA) data as well as other knowledge like pilot reports or ground-based observations followed by an application of the Volcanic Ash Retrieval on the defined subset with an RA threshold of 0 K. This manual aspect, although subjective to the experience of the observer, can show a significant improvement as it provides the ability to highlight ash that otherwise would be obscured by meteorological clouds or, by passing over different surfaces with unaccounted temperatures, might be lost entirely and thus remains undetectable for an automated satellite approach. We show comparisons to Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion models and outline a quantitative match as well as percentages of overestimates based on satellite or dispersion model data which can be converted into a level of reliability for near real time volcano monitoring.


Sometimes referred to as the first published manual of guerrilla warfare, Bernardo de Vargas Machuca's Indian Militia and Description of the Indies is actually the first known manual of counterinsurgency, or anti-guerrilla warfare. Published in Madrid in 1599 by a Spanish-born soldier of fortune with long experience in the Americas, the book is a training manual for conquistadors. The Aztec and Inca Empires had long since fallen by 1599, but Vargas Machuca argued that many more Native American peoples remained to be conquered and converted to Roman Catholicism. What makes his often shrill and self-righteous treatise surprising is his consistent praise of indigenous resistance techniques and medicinal practices.

Containing advice on curing rattlesnake bites with amethysts and making saltpeter for gunpowder from concentrated human urine, The Indian Militia is a manual in four parts, the first of which outlines the ideal qualities of the militia commander. Addressing the organization and outfitting of conquest expeditions, Book Two includes extended discussions of arms and medicine. Book Three covers the proper behavior of soldiers, providing advice on marching through peaceful and bellicose territories, crossing rivers, bivouacking in foul weather, and carrying out night raids and ambushes. Book Four deals with peacemaking, town-founding, and the proper treatment of conquered peoples. Appended to these four sections is a brief geographical description of all of Spanish America, with special emphasis on the indigenous peoples of New Granada (roughly modern-day Colombia), followed by a short guide to the southern coasts and heavens. This first English-language edition of The Indian Militia includes an extensive introduction, a posthumous report on Vargas Machuca's military service, and a selection from his unpublished attack on the writings of Fray Bartolome de Las Casas.


A UK Cabinet Office review after the 2007 floods highlighted different types of knowledge needed for effective flood risk management, along with knowledge gaps. This paper explores key, emerging aspects of this expanded knowledge base, namely relationships between expert and local/lay knowledges, the changing nature of local knowledge of community flood risk, and how attempts are being made to incorporate local knowledge into science, policy and practice. Sustainable flood knowledge, as an aspiration, integrates expert, local and political knowledge to build community flood resilience. The research involved stakeholder interviews undertaken before and after the 2007 floods, Severn catchment, UK and examination of policy documentation. The paper focuses on scale issues in relation to knowledge types suggesting that local knowledge can be 'expert' in large-scale mapping of flood processes. It reflects on how local flood knowledges can be captured, shared, harnessed and used, and assimilated into governance structures for flood resilience planning. The paper recognises progress in integrating local knowledges in flood science and governance, but also highlights challenges. It concludes that the 2007 UK flood experience is generating new understandings of the value of local knowledges, and how these might be successfully used in flood risk management practice.


Glioma is primary brain tumors of the glial origin. Glioblastoma multiforme traditionally classified as Grade IV glial tumor carries the worst prognosis. Over the past decades, focus of the diagnosis and management has gradually shifted toward molecular and genetic profiling. This has been accompanied by advancement in radiology, radiation, and medical oncology. Despite significant progress in the individual disciplines, the overall prognosis has not increased significantly. There is consensus on the need of maximum safe resection for most of these tumors. Details of anatomy and white matter tracts obtained through preoperative imaging. These detailed radiological modalities allow the surgeons to plan a safe trajectory to the lesion, avoiding neurological complications. Five aminolevulinic acid and fluorescein guidance help increasing the extent of resection. Awake craniotomy with brain mapping has regained popularity for the safe resection of low-grade glioma, especially those located in eloquent areas. In this review article, we have discussed various aspect of glioma management including diagnosis and surgical resection.


, , Abstract Background: High density (HD) SNP genotyping arrays are an important tool for genetic analyses of animals and plants. Although the chicken is one of the most important farm animals, no HD array is yet available for high resolution genetic analysis of this species. Results: We report here the development of a 600 K Affymetrix W Axiom W HD genotyping array designed using SNPs segregating in a wide variety of chicken populations. In order to generate a large catalogue of segregating SNPs, we re-sequenced 243 chickens from 24 chicken lines derived from diverse sources (experimental, commercial broiler and layer lines) by pooling 10 – 15 samples within each line. About 139 million (M) putative SNPs were detected by mapping sequence reads to the new reference genome ( Gallus_gallus_4.0 ) of which ~78 M appeared to be segregating in different lines. Using criteria such as high SNP-quality score, acceptable design scores predicting high conversion performance in the final array and uniformity of distribution across the genome, we selected ~1.8 M SNPs for validation through genotyping on an independent set of samples (n = 282). About 64% of the SNPs were polymorphic with high call rates (>98%), good cluster separation and stable Mendelian inheritance. Polymorphic SNPs were further analysed for their population characteristics and genomic effects. SNPs with extreme breach of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ( P < 0.00001) were excluded from the panel. The final array, designed on the basis of these analyses, consists of 580,954 SNPs and includes 21,534 coding variants. SNPs were selected to achieve an essentially uniform distribution based on genetic map distance for both broiler and layer lines. Due to a lower extent of LD in broilers compared to layers, as reported in previous studies, the ratio of broiler and layer SNPs in the array was kept as 3:2. The final panel was shown to genotype a wide range of samples including broilers and layers with over 100 K to 450 K informative SNPs per line. A principal component analysis was used to demonstrate the ability of the array to detect the expected population structure which is an important pre-investigation step for many genome-wide analyses. Conclusions: This Affymetrix W Axiom W array is the first SNP genotyping array for chicken that has been made commercially available to the public as a product. This array is expected to find widespread usage both in research and commercial application such as in genomic selection, genome-wide association studies, selection signature analyses, fine mapping of QTLs and detection of copy number variants.


We report on the polarity control of GaN regrown on pulsed-laser-deposition-grown N-polar AlN on a metalorganic-vapor-phase-epitaxy-grown Ga-polar GaN template. The polarity of the regrown GaN, which was confirmed using aqueous KOH solutions, can be inverted from that of AlN by inserting a low-temperature GaN (LT-GaN) buffer layer. We hypothetically ascribe the Ga-polarity selection of GaN on the LT-GaN buffer layer to the mixed polarity of LT-GaN grains and higher growth rate of the Ga-polar grain, which covers up the N-polar grain during the initial stage of the high-temperature growth. The X-ray rocking curve analysis revealed that the edge-dislocation density in the N-polar regrown GaN is 5 to 8 times smaller than that in the Ga-polar regrown GaN. N-polar GaN grows directly on N-polar AlN at higher temperatures. Therefore, nucleus islands grow larger than those of LT-GaN and the area fraction of coalescence boundaries between islands, where edge dislocations emerge, becomes smaller.


We propose a definition for identification of blooms and use this definition to investigate the underlying mechanisms of summer blooms and their link to nutrient enrichment. Blooms were defined as chlorophyll a observations deviating significantly from a normal seasonal cycle; the frequency and magnitude of these deviating observations characterized bloom frequency and intensity. The definition was applied to a large monitoring data set from five estuaries in Denmark with at least biweekly sampling. Four mechanisms with links to nutrient enrichment were identified as sources of summer blooms: (1) advection from biomass‐rich inner estuary, (2) resuspension of nutrients and algae from sediments, (3) nutrient releases from sediments during hypoxic conditions, and (4) decoupling of benthic grazers. Summer blooms were mostly dominated by diatoms, and in 33% of the bloom samples the dominating species was also dominant prior to the bloom. Only four species (Cerataulina pelagica, Chaetoceros socialis/radians, Prorocentrum micans, and Prorocentrum minimum) typically (>50% of blooms) increased their biomass proportion during bloom initiations. Bloom frequency and intensity decreased from 1989 to 2004, corresponding to decreases in nutrient inputs and concentrations, but only bloom frequency could be directly linked to the actual total nitrogen concentrations, whereas bloom intensities depended on site‐specific features, particularly a threshold response for stations exposed to hypoxia. Bloom frequency has increased over longer timescales in response to nutrient enrichment.


The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of the different pathological conditions causing clinically evident androgen excess and to document the degree of long-term success of suppressive and/or antiandrogen hormonal therapy in a large consecutive population of patients. All patients presenting for evaluation of symptoms potentially related to androgen excess between October 1987 and June 2002 were evaluated, and the data were maintained prospectively in a computerized database. For the assessment of therapeutic response, a retrospective review of the medical chart was performed, after the exclusion of those patients seeking fertility therapy only, or with inadequate follow-up or poor compliance. A total of 1281 consecutive patients were seen during the study period. Excluded from analysis were 408 patients in whom we were unable to evaluate hormonal status, determine ovulatory status, or find any evidence of androgen excess. In the remaining population of 873 patients, the unbiased prevalence of androgen-secreting neoplasms was 0.2%, 21-hydroxylase-deficient classic adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was 0.6%, 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) was 1.6%, hyperandrogenic insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans (HAIRAN) syndrome was 3.1%, idiopathic hirsutism was 4.7%, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was 82.0%. Fifty-nine (6.75%) patients had elevated androgen levels and hirsutism but normal ovulation. A total of 257 patients were included in the assessment of the response to hormonal therapy. The mean duration of follow-up was 33.5 months (range, 6-155). Hirsutism improved in 86%, menstrual dysfunction in 80%, acne in 81%, and hair loss in 33% of patients. The major side effects noted were irregular vaginal bleeding (16.1%), nausea (13.0%), and headaches (12.6%); only 36.6% of patients never complained of side effects. In this large study of consecutive patients presenting with clinically evident androgen excess, specific identifiable disorders (NCAH, CAH, HAIRAN syndrome, and androgen-secreting neoplasms) were observed in approximately 7% of subjects, whereas functional androgen excess, principally PCOS, was observed in the remainder. Hirsutism, menstrual dysfunction, or acne, but not alopecia, improved in the majority of patients treated with a combination suppressive therapy; although more than 60% experienced side effects.


Reflections on the Self features five contemporary African women photographers whose work deals with women's narratives through self-portraits or portraits of others. The artists are Helene Amouzou (Togo, Belgium), Majida Khattari (Morocco, France), Zanele Muholi (South Africa), Senayt Samuel (Eritrea, UK), and Nontsikelelo Veleko (South Africa).

The exhibition, curated by Christine Eyene, focuses on female photographic practice in Africa and the diaspora, and examines the gaze of women photographers and how this is informed by the politics of representation. The title refers literally to the mirror image and also to photography as a means of thinking about the self, as both subject and object.


PURPOSE
To extend the retroperfusion technique to allow the delivery of drugs into Schlemm's canal in enucleated human eyes and to use this technique to gain insights into the function of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal.

METHODS
Using our previously developed retroperfusion technique, the anterior chamber of enucleated human eyes was held at a small negative pressure (-0.75 mm Hg), and fluid was allowed to flow retrograde from the limbal vessels, through the collector channels, and into Schlemm's canal. In this manner, the sulfhydryl agent N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) or the fixative agent glutaraldehyde was delivered to the inner wall of Schlemm's canal in normal and glaucomatous human eyes. Facility changes caused by retroperfusion were measured and correlated with histologic studies of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal.

RESULTS
Retroperfusion effectively delivers fluid from the scleral surface into the lumen of Schlemm's canal. Retroperfusion with vehicle alone does not alter facility or change outflow pathway morphology. Retroperfusion with NEM causes an approximately 35% facility increase and concomitant inner wall openings. Retroperfusion with glutaraldehyde in normal eyes and eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma causes a facility decrease of 53% and 64%, respectively, and localized fixation of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. The magnitude of the facility changes caused by retroperfusion were similar to those seen using conventional forward perfusion of NEM and glutaraldehyde.

CONCLUSIONS
Retroperfusion is a viable technique for the delivery of drugs or other agents into Schlemm's canal in enucleated human eyes. Retroperfusion-induced changes in outflow facility are correlated strongly with morphologically observed alterations in inner wall structure. The majority of outflow resistance is localized to the inner wall of Schlemm's canal or the immediately adjacent 10-microns region of the juxtacanalicular tissue in normal eyes and in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. Inner wall giant vacuoles and pores likely persist for sometime, even after fixation at zero or negative pressure.


This paper analyzes data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) to examine the awarding of institutional need-based versus non-need grants to undergraduate students. The purpose of the study is to determine: 1) how the use of these different types of scholarships has changed in recent years; 2) the socioeconomic characteristics of the students receiving them; and, 3) how institutional and student characteristics help predict who will receive an institutional grant.


Extracted from text ... The British Isles has always been,
and still remains, a popular tourist
destination - justifiably so, for there
is much to see and do. Added bonuses for
South Africans include driving on the left
side of the road and no apparent language
barrier, until one encounters a strange
regional accent. Not quite so difficult to
understand though, was the accent of our
Scottish guide, when he assured us that
we, and our boat, were perfectly safe as
we dangled 25 metres above the water
level.
When embarking a canal boat, it is
a perfectly reasonable assumption that
one's vessel will ..


Thank you for reading internet for all. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their favorite books like this internet for all, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer. internet for all is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the internet for all is universally compatible with any devices to read.


The story of Booker T. Washington is well known. Born near Roanoke, Virginia, in 1856 to an enslaved mother and an unidentified white man who had his way with her, Washington worked in mines and did other manual labor in his youth. Somehow, he learned to read and write well enough, and eventually he made his way to the Hampton Institute, which had been founded in 1868 by a Union Army general near Hampton, Virginia. The school emphasized manual arts education for ex-slaves; this was a program Washington was to largely emulate when he became headmaster of the Tuskegee Institute, near Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1881. The school served both young black men and women. Washington rose to national prominence, first, with his "Atlanta Compromise Speech" in 1895 at the Cotton States and International Exposition, in which he argued that economic progress for blacks must precede full political equality and almost seemed to endorse separate development of the races, a view that was considered non-threatening to whites.1 Washington apparently was the first black leader to speak at such a public gathering of important Southern white leaders. Later, he won fame with publication of his autobiography, Up From Slavery, in which he essentially followed a Horatio Alger storyline. This, too, was non-threatening to whites, and it was a reasonably accurate portrait of his struggles in life to that point. Julius Rosenwald is far less well-known today, though his legacy is a household name because of his connection with the Sears, Roebuck & Co. Rosenwald was born in Springfield, Illinois, in 1862 to German-Jewish immigrants. A high school dropout, he sold souvenir booklets door-to-door and played the organ in a Methodist church in Springfield, and at age 16 or 17 went to work in his uncles' retail clothing store in New York.2 In 1885 Rosenwald started a clothing manufacturing business with a cousin, and in 1895 the two bought a substantial interest in a struggling watch and catalog mail-order house, that is, Sears, Roebuck & Co. His big innovations were to expand the catalog greatly, and to guarantee everything in it. Rosenwald was president of Sears from 1908 to 1924, and chairman of the board from 1924 until his death in 1932. Rosenwald also became famous during his life as a philanthropist. He largely funded the Museum of Science and Industry in Hyde Park on Chicago's Southside, which was only about two miles from his home, and he helped fund two dozen YMCA's that catered to African-Americans. Through a challenge-grant program he initiated in 1917, Rosenwald helped build 5,357 schools and teacher's homes for African-American students in the rural South. At one time in the 1920s, two out of every five African-American children in the Old South who attended school did so in a Rosenwald school.3 Though the school building program ended with Rosenwald's death in 1932, the Rosenwald Fund supported scholarships and subsidies for many African-American scholars, authors, and artists, such as W.E.B. DuBois, novelist James Baldwin, poet Langston Hughes, singer Marian Anderson, and scores of others.4 Rosenwald and Washington first met in Chicago in late 1911; Washington was the keynote speaker at a gathering of civic leaders at Chicago's lakefront Blackstone hotel, and Rosenwald was the man who introduced him to the crowd. Rosenwald was taken with his guest, and the man's cause, and he soon signed on as a trustee of the Tuskegee Institute, a position he held even beyond Washington's death in 1915. Unlike contemporary white philanthropists who supported AfricanAmerican causes, Rosenwald actually established a close, personal and working relationship with his main beneficiary, Washington. It was an important relationship-one of the very central figures in black American history, and a leading Jewish philanthropist in America of the time, had a strong working relationship. Yet the relationship between Rosenwald and Washington is hardly acknowledged today. …


Prevalence of hospital malnutrition ranges between 20% and 50%. Severe brain injury often induces a state of malnutrition that will have a negative impact on neuro-rehabilitation. Villa Beretta is an Italian Neurological Rehabilitation Hospital that provides support for adults with physical, cognitive and/or communication disabilities as a result of an acquired brain injury, including stroke, accidents, neurological illness, spinal injury, and multiple sclerosis. In our department good nutrition is an essential part of care. Our Nutrition Service has the task of recognizing and treating malnutrition. Nutritional support may take many forms such as enteral tube feeding or parenteral nutrition, appropriate diet, oral nutritional supplements and amino acid (we use an oral supplementation of a specific mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids that has a synergistic effect with exercise to increase skeletal muscle mass, strength, and walking speed in our patients). However, we think that the food of our patients is crucially important for their rehabilitation. Our menu offers traditional Italian dishes such as lasagne, risotto or gnocchi. Their flavour and quality are comparable to Italian restaurants all around the world. Most of the times, one of the main reason patients do not eat in hospitals is that the quality is very bad. We think that food is the first therapy for patients, so it is extremely important for us that the meal is delicious. Good nutrition helps to improve physical and mental functioning and, most important, it can improve the quality of life. Eat well, live well!


 Abstract — Even though past, current and future trends suggest that multicore and cloud computing systems are increasingly prevalent/ubiquitous, this class of parallel systems is nonetheless underutilized, in general, and barely used for research on employing parallel Delaunay triangulation for parallel surface modeling and generation, in particular. The performances, of actual/physical and virtual/cloud multicore systems/machines, at executing various algorithms, which implement various parallelization strategies of the incremental insertion technique of the Delaunay triangulation algorithm, were evaluated. T -tests were run on the data collected, in order to determine whether various performance metrics differences (including execution time, speedup and efficiency) were statistically significant. Results show that the actual machine is approximately twice faster than the virtual machine at executing the same programs for the various parallelization strategies. Results, which furnish the scalability behaviors of the various parallelization strategies, also show that some of the differences between the performances of these systems, during different runs of the algorithms on the systems, were statistically significant. A few pseudo superlinear speedup results, which were computed from the raw data collected, are not true superlinear speedup values. These pseudo superlinear speedup values, which arise as a result of one way of computing speedups, disappear and give way to asymmetric speedups, which are the accurate kind of speedups that occur in the experiments


Wind energy is a continuous, clean source of energy that can be harnessed for electricity generation or water pumping. The geographic location of Mozambique, and the long coastline renders the country a good wind energy potential that could potentially be exploited for water pumping or electrical power systems that have social and economic benefits and thereby contribute to a reduction in unsustainable practices of wood biomass burning which is the main source of energy in rural villages and high density suburbs of the main cities of the country. This study is focused on evaluating the potential of harnessing wind energy for electrical power generation in Mozambique using the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Programme (WAP) model. The study characterises wind speed patterns and wind frequency distributions at selected meteorological stations based on hourly observations, and models the available wind energy in coastal and interior areas. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed data from nearby meteorological stations and wind turbine characteristics were used as inputs into the model. To effectively harness wind energy, mean annual wind speeds should at least be 3 ms. For this reason only sites satisfying this criterion were selected. The spatial selection criteria considered a fair distribution of candidate sites such that coastal areas of the southern, northern and the interior Niassa and Nampula provinces were covered. The results of the WAP model simulations, indicate that there is sufficient wind energy resource in both interior and coastal areas, which varies with height a.g.l., and that can be exploited for pumping water and generating electricity in small or medium electrical power systems, particularly the coastal areas of Ponta de Ouro, Mavelane, and Tofinho where the mean annual wind speed is above 5.0 ms at the 10 m level and about 8.0 ms at the highest levels (50 60 m a.g.l.) and interior area of Lichinga (mean annual wind speed of about 6 ms at the same highest levels). The lowest wind energy potential (mean annual wind speed of about 4.0 ms) is found in the Nampula area. An Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential for Power Generation in Mozambique ii


In this paper we review the literature on social learning mechanisms in the domestic chick, focusing largely on work from our own laboratories. The domestic chicken is a social-living bird that searches for food in flocks, avoids predators by following warnings from other flock members, and forms (stable) social hierarchies. All of these behaviors develop throughout ontogeny, largely during the very early stages post-hatch. Newly hatched chicks appear to have predispositions to orient towards and to pay greatest attention to the biologically relevant characteristics of their immediate environment (i.e. to conspecifics: the mother bird and/or fellow hatchlings) from which they may subsequently learn. In addition, the chick has a lateralized brain; left and right hemispheres being specialized for certain behavioral functions and responses, and it appears that such behavioral lateralization is also transposed onto certain social learning situations, which will also be considered. Keywords: social learning; social cognition; chick; brain asymmetry


There exist thousands of books covering every theme of Parisian life. Several hundred of these are guide books issued only in the last decade, and a few dictionaries of important Parisian monuments. However, not until now has a single comprehensive work, encompassing not only the existing buildings of this great city but also information about its past and present economic and social institutions, made its appearance. The Historical Dictionary of Paris begins with an extensive historical chapter of the twenty centuries that separate the Gallic farmers and Roman builders of the city through present-day Paris. The dictionary portion of the book contains over 400 entries and deals with various features of life in Paris. It includes brief biographical sketches of well-known Parisian personalities such as Etienne Marcel, Charles Baudelaire, Maurice Chevalier, Coco Chanel, and Jacques Chirac. The book also contains descriptions of the principal districts and monuments of the city, and numerous thematic entries covering a variety of topics, from commercials and cultural activities of the past, to luxury grocery shops and world famous art galleries and bistros. The book concludes with a large bibliography of nearly one thousand titles, most of them recent and in English. Also includes a chronology of Paris, four maps, and sixteen black and white photographs.


Quantile regression is in the focus of many estimation techniques and is an important tool in data analysis. When it comes to nonparametric specifications of the conditional quantile (or more generally tail) curve one faces, as in mean regression, a dimensionality problem. We propose a projection based single index model specifi- cation. For very high dimensional regressors X one faces yet another dimensionality problem and needs to balance precision vs. dimension. Such a balance may be achieved by combining semiparametric ideas with variable selection techniques.


Over the past decade, the frequency of terror attacks around the world has increased. In the context of the 22 July 2011 terror attacks in Norway, social media use by citizens, and even victims, became an essential feature of reporting. Social media confronted the legacy media's way of covering crisis events. It raised questions about traditional journalism's ability to handle audience's as, not only news consumers, but also producers. In the present article, we look at the ways in which the professional norms and values of traditional journalism are specifically challenged by social media use in times of terror, using the 22 July 2011 attacks as a case study. We find that Norwegian journalists initially held to their professional roles, and to the classic self-representational principles of journalism, including objectivity, autonomy and immediacy. When they integrated social media into their traditional platforms and modes of coverage, they framed it as a "source" of sorts. As the 22 July 2011 event coverage became more focused on the collective grief felt by the nation, in turn, the traditional journalistic principles of objectivity and autonomy became less relevant, enabling yet more audience participation and social media use in relation to the attack.


Abstract : At the time of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion, the Loop Current (LC), a warm ocean current in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), extended to 27.5 N just south of the rig. To measure the regional scale variability of the LC, oceanographic missions were flown on a NOAA WP-3D research aircraft to obtain ocean structural data during the spill and provide thermal structure profiles to ocean forecasters aiding in the oil spill disaster at 7 to 10 day intervals. The aircraft flew nine grid patterns over the eastern GoM between May and July 2010 deploying profilers to measure atmospheric and oceanic properties such as wind, humidity, temperature, salinity, and current. Ocean current profilers sampled as deep as 1500 m, conductivity, temperature, and depth profilers sampled to 1000 m, and bathythermographs sampled to either 350 or 800 m providing deep structural measurements. Profiler data were provided to modeling centers to predict possible trajectories of the oil and vector ships to regions of anomalous signals. In hindcast mode, assimilation of temperature profiles into the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model improved the fidelity of the simulations by reducing RMS errors by as much as 30% and decreasing model biases by half relative to the simulated thermal structure from models that assimilated only satellite data. The synoptic snapshots also provided insight into the evolving LC variability, captured the shedding of the warm core eddy Franklin, and measured the small-scale cyclones along the LC periphery.


In recent years the environmental humanities have evolved in new and exciting directions, due largely to the democratisation of information and new digital communication technologies. Social media channels, smartphones and the ease of online communication have also helped to advertise the ideas of emerging scholars in the growing field of environmental history. Inspired by the success of other academic societies in supporting their early-career members, such as the Network in Canadian History and Environment (NiCHE), the American Society for Environmental History (ASEH) Grad Caucus and New Scholars network, and the Tensions of Europe Network (ToE), the Board of the European Society for Environmental History (ESEH) decided to initiate its own Next Generation Action Team (NEXTGATe), which was established in June 2018. The first tenure of NEXTGATe (2018–2019) consists of six scholars: Roberta Biasillo (Rachel Carson Center, Germany); Elena Kochetkova (Higher School of Economics, St Petersburg, Russia); Tayler Meredith (University of Birmingham, UK); Simone Schleper (Leibniz Institute of European History, Germany) and Erin Spinney (University of Oxford, UK). NEXTGATe's coordinator is Viktor Pal (Higher School of Economics, Russia), who serves as Assistant to the Board.


Ideas concerning relationships between diet and health in the UK are
traced from the 1904 Comittee on Physical Deterioration to the outbreak
of World War II. Archive material is used to describe the often
conflicting views of the Medical Research Council and the Ministry of
Health and Board of Education concerning the public health applications
of nutrition science. In particular, the work of the Ministry of
Health's first Advisory Comittee on Nutrition, which was appointed in
1931, is reviewed and evaluated. The debate among public healh
practitioners over the nature, cause and extent of the 'nutrition
problem' is documented and the role in this debate of official dietary
guidelines which appeared during the 1930s, is assessed.
The Impact of the Newer Knowledge of Nutrition on welfare feeding policy
Is evaluated in the context of the official promotion of milk feeding in
schools. In particular, Corry Mann's experimental evidence which was
used to endorse this policy, is reconsidered, and it is shown that the
NRC view that the trial was proof of the presence in milk of a "growth
factor" which produced preferential growth efficiency in adequately fed
children , was in error. From a re-evaluation of the evidence it is
suggested that the experiment merely recorded catch-up growth in a group
of poorly nourished children. The view that there existed an extensive
nutritional problem due to poor quality diets is examined and
challenged.
Both dietary survey data and anthropometric evidence are used to present
the case that there was throughout the period studied a widespread
problem of underfeeding among the poor and that intervention strategies
based on the Newer Knowledge were not an appropriate method of dealing
with this problem. This casts doubts on the widely held view that there
was a need for nutrition education and suggests that the problem was one of poverty rather than Ignorance. Disaggregated anthropometric data
located by the author are analysed according to NCHS standards to assess
the prevalence of underfeeding. Significantly higher prevalences of
stunting than low weight-for-age exist in all data sets; this phenomenon
is considered in detail and low weight-for-age is proposed as the
preferred index of malnutrition in 20th Century historical studies.
Attention is drawn to the relevance of these studies for the current
nutrition and public health debate.


This week's articles identify hypoxia as a potential therapy for mitochondrial disease; present a programming language for designing synthetic biological circuits; and highlight several mechanisms that regulate inflammation, including parasites, long noncoding RNAs, and necrosis. IMMUNOLOGY Dialing down allergic responses The receptor tyrosine kinase TYRO3 dampens allergic responses and enhances immunity to intestinal worms. P. Y. Chan, E. A. Carrera Silva, D. De Kouchkovsky, L. D. Joannas, L. Hao, D. Hu, S. Huntsman, C. Eng, P. Licona-Limón, J. S. Weinstein, D. R. Herbert, J. E. Craft, R. A. Flavell, S. Repetto, J. Correale, E. G. Burchard, D. G. Torgerson, S. Ghosh, C. V. Rothlin, The TAM family receptor tyrosine kinase TYRO3 is a negative regulator of type 2 immunity. Science 352, 99–103 (2016). [Abstract] IMMUNE REGULATION Long noncoding RNAs in inflammation A specific RNA molecule can suppress inflammatory gene expression and may protect from gluten intolerance. A. Castellanos-Rubio, N. Fernandez-Jimenez, R. Kratchmarov, X. Luo, G. Bhagat, P. H. R. Green, R. Schneider, M. Kiledjian, J. R. Bilbao, S. Ghosh. A long noncoding RNA associated with susceptibility to celiac disease. Science 352, 91–95 (2016). [Abstract] M. Huarte, A lncRNA links genomic variation with celiac disease. Science 352, 43–44 (2016). [Abstract] CELL DEATH PATHWAYS Apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis D. Wallach, T.-B. Kang, C. P. Dillon, D. R. Green, Programmed necrosis in inflammation: Toward identification of the effector molecules. Science 352, aaf2154 (2016). [Abstract] MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE Thriving on a breath of low oxygen Chronic exposure to low oxygen levels improves the health and extends the survival of mice that model a human mitochondrial disease. I. H. Jain, L. Zazzeron, R. Goli, K. Alexa, S. Schatzman-Bone, H. Dhillon, O. Goldberger, J. Peng, O. Shalem, N. E. Sanjana, F. Zhang, W. Goessling, W. M. Zapol, V. K. Mootha, Hypoxia as a therapy for mitochondrial disease. Science 352, 54–61 (2016). [Abstract] E. A. Shoubridge, Mitochondrial disease therapy from thin air? Science 352, 31–32 (2016).[Abstract] SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Programming circuitry for synthetic biology A programming language is devised for biological regulatory circuits. A. A. K. Nielsen, B. S. Der, J. Shin, P. Vaidyanathan, V. Paralanov, E. A. Strychalski, D. Ross, D. Densmore, C. A. Voigt, Genetic circuit design automation. Science 352, aac7341 (2016). [Abstract]


Humans are imperfect information processors, a fact almost universally bemoaned in legal scholarship. But when it comes to how the legal system itself processes information, cognitive limitations are largely good news. Evidentiary procedure - inclusive of trial, discovery, and investigation - relies heavily on the fact that human mental capacity is limited. Such limits are crucial to separating sincere from insincere testimony. Moreover, notes and other cognitive artifacts that individuals make to compensate for their limited cognitive ability are an important source of evidence. This article's primary objective is to elucidate the extent to which cognitive imperfection is beneficial rather than detrimental to evidentiary process and thus to law as a whole. Secondarily, the article discusses how the law of evidentiary process tilts the playing field of litigation in a manner that exacerbates the cognitive limitations of the potentially insincere and offsets the limitations of competing participants.


Background Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is prevalent in adolescence and adulthood and often persists. In contrast to other persistent musculoskeletal conditions, for which non-physical, psychological features are implicated, PFP remains largely conceptualised in mechanical terms. Aims To (1) identify whether the psychological characteristics of individuals with PFP differs from asymptomatic controls and (2) evaluate the correlations between psychological characteristics and PFP severity. Study design Systematic review Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument was used to evaluate quality. Studies measuring psychological constructs with patient-reported measures were included. Standardised mean differences were calculated and supported by narrative synthesis. Results Twenty-five studies were eligible. Quality results ranged from 28.3% to 61.7%. Psychological constructs were reported under four groupings: mental health, cognitive factors, behavioural factors and other factors. There is limited evidence of mental health and cognitive differences in some individuals with PFP. Features demonstrating linear correlations with pain and physical function included anxiety/depression, catastrophising, praying and hoping and pain-related fear. Conclusions Anxiety, depression, catastrophising and fear of movement may be elevated in individuals with PFP and correlate with pain and reduced physical function. These results derive from a limited number of studies. Future research should aim to evaluate if and how psychological factors contribute to PFP. Clinical relevance Patients are likely to benefit from clinician vigilance to the presence of psychological factors.


The juxtaposition of the words "lecture" and "interactive" might at first appear an unlikely pairing, but Thiagi has managed to pull off an intellectual slight of hand in Interactive Lectures so that the unusual word association makes perfect sense. While admitting that lectures are "probably the most ridiculed training technique," the author provides a solid argument for taking a second look at the method. He offers readers seven well-tested interactive lecture methods capable of turning almost any stand-up lecture into true two-way communication by incorporating highly stimulating game elements and exercises. The book offers specific guidance on how and when to use the games and exercises provided in the book along with step-by-step instructions for their application and blending in the classroom. In addition, icons throughout the book refer the reader to a full set of handouts that are included in the appendix section of the book. Readers are encouraged to photocopy or modify these useful tools to meet the specific needs of most audiences and lecture topics.


The model of a foreland propagating sequence already presented for the External Hellenides is significantly modified in this paper. New data are used, including structural maps, cross-sections, stratigraphic determinations and seismic profiles. In general, thrusts formed a foreland propagating sequence but they acted simultaneously for a long period of time. Thus, during the Middle Eocene the Pindos thrust resulted in the formation of the Ionian–Gavrovo foreland and acted in tandem with the newly formed Gavrovo thrust within the basin until the Late Oligocene. The Gavrovo thrust consists of segments, showing that out-of-sequence thrusting was important. Thrust nucleation and propagation history is strongly influenced by normal faults formed in the forebulge region of the Ionian–Gavrovo foreland basin. Shortening rates within the Gavrovo–Ionian foreland are low, about 1 mm/year. Although thrust load played an important role in the formation of this basin, the additional load of 3500 m thick clastics in the basin enhanced subsidence and underthrusting.


Recommended Citation Hur, In Ae. "Novel computer vision algorithms for automated cell event detection and analysis." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, ABSTRACT Live cell imaging is the study of living cells using microscope images and is used by biomedical researchers to provide a novel way to analyze biological functions through cell behavior and motion studies. Cell events are seen as morphological changes in image sequences, and their analysis has great potential for the study of normal/abnormal phenotypes and the effectiveness of drugs. While current quantitative cell analysis typically focuses on measuring whole populations of cells, we need to be able to recognize cell events at the single cell level, identify these events automatically, and analyze these events over time. For this reason, we developed and evaluated several novel automatic single cell event detection and analysis methods based on a detailed knowledge of the cell cycle and other cell event characteristics. The first method detects significant events within the temporal sequence using a machine learning method to use features derived from segmented cell images. We used a Neural Network (NN) algorithm to classify cell events to pre-defined categories. The second and third methods apply statistical and econometric techniques originally developed for time-series analysis of financial markets to facilitate the identification of cell entry into mitosis. We developed graph trend analysis and paired graph analysis methods from trend analysis and pairs trading to determine significant data points in cell feature data. The final method determines the position of cells in order to associate daughter cells with their parent cells after mitosis using Kalman filter techniques. By using the Kalman filter approach, we estimated future cell border centroid positions and successfully associated daughter cells with their parent cells after mitosis. In this study, the performance of these novel computer vision algorithms for automatic cell event detection and analysis were evaluated and verified by applying models to different image sequences from the Large Scale Digital Cell Analysis System (LSDCAS). The results show that the approaches developed can yield significant improvements over existing algorithms. ii To my family at home and church. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential of social protection programs in mitigating labor market shocks. We examine the role of one of the world's largest employment guarantee schemes, India's MG-NREGA, in cushioning job losses in one of the worst affected economies due to the pandemic. Our findings indicate that regions with greater historical state capacity to provide public work under the scheme showed relatively smaller employment losses during the pandemic. Consequently, an increase in state capacity by one MG-NREGA workday per rural inhabitant in a district reduced job losses in rural areas in April-August 2020 by 7% overall and by 74% for rural women, over baseline employment rate. These cushioning effects strengthened as the mobility restrictions eased and were larger for women who were less mobile and less skilled. Our results suggest that employment guarantee programs can protect livelihoods, but for certain demographic groups relatively more than others depending on the nature and skill level of work offered.


This study is an investigation of the multicultural provisions in the Ethiopian education policy in light of promoting inclusive education. Content analysis, thematic categorization, and interpretive stance were used to analyze the data collected from the 1994 Ethiopian education policy document. The findings of the study indicate that the policy includes provisions that address the need to promote democratic cultures of equality, justice, unity and cooperation among peoples; equality and respect of diverse languages and linguistics groups; the promotion of gender awareness in the society; and the equality, tolerance and mutual coexistence among followers of different religions in the country.


This paper presents an interactive watercolor rendering technique that recreates the specific visual effects of lavis watercolor. Our method allows the user to easily process images and 3d models and is organized in two steps: an abstraction step that recreates the uniform color regions of watercolor and an effect step that filters the resulting abstracted image to obtain watercolor-like images. In the case of 3d environments we also propose two methods to produce temporally coherent animations that keep a uniform pigment repartition while avoiding the shower door effect.


Water is essential for human life and its protection and sustainable exploitation are crucial tasks. Specifically, it is necessary to identify the possible water bodies that could be exploited and, according to water demand needs, to define strategies that preserve the water resource from depletion and pollution and that are environmentally sustainable. The aim of this work is to present an architecture of a decision support system for groundwater supply and quality planning and management, able to integrate physical/chemical models (that take into account phenomena typical of agricultural, saltwater intrusion, and mountain aquifers) and decision models (both for long term planning and short term management problems).


The Effects of Leg Spiral Kinesiology Tape Technique on Postural Sway in Clients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Quantitative preliminary Study
Objectives: To understand the effectiveness of leg spiral kinesiology tape technique as a rehabilitation strategy for the treatment of postural sway and balance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
Study Design: Experimental cross-over design was used to conduct the study with laboratory based data collection technique.
Method/Protocol: A random sample of 6 participants with Multiple Sclerosis was assessed. Participants postural sway measurements were assessed twice using Wii Balance Board analysis without leg spiral kinesiology tape application and again twice with leg spiral kinesiology tape application.
Key Results: A mean difference in Centre of Pressure (CoP) during quiet stance without spiral kinesiology tape application (29.2cm ± 13.07) and with application of spiral kinesiology tape (21.08cm ± 8.67) was calculated at -8.12cm (±11.71cm; 90% CI -18cm – 1.5cm). The application of kinesiology tape led to a likely small beneficial effect.
Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of spiral kinesiology tape application can lead to a likely small improvement in postural sway in the acute instance.


Jet energy scale measurements and their systematic uncertainties are reported for jets measured with the ATLAS detector using proton-proton collision data with a center-of-mass energy of corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 . 2 fb − 1 collected during 2015 at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from energy deposits forming topological clusters of calorimeter cells, using the anti- k t algorithm with radius parameter R ¼ 0 . 4 . Jets are calibrated with a series of simulation-based corrections and in situ techniques. In situ techniques exploit the transverse momentum balance between a jet and a reference object such as a photon, Z boson, or multijet system for jets with 20 < p T < 2000 GeV and pseudorapidities of j η j < 4 . 5 , using both data and simulation. An uncertainty in the jet energy scale of less than 1% is found in the central calorimeter region ( j η j < 1 . 2 ) for jets with 100 < p T < 500 GeV. An uncertainty of about 4.5% is found for low- p T jets with p T ¼ 20 GeV in the central region, dominated by uncertainties in the corrections for multiple proton-proton interactions. The calibration of forward jets ( j η j > 0 . 8 ) is derived from dijet p T balance measurements. For jets of p T ¼ 80 GeV, the additional uncertainty for the forward jet calibration reaches its largest value of about 2% in the range j η j > 3 . 5 and in a narrow slice of 2 . 2 < j η j < 2 . 4 .


The Venice Lagoon is undergoing a severe process of environmental decay, due to increasing pollution from urban, industrial and agricultural sources. A number of projects have been launched, and are currently under preparation. The major components of these projects are: the construction of a system of mobile gates to prevent high tides and the flooding of Venice; the transfer of oil traffic outside the lagoon area; the design of an integrated management system of the Venice Lagoon. The ultimate goal of these projects is to reestablish graduallhy the environmental equilibrium of the lagoon and to increase the control on the use of environmental resources.


The properties of disks around brown dwarfs and very low mass stars (hereafter VLMOs) provide important boundary conditions on the process of planet formation and inform us about the numbers and masses of planets than can form in this regime. We use the Herschel Space Observatory PACS spectrometer to measure the continuum and [O I] 63 μm line emission toward 11 VLMOs with known disks in the Taurus and ChamaeleonI star-forming regions. We fit radiative transfer models to the spectral energy distributions of these sources. Additionally, we carry out a grid of radiative transfer models run in a regime that connects the luminosity of our sources with brighter TTauri stars. We find that VLMO disks with sizes 1.3–78 au, smaller than typical TTauri disks, fit well the spectral energy distributions assuming that disk geometry and dust properties are stellar mass independent. Reducing the disk size increases the disk temperature, and we show that VLMOs do not follow previously derived disk temperature–stellar luminosity relationships if the disk outer radius scales with stellar mass. Only 2 out of 11 sources are detected in [O I] despite a better sensitivity than was achieved for T Tauri stars, suggesting that VLMO disks are underluminous. Using thermochemical models, we show that smaller disks can lead to the unexpected [O I] 63 μm nondetections in our sample. The disk outer radius is an important factor in determining the gas and dust observables. Hence, spatially resolved observations with ALMA—to establish if and how disk radii scale with stellar mass—should be pursued further.


What a pleasure this book is! If you teach introductory hydrogeology to students of any discipline, then this book, by Paul Younger, is the one to recommend to your students as precourse or supplementary reading. If they read it, you will not need to give any lectures explaining the context, concepts, or issues. You will be able to move straight to the things this book does not cover: equations, problem sets, case studies, and modeling exercises. So it is not a reference text for your bookshelf but a fluently and simply written overview of all the basic ideas (bar one) in hydrogeology. And it is better than that. Younger's book goes much further and covers new topics that are missing from most other textbooks. The 11 chapters cover the usual topics of occurrence, movement, quality, hazards, and modeling, but there are also chapters on sources of ground water, recharge processes, ground water discharge and catchment hydrology, ground water and fresh water ecology, ground water as a resource, and managing ground water systems. Why do so few hydrogeology texts deal with the water balance, estimating recharge, and understanding discharge? Ground water is part of a larger flow system. Although permeable soils, aquifers, and aquitards provide the essential framework, recharge and discharge are the primary drivers of flow. They provide the input heads and discharge elevations that create ground water flow systems, which are then expressed in heads. The author has clearly and simply reviewed these issues, even recognizing the high rates of recharge in urban areas due to leaking water supply systems and septic disposal. He puts ground water in the overall catchment context and includes an interesting chapter on resources. Younger summarizes the debunking of the ''safe yield'' concept and goes on to describe some of the more sophisticated ground water–based water resource schemes in the United Kingdom. Despite its reputation as a wet country, the United Kingdom has much less than the world average of fresh water flow. There are very few private supplies, and a complex network of surface and ground water sources has been built up by the 26 water companies in Great Britain. This network enables conjunctive use, river augmentation, aquifer storage and recovery, and river compensation schemes that increase the overall yield from the limited flowing resources and storage. The thread on ground water resources continues through into a discussion on sustainability in the last chapter, on management. Is this the first ground water textbook to devote adequate space to the role of ground water in supporting ecological systems? The author puts the record straight on wetlands, explaining how they are frequently supported by ground water discharge, are unlikely to be significant recharge areas, and are just as likely to generate floods as attenuate them. He explains basic ecological concepts and terminology and summarizes the recent recognition that ground water has its own specialized ecology. This runs from the ubiquitous and varied bacteria that are responsible for naturally attenuating so much pollution by biodegradation, through invertebrates living entirely in gravel aquifers, to larger species that seem to have a relaxed and predator-free life in karst. This is a clearly written overview of almost all the important concepts in ground water science today; the one missing item for me is the concept of advective velocity and how it is very different from Darcy flux. The book includes plenty of nice touches, such as an excellent glossary, a chapter on the threats to ground water, some thought-provoking quotes, and examples from all over the world. A photo of ground water discharge on a beach is used to demonstrate that ground water discharge creates landforms, and that hydrogeologists do not stop, even on holiday. It is a relatively short book (257 pages plus references, glossary, and index), is not detailed, and has almost no equations or technical methods. Put it at the top of your courses' reading lists! Groundwater in the Environment: An Introduction, by Paul Younger (2006), is published by Blackwell Publishing (ISBN: 1405121432), 312 pages.


The key factor in rendering of interior sceneries is how to treat the windows or other openings in the walls. The light, which is coming from these secondary light sources, may have significant impact on lighting conditions of interior sceneries and therefore it should be considered in rendering. Three window models, which can be used for rendering in Radiance, are described and compared in this paper. The aim is to find the most physically accurate way to reconstruct the lighting of the interior of an Egyptian temple or any other interior sceneries.


Some anesthetics and sedatives have been shown to cause neurotoxic effects in laboratory animals. The FDA collaboration SmartTots recommends undertaking large-scale clinical studies and avoiding nonurgent surgical procedures requiring anesthesia in children younger than 3 years of age.


Multilingual Natural Language Processing Applications is the first comprehensive single-source guide to building robust and accurate multilingual NLP systems. Edited by two leading experts, it integrates cutting-edge advances with practical solutions drawn from extensive field experience. Part I introduces the core concepts and theoretical foundations of modern multilingual natural language processing, presenting todays best practices for understanding word and document structure, analyzing syntax, modeling language, recognizing entailment, and detecting redundancy. Part II thoroughly addresses the practical considerations associated with building real-world applications, including information extraction, machine translation, information retrieval/search, summarization, question answering, distillation, processing pipelines, and more. This book contains important new contributions from leading researchers at IBM, Google, Microsoft, Thomson Reuters, BBN, CMU, University of Edinburgh, University of Washington, University of North Texas, and others. Coverage includes Core NLP problems, and todays best algorithms for attacking them Processing the diverse morphologies present in the worlds languagesUncovering syntactical structure, parsing semantics, using semantic role labeling, and scoring grammaticalityRecognizing inferences, subjectivity, and opinion polarityManaging key algorithmic and design tradeoffs in real-world applications Extracting information via mention detection, coreference resolution, and eventsBuilding large-scale systems for machine translation, information retrieval, and summarizationAnswering complex questions through distillation and other advanced techniquesCreating dialog systems that leverage advances in speech recognition, synthesis, and dialog managementConstructing common infrastructure for multiple multilingual text processing applications This book will be invaluable for all engineers, software developers, researchers, and graduate students who want to process large quantities of text in multiple languages, in any environment: government, corporate, or academic.


This study focuses on the feasibility of rental housing projects by private sector. Although the government has promoted the projects, a few has only come true comparing with plan. This study argues that the market is not yet mature for rental housing especially for Seoul Metropolitan Area in terms of suppliers' profitability and demanders' affordability. In order to support the argument, this study includes simulation test at four sample areas. It points out that the gap among investment value, use value, and replacement value is much large in housing market. This study proposes long-term approach for rental housing policy according to market demand-supply. For short-term, the government should provide site with low cost and tax benefit for rental housing suppliers considering public interest if it would like to increase the supply of rental housing.


To cope with the uncertainty in weather conditions, especially in solar radiation, the PV sizing methodology has adopted the determination of the energy independence period of d days in PV stand-alone systems. d depends on the minimum value of the Peak Solar Hour (PSH) at a place and for the month which is used as a reference for the sizing process. This research study uses recorded data to investigate the statistical fluctuations of solar radiation for a day nj, as well as for a period of nj ± 2 days, with nj being the day whose solar radiation records are used for the sizing process. The current study gives a new approach to the PV sizing issue, leading to a considerable reduction in the estimated PV Peak Power, compared to results obtained by previous methodologies encountered in the literature. A similar reduction is achieved in the battery storage system capacity, for a stand-alone PV system, required to meet the loads for a number of d days.


Cloud detection plays a major role for remote-sensing image processing. To accomplish the task, a novel automatic supervised approach based on the "scene-learning" scheme is proposed in this paper. Scene learning aims at training and applying a cloud detector on the whole image scenes. The cloud detector herein is a special classifier that is used to separate clouds from the backgrounds. Concretely, scene learning regards each pixel of scenes in training image as a sample, and uses it to train a cloud detector. Accordingly, the detecting process is also implemented on each pixel of testing image using the trained detector. Generally, scene-learning scheme contains two modules: feature data simulating and cloud detector learning and applying. We first simulate a kind of cubic structural data (also named feature data) by stacking different fundamental image features, including color, statistical information, texture, and structure. Such data synthesize different image features, and it is used for cloud detector training and applying. Cloud detector is designed based on minimizing the residual error between the feature data and its labels. The detector is easy to be trained because of its closed-form. Applying the detector and some necessary cloud refinement methods to the testing images, we could finally detect clouds. We also theoretically analyze the influence of feature number and prove that more features lead to better performance of scene learning under certain circumstance. Comparisons of qualitative and quantitative analyses of the experimental results are implemented. Results indicate the efficacy of the proposed method.


NEXTMap Britain is a collection of high-resolution, digital datasets including elevation of the
UK landmass. This report examines methods of reprocessing these digital elevation data to
produce data representing the slope angles and breaks-in-slope of a natural hillside that may
relate to the bedrock or superficial geology. Digital elevation data for various parts of the North
Pennines of England are reprocessed to produce slope analysis maps in which slope angles and
breaks in slope are represented by shaded colours.
Slope analysis maps are then compared with detailed geological survey field slips for the same
areas (produced without reference to the NEXTMap data or any processed derivative) in order to
highlight some of the characteristic signatures in the slope analysis map produced by different
features of the bedrock and superficial geology. The potential uses of slope analysis in mapping
these features and interpreting geology are discussed.
Based on these studies of previously surveyed areas, the slope analysis map for an area of the
North Pennines not previously surveyed is interpreted in terms of features and anomalies. From
this interpretation, a traverse-based, ground survey can be planned to tie the signatures noted in
the slope analysis map to features related to the geology (or otherwise). This test case shows the
potential efficiency gains that slope analysis can bring to the survey process.


Mineral and organic salts from beef manure contained in precipitation runoff from feedyard pen surfaces can alter the conductivity properties of soil and water receiving it. Typically, holding ponds are constructed to control runoff from concentrated animal feeding operations. The integrity of these holding ponds has come under increased scrutiny since leakage has the potential to affect soil and groundwater quality. Traditionally, ponds are monitored by installing monitoring wells at key locations to evaluate the impact of these ponds on the environment. These monitoring wells are expensive and subject to ambiguous interpretation. A subsurface resistivity array was installed at a beef cattle feedyard located at the U.S Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska (Feedyard A) and at a cattle feeding cooperator site (Feedyard B). Array probes were permanently installed at Feedyard A (16 probes spaced 6.1-m apart at a depth of 30 cm) and at Feedyard B (32 probes spaced 3.05-m apart at a depth of 50 cm). Weekly readings from each site were evaluated to monitor the stability of the zone of hydration near the pond. The low hydraulic conductivity soils at Feedyard A provided a very quiescent environmental system to evaluate the resistivity array's inherent measurement stability. Seasonal changes could easily be accounted for by variation in seasonal soil temperatures. The Feedyard B site was typified by coarse textured parent material that had high hydraulic conductivity properties. This site experienced dynamic changes week to week and throughout the season. The resistivity array system was able to adequately measure these dynamics. Additional analysis using difference maps improved the illustration of the resulting dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the resistivity array system has the potential to improve monitoring of runoff holding ponds and warrants additional validation.


The most recent dictionary covering all dialects of Swedish, was published in1867 by Johan Ernst Rietz. Hence, the need for a modern dialect dictionary is considerable and in 2003 preparations for the Swedish Dialect Dictionary (Svenskt dialektlexikon or SDL) were initiated at the Department of Dialectology and Folklore Research in Uppsala. The SDL will be directed to the general public and the overall aim, apart from providing information about dialect words, is to stimulate people's interest in dialects. The SDL is to be published as a one-volume dictionary comprising app. 500 to 600 pages. It will be based on the dialect collections kept at the department, which comprise more than 7.3 million paper slips, each describing a single word from a single parish. The SDL will only include a small proportion of the dialect words in these collections and in the preparatory work, the key issue was therefore to establish inclusion policies. A very strict selection of words is essential and there was a need for clear guidelines in order to speed up the selection process and to prevent a purely subjective choice of words. Based on the presumed needs of our target audience, the most important aspects were found to be the degree of 'dialectness' and the geographical distribution of the words, the number of examples and the age of the source material.


When feasible, learning is a very attractive alternative to explicit programming. This is particularly true in areas where the problems do not lend themselves to systematic programming, such as pattern recognition in natural environments. The feasibility of learning an unknown function from examples depends on two questions: 1. Do the examples convey enough information to determine the function? 2. Is there a speedy way of constructing the function from the examples? These questions contrast the roles of information and complexity in learning. While the two roles share some ground, they are conceptually and technically different. In the common language of learning, the information question is that of generalization and the complexity question is that of scaling. The work of Vapnik and Chervonenkis (1971) provides the key tools for dealing with the information issue. In this review, we develop the main ideas of this framework and discuss how complexity fits in.


The aim of this article is to recover and reevaluate the American tradition of constitutional skepticism. Part I consists of a brief history of skepticism running from before the founding to the modern period. My aim here is not to provide anything like a complete description of the historical actors, texts, and events that I discuss. Instead, I link together familiar episodes and arguments that stretch across our history so as to demonstrate that they are part of a common narrative that has been crucial to our self-identity. Part II disentangles the various strands of skeptical argument. I argue that the various strands share a common core. At base, all forms of constitutional skepticism rest on doubts about whether moral and political disagreement can be bridged by a legal text. Those doubts, in turn, are grounded on a rejection of global moral skepticism and on deep strands of American thought that emphasize the possibility of moral knowledge. In Part III, I very briefly suggest some preliminary conclusions about how we should view constitutional skepticism. I argue that there are reasons to think that a dose constitutional skepticism might mitigate some of our current political dysfunction.


Background. Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) has been used in transplantation for over 20 years and is currently used in a number of major heart transplant centers as a secondary therapy for recalcitrant recurrent rejection or rejection with hemodynamic compromise. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term risks and efficacy of TLI in the treatment of rejection. Methods. Between 1990 and 1996, 73 adult patients (from 211 adult transplant recipients) received TLI for recurrent rejection (71%), rejection with hemodynamic compromise (25%), and rejection with vasculitis (4%). The treatment consisted of 80 cGy twice per week for 5 weeks. Fifty-five patients received at least 80% of the full dose (>640 cGy). Follow-up ended December 31, 2007, comprising a total 18 year experience. Results. Patients treated with TLI exhibited a short-term decrease in hazard for rejection in the first 12 months posttransplantation (relative risk, 0.36) but exhibited increased cumulative rejection over the long term. There were no differences in the rates of infection, allograft coronary disease, or malignancy, but seven patients developed myelodysplasia or acute myelogenous leukemia, four of those being the rare but uniformly fatal acute megakaryocytic leukemia type 7. Conclusions. Patients treated with TLI seemed to experience a reduction in the early hazard for rejection, but long-term outcomes indicate that such patients continued to accumulate more rejection and rejection-death events, likely because these patients were overall at much higher risk for rejection than the other patient groups. We observed minimal long-term complications, except for the unique occurrence of myelodysplasia and acute megakaryocytic leukemia type 7.