A comprehensive mathematical model of cerebral hemodynamics, with separate regulation of multiple brain regions, is presented. The main sectors included in the model are: the Circle of Willis, the hemodynamic circulation in the six districts perfused by the cerebral arteries, venous return with collapsible veins, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and intracranial elasticity. Furthermore, each cerebral district is independently regulated following changes in cerebral perfusion pressure and CO2 tension. In this work, the model is used to analyze cerebral hemodynamics during unilateral stenosis or occlusion of an internal carotid artery, as well as to assess the compensatory role of the Circle of Willis and of cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms. Results show that, in normal subjects, the action of local blood flow regulation mechanisms and compensation by the Circle of Willis ensure adequate ipsilateral blood flow even in the presence of total unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. However, a steal phenomenon is observed (i.e., a decrease of blood flow in the ipsilateral region) following hypercapnia. Sensitivity analysis on the calibre of the communicating arteries reveals that the anterior communicating artery plays a pivotal role in ensuring blood flow in the ipsilateral side during internal carotid artery stenosis. The model may have important clinical and educational applications, allowing the assessment of blood perfusion to different brain regions in various pathophysiological cases.


In case of many decisions based on sensory information, the sensory stimulus or its neural representation are noisy. This chapter reviews theories proposing that the brain implements statistically optimal strategies for decision making on the basis of noisy information. These strategies maximize the accuracy and speed of decisions, as well as the rate of receiving rewards for correct choices. The chapter first reviews computational models of cortical decision circuits that can optimally perform choices between two alternatives. Then, it describes a model of cortico-basal-ganglia circuit that implements the optimal strategy for choice between multiple alternatives. Finally, it shows how the basal ganglia may modulate decision processes in the cortex, allowing cortical neurons to represent the probabilities of alternative choices being correct. For each set of theories their predictions are compared with existing experimental data.


Recently, Galí and others have found that technological progress may be contractionary: a favorable technology shock reduces hours worked in the short run. We ask whether this observation is robust in disaggregate data. According to our VAR analysis of 458 four-digit U.S. manufacturing industries for 1958-1996, some industries do exhibit temporary reduction in hours in response to a permanent increase in TFP. However, there are far more industries in which technological progress significantly increases hours. Using micro data on average price duration, we ask whether the difference across industries is related to the stickiness of industry-output prices. Among 87 manufacturing goods, we do not find such a relation.


Backpropagation (BP) uses detailed, unit-specific feedback to train deep neural networks (DNNs) with remarkable success. That biological neural circuits appear to perform credit assignment, but cannot implement BP, implies the existence of other powerful learning algorithms. Here, we explore the extent to which a globally broadcast learning signal, coupled with local weight updates, enables training of DNNs. We present both a learning rule, called global error-vector broadcasting (GEVB), and a class of DNNs, called vectorized nonnegative networks (VNNs), in which this learning rule operates. VNNs have vector-valued units and nonnegative weights past the first layer. The GEVB learning rule generalizes three-factor Hebbian learning, updating each weight by an amount proportional to the inner product of the presynaptic activation and a globally broadcast error vector when the postsynaptic unit is active. We prove that these weight updates are matched in sign to the gradient, enabling accurate credit assignment. Moreover, at initialization, these updates are exactly proportional to the gradient in the limit of infinite network width. GEVB matches the performance of BP in VNNs, and in some cases outperforms direct feedback alignment (DFA) applied in conventional networks. Unlike DFA, GEVB successfully trains convolutional layers. Altogether, our theoretical and empirical results point to a surprisingly powerful role for a global learning signal in training DNNs.


The ability to document the frequency, extent, and severity of fires in wetlands, as well as the dynamics of post-fire wetland land cover, informs fire and wetland science, resource management, and ecosystem protection. Available information on Everglades burn history has been based on field data collection methods that evolved through time and differ by land management unit. Our objectives were to (1) design and test broadly applicable and repeatable metrics of not only fire scar delineation but also post-fire land cover dynamics through exhaustive use of the Landsat satellite data archives, and then (2) explore how those metrics relate to various hydrologic and anthropogenic factors that may influence post-fire land cover dynamics. Visual interpretation of every Landsat scene collected over the study region during the study time frame produced a new, detailed database of burn scars greater than 1.6 ha in size in the Water Conservation Areas and post-fire land cover dynamics for Everglades National Park fires greater than 1.6 ha in area. Median burn areas were compared across several landscape units of the Greater Everglades and found to differ as a function of administrative unit and fire history. Some burned areas transitioned to open water, exhibiting water depths and dynamics that support transition mechanisms proposed in the literature. Classification tree techniques showed that time to green-up and return to pre-burn character were largely explained by fire management practices and hydrology. Broadly applicable as they use data from the global, nearly 30-year-old Landsat archive, these methods for documenting wetland burn extent and post-fire land cover change enable cost-effective collection of new data on wetland fire ecology and independent assessment of fire management practice effectiveness.


Background: A common gynecological problem encountered among female medical students is dysmenorrhea, which also appears to be a leading cause of absenteeism from college. Hence arises a need to evaluate the menstrual characteristics, prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and its effect on daily routine activities and quality of life of medical students. Aims: This is a cross sectional descriptive study, conducted on 560 female medical students with the objectives to evaluate the menstrual characteristics ,prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea and its effects on the quality of life, particularly absenteeism from college. Methods: Three medical colleges in Mangalore (Karnataka, India) provided the setting of our study. These were representative of a cosmopolitan nature of the study population. A total of 560 students were interviewed by the investigators. All participants were given a preformed questionnaire to complete. Besides menstrual characteristics the questionnaire included gradation of pain and quality of life based on the American Chronic Pain Association (ACPA) which was modified according to needs of our study. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. Results: The average age of the participants was 20.57 years +/- 1.208 years (ranging from 17-24 years). The mean BMI of the participants was 21.69 +/-3.27 kg/m2 (ranging from 14.7 kg/m2 to 33.54kg/m2 ). The average age of menarche was 12.67+/-1.10years, (9 to 16 years). The average menstrual cycle duration of the participants in the study group was 29.52+/- 3.37days. 97.2 %( 533), family history of dysmenorrhea was present in 40% participants (n=560). Of the total , 86.96 % (487) participants reported to have physical premenstrual symptoms and 55.71% (312) reported to have psychological premenstrual symptom. There is a significant association between Quality of Life and severity of dysmenorrhea . Conclusion: Our study shows a significant association of dysmenorrhoea with the age of menarche, family history and both physical and psychological premenstrual symptoms. Although there was an association of dysmenorrhoea with chronological age, BMI and cycle length, these associations were not found to be statistically significant. The most significant conclusion of our study was found to be high prevalence of dysmenorrhoea, having a significant effect on the routine activities and a detrimental effect on the quality of life. The alarming prevalence of self-medication in the form of NSAID's, easily available over the counter was also highlighted in our study.


We report a new kind of comb filters based on fiber Bragg gratings in graded-index multimode fibers. It produces two groups of spectra with a total of 36 reflection peaks that correspond to 18 principal modes and cross coupled modes. The mode indices and wavelength spacings have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. This kind of comb filters may be used to construct multi-wavelength light sources for sensing, optical communications, and instrumentations.


ABSTR ACT We study a new countermeasure to the well known threat of node capture in sensor networks. A node capture occurs if an adversary completely takes over a sensor node and uses it to spy on the data which is stored and processed within the sensor network. In case this data has some value it needs to be protected from unauthorized access through a security mechanism. Merely encrypting the data is sufficient to protect its contents from eavesdroppers but not from node capture. We present a new approach, namely Evasive Data Storage, that intends to improve security features at the data storage level. The idea of Evasive Data Storage is that data moves around the sensor network instead of remaining at a fixed location. In this way, an adversary, who has once (through node capture) had access to the data stored at some particular node, must compromise more sensors in order to maintain his illegitimate access to the sensor data. Through simulation we show that the new notion of Evasive Data Storage effectively decreases the probability that the adversary finds the data again even though he knew where the data once resided. Hence Evasive Data Storage offers an interesting possibility to secure data in sensor networks.


The 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act called for a government study of the regulatory options for on-line Peer-to-Peer lending. On-line P2P sites, most notably for-profit sites Prosper.com and LendingClub.com, offer individual "investors" the chance to lend funds to individual "borrowers." The sites promise lower interest rates for borrowers and high rates of return for investors. In addition to the media attention such sites have generated, they also raise significant regulatory concerns on both the state and federal level. The Government Accountability Office report produced in response to the Dodd-Frank Act failed to make a strong recommendation between two primary regulatory options – a multi-faceted regulatory approach in which different federal and state agencies would exercise authority over different aspects of on-line P2P lending, or a single-regulator approach, in which a single agency (most likely the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) would be given total regulatory control over on-line P2P lending. After discussing the origins of on-line P2P lending, its particular risks, and its place in the broader context of non-commercial lending, this paper argues in favor of a multi-agency regulatory approach for on-line P2P that mirrors the approach used to regulate traditional lending.


An interesting aspect of British research on unions based on the Workplace Industrial/ Employment Relations Surveys has been the apparent shift in union impact on establishment performance in the decade of the 1990s compared with the 1980s – and the recent scramble to explain the phenomenon. In this contribution, we chart these changes along the dimensions of financial performance, labor productivity, employment, quits, absenteeism, industrial relations climate, and plant closings. Using the most recent workplace survey, we also investigate the controversial notion that union influence is positive where unions are strong and is negative where unions are weak. This notion, encountered in recent research in Britain (and Germany), emphasizes the benefits of the collective voice of unions, arguing that this voice is only 'heard' when the union is strong or a credible agent. We examine this contention for a fuller array of definitions of union influence and workplace performance measures. Overall, our discussion reveals some evidence that is consistent with reduced bargaining power in the wake of anti-union reform measures and heightened product market competition. On the other hand, there is little support for the recherche notion that stronger unions have a beneficial impact, yet weaker ones do not.


Psychomotor slowing, and in particular slow walking, is a common correlate of illness or injury, and often persists long after the precipitating condition has improved. Since slow walking has implications for long term physical and social wellbeing, it is important to find ways to address this issue. However, whilst it is well established that exercise programmes are good approaches to increase movement speed, adherence to therapy remains poor. The main reasons for this appear to be pain and lack of interest and enjoyment in the exercise.

Virtual Rehabilitation combines physical therapy with Virtual Reality (VR). This is a rapidly growing area of health care, which seems to offer a potential solution to these issues, by offering the benefits of increased patient engagement and decreased perception of pain. However, the question of how to encourage patients to increase their walking speed whilst interacting with VR has remained unanswered. Moreover, to maximise the benefits of this type of therapy, there needs to be a greater understanding of how different factors in treadmill-mediated VR can facilitate (or hinder) optimal walking.

Therefore this thesis investigated the factors influencing walking and perception of walking in treadmill-mediated VR, using a series of empirical investigations to determine the effect of a variety of factors in VR, which can then be applied in a clinical setting.

A review of the literature identified that high contrast stereoscopic virtual environments, calibrated to real-world dimensions, with a wide field of view and peripheral visual cues, are likely to facilitate accurate self-motion perception.

Empirical studies demonstrated that decreasing the visual gain (ratio of optic flow to walk speed) in VR can lead to a sustained increase in walk speed. However, these lower rates of visual gain are likely to be perceived as unrealistic, and may decrease immersion. Further investigation demonstrated that there is a range of visual gain which is perceived as acceptably normal, although even the lower bound of this acceptable gain is still higher than the optimum gain for facilitating faster movements.

Thus there is a trade-off between visual gain for realistic perception, and visual gain for improved walking speeds. Therefore other components that can improve walking speed need to be identified, particularly for those applications where reduction of the visual gain is undesirable.

Further empirical studies demonstrated that fast audio cues (125% of baseline cadence), in the form of a footstep sound, can increase the walk speed without disrupting the natural walk ratio. This effect was demonstrated in healthy populations, and also shown to be evident in a group of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. It was noted that in all the studies comparing a pain and non-pain group, the pain group walked more slowly across all conditions.

Additional empirical studies demonstrated that the use of self-paced treadmills for interfacing with VR was found to be associated with somewhat lower baseline walk speeds than normal overground walking, although the self-paced treadmills preserved the normal walk ratio. This slowing of walking and preservation of walk ratio was seen in both healthy participants and also in participants with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, whilst self-paced treadmills can support natural walking, additional factors need to be considered if treadmill-mediated VR is to be used to facilitate the increase in walking speeds desirable for rehabilitation.

Thus designing VR for rehabilitation is likely to involve consideration of a number of factors, and making individualised design decision based on specific therapeutic goals.


The soul of America's civil and criminal justice systems is the ability of jurors and judges to accurately determine the facts of a dispute. This invariably implicates the credibility of witnesses. In making credibility determinations, jurors and judges necessarily decide the accuracy of witnesses' memories and the effect of the witnesses' demeanor on their credibility.Almost all jurisdictions' pattern jury instructions about witness credibility explain nothing about how a witness's memories for events and conversations work — and how startlingly fallible memories actually are. They simply instruct the jurors to consider the witness's "memory" — with no additional guidance. Similarly, the same pattern jury instructions on demeanor seldom do more than ask jurors to speculate about a witness's demeanor by instructing them to merely observe "the manner of the witness" while testifying. Yet, thousands of cognitive psychological studies have provided major insights into witness memory and demeanor. The resulting cognitive psychological principles that are now widely accepted as the gold standard about witness memory and demeanor are often contrary to what jurors intuitively, but wrongly, believe.Most jurors believe that memory works like a video camera that can perfectly recall the details of past events. Rather, memory is more like a Wikipedia page where you can go in and change it, but so can others. Memories are so malleable, numerous, diverse, and innocuous post-event information alters them, at times in very dramatic ways. Memories can be distorted, contaminated, and even, with modest cues, falsely imagined, even in good faith. For example, an extremely small universe of people have highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM). They can recall past details (like the color of the shirt they were wearing on August 1, 1995) from memory almost as well as a video camera. Yet, in one study, HSAM participants falsely remembered seeing news film clips of United Flight 93 crashing in a field in Pennsylvania on September, 11, 2001. No such film exists. Thus, no group has ever been discovered that is free from memory distortions. In one interesting study, students on a college campus were asked to either perform or imagine certain normal and bizarre actions: (1) check the Pepsi machine for change; (2) propose marriage to the Pepsi machine. Two weeks later, the students were tested and demonstrated substantial imagination inflation leading to false recognition of whether they performed or imagined the actions.Few legal principles are more deeply embedded in American jurisprudence than the importance of demeanor evidence in deciding witness credibility. Historically, demeanor evidence is one of the premises for the need for live testimony, the hearsay rule, and the right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Yet, cognitive psychological studies have consistently established that the typical cultural cues that jurors rely on, averting eye contact, a furrowed brow, a trembling hand, and stammering speech, for example, have little or nothing to do with a witness's truthfulness. Also, jurors all too often wrongly assume that there is a strong correlation between a witness's confidence and the accuracy of that witness's testimony. Studies have determined that jurors' perceptions of witness confidence are more important in determining credibility than the witness's consistency or inconsistency. Another series of studies indicate that demeanor evidence predicts witness truthfulness about as accurately as a coin flip.Once credibility determinations are made by the fact-finder, it is nearly impossible to overturn those decisions on post-trial motions or appeal. While the secrecy in which credibility determinations are made promotes the legitimacy of fact-finding, it also shrouds its countless failings. Despite years of overwhelming consensus among cognitive psychology scholars and numerous warnings from thoughtful members of the legal academy — judges have done virtually nothing to identify or begin to try and solve this serious problem. The one exception is eyewitness identification of suspects in criminal cases where several state supreme courts have relied heavily on cognitive psychological research to craft better science- based specialized jury instructions.This article examines in detail and analyzes the often amazing and illuminating cognitive psychological research on memory and demeanor. It concludes with a Proposed Model Plain English Witness Credibility Instruction that synthesizes and incorporates much of this remarkable research.


In flood risk management, a shift can be observed toward more integrated approaches that increasingly address the role of private households in implementing flood damage mitigation measures. This has resulted in a growing number of studies into the supposed positive relationship between individual flood risk perceptions and mitigation behavior. Our literature review shows, however, that, actually, this relationship is hardly observed in empirical studies. Two arguments are provided as an explanation. First, on the basis of protection motivation theory, a theoretical framework is discussed suggesting that individuals' high‐risk perceptions need to be accompanied by coping appraisal to result in a protective response. Second, it is pointed out that possible feedback from already‐adopted mitigation measures on risk perceptions has hardly been considered by current studies. In addition, we also provide a review of factors that drive precautionary behavior other than risk perceptions. It is found that factors such as coping appraisal are consistently related to mitigation behavior. We conclude, therefore, that the current focus on risk perceptions as a means to explain and promote private flood mitigation behavior is not supported on either theoretical or empirical grounds.


Concept hierarchies have been useful tools for presenting and organizing knowledge. With the rapid growth in the number of online knowledge resources, automatic concept hierarchy extraction is increasingly attractive. Here, we focus on concept extraction from textbooks based on the knowledge in Wikipedia. Given a book, we extract important concepts in each book chapter using Wikipedia as a resource and from this construct a concept hierarchy for that book. We define local and global features that capture both the local relatedness and global coherence embedded in that textbook. In order to evaluate the proposed features and extracted concept hierarchies, we manually construct concept hierarchies for three well used textbooks by labeling important concepts for each book chapter. Experiments show that our proposed local and global features achieve better performance than using only keyphrases to construct the concept hierarchies. Moreover, we observe that incorporating global features can improve the concept ranking precision and reaffirms the global coherence in the book.


Applying Michael Warner's definition of a public as an organized body capable of being addressed in discourse, this essay argues that the mission and associated practices of Taizé pilgrimage are a public formation. The argument draws from visits to the Taizé community in France, to a Taizé youth group in Rotterdam, interviews with pilgrims, writings by community leaders and members, as well as numerous addresses to the European pilgrimages on the part of religious and political leaders. The aims of this argument are to bring pilgrimage research into broader conversations with other strata of cultural theory and to challenge prevailing understandings of the 'public' and the relationship between publicness and religion.


The study reported here investigated the influence of audiovisual stimuli signaling the likely temperature (the presence versus absence of ice cubes), the likely level of carbonation (the presence versus absence of bubbles), and the color of the liquid on the categorization of freshness in beverages. Participants made speeded categorization responses ("fresh" versus "not fresh") concerning the bimodal stimuli. When the stimuli were categorized as fresh, visible ice cubes decreased the participants' reaction times (RTs) the most, followed by the sound of ice cubes, and then the sound of carbonation. Overall, the participants categorized more the stimuli as fresh in the presence of ice cubes visible in the drink. When presented together, the targeted audiovisual perceptual features exerted an additive effect in both decreasing RTs and increasing the likelihood that beverages would be categorized of fresh. No significant effect of beverage color (manipulated between-participants) was observed. These results are discussed in terms of the crossmodal interaction effects that might be expected to influence the multisensory experience of freshness in beverages. Practical applications The current appeal of consumers for a global experience of freshness in the food and beverage domain constitutes a promising lever for strategic innovation. Thus, it appears timely to investigate how some sensory cues other than the chemosensory ones (i.e., taste and smell) involved in a mul-tisensory drink experience, namely visual and auditory cues, interact and subsequently impact con-sumers' perception and behavior. We believe that the triggering of specific cognitive mechanisms, which may occur during the multisensory integration processes associated with freshness perception could help to increase beverages' attractiveness and appreciation. The present study thus has important implications for product formulation and marketing design purposes.


Physicians who work in primary care settings and emergency departments frequently evaluate patients with neck and back pain. Spinal cord emergencies are uncommon, but injury must be recognized early so that the diagnosis can be quickly confirmed and treatment can be instituted to possibly prevent permanent loss of function. The differential diagnosis includes spinal cord compression secondary to vertebral fracture or space-occupying lesion, spinal infection or abscess, vascular or hematologic damage, severe disc herniation and spinal stenosis. The most important information in the assessment of a possible spinal cord emergency comes from the history and the clinical evaluation. Physicians must look for "red flags"--key historical and clinical clues that increase the likelihood of a serious underlying disorder. In considering diagnostic tests, physicians should apply the principles outlined in an algorithm for the evaluation of low back pain prepared by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (formerly the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can clearly define anatomy, but these studies are costly and have a high false-positive rate. Referral of high-risk patients to a neurologist or spine specialist may be indicated.


Ultrasonic motors are a good alternative to electromagnetic motors in medical robotics, since they are electromagnetically compatible. Estimating speed instead of using encoders reduces cost and dimension of the robot on the one hand and increases reliability on the other hand. However, no sensorless speed controller is yet industrialized. Analytical models of the traveling wave ultrasonic motor being too complex to be exploited for sensorless control purpose, we suggest speed estimation based on artificial neural networks. The artificial neural network is designed based on a sensitivity analysis using design of experiments methods. Factorial designs have been chosen to find out the effects of each input factor, but also the effect of their interactions. First results show that speed estimation using artificial neural networks is a promising approach. The artificial neural network optimized with design of experiments methods is a valid model of the traveling wave ultrasonic motor to estimate speed


An introductory law school course in contract law should at the outset provide students with some general orientation to the rationale for and social consequences of that body of law. The instructor should first present a broad overview of the field that reflects the conventional characterization of contract law as a benign social institution that facilitates private ordering through encouraging general promisee reliance. However, this initial orientation should also expose the students to a contrasting and more critical perspective that calls attention to contract law's potential use as a means of social domination and oppression. The students will then be better equipped to broadly reflect upon the doctrines they will subsequently learn. Unfortunately, some instructors present the conventional characterization without the complementary critical perspective, thus doing their students a disservice. A brief discussion of the history of indentured servitude and sharecropper contracts in the U.S. provides an excellent vehicle for imparting this critical perspective, which can be done in a succinct manner that does not crowd out much doctrinal coverage. This short article presents for consid-eration the text of a sample lecture presentation of this material that could be included early in a contract law course using only about thirty minutes of class time, even including student comments and instructor responses thereto.


Current pedestrian tracking approaches ignore important aspects of human behavior. Humans are not moving independently, but they closely interact with their environment, which includes not only other persons, but also different scene objects. Typical everyday scenarios include people moving in groups, pushing child strollers, or pulling luggage. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic approach for classifying such person-object interactions, associating objects to persons, and predicting how the interaction will most likely continue. Our approach relies on stereo depth information in order to track all scene objects in 3D, while simultaneously building up their 3D shape models. These models and their relative spatial arrangement are then fed into a probabilistic graphical model which jointly infers pairwise interactions and object classes. The inferred interactions can then be used to support tracking by recovering lost object tracks. We evaluate our approach on a novel dataset containing more than 15,000 frames of person-object interactions in 325 video sequences and demonstrate good performance in challenging real-world scenarios.


T. M. Knox's English translation of Hegel's Lectures on Fine Art includes a photograph of the statue 'Silenus with the Infant Bacchus'. The translated text, first published in 1975, shows the Munich version of the statue which Knox surmises Hegel saw. With respect to Hegel's dialectical trajectory, the statue, if indeed it can be credited as the work of Lysippus, should mark a moment of transition between two historical epochs. Therefore, situated between the Classical and the Romantic this statue may be read as a sculpture-in-transition. As an example it demonstrates the play of anachronism Hegel undertakes as part of his speculative reading process. What is carried over from a previous epoch or brought forward from the future is part of the process of Aufhebung.

This paper proposes to show instances in Hegel's reading of sculpture where the very plasticity of the example disturbs the dialectical system of progression that he is seeking to uphold. The paper will draw upon the iterations of plasticity as articulated by the philosopher Catherine Malabou in The Future of Hegel and What Should We Do With our Brain to propose a new mode of sculptural thinking which registers both the reception and delivery of form in the brain. It will be argued that the statue example as a group composition of the plastic exchange between the past and the future brings about the transitional moment needed for the dissolution of the classical ideal. This is a mode of anachronic reading which disturbs Hegel's approach to the 'true objectivity' of necessary anachronism within his system.

https://www.york.ac.uk/history-of-art/news-and-events/events/2016/past-time-anachronic/


In recent years, detailed geoarcheological investigations have been carried out to search for traces of the ancient Tindari harbor (north-east Sicily, Italy). A digital terrain model supported the hypothesis that 2,000 yr ago the Oliveri Basin was a suitable landing place that was protected from prevailing winds. This model was generated from uplift data, sea level changes, historical cartographic data and three-dimensional reconstruction of the sedimentary succession of the cover. The present position of some historical buildings represent an archeological marker of the shoreline progression. Recent excavations during the construction of the Messina-to-Palermo motorway brought to light some portions of an ancient archeological complex. The thickness of the walls and the volume of the collected archeological material suggests dating between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. After that time, heavy environmental changes due to human activities in the area led to inaccurate underestimation of the role of Tindari harbor in the past. A geophysical investigation was carried out in the area surrounding the archeological complex to search for new buried structures related to the ancient settlement, and to be open to any results of the paleotopographic reconstruction of the area. The applied geophysical techniques included passive seismic and ground-penetrating radar. This survey indicates the presence of buried structures, such as walls and floors, that probably belong to a Roman villa. Furthermore, it defines the depth of the Holocene sedimentary cover of the Oliveri coastal plain, which strengthens the hypothesis formulated for its morphological evolution.


HERPESVIRUS infections are widespread in captive populations of Asian elephants and result in major implications for elephant management. Molecular studies have thus far identified six distinct elephant gammaherpesviruses (EGHVs), and a further seven distinct elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) (Latimer and others 2011, Wellehan and others 2008).

Gammaherpesviruses have limited pathogenic potential upon primary infection of their natural host, and are commonly found in healthy animals of a variety of species (Wellehan and others 2008). As a result, less research has been undertaken on EGHVs than on EEHVs. EGHVs have so far been identified in eye and genital secretions and papilloma-like skin lesions of asymptomatic animals (Latimer and others 2011, Wellehan and others 2008). There is growing evidence of an association with ocular disease (epiphora, blepharitis and conjunctivitis) (Wellehan and others 2006) and genital lesions (described by Wellehan and others [2008] as 'vaginal plaques'); the latter might be more accurately described as vestibular plaques, since it is generally the vestibular mucosa on which they are detected. Both are relatively common findings in captive elephants. Coinfections with multiple EEHVs and EGHVs are possible (Latimer and others 2011).

In contrast, EEHV is one of the most important infectious diseases of captive elephants, threatening the sustainability of the global captive population. This acute, typically fatal, haemorrhagic disease was first documented over 10 years ago (Richman and others 1999). Investigations of deaths of young Asian ( Elephas maximus ) and African ( Loxodonta africana ) elephants revealed herpesvirus-like particles in heart, liver and tongue endothelial cells, and PCR studies identified two related betaherpesviruses (later designated EEHV-1 and EEHV-2). The epidemiological picture has become more complicated by the discovery of further fatal betaherpesviruses (designated genus Proboscivirus ) such as EEHV-3 (Garner …


The study of continuities and discon-tinuties in American working-class life represents a central concern in the literature on stratification and equality. This book, based on a 1975 Ford Foundation conference and updated to take into account the most recent developments, offers a sobering appraisal of the American working class, revealing the continuing gap between organized and unorganized workers despite the huge increase in the work force; the emergence of subclass structures between factory workers at one end and workers engaged in marginal occupations at the other; and the durability of pluralistic, multiclass politics within this large and amorphous working class. The volume is unique for several reasons: it focuses directly on the role of women in the labor force, ethnic and racial divisions within the working class, and the place of organized labor in international affairs. The American Working CJass Today offers a penetrating and wide-ranging examination by leading social and political researchers of a range of problems -- from how data are collected and manipulated to what the future holds for American workers. Contents and Contributors: THE THEORY OF AN AMERICAN WORKING CLASS John H.M. Laslett, S.M. Miller, Martha Bush, Irving Louis Horowitz CLEAVAGES AND CHANGES WITHIN THE WORKING CLASS Edna Bonacich, Gabriel Kolko, Edna E. Raphael. Robert Bibb, Martin Oppenheimer, Frank Riessman, John C. Leggett THE WORKING CLASS IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Henry Berger. William H. Form, Helen Icken Safa, Elizabeth Jelin


This article analyzes competition between two asymmetric networks, an incumbent and a new entrant. Networks compete in non-linear tariffs and may charge different prices for on-net and off-net calls. Departing from cost-based access pricing allows the incumbent to foreclose the market in a profitable way. If the incumbent benefits from customer inertia, then it has an incentive to insist in the highest possible access markup even if access charges are reciprocal and even in the absence of actual switching costs. If instead the entrant benefits from customer activism, then foreclosure is profitable only when switching costs are large enough.


Information communication has advanced from the fundamental universe-bio-physicschemistry probes to exploration of bioprocessing tangibles and intangibles. Bounded by such information advancement frames, domains of agro-forestry and entomology, and medicine, have witnessed progression through evolution, revolution, and bioinformation in their knowledge contents. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) paradigms steered the course of agro-forest and medical-industries during the 1800 and 1900 eras. IPM Concept is a synthetic framework that results from evolution, revolution, and presently bioformation in domains of agro-medico-ecological and anthropo-ecological activities. A chronological history of pest management parallels the history of industrial revolution and highlights man's attempts at dealing and living with the environment, arthropods and other pestly species. A cycle of progression from using natural controls to made-made utilities and
back to enhancing of natural processes is evident as one walks through time and space of history during the development of civilization. IPM success demands usage and stringent compliance with ecological imperatives, which need to be lucidly expressed as knowledge precepts. Biological knowledge is at the forefront of this usage, especially with the new millennium becoming the Age of Biology. Consequently, bioinformation is commencing to thrive as a global entity, which revolutionizes and drives societal progress. Bioinformation, in brief, comprises biology, information algorithms, information technology, and communication protocols. Thus biology becomes a domain of information science. Attributes of bioinformation can be defined through its primers and profiles. The primers, which entrain processes, both natural and man-induced, include mechanisms such as protocols, algorithms, visualisations, and structural and visual designs. The
protocols range from the molecular levels to domains of larger dimensions such as those encompassing fraternities of politics and policies, and societal applications. These protocols, algorithms, and visualisations undergo dynamic incubation processes to produce the end product, which is bioinformation. Entomology is an inherent component of this
bioinformation revolution. The information communication technology linkages are exemplified through simulation, modelling, and visualization explorations.


This is a detailed account and an excellent narrative history of the often neglected period 1906-1908 in Turkey, in which the prelude and aftermath of the revolution and elections of 1908 took place. The year 1908 opened a new era of representative government and the social and political developments leading to the overthrow of the ancien regime are carefully and fascinatingly given. Historians and general readers will find The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey a thought-provoking book, which will resound in the discussion of the validity of Kemalist or quasi-Kemalist historiography and therefore provide a major contribution to the field.


Computer simulation issued to show genetic progress after within-family and mass selection in closed populations of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). The model, which is based on empirical data on honeybee colonies in northern Germany, predicts similar selection results from both selection techniques. For selection of characters with low heritability, and for long-term breeding projects, within-family selection might be superior to mass selection. Optimal selection conditions are different for tle two techniques depending on heritability, population size, and duration of selection. The optimal number of queens to select at each generation is larger with mass selection.


A lumped parameter, state space model for a tokamak transformer including the slow flux penetration in the plasma (skin effect transformer model) is presented. The model does not require detailed or explicit information about plasma profiles or geometry. Instead, this information is lumped in system variables, parameters and inputs. The model has an exact mathematical structure built from energy and flux conservation theorems, predicting the evolution and non-linear interaction of plasma current and internal inductance as functions of the primary coil currents, plasma resistance, non-inductive current drive and the loop voltage at a specific location inside the plasma (equilibrium loop voltage). Loop voltage profile in the plasma is substituted by a three-point discretization, and ordinary differential equations are used to predict the equilibrium loop voltage as a function of the boundary and resistive loop voltages. This provides a model for equilibrium loop voltage evolution, which is reminiscent of the skin effect. The order and parameters of this differential equation are determined empirically using system identification techniques. Fast plasma current modulation experiments with random binary signals have been conducted in the TCV tokamak to generate the required data for the analysis. Plasma current was modulated under ohmic conditions between 200 and 300 kA with 30 ms rise time, several times faster than its time constant L/R ≈ 200 ms. A second-order linear differential equation for equilibrium loop voltage is sufficient to describe the plasma current and internal inductance modulation with 70% and 38% fit parameters, respectively. The model explains the most salient features of the plasma current transients, such as the inverse correlation between plasma current ramp rates and internal inductance changes, without requiring detailed or explicit information about resistivity profiles. This proves that a lumped parameter modelling approach can be used to predict the time evolution of bulk plasma properties such as plasma inductance or current with reasonable accuracy; at least under ohmic conditions without external heating and current drive sources.


In the Guarguaraz Complex of the Argentine Frontal Cordillera (latitude 33.3°S) serpentinite lenses, metabasites, and garnet-bearing metasedimentary rocks occur. The corresponding Devonian metamorphic event was assigned to the formation of an accretionary wedge by previous authors. We have tested this hypothesis by investigating the metamorphic evolution of a pelite from this complex. Garnet in this rock shows a well evolved prograde zoning. Potassic white mica with Si contents between 3.38 (core) and 3.12 (rim) per formula unit, biotite, quartz and plagioclase, which have formed late blasts at the expense of amphibole, coexist with this phase. On the basis of P-T pseudosections and water-absent equilibria, we have estimated the subsequent P-T path for the studied metapelite. The garnet core formed at about 8 kbar and 470-500°C. After nearly isothermal burial to 45 km (13.5 kbar) where Si-rich phengites grew, temperatures increased followed by exhumation and an overprint stage at 8 kbar and 565°C. This P-T path is not compatible with the idea of an accretionary wedge complex. It is more likely that the high-pressure conditions were attained by thickening of continental crust when the hypothetical Chilenia terrane collided with the continental margin of western Gondwana in Devonian times.


Liposuction for esthetic purposes aims to remove fat in healthy patients and reduce localized fat accumulation, called lipodystrophy, in order to improve body contour. In the last 3 decades, the liposuction technique has improved dramatically. However, like any other surgical procedure, it is not without complications. Here, we reviewed the literature on PubMed to identify complications after classic liposuction performed solely for esthetic purposes. In total, 210 articles were found using the term "complication in liposuction," 86 with "complication after liposuction," 27 with "fat embolism after liposuction," 7 with "fat embolism following liposuction," and 16 with "deaths related to liposuction." Among these articles, only 84 including cases of fat embolism after liposuction, visceral perforation, vascular injury, blindness, and herpes zoster infection among others were considered to be related to the subject. Based on the analyzed articles, we can conclude that liposuction is a highly effective procedure when well indicated and performed accurately. Despite this, there are inherent risks. This review found many articles addressing complications, predominantly pulmonary fat embolism, after liposuction for esthetic purposes.


Development of novel disease-modifying treatment strategies for neurological disorders, which at present have no cure, represents a major challenge for today's neurology. Translation of findings from animal models to humans represents an unresolved gap in most of the preclinical studies. Gene therapy is an evolving innovative approach that may prove useful for clinical applications. In animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), gene therapy treatments based on viral vectors encoding NPY or galanin have been shown to effectively suppress seizures. However, how this translates to human TLE remains unknown. A unique possibility to validate these animal studies is provided by a surgical therapeutic approach, whereby resected epileptic tissue from temporal lobes of pharmacoresistant patients are available for neurophysiological studies in vitro. To test whether NPY and galanin have antiepileptic actions in human epileptic tissue as well, we applied these neuropeptides directly to human hippocampal slices in vitro. NPY strongly decreased stimulation-induced EPSPs in dentate gyrus and CA1 (up to 30 and 55%, respectively) via Y2 receptors, while galanin had no significant effect. Receptor autoradiographic binding revealed the presence of both NPY and galanin receptors, while functional receptor binding was only detected for NPY, suggesting that galanin receptor signaling may be impaired. These results underline the importance of validating findings from animal studies in human brain tissue, and advocate for NPY as a more appropriate candidate than galanin for future gene therapy trials in pharmacoresistant TLE patients.


The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of raw chicken meat content on the rheological properties and 3D printability of minced meat mixtures using different concentrations of raw and cooked chicken meat. The meat mass contained yolk, crushed ice, lean raw meat and cooked meat with a high concentration of connective tissue. The concentrations of raw meat added to cooked meat as a percentage of the total weight of meat were 0; 30; 40; 50; 60; 70 and 100. To determine the rheological properties, amplitude sweep and frequency sweep were carried out with a Rheostress RS 300 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Cubes were printed, and the printability and optical impression were evaluated using grades from 1-5. The results showed that rheological properties had a strong influence on the printability of meat mass and it is necessary for G' (storage modulus) at the LVR (linear viscoelastic region) to be higher than 7000 Pa. The complex viscosity |η*| should be higher than 170 Pa, at a shear stress τ = 10 Pa, and a frequency f = 10 Hz used to guarantee sufficient solidity.


Based on focus group interviews, we considered how young adults' attitudes about privacy can be reconciled with their online behavior. The "privacy paradox" suggests that young people claim to care about privacy while simultaneously providing a great deal of personal information through social media. Our interviews revealed that young adults do understand and care about the potential risks associated with disclosing information online and engage in at least some privacy-protective behaviors on social media. However, they feel that once information is shared, it is ultimately out of their control. They attribute this to the opaque practices of institutions, the technological affordances of social media, and the concept of networked privacy, which acknowledges that individuals exist in social contexts where others can and do violate their privacy.


Numerical modeling has become an indispensable part of geothermal resource management, especially when long-term production is involved, offering the ability to forecast the reservoir behavior under various exploitation scenarios. This paper illustrates the simulation results of the "Dogger" reservoir in Val de Marne region (south of Paris), where 16 doublets (production-injection wells) are still in operation today. The "Dogger" low enthalpy geothermal reservoir in Paris Basin is being under intensive and systematic exploitation since the early 1980's. Almost 40 years after the initiation of the heat mining project, the longevity of the reservoir and applications have become critical issues for achieving the exploitation system's sustainability. The simulation covers a period of 52 years (1984-2035), attempting to recreate the exploitation history and to provide an early estimation of the time-space variation of pressure and temperature inside the reservoir under future production/injection schemes and schedules. For the majority of the wells, the calculated production temperatures match quite well the field data up to the year 2011. The prediction models indicate that certain modifications in the development scheme could result in the stabilization of the fluids temperature, or at least in slower depletion rates.


The UK housebuilding industry has long been maligned for its failure to meet the demand placed upon it for sufficient production of new-build houses. In recent years this situation has been added to by the increasing focus upon also improving build quality, on-site health & safety, sustainability of materials and the energy performance of the new-build homes. This dissertation paper will discuss the levels of utilisation of offsite timber frame construction methods within the UK housebuilding industry as it has been touted by many commentators as the "best" solution to meet these demands. This will be achieved by establishing what the recorded levels of utilisation of offsite timber frame construction currently are in the UK, what demands are placed upon the industry, what advantages offsite timber frame construction provides over traditional methods in meeting these demands, what barriers exist to prevent greater utilisation despite these advantages and where these barriers originate from. This paper will present the findings of both a review of existing literature on the subject matter, followed by the findings of a number of face-to-face interviews conducted with participants currently working within the housebuilding industry. The paper will show that despite a number of identified advantages, utilisation of offsite timber frame construction is extremely low, particularly in England with a market share reportedly of 13.6%. It will also show that this under-utilisation is due in some part to a number of perceived barriers which exist within the industry. Furthermore, it will show that this under-utilisation, and the barriers which have caused it appear to predominately be a result of a lack of true knowledge and understanding within the industry of offsite methods and their advantages, with a greater level of education a possible solution to increase utilisation, and therefore housing output.


Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood affecting approximately 5,000 to 8,000 children per year worldwide. Although regional variations in the incidence of retinoblastoma exist, it is estimated that 80% of children with retinoblastoma reside in developing countries. There is little question that the primary aim in the treatment of retinoblastoma should be preservation of life, with maintenance of the eye and vision as secondary and tertiary objectives. However, new treatment strategies targeting in particular, the secondary objective of saving the eye, are gaining wide acceptance in spite of scant evidence that preservation of vision is enhanced. Additionally, mounting evidence that life-threatening side effects and the potential for metastasis may in fact, compromise the primary aim of treatment. Ocular pathology plays a pivotal role in providing the careful assessment of outcomes necessary for defining and refining these new treatments.


This article provides a comparative analysis of central bank operating procedures in Australia and the United States. It also examines the effect that the structure of overnight money markets, reserve requirements, and central bank lending procedures have on monetary control in both countries. Evidently the Australian financial structure is such that an interest rate instrument provides superior control of money, a result that may not hold in the United States.


A mathematical model has been developed for predicting the spectral distribution of solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface. The solar spectrum in the wavelength range 0.29 to 4.0 micrometers has been divided in 144 intervals. Two variables in the model are the atmospheric water vapour content and atmospheric turbidity. After allowing for absorption and scattering in the atmosphere, the spectral intensity of direct and diffuse components of radiation are computed. When the predicted radiation levels are compared with the measured values for the total radiation and the values with glass filters RG715, RG630 and OG530, a close agreement (± 5%) has been achieved under clear sky conditions. A solar radiation measuring facility, close to the centre of Birmingham, has been set up utilising a microcomputer based data logging system. A suite of computer programs in the BASIC programming language has been developed and extensively tested for solar radiation data, logging, analysis and plotting. Two commonly used instruments, the Eppley PSP pyranometer and the Kipp and Zonen CM5 pyranometer, have been compared under different experimental conditions. Three models for computing the inclined plane irradiation, using total and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface, have been tested for Birmingham. The anisotropic-alI-sky model, proposed by Klucher, provides a good agreement between the measured and the predicted radiation levels. Measurements of solar spectral distribution, using glass filters, are also reported for a number of inclines facing South.


Diabetes is estimated to be responsible for 3.96 million adult deaths per year at global level. By 2025, the number of people with diabetes in India is estimated to rise to 70 million. In spite of well-defined treatment for type 2 diabetes, in majority of the people, disease is poorly controlled. Hence controlling the disease is a major issue to prevent complications, increase the life expectancy and improve the quality of life. To find out the factors associated with poor control of diabetes, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out. The data source was Published and unpublished studies from 1980 to October 2010. Two of the authors applied selection criteria to get the relevant studies. Glycated hemoglobin level was the measure for outcome. Meta-analysis was performed by pooling the results of selected studies. Mantel – Haenszel Odds Ratios, standardized mean differences and 95 % Confidence Intervals of estimates were calculated for Meta-analysis. The results were presented using forest plot. Meta-analysis showed that, elderly people and males had better control on diabetes. Presence of coronary heart disease and non-adherence to diet, exercise, medication and glucose monitoring are the factors associated with poor control of diabetes. Neuropathy, retinopathy, renal failure and neurological disorders are the complications of poor control. In spite of our sincere attempt to consolidate all studies, which give evidence of factors responsible for poor control of diabetes, we did not find this as the primary objective in many well-conducted studies. Hence, this area requires more attention of diabetes researchers.


RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) performs transcription in the context of
chromatin, which is the physiological substrate of all DNA-mediated processes. While
several independent studies investigated the proteins associated with the high-salt
soluble form of human RNAP II, the proteomic composition of the native chromatinassociated
RNAP II was unknown. In this work, a procedure to purify native chromatinassociated
RNAP II has been developed and the DNA helicase RECQL5 was identified
as a novel RNAP II-associated protein. Reciprocal proteomic analysis of RECQL5-
associated proteins revealed that RECQL5 co-purifies with RNAP II complex, as well
as RNAP II elongation and initiation factors. Reconstitution of RNAP II transcription
with highly purified transcription factors revealed that RECQL5 inhibits both the early
initiation and processive elongation stages of RNAP II transcription. Moreover,
RECQL5 can stimulate cleavage of nascent transcripts associated with stalled RNAP II
elongation complexes. Importantly, all these effects require a stable RECQL5-RNAP II
interaction. Genome-wide association analysis by using a ChIP-Seq approach revealed
that RECQL5 is enriched in promoters and coding regions of several RNAP II
transcription units in the human genome. These results collectively suggest that human
RECQL5 protein is a bona fide RNAP II transcription factor and plays multiple roles in
RNAP II transcription cycle. Finally, proteomic analyses of other chromatin-associated
proteins suggest that the initial purification approach developed for RNAP II can be
utilized as a generic strategy. Together, the observations presented in this work illustrate
that the previous view of human RNAP II transcription machinery was far from
complete, and analysis of native chromatin-associated proteins may expand the current
knowledge about other DNA-mediated processes in human cells as well.


We have taken a formal, foundational approach to problems of reasoning and learning, considering a body of knowledge to-be-acquired as a "desired behavior". Learning is, to us, determination of a "device" that models the specified behavior, precisely and perfectly. With suitable constraints on such a learning system, guidance of the learning process, selection of experiments and descriptions of the goal device can also be precise or, well-defined. Here we briefly discuss our formal approach to reasoning and learning, particularly as it is related to the fundamental issues of goal-driven learning described by Leake and Ram [8]. We also describe some applications we have found (and hope to find) for our theory.


Image registration is used extensively in medical imaging. Visual assessment of its quality is time consuming and not necessarily accurate. Automatic estimation of registration accuracy is desired for many clinical applications. Current methods rely on learning a relationship between image features and registration error. In this paper we propose an unsupervised method for the detection of local registration errors of a user-specified magnitude. Our method analyses the consistency error of registration circuits, does not require image intensity information, and achieves an error detection accuracy of 82% for 3D liver MRI registration of breathing phases.


The objective of this paper is to empirically compare the predictive power of the hedonic model with an artificial neural network model on house price prediction. A sample of 200 houses in Christchurch, New Zealand is randomly selected from the Harcourt website. Factors including house size, house age, house type, number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, number of garages, amenities around the house and geographical location are considered. Empirical results support the potential of artificial neural network on house price prediction, although previous studies have commented on its black box nature and achieved different conclusions.


In this paper we provide a well-posedness theory for weak measure solutions of the Cauchy problem for a family of nonlocal interaction equations. These equations are continuum models for interacting particle systems with attractive/repulsive pairwise interaction potentials. The main phenomenon of interest is that, even with smooth initial data, the solutions can concentrate mass in finite time. We develop an existence theory that enables one to go beyond the blow-up time in classical norms and allows for solutions to form atomic parts of the measure in finite time. The weak measure solutions are shown to be unique and exist globally in time. Moreover, in the case of sufficiently attractive potentials, we show the finite-time total collapse of the solution onto a single point for compactly supported initial measures. Our approach is based on the theory of gradient flows in the space of probability measures endowed with the Wasserstein metric. In addition to classical tools, we exploit the stability of the flow with respect to the transportation distance to greatly simplify many problems by reducing them to questions about particle approximations.


The effect of two process parameters—the azimuthal inhomogeneity of the wall thickness (thickness nonuniformity) of the tubular billet and the azimuthal inhomogeneity of the temperature field of the high-temperature furnace—on the ellipticity of the cross section of a drawn capillary have been experimentally investigated. Thin-wall tubes made from SL-97-1 vacuum glass were used in the experiments. It was established that the thickness nonuniformity of the capillary coincides with that of the tubular billet when a furnace with an azimuthally homogeneous temperature field is used, regardless of the "subcollapse" (incomplete collapse) of the tubular billet as it narrows into a capillary. However, the ellipticity of the drawn capillary, on the contrary, depends on the subcollapse, increasing as it increases. Azimuthal inhomogeneity of the temperature field causes appreciable ellipticity of the cross sections even in capillaries drawn from tubular billets with small thickness nonuniformity.


ABSTRACT Building on the foundation of previous research about battered women's experiences with animal abuse, this study takes a closer look at: (1) the factors associated with battered women's concern for their pets and (2) decision making associated with this concern. Quantitative survey data of in-shelter domestic violence victims as well as qualitative interview data relating a domestic violence worker's experiences with pet-owning battered women are reported. Study results include: (1) a small proportion of battered women are prompted to leave abusive relationships because of concern for the welfare of their pets; (2) battered women continue to worry about their pets after coming into shelter; and (3) childless pet-owning domestic violence victims are more likely to consider the welfare of their pets in decision making and grieve more deeply in being separated from them than domestic violence victims with children. The study findings suggest that in working with pet-owning domestic violence victims, social workers must consider the welfare of the women's pets in order to effectively help the women achieve safety for themselves and their families.


This study examines the coverage of the Taliban conflict in four leading national newspapers of Pakistan from January 2014 to July 2014 from war and peace journalism perspective. The theoretical framework for this research is determined by peace journalism and framing theories, while the sample was selected by applying the systematic random sampling method. The findings, based on a content analysis of 821 stories from the four newspapers, indicate that the Pakistani media are inclined more towards war journalism framing than peace journalism framing in their coverage of the Taliban conflict. The two Urdu dailies namely Nawa-i-Waqt and Express have a stronger preference for war than peace compared to the two English dailies namely Dawn and The News International. Consistent with the existing peace journalism scholarship, the findings of this study also show that the newspapers not only toed and supported the official version on this home-grown conflict but also marginalized and undermined alternative voices calling for a peaceful resolution of this years-long conflict. Keywords: War on terror, conflict coverage, peace journalism, national security, propaganda.


In this chapter, we examine the Rule 11bis jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Under that caselaw, which spurred significant legal reforms in Rwanda, the judges fleshed out the requirements that national criminal justice systems must meet in order to prosecute serious international crimes where they enjoy concurrent jurisdiction with an international tribunal that enjoyed primacy. Though rooted in fundamentally different assumptions, we suggest that there is convergence between the primacy principle of the ad-hoc tribunals, under which national jurisdictions may at any stage of their criminal procedures be formally requested to defer to the competence of the international court, and the principle of complementarity at the International Criminal Court ("ICC") which essentially reverses the top down relational model in favour of a bottom up approach. With the shift to complementarity, which governs at the permanent ICC, the international court is not entitled to step in to a domestic jurisdiction to investigate or prosecute the core atrocity crimes unless the State is inactive, unwilling and or unable to prosecute. We argue that a creative approach to the interpretation and application of the complementarity principle offers the ICC an opportunity to learn from the ICTR's rich Rule 11 bis experience. By taking a nuanced approach that articulates the minimum standards that domestic jurisdictions of situation countries must fulfill for cases to be rendered inadmissible at the permanent court in The Hague, the ICC could help "bring up" the standards in domestic courts and to also potentially stimulate deep legal reforms at the national level.


A modular, 9-channel high-T/sub c/ SQUID system for magnetocardiography (MCG) was developed and tested in an unshielded environment. Galvanically-coupled magnetometers made from Y-Ba-Cu-O films, with intrinsic white noise levels as low as 70 fT//spl radic/Hz, are used as SQUID sensors. In an unshielded environment, a noise level of about 1 pT//spl radic/Hz for each channel was achieved using an active noise compensation system. A new digital planar gradiometer is proposed. First magnetocardiograms recorded in an unshielded environment are presented.


PURPOSE The modified lateral-screw-retained implant prosthesis (LSP) is designed to combine the advantages of screw- and cement-retained implant prostheses. This retrospective study evaluated the mechanical and biological complication rates of implant-supported single crowns (ISSCs) inserted with the modified LSP in the posterior region, and determined how these complication rates are affected by clinical factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mechanical complications (i.e., lateral screw loosening [LSL], abutment screw loosening, lateral screw fracture, and ceramic fracture) and biological complications (i.e., peri-implant mucositis [PM] and peri-implantitis) were identified from the patients' treatment records, clinical photographs, periapical radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and clinical indices. The correlations between complication rates and the following clinical factors were determined: gender, age, position in the jaw, placement location, functional duration, clinical crown-to-implant length ratio, crown height space, and the use of a submerged or nonsubmerged placement procedure. RESULTS Mechanical and biological complications were present in 25 of 73 ISSCs with the modified LSP. LSL (n=11) and PM (n=11) were the most common complications. The incidence of mechanical complications was significantly related to gender (P=.018). The other clinical factors were not significantly associated with mechanical and biological complication rates. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, the incidence of mechanical and biological complications in the posterior region was similar for both modified LSP and conventional implant prosthetic systems. In addition, the modified LSP is amenable to maintenance care, which facilitates the prevention and treatment of mechanical and biological complications.


In the last few decades, there have been significant changes in the way people with intellectual disabilities (ID) live in many countries around the world. Large isolated institutions have been replaced by community-based housing. This study examined the deinstitutionalization process in Ontario and it's effects on the lives ofthree individuals with ID. A case analysis approach was used allowing for in depth evaluation of the quality of life of these participants following their discharge with a focus on family involvement, community engagement, and choice making. A discrepancy analysis between the Essential Elements Plan (EEP), constructed when they were entering the community placement, and the current living arrangements was also done. The results of this study suggested that with community living comes improvements in family interactions, community engagement, and decision-making. However, these improvements were found to be minimal. Also, little discrepancy was found between the EEPs and their actual placements. Deinstitutionalization and Community Inclusion 111 Table of


Isaberg-Rapid has problems with their internal material handling. The goal with this report is to create a layout for a pilot group in the production. Furthermore will appropriate carriers be suggested and the way of communicate between the stock keeping unit through coating to the assembly group will be analyzed. The focal point is on a pilot group where the assembly of staple guns occurs. We have reviewed the material handling in the pilot group. By doing a spaghetti diagram the assemblers' movements in the group is being analyzed and from that a new layout is proposed that will facilitate the handling of material in the assembly group. Besides the spaghetti diagram the report is based on observations, interviews, a process flow schedule, a layout flow schedule and calculations. To make the material flow to the assembly group more effective a proposal with a supermarket has been developed. The reason for using a supermarket is also to minimize tied up capital after coating. The transportation of material is handled by a dedicated material handler to minimize the interruptions in work for the assemblers. The carriers that are used in the assembly group has been reviewed and to easily handle these a proposal with FIFO lines has been developed to make it easier for the assemblers.


Drought is regarded as a slow-onset natural disaster that causes inevitable damage to water resources and to farm life. Currently, crisis management is the basis of drought mitigation plans, however, thus far studies indicate that effective drought management strategies are based on risk management. As a primary tool in mitigating the impact of drought, vulnerability assessment can be used as a benchmark in drought mitigation plans and to enhance farmers' ability to cope with drought. Moreover, literature pertaining to drought has focused extensively on its impact, only awarding limited attention to vulnerability assessment as a tool. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for designing a vulnerability model in order to assess farmers' level of vulnerability before, during and after the onset of drought. Use of this developed drought vulnerability model would aid disaster relief workers by enhancing the adaptive capacity of farmers when facing the impacts of drought. The paper starts with the definition of vulnerability and outlines different frameworks on vulnerability developed thus far. It then identifies various approaches of vulnerability assessment and finally offers the most appropriate model. The paper concludes that the introduced model can guide drought mitigation programs in countries that are impacted the most by drought.


Common wisdom dictates that uncertainty impedes trade—we show that uncertainty can fuel more trade in a simple general equilibrium trade model with information frictions. In equilibrium, increases in uncertainty increase both the mean and the variance in returns to exporting implying that trade can increase or decrease with uncertainty depending on preferences. Under general conditions on preferences, we characterize the importance of these forces using a sufficient statistics approach. Higher uncertainty leads to increases in trade because agents receive improved terms of trade, particularly in states of nature where consumption is most valuable. Trade creates value, in part, by offering a mechanism to share risk and risk sharing is most effective when both parties are uninformed.


During the Liberation of Toulouse, crowd photography dominated
the local press rather than the scenes of combat and barricades that marked
coverage in Paris and elsewhere. This article shows how crowd photography
contributed to a common construction of republicanism across the
Toulouse press and exhibitions. It argues that the circulation of these images
not only communicated the message that the "people" were once again
sovereign, but also implied that these populations had been instrumental in
their liberation, thereby contributing to the mythology of "la France résistante."
Editors mobilized crowd photography to convey to viewers the
importance of adopting their republican roles at a time of community
reconstruction. Reading the photography of the Liberation of Toulouse
reveals that while photographic messaging in Liberation France varied in
line with local circumstances, it nonetheless played a potent role in contributing
to democratic resurgence.


We compared the performance of two 96-well multiplex immunoassay platforms in assessing plasma cytokine concentrations in patients with glioblastoma (GBM; n = 27), individuals with melanoma, breast or lung cancer metastases to the brain (n = 17), and healthy volunteers (n = 11). Assays included a bead-based fluorescence MILLIPLEX® assay/Luminex (LMX) platform and 4 planar electrochemiluminescence kits from Meso Scale Discovery (MSD). The LMX kit evaluated 21 cytokines and the 3 MSD kits evaluated 20 cytokines in total, with 19 overlapping human cytokines between platforms (GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-23, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-3α, TNFα). The MSD platform had lower LLoQs (lower limits of quantification) than LMX for 17/19 cytokines, and higher LLoQs for IFN-γ and IL-21. The ULoQs were higher in LMX versus MSD assays for 17/19 shared analytes, but lower than MSD for IL-17A and IL-21. With LMX, all 19 shared analytes were quantifiable in each of 55 samples. Although MSD recombinant protein standard curves indicated lower LLoQs than LMX for most cytokines, MSD detected 7/19 (37%) native analytes in <75% of samples, including 0% detection for IL-21 and 8% for IL-23. The LMX platform categorized identical samples at greater concentrations than the MSD system for most analytes (MIP-1β the sole exception), sometimes by orders of magnitude. This mismatched quantification paradigm was supported by Bland-Altman analysis. LMX identified significantly elevated levels of 10 of 19 circulating cytokines in GBM: GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-23, MIP-1α, and MIP-3α, consistent with prior findings and confirming the utility of applying appropriate multiplex immunoassay technologies toward developing a cytokine signature profile for GBM.


As aquatic organisms have their outer bodies and important organs such as gills almost entirely exposed to water, the effect of toxicants on the respiration is more pronounced. Pesticides enter into the fish mainly through gills and with the onset of symptoms of poisoning, Profenofos, a well-known organophosphate pesticide has been in agricultural use over the last two decades for controlling pests of paddy, cotton and tobacco. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of profenofos on oxygen consumption and gill histopathology of the Indian major carp, C. catla. The fishes were exposed to sublethal concentration (1/10th and 1/20th of 96 h LC50) of profenofos for a period of 15 days. The treatment of these profenofos brought about significant decrease in oxygen consumption as compared to control. Exposure to profenofos was found to result in several alterations in the histo-architecture of the gills of C. catla. The alterations included curved secondary gill filaments, necrosis of gill filaments and conjestion of Secondary Lamellae. The significance of this study as a bio-indicator for assessing the toxicity and economic importance of the fish is discussed.


The Yanaihara Incident is well known as an example of the wartime Japanese suppression of academic freedom. However, it remains unclear why Yanaihara Tadao had to leave the Imperial University of Tokyo. This historical reconstruction of the incident in the contexts of the pacifist movement among mukyōkai Christians, the mechanism and dynamic of censorship, and academic politics at the Faculty of Economics at the Imperial University of Tokyo reveals that while academic factionalism served as a catalyst for Yanaihara's downfall, the tenure of the professor depended ultimately on the university's president alone. The Yanaihara Incident epitomizes the practical difficulties of defending university autonomy.


This paper aims at a first theoretical step toward the probabilistic modeling of nutrient contents in catchment‐scale soil states. To this end, we wish to characterize probabilistically the slow, leaching‐prone component of the hydrologic response, which chiefly determines the export of dissolved nutrients from soil, as a result of interactions between mobile/immobile phases along the pathways of runoff formation. The influence of temporal fluctuations of soil moisture on slow components of the catchment‐scale runoff is thus investigated by means of a stochastic framework, where the intermittency of rainfall is modeled by a marked Poisson process with exponentially distributed intensities. The probability distribution of the relevant runoff components and its moment‐generating function are derived by coupling a stochastic description of soil moisture dynamics with a suitably simplified flow model. New exact solutions are achieved in two different cases, namely, when (1) infiltration rates are assumed proportional to the incoming rainfall depths, i.e., when surface runoff is negligible, and (2) infiltration rates are upwardly bounded by episodical soil saturations (e.g., for shallow soils). In both cases, the derived probability density functions of slow components of runoff are well described by a Gamma distribution, whose shape is controlled by the ratio between the runoff frequency and the inverse of the mean residence time of subsurface flow. The framework developed allows one to link the probabilistic structure of slow components of runoff with simple (pluviometric, soil, vegetation, and geomorphologic) macroscopic parameters, with implications for the ecohydrology of fluvial systems and for drought prediction in ungauged basins. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations of a more detailed rainfall‐runoff model to a real catchment located in northeastern Italy suggest the ability of the approach proposed to capture the main features of runoff probability distributions in heterogeneous catchments.


In situ hybridization of whole cells with rRNA-targeted, fluorescently labelled oligonucleotide probes is a powerful method to specifically detect microorganisms in their natural habitat without cultivation and subsequent identification by phenotypic characterization. To examine the use of this method for the specific detection of pathogenic Candida species, we have designed an oligonucleotide probe which binds to the 18S rRNA of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, the two most important pathogenic Candida species, and differentiates them from other clinically relevant species. After establishing suitable hybridization conditions, we confirmed the specificity of our probe O20 in RNA dot blot hybridizations with a series of reference strains and clinical isolates of medically important Candida species. All C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains hybridized with the probe, whereas all strains of C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr and C. lusitaniae did not. When we used the fluorescently labelled probe O20 to specifically detect single cells of the two target species by in situ hybridization, both C. albicans and C. tropicalis reacted strongly with the probe and could be clearly differentiated from C. krusei and C. parapsilosis, although the latter organism contains only two nucleotide mismatches in the probe target region. This discrimination capacity was also seen when mixed suspensions of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were hybridized with the probe. After infection of a human endothelial cell line with C. albicans and C. krusei, C. albicans cells adhering to the endothelial cells were easily distinguishable from the C. krusei cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization with probe O20. In addition, germ tubes and hyphae of C. albicans were also efficiently labelled. The application of fluorescently labelled rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes therefore appears to be a valuable tool for the specific detection and identification of different members of the genus Candida, which does not require any cultivation.


This document is designed to assist the practitioner in navigating through the Part 5 sub-parts of the Austroads Guide to Asset Management. It contains a brief overview of the topic without going into detail, as detailed discussion on key issues are offered in other volumes of the Part 5 series. The measurement of pavement performance and its significance is briefly discussed. The section on data management touches on the key aspects of data classification, level of service and information quality levels. The reader may gain a general overview of the key issues of data management, data types and classification. Some guidance is given regarding the consideration of the types of data selected and the frequency of data collection. To underline the general nature of the discussion, the term 'pavement management system' (PMS) was avoided and the generic term 'decision support system' (DSS) was used. The terminology is also useful to keep the topic in context; i.e. a PMS is a specific application of a DSS for one asset class, i.e. the pavement. The overview covers the working of a decision support system and the classification of DSS. The brief discussion of various models assists the reader to orientate in this otherwise complex territory. The section also includes brief definitions of key terminology covering the key components of a DSS, such as triggers, works effects, maintenance standards, etc.


Context: Hip-abductor weakness is associated with many lower extremity injuries. A simple procedure to assess hip-abductor performance is necessary in patient populations. Objective: To describe the change in pelvic-on-femoral position of the stance limb before and after 45 seconds of resisted sidestepping. Design: Cross-sectional comparative. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: 24 healthy women (24.6 ± 3.5 years) and 14 healthy men (24.5 ± 3.0 years). Main Outcome Measures: Pelvic-on-femoral position in degrees in single-leg stance before and after 45 seconds of resisted sidestepping. Results: The difference between the baseline and postexercise measurements for both men and women was significant (P < .05). The effect of the resisted-sidestepping exercise on the hip abductors was not statistically different between men and women. Conclusions: Forty-five seconds of resisted sidestepping using an elastic band produced a change in pelvic-on-femoral position in healthy adults. This test might be useful to det...


Nonlinear Spectroscopic Investigation of Adsorption to C-18 Model Stationary Phase Anthony D. Peterson Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BYU Master of Science Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is a commonly used separation technique in chemistry. Nevertheless, the mechanistic interactions at the molecular level among the eluent, analyte, and the stationary phase are not fully understood. Because of this limited understanding, optimization of the separation must be done experimentally. Learning more about molecular interactions should aid in improving separations. We are currently using second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy to investigate how analytes adsorb to the surface. SHG is a spectroscopic technique that produces signal only at places of non-isotropic symmetry; this typically occurs at surfaces. SHG can be used to produce surface isotherms of test analytes adsorbed to a model C18 stationary phase surface. Fitting these isotherms with a Langmuir model produces an adsorption equilibrium constant. However, the equilibrium constant can only be accurately determined if the true bulk concentration is known; this thesis describes an approach to ensure this. The equilibrium constant relates to Gibbs free energy and is the start to obtaining other thermodynamic information. The long equilibration times of analytes with the stationary phase observed in this study emphasize the importance of both thermodynamic information and kinetic values for understanding retention. Once equilibrium constants and other parameters are accurately obtained, this information can be used to improve predictions and calculations from numerical models.


This study explains the organisation of tourism providers on remote touring tracks (RTT) as geographically distributed teams (GDTs). The GDT framework adopted comprised seven elements: geographic dispersion, information and communication technologies (ICTs), team membership, cultural diversity, shared mindset, collaboration, and leadership. An inputs-processes-outcomes (I-P-O) model was adopted to configure the elements of the GDT framework and to highlight their dynamic and interdependent nature. A case study research design was adopted. Two similar cases, the Gunbarrel Highway and the Oodnadatta Track were chosen. Data were collected using internet mediated research (IMR) and a field study involving interviews, on-site observations and documentation collation. The elements of the GDT framework were used as codes for classifying data. A cross case analysis provided an integrated picture of both sites. The results present a rich description of the organisation of tourism providers on RTTs, characterised by remoteness, disconnectedness, and significant degrees of geographic dispersion. The results also indicated a nucleus of capability associated with each element of the GDT framework. This capability was underdeveloped but offered latent potential. Leadership emerged as a pivotal element. The utility of the GDT lens as a diagnostic framework and as a prognostic tool was affirmed. This study makes important contributions to both theory and practice. The use of GDTs as a theoretical lens to better understand RTTs adds a fresh dimension to the analysis of remote tourism destinations. By conceptualising tourism providers as a team, the focus expands to encompass the synergy produced by the collective of tourism providers in addition to individual contributions. The study is of practical significance to tourism providers on RTTs, as it provides insight into the practical functioning of these destinations. It also identifies and classifies tourism providers, their locations and how they interact. These insights have the potential to assist tourism providers reflect on current practice and consider future possibilities.


We report an in situ TEM investigation of the growth and transformation in nanometer-sized titania powders. The powders were produced through precipitation of titanium tetrachloride under different pH conditions. The initial phase of the produced powders was amorphous or was a mixture of anatase and brookite according to the pH conditions. During calcination, the anatase particles grew and transformed into rutile. The transformation temperature increased with increasing pH value. In situ TEM observations showed that the anatase particles were absorbed into rutile, and then rutile particles grew by coalescence. Furthermore, small pores were observed to form in samples prepared with high pH from the effects of hydroxyl ions and zeta potential. Pore formation increased the surface area, which delayed the transformation and nucleation of rutile. This explains the difference of growth and transformation of titania powders produced under different pH conditions during calcination.