The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) provides no guidance on the way the courts should treat family violence when determining property disputes. Did the introduction of the Kennon 'factor' fill this void? This article reports on the application and interpretation of Kennon along with the outcomes in 57 first instance judgments of the Federal Magistrates Court, the Family Court of Australia and the Family Court of Western Australia between 2006 and 2012. We found that only 42% of applications for a Kennon adjustment were successful with a mean adjustment of 7.3% in those cases where the court identified the relevant percentage adjustment. There was an apparent jurisdictional variation in success rate with judicial officers in the ACT making relatively fewer Kennon adjustments. In examining the judicial application of Kennon we highlight the diversity in interpretation of specific phrases which form the cornerstone of the Kennon principle. We also identify examples of lawyers not raising the Kennon principle when it may have been appropriate, not identifying the impact of violence on contributions, and not seeking a percentage adjustment as high as the judicial officer might have considered. Our conclusion is that the Kennon factor is being under-utilised and inconsistently applied, and that there is considerable confusion as to its proper application. We argue the preferred solution is legislative reform which addresses directly, and in detail, the issue of the relevance of family violence to the alteration of property interests. In the meantime we suggest that, at the very least, further education concerning both the impacts of family violence and the application of the Kennon principle is required within the relevant professional communities.


Balance and equilibrium are the necessities of a sustainable system. When balance in deteriorated textures and among indices of "the average balance in a city" is impaired due to a disconnection or disorder in networks, flows and interconnections, it will intensify imbalance, and so lead to disturbance in the sustainable order of these urban textures. The balanced renovation theory as a local theory tries to present an efficient and creative model. This research is an attempt to establish a balanced path through studying, recognition and realization of effective elements. This method expresses relations between variables and the renovation process. To achieve this theory, the author tried to move mutually from "subjective" elements to the "objective" ones, in order to prove the hypothesis by using an inductive and deductive approach. The balanced renovation theory tries to redefine balance in the deteriorated fabrics renovation system using the six following intellects "normative-strategic", "practical-native", "social-economic", "procedural-content", "explanatory-descriptive", and "scientific-scientific", and presents the studies, analysis, and to explain and introduce the principles of balanced renovation. The findings of studies has considered a framework for the balance between successive dichotomies and elements of the thematic networks in urban textures and the balance of the entire system networks consists of four principles: Balance (as the stem cells of renovation), avoidance of complexity (among the complex and multifaceted elements of modernization), succession of dichotomies (as the smallest unit of detection, identification and assessment of balance) and internal and external interaction (establishment of networks' continuous interactions and the entire system with each other) has been obtained.


Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) represent significant complications in patients with hematological malignancies. Chemoprevention of IFIs may be important in this setting, but most antifungal drugs have demonstrated poor efficacy, particularly in the prevention of invasive aspergillosis. Antifungal prophylaxis in hematological patients is currently regarded as the gold standard in situations with a high risk of infection, such as acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Over the years, various scientific societies have established a series of recommendations for antifungal prophylaxis based on prospective studies performed with different drugs. However, the prescription of each agent must be personalized, adapting its administration to the characteristics of individual patients and taking into account possible interactions with concomitant medication.


Asia has embraced the Internet and social media. Japan and South Korea rank among the world's leaders in technological innovation and Internet penetration. China boasts over 420 million Internet users, and other Asian countries have experienced the widespread acceptance of online technologies. With the rapid ascendency of the Internet and social media, however, Asian countries have sometimes struggled with striking the proper balance between individual rights and the legal regulation of online activities. One prime example of such struggle involves the clash between Japan's election laws and individual political freedoms. Although Japan generally subscribes to democratic traditions and the principle of limited Internet restriction, its election law effectively prohibits virtually all online campaigning by candidates, political parties, and voters during its official campaigning period. Japan's election law demands that all political actors forgo the low-cost, speedy, and popular communication, information, and political advocacy tools available on the Internet during the most critical time of an election campaign. The election law also restricts voters from engaging in online grassroots activities and fully participating in the political process. In recent years, an increasing number of actors in the Japanese political process have called for the right to freely express themselves in an online environment during all phases of the election process. Notwithstanding, Japan continues to maintain its ban on Internet electioneering. Legal considerations and political realities dictate the complete elimination or partial relaxation of Japan's stringent restrictions on Internet electioneering. In advocating such change, this article analyzes the competing concerns between Japan's current election laws and individual political freedoms. Additionally, it examines the relevant legal arguments, cultural considerations, and other factors that support the adoption of online campaigning. It also examines how current laws are generally adequate to address the dangers associated with unrestricted online campaigning.


The purpose of this research was to explore and gain insight into year 1
undergraduate Physical Education student experiences of learning and develop
understanding of the means by which students are supported in the transition to
university. It explores the perceived cognitive, affective and social demands on
learning; and the challenges and barriers faced by students in becoming academic
learners in Higher Education.
A qualitative phenomenological approach was adopted. Interpretative
phenomenological Analysis (IPA) provides a methodological framework and
analytical approach that enables an exploration of the individual [and shared] lived
experience of the six research participants. The research is idiographic starting with
a detailed exploration of individual experience and perspectives, followed by an
interpretative analysis that preserves the participant voice. Semi-structured
interviews were conducted at three key points during the first year of study and
transcripts were analysed using an iterative, hermeneutic approach. A process of
abstraction identified four recurrent master themes that capture the student
experience of learning. It is by presenting a holistic understanding of the role that
'Self', 'Becoming', 'Belonging' and 'Motivation' play in defining student experiences
of learning that this research makes its contribution to knowledge.
The findings of this research show that student experiences of learning are
individually unique and illustrates the importance of re-evaluating transition.
Participants were self-aware but held compound self-concepts that are emotionally
and socially defined. Situated and meaningful interaction is critical in fostering
resilience and a sense of control over learning and tensions between the relational
and connected nature of experience are brought into view. Participants encountered
disconnection between certain pedagogies and learning, self-determination and the
regulation of study.
The conclusion identifies a series of developmental themes that can inform
understanding and contribute to further research where the agenda for change
seeks to respond to student needs through improvements in teaching and learning;
student-centred pedagogy, connectedness, emotional coping, inclusion or
exclusion, and mastery oriented learning.


Recent studies have shown that attackers can force deep learning models to misclassify so-called "adversarial examples:" maliciously generated images formed by making imperceptible modifications to pixel values. With growing interest in deep learning for security applications, it is important for security experts and users of machine learning to recognize how learning systems may be attacked. Due to the complex nature of deep learning, it is challenging to understand how deep models can be fooled by adversarial examples. Thus, we present a web-based visualization tool, Adversarial-Playground, to demonstrate the efficacy of common adversarial methods against a convolutional neural network (CNN) system. Adversarial-Playground is educational, modular and interactive. (1) It enables non-experts to compare examples visually and to understand why an adversarial example can fool a CNN-based image classifier. (2) It can help security experts explore more vulnerability of deep learning as a software module. (3) Building an interactive visualization is challenging in this domain due to the large feature space of image classification (generating adversarial examples is slow in general and visualizing images are costly). Through multiple novel design choices, our tool can provide fast and accurate responses to user requests. Empirically, we find that our client-server division strategy reduced the response time by an average of 1.5 seconds per sample. Our other innovation, a faster variant of JSMA evasion algorithm, empirically performed twice as fast as JSMA and yet maintains a comparable evasion rate1.


We investigate the mechanical properties and instabilities of ordered honeycomb monolayer structures of graphene oxide C6O under various large strains using density functional theory. We found that the in-plane Young's modulus and intrinsic strengths are reduced by the oxidation of graphene with only the epoxy groups in ordered graphene oxide C6O by a factor of 20% and 33%, respectively, opposite to 11% increase of the Poisson's ratio. We obtained the second, third, fourth, and fifth order elastic constants for a rigorous continuum description of the nonlinear elastic response. The pressure effect on the second order elastic constants and Poisson's ratio were predicted from the third order elastic constants.


Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level Radiography pelvis Usually Appropriate ☢☢ Radiography hip Usually Appropriate ☢☢☢ US hip Usually Not Appropriate O Image-guided anesthetic +/corticosteroid injection hip joint or surrounding structures Usually Not Appropriate Varies MR arthrography hip Usually Not Appropriate O MRI hip without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRI hip without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O Bone scan hip Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT arthrography hip Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT hip with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT hip without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT hip without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ Fluoride PET/CT skull base to mid-thigh Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢


Abstract Kalinin is an extracellular adhesion molecule specific to epithelial basement membranes (BM) identified as a component of anchoring filaments of hemidesmosomes. This heterotrimeric protein is synthesized by cultured normal human keratinocytes and is involved in cell attachment. In indirect immunoriuorescence studies, the epidermal BM of patients with junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) of Herlitz's type were found not to be reactive with the anti‐kalinin monoclonal antibodies ka146 and K140 and displayed a decreased immunoreactivity to two anti‐kalinin antibodies cross‐reacting with K‐laminin, an anchoring filament component recently described. The intrinsic defect of JEB keratinocytes in the synthesis of kalinin was further documented by indirect immunofiuorescence on in vitro cultures of these cells. In non‐Herlitz JEB patients, staining of BM was constantly detected. Impairment of expression of kalinin correlated with the lack of reactivity to the monoclonal antibody GB3, which delects the BM component nicein/BM600. These results clearly demonstrate a defect of kalinin expression in epithelial basement membranes of Herlitz JEB patients and suggest that kalinin may play a role in the pathogencsis of the disease. Further studies are in progress to define possible relationships between kalinin and nicein.


During thousands of years, ownership was an essential aspiration for humankind, but there are signs that this is changing. This research is studying the disruptive tech-driven businesses which change our attitude toward the ownership. The Horizon Scanning is to identify the weak signals which indicate the disruption in how and what people possess. Analysis of collected articles alluded to the growth of subscription/sharing economy, virtual economy, and tokenization, being recognized as the weak signals which shape the future of ownership. According to these signals, Futures Wheel sessions were conducted to explore the consequences of signals in real life. The final scenario developed in the form of a short story, and it coalesces the hypergrowth of the mentioned signals.


Signal-induced bias (SIB) superimposed on the tail of lidar signals detected by photomultiplier tubes (PMT's) has long been recognized as significant interference in lidar data retrieval. Analysis of the data from a lidar transmitting in the horizontal direction revealed that SIB is a well-shaped pulse and is thus called a signal-induced pulse (SIP). The SIP starts near the end of the signal and has an exponentially decaying tail. The decay time constant is negatively correlated with the pulse rise time. The origins of afterpulses discussed in the literature could not explain the cause of the SIP. This research leads to the hypothesis that the SIP is the fluorescence emitted from the PMT wall that is impinged by ions in the PMT. A model was developed, and the results show good agreement with the data. This model is applied to remove SIP's during processing of data from an ozone-profiling lidar.


Renewable power generation technologies exist today and comprise the foundation for the bridge to a sustainable international power generation infrastructure. However, the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto) has failed to utilize these technologies. Kyoto also missed the forest for the trees: it disallowed forest preservation to count in its carbon currency. It also missed including the correct chemical base in developing countries. This Article examines what led international law not to focus on development in renewable power alternatives where they are most required in the international order: developing nations. It analyzes the critical role of international multilateral organizations to create the new architecture of carbon control before it is too late. This Article concludes by highlighting a little-noticed template for renewable power and carbon mitigation success that has been demonstrated in several developing countries. It highlights the changes to Kyoto and international law that are necessary to construct a bridge to the development of sustainable power generation infrastructure.


Recent progress in using the satellite data for various PRIME purposes is briefly presented. The satellite data base is already in operation and contains data of local plasma and neutral atmosphere parameters taken from several ionospheric satellites. A method of tracing the locally measured parameters along the magnetic field lines down to hmF2 is developed using a theoretical F-region code. This method is applied to receive f0F2sat needed to test monthly median and instantaneous mapping methods. In order to reduce the uncertainties arising from the unknown photoionization and recombination rates, f0F2 is calibrated at one point on the satellite orbit with a Vertical Incident (VI) f0F2 and their ratio is then assumed constant along the whole satellite track over the PRIME area. The testing procedure for monthly median maps traces the measured plasma density down to a basic height of 400 km, where individual f0F2sat values are accumulated in every time/subarea bin within the given month, then their median is calibrated with the available medians from the VI ionosonde network. From all available satellite orbits over the PRIME area, 35 of them were found to pass over two VI ionosonde stations. The second station in these orbits was used to check the calculated f0F2sat with the measured VI f0F2. The standard deviation was found to be only 0.15 MHz.


We introduce a new general identifiable framework for principled disentanglement referred to as Structured Nonlinear Independent Component Analysis (SNICA). Our contribution is to extend the identifiability theory of deep generative models for a very broad class of structured models. While previous works have shown identifiability for specific classes of time-series models, our theorems extend this to more general temporal structures as well as to models with more complex structures such as spatial dependencies. In particular, we establish the major result that identifiability for this framework holds even in the presence of noise of unknown distribution. Finally, as an example of our framework's flexibility, we introduce the first nonlinear ICA model for time-series that combines the following very useful properties: it accounts for both nonstationarity and autocorrelation in a fully unsupervised setting; performs dimensionality reduction; models hidden states; and enables principled estimation and inference by variational maximum-likelihood.


Here we outline one variant of social constructionism — one that emphasizes social ontologies as constructed in ongoing co-ordination processes. We stress that these may be constructed in relations between written and spoken words, non-verbal actions, artefacts, and objects 'in nature'. Relational processes often construct persons and worlds in either/or relations, but 'both/and' is also possible. We explore some 'new' both/and possibilities in various areas of practice showing, for example, that research can be viewed as construction and that it does not have to strive to enact the standard view of science. Instead, it might construct inclusive, multilogical, and heterarchical relations, constructing 'power to' go on in new ways. While social constructionist arguments do not demand any particular methods or relations, we suggest that there are good reasons why approaches of the sort described might be of value, might be more ecological, in today's fast', postcolonial, multi-cultural worlds.


Differences among cognitive-processing style (hemispheric dominance) groups on personality traits were investigated. From responses to the Human Information Processing Survey, (HIPS), 17 students were identified using primarily the left hemispheric mode in processing information, 19 students the right hemispheric mode, and 19 students the integrated mode (both left and right hemispheric modes). Responses to the eight second-order 16 PF scales showed significant personality trait differences among the three groups. The left hemispheric group had better leadership qualities than the right hemispheric group, more self-control than the right and integrated groups, and more anxiety than the integrated group. The right hemispheric group showed more extraversion and independence than the left hemispheric group and more anxiety than the integrated group. The integrated hemispheric group showed more extraversion and independence and better leadership skills than the left hemispheric group, and more self-control and better adjustment and leadership skills than the right group. Hemispheric dominance is often referred to as a cognitive style of how one processes information based on differential capabilities of the left and right (cerebral) hemispheres of the brain (Coleman & Zenhausern, 1979; Zenhausern, 1978). Torrance (1982) defined hemisphericity "as the tendency for a person to rely more on one than the other cerebral hemisphere in processing information" (p. 29). According to Beaumont, Young and McManus (1984), whenever hemisphericity was used in studies it implied that individuals tended to rely on a preferred mode of cognitive processing in which the predominant activity was either in the left or right cerebral hemisphere. Some studies (Sperry, 1964; Springer & Deutach, 1985; Zenhausern, 1978; Zenhausern & Gerbhart, 1979) have shown that the left hemisphere of the brain tends to have more verbal and sequential abilities; whereas, the right hemisphere tends to excels in processing visual-spatial tasks. The left hemisphere tends to process the more intellectual and reflective material and the right hemisphere tends to process material that is more holistic, relational, and impulsive. However, some individuals might use both the left and right hemispheric modes in processing information (Torrance, Taggart & Taggart, 1984). Zenhausern (1978) indicated that the hemispheric (cerebral) dominance is an appropriate classifying variable for studies. Beaumont et al. (1984) indicated that hemisphericity, as a characteristic, has been linked to personality, reasoning and thought, and abnormal states. In a critical review, Beaumont et al. (1984) classified investigations on hemisphericity into four different groups: studies on lateral eye-movements, electro-physiological measures, questionnaires, and cognitive tasks. Numerous studies appear in each of these groups using relatively independent forms of investigation. Beaumont et al. (1984) questioned the validity of the forms used and the inferences drawn from them. Regardless of the type of investigation researchers use, it is well known that people have different personality traits and that people think and process information differently. The question is whether hemisphericity is related to personality traits. Nestor and Safer (1990) investigated whether hemisphericity was related to personality variables as measured by trait anxiety and the tendency to express versus inhibit emotions. Their subjects were 66 right-handed individuals who completed personality measures and were tested on two occasions with multiple measures of hemisphericity. Although some measures of hemisphericity showed moderate reliability, generally, they did not correlate with each other or with the measures of personality. However, the composite hemisphericity index indicated that the Right hemisphericity correlated modestly with the tendency to express emotions and the Left hemisphericity with the tendency to inhibit emotions. …


The Endangered Noisy Scrub-bird is a small passerine that is seldom seen but often heard in its range on the south coast of Western Australia. The difficulties in observing this cryptic bird mean that little is known about its social system. The loud, conspicuous territorial song of the male provides a convenient, non-intrusive means by which to study this species.
The aim of this project was to investigate the patterns of song sharing and repertoire change in the Noisy Scrub-bird to provide indications of the social structure. It was found that groups of up to ten territorial males shared the same set of about five song types. Song groups were discrete, with members of a song group sharing most, if not all, of their song types. Males from different song groups had no song types in common.
Repertoire change was rapid and, with the exception of one individual, was found in every territorial male studied in the Mt Gardner population. It occurred simultaneously in all members of a song group, with males making the same changes to their shared songs. The source of repertoire change was mainly modification of existing song types with occasional divergence of a single song type into two distinct song types, as well as some innovation providing new song types. The average life of a song type was approximately 6 months. Although some song types persisted for the entire 16 month sampling period, they were continually modified and a year later could no longer be recognised as the same type.
Translocation of eight male scrub-birds to the Porongurup National Park provided an opportunity to combine individuals that initially did not share any songs. This allowed the process of song group formation to be studied. Within a one to two month period these males altered their songs so that they shared with their new neighbours. There was some evidence that the songs of dominant males were copied. Observation of the population established on Bald Island by translocation confirmed that there were no appreciable long-term effects on the songs of translocated Noisy Scrub-birds. Song group size, repertoire size and levels of song sharing were very similar to those found in the Mt Gardner population.
The striking feature of Noisy Scrub-bird song groupings was their discreteness and cohesiveness even in the presence of continual repertoire change. It is suggested that each song group consists of a dominant male whose songs are more attractive to females and/or effective in territory defence. This dominant male is surrounded by subordinate males that copy his effective songs. Repertoire change can be explained by the dominant male continually making changes to his songs, with the other males copying these changes to retain their mimicked effectiveness. Each song group may in fact represent a dispersed lek. The scenario suggested to explain Noisy Scrub-bird song groupings bears striking similarities to the hotshot hypothesis to explain lek formation whereby males cluster around a successful male.
This study demonstrates the potential of using song to investigate aspects of the social system of a species which is otherwise very difficult to observe. Management of an Endangered species such as the Noisy Scrub-bird will always benefit from increased knowledge about their social system. For example, this study showed that taking males from different song groups for translocation probably has little impact on their success at the new site because of their ability to rapidly alter their songs to form new song groups. An additional benefit of regularly monitoring the songs of translocated males was that it allowed ongoing identification of individuals, even though their songs were continually changing.


BACKGROUND
Cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common diseases of aging and share many risk factors. Surprisingly, however, epidemiologic data from several recent independent cohort studies suggest that there may be an inverse association between these diseases.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between history of cancer and odds of dementia proximate to death and neuropathological indices of AD.

METHODS
Using data from two separate clinical-pathologic cohort studies of aging and AD, the Religious Orders Study (ROS) and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP), we compared odds of AD dementia proximate to death among participants with and without a history of cancer. We then examined the relation of history of cancer with measures of AD pathology at autopsy, i.e., paired helical filament tau (PHFtau) neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-β load.

RESULTS
Participants reporting a history of cancer had significantly lower odds of AD (OR 0.70 [0.55-0.89], p = 0.0040) proximate to death as compared to participants reporting no prior history of cancer. The results remained significant after adjusting for multiple risk factors including age, sex, race, education, and presence of an APOEɛ4 allele. At autopsy, participants with a history of cancer had significantly fewer PHFtau tangles (p < 0.001) than participants without a history of cancer, but similar levels of amyloid-β.

CONCLUSIONS
Cancer survivors have reduced odds of developing AD and a lower burden of neurofibrillary tangle deposition.


Abstract. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging imaging technique for many clinical applications. One of the challenges posed by clinical translation is that imaging systems often rely on a finite-aperture transducer rather than a full tomography system. This results in imaging artifacts arising from an underdetermined reconstruction of the initial pressure distribution (IPD). Furthermore, clinical applications often require deep imaging, resulting in a low-signal-to-noise ratio for the acquired signal because of strong light attenuation in tissue. Conventional approaches to reconstruct the IPD, such as back projection and time-reversal, do not adequately suppress the artifacts and noise. We propose a sparsity-based optimization approach that improves the reconstruction of IPD in PA imaging with a linear array ultrasound transducer. In simulation studies, the forward model matrix was measured from k-Wave simulations, and the approach was applied to reconstruct simulated point objects and the Shepp–Logan phantom. The results were compared with the conventional back projection, time-reversal approach, frequency-domain reconstruction, and the iterative least-squares approaches. In experimental studies, the forward model of our imaging system is directly measured by scanning a graphite point source through the imaging field of view. Experimental images of graphite inclusions in tissue-mimicking phantoms are reconstructed and compared with the back projection and iterative least-squares approaches. Overall these results show that our proposed optimization approach can leverage the sparsity of the PA images to improve the reconstruction of the IPD and outperform the existing popular reconstruction approaches.


This tutorial paper begins with an elementary presentation of the fundamental properties and structure of convolutional codes and proceeds with the development of the maximum likelihood decoder. The powerful tool of generating function analysis is demonstrated to yield for arbitrary codes both the distance properties and upper bounds on the bit error probability for communication over any memoryless channel. Previous results on code ensemble average error probabilities are also derived and extended by these techniques. Finally, practical considerations concerning finite decoding memory, metric representation, and synchronization are discussed.


Floating ring bearing is widely used in turbochargers to undertake the extreme condition of high rotating speed and high operating temperature. It is also the most concerned by the designers and users alike due to its high failure rate and high maintenance cost. Any little clearance change may result in oil leakage, which in turn cause blue smoke or black smoke according to leakage types. However, there is no condition monitoring of this bearing because it is almost impossible to measure the clearance especially the inner clearance, in which the inner oil film directly bears the high speed rotation. In stead of measuring clearance directly, this paper has proposed a method that uses film pressure as a measure to monitor the bearing clearance and its variation. A non-linear mathematical model is developed by using Reynolds equations with non-linear oil film pressure. A full description of the outer and inner film is provided along both axial and radial directions. A numerical simulation is immediately carried out. Variable clearance changes are investigated using the mathematical model. Results show the relationship between clearance and film pressure.


In transferring a task model learned in a source environment to a new, target environment, the agent may encounter novel objects. Thus, analogical mapping between objects in the source and target environments is both important and complex. Two objects that share the same purpose in one task may be mapped to different objects in the context of another task. We address this contextdependent object mapping by leveraging a human teacher. The teacher provides a limited number of object correspondences from the ground-truth object mapping, from which the remainder of the object mapping can be predicted. We evaluate this Mapping by Demonstration approach both in simulation and on two physical task examples (sorting and assembly). Our results show the agent can use human guidance to quickly infer a correct object mapping, requiring assistance with only the first 1/14 and 5/12 steps of the sorting and assembly tasks, respectively.


The benefits of volunteering for older volunteers and for the organisations who host them is well-documented. The impact of being obliged to leave volunteering due to age-related conditions, and any challenges that this creates for volunteer managers, are under-researched. This study explored how volunteers and volunteer managers experienced this point in the volunteering lifecycle and whether the topic warranted further research. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with fourteen older people, who were (or had been) volunteers at one of three cultural heritage organisations in the north-east of England alongside seven volunteer managers from those organisations. These represented the diversity of heritage organisations in the region. Volunteers discussed leaving volunteering in terms of loss but also indicated that forms of personal appraisal and agency were possible, ameliorating the impact of leaving. Volunteer managers discussed how organisational frameworks and the relationships they formed with volunteers shaped their practices. These relationships created a sense of organisational reciprocity which led some managers to exceed the rules in order to sustain people in their volunteering. The results suggest that supporting personal agency could ameliorate the impact of leaving volunteering but that organisations would benefit from articulating the extent and the limits of that support.


Prevention of unintended pregnancies in HIV infected women is a high priority. With the exception of male and female condoms contraceptive options provide no protection for STI and HIV transmission. Consistent and correct condom use needs to be encouraged in addition to the use of an effective contraceptive method. Data on hormonal contraceptive use and disease progression and transmission is limited but reassuring. There is concern about enhanced transmission of HIV with injectable progestogens suggesting possible harm. The effect of ARV and anti-tuberculosis drugs should be taken into account when counselling on contraceptive methods. The WHO MEC provides detailed evidence-based recommendations to ensure that patients with medical conditions, as well as those on drugs with possible interactions are fit to use a particular method and can safely select the most appropriate method of contraception. Counselling, testing, and discussions about the risk for and prevention of STIs and HIV should be offered routinely in any consultation about contraception. Keywords: Contraception; HIV; AIDS


A diverse range of species is known to rely on the Earth's magnetic field for spatial information. Vidal-Gadea et al. claimed that C. elegans are magneto-sensitive, exploiting the magnetic field to guide their burrowing behavior [1]. Our attempts to replicate their findings were unsuccessful [2], which Vidal-Gadea attributed to the satiety of the animals and the environment in which they were raised. Here, we report our repeated experiments, having adopted several suggestions proposed by Vidal-Gadea et al. [3]. We find that shortening the length of the behavioral assay and raising the animals in a Faraday cage does not result in magnetotactic behavior. We reluctantly conclude that the assays employed by Vidal-Gadea are not robust or C. elegans are not magneto-sensitive.


This book provides an up-to-date compilation of the latest research on the petrography, facies, paleonvironmental significance and economic aspects of continental carbonates. The overall organization of the book first emphasizes the descriptive aspects and processes operating on carbonate deposits in greatly varied settings, and then considers applications for basin analysis, as well as economic and historical aspects. This volume will be a valuable tool for graduate and postgraduate students as well as for experienced researchers. All colour figures are included on a web site http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780444535269/. The first part (volume 61 in this series) will deal with the facies, environments, and processes of carbonates in continental settings. * Covering the greatly varied aspects of carbonate deposits from continental settings deposits* Clear and easy to follow organization of the book* Graduate to postgraduate level* Up to date information, so readers can find references from the classic literature to the most recent research


Bragg reflection waveguides are shown to be structures that can enable the integration of a laser and optically nonlinear medium within the same cavity for efficient frequency conversion. An effective and simple method of designing phase-matched laser structures utilizing transfer matrix analysis is described. The structures are first optimized in terms of laser performance and then for enhancement of χ(2) nonlinearity. The method for optimization shows that designing for either optimum laser performance or optimum nonlinear performance can conflict. An efficiency term encompassing the requirements of both the laser and nonlinear element is derived. This serves as a figure of merit that includes parameters relevant to both the laser and the nonlinear device. It is then utilized to optimize the structure for efficient parametric conversion. This figure of merit is extended to examine parametric oscillation in the laser cavity for both singly resonant and doubly resonant configurations. It is found that threshold values of 4 W in a practical device can be obtained. Such power levels are easily obtained by mode locking the pump laser. With reduced propagation loss through etch and design improvement, sub-Watt thresholds can be realized.


Composite pavement systems have shown the potential for becoming a cost-effective pavement alternative for highways with high and heavy traffic volumes, especially in Europe. This study investigated the design and performance of composite pavement structures composed of a flexible layer (top-most layer) over a rigid base. The report compiles (1) a literature review of composite pavement systems in the U.S. and worldwide; (2) an evaluation of the state-of-the-practice in the U.S. obtained using a survey; (3) an investigation of technical aspects of various alternative composite pavement systems designed using available methodologies and mechanistic-empirical pavement distress models (fatigue, rutting, and reflective cracking); and (4) a preliminary life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to study the feasibility of the most promising composite pavement systems. Composite pavements, when compared to traditional flexible or rigid pavements, have the potential to become a cost-effective alternative because they may provide better levels of performance, both structurally and functionally, than the traditional flexible and rigid pavement designs. Therefore, they can be viable options for high volume traffic corridors. Countries, such as the U.K. and Spain, which have used composite pavement systems in their main road networks, have reported positive experiences in terms of functional and structural performance. Composite pavement structures can provide long-life pavements that offer good serviceability levels and rapid, cost-effective maintenance operations, which are highly desired, especially for high-volume, high-priority corridors. Composite pavements mitigate various structural and functional problems that typical flexible or rigid pavements tend to present, such as hot-mix asphalt (HMA) fatigue cracking, subgrade rutting, portland cement concrete (PCC) erosion, and PCC loss of friction, among others. At the same time, though, composite systems are potentially more prone to other distresses, such as reflective cracking and rutting within the HMA layer. Premium HMA surfaces and/or reflective cracking mitigation techniques may be required to mitigate these potential problems. At the economic level, the results of the deterministic agency-cost LCCA suggest that the use of a composite pavement with a cement-treated base (CTB) results in a cost-effective alternative for a typical interstate traffic scenario. Alternatively, a composite pavement with a continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) base may become more cost-effective for very high volumes of traffic. Further, in addition to savings in agency cost, road user cost savings could also be important, especially for the HMA over CRCP composite pavement option because it would not require any lengthy rehabilitation actions, as is the case for the typical flexible and rigid pavements.


Corporate law theory has been vastly enriched over the last thirty years by the insights of numerous disciplinary perspectives. One vantage point conspicuously missing, however, is that of religious faith. This reflects a social norm of uncertain strength, not a legal requirement. Moreover, the absence of religious voice in corporate law is something odd because many business people - like many others in the United States - are people of faith, and faith can, at least in the fiduciary duty area, serve as a rich resource for better understanding the post-Disney legal obligation to be faithful. There are many benefits for permitting and encouraging business people (and their lawyers and corporate theorists) to be more open about the connection between religious faith and business. Business people themselves benefit from gaining another source for understanding their legal duties and from the ability to engage in honest conversation. Corporate conduct itself may also benefit by altering the social norm of suppressing religious speech. Finally, greater comfort in the corporate milieu may serve to usefully reduce current skittishness about religious thinking and speech in the larger social arena, a plus in a pluralist society.


Abstract Background: High androgenic activity in adolescent girls and adult women is associated with adiposity and metabolic disturbances. This study examined the relationship between salivary androstenedione levels, body composition, and physical activity levels in young girls. Method: Twenty-three girls (8.4 ± 0.9 years), nine of normal weight, and 14, overweight or obese, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index (BMI) percentile ranking, wore an ActiGraph® accelerometer for five days. Skin folds were measured for percentage body fat and fat-free mass calculation. Saliva samples were collected at home, three times in one day (upon waking, 30 minutes post-waking and in the evening). Previously published cut-points estimated the minutes of sedentary behaviour, light, moderate, moderate-to-vigorous, vigorous, and very vigorous physical activity. Meeting physical activity recommendations was defined as accumulating 60 minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. T-tests, correlation analysis, and analysis of variance, examined the relationships among the variables (alpha = p-value ≤ 0.05). Results: Thirty-five per cent of the girls met current physical activity recommendations. There were no differences between the normal weight and overweight or obese categories in terms of meeting physical activity recommendations, or salivary androstenedione levels. Evening salivary androstenedione levels were higher among girls who did not meet the physical activity recommendations (116.9 ± 15.3 pg/ml vs. 80.45 ± 8.5 pg/ml, p-value = 0.04). Salivary androstenedione levels at 30 minutes post-waking were positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.45, p-value = 0.03) and percentage body fat (r = 0.40, p-value = 0.05). Conclusion: These research results were similar to those of circulating androgen research performed in adolescent girls and adult women, in that salivary androstenedione levels were positively correlated with BMI and percentage body fat in young girls. Meeting physical activity recommendations was associated with the maintenance of the normal diurnal rhythm of salivary androstenedione secretion.


Perhaps one of the most ridiculous phenomena of recent years is Bernard Goldberg's right-wing and unforgivably successful 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America. The vast majority of his targets are no different from the picks of any hyperventilating fan of Rush Limbaugh and Bill O'Reilly: feminists, academics, media moguls, newspaper columnists, liberals, and a few obscure cartoonists and painters. But it's thin on the right wing politicos, their media and corporate echochamber who have landed us in the mess we're in. Best-selling author Jack Huberman provides us with an entertaining and informative bestiary of the real crooks, liars and cheats who are screwing up America. These are not just the people making asses of themselves or getting more media attention than they deserve. Huberman restores the likes of Fox News CEO Roger Ailes, James A. Baker III, Gary Bauer Brent Bozell, Ann Coulter, Karen Hughes, Karl Rove, Leo Strauss and Ralph Reed to their rightful place in the national hall of shame, along with such oozing pustules of cultural putrefaction as the Olson Twins, Mel Gibson, William Bennett, Katie Couric, Matt Drudge, Sean Hannity, Rush Limbaugh, Dr. Phil, Dr. Laura, Oprah Winfrey, Teletubbies, the Simpson sisters, and God.


The present study was undertaken to see the effect of diffеrеnt lеvеls of irrigation trеatmеnts on the growth and yiеld of mango on a sandy-loamy clay soil, by using drip irrigation technique having flow ratе of drippеrs 4 litеrs pеr hour (LPH). The data obtained revealed that maximum plant height (443.63 cm), number of flowers (558.60), number of fruits per tree (987.00), fruit length (20.07 cm), and fruit yield (64.28 kg/plant) were recorded in T 5 (twice application of water for 62.5 minutes). However, the maximum plant girth (77.90 cm) and fruit weight (140.18 gm) was found in T 6 (twice application of water for 75 minutes) respectively. The trеatmеnt T 1 showеd poor results for all thе paramеtеrs which indicate that too low or high irrigation application pеr day through drip irrigation systеm may nеgativеly affеct thе vigorous growth and yiеld paramеtеrs of mango. Rеsults suggеsts that thе twice application of water comprised of (62.5 minutes) longer duration by using 4 drippers (flow rate 16 LPH) for thе mango trees, wеrе found appropriate for best possiblе growth and yiеld of mango.


Summary 1. Estimating temporal trends in animal abundance is central to ecology and conservation, but obtaining useful trend estimates is challenging when animal detection rates vary across surveys (e.g. because of differences in observers or conditions). Methods exist for obtaining abundance estimates using capture–recapture and distance sampling protocols, but only recently have some of these been extended to allow direct estimation of abundance trends when detection rates vary. Extensions to distance sampling for >2 surveys have not yet been demonstrated. 2. We demonstrate a Bayesian approach for estimating abundance and population trends, using a time series of line-transect data for endangered fin whales Balaenoptera physalus off the west coast of the United States. We use a hierarchical model to partition state and observation processes. Population density is modelled as a function of covariates and random process terms, while observed counts are modelled as an overdispersed Poisson process with rates estimated as a function of population density and detection probability, which is modelled using distance sampling theory. We used Deviance Information Criteria to make multi-model inference about abundance and trend estimates. 3. Bayesian posterior distributions for trend parameters provide strong evidence of increasing fin whale abundance in the California Current study area from 1991 to 2008, while individual abundance estimates during survey years were considerably more precise than previously reported estimates using the same data. Assuming no change in underlying population dynamics, we predict continued increases in fin whale numbers over the next decade. Our abundance projections account for both sampling error in parameter estimates and process variance in annual abundance about the mean trend. 4. Synthesis and applications. Bayesian hierarchical modelling offers numerous benefits for analysing animal abundance trends. In our case, these included its implicit handling of sampling covariance, flexibility to accommodate random effects and covariates, ability to compare trend models of different functional forms and ability to partition sampling and process error to make predictions. Ultimately, by placing distance sampling within a more general hierarchical framework, we obtained more precise abundance estimates and an inference about fin whale trends that would have otherwise been difficult.


Many Austronesian languages show a far greater than chance correlation between morphemes that begin with a velar nasal and the general semantic domain 'mouth/nose'. Morphemes in this category may be either nouns ('saliva', 'snot', 'chin', 'beard', 'lip') or verbs ('gape', 'gnaw' 'grin, show the teeth', 'gnash the teeth', 'pant'). Widely distributed cognate sets show that some of these forms were found in Proto-Austronesian or other early Austro- nesian protolanguages. However, the great majority of ¥-initial forms that refer to the oral/nasal area appear to be peculiar to a single attested language or low- level subgroup, and suggest that this sound-meaning correlation continued to be productive through some six millennia of linguistic history. The problem of historical transmission that the phonestheme ¥- raises is a general one encoun- tered wherever submorphemes are widely shared in noncognate forms. How- ever this problem is ultimately solved, the fact of historical transmission shows that the phonestheme is a psychologically real unit of linguistic structure that can persist through hundreds of generations of speakers.


A set of newly added questions in the 2011 to 2014 Bank of England/NMG Consulting Survey reveals that British households are estimated to change their consumption by significantly more in reaction to temporary and unanticipated falls in income than to rises of the same size. Household balance sheet characteristics (including the presence of a savings buffer), concerns about credit market access and higher subjective risk of lower future income account for a sizable share of this spending asymmetry and explain significant variation in the marginal propensity to consume across households. Our findings have important implications for predicting the response of aggregate consumption to expansionary and contractionary macroeconomic policies.


Detecting interaction between species is notoriously difficult, and disentangling species associations in host-related gut communities is especially challenging. Nevertheless, due to contemporary methods, including metabarcoding and 16S sequencing, collecting observational data on community composition has become easier and much more common. We studied the previously collected data sets of intestinal microbiota and parasite compositions within longitudinally followed mouse lemurs by analysing the potential interactions with diversity metrics and novel joint species distribution modelling. Both methods showed consistent statistical association between certain parasite species and microbiotal composition. Both unicellular Eimeria sp. and cestode Hymenolepis diminuta had an effect on diversity of gut microbiota. These parasite species also had negative associations with several bacterial orders. In comparison, closely related species H. nana did not have an effect on diversity, and it had positive associations with several bacterial orders. Our results reveal potential interactions between some, but not all, intestinal parasites and gut microbiota. While environmental variables explained almost half of the total variation, of which almost half could be explained by traits of parasites and microbiota, there were no clear patterns regarding mouse lemur individual variables explaining variation in the occurrence patterns of parasite and microbiota significantly. Our results provide new hypothesis for interactions between and among parasites and microbiota to be tested further with experimental studies.


We present a software package GoGreenGo—an overlay aimed to model local perturbations of periodic systems due to either chemisorption or point defects. The electronic structure of an ideal crystal is obtained by worldwide‐distributed standard quantum physics/chemistry codes, and then processed by various tools performing projection to atomic orbital basis sets. Starting from this, the perturbation is addressed by GoGreenGo with use of the Green's functions formalism, which allows evaluating its effect on the electronic structure, density matrix, and energy of the system. In the present contribution, the main accent is made on processes of chemical nature, such as chemisorption or doping. We address a general theory and its computational implementation supported by a series of test calculations of the electronic structure perturbations for benchmark model solids: simple, face‐centered, and body‐centered cubium systems. In addition, more realistic problems of local perturbations in graphene lattice, such as lattice substitution, vacancy, and "on‐top" chemisorption, are considered.


This study examines students' perceptions of disparities between teachers' views and the school ethos in a religiously oriented school, and dissects the implications of such disparities on the children's right to adaptable education. The study draws on 102 essays of students enrolled in an American Jewish high school that employs a diverse teaching staff. Findings demonstrate that teacher diversity in a religiously oriented school may fulfill the children's right to adaptable education by motivating children to engage in social perspective taking, and to interact with multiple spheres of cultural affiliations. Teacher diversity may also serve children as they formulate their own views, while not undermining parental impact. In addition, the findings portray the children's perceptions of the teachers' duty to respect the communal spheres of adaptability by eschewing indoctrination, remaining open and respectful, and attending to age differences. Subsequently, we offer policy recommendations regarding the need to encourage teacher diversity in religiously oriented schools.


Background: Few cases of edema associated with risperidone medication have been reported in the literature, mainly from developed countries. Case report: Reported here are three cases of patients who developed bilateral leg swelling each time they were commenced on risperidone. The withdrawal of risperidone in each case resulted in the resolution of the edema within few days while a re-challenge led to the re-emergence of edema. Conclusion: Risperidone medication is common in psychiatric practice, not only in developed but also in developing countries like Nigeria. Peripheral edema is one of its side effects, but it is rarely paid attention by clinicians. Prescribers are reminded of this side effect and advised to regularly enquire about them and also educate their patients to report such reactions early enough as early recognition and prompt discontinuation of the offending drug could be of great value.


In March 2011, our law firm (Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz) formally petitioned the Securities and Exchange Commission to modernize the rules promulgated under Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The petition sought to ensure that the reporting rules would continue to operate in a way broadly consistent with the statute's clear purposes, and that loopholes that have arisen by changing market conditions and practices since the statute's adoption over forty years ago could not continue to be exploited by acquirers, to the detriment of the public markets and security holders. Among other things, the petition proposed that the time to publicly disclose acquisitions of over 5% of a company's stock be reduced from ten days to one business day, given investors' current ability to take advantage of the ten-day reporting window to accumulate positions well above 5% prior to any public disclosure, in contravention of the clear purposes of the statute.In their article The Law and Economics of Blockholder Disclosure, Professors Lucian A. Bebchuk and Robert J. Jackson Jr. challenge the need for any modifications to the ten-day reporting window. Bebchuk and Jackson argue that, given the purported benefits of blockholder accumulations, extensive cost-benefit analysis should be done before Section 13(d)'s reporting rules are modified.We argue that Bebchuk and Jackson offer no sound basis for the cost-benefit analysis they suggest nor any reason to question the need for the modernization of Section 13(d)'s reporting rules proposed in the petition. Specifically, we explain that Bebchuk and Jackson's position follows largely from an erroneous interpretation of the statute's legislative history and that the blockholder interests for which they advocate run directly contrary to Section 13(d)'s underlying purpose – "to alert the marketplace to every large, rapid aggregation or accumulation of securities." We also discuss how developments in market liquidity and trading – which allow massive volumes of public company shares to be traded in fractions of a second – have made the Section 13(d) reporting regime's ten-day reporting window obsolete, allowing blockholders to contravene the purposes of the statute by accumulating vast, control-implicating positions prior to any disclosure to the market. Finally, we explain how corporate governance developments since the passage of the Williams Act offer no reason to fail to update Section 13(d)'s reporting rules. To the contrary, we note that the blockholder reporting rules in other major capital markets jurisdictions only confirm the need to modernize the Section 13(d) reporting regime to ensure that it once again fully achieves the statute's express purposes.


Tackling the implementation gap is a health policy concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Limited attention has so far been paid to the influence of power relations over this gap. This article presents, therefore, an interpretive synthesis of qualitative health policy articles addressing the question: how do actors at the front line of health policy implementation exercise discretionary power, with what consequences and why? The article also demonstrates the particular approach of thematic synthesis and contributes to discussion of how such work can inform future health policy research. The synthesis drew from a broader review of published research on any aspect of policy implementation in LMICs for the period 1994-2009. From an initial set of 50 articles identified as relevant to the specific review question, a sample of 16 articles were included in this review. Nine report experience around decentralization, a system-level change, and seven present experience of implementing a range of reproductive health (RH) policies (new forms of service delivery). Three reviewers were involved in a systematic process of data extraction, coding, analysis, synthesis and article writing. The review findings identify: the practices of power exercised by front-line health workers and their managers; their consequences for policy implementation and health system performance; the sources of this power and health workers' reasons for exercising power. These findings also provide the basis for an overarching synthesis of experience, highlighting the importance of actors, power relations and multiple, embedded contextual elements as dimensions of health system complexity. The significance of this synthesis lies in its insights about: the micropractices of power exercised by front-line providers; how to manage this power through local level strategies both to influence and empower providers to act in support of policy goals; and the focus and nature of future research on these issues.


Public service media face an existential crisis. Many governments are cutting their budgets, while questioning the role and value of public service broadcasting because many citizens now have access to a wide range of media. This raises the question – do public service media supply a distinctive and informative news service compared to market-led media? Drawing on the concept of political information environment, this study makes an intervention into debates by carrying out a comparative content analysis of news produced by UK public service broadcasters and market-driven media across television, radio and online outlets (N = 1065) and interviewing senior editors about the routine selection of news. It found that almost all BBC news and commercial public service media platforms reported more news about politics, public affairs and international issues than entirely market-driven outlets. Online BBC news reported more informative topics than market-based media, which featured more entertainment and celebrity stories. The value of public service media was demonstrated on the United Kingdom's nightly television news bulletins, which shone a light on the world not often reported, especially BBC News at Ten. Most market-driven media reported through a UK prism, excluding many countries and international issues. Overall, it is argued that the influence of public service media in the United Kingdom helps shape an information environment with informative news. The focus of the study is on UK media, but the conceptual application of interpreting a political information environment is designed to be relevant for scholars internationally. While communication studies have sought to advance more cross-national studies in recent years, this can limit how relevant studies are for debates in national political information environments. This study concludes by recommending more scholarly attention should be paid to theorising national policy dynamics that shape the political information environments of media systems within nations.


In this article, using state credit default swap data, the authors examine the role of common macroeconomic factors in driving systemic sovereign credit risk. Using a structural model with jump risk, the authors demonstrate that co-movement in state economic fundamentals is an important channel of systemic credit risk. Empirical evidence shows that changes in macroeconomic fundamentals explain more variations in state credit spread and its systemic component than do financial market variables. This evidence points to macroeconomic linkages, not financial linkages, as the leading source of systemic state credit risk and suggests that this risk is driven mainly by weakness in economic fundamentals.


Background Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in women in the world. It causes fear, despair, and takes a tremendous toll on psychological status. Objective To determine the effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on the depression and happiness of breast cancer patients. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted with 42 breast cancer patients in The Oncology Center at Kermanshah, Iran in 2015. The Data were gathered before intervention and ten weeks afterwards. The data were collected using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Oxford's happiness Inventory (OHI). The data were analyzed by SPSS-16, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), chi-squared, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results The results showed a significant reduction in the depression of the group on positive psychotherapy compared with the control group. Also the positive psychotherapy group experienced a significant increase in the patients' happiness, while there was no significant increase in the control group. Conclusion The results of this research showed the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on the reduction of mental pressure and the improvement of the mental status of breast cancer patients. This economical therapy can be used to increase patients' psychological health. Clinical Trial Registration The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRST) with the identification number IRCT2013101410063N4. Funding The authors received financial support for the research from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.


The paper explores the determinants of, and the relationship between ethnic culture retention and host society culture adoption among Turkish immigrants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, using original survey data. To maximize cross-national comparability, we focus on immigrants from two Turkish regions who themselves or whose parents migrated before 1975. As indicators of ethnic retention we investigate Turkish and Muslim identification, Turkish language proficiency and observance of Islamic religious practices. Host culture adoption is measured by host country identification, host country language proficiency and use, and interethnic social contacts. We formulate hypotheses regarding crossnational differences based on how integration policy approaches affect the material benefits and emotional costs of retention and adoption. We find that ethnic retention is strongest in the Netherlands, where multicultural policies were long prevalent, while host culture adoption is strongest in the French context, which has more strongly emphasised assimilation, at least where participation in the public realm is concerned. We further show that on the individual level, there is a negative relationship between ethnic retention and host culture adoption, which persists after controlling for relevant background variables.


The actual art of governing under our Constitution does not and cannot conform to judicial definitions of the power of any of its branches based on isolated clauses or even single Articles torn from context. While the Constitution diffuses power the better to secure liberty, it also contemplates that practice will integrate the dispersed powers into a workable government. It enjoins upon its branches separateness but interdependence, autonomy but reciprocity.... We may begin [any constitutional analysis] by distinguishing roughly the legal consequences of this factor of relativity. Justice Robert H. Jackson (1) Theoretically, Article I of the Constitution places the legislative power in Congress or, more accurately, jointly in Congress and in the Presidency, acting in accordance with the formalities of bicamerality and presentment. When this body--which we shall call the constitutional legislature--is capable of action, it will retain control of legislative authority.... Courts and agencies are capable of independent or autonomous action where the constitutional legislature is too fragmented to react. In such circumstances, lawmaking will tend to migrate to those bodies that are capable of decisive action. In these conditions we see the development of such familiar entities as the "runaway" bureaucracy and the activist courts. Professor John Ferejohn (2) I INTRODUCTION Explanations of judicial behavior that draw upon positive institutional theory have gained growing prominence within both the political science and the legal academies. (3) Within the latter, Professor John Ferejohn has been a leader in developing the neo-institutional approach to the study of the law and the courts. (4) His work has been particularly important in developing so-called "separation-of-powers" models of judicial behavior. (5) These "separation-of-powers models seek to explain judicial decisions by reference to exogenous constraints, such as the powers of Congress and the President to control federal courts, rather than by reference to endogenous constraints, such as the collegial nature of decision-making on certain appellate courts and the need to maintain a majority and avoid dissension. (6) Ferejohn's contribution to this symposium further develops this line of inquiry by outlining the possibility of a positive model of the judicialization of politics, and by suggesting institutional reforms that would reduce the level of the judicialization of politics in the United States. Although Professor Ferejohn's argument is still in its preliminary form, and some key features remain undeveloped, his argument nevertheless suggests important ways to think about both the relationship between law and politics in the United States and what should be done about the growing political role of the federal courts in U.S. democracy. This article begins by examining the central elements of Professor Ferejohn's argument. Part III specifically focuses on the relationship between the model of the judicialization of politics and Ferejohn's normative argument and proposals for reform. Part IV concludes by raising a few more general concerns about positivist models of judicial behavior. II FEREJOHN ON THE JUDICIALIZATION OF POLITICS Professor Ferejohn's essay draws together several complex and nuanced lines of analysis. Therefore, I begin by outlining the four key arguments that he makes. First, Professor Ferejohn recasts the debates about the relationship between law and politics in institutional terms. In doing so, Ferejohn presents the relationship between law and politics as a debate about the proper institutional location of the legislative function--the power to make binding, prospective norms and rules. (7) This approach draws from the constitutional theory of John Locke, who argued that, of the two analytically distinct functions of governments, legislating was the "sovereign" political power, while executing (including both ministerial and judicial functions) was a secondary, subordinate power: "There can be but one supreme power, which is the legislative, to which all the rest are and must be subordinate. …


Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is regarded as the tried-and-tested method for function, component, integration and network tests for an entire system, especially for model-based design. It has been an integral part of numerous companies' development processes for years. Users have continuously streamlined their development processes, and the requirements for HIL testing are therefore also changing. This paper addresses the changing requirements for the openness of HIL systems, and how these changes need to be addressed by a new HIL technology. In particular, the resulting requirements for hardware and software interfaces are discussed.


Biodiversity encompasses different constructions of 'nature', 'economy' and 'livelihood' that contain tensions between different sets of social and ethical concerns, economic or political preferences, scientific and technological systems, traditions and knowledge. Biodiversity Policy, therefore, is an important space where the competing dynamics of these processes can be observed. Using a constructivist approach, this literature review identifies and analyses particular variables that influence policy formulation in the context of India's two main biodiversity policies: The Biodiversity Act and the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan. The dependant model of the overall analytical framework is to explain participatory policy formulation with regard to biodiversity and the goal achievement of the actors involved. The goal of this paper is to identify the mechanisms of influence that explain a distinct process of policy formulation. These mechanisms of influence are identified first as norm diffusion through regimes specifically the role of policy entrepreneurs and framing exercises, cultural and institutional structures-, and second, as domestic actors operating within an advocacy coalition. The research is based on expert interviews with key researchers and policy makers. The research attempts to capture the dynamic movement and interpretation of ideas as they move between the international and domestic spheres. This paper is both theoretical and empirical, as it brings in initial results from the field. It elucidates how policy processes have been constructed in certain ways and are influenced both by the international context and ideational components of domestic policy networks. List of abbreviations: CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity NGO – Nongovernmental Organization ACF – Advocacy Coalition Framework WTO – World Trade Organization TRIPSTrade-related aspects of intellectual property rights IPR – Intellectual Property Rights NBSAP – National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan TPCG – Technical and Policy Core Group MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests NBAP – National Biodiversity Action Plan Adivasi – Scheduled Tribe


UNIVERSITY HISTORY UNC Charlotte (UNCC) is one of a generation of universities founded in metropolitan areas of the United States immediately after World War II in response to rising educational demands generated by the war and its technology. To serve returning veterans, North Carolina opened 14 evening college centers in communities across the state. The Charlotte Center opened Sept. 23, 1946, offering evening classes to 278 freshman and sophomore students in the facilities of Charlotte's Central High School. After three years, the state closed the centers, declaring that oncampus facilities were sufficient to meet the needs of returning veterans and recent high school graduates. Charlotte's education and business leaders, long aware of the area's unmet needs for higher education, moved to have the Charlotte Center taken over by the city school district and operated as Charlotte College, offering the first two years of college courses. Later the same leaders asked Charlotte voters to approve a two-cent tax to support that college. Charlotte College drew students from the city, from Mecklenburg County, and from a dozen surrounding counties. The two-cent tax was later extended to all of Mecklenburg County. Ultimately financial support for the college became a responsibility of the State of North Carolina. As soon as Charlotte College was firmly established, efforts were launched to give it a campus of its own. With the backing of Charlotte business leaders and legislators from Mecklenburg and surrounding counties, land was acquired on the northern fringe of the city, and bond issues were passed to finance new facilities. In 1961, Charlotte College moved its growing student body into two new buildings on what was to become a 1,000-acre campus 10 miles from downtown Charlotte. Three years later, the North Carolina legislature approved bills making Charlotte College a four-year, state-supported college. The next year, 1965, the legislature approved bills creating the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the fourth campus of the statewide university system. In 1969, UNC Charlotte began offering


The paper investigates how the mix of credit risk measurement methodologies under Basel capital adequacy rules influenced banking stability in the Netherlands during 2008-2015. It presents a first descriptive analysis that helps to examine the micro-regulation of individual banks and the macro-regulation of the banking system in one unified framework. Its goal is to draw regulators' and researchers' attention to interesting issues based on the comparison of the literature highlighting the weak points of the regulatory framework with what is observed in the dataset. Its purpose is to stimulate discussions on certain methodological and policy options.


The Puesto Viejo Group crops out in the San Rafael Block, southwest Mendoza, Argentina. This group is an important unit for the knowledge theTriassic faunas. It is composed of basal Quebrada de los Fosiles Formation (QF) overlying by the Rio Seco de la Quebrada Formation (RSQ). In this study, we report tetrapod remains from the RSQ Formation that includes, until now, exclusively therapsids. Non-mammalian therapsids predominated in terrestrial ecosystems during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. Although cynodonts and dicynodonts have been studied from several perspectives, the relation between taxa and sedimentary context has been scarcely documented. This study is aimed to elucidate the diagenesis of tetrapods from the Puesto Viejo Group and its relation to depositional environment. Diagenetic features of therapsid bones from the RSQ Formation were analyzed through thin sections to interpret the degree of taphonomic alteration. Diagenetic processes inferred include substitution; fracturing; brittle deformation and different permineralization events. Combined analyses through scanning electron microscopy; energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX); X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and petrographic studies reveals the substitution of hydroxyapatite by francolite. The presence of fluorine in some samples suggests a link between the elemental composition and depositional environments: floodplain and crevasse splay. Permineralization stages include infilling of vascular canals, trabeculae and fractures with iron oxides and iron carbonate minerals during the burial history. This contribution represents a relevant approach to elucidate the relation between diagenesis on tetrapods and their paleoenvironments, as exemplified in this case study from the Puesto Viejo Group during the Upper Triassic.


Among renewable energies, wind and solar are inherently intermittent and therefore both require efficient energy storage systems to facilitate a round-the-clock electricity production at a global scale. In this context, concentrated solar power (CSP) stands out among other sustainable technologies because it offers the interesting possibility of storing energy collected from the sun as heat by sensible, latent, or thermochemical means. Accordingly, continuous electricity generation in the power block is possible even during off-sun periods, providing CSP plants with a remarkable dispatchability. Sensible heat storage has been already incorporated to commercial CSP plants. However, because of its potentially higher energy storage density, thermochemical heat storage (TCS) systems emerge as an attractive alternative for the design of next-generation power plants, which are expected to operate at higher temperatures. Through these systems, thermal energy is used to drive endothermic chemical reactions, which can subsequently release the stored energy when needed through a reversible exothermic step. This review analyzes the status of this prominent energy storage technology, its major challenges, and future perspectives, covering in detail the numerous strategies proposed for the improvement of materials and thermochemical reactors. Thermodynamic calculations allow selecting high energy density systems, but experimental findings indicate that sufficiently rapid kinetics and long-term stability trough continuous cycles of chemical transformation are also necessary for practical implementation. In addition, selecting easy-to-handle materials with reduced cost and limited toxicity is crucial for large-scale deployment of this technology. In this work, the possible utilization of materials as diverse as metal hydrides, hydroxides, or carbonates for thermochemical storage is discussed. Furthermore, special attention is paid to the development of redox metal oxides, such as Co3O4/CoO, Mn2O3/Mn3O4, and perovskites of different compositions, as an auspicious new class of TCS materials due to the advantage of working with atmospheric air as reactant, avoiding the need of gas storage tanks. Current knowledge about the structural, morphological, and chemical modifications of these solids, either caused during redox transformations or induced wittingly as a way to improve their properties, is revised in detail. In addition, the design of new reactor concepts proposed for the most efficient use of TCS in concentrated solar facilities is also critically considered. Finally, strategies for the harmonic integration of these units in functioning solar power plants as well as the economic aspects are also briefly assessed.


We describe the realization of multimode phononic correlations that arise from nonlinear interactions in a mechanical nondegenerate parametric amplifier. The nature of these correlations differs qualitatively depending on the strength of the driving field in relation to the threshold for parametric instability. Below this threshold, the correlations are manifest in a combined quadrature of the coupled mechanical modes. In this regime, the system is amenable to back-action evading measurement schemes for the detection of weak forces. Above threshold, the correlations are manifest in the amplitude difference between the two mechanical modes, akin to intensity difference squeezing observed in optical parametric oscillators. We discuss the crossover of correlations between these two regimes and applications of this quantum-compatible mechanical system to nonlinear metrology and out-of-equilibrium dynamics.


The Engineering Students Understanding Mathematics (ESUM) project was a developmental research project aimed at enhancing the quality of mathematics learning of students of materials engineering in terms of their engagement and conceptual understanding. The initial phase of the project consisted of an innovation in mathematics teaching-learning which was designed, implemented and studied, with feedback and concomitant modification to practice. Details are reported in Jaworski (2011b). The second phase of the project, reported here, focused more overtly on the analysis of data in relation to theoretical perspectives. In particular, Activity Theory (AT) was used to make sense of emerging findings. A literature review was undertaken and showed evidence of so-called 'constructivist' methods being introduced to the teaching of mathematics in higher education (HE). Dissemination has taken place both internally within the institution and externally and is still ongoing. It has generated interest and activity beyond the local setting. Findings from the project include students' views on elements of the innovation, improved scores on tests and examinations compared with earlier cohorts and students' strategic approaches to their studies and ways in which this creates tensions with lecturers' aims in designing the innovatory approach. The gains from the projects can be seen in terms of developing knowledge of the complexities of achieving principles for more conceptual understandings of mathematics within the context and culture in which teaching and learning take place.


BACKGROUND
Falls incidence increases with age alongside declines in strength and balance. Clinical trials show that the Falls Management Exercise (FaME) programme improves strength and balance, which can reduce falls and improve physical functioning.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if the clinical trial efficacy of FaME translates into effectiveness in non-research settings.

DESIGN AND SETTING
An implementation study of FaME in 10 local authorities across the East Midlands region of England.

SUBJECTS
Adults aged 65 and over enrolled on a FaME programme.

METHOD
Anonymised outcome data collected by the FaME providers were compared at baseline, end of programme and 6 months follow-up using univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS
For 348 adults enrolled in programmes and analysed, the mean age was 76.8, 73% were female and 143 (41%) completed ≥75% of classes. Overall confidence in balance, fear of falling, functional reach and timed-up-and-go (all P < 0.001), and turn 180° (P = 0.008) improved significantly at programme completion versus baseline, but improvements were not maintained 6 months later. Falls risk (FRAT score) and total minutes of physical activity did not change significantly though minutes of strength and balance activity increased by 55% at programme completion and was maintained at 6 months. The falls incidence rate ratio (IRR) was non-significantly lower at programme completion (IRR 0.76, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.48,1.21) and follow-up (IRR 0.82 95% CI 0.48,1.39) versus baseline.

CONCLUSIONS
There is modest translation of FaME efficacy into effectiveness, but not all effects persist after completion. Strategies to aid adherence and exercise maintenance are important to maximise benefits.


BACKGROUND
Molecular genetics and immunopathologic analysis of bladder cancer have shown some abnormalities in a number of genes and proteins that have been implicated in the development and progression of such tumors, mainly in the p53 pathway.

AIMS
To investigate the rate of positively stained p53 protein in patients with urothelial papillary carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) by immunohistochemistry and its relationship with tumor grade, gender and age of the patients.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
During the present cross-sectional study, 100 paraffin-embedded specimens of UCB, which were provided from biopsies of the bladder by transurethral access, were immunohistochemically stained and studied for p53 protein from May 2006 to May 2007 in our referral center pathology laboratory.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
First, 4 microm slices of paraffin sections were provided and then stained by the avidin-biotin peroxidase method. The rate of positively stained p53 protein (defined as positive nuclear staining in over 10% of the cells) was assessed. This rate was also estimated and compared between grades, genders and age-related groups (< 70 years, > or = 70 years).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The chi2 , Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparing.

RESULTS
The overall rate of positively stained specimens was 11% for nuclear p53 protein. This rate was significantly higher in females (10/29 vs. 1/71; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR]: 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.43-306.08), patients with 70 or older than 70 years (8/42 vs. 3/58; P = 0.04; OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 1.07-17.39) and in high-grade tumors (10/58 vs. 1/42; P = 0.02; OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.01-0.95).

CONCLUSIONS
The rate of positively stained p53 protein for UCB was lower in our population. This rate was also higher in females, patients with 70 or older than 70 years and high grade of UCB.


An extensive database to study the scaling of rotation and momentum transport has been constructed at JET. The database contains information from various operational scenarios, amongst them H-mode discharges, and parameters that characterize the rotation, as well as those that describe the general plasma conditions. JET plasmas are predominantly heated by neutral beam injection which is also the main source for the observed toroidal rotation. Dimensionless Mach numbers are introduced to quantify rotation. The scaling of plasma rotation and the Mach numbers in particular has been studied. The thermal and Alfvén Mach numbers were found to scale inversely with q and with the ratio of torque and additional heating power. Although the momentum and energy confinement times were found to be of the same magnitude, the ratio was found to vary. Regression analyses showed a dependence of both the energy and momentum confinement times on plasma rotation. If rotation was included in the scaling model of energy and momentum confinement the quality of the fits substantially improved. Detailed analysis of the core and edge (pedestal) confinement showed that momentum confinement was improved in the core of the plasma compared with the energy confinement. However, the pedestal proved to be less confining for the momentum than for the energy.


Background The regression discontinuity (RD) design permits strong causal inference in non-randomised studies with relatively weak assumptions, yet is not widely known in public health research. Our objectives were to systematically identify how RD designs have been used to evaluate the health effects of interventions or exposures, and to describe the quality of these studies. Methods We included primary studies that used an RD design to investigate the physical or mental health outcomes of any interventions or exposures in any populations. We searched 32 health, social science, and grey literature databases between 1960-March 2015, with no language restrictions. We searched for "regression discontinuity" or "regression-discontinuity" in title, abstract, index terms, and full text. Bibliographies of review articles on RD and included studies were hand searched for additional references. We adapted the US Department of Education What Works Clearinghouse Standards for RD Designs and evaluated each study against ten criteria to assess risk of bias and statistical design. Using narrative synthesis and a mapping approach, we coded studies according to discipline and produced tables of studies organised by study topic. Descriptive themes related to the forcing variable used and the interventions, exposures and outcomes of each study. Results Searches identified 3847 citations, of which 2229 were duplicates and 1441 did not meet inclusion criteria, leaving 177 included studies. A broad range of public health policy areas and evaluations were represented as well as questions of clinical effectiveness and epidemiological cause and effect. Commonly used forcing variables were age, income, date of policy change, area-based indicators such as poverty or literacy rates, and clinical measures that act as a threshold for intervention such as birthweight or measures of risk. The ten quality appraisal criteria were fully met by only 5% of the studies. Common issues in study quality included lack of information about study attrition, failure to assess baseline equivalence on covariates, lack of falsification tests, and failure to establish that the forcing variable was unconfounded. Only 8% of studies reported a pre-specified primary outcome or study protocol. Conclusion This systematic review is the most comprehensive to date on the topic of RD designs and demonstrates that RD is more widely applicable to public health research than previously appreciated. Implementation and reporting often fall short of quality standards for RD designs, which suggests that the potential benefits of this method have not yet been fully realised.


The purpose of this study was to examine the provision of mentoring functions, specifically providing an analysis of the contrast between those functions provided to proteges by both mentors and supervisors. Thus, the study focused on two relationships maintained by the subordinate: the relationship with their supervisor and that with their mentor. Research dealing with the functions mentors are perceived to provide to the protege was examined extensively. Additionally, research which indicates that supervisors may perform mentoring functions is presented. This includes Situational Leadership Theory, Leader member Exchange and Transformational and Transactional Leadership. The functions provided by mentors and elaborated in research by Kram (1985) and Noe (1988), among others, form the basis for both qualitative and quantitative research in this study. An assessment of the potential mentoring benefit accruing from each relationship was made by measuring the functions provided by both supervisors and mentors, as perceived by subordinates. Results indicated that supervisors generally provided both career-related and psychosocial mentoring functions to a greater extent than mentors. Relationships of significant strength were found to exist between both the demographic proximity and interaction levels of respondents and mentors and the provision of mentoring functions. Very little support was found for relationships between these factors and supervisory mentoring relationships. Additionally, several barriers were identified which influenced respondent's mentoring relationships with both their mentor and supervisor. Overall, this study found that supervisors provided subordinates with a significant level of mentoring support compared to that provided by mentors.


In this review we assess the state of knowledge for the coralline algae of the Mediterranean Sea, a group of calcareous seaweeds imperfectly known and considered highly vulnerable to long-term climate change. Corallines have occurred in the Mediterranean area for approximately 140 My and are well represented in the subsequent fossil record; for some species currently common the fossil documentation dates back to the Oligocene, with a major role in the sedimentary record of some areas. Some Mediterranean corallines are key ecosystem engineers that produce or consolidate biogenic habitats (e.g., coralligenous concretions, Lithophyllum byssoides rims, rims of articulated corallines, maerl/rhodolith beds). Although bioconstructions built by corallines exist virtually in every sea, in the Mediterranean they reach a particularly high spatial and bathymetric extent (coralligenous concretions alone are estimated to exceed 2,700 km2 in surface). Overall, composition, dynamics and responses to human disturbances of coralline-dominated communities have been well studied; except for a few species, however, the biology of Mediterranean corallines is poorly known. In terms of diversity, 60 species of corallines are currently reported from the Mediterranean. This number, however, is based on morphological assessments and recent studies incorporating molecular data suggest that the correct estimate is probably much higher. The responses of Mediterranean corallines to climate change have been the subject of several recent studies that documented their tolerance/sensitivity to elevated temperatures and pCO2. These investigations have focused on a few species and should be extended to a wider taxonomic set. Phylogeography, genomics, transcriptomics, and associated microbiomes are fields in which the information for Mediterranean corallines is very limited. We suggest that future work on Mediterranean corallines should be based on a multidisciplinary perspective combining different approaches, and that it should consist of large-scale efforts by scientists based both in western and eastern Mediterranean areas.


Reinforcement learning algorithms usually assume that all actions are always available to an agent. However, both people and animals understand the general link between the features of their environment and the actions that are feasible. Gibson (1977) coined the term "affordances" to describe the fact that certain states enable an agent to do certain actions, in the context of embodied agents. In this paper, we develop a theory of affordances for agents who learn and plan in Markov Decision Processes. Affordances play a dual role in this case. On one hand, they allow faster planning, by reducing the number of actions available in any given situation. On the other hand, they facilitate more efficient and precise learning of transition models from data, especially when such models require function approximation. We establish these properties through theoretical results as well as illustrative examples. We also propose an approach to learn affordances and use it to estimate transition models that are simpler and generalize better.


Credence goods markets are characterized by pronounced informational asymmetries between consumers and expert sellers. As a consequence, consumers are often exploited and market efficiency is threatened. However, in the digital age, it has become easy and cheap for consumers to self-diagnose their needs using specialized webpages or to access other consumers' reviews on social media platforms in search for trustworthy sellers. We present a natural field experiment that examines the causal effect of information acquisition from new media on the level of sellers' price charges for computer repairs. We find that even a correct self-diagnosis of a consumer about the appropriate repair does not reduce prices, and that an incorrect diagnosis more than doubles them. Internet ratings of repair shops are a good predictor of prices. However, the predictive valued of reviews depends on whether they are judged as reliable or not. For reviews recommended by the platform Yelp we find that good ratings are associated with lower prices and bad ratings with higher prices, while non-recommended reviews have a clearly misleading effect, because non-recommended positive ratings increase the price.


A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018, to assess major causes of chicken mortality and identifying parasite types in and around Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia. One hundred sixty respondents were selected using multistage sampling technique. Questionnaire and laboratory data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Among the respondents 34% kept their chicken extensively while 52 and 14% used semi-intensive and intensive chicken production system respectively. From 73% of the respondents with separate chicken house, 70% practiced house cleaning. Out of the total respondents; 23, 72 and 5% practiced scavenging, scavenging with supplement and commercial feed for their chicken respectively and 55% of them with free access to water. Only 12% practiced vaccine for the health management of their chicken and 64% dispose dead chicken anywhere in the environment but 34 and 2% bury and burn dead chicken respectively. According to respondents; disease, mismanagement, predator, cannibalism and bad weather condition were reported as major causes of chicken mortality. Out of total 64 fecal samples, 50, 4.5 and 45.5% from local, cross and exotic breeds were found parasite positive respectively. About 63.6, 18.2 and 18.2% of the parasites were detected from chicken reared under extensive, semi-intensive and intensive production system respectively. Six parasite types were mainly identified from Hawassa city and its surrounding. Therefore, chicken improvement program in and around Hawassa city should work intensively to minimize the constraints of the sector and then to increase the production and productivity of chicken.

 Key words: Chicken, disease, Hawassa, management practices, mortality, parasite.