This paper presents a comparative analysis of the technical and economic parameters of two community led approaches: the semi-closed water bodies and the floodplain water bodies based systems in Bangladesh. The two approaches differ in management, fish production, impact on biodiversity, capital investment and annual variable costs, share of profits and proportional benefits for the poor, and impact on allied businesses―the so-called backward and forward linkages. For the semi-closed water bodies (beels) the fish harvest increased from an annual average of 380 kg ha -1 in 2002 to 921 kg ha -1 by 2005. During the same period, the biodiversity measured for self-recruiting indigenous species, using the Shannon-Weiner Index (H'), increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 2.24 in 2002 to 2.56 in 2005. For the floodplain aquaculture system (Pankowri or Daudkandi model) annual fish production ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 t ha -1 . Annual net economic benefit per hectare was found to be Taka 37,710 ± 24,600 and 26,819 ± 10,780 for semi-closed and floodplain systems respectively. The net income per kg of product was found to be Taka 44.0 ± 9.0 and 13.0 ± 3.0 for semi-closed and floodplain systems, respectively. The floodplain system tends to use comparatively more feed and fertilizers per unit area that pond-based aquaculture.


Since the colonial era Cuba has been the paradigmatic case of a monocultural export economy, dependent upon the production of one primary commodity – sugar – for sale to one principal trade partner. Overcoming dependency was a high priority for Fidel Castro in 1959, yet despite a promising start, his efforts proved ultimately unsuccessful. Only the collapse of communism in Europe freed Cuba from dependent trade relations with the Soviet Union – albeit at the cost of enormous economic disruption. This article examines Cuba's post-1959 pursuit of economic independence, first to explain why the government's initial successes proved unsustainable in the 1980s, and then to examine Cuba's attempt to reinsert its economy into the global market in the aftermath of the Cold War.


Over the course of the past decade the MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) stations in Taiwan have become open air art galleries: with more prominent and frequent display of various artistic creations in stations, including interactive artworks. However, unlike the audiences in more meticulously choreographed exhibition contexts, those in stations are usually involuntary. New criteria for the creation and evaluation of artworks in these context are necessary to enhance the connection between the audience and the artwork, and to elicit meaningful experience via interactivity. This research aims to uncover the critical factors that can turn an indifferent passenger into an explorative participant, subsequently leading them to obtain meaningful experiences through interaction with computer-based interactive artwork. This research focuses on artworks that are permanently installed in the stations, with three case studies conducted in MRT stations forming the backbone of the research. Field observation was the first step in each case study, conducted in order to understand the fundamentals of the interactivity between the passengers and the artworks. This was followed by in-depth interviews with the passengers and three professional interview groups. A critical Analytical Framework was formed throughout the course of the research, identifying five engaging characteristics: Incentive, Transfer, Accessibility, Play, and Challenge. These five characteristics were eventually reapplied to re-examine the case studies and the content of the interviews with the professionals. The findings of this research articulate how the Analytical Framework can be adopted in future research intended to create the conditions for more meaningful art-interactions. This Analytical Framework will assist artists, designers and researchers in their pre-planning and follow up evaluations of the degree of engagement generated by computer-based interactive artworks displayed in transport hubs. The interest that the outcomes of this research has attracted in the field suggests that the framework could be extended to the examination of various computer-based interactive artworks in similar public contexts. In this context, the framework would play a valuable role in uncovering a more dynamic paradigm used to illustrate how meaningful experiences can evolve in similar public spaces.


The last decade has been a period of unprecedented change for university libraries. The rapid growth in numbers of students and staff across the university sector has been accompanied by the move to a substantially digital environment with some fundamental changes in how libraries and their users operate. During this period, most university libraries have seen continued growth in their budgets in real terms, but libraries now face a period in which they will have to cope with continued rapid, perhaps transformational, change, accompanied by reductions in their budgets. This paper is based on evidence gathered and analysed by the Research Information Network on the financial position of university libraries in the UK, and how they are dealing with the prospect of cuts. It highlights two related challenges for libraries: developing and enhancing relationships with their users, and developing new services to maximise their value to users.


Groundwater investigations conducted at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) show the impact of historic activities on the development of groundwater contaminant plumes emanating from military ranges. Several of the plumes, located on the southeastern side of the reservation, contain elevated concentrations of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). In most cases, these plumes show continuity from the source to the leading edge, indicating that very little attenuation of RDX is occurring in the aquifer. Interesting exceptions to this trend are locations where plumes consisting of RDX and perchlorate intercept part of the aquifer that was previously impacted by a fuel spill; reducing conditions due to biological activity resulted from this spill. RDX concentrations show a significant positive correlation with both dissolved oxygen and oxidation-reduction potential, and a significant negative correlation with specific conductivity. The distribution of RDX is more consistent upgradient from the oxygen depleted zone and implies that RDX is degrading in the aquifer near the fuel spill. A factor analysis yielded two geochemical (44 percent variability explained) and two contaminant (30 percent variability explained) factors. This suggests that the geochemical nature of the aquifer is the primary source of groundwater parameter variability determined by this investigation. in the of


Dr. Newhook's teaching responsibilities include under-graduate and graduates courses
 in structural design, reinforced concrete and structural analysis. His research interests
 are in the areas of structural analysis and design, concrete structures, bridge engineering,
 structural health monitoring, and innovative materials such as the use of fibre reinforced
 polymers in civil engineering applications. In the area of structural monitoring,
 he has considerable experience in the use of fibre optic sensing technology. He has
 over 10 years of experience in structural engineering research and consulting and
 has been involved in award winning design projects such as the Salmon River Steel-free
 Deck Project and the Hall's Harbour Innovative Wharf. Dr. Newhook is a member several
 technical committees of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering and the American
 Concrete Institute as well as a member of the International Association for Bridge
 and Structural Engineering. Dr. Newhook is currently a project leader in the Intelligent
 Sensing For Innovative Structures (ISIS Canada) Network of Centres of Excellence Program.


Regulation SHO is designed to allow for tests of how the uptick rule effects trading, as it temporarily suspends the rule for a pilot sample of NYSE-listed stocks. Relative to a matched control sample, pilot stocks have similar rates of return, short trading volume, price volatility, and measures of market efficiency. At the microstructure level, short sales for pilot stocks have (1) smaller trade sizes but more trades, (2) lower execution prices, (3) larger price impacts, and (4) similar effective spreads. Interestingly, these orders face significantly larger quoted spreads along with significantly smaller bid and, more notably, ask depths.


In this paper, we study the structure and computational complexity of optimal multi-robot path planning problems on graphs. Our results encompass three formulations of the discrete multi-robot path planning problem, including a variant that allows synchronous rotations of robots along fully occupied, disjoint cycles on the graph. Allowing rotation of robots provides a more natural model for multi-robot path planning because robots can communicate.Our optimality objectives are to minimize the total arrival time, the makespan (last arrival time), and the total distance. On the structure side, we show that, in general, these objectives demonstrate a pairwise Pareto optimal structure and cannot be simultaneously optimized. On the computational complexity side, we extend previous work and show that, regardless of the underlying multi-robot path planning problem, these objectives are all intractable to compute. In particular, our NP-hardness proof for the time optimal versions, based on a minimal and direct reduction from the 3-satisfiability problem, shows that these problems remain NP-hard even when there are only two groups of robots (i.e. robots within each group are interchangeable).


There are three broad themes integrated throughout this thesis. The first relates to the development and implementation of a multimedia healthcare program called `Ambulances for Asthma'. The second relates to program evaluation within healthcare and recounts the methodological challenges related to the evaluation of this program. The third portrays the self reflective evaluation journey of the author informed by auto-ethnography. Six linked projects are presented, culminating in a metaevaluation of the health promotion [process, impact and outcome (PIO)] and realist evaluation models from healthcare practitioner and policy maker perspectives. This thesis aims to determine which approach has greater utility, feasibility, propriety and accuracy within healthcare. The first project undertook a needs analysis to identify barriers to optimal emergency management of asthma in the pre-hospital setting in rural Australia. The major barrier identified was a decision to use self transportation to hospital during an acute asthma event. The second project described the development, implementation and base evaluation of `Ambulances for Asthma'. A willingness to change behaviour by calling `000' for asthma was reported by 64% of participants. The third project details the PIO evaluation of the program. The focus of this approach is to determine if a program `works'. The primary outcome was a statistically significant increase in ambulance utilisation for asthma within the project regions indicating the program achieved its stated goals. The fourth project applied a realist evaluation model to the same evaluation dataset. This framework aims to generate transferable program theory of `what works, for whom, in what circumstances and in what context' rather than the generalisable `does it work question' framed within the PIO approach. The findings revealed that the program was effective for older people who received 1:1 education. The program was not shown to be effective for young males. The fifth project provides an auto-ethnographical comparison of the two evaluation approaches. The key differences identified in this thesis are the elucidation and testing of the underpinning program theory, the way in which the research questions are posed and the method of hypothesis testing. The sixth project performed a metaevaluation of the PIO and realist evaluations using the criteria of utility, feasibility, propriety and accuracy as developed by the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. Both PIO and realist approaches rated highly in regards to propriety and accuracy. The areas of contention lie within the utility and feasibility of each approach. Healthcare practitioners found the realist approach to have a higher level of utility than the PIO approach but had concerns regarding its feasibility. Policy makers found the PIO approach had the highest level of both utility and feasibility. Further work needs to be done to enhance the feasibility of realist evaluation and the utility of PIO evaluation. Both evaluation approaches have much to offer healthcare however the need to continually evolve and develop is highlighted in this thesis.


A historical and critical view of wearable technologies that considers them as acts of communication in a social landscape. Wearable technology-whether a Walkman in the 1970s, an LED-illuminated gown in the 2000s, or Google Glass today-makes the wearer visible in a technologically literate environment. Twenty years ago, wearable technology reflected cultural preoccupations with cyborgs and augmented reality; today, it reflects our newer needs for mobility and connectedness. In this book, Susan Elizabeth Ryan examines wearable technology as an evolving set of ideas and their contexts, always with an eye on actual wearables-on clothing, dress, and the histories and social relations they represent. She proposes that wearable technologies comprise a pragmatics of enhanced communication in a social landscape. "Garments of paradise" is a reference to wearable technology's promise of physical and mental enhancements. Ryan defines "dress acts"-hybrid acts of communication in which the behavior of wearing is bound up with the materiality of garments and devices-and focuses on the use of digital technology as part of such systems of meaning. She connects the ideas of dress and technology historically, in terms of major discourses of art and culture, and in terms of mass media and media culture, citing such thinkers as Giorgio Agamben, Manuel De Landa, and Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. She examines the early history of wearable technology as it emerged in research labs; the impact of ubiquitous and affective approaches to computing; interaction design and the idea of wearable technology as a language of embodied technology; and the influence of open source ideology. Finally, she considers the future, as wearing technologies becomes an increasingly naturalized aspect of our social behavior.


A new edition of Wiley's Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society, from the same authorWireless systems such as GSM, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth offer possibilities to keep people connected while on the move. In this flood of technology, From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband enables readers to examine and understand each technology, and how to utilise several different systems for the best results. This book contains not only a technical description of the different wireless systems available today, but also explains the rationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; not only the 'how' but also the 'why' is focused on. Thus the advantages and also limitations of each technology become apparent.Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standards and comparisons of the different wireless technologies and their applications, this new edition has been updated to provide the latest directions and activities in 3GPP standardization reaching up to Release 10, and importantly includes a new chapter on LTE. The new LTE chapter covers aspects such as Mobility Management and Power Optimization, Voice over LTE, and Air Interface and Radio Network.Provides readers with an introduction to major global wireless standards and compares the different wireless technologies and their applications The performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained, accompanied with practical tips on how to discover the functionality of different networks Offers approximately 25% new material, which includes a major new chapter on LTE and updates to the existing material including Release 4 BICN in relation to GSM Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website (http://www.wirelessmoves.com) make this book ideal for self study or as course material


We have used the Jicamarca radar system to measure horizontal winds by a variety of time domain and frequency domain spaced antenna techniques. Horizontal wind comparisons for two orthogonal components are carried out in a statistical sense, i.e., using correlation coefficients, mean differences, standard deviation of differences, and percentage of failures. We find that a simple technique that assumes horizontally isotropic scattering compares very closely with the more complicated full correlation analysis techniques. Techniques that attempt to correct for turbulence appear to be very sensitive to the way we estimate the width of the cross‐correlation/spectra functions. This is particularly true above 15 km, where discrepancies in the wind speed are apparent. In general, all techniques give essentially the same wind direction.


Abstract The Lower Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian) Main Pay Member of the Zubair Formation is the main producing reservoir in the supergiant Rumaila oil field in southeast Iraq, one of the world's largest oil fields. While the field has been on production for approximately 60 years, significant resources remain. Key to their economic development is an improved understanding of the geological controls on reservoir performance and how this impacts reservoir management decisions. This has been achieved through an integrated study of numerous static and dynamic datasets. The Zubair Formation was deposited by fluvial-dominated, tide-influenced deltas during a period of enhanced sediment supply from the hinterland. High sediment supply and low accommodation space led to very high net to gross deposits on the alluvial plain and into the proximal delta front. Nevertheless, several scales of geological heterogeneity exist, each exerting a strong control on reservoir performance. At the coarsest scale, the reservoir is layered, with layers defined by mudstones deposited above widespread flooding surfaces. These mudstones cause multiple moved oil–water contacts and hold back significant pressure. Their identification and correlation enables the development of a perforation strategy where each reservoir flow unit is completed separately, avoiding cross-flow and lost production. Between the flooding mudstones, an array of paralic depositional elements was deposited as the delta system repeatedly advanced and retreated. The type, geometry, and connectivity of these depositional elements define the reservoir architecture, which controls large-scale sweep efficiency and the habitat of remaining hydrocarbons. An improved understanding of these elements and their control on sweep has facilitated a successful infill drilling campaign. Finally, many of the reservoir sandstone types contain numerous fine-scale geological heterogeneities, which exert a control on small-scale sweep efficiency. An improved understanding at this detailed level is important for determining the expected recovery factors and future water-handling capacity requirements.


Copepods in high elevation lakes and ponds in Colorado are exposed to significant levels of ultraviolet radiation (UV), necessitating development of UV avoidance behavior and photoprotective physiological adaptations. The copepods are brightly pigmented due to accumulation of astaxanthin, a carotenoid which has photoprotective and antioxidant properties. Astaxanthin interacts with a crustacyanin-like protein, shifting its absorbance from 473 nm (hydrophobic free form, appears red) to 632 nm (protein-bound complex, appears blue). In six sites in Colorado, habitat-specific coloration patterns related to carotenoprotein complex have been observed. The objective of this study was to determine whether pigment accumulation or carotenoprotein expression has a greater effect on resistance to UV exposure. For each site, copepod tolerance to UV was assessed by survivorship during UV exposure trials. Average UV exposure was determined for each habitat. Astaxanthin profiles were generated for copepods in each site. Ability to withstand UV exposure during exposure trials was significantly different between color morphs (p < 0.0001). Red copepods were found to tolerate 2-fold greater levels of UVB than blue or mixed copepods. Additionally, red copepods have much higher levels of total astaxanthin than blue or mixed copepods (p < 0.0001) and receive a higher daily UV dose (p < 0.0003). Diaptomid carotenoprotein sequence is not homologous with that of other crustaceans in which crustacyanin has been characterized which prevented quantification of carotenoprotein transcript expression. Overall, diaptomid color morph may be an important indicator of UV conditions in high elevation lentic ecosystems.


In this article we develop a conceptualization of business ethics as practice. Starting from the view that the ethics that organizations display in practice will have been forged through an ongoing process of debate and contestation over moral choices, we examine ethics in relation to the ambiguous, unpredictable, and subjective contexts of managerial action. Furthermore, we examine how discursively constituted practice relates to managerial subjectivity and the possibilities of managers being moral agents. The article concludes by discussing how the 'ethics as practice' approach that we expound provides theoretical resources for studying the different ways that ethics manifest themselves in organizations as well as providing a practical application of ethics in organizations that goes beyond moralistic and legalistic approaches.


MLL is a common target for chromosomal translocations associated with acute leukemia resulting in its fusion with a large variety of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins that may activate its oncogenic properties by distinct but poorly understood mechanisms. The MLL-AF6 fusion gene represents the most common leukemogenic fusion of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) to a cytoplasmic partner protein. Here, we identified a highly conserved Ras association (RA1) domain at the amino-terminus of AF6 as the minimal region sufficient for MLL-AF6 mediated myeloid progenitor immortalization in vitro and short latency leukemogenesis in vivo. Moreover, the ability of RA1 to activate MLL oncogenesis is conserved with its Drosophila ortholog, Canoe. Although the AF6 RA1 domain has previously been defined as an interaction surface for guanosine triphosphate-bound Ras, single amino acid substitutions known to abolish the AF6-Ras interaction did not abrogate MLL-AF6-mediated oncogenesis. Furthermore, fusion of MLL to heterologous RA domains of c-Raf1 or RalGDS, or direct fusion of MLL to constitutively active K-RAS, H-RAS, or RAP1 was not sufficient for oncogenic activation of MLL. Rather, the AF6 RA1 domain efficiently mediated self-association, suggesting that constitutive MLL self-association is a more common pathogenic mechanism for MLL oncogenesis than indicated by previous studies of rare MLL fusion partners.


Cultural heritages are the history of the nations, and history forms the identities of the nations. Therefore, protection of cultural heritages means protection of the history and identity of the nations. Identification of the current status of cultural heritages is important for documentation, preservation, and for use as a base for restoration. Documentation studies need robust and scientific methods. GIS and photogrammetry have recently been the most commonly used scientific methods for documenting cultural heritages. In documentation studies, digital terrestrial photogrammetry is one of the main methods of processing information of historical monuments on computers according to GIS and documenting it in three dimensions. In this study for documentation, all data of 46 historical monuments located in Silifke/Mersin were collected and transferred to a database so that it is made queryable. Some of those heritages were reconstructed as 3D models by the use of photogrammetric techniques. Finally, 3D Models were integrated into the system for presentation.


There are many reports on the durability of concrete structures affected by chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in Japan. The penetration speed for chloride damage is evaluated using the chloride diffusion coefficient, which varies depending on mix proportion, cement type and admixture type. In general, the diffusion coefficient has been given as a function of the water-cement ratio or by experiment. An immersion experiment is usually carried out by soaking a specimen in salt water, but this method requires a long immersion period. On the other hand, electrophoresis examination can be carried out in a short period of time, but as this method is performed in the steady state the results may differ from the actual phenomenon. In this research, an evaluation method is proposed for the unsteady state by inducing chloride ion movement with electricity. This method calculates the diffusion coefficient in the unsteady state by measuring the penetration depth of the chloride ions up to the time when electricity supply was stopped, and various cement types were examined such as normal (N), early strength (H), low heat (L), blast-furnace slag cement type A (BA), type B (BB), type C (BC) and fly-ash cement type B (FB). Not only could the diffusion coefficient be calculated from the chloride ion depth, but this calculation could be carried out for periods as short as 24 hours. The variation in diffusion coefficient by cement type was also verified. Overall, it is believed that this method can calculated the chloride ion coefficient in the unsteady state in a short period of time.


This paper introduces the Point Cloud Multipoint Control Unit (PC-MCU): a key component for multi-user holoconferencing systems, where remote participants are represented as Point Clouds. The presented solution redefines the idea of MCU, broadly used to optimize connections and communications between users in traditional videoconferencing, and introduces a set of key features for the optimization of holoconferencing services where multiple users can be remotely connected. The PC-MCU is a virtualized cloud-based component, that aims at reducing the end-user client computational resources and bandwidth usage, providing the following key features: fusion of volumetric videos, Level of Detail (LoD) adjustment and non visible data removal. The results obtained for a scenario with two remote users, show how the introduction of the PC-MCU provides significant benefits in terms of computational resources and bandwidth savings, thus alleviating the requirements at the client side in holoconferencing services when compared to a baseline condition without using it. These improvements open the door to further research on this area to enable scalable and adaptive holoconferencing services using lightweight devices.


Humans have long marvelled at (and feared) the odorous and colourful manifestations of volcanic emissions, and, in some cases, have harnessed them for their economic value. The degassing process responsible for these phenomena is now understood to be one of the key factors influencing the timing and nature of volcanic eruptions. Moreover the surface emissions of these volatiles can have profound effects on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment, and climate. Even more fundamental are the relationships between the history of planetary outgassing, differentiation of the Earth's interior, chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the origin and evolution of life. This book provides a compilation of 23 papers that investigate the behaviour of volatiles in magma, the feedbacks between degassing and magma dynamics, and the composition, flux, and environmental, atmospheric and climatic impacts of volcanic gas emissions.


This paper examines the effects of female education on marriage outcomes by exploiting the exogenous variation generated by the Female Secondary School Stipend Program in Bangladesh, which made secondary education free for rural girls. Our findings show that an additional year of female education leads to an increase in 0.72 years of husband's education and that better educated women pair with spouses who have better occupations and are closer in age to their own, suggesting assortative mating. Those educated women appear to experience greater autonomy in making decisions on receiving their own health care and visiting their family. Furthermore, educated women have lower fertility and use more maternal health care, and their children have better health outcomes than those of less-educated women. Overall, our results suggest that the marriage market is one of the channels through which women's education affects their life outcomes.


In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in bradykinin (BK)-induced NF-κB activation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human airway epithelial cells (A549). BK caused concentration- and time-dependent increase in COX-2 expression, which was attenuated by a selective B2 BK receptor antagonist (HOE140), a Ras inhibitor (manumycin A), a Raf-1 inhibitor (GW 5074), a MEK inhibitor (PD 098059), an NF-κB inhibitor (pyrrolidine dithiocarbate), and an IκB protease inhibitor (l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone). The B1 BK receptor antagonist (Lys-(Leu8)des-Arg9-BK) had no effect on COX-2 induction by BK. BK-induced increase in COX-2-luciferase activity was inhibited by cells transfected with the κB site deletion of COX-2 construct. BK-induced Ras activation was inhibited by manumycin A. Raf-1 phosphorylation at Ser338 by BK was inhibited by manumycin A and GW 5074. BK-induced ERK activation was inhibited by HOE140, manumycin A, GW 5074, and PD 098059. Stimulation of cells with BK activated IκB kinase αβ (IKKαβ), IκBα phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, p65 and p50 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus, the formation of an NF-κB-specific DNA-protein complex, and κB-luciferase activity. BK-mediated increase in IKKαβ activity and formation of the NF-κB-specific DNA-protein complex were inhibited by HOE140, a Ras dominant-negative mutant (RasN17), manumycin A, GW 5074, and PD 098059. Our results demonstrated for the first time that BK, acting through B2 BK receptor, induces activation of the Ras/Raf-1/ERK pathway, which in turn initiates IKKαβ and NF-κB activation, and ultimately induces COX-2 expression in human airway epithelial cell line (A549).


We examine the long-run market performance of a sample of family and nonfamily Italian firms that went public from 1995 to 2005, in order to analyse the influence of family ownership and private equity participation on such performance. We first investigate the influence of family ownership and private equity participation on the full sample of firms considered. Afterwards, we restrict our attention to the subset of family firms, with the aim of studying the impact of private equity on their market performance. Symmetrically, we focus on the subsample of private equity backed IPOs and examine the effect of family ownership on this category of firms. As a result, our research does not provide any strong evidence of the expected positive synergies resulting from the association between private equity and family ownership.


Recent evidence of increasing income heterogeneity within developed countries has reignited debates concerning the redistribution of income and wealth. In this article, we contribute to this debate by assessing the role of individuals' jurisdictional identification for their preferences toward intrafederation redistributive financial flows. Incorporating insights from social identity theory in a model of redistributive taxation, we show that federal, rather than local, identification can lead individuals to shift their redistribution preferences independent of their narrowly defined personal economic interests. Moreover, contrary to conventional wisdom, welfare state support will sometimes be decreasing in national identification. We empirically assess these predictions using individual-level data from the 2008 German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) and a 2013-2014 survey among Belgian local politicians. Our findings provide strong support for the model's core predictions in both settings.


Reaction calorimetry is an efficient tool used to obtain kinetic, thermodn., and safety data. A new tool, composed of a high-pressure reactor (HP350) coupled with a Mettler-Toledo RC1e reaction calorimeter, is developed for the investigation of chem. reactions, under supercrit. (s.c.) conditions. The reactor (V = 1.2 L) can be pressurized up to 350 bar and heated to 300 Deg. Results presented in this contribution are divided into three sections. The first part concerns some highlights of the tech. challenge related to supercrit. reaction calorimetry in comparison with the classical liq. calorimetry. The second part presents a Wilson plot anal. with pure supercrit. CO2 and shows that, in contrast to classical liqs., the lower the temp. (above the crit. point) the better the heat transfer coeff. This tendency can be explained by the evolution of scCO2 thermodynamical and transport properties around the crit. point. The third part contains preliminary results from the dispersion polymn. of Me methacrylate in supercrit. carbon dioxide using poly(dimethylsiloxane) macromonomer as stabilizer. Poly(Me methacrylate) can be produced with high yield, high mol. wt., and narrow particle size distribution, using 10 wt% (with respect to monomer) stabilizer under efficient stirring. A polymn. enthalpy of 58.8+-3 kJ/mol has been calcd. with high reproducibility, being in good agreement with previously reported data. This confirms that the employed heat balance model is correct and shows the important potential of reaction calorimetry for the promotion of supercrit. fluid technologies at industrial scale, since it allows the detn. of kinetics, thermodn., and safety data.


This article suggests a rights-based approach (RBA) to conservation of environmental resources. The article points out benefits of an RBA model, such as identifying the causes of environmental impacts on citizens' human rights and bettering the regulation of environmental resources. However, the RBA also poses challenges, such as resistance from non-State actors, comparing the importance of different rights, and a commitment of many resources. The article next identifies substantive and procedural rights provided by international law. An RBA implicates, among others, the right to life, the right to health, the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to work, the rights to religion and culture, the right to property, the right to privacy and home life and the rights to information and participation. The article concludes by providing detailed guidance about how to implement an RBA, and the main steps include analyzing the situation, disseminating information, guaranteeing participation, making a decision about the activity, monitoring and evaluating the RBA, and ensuring the rights by enforcement of the commitments undertaken by various actors.


The Tunisian revolt began in the country's impoverished heartland,
and it took some time for knowledge of the event to circulate
widely given the news blackout imposed by the government. The
revolt quickly became the paradigm of a practice of radical social
transformation throughout the Arab world. In Europe, the revolt
was hardly perceived during its early stages. The revolt derived its
dynamic from an informal experiential context that combines marginality
and mobility in a new way and develops unforeseen persuasiveness
on the streets.


In February 2008, FIFA President Sepp Blatter announced the "6+5 rule". The effect of the rule is that, from the start of the 2012/2013 football season, all clubs will be required to include in their starting teams six players eligible to play for the national team, meaning that a maximum of five "foreign" players can be included in the starting team. Sepp Blatter said in justification of the 6+5 rule: "Over the years and decades, by signing more and more foreign players, clubs have gradually lost their identity, first locally and regionally."

This paper will examine the "6+5" rule in order to determine whether it falls within the scope of EU law or whether it could attract exemption on the basis of the "purely sporting" rule introduced by the ECJ in case 36/74 Walrave & Koch. It will be argued that, because of the potential implications of the "6+5" rule, it transcends a rule of "purely sporting" interest and therefore falls within the scope of EU law.

The paper will then examine the compatibility of the "6+5" rule with relevant provisions of the TFEU. Consideration will in particular be given to the question whether the rule amounts to direct or indirect discrimination on grounds of nationality, which in turn determines whether or not the rule is capable of being justified on the basis of overriding reasons of public interest, as in the recent case C-325/08 Olympique Lyonnais. Comparisons will be drawn between the "6+5" rule and UEFA's "homegrown player" rule.

The paper will conclude that the "6+5" rule constitutes an unjustifiable form of direct discrimination and hence prohibited by EU law.


local magnitude scale has been defined for southern Italy, in the area monitored by the recently installed Irpinia Seismic Network. Waveforms recorded from more than 100 events of small magnitude are processed to extract synthetic Wood–Anderson traces. Assuming a general description of peak-displacement scaling with the distance, by means of linear and logarithmic contributions, a global exploration of the parameter space is performed by a grid-search method with the aim of investigating the correlation between the two decay contributions and seeking for a physical solution of the problem. Assuming an L2 norm, we found M=logA+1.79 log R - 0.58 yielding an error on the single estimation smaller than 0.2, at least when the hypocenter location is accurate. Station corrections are investigated through the station residuals, referring to the average value of the magnitude. Using a z test, we found that some stations exhibit a correction term significantly different from 0. The use of the peak acceleration and peak velocity as indicators of the magnitude is also investigated.


Autotrophic picoplankton (APP) was studied in a one year cycle in two canyon-type reservoirs in the Czech Republic. APP was present in both reservoirs during the whole year, although in low numbers: In general, picoplankton formed only 0.05-10 % of the total biomass (biovolume, fresh mass). The main proportion was formed by Cyanobacteria (CPP), eucaryotic species played a negligible role. Several morphotypes of CPP were distinguished during the year (April 1998-May 1999): Two rod-shaped Synechococcus species, one spherical type (2 μm diam.) dividing in one plane (Cyanobium), and another spherical type (0.7 μm diam.) dividing in two planes (Synechocystis). During the summer, a proportion of the CPP formed small groups at the beginning, while later the same cell shapes occurred in groups inside of mucilage that corresponded to colonial genera Aphanothece, Cyanodictyon and Aphanocapsa, respectively. Such a life cycle occurred in all the morphotypes except for one (Synechococcus cf. capitatus BAILY-WATTS et KOMAREK). Its appearance and spring maximum in the Slapy reservoir in 1998 was the only evident difference between both reservoirs as far as diversity of CPP morphotypes is concerned. In the year studied, unicellular picoplankton was about two times more abundant in the Slapy reservoir, while the abundance of total picoplankton (unicellular and in colonies) was almost the same in both reservoirs, i.e. about 0.4 million cells maximum and 70-80 10 3 cells/ml average. The fresh mass of the total picoplankton (unicellular + colonial) was larger in the R˙imov reservoir.


A simulation model was developed for the performance prediction of a vapor compression heat pump using nanoscale colloidal solutions (nanofluids) as condenser coolants. The model was intended for a liquid-to-liquid heat pump, with reciprocating compressor, thermostatic expansion valve and counter-flow double-tube condenser and evaporator. The compressor is characterized (input data) by its swept volume, shaft speed and isentropic and volumetric efficiencies curves, and the expansion device, by the evaporator superheat. The condenser is divided into three zones, desuperheating, condensing and subcooling. Likewise, the evaporator is divided into the boiling and superheating zones. The heat exchangers are characterized (input data) by their geometry (inner and outer tube diameters and length). Operational input data also include condenser subcooling and heat transfer fluids (condenser and evaporator) mass flow rates and inlet thermodynamic states. A computational program was developed to solve the resulting non-linear system of algebraic equations. Solution of the system provides the cycle overall thermal performance, as well as condensing and evaporating pressures and the thermodynamic states of refrigerant and heat transfer fluids at all points of the cycle. Preliminary results were obtained for the simulation of a 19 kW nominal capacity water-to-water/(H2O-Cu nanofluid) heat pump. A 5.4% increase in the heating coefficient of performance, for a typical operating condition, was predicted for a nanoparticle volume fraction of 2%.


The effective field theory of cosmic acceleration systematizes possible contributions to the action, accounting for both dark energy and modifications of gravity. Rather than making model dependent assumptions, it includes all terms, subject to the required symmetries, with four (seven) functions of time for the coefficients. These correspond respectively to the Horndeski and general beyond Horndeski class of theories. We address the question of whether this general systematization is actually effective, i.e. useful in revealing the nature of cosmic acceleration when compared with cosmological data. The answer is no and yes: there is no simple time dependence of the free functions—assumed forms in the literature are poor fits, but one can derive some general characteristics in early and late time limits. For example, we prove that the gravitational slip must restore to general relativity in the de Sitter limit of Horndeski theories, and why it doesn't more generally. We also clarify the relation between the tensor and scalar sectors, and its important relation to observations; in a real sense the expansion history H(z) or dark energy equation of state w(z) is 1/5 or less of the functional information! In addition we discuss the de Sitter, Horndeski, and decoupling limits of the theory utilizing Goldstone techniques.


In Ring, the Supreme Court held that the finding of an aggravating factor, as required to be eligible for a sentence of death under the Arizona sentencing scheme, could not be made by a judge alone. Each exclusively judge-based sentence of death that was pending at the time Ring was handed down spurred a duty on the part of state courts to either change the sentence from death to life or remand the case for re-sentencing under a new capital sentencing statute. The death penalty "ring cycle" then is comprised of the remands and re-sentencings as necessary to comply with the Sixth Amendment. This Article is the first to provide an empirical examination of the results in Ring remand cases. Specifically, the Article details the Ring remand procedures and the results of these remands as they played out in Arizona.


Background: Although there is evidence that vitamin D inadequacy may be linked to adverse cognitive outcomes, results from studies on this topic have been inconsistent. The aim of this trial was to examine the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older European men. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 3,369 men aged 40–79 years from eight centres enrolled in the European Male Ageing Study. Cognitive function was assessed using the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test, the Camden Topographical Recognition Memory (CTRM) test and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Additional assessments included measurement of physical activity, functional performance and mood/depression. Associations between cognitive function and 25(OH)D levels were explored using locally weighted and linear regression models. Results: In total, 3,133 men (mean (±SD) age 60±11 years) were included in the analysis. The mean (±SD) 25(OH)D concentration was 63±31 nmol/l. In age-adjusted linear regressions, high levels of 25(OH)D were associated with high scores on the copy component of the ROCF test (β per 10 nmol/l = 0.096; 95% CI 0.049 to 0.144), the CTRM test (β per 10 nmol/l = 0.075; 95% CI 0.026 to 0.124) and the DSST (β per 10 nmol/l = 0.318; 95% CI 0.235 to 0.401). After adjusting for additional confounders, 25(OH)D levels were associated with only score on the DSST (β per 10 nmol/l = 0.152; 95% CI 0.051 to 0.253). Locally weighted and spline regressions suggested the relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and cognitive function was most pronounced at 25(OH)D concentrations below 35 nmol/l. Conclusion: In this study, lower 25(OH)D levels were associated with poorer performance on the DSST. Further research is warranted to determine whether vitamin D sufficiency might have a role in preserving cognitive function in older adults.


Abstract Background: The goal of the study was to assess the presence of antibodies to mutated citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) and cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) compared with patients with other juvenile onset rheumatic diseases. Methods: The study included 56 patients who fulfilled the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) classification criteria for JIA, and 17 control patients with other juvenile onset rheumatic diseases. Data on six core outcome variables and the Sharp score were collected for patients with JIA. Sera and synovial fluid, if available, were tested for anti-CCP and anti-MCV antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Anti-MCV antibodies were positive in 3/56 (5.4%) and anti-CCP in 1/56 (1.8%) of patients with JIA. Two out of three anti-MCV positive patients (one of them also anti-CCP positive) were found to be rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive with polyarticular disease. Within the control group, anti-MCV was positive in 4/17 (23.5%) patients, while anti-CCP positivity was not observed. No correlation between anti-MCV with anti-CCP antibody levels was found for any of the six core outcome variables or for the adapted Sharp score. Conclusions: Our results show that antibodies targeting citrullinated proteins are not a useful diagnostic marker for JIA, but can indicate severe patterns of disease in JIA. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:1525–30.


In the above paper [H. Kang et al., 2007], the author would like to make the following corrections. Due to a lack of knowledge of the common practice of professional publications, the author has included Rongyu Li, Xin Yang, and Tian Xiao as coauthors without their consent or knowledge. Hao Kang should be the sole author of the paper [H. Kang et al., 2007] and is responsible for all the contents. He apologizes to the other coauthors whose names should not be associated with the paper. Furthermore, the author wishes to apologize to the authors of [T.N. Ruckmongathan et al., 2006] for simply copying some portions of their paper into his own paper [H. Kang et al., 2007]. Although this was the author's first ever attempt to publish a technical paper and he did cite [T.N. Ruckmongathan et al., 2006] at the reference section of his own paper [H. Kang et al., 2007], he now realizes that copying a part of other authors' publications is not acceptable even though the intention was to give credit to the earlier work by other people. Therefore, the author sincerely apologizes for his mistake although it was not malicious by any means.


Aferdou El Mrakib is the largest single carbonate buildup in the eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Its sediments are intersected by several Neptunian dykes. Herein, we compare their facies, spatial arrangement and the associated fauna to that of Neptunian dykes from other mound localities in Morocco and elsewhere in order to assess their origin as well as that of the mound. One of the studied dykes is filled with pisoids. Its facies suggests some kind of seep origin, but the carbon and oxygen isotopic values have only slightly negative signatures, which might be diagenetic, thus prohibiting further interpretation. Nevertheless, the unique occurrence of pisoids at a depth of c. 50 metres below the mound surface within a dyke is herein interpreted as supporting the presence of a source with a considerable discharge.


The relevance of this article is conditioned by the need to analyze and study the student views and positions on the issue of intercultural communication and intercultural interaction, as it is obvious that in the foreseeable future we will continue to live in a multi-ethnic, multicultural society and strive for the successful coexistence of many different cultures in social networks. The aim of the study is to identify the attitude of students communicating in social networks to ethnocentrism. The leading methods for the study of this problem are the methods of questioning and testing, allowing making a qualitative analysis of the peculiarities of the attitude of students communicating in social networks, to ethnocentrism, and allowing identifying the position of students on the issue of intercultural communication and intercultural interaction. The article reveals the criteria peculiar to the representatives of different ethnic groups with a high level of ethnocentrism. These students consider everything that happens in their culture to be natural and correct, and in others to be wrong; consider the customs of their group as universal: "what is good for us is good for others"; consider the norms, roles and values of their group to be absolutely correct; act so that the representatives of their group feel like winners; feel hostility towards external groups. It is determined that the presence of a set of these criteria and properties (or most of them) in the ethnic consciousness of the individual, allows us to talk about a high level of ethnocentrism. The novelty and originality of the study lies in the fact that a set of criteria characterizing the opinion of students, supporters of cultural relativism is revealed: they are often in contact with representatives of other ethnic groups and nationalities in social networks; absolutely do not feel discomfort in communicating with foreign cultural representatives, on the contrary, such communication is of great interest; in the formation of any group do not give preference to representatives of their own people, and are guided by other selection criteria; do not regard the culture of their people as a role model for other Nations. A set of criteria is identified for supporters of ethnocentrism: they believe everything that happens in their culture, natural and correct and others wrong; consider the customs of their group as universal; consider the norms, roles and values of their group is certainly correct; feel hostility towards external groups; in General, are rarely in contact with the representatives of other ethnic groups and nationalities; feel discomfort in communicating with other cultures representatives; believe that the loss of identity of their ethnic group is an unambiguously negative phenomenon; they do not consider the cultures of all peoples equally important and equal.


In 2011, Germany carried out its first census after a 20-year break. In light of the United Nations' recommendations that countries initiate a population census at least every 10 years, the census was long overdue. Moreover, demographers had for some time been demanding a new enumeration that would enable them to place the calculation of demographic indicators on a reliable basis. With the 2011 census, Germany not only met the demand for a current population census, but also broke new ground by using a register-based approach. Unlike the Scandinavian countries, which have a long tradition of performing register-based data analyses, the linking of administrative data in Germany is restricted by the country's legal framework. Thus, the 2011 census was an ambitious project. After contextualising the 2011 census historically, we discuss in this contribution the census' relevance for generating central demographic data. Specifically, we compare the updated population estimates of the 1987 census to the results of the 2011 census in order to identify possible systematic sources of error that distort demographic indicators and analyses.


Riboflavin kinase provides a cofactor for NADPH oxidase and recruits it to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. Ligand binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the activation of the NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase 1 (Nox1), which contains the cofactor FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). Because the mechanism by which TNFR1 couples to Nox1 had not been completely elucidated, Yazdanpanah et al. performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using a portion of the death domain (DD) of TNFR1 as bait and identified riboflavin kinase (RFK), which converts riboflavin to flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FAD. RFK coimmunoprecipitated with TNFR1 from HeLa cells treated with TNF, an interaction that required the death domain of TNFR1 and was facilitated by the adaptor protein TRADD (TNF receptor–associated death domain). ROS production in response to TNF was reduced in HeLa cells stably expressing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against RFK (HeLashRFK) compared with those that expressed a control shRNA (HeLashScr). TNF-induced ROS production required the kinase activity of RFK, because decreased ROS production in HeLashRFK cells was rescued with wild-type RFK but not a kinase-dead RFK mutant. Furthermore, HeLashRFK cells supplemented with FMN and FAD produced similar amounts of ROS to TNF-stimulated HeLashScr cells. In TNF-treated HeLashScr cells, various components of the NADPH oxidase complex, such as p22phox, Nox1, and Nox2, as well as the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac1 (an activator of NADPH oxidase), were recruited to TNFR1 receptosomes; this recruitment was not observed in HeLashRFK cells. Because the activity of RFK increased in cells exposed to TNF, TNF might prime NADPH oxidase by inducing FAD synthesis. Accordingly, HeLashScr cells produced more ROS in response to the NADPH oxidase activator TPA (tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) when pre-incubated with TNF, and the production of ROS in TPA-treated HeLashRFK cells was maximal when the cells were supplemented with FMN or FAD. Thus, RFK plays two key roles in the production of ROS by the TNFR1 receptosome: It produces FAD and FMN in a TNF-dependent manner and physically links NADPH oxidase to TNFR1. B. Yazdanpanah, K. Wiegmann, V. Tchikov, O. Krut, C. Pongratz, M. Schramm, A. Kleinridders, T. Wunderlich, H. Kashkar, O. Utermöhlen, J. C. Brüning, S. Schütze, M. Krönke, Riboflavin kinase couples TNF receptor 1 to NADPH oxidase. Nature 460, 1159–1163 (2009). [PubMed]


dealistic theologies are oriented to the question of truth, realistic theologies are oriented to the question of reality, and I believe that theology is inherently idealistic, where the greater danger lies. I take for granted that my concepts do not correspond univocally to divine reality or any reality. Thus my starting point for thinking about divine reality is Augustine's: Anything that one understands is not God. But I do not spurn metaphysical audacity on that account, for faith is a form of daring. A religion that lacks religious daring, a sense of the Spirit of the whole, or the struggle for social justice does not interest me. The great "I AM" of Exodus 3:14, God telling Moses, "I AM WHO I AM . . . tell the Israelites, 'I AM has sent me,' " is a sign of the identity of thought and being, the keynote of idealistic thought. All knowledge participates in divine selfknowledge. Reality is ultimately selfdirected will, which has its primordial ground in God, and reason develops as the selfrevelation of God. On the level of Spirit, subject and object are identical, each involving the other. A subject becomes a subject by the act of constructing itself objectively to itself. But a subject is not an object except for itself. Spirit realizes itself as a perpetual selfduplication of one power of life as subject and object, each presupposing the other despite contrasting with the other. Idealistic theologies theorize this selfreflection of Spirit overcoming the dualism of subject and object. In subjective idealism, "the ideal" refers to spiritual or mental ideality: There is no reality without selfconscious subjectivity. There is nothing in matter that does not imply mind. Space is composed of relations, a meaningless notion without a mind that relates one thing to another and for which things are related — holding together both terms of a relation. Idealistic theologies, especially of the subjective type, reason that because matter is unintelligible without mind, matter must never have existed without mind. But since matter as a whole does not exist for our minds, which know only a tiny bit of the universe, there must be a divine mind that knows the whole. By beginning with the only thing we know directly — our own experience, "I know myself" — we are led to the absolute "I AM." The logic of subjective idealism, however, presses toward Berkeley's denial of matter, or its objective idealistic flipside that everything is a manifestation of the ideal, an unfolding of reason. In objective idealism the ideal is normative, as it is in the theories of Plato, Leibniz, and a long line of neoPlatonist theologians: all reality conforms to the archetypes of an intelligible structure. Most of the Greek Orthodox and Anglican traditions of logos theology drew on the ideas of Plato, who constructed the world out of abstract universals, and Aristotle, who taught that the knower and the known come together in the thinker and the thinker's thought.


In-band crosstalk due to Rayleigh backscattering (RB) can be avoided in bidirectional wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) transmission systems when using two identical sets of wavelengths in opposite directions over a single fiber. We describe this by using such sets in a disjoint manner and eliminating the RB crosstalk with the help of simple optical edge filters instead of the WDM comb filters previously employed in interleaved bidirectional systems. We also provide a practical application example and describe the power penalty due to the interferometric RB crosstalk, taking into account recent polarized optical noise research because RB light is partially polarized. Numerical results for externally modulated intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) optical systems show that the power penalty can be kept less than 0.5 dB with moderate edge filters, even for more than several tens of optically amplified repeater segments


This paper addresses the relationship of copyright and the right of universities on scientific production. Information and Communication Technologies ICTs are causing many changes in the system of scientific communication, such as the creation of Institutional Repositories that aim to gather scientific production in digital format. The University needs quicker ways of spreading academic production and many questions are emerging due to contexts such as the Open Access movement. Thus, this paper questions the positioning of Universities, especially Public Universities, which despite having policies related to intellectual property to protect the transferring forms of research results to society; many times do not have a positioning or a mechanism that regulates the self-deposit of scientific production in these Institutional Repositories. In order to develop this paper, the following issues are addressed: lack of interest of the University in storing scientific production; reports on the relationship of the library with scientific publishing houses; the participation of faculty members and students in supporting the Free Access movement; and initiatives aimed at greater flexibility of copyright to the context of scientific production. In order to follow the development of these issues at international level, it was opted for qualitative research with non-participating direct observation to carry out the identification and description of copyright policy of important publishers from the ROMEO SHERPA site; therefore, it can be observed that there are changes regarding the publishers' flexibility before self-archiving of authors in open access institutional repositories in their universities. Given this scenario, we present reflections and considerations that involve the progress and mainly the integration of the University and its faculty members; the institution should recommend and guide its faculty members not to transfer their copyrights, but to defend their right of copy to Institutional Repositories along with Publishing Houses.


Arabic Abstract: يشغل السيد محمود عباس حاليا ثلاثة مناصب: رئيس اللجنة التنفيذية لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية ورئيس دولة فلسطين ورئيس السلطة الفلسطينية. وفي حال يسهل إشغال المنصبين الأولين حال شغورهما المفاجئ، فإن هنالك إشكالية في شغل المنصب الثالث، بحكم حل المجلس التشريعي، الذي يتولى رئيسه رئاسة السلطة في حالة الشغور المفاجئ. تتناول الورقة هذه المشكلة، وتحاول توقع السيناريوهات التي قد يجري العمل بها لسد الشغور، وبعض الإشكاليات المترتبة عليها، دون أن توصي بأي منها.

English Abstract: Mahmoud Abbas is currently the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) Executive Committee and president of the State of Palestine and the Palestinian Authority (PA). If he were to no longer be able to fulfil these roles, then the Executive Committee would appoint one of its members and the Central Council would nominate/appoint a president of the State of Palestine – it would most likely be the same person, as was also the case under Yasser Arafat. However, this leaves the question of who would become president of the PA if this office was suddenly vacated. The Basic Law (BL) suggests that the speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) would became president on an interim basis, which only opens up a further question as the Council has been dissolved and no new elections are currently scheduled to take place.

Scenario One: Aziz Dweik, who was the speaker of the PLC when it was dissolved, would assume the presidency on an interim basis. The 2005 amendment to the Basic Law (BL) establishes that the mandate of incumbent PLC representatives ends when new members take their oath of office. The mandate of 'incumbent' members is therefore still in effect.

Scenario Two: The PLO Central Council may repeat its actions of 1993, and would therefore select the PA's president and instruct the PLO Executive Committee to appoint the PA's Council, which would henceforth apply executive and legislative powers.

Scenario Three: The PLO Central Council would officially replace the PLC. Salim Zanon, the speaker of the PLO Central Council, would henceforth serve as the PA's interim president.

Scenario Four: It is possible that the Draft Constitution of Palestine will be officially endorsed. If/When this occurs, it will stipulate that the vice-president should replace the president – if the vice-presidency is unoccupied, the chairman of the Constitutional Court will be asked to fill the role.

Scenario Five: The State of Palestine has now replaced the PA, and its president could therefore be appointed/selected. In the absence of an incumbent president, the Central Council would elect/appoint the Head of State.

Scenario Six: The PA president may declare a state of emergency, which would suspend the interim BL provisions related to the presidency, and would task the vice-president with fulfilling the mandate of the president.

This paper recognizes that both Palestinians and the international community are closely preoccupied with the question of who will be the next president of the PA and the State of Palestine, and it therefore outlines six different scenarios, without indicating a specific preference for any one. But this overlooks what is perhaps the central question, which is the fragmentation of the Palestinian political agency without any real central Palestinian authority, and regardless of who will be the next president. Whereas the preceding scenarios operate within a de jure framework of reference, this question instead orientates towards a series of de facto considerations.


Work breaks can play an important role in the mental and physical well-being of workers and contribute positively to productivity. In this paper we explore the use of activity-, physiological-, and indoor-location sensing to promote mobility during work-breaks. While the popularity of devices and applications to promote physical activity is growing, prior research highlights important constraints when designing for the workplace. With these constraints in mind, we developed BreakSense, a mobile application that uses a Bluetooth beacon infrastructure, a smartphone and a smartwatch to encourage mobility during breaks with a game-like design. We discuss constraints imposed by design for work and the workplace, and highlight challenges associated with the use of noisy sensors and methods to overcome them. We then describe a short deployment of BreakSense within our lab that examined bound vs. unbound augmented breaks and how they affect users' sense of completion and readiness to work.


New Sealand, closely related to the concept of micronation, was born as a dream of freedom, an experiment that idealizes the future but does not want to stop working to meet the expectations of that admired future. Like any googie of its own, with its feet on the ground and looking at the sky, all the ingredients that will form part of this experiment, which takes place on a naval defence platform abandoned about 20km from the English coast, are carefully chosen. Then, born from a collection of our concerns and interests, both as future architects and as people, one by one were emerging the unique characters, already mature and far from being simple concerns begin to colonize the place and end up owning the experiment. In this context, architecture is a container and content, an ecology that facilitates interactions between people, technologies, machines, nature, art, music, colours, flavours, dreams and nightmares, etc., all of which are disordered and harmonised from the subjectivity of time. This gives each personality the capacity to judge the suitability of the designs, which far from being static, become an anonymous poem made by all and yet to be made, which is perfected in time thanks to the modifications and contributions of each inhabitant. And this poem, this architecture in which they coexist, turns out to be the point where people converge and the community emerges, the nexus of union of such disparate identities that with discrepancies and affinities, work in collaboration so that this community is the best version of itself, and from there lay the foundations of a future that admires progress and trusts technology and advances the role of providers of well-being and strength, which is in a way the same future that the googies dreamed of and never arrived. The world is hopelessly broken, but it is also so big and so full of people that it would be wearisome, and despite any effort, also impossible to put it back together. In this circumstance the important thing is not the discovery of these fragments, but what we each do with them, because in part that is what defines us as people.


In this note we study asymptotic properties of random lifts of graphs introduced by Amit and Linial as a new model of random graphs. Given a base graph $G$ and an integer $n$, a random lift of $G$ is obtained by replacing each vertex of $G$ by a set of $n$ vertices, and joining these sets by random matchings whenever the corresponding vertices of $G$ are adjacent. In this paper we study connectivity properties of random lifts. We show that the size of the largest topological clique in typical random lifts, with $G$ fixed and $n\rightarrow\infty$, is equal to the maximum degree of the core of $G$ plus one. A similar idea can be used to prove that for any graph $G$ with $\delta(G)\geq2k-1$ almost every random lift of $G$ is $k$-linked.


Osteoporosis is a disease characterised by reduced bone mass and altered microarchitecture leading to an increased risk of fracture. The consequences of osteoporosis include reduced quality of life and pain, associated with fractures. Its financial burden on health services are significant. Characterisation of osteoporosis using imaging techniques is therefore important. Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) is a cross-sectional imaging method which is used to scan bones in the appendicular skeleton. pQCT imaging may be particularly useful in clinical groups where changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and structure are known to occur in the limbs. Two such groups are patients following spinal cord injury (SCI) or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.
Aims.
This project aimed to develop analysis techniques to characterise bone in pQCT images. Their purpose was to describe localised changes within pQCT images of the bone, as opposed to the standard global measurements.
Methods.
Fully automated segmentation and registration software was developed and tested followed by two independent processing algorithms. The first generates spatial maps to characterise local changes in BMD. This is achieved using both quadrant analysis software and a voxel-based approach, the latter comparing pairs of images and generating a voxel-by-voxel ΔBMD map of changes in BMD. The second processing algorithm uses morphological granulometries to investigate the bone microarchitecture.
Results.
Evaluation of these image analysis methods was carried out using two clinical studies. The first investigates acute longitudinal changes in the distal tibia (DT) and distal femur (DF) post-motor-complete-SCI using pQCT. Images from 15 subjects (13M, 2F) with a mean age of 36y±19y, were acquired at 4-monthly intervals during the first year post-injury. The second comprises of ACL injury subjects, with imaging of the injured and contralateral proximal tibia (PT) and distal femur before (n=19, 18M 1F, 30y±9y of age) and after (n=8, 8M 0F, 31y±9y of age) surgical ACL reconstruction.
The software developed to automatically segment bone from surrounding structures was successful: 98% success rate for epiphyseal tibial regions, 67% success rate for the distal femur. Registration of images was then performed and the spatial analysis methods to automatically produce quadrants of trabecular bone were applied, displaying individual results graphically. The voxel based analysis method was developed, tested and applied to produce ΔBMD maps, utilising statistical inference and corrections for multiple comparisons using a false-discovery rate technique. These maps characterised localised changes in BMD between pairs of both longitudinal and contralateral images. Software was also developed to apply morphological granulometries to pQCT images, calculating global and local pattern spectrum moments.
On application of the analysis methods to the longitudinal SCI images, the BMD and microarchitecture findings were observed to be disparate amongst subjects, with large variations in bone characteristics both globally and regionally. The quadrant and voxel based analysis methods provided information on longitudinal regional changes in each subject, indicating individual patterns of change. Structural analysis of bone microarchitecture using granulometries was demonstrated to have potential as a useful adjunct to BMD in identifying SCI subjects more susceptible to rapid bone loss.
The analysis methods were also successfully applied to the ACL injury subjects. Following segmentation and registration, the total and trabecular BMD in the injured knee was observed to be significantly lower than that of the contralateral control knee pre-operatively for both the PT and DF (p<0.05). Post-operatively the total and trabecular BMD in the injured DF remained significantly low (p<0.05), however the PT demonstrated significantly lower BMD in the injured leg for the trabecular bone only (p<0.05). Reduced BMD in the PT post-operatively in humans is a novel observation, and indicates a benefit afforded by segmenting trabecular from cortical bone. Regional analysis using quadrants indicated some anatomical variation in bone loss within the injured limb, although it is acknowledged that these are preliminary findings which would require to be confirmed in larger studies. The voxel ΔBMD maps generally indicated global losses across the bones of the ACL injured leg both pre-operatively and post-operatively. No consistent patterns were obtained in the ΔBMD maps for these subjects, suggesting individual patterns of response to ACL injury. The structural information provided by granulometric analysis was limited for the ACL study.
Conclusions.
Automated software has been developed to characterise bone in pQCT images of the appendicular skeleton. It has been successfully applied to two clinical studies, facilitating localised changes in bone density to be demonstrated and descriptions of microarchitecture to be provided. The SCI subjects appear to have individualistic responses to injury, with a wide range of changes in bone density and microarchitecture observed. ACL injury patients all lost bone mass, but patterns of change were variable. The analysis methods developed to permit characterisation of bones in individual subjects, are proposed to be of value in both clinical and research domains exploring bone mass and microarchitecture, with the ultimate goals being the prediction of fracture risk and tailoring therapy for the individual.


Zinc, Copper, iron, and Aluminum salts or complexes of a series of bacterial and plant polysaccharides containing from 6 to 83% uronic acid units were prepared. The rate of decomposition of the metal-polysaccharide complexes or salts and the original polysaccharide preparations was determined in Greenfield sandy loam. Some or all of the metals exerted marked effects on decomposition rate and percentage decomposition at 8 weeks of the majority of polysaccharides tested. Specific effects of the metals depended on the polysaccharide. Zinc and Al exerted very little influence on decomposition of Azotobacter chroococcum polysaccharide for example, while Cu and Fe reduced decomposition by about 50%. A much smaller percentage of Zn, on the other hand, reduced decomposition of Karaya gum from 67% to 0 in one test and to 3% in a repeat trial. The Cu-salt of Azotobacter indicus polysaccharide was highly resistant to decomposition. After 8 weeks, 3% had decomposed compared to 29, 32, 16, and 16% for the original polysaccharide and the Al, Zn, and Fe complexes, respectively. With the exception of the Al combined with the Arthrobacter viscosus polysaccharide, all of the metals sharply reduced decomposition of A. viscosus polysaccharide and alginic acid but exerted very little effect on polysaccharides from Chromobacterium violaceum and a Bacterium sp. When added directly to the soil in concentrations equivalent to that in the metal-A. chroococcum polysaccharide complexes (75% uronic acid), the metals exerted no effect on decomposition of Bacillus subtilis fructosan.


The subcarrier transmission of quadrature-amplitude modulation radio frequency (RF) signals over a dispersive fiber link is analytically and numerically studied. It is well known that the double-sideband transmission of an RF subcarrier will suffer from frequency-dependent fading caused by fiber dispersion. The present analyses show that the fading of the RF amplitude depends on the modulation index in the optical signal, which causes distortion in the constellation map. We will show that this is attributed to higher order harmonics of modulation sidebands excited through the nonlinear response of the intensity modulators. Optical single-sideband transmission, which is believed to be free from dispersion-induced fading, is also analyzed and predicts a cyclic deviation of the symbols both in amplitude and phase.


Integrating optical circuit switches in data-centers is an on-going research challenge. In recent years, state-of-the-art solutions introduce hybrid packet/circuit architectures for different optical circuit switch technologies, control techniques, and traffic re-routing methods. These solutions are based on separated packet and circuit planes that cannot utilize an optical circuit with flows that do not arrive from or delivered to switches directly connected to the circuit's end-points. Moreover, current SDN-based elephant flow re-routing methods require a forwarding rule for each flow, which raises scalability issues. In this paper, we present C-Share - a scalable SDN-based circuit sharing solution for data center networks. C-Share inherently enables elephant flows to share optical circuits by exploiting a flat top-of-rack tier network topology. C-Share is based on a scalable and decoupled SDN-based elephant flow re-routing method comprised of elephant flow detection, tagging and identification, which is utilized by using a prevalent network sampling method (e.g., sFlow). C-Share requires only a single OpenFlow rule for each optical circuit, and therefore significantly reduces the required OpenFlow rule entry footprint and setup rule rate. It also mitigates the OpenFlow outbound latency for subsequent elephant flows. We implement a proof-of-concept system for C-Share based on Mininet, and test the scalability of C-Share by using an event-driven simulation. Our results show a consistent increase in the mice/elephant flow separation in the network, which, in turn, improves both network throughput and flow completion time.


Multiple crossover per couple (MCPC) is a newly introduced crossover method which in contrast with the single crossover per couple approach (SCPC), permits more than one crossover operation for each mating pair. MCPC was applied to optimise classic testing functions and some harder (non-linear, non-separable) functions. The goodness of this approach prevailed under all tests and revealed that, when MCPC is applied with 2, 3 and 4 crossovers per couple, results as good as under SCPC can be expected with an additional benefit in processing time. This performance was obtained through the abilit y showed by MCPC of exploiting the recombination of good, formerly found solutions. But on the other hand, those experiments also showed that, in some cases, the method increased the risk of premature convergence due to a loss of genetic diversity. This paper gives an insight of the convenience of binding the choice of a selection mechanism to the genetic operators used. Focussing on this problem experiments with MCPC under proportional, and ranking selection methods were performed. In the case of ranking, an adaptive approach was carried out to adjust selective pressure. Descriptions of the alternative selection mechanisms used, experiments and some of the results obtained under each method are shown.


This paper gives a comparative analysis of classical and holographic methods for solving the problem of three-dimensional visualization of microscopic phase objects. A holographic phase-contrast method based on the addition and subtraction of waves in an interference fringe and the method of interferometry in fringes of finite width are considered. The optical layout of a holographic interference microscope that implements these methods is presented. Three-dimensional images of untreated erythrocytes of human blood are experimentally studied, and a comparison is made of the possibilities of the holographic phase-contrast method and the method of interferometry in fringes of finite width. © 2005 Optical Society of America


Arabidopsis seeds were germinated on sterile mineral agar supplemented with 1% glucose and cultured under continuous light regimes. With 4-hour incandescent plus 20-hour monochromatic illumination in the region from 400 to 485 nanometers there was effective floral induction at an intensity of 100 microwatts per square centimeter. Exclusion of far red wave lengths from the 4-hour incandescent period sharply reduced the effectiveness of subsequent monochromatic blue light in promoting floral induction. Delayed floral induction occurred under continuous incandescent light lacking far red and was attributable to the blue wave lengths. Continuous 485 nanometer (100 microwatts per square centimeter) exposure without any white light treatment during the postgermination growth period was ineffective in floral induction and meristem development. Light at 730 nanometers under the same conditions was partially effective, whereas energy between 500 and 700 nanometers was completely ineffective. When continuous monochromatic light at a 3-fold higher energy level was administered, all photomorphogenic responses were accomplished with 485 nanometer light, including germination and 100% floral induction without any white light treatment at any time during the experiment. Almost equal quantum effectiveness was calculated when equivalent quantum flux densities in the region from 710 to 740 nanometers or at 485 nanometers were used. It is postulated that floral induction in Arabidopsis may be the result of a continuous excitation of a stable form of far red-absorbing phytochrome localized in or on a membrane, and that excitation can be either by direct absorption of energy by far red-absorbing phytochrome or by transfer from an accessory pigment.


Discussions of information privacy typically rely on the idea that there is a tradeoff between privacy and availability of information. But privacy, under some circumstances, leads to the creation of more information. In this article, I identify such circumstances by exploring the ex-ante incentives created by entitlements to personal data and evaluating the long-term effects of privacy. In so doing, I introduce an economic justification of information privacy law.

Under the standard law & economics account, as long as property rights are defined and transaction costs are low, initial right allocations should be irrelevant for social welfare. But initial allocations matter when either of these two conditions is absent. Allocations also matter for the production of goods that do not yet exist. Personal information has these characteristics. While the costs of disseminating information are low, transaction costs to transfer an entitlement over it are not. In addition, availability of information requires disclosure—and thereby imposes costs. This analysis challenges the traditional economic objection to information privacy and provides a new justification for privacy rules by casting them as entitlements over personal information.

The approach I develop here provides a framework to identify which types of information ought to be protected and how privacy law should protect them. To do so, it analyzes the placement and optimal protection of personal information entitlements while also examining the commonalities between information privacy and intellectual property. At a more abstract level, it sheds light on the desirability of a sectoral versus an omnibus information privacy law.


The UK government has launched a national measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination catch-up programme for children and teenagers in England in response to the recent surge in measles cases.

The programme will aim to reach as many unvaccinated and partly vaccinated 10-16 year olds as possible by September (the start of the next school year), by using local intelligence such as general practice case registers to identify and vaccinate around a million young people in practices and schools.

The campaign, coordinated by Public Health England, NHS England, and the Department of Health, is aimed at preventing outbreaks similar to the current epidemic in Wales, which has seen 886 confirmed cases since November 2012 after an outbreak in Swansea.1

New figures show 587 confirmed measles cases in England in the first three months of 2013,2 twice …


This paper develops a model evaluating the impact of mobility in heterogeneous wireless networks by the way of analytical expressions of the spatio-temporal evolution of QoS indicators. Such formulas are obtained by introducing a multiuser averaged mobility pattern named density of users. Among the set of densities, we use a Gaussian form of this quantity, which results from a modeling method based on the maximum entropy principle. Numerical results show the temporal variations of the QoS indicators and highlight the combined effects of network heterogeneity due to the presence of macro and small cells, and traffic variations due to mobility.


The demands on powder metal components for new automotive applications are placing more and more pressure on increased performance at reduced costs. This has created a demand for high performance and cost effective materials that can be used in a variety of applications. The growing interest for chromium as an alloying element for sintered steels is due to the excellent mechanical properties attainable both in the as sintered condition and after heat treatment, such as through hardening or case hardening. Among case hardening treatments, low pressure carburising is an attractive process aimed to improve fatigue strength and wear resistance of PM components. In this paper properties achievable with a Cr-Mo pre-alloyed powder, Astaloy CrL, after processing by different conditions are described. Properties achieved at different density levels after conventional and high temperature sintering and low pressure carburising are compared. A case study of a production component is also described.


Increased resistance against antimicrobial products threatens our lives and demands the use of natural compounds for assessing good hand hygiene. Herbs can be considered as the best choice for hand disinfection. In herbal sciences, synergy is a new approach concerning the phytomedicinal research. The current study was carried out to evaluate the potential of synergistic herbs against the pathogenic organisms. For this purpose, the sanitizer was prepared by using the combination of Penta-herbs along with apple cider vinegar and essential oils. Antimicrobial activity was determined by agar disk diffusion method and agar well diffusion method; good sensitivity was observed against tested microbes owing to sanitize action. Afterwards, sampling was done following hand disinfection according to the European Standard (EN 1500) and the impression of 62 personals were taken on nutrient agar before and after the application of sanitizer. The results demonstrated that after the application of homemade herbal sanitizer, the bacterial load on hands gets reduced by 37% to 83%. Synergistic use of herbs might be considered as a preferable choice as organisms are adapting more and more resistivity against alcohol-based rubs.


Rubrics are often used as tools for criteria-based assessments. Although students indicate that they appreciate comments given as feedback which make reference to the rubric and provided in addition to it, there is little information on how this type of feedback actually differs from in-text comments with respect to focus, level, and function of the feedback. The focus refers to three major questions in evaluating students' understanding of information: Where am I going? How am I going? and Where to next? That is, feedup, feedback, feedforward. The level refers to the level at which feedback is directed. That is, the level of task performance, the level of the process of understanding how to do a task, the regulatory or metacognitive process level, and/or the self or personal level. Finally, the function refers to the type of content of the feedback. For example, feedback can be a question, suggestion, or correction. More information on this issue could better inform the decisions on how to provide written feedback to students on written coursework/assignments. The study described in this article gathered data from almost 1000 feedback instances. The results revealed that about two-thirds of the feedback instances were provided in-text and about one-third were comments which made reference to the rubric and were provided in addition to it. The results show that comments in both modalities are overrepresented by feedback at the task level, but that comments which made reference to the rubric and provided in addition to it contain somewhat more feedforward and process-related comments. The largest differences were found in the function of feedback. Whereas in-text comments ask for clarifications, provide corrections, and ask questions, written comments which made reference to the rubric and are provided in addition to it include mainly affirmations, argumentations, and suggestions. Implications for practitioners are discussed.


The main objective of the study is to examine whether certain factors linked to institutional capabilities as well as financial, human capital and infrastructure attributes have an impact on the creation of university spin-offs in Spain. We tested this using a negative binomial regression and a cluster analysis on a sample of 45 public Spanish universities for the year 2008. Our results reveal that the accumulated knowledge derived from previous experience in spin-off creation matters, giving support to the argument about the presence of knowledge spillovers linked to the creation of spin-offs. We also find that universities more actively involved in patenting create more spin-offs. Throughout our analysis we identified different patterns followed by Spanish universities in terms of knowledge transfer activities: universities actively involved in knowledge transfer activities, universities lacking an entrepreneurial culture that bridges the gap between research and academic entrepreneurship, and universities that need to consolidate their research and their entrepreneurial culture. Mimicking policies in different institutional settings without the proper adaptation do not help knowledge transfer activities within universities. Rather, policies aimed at improving knowledge transfer activities should be designed according to the specific profile of the targeted group of beneficiaries.


There is increasing interest in the use of bio-priming as a means of growth promotion through the efficient use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria as an economic and efficient means of treating crops. This study was carried out to examine the effect of bio priming using Bacillus subtilis and Serratia nematodiphila on the seed germination, seed emergence and plant growth of the seedlings of vegetable seeds (kale var. Collard, carrots var. Nantes, and onion var. Detroit red). Bio-priming involved soaking 2 g o f seeds in 5ml/l for both Bacillus subtilis ( 2.4×10 cfu/ml) and Serratia nematodiphila solution (2.4× 10 cfu/ml) and distilled water (control) for 20 minutes and then left to air dry for 30 minutes. Germination was assessed after 8 days. Seedling emergence and growth was assessed by sowing treated seeds in a seedling media in a controlled environment. The results show that combined germination percentage of all three species for the three treatment was: Water control 59.00%, Bacillus 65.33% and Serratia nematodiphila 69.66%, water being significantly lower (P= 0.05) than the two microbial treatments. The combined mean height of all three species for the three treatments after three weeks was: Water control 4.33 cm, Bacillus subtilis 8.68cm and Serratia nematodiphila 9.31cm, water being significantly lower (P= 0.05) than the two microbial treatments.


In the early stages of a construction project, the reliability and accuracy of conceptual cost estimates are major concerns for clients and cost engineers. Previous studies applied scoring methods and established common rules or mathematical methods to assess the quality of cost estimates. However, those approaches have some limitations in adapting to real-world projects or require understanding of sophisticated statistical techniques. We propose a Conceptual Cost Estimate Reliability Index (CCERI), a simple, easy-to-use, and easy-to-understand tool that incorporates weights for 20 factors influencing the quality of conceptual cost estimates. The weights were obtained by eliciting experts' experience and knowledge. Cost data from 71 building projects were used in the analysis and validation of the CCERI. The analysis reveals that a conceptual cost estimate with a CCERI score of less than 3000 has a high probability of exceeding 10% error, and such conceptual cost estimates are unlikely to be reliable. With the CCERI score, a decision maker or a client can recognize the reliability of the conceptual cost estimates and the score can thus support decision making using conceptual cost estimates. In addition, with the CCERI and the relative importance weights of factors affecting the conceptual cost estimates, the estimator can find ways to modify a conceptual cost estimate and reestimate it. These alternatives can decrease the risk in the conceptual estimated cost and assist in the successful management of a construction project.


In this paper we make welfare comparisons among districts of Zambia using multidimensional well-being indicators observed at the household level using the first order dominance approach developed by Arndt et al. in 2012. This approach allows welfare comparisons without making any assumptions about the relative importance of the indicators. Analysis of the 2010 Census of Population and Housing data has generated information on the poverty status of provinces and districts in Zambia and has ranked them from the relatively well-off to the worseoff. This information has been presented on a map showing the districts according to their poverty status. It is expected that this paper will contribute to fine-tuning geographic poverty targeting efforts in Zambia. The rationale is that with the availability of such analysis, it will be possible to make budgetary provisions that allow for the equitable distribution of public resources. The overriding objective of the government should be to channel public resources based on the spatial distribution of poverty.


Optically injected semiconductor laser under periodone oscillation is investigated as a source for photonic microwave transmission over fiber. The period-one nonlinear dynamics of an optically injected laser is studied for the purpose of minimizing the microwave power penalty induced by chromatic dispersion. Over a large range of injection strengths and frequency detunings, we first obtain the mapping of the period-one oscillation characteristics, including the microwave frequency, the microwave power, and the single sideband (SSB) characteristics of the optical spectrum. By accounting for the fiber chromatic dispersion, we calculate its effect on the optical spectrum and the associated microwave power penalty. A mapping of the minimum microwave power deliverable after the maximum penalty is obtained. The system is shown to be least susceptible to the penalty when operated under strong injection with the frequency detuned above the Hopf bifurcation line. Microwave frequency beyond six times the relaxation resonance frequency can be effectively transmitted.


The prudent investor rule, enacted in every state over the last 30 years, is the centerpiece of trust investment law. Repudiating the prior law's emphasis on avoiding risk, the rule reorients trust investment toward risk management in accordance with modern portfolio theory. The rule directs a trustee to implement an overall investment strategy having risk and return objectives reasonably suited to the trust. Using data from reports of bank trust holdings and fiduciary income tax returns, we examine asset allocation and management of market risk before and after the reform. First, we find that the reform increased stockholdings, but not among banks with average trust account sizes below the 25th percentile. This result is consistent with sensitivity in asset allocation to trust risk tolerance. Second, we present evidence consistent with increased portfolio rebalancing after the reform. We conclude that the move toward additional stockholdings was correlated with trust risk tolerance, and that the increased market risk exposure from additional stockholdings was more actively managed.