The iron oxide copper-gold Olympic Dam deposit, situated along the margin of the Proterozoic Gawler craton, South Australia, is the world's largest uranium deposit and sixth-largest copper deposit; it also contains significant reserves of gold, silver, and rare earth elements. Gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms for genesis of the economic liberalization is fundamental for defining exploration models in similar crustal settings. To delineate crustal structures that may constrain mineral system fluid pathways, coincident deep crustal seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) transects were obtained along a 220 km section that crosses Olympic Dam and the major crustal boundaries. In this paper we present results from 58 long-period (10–104 s) MT sites, with site spacing of 5– 10 km. A two-dimensional inversion of MT data from 33 sites to a depth of 100 km shows four notable features: (1) sedimentary cover sequences with low resistivity ( 1000 Ω·m) Archean crustal core from a more conductive crust and mantle to the north (typically <500 Ω·m); (3) to the north of Olympic Dam, the upper-middle crust to ∼20 km is quite resistive (∼1000 Ω·m), but the lower crust is much more conductive (<100 Ω·m); and (4) beneath Olympic Dam, we image a low-resistivity region (<100 Ω·m) throughout the crust, coincident with a seismically transparent region. We argue that the cause of the low-resistivity and low-reflectivity region beneath Olympic Dam may be due to the upward movement of CO2-bearing volatiles near the time of deposit formation that precipitated conductive graphite liberalization along grain boundaries, simultaneously annihilating acoustic impedance boundaries. The source of the volatiles may be from the mantle degassing or retrograde metamorphism of the lower crust associated with Proterozoic crustal deformation.


This study develops a controlled laboratory experiment to examine the effects of personal recognition on charitable giving. I find evidence that both the possibility of acquiring prestige and the desire to avoid shame motivate individuals to give in recognition situations. Furthermore, I show that the possibility of being recognized is more important than the distinguishing value of that recognition, suggesting that an offer of recognition has greater power to increase charitable contributions when a larger proportion of donors will be recognized.


The appeal to a shared sense of origins and national purpose is part of the rhetoric of American life. Every new item on the social agenda--from the New Deal, to the Space Program, to affirmative action--has attempted to justify itself as an expression of American ideals. But the historical source of "the American experience" is a matter of dispute: was it the founding documents, New England puritanism, transcendentalism, the sentiment of individualism, the myth of America as a redeemer nation? Indeed, the whole idea of explaining our experience by a single impulse may itself be misconceived. If so, should we continue to justify public policy on these grounds? Drawing together stimulating and original articles by such noted writers as McGeorge Bundy, John Diggins, E.L. Doctorow, Denis Donoghue, Gerald Holton, and David Richards, America in Theory examines the extent to which our perceptions of the past have dictated, and should continue to dictate, the way we address the problems of the present. The essays consider general issues--can we base public policy on an "original intent" of the Framers? Is there an "American way"? How do you reconcile the tension between a fixed tradition and a pluralistic nation? How do our current concerns with theories of interpretation shape our reading of the constitution and a reconsideration of the past? Norman Dorsen points out that many recent policy debates have reached an impasse because opposing forces base their arguments on contradictory interpretations of the American past. And John Brademas, former U.S. Representative and current President of New York University, traces the history of federal support for education and offers a penetrating critique of Reagan's attempts to curtail this support. In addition, there are chapters on civil rights, foreign policy, the Equal Rights Amendment, nuclear arms, and affirmative action. As these thought-provoking essays reveal, the myths and theories that make up our idea of America are still evolving, are still open to debate two centuries after our nation's founding. Anyone interested in the meaning of the American experience, the recent direction of public policy both foreign and domestic, and the futre of America will find this volume provocative and insightful.


Byline: Steve Metz NSTA's mission is clearly stated: "...to promote excellence and innovation in science teaching for all." NSTA takes the "for all" part of its mission very seriously. A major guiding principle of this organization is to "embrace and model diversity through equity, respect, and opportunity for all" (NSTA 2006a). Similarly, the National Science Education Standards list "science for all students" as an essential guiding principle (NRC 1996, p. 19). All students should have the opportunity to participate in the exciting discoveries of science. In many of our inner-city schools, poverty and a nearly absolute segregation combine to make fixing urban schools "the most desperate problem in American education today," according to Bruno V. Manno, senior associate at the Annie E. Casey Foundation (NSTA 2006b). Jonathan Kozol echoes this theme in his provocative book The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America (Kozol 2005). Nearly 11 million children in the United States-one in four students-attend urban schools. Children in urban schools are more likely to be poor and to score lowest on science and math achievement tests. Too many of our inner-city schools have high rates of teacher turnover; urban teachers struggle to get the continuing training and preparation they need to teach challenging science courses. In a 2000 survey of the nation's largest urban school districts, 98% reported immediate needs for science teachers (NSTA 2006b). Urban school buildings often are dangerously in need of repair. Kozol's book is a tribute to those undefeated urban educators who persist against the odds, and also a challenge to a nation to fulfill the promise of a quality public education for all its children. Diversity comes in many flavors. Achievement gaps have been identified with respect to race and ethnicity, but also regarding gender, limited English language ability, socioeconomic status, and learning differences. The Science Teacher (TST) has a long history of providing support and teaching suggestions to help close these achievement gaps. This issue of TST continues the tradition with articles on designing content and technology that is accessible to all (see Curry, Cohen, and Lightbody p. 32), teaching astronomy to visually impaired students (see Bogner et al. p. 38), and teaching about diabetes in Native American schools (see Hegelson and Francis p. 44), among others. As a supplement to this issue, make sure you read a free sample of the excellent guidebook Investigating Safely (Texley, Kwan, and Summers 2004) in PDF form at www.nsta.org/investigatingsafely. The sample-Chapter 2 from the book-focuses on safe practices for diverse learners. One feature article definitely struck a personal chord for me: Teaching Science to Students with Learning Disabilities, by Rich Grumbine and Peg Brigham Alden (p. 26). Meeting the needs of students with learning disabilities became a topic close to my heart when my son was diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) while in the first grade. Throughout the years I have seen my now-teenage son struggle mightily with the academic requirements that my daughter-now also a teenager-handles routinely. For science teachers, accommodating the needs of students with AD/HD has become a significant part of our responsibilities, with 7.5% of school-age children affected by this disorder, according to the most conservative estimate from a recent Mayo Clinic study (2002). Although once controversial-and still sometimes difficult to diagnose-AD/HD has been validated as a legitimate brain-based learning disorder by numerous scientific studies, often using modern brain imaging technologies such as MRI, SPECT, and PET scans. …


The microwave conductance decay (MCD) technique combining an initially matched transmission line setup and picosecond optical excitation was developed and applied for the monitoring of transmitted and reflected microwave power transients in a 4H-SiC epilayer in a wide excitation range, from 2  ×  1014 to 1018 cm−3. The excitation-dependent decrease in measurement sensitivity in the power-law relations of the transients was observed at excess carrier densities above 1016 cm−3 due to the line mismatches and decrease in the internal microwave field in the illuminated sample. The calibration procedure of MCD data on excess carrier density was applied for the correction of the MCD transients and resulted in nearly identical MCD kinetics in the reflection and transmission. In a 35 μm-thick n-type 4H-SiC epilayer, the tendencies of the gradual decrease of the initial decay time with an excitation increase and the excitation-enhanced carrier recombination rate in MCD tails were analyzed numerically. These tendencies were attributed to the excitation dependent surface recombination rate and the enhanced trap-related bulk recombination, correspondingly.


ABSTRACT Research on how end-of-life care providers make sense of cultural, ethnic and religious diversity is relatively scarce. This article explores end-of-life care providers' understandings of patients with migrant backgrounds through a study based on focus group interviews. The analysis brings to the fore three themes: the expectation that the existence of difference and uncertainty is a given when caring for patients with migrant backgrounds; the expectation that the extension of responsibility that difference entails creates a variety of dilemmas; and the expectation that difference will bring about misunderstandings and that patients' needs can go unmet as a result of this. On the basis of these themes we suggest that the end-of-life care providers interviewed regard patients with migrant backgrounds as 'Others' and themselves as providers that cannot deliver so called culture-competent care. The findings are problematised using the lens that the debate on patient-centredness offers. The article suggests that if the uniqueness of all patients is to be seriously taken into account then 'Othering' is perhaps what patient-centredness actually entails.


This essay discusses the place of indigenous peoples within the politics of climate change. In the United States, contemporary policymakers understand federally-recognized Indian tribes as "domestic dependent nations." In that capacity, tribal governments have the power to address many environmental issues arising on their reservation lands and impacting their members. At the level of international policy, Native Nations are designated as "indigenous peoples," with a distinctive set of human rights related to their unique identity as land-based communities with longstanding cultural connections to their environments. Sometimes those two identities operate consistently, allowing Native Nations to preclude forms of energy development that threaten their lands, communities, and cultures, as the Navajo Nation did when it enacted the Dine Natural Resources Protection Act of 2005, which banned uranium mining within Navajo Indian Country. Sometimes, however, the identities may be in tension. For example, coal and oil extraction may benefit the economic interests of Native Nations which hold ownership interests in these resources, but may jeopardize the subsistence lifeways of other Native peoples who depend upon the integrity of their lands and waters, as well as the plants, animals and fish in those natural environments. In the era of climate change, these tensions are becoming particularly apparent, forcing Native peoples and policymakers to make difficult decisions about the optimal energy policies to guide the future. This essay compares the predominant model of decision-making, which uses a utilitarian cost-benefit analysis to construct the optimal policy to serve the interests of national and tribal governments in the present day, with the type of long-range thinking used by many land-based indigenous communities to promote sustainable use of lands and resources for several generations. The essay concludes that the current challenge of climate change poses an opportunity to transform our ways of thinking about environmental policy and energy development.


This article examines the role of new social media in the articulation and representation of the refugee and diasporic "voice." The article problematizes the individualist, de-politicized, de-contextualized, and aestheticized representation of refugee/diasporic voices. It argues that new social media enable refugees and diaspora members to exercise agency in managing the creation, production, and dissemination of their voices and to engage in hybrid (on- and offline) activism. These new territories for self-representation challenge our conventional understanding of refugee/diaspora voices. The article is based on research with young Congolese living in the diaspora, and it describes the Geno-cost project created by the Congolese Action Youth Platform (CAYP) and JJ Bola's spoken-word piece, "Refuge." The first shows agency in the creation of analytical and activist voices that promote counter-hegemonic narratives of violence in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, while the second is an example of aesthetic expressions performed online and offline that reveal agency through authorship and ownership of one's voice. The examples highlight the role that new social media play in challenging mainstream politics of representation of refugee/diaspora voices.


Voice recognition software allows computer users to bypass their keyboards and use their voices to enter text. While the library literature is somewhat silent about voice recognition technology, the medical and legal communities have reported some success using it. Voice recognition software was tested for dictation accuracy and usability within an agriculture library at the University of Illinois. Dragon NaturallySpeaking 8.0 was found to be more accurate than speech recognition within Microsoft Office 2003. Helpful Web sites and a short history regarding this breakthrough technology are included.


A diverse group of problems requires quantification of the entire hydrologic cycle by the integrated simulation of water flow in the surface and subsurface regimes. In a transient integrated simulation of the water cycle, the time step size is a key factor in controlling the solution accuracy and the simulation efficiency for a given spatial discretization. In general, if the time step size is sufficiently small, the resulting solution becomes more accurate but with higher computational cost. Thus, to maintain an acceptable level of solution accuracy in the entire simulation domain, the time step size is restricted by the relatively rapid responses in the surface flow regime. As the relatively rapid responses are typically limited to a small portion of the surface domain compared with the groundwater system, a large portion of the domain tends to be temporally overdiscretized. The implicit subtime stepping approach described here can apply smaller subtime steps only to the subdomain where the accuracy requirements are needed. In this work, generalized formulations for implicit subtime stepping in the numerical solution of the nonlinear coupled surface–subsurface equations were derived and implemented into the integrated model HydroGeoSphere. Application to several problems showed that implicit subtime stepping can significantly improve the simulation efficiency with minimal loss in accuracy. The methodology was successfully applied to enhance the computational efficiency of an integrated flow simulation in the San Joaquin Valley, California, where the characteristic response time near surface drainage streams is orders of magnitude shorter than in the groundwater regime.


ABSTRACT Objectives: Asian Americans have poor HIV-related outcomes, yet culturally salient barriers to care remain unclear, limiting development of targeted interventions for this group. We applied the 'what matters most' theory of stigma to identify structural and cultural factors that shape the nature of stigma before and after immigration from China to the US. Design: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 immigrants to New York from China, recruited from an HIV clinic and community centers. Deductive followed by focal inductive qualitative analyses examined how Chinese cultural values (lian, guanxi, renqing) and structural factors influenced stigma before and after immigration. Results: In China, HIV stigma was felt through the loss of lian (moral status) and limited guanxi (social network) opportunities. A social structure characterized by limited HIV knowledge, discriminatory treatment from healthcare systems, and human rights violations impinged on the ability of people living with HIV to fulfill culturally valued goals. Upon moving to the US, positions of structural vulnerability shifted to enable maintenance of lian and formation of new guanxi, thus ameliorating aspects of stigma. Conclusions: HIV prevention and stigma reduction interventions among Chinese immigrants may be most effective by both addressing structural constraints and facilitating achievement of cultural values through clinical, peer, and group interventions.


Growth behaviour of the relatively shade-intolerant species Eucalyptus dunnii and the rather more shade-tolerant Corymbia citriodora was considered during several growth periods over 8–14 years of age in experimental plantation monoculture in subtropical New South Wales. Larger trees dominated growth in any stand; this was consistent with the principle that inter-tree competition in such forests is for light and is asymmetric in that larger trees shade smaller trees but the reverse does not occur. Once competition was established, competition-induced mortality of C. citriodora was less than that of E. dunnii. A model relating tree diameter growth rate to tree diameter, competitive position in the stand and stand basal area was developed. The model showed that smaller, hence partially shaded, trees in stands of C. citriodora were better able to maintain their growth rates than equivalent trees in stands of E. dunnii. It is hypothesised that this reflects the greater shade tolerance of C. citriodora. This pattern of growth led to a more even distribution of tree size classes across the stand in the more shade-tolerant species.


Pressure to reduce energy consumption is increasing. The problem of vehicle fuel consumption and emissions is approached by exploring various vehicle propulsion options,
assessing their net eff�ectiveness on a energy conversion basis and on a usability (consumer appeal) basis. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of various options indicates that
internal combustion engine powered vehicles compare favourably because of low production cost in spite of only achieving modest energy conversion efficiency in operation.
Spark ignition (SI) homogeneous charge engines have dominated as passenger vehicle power plants, and are likely to maintain their prevalence for passenger vehicle propulsion into the future, but efficiency improvements are required and achievable. Throttling losses are a signifi�cant contributor to reduced efficiency at low load for SI engines which is the load range most employed in standard driving behaviour. An Induction Air Motor (IAM) was conceived, designed, simulated and prototyped to evaluate the potential to recover some of the work the engine does to reduce its intake air pressure for low load operation. The prototyped IAM produced work which potentially could contribute to the engine output while reducing the intake pressure resulting in improved efficiency. However, further eff�ort is required to reduce the friction in the IAM and optimise the work produced by the IAM. An alternative strategy for efficiency improvement involves high Compression Ratio (CR) in conjunction with a reduced compression stroke volume achieved by Late Valve Closing (LVC). Such an arrangement of the Atkinson cycle
is shown by simulation to produce improved brake efficiency in SI engines. In this cofin�guration, the maximum power produced by the engine is considerably lower than
the maximum power that is achieved by the same displacement for a full compression stroke. To achieve both the improved efficiency at low load using the Atkinson confi�guration and the power achievable from a full induction stroke, the engine requires Variable Compression Ratio (VCR). Assessment of VCR concepts from literature and
patents identifi�ed that the complexity of continuously variable compression ratio designs prevented their development to production-ready con�figurations. A simulation
of fuel consumption over a standard driving cycle showed that a two-position VCR arrangement produces the same bene�t as a continuously variable CR for physically
achievable piston-rod-crank cofin�gurations. Experiments with supporting simulations were performed for a previously patented two-position VCR device, an eccentric link
in the big-end of the connecting rod. This work concludes that the eccentric link is not a viable VCR mechanism. An alternative VCR device involving a hydraulic connecting
rod was prompted by further experiments and simulations which identifi�ed the behaviour of oil when compressed at high rates in a hydraulic cylinder impacted by a
falling mass. The oil impact work suggested that oil chambers of cross-sectional area that could be arranged in a conventional connecting rod could readily support the loads experienced by the rod in a conventionally con�figured engine, so the design and prototyping of a hydraulic connecting rod proceeded. Experiments and simulation confi�rmed that a relatively easily manufactured hydraulic connection rod can be successfully operated in an engine, achieving controllable two-position VCR. Further development of the hydraulic connecting rod control device and improved production techniques are recommended for this new two-position hydraulic VCR device.


Katrina Karkazis's Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008 Jennifer Brier's Infectious ideas: U.S. Political Responses to the AIDS Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009 Teaching the gender and sexual politics of medicine, I sometimes struggle to find material that fits the needs of my undergraduates, especially those at introductory and intermediate levels. Too often, I feel stuck between popular material that has an inadequately critical approach (if any critical angle at all) and advanced, complex texts that I love and lean on in my own research, but that leave my students struggling and frustrated. For that reason alone, I celebrate the publication of both Fixing Sex by Katrina Karkazis and Infectious Ideas by Jennifer Brier, which treat the "body politics" of intersexuality and HIV/ AIDS, respectively. IVe taught from Karkaziss book in several courses already, and find that her extremely fluent prose and clear arguments work well for both undergraduates and graduate students. I haven't yet taught the Brier book, but expect that it, too, will fit the bill. Fixing Sex is a theoretically sophisticated and nuanced ethnography of medical practice related to intersex conditions - now officially known as "disorders of sex development/ or DSD, referring to conditions in which development of physical sex is atypical, especially when genital morphology is not typical for the chromosome pattern. (I agree with Karkazis when she writes that "my sense is that this term [DSD], though in some ways less culturally loaded than intersex, still leaves intersexuality fully medicalized and construes gender difference as a disorder requiring treatment - a position with which I do not agree" [18]. Like her, I therefore use the term intersex, though it, too, is imperfect, and I am sensitive to the fact that either term will contravene the self-chosen descriptor of many people with the conditions that get subsumed under these umbrellas.) Drawing on fifty-three original, in-depth interviews with clinicians, intersex adults, and parents of intersex children or adults, as well as participant observation in a huge range of public venues, Karkazis offers the most rounded and in-depth view of intersex that is available from any of the recent and not-so-recent texts on this subject. The book has already been widely reviewed and rightfully praised, so I will focus on those aspects that make it especially useful for teaching. First, the triangulation of voices (clinicians, parents, and people with intersex conditions) is a structurally effective technique for decentering expert views on intersex, whether that expert be a pediatric endocrinologist or a gender studies scholar. Karkazis uses her interview material with great sensitivity, providing both lengthy quotes and the necessary context for appreciating subjects' perspectives. Second, she explores the uncertainty, subjectivity, and multiplicity that underlies clinical decisions and evaluations in this realm, providing a very student-friendly introduction to critical feminist studies of medical practice. Third, Karkazis covers historical ground that students are most likely to have encountered, specifically the David Reimer case (also known as "the John/Joan case"); offering important context and correctives to the most widely known (and badly flawed) account of this case, the book As Nature Made Him by John Colapinto (2006). Fourth, Karkazis s account is a sharp rebuttal of the idea that "good intentions are synonymous with good outcomes" (267), a lesson that I find is useful over and over again. Although Karkazis clarifies that the book is not technically an "outcome" study of the medical treatment of people with intersex conditions, and in spite of a generous and empathie tone toward the clinicians whom she identifies as "deeply committed" to their patients, Fixing Sex offers a devastating portrait of the results of medical treatment in this realm. …


Load forecasting is an issue of great importance for the reliable operation of the electric power system grids. Various forecasting methodologies have been proposed in the international research bibliography, following different models and mathematical approaches. A precise electric load forecasting results in cost saving and secure operational conditions. Moreover, it can also be helpful in power supply strategy, market research and financing planning. In the current work a methodology based on artificial neural networks methods reinforced by an appropriate wavelet denoising algorithm is implemented, in order to obtain shortterm load forecasting. Real recoded data obtained from the Bulgarian power system grid was used in the analysis. The extracted outcomes indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method, reducing the relative error between real and theoretical data. Key-Words: Artificial neural networks; Back-propagation algorithm; Denoising algorithm; Short-term load forecasting; Wavelet analysis.


This paper presents preliminary estimates of the euro area flexible-price output gap using the estimated version of the New Area-Wide Model (NAWM) – a large-scale DSGE model of the euro area developed and maintained by ECB staff. Following a definition of the flexible-price output gap frequently used in the literature, we show that the NAWM-based measure may at times differ quite considerably from more traditional output gap measures and may display fluctuations of larger amplitude. The dynamics of flexible-price output is mainly driven by shocks to technology, whereas fluctuations in the output gap can be attributed equally to supply and demand shocks. We analyse how robust this output gap estimate is with respect to new incoming data and compare it's inflation forecast performance with alternative measures.


Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a non-heritable factor that associates with multiple sclerosis (MS). However its causal relationship with the disease is still unclear. The virus establishes a complex co-existence with the host that includes regulatory influences on gene expression. Hence, if EBV contributes to the pathogenesis of MS it may do so by interacting with disease predisposing genes. To verify this hypothesis we evaluated EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2, a protein that recent works by our and other groups have implicated in disease development) binding inside MS associated genomic intervals. We found that EBNA2 binding occurs within MS susceptibility sites more than expected by chance (factor of observed vs expected overlap [O/E] = 5.392-fold, p < 2.0e-05). This remains significant after controlling for multiple genomic confounders. We then asked whether this observation is significant per se or should also be viewed in the context of other disease relevant gene-environment interactions, such as those attributable to vitamin D. We therefore verified the overlap between EBNA2 genomic occupancy and vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding sites. EBNA2 shows a striking overlap with VDR binding sites (O/E = 96.16-fold, p < 2.0e-05), even after controlling for the chromatin accessibility state of shared regions (p <0.001). Furthermore, MS susceptibility regions are preferentially targeted by both EBNA2 and VDR than by EBNA2 alone (enrichment difference = 1.722-fold, p = 0.0267). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that EBV participates in the gene-environment interactions that predispose to MS.


Since the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) released their Electronic Crime Needs Assessment for State and Local Law Enforcement study results in 2001, several critical strides have been made in improving the tools and training that state and local law enforcement organizations have access to. One area that has not received much attention is the computer crime first responder. This paper focuses on the development and current results from File Hound, a "field analysis" software program for law enforcement first responders that is currently used by over 14 law enforcement agencies around the State of Indiana. It has been successfully used in several cases ranging from child pornography to fraud.


Modules are conceived as building blocks in formulating optical designs with certain useful properties. This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for successfully combining (coupling) modules to form such a design system. Canonical ray tracing is defined, and canonical versions of aberration coefficients are derived. These are used to obtain equations for zero values of third-order-monochromatic and primary-chromatic-aberration coefficients. Their utilization in practical problems in optical design is illustrated.


Malaria was once common in the marshes of southern England. In this study I investigated why a disease called benign tertian malaria became known as the killer of the marshes and looked at the present and future threat from malaria returning to these marshes. The main focus of research was carried out on the Isle of Sheppey, one of the last places in England to experience an epidemic of malaria. An historical analysis of malaria was carried out by analysing births and deaths using Parish and Hospital records. Here I make the case that the deaths associated with malaria were more likely to be caused by diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections. The present risk of malaria was assessed using several methods. Field surveys showed that populations of An. atroparvus on Sheppey were small and severely limited by the few over-wintering sites and the filamentous surface algae needed for the aquatic stages to develop. Local residents found mosquitoes a major nuisance during the summer months, but few of these were likely to be malaria vectors. Overall the risk of local malaria transmission is extremely low and far below that needed to maintain the disease. Searches of 52 aircraft arriving at Gatwick Airport from Africa revealed no malaria vectors suggesting that the risk of importing exotic mosquitoes by aircraft is remote. Finally, 1 developed a simple surveillance system that could be used for assessing the threat of future vector borne diseases, using West Nile virus as a model. Routine sampling with Mosquito Magnet traps, a carbon-dioxide baited trap, was extremely efficient at collecting large numbers of potential disease vectors and could be used as a tool for risk assessment programmes. These studies indicate that malaria is extremely unlikely to ever return to the United Kingdom.


In this paper the finite Hankel transformation of generalized function of a certain space is defined, and an inversion formula for the transformation is established. The inversion formula gives rise to a Fourier-Bessel series expansion of generalized functions. The convergence of the series is interpreted in the weak distributional sense. An operation transform formula is also obtained, which together with the inversion formula, is applied in solving certain distributional differential equations.


This scoping study investigated how evidence-based practice (EBP) principles are taught in Australian speech-language pathology (SLP) teaching and learning contexts. It explored how Australian SLP university programs: (1) facilitate student learning about the principles of EBP in academic and clinical settings, and (2) self-evaluate their curricula in relation to EBP. The research involved two surveys. Survey 1 respondents were 131 academic staff, program coordinators, and on-campus and off-campus clinical educators. This survey gathered information about EBP teaching and learning in SLP programs as well as future EBP curriculum plans. Survey 2 investigated how clinical educators incorporated EBP into the way they taught clinical decision-making to students. Surveys responses from 85 clinical educators were analysed using descriptive and non-parametric statistics and thematic grouping of open-ended qualitative responses. Both surveys revealed strengths and gaps in integrating EBP into Australian SLP curricula. Perceived strengths were that respondents were positive about EBP, most had EBP training and access to EBP resources. The perceived gaps included the academic staff's perceptions of students' understanding and application of EBP, respondents' understanding of research methodologies, communication and collaboration between academic staff and clinical educators, and a lack of explicit discussion by clinical educators and students of EBP in relation to clients.


We propose a dual-domain cascade of U-nets (i.e. a "W-net") operating in both the spatial frequency and image domains to enhance low-dose CT (LDCT) images without the need for proprietary x-ray projection data. The central slice theorem motivated the use of the spatial frequency domain in place of the raw sinogram. Data were obtained from the AAPM Low-dose Grand Challenge. A combination of Fourier space (F) and/or image domain (I) U-nets and W-nets were trained with a multi-scale structural similarity and mean absolute error loss function to denoise filtered back projected (FBP) LDCT images while maintaining perceptual features important for diagnostic accuracy. Deep learning enhancements were superior to FBP LDCT images in quantitative and qualitative performance with the dual-domain W-nets outperforming single-domain U-net cascades. Our results suggest that spatial frequency learning in conjunction with image-domain processing can produce superior LDCT enhancement than image-domain-only networks.


Declining rates of political participation demand practical reforms to enhance citizen engagement in our democratic institutions. Tabled in the House of Commons on February 13, 2013, Motion 428 aims to modernize and improve Canada�s antiquated paper-based petitioning process by establishing a system for electronic petitions. It further proposes allowing petitions to trigger short debates in Parliament if they receive a certain threshold of signatures from the public and are sponsored by at least five Members of Parliament. After providing comparative information on similar reforms implemented in other jurisdictions, this article argues that empowering citizens to initiate and sign petitions online will make our democracy more accessible, participatory, and responsive. It concludes with a brief discussion of the prospects of success for a motion submitted by an opposition Member during a period of majority government.


We document that fluctuations in part-time employment play a major role in movements in hours per worker, especially during cyclical swings in the labor market. Building on this result, we propose a novel representation of the intensive margin based on a stock-flow framework. The evolution of part-time employment is predominantly explained by cyclical changes in transitions between full-time and part-time employment, which occur overwhelmingly at the same employer and entail large changes in individuals' working hours. We discuss implications for a large class of macroeconomic models that map individual decisions along the extensive/intensive margins onto aggregate labor market outcomes.


Several human viruses are able to latently infect specific target cell populations in vivo. Analysis of the replication cycles of herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus suggests that the latent infections established by these human pathogens primarily result from a lack of host factors critical for the expression of viral early gene products. The subsequent activation of specific cellular transcription factors in response to extracellular stimuli can induce the expression of these viral regulatory proteins and lead to a burst of lytic viral replication. Latency in these eukaryotic viruses therefore contrasts with latency in bacteriophage, which is maintained primarily by the expression of virally encoded repressors of lytic replication.


Can capital be seen? Cartographies of the Absolute surveys the disparate answers to this question offered by artists, film-makers, writers and theorists over the past few decades. It zones in on the crises of representation that have accompanied the enduring crisis of capitalism, foregrounding the production of new visions and artefacts that wrestle with the vastness, invisibility and complexity of the abstractions that rule our lives.


According to standard procedures in sociolinguistics, testing mutual intelligibility between closely related speech varieties is one important way of finding out whether the varieties are to be treated as dialects of the same language or as distinct languages. Determining whether one is dealing with two distinct languages or two dialects of one and the same language, however, is a considerable problem for synchronic linguistics. As shown in a classic sociolinguistic contribution by Wolff (1959) for two members of the Ijo family (southern Nigeria), testing intelligibility sometimes raises problems, because judgements may also depend on speakers' attitudes and their willingness to understand the other variety. Also, intelligibility judgments may be determined by the degree of exposure to other lects, as the collection of differences between individuals (idiolects), or differences between social groups (sociolects) as well as regional differences (dialects) are sometimes called. It is the study of this latter aspect of language, in particular dialectal differences, which shall occupy us in the present chapter.


Background: Growing evidence suggests the systematic use of high-performance work practices (HPWPs), or evidence-based management practices, holds promise to improve organizational performance, including improved quality and efficiency, in health care organizations. However, little is understood about the investment required for HPWP implementation, nor the business case for HPWP investment. Purpose: The aim of this study is to enhance our understanding about organizations' perspectives of the business case for HPWP investment, including reasons for and approaches to evaluating that investment. Methodology/Approach: We used a multicase study approach to explore the business case for HPWPs in U.S. health care organizations. We conducted semistructured interviews with 67 key informants across five sites. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and subjected to qualitative analysis using both deductive and inductive methods. Findings: The organizations in our study did not appear to have explicit financial return expectations for investments in HPWPs. Instead, the HPWP investment was viewed as an important factor contributing to successful execution of the organization's strategic priorities and a means for competitive differentiation in the market. Informants' characterizations of the HPWP investment did not involve financial terms; rather, descriptions of these investments as redeployment of existing resources or a shift of managerial time redirected attention from cost considerations. Evaluation efforts were rare, with organizations using broad organizational metrics to justify HPWP investment or avoiding formal evaluation altogether. Practice Implications: Our findings are consistent with prior studies that have found that health care organizations have not systematically evaluated the financial outcomes of their quality-related initiatives or tend to forgo formal business case analysis for investments they may perceive as "inevitable." In the absence of a clearly described association between HPWPs and outcomes or some other external imperative, ongoing HPWP investment may be at risk relative to other quality-related initiatives, particularly if organizational resources are constrained.


Cancer Immunotherapy has significantly advanced cancer treatment modalities. However, therapeutic cancer vaccine aiming at reactivating anergic or dormant T cells has so far shown modest immune responses. VLPs have made notable strides in the last three decades in vaccine development field, mainly as prophylactic vaccines against VPV and HBV. The current project aims to design and build a multi-step platform for developing personalized therapeutic melanoma VLP-vaccine by integrating immunopeptidomics and exome sequencing approaches using melanoma patient-specific T-cell epitopes. To obtain a proof of concept in murine models, we have performed immunopeptidomics and exome sequencing for B16F10 melanoma cell line. The central goal of this platform (combining immunopeptidomics and exome sequencing) is to integrate the obtained data to develop a pipeline enabling the identification of mutated peptides which would constitute a promising cancer target for vaccine development. Our preliminary data of immunopeptidomics (alone) has shown large number of peptides which we have then prioritize and filter using bio-informatics and via probing with tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Peptides from immunopeptidomics were assessed for number of physical characteristics, such as their length and MHC-class I affinity as well as biological characteristics, such as being melanocyte specific, oncogenic or mutated. One of the key candidate was PMEL (gp100), a 100kDa type I transmembrane protein expressed in pigmented cells of skin and eye (tissue-specificity). A second promising candidate was MTC-1, an anti-oncogene that plays role in cell cycle regulation. If constitutively expressed, MTC-1 increases CDK4/6 kinases in breast cancer and promotes angiogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, the selected peptides were synthesized and used to stimulate TILs to search for pre-existing immunity. TILs were labelled with CFSE and stimulated with the respective peptides (PMEL, MTC-1, no peptide or a mixture) and proliferation was assessed by determining CFSE dilution of CD8+ T-cells. Both peptides and -in particular the peptide mix- induced proliferation of T-cells, indicating that the transplanted tumor spontaneously induced T-cells against the respective epitopes. In the next step, we have prepared the vaccine using the bio-orthogonal copper-free click chemistry to couple the peptides of interest. Bio-orthogonal copper free click chemistry coupling method has shown efficacy, specificity and safety in our previous experiments. Bacteriophage Qb-VLPs were used and loaded with type-B CpGs which are known to be one of the most potent adjuvants in mice. The prepared vaccine cocktail was tested in C57BL/6 mice bearing B16F10 melanoma tumors with/without checkpoint inhibitors. Our preliminary results have shown significant regression in tumor size as well as significant production of IFN-g. We have also carried out extra analysis to characterize myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment for each group to assess the effect of vaccination on myeloid cells in the tumor. The results indicated a notable decrease in TAMs characterized by (CD11b+/F4/80+ cells) in the group treated with vaccine+anti-PD1. This multi-step process can later be translated into the clinics and can be applied to other types of solid tumors. We are in the process of integrating exome sequencing data with immunopeptidomics aiming to identify mutated antigens which will increase the efficacy of the developed vaccine.


Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a versatile tool, which provides insight into electronic structure and dynamics in condensed matter, surfaces, interfaces and molecules. The history of PES is briefly outlined and illustrated by current developments in the field of time-resolved PES. Our group's research is mostly aimed at studying ultrafast processes and associated lifetimes related to electronic excitation at solid surfaces.


Many professionals have limited knowledge of how to address health literacy; they need a wider range of health literacy competencies to enhance empowerment and person-centred prevention. We evaluated whether: (1) a comprehensive health literacy training increased self-rated competencies of health professionals to address health literacy related problems and support the development of people's autonomy and self-management abilities after training and 6–12 weeks later, (2) professionals were satisfied with the training, (3) outcomes differed for the three participating European countries. Health professionals (N = 106) participated in a multicentre pre-post intervention study in Italy, the Netherlands and Northern Ireland. The 8-hour training-intervention involved health literacy knowledge, the practice of comprehensible communication skills, shared decision-making, and enhancing self-management. Self-rated health literacy competencies and training satisfaction were assessed at baseline, immediately after training and 6-12 weeks later, and analysed by multi-level analysis. Professionals' self-rated health literacy competencies significantly improved following training in all three countries; this increase persisted at 6-12 weeks follow-up. The strongest increase regarded professional's skills to enhance shared-decision making and enabling self-management after training and follow-up respectively. Professionals perceived the training as relevant for practice. Competency increases seemed to be consistent across countries. In three countries, professionals' self-rated health literacy competencies increased following this comprehensive training. These promising findings should be confirmed in a further full effect study. Implementation of this training in European education and health care may improve person-centred communication by professionals and might help to tackle health literacy related problems and to strengthen people's abilities in achieving better health outcomes.


The sensitivities of integrated optic pressure sensors with diaphragms theoretically are known to be strongly dependent on the position of the sensing waveguide on the diaphragm. According to the theoretical results, the diaphragm edge is the best position for the waveguide of a sensor based on the elasto-optic effect. The relationship between sensitivity and the waveguide position, however, has not been investigated experimentally, although it is important in the designing of such a sensor and in determining the misalignment tolerance of the sensing waveguide. In this study, this relationship in a glass-based integrated optic sensor by use of an intermodal interference was examined experimentally.


This paper shows that if moral hazard leads to credit rationing, an appropriate usury law must raise social welfare. Under market clearing, a usury law is always beneficial if funds are inelastically supplied. When entrepreneurial heterogeneity is introduced, an improvement arises even when the supply of funds is elastic. These results apply also in costly stateverification models and diversionary models of the credit market. Finally, a usury law proves useful in eliminating low-yielding projects when some entrepreneurs display excess optimism.


In this paper we describe a novel tool for modeling the fabrication of MEMS and semiconductor devices, and show some examples of its application in the MEMS foundry business. The tool allows an accurate visualization of the step-by step creation of the final 3-D device geometry by using the 2-D layout and a description of the fabrication process. The novelty of the tool lies in its use of voxels (3-D pixels) rather than conventional 3-D CAD techniques to represent the 3-D geometry. The tool creates highly realistic, 3-D virtual prototypes of micro-fabricated devices. Examination of these virtual prototypes can reveal design errors as well as the impact of design changes and process variations before each mask tape out and fab run, potentially reducing or eliminating design-fabricate- test cycles. To demonstrate the value of this tool to a foundry, the paper describes how the tool has been applied to a MEMS SOI micromachining process. Two detailed case studies are provided: a 3-D design check that revealed a design flaw before fabrication, and an analysis of a process failure which confirmed the suspected cause of undesired pocket-like cavities on the edges of silicon structures.


Manning9s roughness coefficient ( n ) has a significant impact on routing in hydrological models. However, computational methods for dynamic roughness coefficients are of little concern in current research. Few studies have produced spatial-temporal distributions of the roughness coefficients in basins. In this study, a formula to calculate the n value was established based on a statistical analysis of estimated n values by Manning9s formula. The routing model of a distributed hydrological model was then improved using the new formula to calculate n . The roughness coefficient is not a constant; instead, it changes dynamically with changes in water depth and vegetation in the improved hydrological model. The improved model was applied to the Yellow River basin. The results show that using dynamic n can improve the streamflow simulation of hydrological models, especially on slopes. The dynamic spatial-temporal distribution of n can now be used in other models.


Ethiopia is among nations with underdeveloped health situation in the world. The main reason for this problem is the backward socio-economic development. To alleviate this, the country has implemented a multi-sectoral Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP). Health Sector Development Program (HSDP) has been implemented accordingly since 1997/8. In all these, the issue of health information is important because it is the foundation for better health, as the glue holding the health system together, and as the oil keeping the health system running. This study focuses on the routine health data that passes through the health management information system (HMIS), and the use of this data locally in health facilities. The objective of this study is to assess the level and nature of local data use in the two government specialized referral hospitals in Addis Ababa, and to identify challenges related to local data use in these facilities. The methodology applied in this research was both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative tools used were interview and document analysis, where as questionnaire was used as a quantitative tool.


Objectives
The feasibility study shall answer the following questions: Are there economical and ecological advantages of on-farm dry digestion biogas plants? How the construction and operation parameters of a dry digestion biogas plant influence environment, profit, and sustainability of on-farm biogas production?
The aim of the feasibility study is to provide facts and figures for decision makers in Finland to support the development of the economically and environmentally most promising biogas technology on-farm. The results may encourage on-farm biogas plant manufacturers to develop and market dry anaerobic digestion technology as a complementary technology. This technology may be a competitive alternative for farms using a dry manure chain or even for stockless farms.

Results
Up to now farm scale dry digestion technology does not offer competitive advantages in biogas production compared to slurry based technology as far as only energy production is concerned. However, the results give an over-view of existing technical solutions of farm-scale dry digestion plants. The results also show that the ideal technical solution is not invented yet. This may be a challenge for farmers and entrepreneurs interested in planning and developing future dry digestion biogas plants on-farm. Development of new dry digestion prototype plants requires appropriate compensation for environmental benefits like closed energy and nutrient circles to improve the economy of biogas production. The prototype in Jarna meets the objectives of the project since beside energy a new compost product from the solid fraction was generated. On the other hand the two-phase process consumes much energy and the investment costs are high (>2000 € m-3 reactor volume).
Dry digestion on-farm offers the following advantages: Good process stability and reliability, no problems like foam or sedimentation, cheap modules for batch reactors, less reactor capacity, reduced transport costs due to reduced mass transfer in respect of the produced biogas quantity per mass unit, compost of solid digestion residues suitable as fertiliser also outside the farm gate, use of on-farm available technology for filling and discharging the reactor, less process energy for heating because of reduced reactor size, no process energy for stirring, reduced odour emissions, reduced nutrient run off during storage and distribution of residues because there is no liquid mass transfer, suitable for farms using deep litter systems.
These advantages are compensated by following constraints: Up to 50% of digestion residues are needed as inoculation material (cattle manure does not need inoculation) requiring more reactor capacity and mixing facilities. Retention time of dry digestion is up to three times longer compared to wet digestion requiring more reactor capacity and more process energy, filling and discharging batch reactors is time and energy consuming. We conclude that only farm specific conditions may be in favour for dry digestion technology.
Generally, four factors decide about the economy of biogas production on-farm: Income from waste disposal services, compensation for reduction of greenhouse gas emission, compensation for energy production and - most important for sustainable agriculture - nutrient recycling benefits.

Evaluation of the results
We did not find any refereed scientific paper that includes a documentation of an on-farm dry digestion biogas plant. It seems that we tried first. We also could not find any results about the biogas potential of oat husks, so we may have found these results first.
Farm scale production of anaerobically treated solid manure for composting is new. Dry fermentation biogas plants offer the possibility to design solid manure compost by variation of fermentation process parameters.
From different scientific publication databases we found about 10 000 references concerning biogas research during the past 10 years. Less than ten are dealing with biogas reactors for non-liquid substrates on-farm. Recent research mainly concentrates on basic research, biogas process research for communal waste, large-scale biogas plants, and research on laboratory level. This mirrors the fact, that production of research papers is rather financed than product development on site. Our conclusion is that it seems worldwide to be very difficult or even impossible to find financial support for on site research, especially for on-farm prototype biogas reactors. We suppose the following reasons for this fact: biogas plant research requires proficiency in many different scientific disciplines, lack of co-operation between engineering and life sciences, high development costs to transfer basic research results into practical technical solutions, low interest of researchers because on site and on-farm research enjoys low appreciation in terms of scientific credits, portability of farm specific design and process solutions is difficult. Our conclusion is that on site and on-farm research has to be supported by funding agencies if integration of biogas and bio energy into the farm organism is considered as an important target within the agricultural policy framework.
Future research on both dry fermentation technique and biogas yield of solid organic residues may close present knowledge gaps. Prototype research may offer competitive alternatives to wet fermentation for farms using a solid manure chain and/or energy crops for biogas production.
To encourage farmers and entrepreneurs to foster the development of dry fermentation technology support in terms of education and advisory services is also necessary.


The process driven by "redox–precipitation" reactions between Mn7+, Co2+ and Mn2+ can yield CoMnxOy nanosheet catalysts with (quasi)molecular scaled dispersed compounds which can achieve excellent catalytic activity in toluene combustion with T50 (temperature of 50% toluene conversion) values of 172 °C and 218 °C (GHSV = 67 500 h−1 and 540 000 h−1, respectively). The as-prepared CoMnxOy nanosheets demonstrated high specific surface area, and their overall morphology changed when Mn2+ was substituted with Mn7+ during the preparation process. The enhanced catalytic performance in toluene combustion can be ascribed to very high amounts of oxygen electrophilic species (O−/O2−), as evidenced by XPS, H2-TPR and O2-TPD. In addition to the MnCo2O4.5 phase, Co3O4 formation can further improve the catalytic properties. According to TEM observations, the Co3O4 species were well dispersed on MnCo2O4.5 and strongly interacted with MnCo2O4.5 by forming an active Co3O4–MnCo2O4.5 interface. Toluene adsorption and O2 dissociation could occur at the active interface by creating abundant oxygen vacancies, further providing adequate O22− species to take part in toluene oxidation. The influences of water vapor and other VOCs in simulated exhaust were also evaluated. The excellent performance of the catalysts in catalytic toluene combustion demonstrates that they have great potential for practical applications.


of 4. Additional goals were to test the predictive power of potential associated factors of postpartum depression during pregnancy and the puerperium, and finally, to elucidate possible genetic or neuropeptidergic explanatory variables behind the development of postpartum depression. A population-based sample of 1489 women was screened with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 17% in late pregnancy and 13% postpartum. Antenatal depressed mood was related to postpartum depression. In a cross-sectional study, we later found that postpartum depression was associated with subsequent depressive symptoms and current health problems 4 years after childbirth. Four-yearold boys of postpartum-depressed mothers and children of mothers with a subsequent depressive status had more behavior problems than children of non-symptomatic mothers did, according to the mothers' opinion. The strongest associated factors for postpartum depression, in a case /control study, were sick leave during pregnancy mainly due to pregnancy complications, e.g. hyperemesis and premature contractions, and a high number of visits to the antenatal care clinic. There was no association between delivery complications or complications in the perinatal period and postpartum depression. The theory that depressive symptoms in late pregnancy or postpartum are connected with CYP2D6 genotype could not be confirmed. In a rat model, we found that pregnancy and parturition influence the concentrations of neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, substance P and galanin in the rat brain. This result supports the hypothesis that neuropeptidergic systems in the brain influence the mood changes around childbirth. In conclusion, postpartum depression is a common feature with influence in both maternal and child wellbeing.


The object of this paper is to initiate a study of the Fourier coefficients of a weight one harmonic Maass form and relate them to the complex Galois representation associated to a weight one newform, which is the form's image under a certain differential operator. In this paper, our focus will be on weight one dihedral newforms of prime level p ≡ 3 (mod 4). In this case we give properties of the Fourier coefficients that are similar to (and sometimes reduce to) cases of Stark's conjectures on derivatives of L-functions. We also give a new modular interpretation of certain products of differences of singular moduli studied by Gross and Zagier. Finally, we provide some numerical evidence that the Fourier coefficients of a mock-modular form whose shadow is exotic are similarly related to the associated complex Galois representation.


Giant spin Hall effect (GSHE) in heavy metals can convert charge current into spin current with a high efficiency characterized by a spin Hall angle. In this paper, we prepare a set of multilayer systems of β-W/CoFeB/MgO/Ta with the different β-W thickness up to 18 nm. Using a direct-current magneto-transport method and relying on the anomalous Hall effect of CoFeB, we observed a large spin Hall angle of 64% in the bulk limit of β-W solid at room temperature and a weak temperature dependence of the spin Hall angle. Additionally, we also studied the crystal structure, magnetization, magnetic anisotropy, electrical transport, spin diffusion, and interfacial spin current transmission in this exemplary GSHE system over a broad temperature range of 10 to 300 K, which would benefit fundamental studies and potential spintronics applications of β-W.


In this paper we study effects of mass layoffs on parents and their children in the aftermath of the Great Recession using staggered difference-in-differences (DiD). We exploit quasi-experimental variation in announcements of mass layoffs in Danish firms in 2008-2019. We document that parents exposed to a mass layoff during and immediately after the Great Recession are negatively affected 6 years after the event; more so and for a longer period of time for parents at high risk of long term unemployment. Perhaps surprisingly, we find no overall significant negative effects of parental mass layoffs on children; neither academic achievement, absenteeism nor well-being are affected. We even find some positive effects for the children of parents who were more adversely affected by the layoff, consistent with an increase in parental time investment following unemployment. This last finding would not have appeared using a traditional two-way fixed effects approach, which appears to be biased towards zero in our setting.


Cross sections of slopes subjected to progressive displacements can be constructed from arrays of deeply embedded survey poles aligned in the directions of slip. Changes in the spacing and plunge angles of the poles can be used to construct vertical sections that show positions of slip surfaces and the changing shapes and/or positions of stratigraphic boundaries by applying the principles of cross-section balancing. Balanced models of such progressive failures can be used as the basis for determining field locations, data needs, and mitigation strategies associated with more rigorous geotechnical investigations. A slow debris slide in the coastal bluffs of Lake Michigan has been monitored bi-weekly to tri-weekly beginning in 1996 with balanced cross sections constructed annually. When the debris slide was drilled in 47 different places in 2003 as part of a bluff de-watering study, surfaces of rupture and stratigraphic contacts observed in drill cores matched with strong correlation the predicted depth positions of slip surfaces from balanced section models. Without access to the balanced geometric models of the debris slide as guides to drilling sites and geotechnical analyses of soils, the drilling program would not have produced the level of knowledge necessary for a well planned mitigation strategy.


Background Despite our growing understanding of the pathophysiology and management of heart failure, there exist no strategies to individualize therapy using predictors of long-term prognosis and response to therapy. Gene expression analysis using microarray technology provides a phenotypic resolution not possible with standard clinical criteria and could offer insights into disease mechanisms and also identify markers useful for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. Thus, the two major applications of this technology are gene discovery and molecular signature analysis. These two applications were explored in studies involving the two major forms of cardiomyopathy, ischemic and nonischemic (ICM and NICM, respectively). Methods For a gene discovery analysis, we compared the gene expression of 21 NICM and 10 ICM samples with that of 6 nonfailing (NF) hearts using Affymetrix U133A microarrays and Significance Analysis of Microarrays software. For molecular
signature analysis, we identified and validated an etiology signature with Prediction Analysis of Microarrays software using 48 ICM and NICM myocardial samples obtained from different institutions and at different clinical stages. Results The gene discovery analysis demonstrated that compared to NF hearts, 257 genes were differentially expressed in NICM and 72 genes in ICM. Only 41 genes were shared between the two comparisons and an analysis of the gene subsets revealed shared and unique disease-specific gene expression between end-stage cardiomyopathy of different etiologies. The molecular signature analysis demonstrated that an etiology prediction profile accurately distinguished between ICM and NICM, was generalizable to iii samples from separate institutions, specific to disease stage, and unaffected by differences in clinical characteristics. Conclusions We have demonstrated that there are shared and distinct genes involved in the development of heart failure of different
etiologies, and that a molecular signature can accurately identify etiology in cardiomyopathy. These findings highlight the utility of the two distinct applications of gene expression analysis, and support ongoing efforts to develop cause-specific therapies and expression profiling-based biomarkers in heart failure. The ultimate goal is individualized therapy, whereby a heart failure patient could, through gene expression analysis, be offered an accurate assessment of prognosis, and how individualized medical therapy could affect his or her outcome.


Opium alkaloids, derived from crude Papaver somniferum L. plant, are potent analgesic drugs, but their use is limited because of dependence and withdrawal. Opium alkaloids activate the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, which project from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex, and dopamine is critically important in opioid consumption and sustaining. The reward effect resulting from the activation of the dopaminergic system leads to continued opioid consumption and occurs opioid dependence. After the development of opioid dependence, consumption continues to avoid withdrawal syndrome. Opioid dependence is accompanied with tolerance, which requires the use of high doses to achieve the same effect. When tolerance develops, the chronic consumer continues to use opioid above known toxic doses to produce the same effect, which can result in death regardless of the type of opioid used. Raw Papaver somniferum L. has five high-density main opium alkaloids including morphine, noscapine, codeine, thebaine, and papaverine. Some of these alkaloids bind to classical opioid receptors to produce an opioid-like effect, while the other part mediates non-opioid effects. This chapter reviews the opiod history, receptors, mechanism of action, dependence, withdrawal. In addition, general information about five main opium alkaloids, their effects, uses, routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, contraindications; effects on reproduction, pregnancy, and lactation were compiled.


The fertility of the Cuban soil should have meant that the island be capable of feeding itself, yet during the nineteenth century such self-sufficiency appeared to be sacrificed in favour of spreading commodity cultivation – in particular sugar plantations, with this single crop coming to dominate the national economy. Cane plantations increasingly dominated the Cuban landscape, casting an ever longer shadow over the island's agricultural diversity as they spread, and by the early years of the twentieth century it seemed legitimate to claim that "without sugar there is no country". Sugar exports became by far the most important element in the island's economy, generating great wealth for some but at the same time leading to considerable fragility; and by the beginning of the twentieth century, the impact of extensive sugar cane cultivation had radically altered the island's environment. However, even in its heyday, cane was just one (albeit very large scale and lucrative) agricultural product in a country where a large proportion of the rural population lived and worked on peasant smallholdings. Whether these were directly or indirectly tied to larger estates, or seeking to scratch out an independent living from the land that the plantations were unable to exploit (or had not yet reached) - along with the cultivation of food crops on the conucos of slaves and emancipated plantation workers and intercropping on estates ostensibly devoted to other commodity crops - they resulted in a hidden rural diversity belying the absolute dominance of cane.

Nevertheless, and despite the growth in the number of such smallholdings alongside the spread of the cane plantations, as the nineteenth century progressed Cuba found itself unable to meet its basic food requirements. That this was so at a national level has long been known. What is less understood is what actually occurred to the local subsistence economy in those districts where sugar-cane plantations spread. This paper makes a start at addressing this question. Drawing on mid-nineteenth century census data – in preparation for subsequent detailed local research - a comparison is made between two local cases of the nineteenth-century sugar frontier: San Juan de los Remedios, in the centre of the island; and Guantanamo, in the extreme east. Both districts saw cane cultivation rapidly rise from insignificance, though at the same time, neither district became entirely dominated by this one crop during the period (though they would be subsequently), thereby enabling the detailed relationship between the growth in sugar production and the local availability of basic food crops to be observed. The paper begins by describing the varied form that Cuban agriculture took prior to the development of 'modern' sugar plantations, with its diverse combination of subsistence and commodity crops, before describing the spread of sugar plantations during the nineteenth century, and the increasing importance of this single crop for the island's economy, as well as its apparent dominance of some localities. The paper goes on to analyse the impact that the spread of a plantation economy had upon rural areas, both in terms of the apparent spread of smallholdings and the inability of the island to satisfy its basic food requirements. The paper ends with a discussion of the dynamic relationship between commodity and subsistence agriculture in Cuba .


Filtering additive white Gaussian noise in images using the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is technically sound in a sense that it is an optimal average filter derived from the statistical estimation theory. The BLUE filter mask has the theoretical advantage in that its shape and its size are formulated in terms of the image signals and associated noise components. However, like many other noise filtering problems, prior knowledge about the additive noise needs to be available, which is often obtained using training data. This paper presents the sequential Gaussian simulation in geostatistics for measuring signal and noise variances in images without the need of training data for the BLUE filter implementation. The simulated signal variance and the BLUE average can be further used as parameters of the adaptive Wiener filter for image restoration.


"No more war" is the message the Yser Tower Museum in the small Belgian town of Dixmunde tries to convey. It seems as if this war museum which showcases the atrocities of the First World War at an authentic site would like to be a museum for peace. Yet by opting for a pacifist narrative the museum bypasses the complex history of the site itself. It avoids any in-depth discussion about the controversial history of the Yser Tower and its role in the efforts to construct a Flemish nation.


Background The novel water soluble compound STA-1474 is metabolized to ganetespib (formerly STA-9090), a potent HSP90 inhibitor previously shown to kill canine tumor cell lines in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in the setting of murine xenografts. The purpose of the following study was to extend these observations and investigate the safety and efficacy of STA-1474 in dogs with spontaneous tumors. Methods and Findings This was a Phase 1 trial in which dogs with spontaneous tumors received STA-1474 under one of three different dosing schemes. Pharmacokinetics, toxicities, biomarker changes, and tumor responses were assessed. Twenty-five dogs with a variety of cancers were enrolled. Toxicities were primarily gastrointestinal in nature consisting of diarrhea, vomiting, inappetence and lethargy. Upregulation of HSP70 protein expression was noted in both tumor specimens and PBMCs within 7 hours following drug administration. Measurable objective responses were observed in dogs with malignant mast cell disease (n = 3), osteosarcoma (n = 1), melanoma (n = 1) and thyroid carcinoma (n = 1), for a response rate of 24% (6/25). Stable disease (>10 weeks) was seen in 3 dogs, for a resultant overall biological activity of 36% (9/25). Conclusions This study provides evidence that STA-1474 exhibits biologic activity in a relevant large animal model of cancer. Given the similarities of canine and human cancers with respect to tumor biology and HSP90 activation, it is likely that STA-1474 and ganetespib will demonstrate comparable anti-cancer activity in human patients.


Background: In recent research, links have been found between androgens and anabolic body composition. Some findings suggest that androgen hormones in female athletes are positively associated with both power and aerobic performance, while other studies have found that body composition is associated with aerobic performance. The study is intended to investigate the association between circulating androgen levels, body composition, and physical performance in female athletes.Methods: This research consists of a cross-sectional study of 34 high-level Norwegian female athletes aged between 18 and 34 years (mean 22 years). The participants consisted of 25 soccer players and 9 cross-country skiers. For physical performance examinations, VO2 max tests on treadmill were conducted, and squat jumps on a power platform. Lactate concentration after VO2 max test was also measured. Bloods samples were drawn after an overnight fast. Free testosterone index (FTI) was used as androgen variable in the analyses. DEXA scans were used to estimate body composition.Results: The analyses did not show statistically significant associations between FTI and body composition, or between FTI and physical performances. Some significant associations were found between the body composition variables and the physical performance measures. The soccer players and cross-country skiers were similar to each other in terms of androgen levels, age, height, and lean body mass (LBM), but statistically significant differences were found in fat percentage, weight, body mass index (BMI), and performance on squat jump power and VO2 max. Compared to cross-country skiers soccer players developed significantly more power in the squat jump (p = 0.01), but not in squat jump height (p = 0.21) while cross-country skiers performed better on VO2 max test (p<0.001). Fat percentage was negatively associated with squat jump height in soccer players (β = -0.551, p = 0.016). In regression analyses fat percentage and LBM were negatively associated with oxygen consumption in cross-country skiers (β -1.144, p = 0.043 and β -1.251, p = 0.045).Conclusion: The most important finding in this research is that androgen levels, given by FTI, are not associated with either body composition or physical performance. This contradicts previous research. The statistically significant associations found among the participants were related to sport discipline and body composition.Keywords: Female athletes, circulating androgens, physical performance, body composition.


In this work, we address the problem of visual navigation by following instructions. In this task, the robot must interpret a natural language instruction in order to follow a predefined path in a possibly unknown environment. Despite different approaches have been proposed in the last years, they are all based on the assumption that the environment contains objects or other elements that can be used to formulate instructions, such as houses or offices. On the contrary, we focus on situations where the environment objects cannot be used to specify a navigation path. In particular, we consider 3D maze-like environments as our test bench because they can be very large and offer very intricate structures. We show that without reference points, visual navigation and instruction following can be rather challenging, and that standard approaches can not be applied successfully. For this reason, we propose a new architecture that explicitly learns both visual navigation and instruction understanding. We demonstrate with simulated experiments that our method can effectively follow instructions and navigate in previously unseen mazes of various sizes.


A collaborative crawler is a group of crawling nodes, in which each crawling node is responsible for a specific portion of the web. We study the problem of collecting geographi-cally-aware pages using collaborative crawling strategies. We first propose several collaborative crawling strategies for the geographically focused crawling, whose goal is to collect web pages about specified geographic locations, by considering features like URL address of page, content of page, extended anchor text of link, and others. Later, we propose various evaluation criteria to qualify the performance of such crawling strategies. Finally, we experimentally study our crawling strategies by crawling the real web data showing that some of our crawling strategies greatly outperform the simple URL-hash based partition collaborative crawling, in which the crawling assignments are determined according to the hash-value computation over URLs. More precisely, features like URL address of page and extended anchor text of link are shown to yield the best overall performance for the geographically focused crawling.


'If Jan Gehl did not already exist it would be necessary to invent him to rescue our cities.' wrote Janette Sadik-Khan, former Commissioner NYC Department of Transportation.  Influential urbanist, architect and humanist Jan Gehl returns to Melbourne with more stories about observing public life and how cities can be made more liveable, humane and happier. As Gehl says, 'A good city is like a good party. People stay longer than really necessary because they are enjoying themselves.'  The event celebrated the publication of a new book about Jan Gehl entitled People Cities – Life and legacy of Jan Gehl written by Annie Matan and Peter Newman, Island Press, 2016.   Professor Rob Adams AM – City of Melbourne Professor Jan Gehl – Architect and Urbanist  MC Professor Carolyn Whitzman – Urban Planning, the University of Melbourne


Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can occur at levels of environmental concern in stream sediments from urban and industrial watersheds. Recent studies indicate that coal-tar sealant use on parking lots may have been the major source of PAHs to urban streams in the eastern US over the past 40 years. This study evaluates the spatial distribution of PAHs in urban stream and pond sediments in Galloway Creek in Springfield, Missouri by focusing specifically on parking lots with and without coal-tar sealants as contamination source areas. Multiple-linear regression analysis is used to evaluate the spatial connectivity of contaminated sediment to potential source areas and compare the relative influence of watershed source factors and reach sediment variability on sediment PAH levels. Sediments from coal-tar sealed parking lots and the streams that drain them are enriched in PAHs at concentrations considered toxic to aquatic life, with concentrations that are, on average, 35 and 480 times greater than those of unsealed asphalt and concrete lots, respectively. Moreover, sediment PAH concentrations are strongly correlated with the percentage of sealed parking lot area within the upstream drainage area of the sampling site, in contrast to total parking lot area or sediment composition. Metal and nutrient contaminants are poorly correlated with sealed lot area indicating a wider range of urban source inputs. Finally, parking lots with coal-tar coatings contribute >80% of the total PAH concentration in urban stream and pond sediments in Galloway Creek. If coal-tar sealant use ended, sediment PAH concentrations would probably decrease over time to levels not harmful to sediment-dwelling organisms.


We investigated the effects of percutaneous gasserian glycerol injection in dogs and reviewed the histopathological changes. Experiments were performed in 16 adult healthy mongrel dogs. In group 1 (8 dogs) normal saline and in group 2 (8 dogs) pure glycerol was injected in the right trigeminal ganglion. After these procedures, dogs in each group were sacrificed after 24 h (3 dogs), 7 days (3 dogs), 21 days (2 dogs). The trigeminal ganglion and nerve of both sides were removed by using microsurgical techniques and examined by light and electron microscopy. Group 1: in all sections, nerve cells, myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers revealed normal patterns with slight fibrosis. Group 2: in all sections, myelinated fibers showed disintegration and swelling of the myelin sheath, rupture of axon continuity, destruction of basal lamina, deformation of the myelin-axon relationship by both light microscopy and electron microscopy. The sections examined by electron microscopy also showed axonolysis in nonmyelinated fibers. The changes after 7 and 21 days were less prominent than after 24 h. In the left sides, there are no pathological changes. Glycerol has a neurolytic effect on the dog's trigeminal ganglion. These effects were not specific and selective for myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers.


Accelerated Destructive Degradation Tests (ADDTs) provide timely product reliability information in practical applications. This paper describes Bayesian methods for ADDT planning under a class of nonlinear degradation models with one accelerating variable. We use a Bayesian criterion based on the estimation precision of a specified failure-time distribution quantile at use conditions to find optimum test plans. A large-sample approximation for the posterior distribution provides a useful simplification to the planning criterion. The general equivalence theorem (GET) is used to verify the global optimality of the numerically optimized test plans. Optimum plans usually provide insight for constructing compromise plans which tend to be more robust, and practically useful. We present a numerical example with a log-location-scale distribution to illustrate the Bayesian test planning methods, and to investigate the effects of the prior distribution and sample size on test planning results.


Beyond Cognition: Examination of Iowa Gambling Task Performance, Negative Affective Decision-Making and High-Risk Behaviors Among Incarcerated Male Youth Christina Laitner This paper is based on a study examining the performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) of a group of male adolescents aged 16-18 years incarcerated at a secure corrections facility located near New York City. At the time of IGT administration, 45% of the study participants had been charged with crimes but not yet sentenced; 55% of the study participants had been sentenced. 61% of the subjects had been charged with having committed violent felonies and 39% of the subjects had been charged with committing non-violent felonies or misdemeanors. In an effort to contextualize the results of the study sample"s performance on the IGT, participant performance was compared to the IGT performance of two groups of adolescents that had never been incarcerated (N = 42, N = 31). Findings demonstrate that the study sample performed significantly worse on the IGT than the community-based samples. Study participant performance was also compared to IGT performance of a group of previously incarcerated adults (N = 25). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean performances of these groups. The study also examined the relationship between antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits and decision-making (as measured by the IGT). No significant differences on IGT performance were identified between study participants charged with committing violent felonies and study participants charged with non-violent felonies and misdemeanors. No association was found between the presence or absence of psychopathic traits, specifically callous-unemotional traits, and IGT performance. Implications for research and practice are considered.


PURPOSE
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is a relatively recently introduced method of treating renal tumors and, as such, surgical technique is evolving. In open series urinary fistula formation represents a common postoperative complication. In the laparoscopic approach investigators have advocated the placement of a ureteral catheter with retrograde dye injection to visualize caliceal entry to aid in closure. In this study we assessed the necessity of ureteral catheter placement during LPN in decreasing urinary leakage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
From February 1998 until November 2002 laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed in 103 patients with renal tumors. The patients were assessed retrospectively and divided into 2 groups according to placement (group 1) or no placement (group 2) of an external ureteral catheter. Group 1 included 54 patients (mean age +/- SD 57.4 +/- 13.4 years) and group 2 included 49 patients (mean age +/- SD 57.5 +/- 10.9). Intraoperative and postoperative parameters including blood loss, operative time, ischemia time, mass size, complications and hospital stay were reviewed and compared between the 2 groups.

RESULTS
There were no differences between the 2 groups in mean estimated blood loss (group 1, 394.7 cc vs group 2, 291.5 cc, p = 0.07), postoperative serum creatinine (group 1, 0.95 mg/dl vs group 2, 0.89 mg/dl, p = 0.12), requirement for pain medication (group 1, 8.9 mg vs group 2, 4.9 mg morphine equivalents, p = 0.12), hospital stay (group 1, 3.1 vs group 2, 2.9, p = 0.29) and warm ischemia time (group 1, 28 minutes vs group 2, 26.5 minutes, p = 0.18). Mean total operative time was significantly longer for group 1 compared to group 2 (191.1 vs 149.4 minutes, respectively, p = 0.001). Postoperative urinary leakage requiring prolonged drainage occurred in 1 patient in group 1 and 1 in group 2. In both cases caliceal entry was identified and sutured.

CONCLUSIONS
With experience caliceal entry can be identified without the need for a ureteral catheter in patients undergoing LPN for a tumor less than 4.5 cm. Urinary fistula may occur despite caliceal entry and repair. A ureteral catheter may not decrease urinary fistula in patients undergoing LPN.


Abstract Eugenol is a hydroxyphenyl propene, naturally occurring in the essential oils of several plants belonging to the Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae families. It is one of the major constituents of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Myrtaceae) oil and is largely used in both foods and cosmetics as a flavoring agent. A large body of recent scientific evidence supports claims from traditional medicine that eugenol exerts beneficial effects on human health. These effects are mainly associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Eugenol has also shown excellent antimicrobial activity in studies, being active against fungi and a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this review is to analyze scientific data from the main published studies describing the antibacterial and antifungal activities of eugenol targeting different kind of microorganisms, such as those responsible for human infectious diseases, diseases of the oral cavity, and food-borne pathogens. This article also reports the effects of eugenol on multi-drug resistant microorganisms. On the basis of this collected data, eugenol represents a very interesting bioactive compound with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against both planktonic and sessile cells belonging to food-decaying microorganisms and human pathogens.


Printed Electronics technology is a key-enabler for smart sensors, soft robotics, and wearables. The inkjet printed electrolyte-gated field effect transistor (EGFET) technology is a promising candidate for such applications due to its low-power operation, high field-effect mobility, and on-demand fabrication. Unlike conventional silicon-based technologies, inkjet printed electronics technology is an additive manufacturing process where multiple layers are printed on top of each other to realize functional devices such as transistors and their interconnections. Due to the additive manufacturing process, the technology has limited routing layers. For routing of complex circuits, insulating crossovers are printed at the intersection of routing paths to isolate them. The crossover can alter the electrical properties of a circuit based on specific location on a routing path. In this work, we propose a crossover-aware placement and routing (COPnR) methodology for inkjet-printed circuits by integrating the crossover constraints in our design framework. Our proposed placement methodology is based on a state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithm while the routing optimization is done using a genetic algorithm. The proposed methodology is compared with the industrial standard placement and routing (PnR) tools. On average, the proposed methodology has 38% fewer crossovers and 94% fewer failing paths compared to the industrial PnR tools applied to printed circuit designs.


A plasma sputter-type negative ion source is used in the production of high grade coatings of zirconium mononitride (ZrN) on copper substrate. It presents a new approach for the production of ZrN thin films. The ion source was operated in its target/gas mode. Zirconium metal is used as target and argon as the sputtering gas. Nitrogen is used as the reactive gas. Optimum conditions for the synthesis of ZrN for a number of process parameters like volume ratio of gases, discharge conditions, substrate heating, bias, and deposition time were determined. Experimental runs using between 20% and 30% of nitrogen (with argon constituting the other 70-80%) in a total gas filling pressure of 7.0 x 10-3 Torr and an hour of deposition showed the synthesis of good samples by visual inspection in view of the typical gold color of the film produced. The target potential was between 300V to 325V and the target current between 7 mA to 12 mA. Discharge voltage was at 40V giving a plasma current between 698 mA to 1070 mA for the range of target potentials. The substrate was cooled to 20°e. The resulting layers were characterized by surface analysis methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive Xray analysis (EDAX). Films produced under these conditions exhibit the (100) and (200) peaks of ZrN obtained from the XRD analysis. The rms roughness from AFM were determined to range from 72 nm to 101 nm. Deposition rate was obtained at about 17 nm/min.


Paul Netalisile Malunda Uganda Management Institute Abstract This article examines the relationship between remuneration and motivation of teachers in government aided secondary schools in Mukono District. It examines relationship between (i) salaries, (ii) allowances, (iii) fridge benefits and motivation of teachers in government aided in Mukono District. A sample of 130 teachers was selected from a total of 313 teachers from eight purposively selected secondary schools in the District. Descriptive cross sectional survey design was used to collect data using questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis were used to measure the degree and strength of the relationship between remuneration and motivation. The article reveales that remuneration explains 43.3% of the variations in motivation of teachers. The findings indicate that fridge benefits and allowances are significant predictors of teacher motivation. The article recommends that the government of Uganda, through the Ministry of Education and Sports, lifts the ban on teacher recruitment to have all teachers on the payroll, introduces rural schools' allowances and build low cost houses for accommodation so as to attract qualified teachers to rural schools. These moves should boost teacher motivation.


The phosphate removal capacity of Kanuma clay, an inexpensive and abundantly available in Japan, has been investigated. Kanuma clay was calcined at temperature of 600˚C, and laboratory-scale batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency for phosphate removal from aqueous solution. The major factors of the removal process, such as adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, temperature, pH and desorption were investigated. The results showed that calcined Kanuma clay was of capable in phosphate removal. The phosphate adsorption matched the Freundlich isotherms model well, and the process can be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process was exothermic process which removal capacity decreased with the increase of temperature. The adsorption capacity was the best at pH value of 6, and the adsorbed phosphate on the calcined Kanuma clay could be hardly desorbed in normal pH condition. These results showed that calcined Kanuma clay processed great potential for phosphate removal from aqueous solution.


In this lab exercise, students will work in cooperative teams to test the antimicrobial activity of an antiseptic or disinfectant using a modified use dilution assay as described by Benson (1). In the use dilution assay, paper clips are submerged in the antimicrobial agent, followed by a neutralization in sterile water and incubation in broth to determine the effectiveness of a particular agent. Vinyl paper clips are easier to manipulate than pins as recommended by Benson (1) and are preferable to metal substrates suggested by Johnson and Case (4) since metals can be inhibitory to the growth of most organisms (2). Students will use the scientific method to answer a question relating to the efficacy of a disinfectant or antiseptic. They will develop a hypothesis, design an experiment to test that hypothesis, and collect and analyze data. Efficacy of the disinfectant or antiseptic is determined by the inhibition of growth in broth tubes using optical density as a measure of growth. Following completion of the work, students will report their results to the class and a comparative analysis of the antimicrobic agents may be performed.


Fisheries – and small-scale fisheries in particular – contribute significantly to economic and food security in Africa. Women play an important role along the fisheries value chain and in fishing communities. However, their contributions often go unrecognised and therefore unconsidered. Women in small-scale fisheries also face specific challenges. They frequently encounter cultural proscriptions against taking on certain types of work and may lack control over their labour and incomes. Their work is often undervalued, and they commonly receive less pay for the same work. Family responsibilities may prevent them from taking full advantage of opportunities in the sector, and they tend to have limited decision-making power in fisheries governance institutions, communities and even their own households. This policy briefing details some of these challenges and outlines options for addressing them. It also identifies a number of opportunities for enhancing women's participation in the small-scale fisheries sector, including post-harvest activities (processing and marketing) and aquaculture. RECOMMENDATIONS