It's been eight years since the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act lifted the restrictions keeping commercial banks from directly engaging in investment banking. But other than an initial flurry of activity after the passage of the act by the largest global money center banks (and before passage in the case of Citicorp), the mid-tier and regional banks have mostly shied away from capital markets. In a September speech at the Financial Services Roundtable Leadership Lunch, Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Christopher Cox told attendees, "All in all, the seven year stretch from enact merit of Gramm-Leach-Bliley until today is a disappointing record of indecision and inaction. We've made several efforts to cross home plate, but all our runners have been left stranded on base." "Banks haven't been getting into capital markets and understandably so: it's a very different beast in terms of culture, compensation, and fundamental business economics," explains Alenka Grealish, managing director of the Banking Group at Celent, Boston. "It's a volatile business that won't necessarily improve their total shareholder return." There are exceptions, of course, and some banks, such as $1.4 trillion JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup ($1.8 trillion) have a thriving capital markets business. Others that entered investment banking have exited: $6.4 billion BankAtlantic Bancorp, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., recently announced completion of its sale of Ryan Beck Holdings, Inc., to Stifel Financial Corp., St. Louis. Minneapolis-based US Bancorp spun off Piper Jaffray & Company in 2003. Lack of synergies Investment banking can be a hugely profitable endeavor (think Goldman Sachs). In addition, the synergies between commercial banking and investment banking seem obvious: a bank's loan customer is doing very well and decides to take the company public. Because it already has a relationship with the company and knows its credit worthiness, a bank should be able to manage the process more easily than an outside firm. So are banks missing an opportunity by not entering investment banking? Not necessarily, says Tim Yeager, associate professor of finance and the Arkansas Bankers Association Chair in the Sam M. Walton College of Business in Fayetteville, Ark. Yeager, a former economist with the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, studied the financial performance of financial holding companies for two periods: the four years preceding the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and four years after. He found only minor performance differences between the time periods. "Banks became financial holding companies in spirit but not in practice, deriving most of their earnings from standard bank offerings such as deposits and loans," he notes. Cream of the crop Minus a few exceptions, those that are in, are in. Those that are not in seem content to stay that way. "The banks that are getting into investment banking have already gotten in to it," says James M. Schutz, director of the Financial Institutions Group at Sterne, Agee & Leach, Birmingham, Ala. Part of the difficulties in entering investment banking is that the market is extremely competitive and reputation is important. There are the firms that are the cream of the crop: the Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley's of the investment banking world--and companies wanting to go public naturally want to be associated with a big-name to maximize their offering price. The second-tier investment banks can still make high profits, but "let's face it, no one wants to go with a third-tier firm," explains Yeager. Some third-tier firms (however that may be defined) may dispute that, but the consensus clearly is that getting and staying at the top is difficult and too expensive for most banks except the very largest. Even some of the biggest banks acknowledge this, at least in part. In talking about being in the investment banking business, Ken Thompson, chairman and CEO of Charlotte, N. …


Attitude determination systems based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) present several advantages, most of all for very small satellites. Indeed, GNSS receivers have low power consumption, limited mass, small volume, and are relatively inexpensive. However, if the attitude information is extracted from the relative position between two or more GNSS antennas placed on the nanosatellite, due to the small baseline between them, the achievable accuracy will not be as good as the one obtained with other high performance attitude sensors. In order to circumvent this accuracy limitation, an alternative single-antenna GNSS-based method is presented, which estimates attitude information through the use of the GNSS-derived accelerations.


Abstract This paper studies the Porat Formation (Fm.), which was deposited along the NE margin of the Dacian Basin part of the East Carpathian foreland (ECF) during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. We use a review of stratigraphic data in combination with lithofacies and sedimentary architecture analysis to interpret the Porat Fm. as a large sandy alluvial basin infill with an aggradational structure, consisting of cyclic successions of shallow sandy high-energy braided rivers. Aggradation of the Porat Fan was governed by subsidence of the Dacian Basin, along with a northerly supply of water and sediment from the Carpathians. Along the southern margin of the area the fan entered the Reni–Izmail-Trough, which formed the periodically active gateway between the Black Sea and Dacian basins. Along this trough, the Porat Fm. is developed in a different facies, discerned as the Dolynske Member (Mb. 1), which accumulated in the channel of a large river interpreted as the paleo-Danube. According to mammal stratigraphy of the Porat Fm. this continental-scale river had reached the area by the Gelasian to early Calabrian. The Porat alluvial infill indicates a stable water supply from the Carpathians, which explains the ecologically mixed fauna in its deposits: moistened forested alluvial plain-valleys were present between the zonally semi-arid steppe interfluves. The Porat Fm. and the previously studied late Miocene Balta Fm. are key elements for further in-depth study of the terrestrial evolution (tectonic–sedimentary–relief) of the ECF and north-western Black Sea coastal regions.


Abstract. The role of UAV systems in applied geomatics is continuously increasing in several applications as inspection, surveying and geospatial data. This evolution is mainly due to two factors: new technologies and new algorithms for data processing. About technologies, from some years ago there is a very wide use of commercial UAV even COTSs (Commercial On-The-Shelf) systems. Moreover, these UAVs allow to easily acquire oblique images, giving the possibility to overcome the limitations of the nadir approach related to the field of view and occlusions. In order to test potential and issue of COTSs systems, the Italian Society of Photogrammetry and Topography (SIFET) has organised the SBM2017, which is a benchmark where all people can participate in a shared experience. This benchmark, called "Photogrammetry with oblique images from UAV: potentialities and challenges", permits to collect considerations from the users, highlight the potential of these systems, define the critical aspects and the technological challenges and compare distinct approaches and software. The case study is the "Fornace Penna" in Scicli (Ragusa, Italy), an inaccessible monument of industrial architecture from the early 1900s. The datasets (images and video) have been acquired from three different UAVs system: Parrot Bebop 2, DJI Phantom 4 and Flytop Flynovex. The aim of this benchmark is to generate the 3D model of the "Fornace Penna", making an analysis considering different software, imaging geometry and processing strategies. This paper describes the surveying strategies, the methodologies and five different photogrammetric obtained results (sensor calibration, external orientation, dense point cloud and two orthophotos), using separately – the single images and the frames extracted from the video – acquired with the DJI system.


The Rolls-Royce Integrated-Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IP-SOFC) consists of ceramic modules which have electrochemical cells printed on the outer surfaces. The cathodes are the outermost layer of each cell and are supplied with oxygen from air flowing over the outside of the module. The anodes are in direct contact with the ceramic structure and are supplied with fuel from internal gas channels. Natural gas is reformed into hydrogen for use by the fuel cells in a separate reformer module of similar design except that the fuel cells are replaced by a reforming catalyst layer. The performance of the modules is intrinsically linked to the behaviour of the gas flows within their porous structures. Because the porous layers are very thin, a one-dimensional flow model provides a good representation of the flow property variations between fuel channel and fuel cell or reforming catalyst. The multi-component convective-diffusive flows are simulated using a new theory of flow in porous material, the Cylindrical Pore Interpolation Model. The effects of the catalysed methane reforming and water-gas shift chemical reactions are also considered using appropriate kinetic models. It is found that the shift reaction, which is catalysed by the anode material, has certain beneficial effects on the fuel cell module performance. In the reformer module it was found that the flow resistance of the porous support structure makes it difficult to sustain a high methane conversion rate. Although the analysis is based on IP-SOFC geometry, the modelling approach and general conclusions are applicable to other types of SOFC.


In the last two decades international architects have been playing a significant role in citybranding and in marketing real estate products. Both public and private decision makers raised great expectations toward the increase in the value of the buildings and places that star architects designed and toward positive urban and economic effects that could derive from such projects (e.g. new and spectacular museum facilities, corporation headquarters). This paper criticizes the simplistic views representing the starchitect's alleged added-value in mere economic terms and it proposes to consider a broader set of cultural and political dimensions. Drawing on two case studies of different contemporary cities Abu Dhabi and New York City the paper shows that these views do not correspond to decision makers' actual motivations, but, nonetheless, they have been the means for spreading beliefs and for providing certain actors (such as star architects, cultural institutions, real estate developers) with favorable conditions.


Fifty Schlumberger electrical soundings were carried out in the centre region of Cameroon in Bafia subdivision. These were done using a maximum current electrode spacing AB/2 of 83 m in order to show the vertical distribution of structures directly below measurement stations. The field data were smoothened and interpreted using IP2WIN computer software. This software converts the apparent resistivity (as a function of electrode spacing) to the true resistivity as a function of depth. The depth and resistivity of the subsurface layers were determined. Also, the isoapparent resistivity maps for two depth levels (according to AB/2 range of about 4.4m and 58m), discharge map, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity maps are drawn. The results from the interpretation of VES data reveal the presence of following terrains models' types: three layers (Q, A, H and K), four layers (KH, QH, AK and KQ) and five layers (KHK, HKH, KQH, and KHA) models. The following geoelectrical layers are: (1) the top layer with resistivity ranging from 6.5 to 301.3 Ω.m and thickness ranging from 0.1 to 6.6 m. (2). The second layer has resistivity varying from 0.1 to 4100 Ω.m while the thickness varies from 0.2 to 63.8 m. It is composed of cracked granites and gneiss, or clay sandy or clayey soil which contributes to the development of groundwater.(3) The third layer, characterized by electrical resistivity value ranging from 0.2 to 2965 Ω.m in most parts of the area and with depth ranging between 0.6 and 41.4m. This layer corresponds probably to shaly layer or confined aquifer. (4) The forth geoelectrical layer, which may constitute the bedrock, has resistivity values ranging from 14.16 to 11189 Ω.m and depth ranging from 17 to 79.4m. The high resistivity is probably caused by existing gneisses and granites. In addition, the relationship between discharge, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity is used to determine zones with high yield potential for groundwater exploitation in the area.


Secure and well-managed migration and mobility figure prominently in the European Union's (EU) relations with its Eastern neighbors. In the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership, the EU relies extensively on policy conditionality as it ties the reward of visa-free travel to the adoption of specific policies by neighboring countries in order to better regulate and manage mobility and migration. However, in the post-Soviet space, migration flows and management are, to a great extent, still shaped by (post-) Soviet legacies and interdependences. As a result, Russian domestic and foreign policies shape the way migration and mobility are perceived and managed by neighborhood countries. In this article, we seek to investigate what effect these historically grown ties and current foreign policy actions exert on compliance with EU requirements for visa liberalization in Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova. In all three countries, we identify patterns of change over time and explain them according to the interplay of partner countries' political preferences with EU policy conditionality and incentives by Russia.


While traditional forms of bullying have been steadily decreasing over the course of the last two decades, cyberbullying has emerged as a major concern among parents, teachers, and other professionals working with young people. Because cyberbullying is a relatively new phenomenon, its research base is not as well developed as research on traditional bullying. In this literature review, the authors synthesize current knowledge on cyberbullying's prevalence among youth; its relationship to offline bullying; which youth are most likely to be perpetrators and victims; the negative effects of cyberbullying on victims; and the landscape of intervention efforts currently employed in the United States. In the process, they highlight areas in need of future research.


This article reviews and assesses the outcome of the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP-21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Paris in December 2015. It argues that the Paris Agreement breaks new ground in international climate policy, by acknowledging the primacy of domestic politics in climate change and allowing countries to set their own level of ambition for climate change mitigation. It creates a framework for making voluntary pledges that can be compared and reviewed internationally, in the hope that global ambition can be increased through a process of 'naming and shaming'. By sidestepping distributional conflicts, the Paris Agreement manages to remove one of the biggest barriers to international climate cooperation. It recognizes that none of the major powers can be forced into drastic emissions cuts. However, instead of leaving mitigation efforts to an entirely bottom-up logic, it embeds country pledges in an international system of climate accountability and a 'ratchet mechanism', thus offering the chance of more durable international cooperation. At the same time, it is far from clear whether the treaty can actually deliver on the urgent need to de-carbonize the global economy. The past record of climate policies suggests that governments have a tendency to express lofty aspirations but avoid tough decisions. For the Paris Agreement to make a difference, the new logic of 'pledge and review' will need to mobilize international and domestic pressure and generate political momentum behind more substantial climate policies worldwide. It matters, therefore, whether the Paris Agreement's new approach can be made to work.


Sulfates have long been ignored as nonlinear optical materials over the past decades. Here we report a new sulfate deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical material Li8NaRb3(SO4)6·2H2O synthesized by the facile water solution method. It crystallizes in the asymmetric monoclinic space group C2 (No. 5). Its single-crystal structure features a three-dimensional framework made up of SO4 and LiO4 tetrahedra. Powder second-harmonic generation tests demonstrate that Li8NaRb3(SO4)6·2H2O is phase-matchable with a second-harmonic generation response of about 0.5 × KH2PO4. Ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra illustrate that the ultraviolet cutoff edge of Li8NaRb3(SO4)6·2H2O may be as low as λ < 190 nm. Theoretical calculations reveal that the optical properties of Li8NaRb3(SO4)6·2H2O are mainly attributed to S–O groups. All these results reveal that Li8NaRb3(SO4)6·2H2O may possess potential use in the deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optics field. We believe that the discoveries in our work will attract scientists' attention to sulfate systems for their potential as deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical materials.


We investigated the biological lability of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) from a temperate Piedmont stream. Plug‐flow bioreactors, colonized and maintained with natural stream water, were used to determine the concentrations of stream‐water biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and relative concentrations of FDOM within operationally defined biodegradability classes. Labile molecules with turnover times of hours are metabolized within the stream reach where they originated; semi‐labile molecules with turnover times of days travel out of the reach and are transported downstream before being metabolized; and a more recalcitrant class with a longer but undetermined turnover time flows through the river network without being metabolized. Between 26% and 31% of the DOC was biodegradable, with 8.6% labile and the balance semi‐labile. Humic‐like FDOM was a proxy for more recalcitrant DOM, exhibiting a ± 2% change as a function of increased bioreactor residence time. Humic‐like FDOM represents only the more recalcitrant and perhaps the more hydrophobic constituents and not the ecologically important semi‐labile humic substances within the BDOC pool. Tyrosine‐like and tryptophan‐like FDOM constituents included not only labile DOM, but also semi‐labile, and more recalcitrant moieties. For example, 13% of the tryptophan‐like FDOM was labile, 14% was semi‐labile, and 73% was more recalcitrant, while tyrosine‐like FDOM was 100% biodegraded and the majority (44–69%) was classified as labile. Collectively our results challenge some previous assessments of FDOM lability classifications and highlight the need to connect fluorescence characteristics of DOM to residence times of different carbon pools that spiral through a river network.


In this paper we offer a discussion of eco-innovation and methods for measuring it. Eco-innovation is a new concept of great importance to business and policy makers, covering many innovations of environmental benefit. Past research and measurement activity primarily focused on pollution control and abatement activities or on the environmental goods and services sector. We argue that eco-innovation research and data collection should not be limited to such environmentally motivated innovations, but should encompass all products, processes, or organizational innovations with environmental benefits. Attention should be broadened to include innovation in or oriented towards resource use, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas reduction, waste minimization, reuse and recycling, new materials (for example nanotechnology-based) and eco-design. Research should cover the drivers, patterns, and benefits of eco-innovation for each of these applications, since these factors are likely to differ. For measuring eco-innovation, no single method or indicator is likely to be sufficient. In general, one should therefore apply different methods for analyzing eco-innovation, to see the "whole elephant" instead of just a part. More effort should be devoted towards direct measurement of eco-innovation outputs using documentary and digital sources to complement the current emphasis on innovation inputs such as R&D or patents. Innovation can also be measured indirectly from changes in resource efficiency and productivity. These two avenues are underexplored and should be given more attention in order to augment our rather narrow knowledge basis.


Sparse representation based methods have recently drawn much attention in visual tracking due to good performance against illumination variation and occlusion. They assume the errors caused by image variations can be modeled as pixel-wise sparse. However, in many practical scenarios these errors are not truly pixel-wise sparse but rather sparsely distributed in a structured way. In fact, pixels in error constitute contiguous regions within the object's track. This is the case when significant occlusion occurs. To accommodate for non-sparse occlusion in a given frame, we assume that occlusion detected in previous frames can be propagated to the current one. This propagated information determines which pixels will contribute to the sparse representation of the current track. In other words, pixels that were detected as part of an occlusion in the previous frame will be removed from the target representation process. As such, this paper proposes a novel tracking algorithm that models and detects occlusion through structured sparse learning. We test our tracker on challenging benchmark sequences, such as sports videos, which involve heavy occlusion, drastic illumination changes, and large pose variations. Experimental results show that our tracker consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art.


The limited partnership emerged as a key societal innovation during the early modern age. It allowed an effective separation between partners – those acting and those conferring capital – and it granted limited liability to partners in case of insolvency. The diffusion of limited partnership – between the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries - came at a crucial crossroad in the economic history of early modern Italian cities. Banking on new archival sources this paper will argue that in Bologna the diffusion of this new societal form was closely associated to a fundamental renewal of the city economic landscape. On the one hand the rise of the limited partnership came as a response to the international banking crisis of the last quarter of the Sixteenth century, the string of financial bankruptcies and the ensuing dramatic credit squeeze that affected the city. The limited partnership offered investors a new (and less risky) outlet for capital, and eased the credit crunch businesses were reeling from. On the other hand its diffusion was not business neutral, as a matter of fact it was closely related to the expansion of the silk manufacturing sector, that emerged as the forward sector of the city economy.


Many pedagogical publications (Hengst & Zeiher 2005, Walsh 2011) offer prescriptive resources to empower children's voices in educational practices, placing particular emphasis on children's self-realization and agency. However, none of them discusses the results of the empirical application of their theoretical prescriptions. In this chapter, I analyze interactions taken from an educational project addressed to empower children's skills in managing social contexts, particularly with respect to conflict management. I focus on a specific sequence of actions, "educators' interrogative-negative questions/children's answers." This sequence is a contextualization cue working at various discourse levels, including intertextuality, for a specific culture of education. Specifically, it foregrounds the paradox of a monophonic promotion of polyphony where, besides promotional intentions, education selects meanings, criteria and values, binding children's actions and choices to them.


One of the key factors in selecting a good scheduling algorithm is using an appropriate metric for comparing schedulers. But which metric should be used when evaluating schedulers for warehouse-scale (cloud) clusters, which have machines of different types and sizes, heterogeneous workloads with dependencies and constraints on task placement, and long-running services that consume a large fraction of the total resources? Traditional scheduler evaluations that focus on metrics such as queuing delay, makespan, and running time fail to capture important behaviors - and ones that rely on workload synthesis and scaling often ignore important factors such as constraints. This paper explains some of the complexities and issues in evaluating warehouse scale schedulers, focusing on what we find to be the single most important aspect in practice: how well they pack long-running services into a cluster. We describe and compare four metrics for evaluating the packing efficiency of schedulers in increasing order of sophistication: aggregate utilization, hole filling, workload inflation and cluster compaction.


Cognitive sciences have been interminably in search for a consistent philosophical framework for the description of perceptual phenomena. Most of the frameworks in usage today fall in-between the extremes of constructivism and objective realism. However, whereas constructivist cognitive theories face difficulties when attempting to explain the experiential commonality of different cognitive entities, objectivistic theories fail in explaining the active role of the subject in the formation of experiences. This paper undertakes to compare and eventually combine these two major approaches to describing cognitive phenomena. It is argued that constructivist explanations inevitably refer to a 'hidden' ontological source of experience, and that a compromise between the constructivist and realistic standpoints presents a natural basis for understanding cognitive phenomena. A view of all experiences as co-created through an interplay between a constructivist creativity and a realistic source of perceptual stimuli is proposed. A middle ground between the hardly compatible constructivist and objectivistic approaches to experiential realities is proposed from the standpoint of experiential co-creation. Traditionally divided, idealistic and realistic philosophical stances may thus become merged into a single consistent epistemological framework. Many favorable cognitive and psychosomatic consequences may arise from acknowledging the balance between 'inner' and 'outer' creativity proposed by the co-creational thesis.


The therapeutic value of having testified before the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has not been previously examined. The objective of the present study was to determine if differences existed in terms of various psychological variables among people who did and did not give a statement to the TRC concerning human rights violations they had experienced during the apartheid era. One hundred and forty-eight black South African former political activists who were detained by the security forces during the apartheid era and subjected to abuse and torture completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, the Impact of Event Scale, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Medical Outcomes Study, Short Form 20. Comparisons between subjects who did and did not give in-camera statements to officials of the TRC yielded null results on all measures, indicating no differences in distress and traumatisation scores between the two groups of survivors. Possible reasons for these results include the likelihood that statement giving is an ineffective mechanism for reducing psychological distress, amnesty to perpetrators of abuse may be a barrier to the successful amelioration of distress in survivors, participants' quality of life has remained poor due to their lack of economic progress following South Africa's transition to democracy and the possibility that the statement giving process was too short, insufficiently structured and not designed to ensure long-term psychological gain.


Everyone knows the importance of technological development happening day to day in the world. Air transport is one among them. This Air mode of transport has been effectively used by people to save time and cater the needs in long travel distances. As air transport reduces the travel time. It can be used as air ambulance to save life's occurring due to road traffic accidents. Helipads are important for air ambulance by accepting and taking care of patients from remote areas without local hospitals or facilities. The feasibility of Air ambulance in East coast road is discussed in this study.


This paper discusses a Distributed Network Quality of Service (NQoS) provision approach in decentralized interactive DVB-T systems (IDVB-T), enabling for scalable and fault tolerant operation. The paper describes the design and overall architecture of a regenerative IDVB-T infrastructure, where network resource allocation and service classification processes are performed at local level within each intermediate distribution node (Cell Main Node CMN), setting the basis for a CMN-to-CMN NQoS provision. Validity of the proposed approach is experimentally verified, and the test-results are compared against the aggregated and federated NQoS provision approaches, indicating similar performance but better scalability and fault-tolerant design.


The coronavirus pandemic has magnified the interdependence of the state and corporations in the pork packing industry. In 2020, when over 67,000 meatpacking and processing workers were infected with the virus, the state allowed and encouraged this industry to coerce a racialized workforce to risk their health and lives to slaughter pigs. While it would seem reasonable to call for more regulation to protect labor in this industry, we find by analyzing the state's actions in 2020 that its interests are too far aligned with corporations' interests to expect one to police the other. Our analysis underlines the state as a symbiotic partner of corporations, and places workers' illnesses and deaths in a necropolitical framework that demands attention to the state's tacit approval of inhumane working conditions, use of law to keep packing plants open, and attempts to limit the liability of corporations for any deaths or illnesses they have caused.


Although international research is increasing in volume and importance, there remains a dearth of knowledge on similarities and differences in "national human research ethics" (NHREs), that is, national ethical guidelines (NEGs), Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), and research stakeholder' ethical attitudes and behaviors (EABs). We begin to address this situation by reporting upon our experiences in conducting a multinational study into the mental health of children who had a parent/carer in prison. The study was conducted in 4 countries: Germany, Great Britain, Romania, and Sweden. Data on NHREs were gathered via a questionnaire survey, two ethics-related seminars, and ongoing contact between members of the research consortium. There was correspondence but even more so divergence between countries in the availability of NEGs and IRBs and in researcher' EABs. Differences in NHREs have implications particularly in terms of harmonization but also for ethical philosophy and practice and for research integrity.


Aim: To investigate the practice-, patientand dentist related barriers to the provision of preventive dental care as perceived by dentists of Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India. Settings and Design:A cross sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 120 dentists of Udaipur city, Rajasthan. Material and Methods: Mean Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was calculated as 0.87 based on the opinions expressed by a panel of total six academicians. Cronbach's coefficient was found to be 0.88, which showed a high internal reliability of the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic questions and 12 specific research questions. Statistical analysis used:Student's t-test and ANOVA test were applied for the statistical evaluation of means. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The barriers correlated strongly with each other (0.60 to 0.85). A significant gender difference was observed in mean sums of scores of practice and patient related barriers. Practice, dentist and patient related barriers for very much hindrance were reported by 8 to 13%, 5 to19% and 0 to 29% of the dentists respectively. A significant difference was observed among mean of sum scores of practice and patient related barriers with age and experience. Qualification was significantly related to practice related barriers. Conclusions: Perception of dentists showed that patient related barriers were found to be the foremost to the provision of preventive care. Also, dentist's attitude towards health promotion and disease prevention needs a radical transformation.


Cytokine receptors like the interferon (IFN) receptor cause activation of STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) transcription factors. STAT proteins are regulated by phosphorylation on tyrosine and serine phosphorylation. Mowen et al. now show that STAT1 is also posttranslationally modified by methylation on a highly conserved arginine residue. Protein arginine methyl-transferase PRMT1 associates with the interferon-α/β receptor in yeast two-hybrid screen and inhibition of PRMT1 expression with antisense oligonucleotides decreases the effects of type I interferons. Mowen et al. show that STAT1 can be methylated in vitro. Furthermore, methylation of STAT1 (detected with antibodies to dimethylarginine) was increased in mammalian cell lines treated with IFN-α and the methylation was blocked by 5'-methyl-thioadenosine (MTA), a protein methyltransferase inhibitor. MTA also inhibited interferon-induced gene expression. The authors also observed that treatment of cells with MTA reduced DNA-binding activity of STAT1, an effect that correlated with increased association of STAT1 with PIAS1 (the protein inhibitor of activated STATs). MTA is a metabolic intermediate that is a substrate for methyl-thioadenosine phospohorylase (MTAP), and the MTAP gene is deleted in some human cancer cells. Mowen et al. show that accumulation of MTA in cells lacking MTAP can inhibit methylation of STAT1 and appears to make such cells resistant to the effects of interferon. K. A. Mowen, J. Tang, W. Zhu, B. T. Schurter, K. Shuai, H. R. Herschman, M. David, Arginine methylation of STAT1 modulates IFNα/β-induced transcription. Cell 104, 731-741 (2001). [Online Journal]


The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of corporate e-learning in the context of talent management on a global scale. It begins with a discussion of the importance of talent management, the challenges in global talent management, and the role of corporate e-learning in global talent management. Data collected via an online survey from 74 students (global leaders from a multinational IT provider with more than 90,000 employees across 50 countries) enrolled in a customized corporate e-learning program is presented and discussed. The findings suggest that corporate e-learning can be used to develop talent attributes and skills such as problem solving, analytical, communication, research, and time management skills. Specifically, analytical, communication, and time management skills are important predictors of overall corporate e-learning experience, while analytical and research skills are important predictors of job performance. As part of global talent management, companies can enroll their A-players, high performers or high potentials into relevant corporate e-learning programs that can be used to effectively address the training challenges of a scattered workforce and improve coordination among internal and outside collaborators and partners in complex business processes and projects. The sample for this study was limited to a multinational IT services provider. Future research should extend the scope of data collection to include talents from a variety of organizations, as well as a variety of geographies and industries to further investigate the generalizability of these findings.


We investigate the performance of two discrete solvent models in connection with density functional theory (DFT) for the calculation of molecular properties. In our comparison we include the discrete reaction field (DRF) model, a combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) model using a polarizable force field, and the frozen-density embedding (FDE) scheme. We employ these solvent models for ground state properties (dipole and quadrupole moments) and response properties (electronic excitation energies and frequency-dependent polarizabilities) of a water molecule in the liquid phase. It is found that both solvent models agree for ground state properties, while there are significant differences in the description of response properties. The origin of these differences is analyzed in detail and it is found that they are mainly caused by a different description of the ground state molecular orbitals of the solute. In addition, for the calculation of the polarizabilities, the inclusion of the response of the solvent to the polarization of the solute becomes important. This effect is included in the DRF model, but is missing in the FDE scheme. A way of including it in FDE calculations of the polarizabilities using finite field calculations is demonstrated.


BACKGROUND
"Expert patient" programmes have been introduced in the UK as a new approach to chronic disease management for the 21st century. The average survival age of those with cystic fibrosis (CF) has steadily increased such that the majority of those with the condition now live into adulthood. Currently, specialist CF centres deliver the core of medical care, with primary care providing access to prescribed medicines, referral to other services, and care of non-CF needs, however, it is necessary to provide a more comprehensive service for adult CF patients, involving both specialist centres and primary care. To date, little is known about these expert patients' experiences of primary care.

AIM
To investigate how young adults with CF perceive and experience primary healthcare services.

DESIGN OF STUDY
Qualitative study.

SETTING
One specialist CF centre in southeast England.

METHOD
Interview study of 31 patients with CF, aged 18 years or over.

RESULTS
Adults with CF consult in primary care on two distinct levels: as lay and expert patients. When consulting as experts, patients tend to operate as consumers of health care and perceive a satisfactory doctor-patient relationship to be influenced by three factors: GPs' understanding of how people live with CF, GPs' ability to prescribe certain specialist medications, and sensitive management of the cost of health care for adults with CF. A doctor-patient relationship based on trust and understanding is seen as desirable, but requires that these factors are addressed both by the GP and the patient.

CONCLUSION
Expert patient policy has focused on the role of patients with common chronic conditions in secondary and tertiary care, with little consideration of how adults with rare chronic illness and their GPs manage health problems that can be addressed in primary care. Enabling easy access to holistic care, as well as establishing successful trusting relationships with people with long-term rare conditions, is a necessary foundation for expert patients to take an active role in their care.


This work presents the experimental verification of the power transmission of a radiating field into the human head for Microwave Imaging (MWI) applications. We aim at finding the range of frequencies that optimize the power scattered by any anomalies from inside to outside of the brain when excited by an incoming radiating field and hence improve the quality of microwave imaging. For this purpose, a 3D printed head phantom composed of liquids emulating dispersive biological head tissues in the range of [0.5–4]GHz has been built. Measurement results show that the wave penetrates well up to 1.3GHz as there is a strong attenuation around 2GHz, and low levels of transmitted power above 3GHz.


The authors reanalyzed data from a set of studies — J. D. Heider and J.J. Skowronski (2007) — that explored links between the race IAT and discriminatory behavior. The studies in that report were designed to have methodological improvements over past studies of predictive validity, and the authors concluded that links between race IAT scores and "prejudiced responding" and "discriminatory behavior" were supported. Our reanalysis reveals that this was not the case for either study. Study 1 was designed to test for links between the race IAT and competitive behavior in a prisoner's dilemma game. We found a pattern not conveyed in the original report, which is that the IAT predicted greater competition with both White and Black opponents. The IAT did not predict racially biased behavior. Study 2 was designed to test for links between the race IAT and friendliness of verbal and nonverbal treatment of confederates. We found that the published results for Study 2 were based on erroneous IAT scores. Analysis of the true data revealed that the race IAT did not predict racially biased behavior. These results add to recent evidence calling into question the predictive validity of the race IAT.


The temperate rainforests of Western Washington are known for their old-growth forests and unique ecosystem processes. In these stands of old-growth, it is common for trees to be 200-300 years old. On branches, Epiphytic mats form in the canopy. The bottom layer of these mats starts to decompose over time, forming a layer of organic matter known as 'canopy soil'. To better understand the role of canopy soil in the overall ecosystem, research needs to focus on canopy soil characteristics and the host tree relationships. The specific aims of this research were to attempt to 1) taxonomically identify mycorrhizal species in adventitious canopy and forest floor roots, and 2) compare the identified species between the canopy and forest floor levels. Twenty-four root samples were taken from four bigleaf maples (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) located in the Olympic National Rainforest in the Queets River Watershed, Washington State. Roots were washed and DNA was extracted for PCR, cloning, and DNA sequencing. The results were processed through the NCBI BLAST Database and EMBI ClustalW website to identify and analyze differences in genetic diversity for roots collected from the canopy and the forest floor. Mycorrhizas were successfully identified from both the canopy and forest floor roots. Due to a lack of vouchered references, some samples were only identified to class, order, or genus, while others were placed in a group entitled 'unidentified ectomycorrhizal clones'. Three samples were identified to be from the class Leotiomycetes, one was narrowed to the order Helotiales, and another sample was identified as a Cadophora spp. All three groups have species that have been reported as being ectomycorrhizal. Although species weren't identified past these levels, sequence alignment still allowed analysis of their DNA. There appears to be several different mycorrhizal sequences present in both the canopy and forest floor roots. Further research will be needed using DNA extractions to better understand the coevolution of these species found in canopy soils.


The status of early life history descriptions for teleost fishes in New Zealand is low in comparison to other areas around the world. New Zealand itself is well-positioned to increase the number of teleost species that are known as larvae with species from subtropical, temperate, and sub-Antarctic waters being found within New Zealand's Excusive Economic Zone. Areas that have a high diversity of species are likely to be where different water currents converge.
 Work on larval fishes in New Zealand has been predominantly focussed in northern New Zealand; an area of convergence between subtropical water and warm-temperate water. Relatively less work has been done in central and southern New Zealand. In particular, very little work has been done in the subtropical convergence zone on the east coast of the South Island.
 Forty three species of larval fishes collected from Kaikoura are identified, described, and illustrated. Seventeen species (Stokellia anisodon, Diaphus sp., Pseudophycis bacchus, Echiodon pegasus, Paratrachichthys trailli, Leptonotus elevatus, Helicolenus barathri, Scorpaena papillosus, Congiopodus coriaceus, Lepidoperca sp A., Taumakoides rua, Mendosoma lineatum, Grahamina capito, Grahamina signata, Gobiopsis atrata, Seriolella caerulea, and Colistium guntheri) are previously undescribed as larvae, pre-juveniles or pelagic juveniles. Existing descriptive accounts for 14 other species are extended. Available information for each species is synthesised and referenced from both published and unpublished sources.
 The status of early life history descriptions for New Zealand teleosts is discussed in relation to other geographical regions of the world. The need for plankton tows down to depths of several hundred meters, and also for intensive aquacultural facilities for rearing larvae from eggs, may mean that the availability of research vessels and aquaculture facilities may limit the extent to which larval fishes are known in New Zealand.


The widely known Pulitzer name is considered by many to be synonymous with the Pulitzer Prizes and the St Louis "Post-Dispatch". Joseph Pulitzer III (1913-1993) was editor and publisher of the "Post-Dispatch", as were his father and grandfather before him. In "No Ordinary Joe", Daniel W Pfaff provides an insightful look at the life and career of Joseph Pulitzer III, using correspondence and records that were made available exclusively to the author. Pfaff also includes interviews with more than seventy individuals who knew and/or worked with Pulitzer. Trained for succession to the Pulitzer media empire by his father, Joseph Pulitzer III strove above all to maintain the paper's liberal/reformist philosophy profitably practiced since 1878 by his predecessors. When other newspapers began blurring the boundary between news and entertainment as a way of keeping and attracting readers and advertisers, Pulitzer resisted letting the "Post-Dispatch" put profit motives ahead of journalistic independence. When Pulitzer died in 1993, he had managed to sustain the "Post-Dispatch's" distinguished tradition of editorial independence, and he left behind a company that was substantially larger and more competitive than when he took charge thirty-eight years before. In addition to his work with the "Post-Dispatch", Pulitzer was the head of the Pulitzer Publishing Company from 1955 to 1993. He also served as chairman of the Pulitzer Prize Board at Columbia University for thirty-one years. The board, which had been established by his grandfather, was responsible for awarding the coveted annual prizes in journalism, letters, and music. As much as Pulitzer was known for his affiliation with the "Post-Dispatch", he was also known for his collection of contemporary art, regarded as one of the largest and finest in the world. Pulitzer was known, too, for the stately way in which he carried himself, for his elegant attire, and for his impeccable taste and manners. This remarkable biography will be of interest to scholars of journalism and media history and American history generally, as well as those interested in the tribulations of family businesses. It will also appeal to cultural historians and general readers, who will be interested in how this bearer of a widely known name handled the power, responsibility, and privilege of the position into which he was born.


When cells mis-segregate chromosomes during cell division, this can lead to cells having an abnormal number of chromosomes, a state called aneuploid. Aneuploidy imposes a metabolic burden, reduces cellular fitness and induces a cellular stress response. Despite this aneuploidy-induced stress, two-third of the cancers are aneuploid. Apparently aneuploid cancer cells have mechanisms to tolerate the disadvantages imposed by aneuploidy. The overall aim of this thesis is to identify aneuploidy-tolerating mechanisms. Specifically, our research shows that aneuploidy combined with p53 deficiency in murine T cells deficiency accelerates T cell lymphoma development. These aneuploid murine T cell lymphomas have overexpression of Prmt5 (protein methyltransferase 5). We therefore studied the role of PRMT5 in aneuploid cells using different approaches. We identified that PRMT5 is a sensor for the amino acid methionine to activate mTORC1, which is essential for cell growth and metabolism, which could explain the need of Prmt5 overexpression in aneuploid cancer cells. To identify aneuploidy-tolerating genetic changes in a more unbiased fashion, we performed an in vivo genetic screen, in which we combined transposon-mediated mutagenesis with aneuploidization of the haematopoietic system. Combination of aneuploidy and transposon mutagenesis reduced tumour latency significantly compared to transposon mutagenesis alone, confirming that aneuploidy also accelerates tumorigenesis in this setting. Preliminary analysis of the transposon common insertion sites in these tumours is suggesting that Foxp1 and Notch1 are potential genes involved the aneuploidy tolerization. Altogether, we have found new mechanisms that facilitate tolerance of aneuploidy, which can be potential targets in the treatment of aneuploid cancer.


Investigating the parameters influencing the behavior of buried pipelines under dynamic loading is of great importance. In this study the soil structure interaction of the pipelines with the surrounding soil was addressed using shaking table tests. Wave propagation along the soil layers was also included in the study. The semi infinite nature of the field was simulated using a laminar shear box. The soil used in the experiments was Babolsar coastal sand (Iran). PVC pipes were used due to their analogy with the field. Eight models were constructed with the first four models having uniform base. In the next models, the non-uniformities of real ground were simulated using a concrete pedestal installed at the very bottom of the shear box. Pipe deformations under dynamic loading, acceleration distribution in height, soil settlement and horizontal displacements were measured by strain gauges, acceleratometers and displacement meters. Analyzing the obtained data, influence of different parameters of dynamic loading such as acceleration, frequency, soil density, base conditions and shaking direction to pipe axis on the acceleration amplification ratio and pipe deformation were investigated. Also in order to study the effect of dynamic loading on two different materials, soil and pipe, the horizontal strains were compared.


Failure of electronic devices is a concern for future electric aircrafts that will see an increase of electronics to drive and control safety-critical equipment throughout the aircraft. As a result, investigation of precursors to failure in electronics and prediction of remaining life of electronic components is of key importance. DC-DC power converters are power electronics systems employed typically as sourcing elements for avionics equipment. Current research efforts in prognostics for these power systems focuses on the identification of failure mechanisms and the development of accelerated aging methodologies and systems to accelerate the aging process of test devices, while continuously measuring key electrical and thermal parameters. Preliminary model-based prognostics algorithms have been developed making use of empirical degradation models and physics-inspired degradation model with focus on key components like electrolytic capacitors and power MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistor). This paper presents current results on the development of validation methods for prognostics algorithms of power electrolytic capacitors. Particularly, in the use of accelerated aging systems for algorithm validation. Validation of prognostics algorithms present difficulties in practice due to the lack of run-to-failure experiments in deployed systems. By using accelerated experiments, we circumvent this problem in order to define initial validation activities.


The Berlin Ethnological Museum is one of the world's largest and most important anthropological museums, housing more than a half million objects collected from around the globe. This book tells the story of the German scientists and adventurers who, inspired by Alexander von Humboldt's inclusive vision of the world, traveled the earth in pursuit of a total history of humanity. It also details the fate of their museum, which they hoped would be a scientists' workshop, a place where a unitary history of humanity might emerge. The book shows how these early German ethnologists assembled vast ethnographic collections to facilitate their study of the multiplicity of humanity, not to confirm emerging racist theories of human difference. It traces how Adolf Bastian filled the Berlin museum in an effort to preserve the records of human diversity, yet how he and his supporters were swept up by the imperialist currents of the day and struck a series of Faustian bargains to ensure the growth of their collections. The book describes how influential administrators such as Wilhelm von Bode demanded that the museum be transformed into a hall for public displays, and how Humboldt's inspiring ideals were ultimately betrayed by politics and personal ambition. The book calls on museums to embrace anew Bastian's vision while deepening their engagement with indigenous peoples concerning the provenance and stewardship of these collections.


Bone morphogenetic protein 2B (BMP 2B, also known as BMP 4) induces cartilage and bone morphogenesis in ectopic extraskeletal sites. BMP 2B is one of several bone morphogenetic proteins which along with activins and inhibins are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- beta) family. Both BMP 2B and activin A, but not TGF-beta 1, induce rat pheochromocytoma PC12 neuronal cell differentiation and expression of VGF, a nervous system-specific mRNA. PC12 cells exhibited approximately 2,500 receptors per cell for BMP 2B with an apparent dissociation constant of 19 pM. Extracellular matrix components, including fibronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV potentiated the activity of BMP and activin A, with the latter being the most active. Direct experiments demonstrated that radioiodinated BMP 2B bound to collagen type IV better than to either laminin or fibronectin. These data demonstrate a common neurotrophic activity of both BMP 2B and activin A, and suggest that these regulatory molecules alone and in conjunction with extracellular matrix components may play a role in both the development and repair of nervous tissue.


Alongside kindred civic-driven and place-based urban greening initiatives, studies document an upsurge over the last decade in urban gardening and alternative food initiatives across a range of Euro-American settings. Meanwhile, historical and cultural inquiries into urban design, planning and politics suggest that the place and role of 'nature' in the city is now undergoing significant shifts. In this article, we deploy a case study of a civic-driven permaculture garden in Copenhagen in order to suggest a novel analytical grid of the imaginative and material domain of public aesthetic norms shaping current-day tensions over interventions in and valuations of the fabric of multiform green-spaces in the city. Reading across existing literatures, we model this domain along two structuring axes – of 'orderliness' versus 'wildness' and 'pastoral nature' versus city-nature 'imbrication' – and illustrate the usefulness of the resulting grid for making sense of internal debates and external criticisms in the Copenhagen permaculture gardening case. By assisting us in explaining how and why this garden struggled to carve out a legitimate space in a city otherwise committed to urban nature, we argue that attention to variable urban-green aesthetic commitments helps recast questions of urban sustainability politics in important ways.


Aim/Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the interrelationship among the quality measures of information system success, including system quality, information, quality, and service quality, that eventually influence accounting information systems effectiveness.
Background It is generally believed that investment in an information system offers opportunities to organizations for business process efficiency and effectiveness. Despite huge investments in accounting information systems, banks in Nigeria have not realized the full potential benefits of using these systems because of persistent failures. Few studies have been conducted to address the problem. Methodology A survey research design was used to collect data, and a total of 287 questionnaires were retrieved from respondents in the Nigerian banking sector.
Contribution This study contributes to the understanding of the most important antecedent
factors of the quality measures, the interrelationship among the quality measures, and the influence of these measures on the accounting information systems effectiveness. Findings The result of the study revealed that security, ease of use, and efficiency are key features of system quality, while the information quality dimension includes accuracy, timeliness, and completeness. The result of the study further revealed
that information quality and system quality have significant influences on accounting information systems effectiveness.Recommendations for Practitioners This study provides practitioners with important measures for evaluation of
AIS effectiveness in the context of Nigerian banks.Determinants of AIS Effectiveness
310 Recommendation for Researchers Future researchers may build on the findings of current study to conduct further research in the area of AIS effectiveness in different contexts


We introduce a prewrite operation before a write operation is performed on design databases, a database that consists of objects as engineering designs. A prewrite operation does not actually make a design but it only makes available the model of the design that the transaction will produce in future. Once the prewrite design by a transaction is announced, the transaction executes a pre-commit operation. After the pre-commit, read operations can access the prewrite design even before the pre-committed transaction has finally made the design and committed. Therefore, our algorithm increases the potential concurrency as compared to the algorithms that permit only read and write operations on the design objects. In our algorithm, a user explicitly makes available a prewrite model of the design to be finally produced. Similarly, a read transaction also mentions whether it wants to read a prewrite version or the final version of the design. Locking protocols using two phase locking are given to control concurrent operations.


–Intrusion detection system is an imperative role in increasing security and decreasing the harm of the computer security system and information system when using of network. It observes different events in a network or system to decide occurring an intrusion or not and it is used to make strategic decision, security purposes and analyzing directions. This paper describes host based intrusion detection system architecture for DDoS attack, which intelligently detects the intrusion periodically and dynamically by evaluating the intruder group respective to the present node with its neighbors. We analyze a dependable dataset named CICIDS 2017 that contains benign and DDoS attack network flows, which meets certifiable criteria and is openly accessible. It evaluates the performance of a complete arrangement of machine learning algorithms and network traffic features to indicate the best features for detecting the assured attack classes.


Machine learning has the potential to assist many communities in using the large datasets that are becoming more and more available. Unfortunately, much of that potential is not being realized because it would require sharing data in a way that compromises privacy. In this paper, we investigate a method for ensuring (differential) privacy of the generator of the Generative Adversarial Nets (GAN) framework. The resulting model can be used for generating synthetic data on which algorithms can be trained and validated, and on which competitions can be conducted, without compromising the privacy of the original dataset. Our method modifies the Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensembles (PATE) framework and applies it to GANs. Our modified framework (which we call PATE-GAN) allows us to tightly bound the influence of any individual sample on the model, resulting in tight differential privacy guarantees and thus an improved performance over models with the same guarantees. We also look at measuring the quality of synthetic data from a new angle; we assert that for the synthetic data to be useful for machine learning researchers, the relative performance of two algorithms (trained and tested) on the synthetic dataset should be the same as their relative performance (when trained and tested) on the original dataset. Our experiments, on various datasets, demonstrate that PATE-GAN consistently outperforms the stateof-the-art method with respect to this and other notions of synthetic data quality.


Title: Establishment and Characterization of Vaginal Tissue Primary Culture: Feasibility of Cell Therapy Usage in MayerRokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome (MRKHS) Patient ́s Treatment. Background: The uterine and vaginal agenesis, MayerRokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome (SMRKH), is a congenital malformation that implies in the impairment of sexual activity and reproductive life. The first line therapy is nonsurgical (dilatation method) but surgical methods may be necessary to create a functional neovagina. In the surgical procedure, various types of graft materials have been used to line the neovagina, and recently, alternative grafts have been studied to minimize adverse effects. Our aim was to establish vaginal primary cultures in order to prove the feasibility of cell therapy for the reconstruction of the vaginal lining. Methods and findings: Nine small biopsies were processed according to explant technique in order to isolate vaginal cells (VC). Different cell types were obtained, including fibroblast and epithelial cells, according to optical microscopy, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assessment. These cells could not differentiate into mesenchymal lineages (adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic) but are able to form tissue-like cell aggregates. The expression of telomeres and telomerase genes were similar to the endometrial fibroblast. Conclusion: We are able to obtain and characterize vaginaderived cells in primary cultures. The isolated cells seem to be good candidates to cell therapy usage in MRKHS as they have phenotypic and physiological characteristics suitable to the reconstruction of vaginal lining.


New and reliable test methods have been developed, and are under development, for the physical characterization of wood and whole wood-polymer composites (WPC is used in this article to refer to polymer-impregnated whole wood). The methods described here have been designed for smaller samples than are required for most ASTM tests. It should be stressed that, when comparing treated samples to untreated samples in any type of testing, the initial density or specific gravity (density before treatment) of the treated sample should be the same as the untreated control sample. If possible, measurements should be made on a given sample before and after treatment; on a split sample, half should be treated and compared with the untreated half. If there is much variation in density between samples within a group, the effectiveness of the treatment cannot be determined with an acceptable degree of accuracy, since whole wood varies greatly between specimens and density is a major factor contributing to property variability. For example, swelling (due to moisture uptake), modulus, toughness, surface hardness, and compressive strength of wood all increase dramatically with increasing density for both untreated whole wood and WPCs.

Scanning electron microscopy, coupled with x-ray energy analysis, indicated the presence or absence of good interaction between wood components and in situ formed polymer. For example, poly(EHMA) (the homopolymer of ethyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate) and wood components were seen to be strongly bonded, and x-ray activation elemental analysis confirmed the presence of poly(EHMA) and its copolymers within the wood cell walls. On the other hand, proton spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1p) measurements (by 13C solid-state NMR) for balsa / EHMA WPCs gave two separate sets of relaxation times, one each for unique peaks corresponding to either the polymer or the wood components. It is probable that the region of interaction between poly(EHMA) and the wood component in the balsa / EHMA WPC (the interphase region) is small, as compared to the individual components, and is not observed. This result is consistent with a two-parameter relaxation process for the peak at ca. 61 ppm, which includes overlapping peaks for the hydroxymethyl carbons of poly(EHMA) and cellulose. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Several important societal and economic world problems can be addressed by the smart use of technology. The last forty years have witnessed the realization of computational systems and networks, rooted in our ability of crafting complex integrated circuits out of billions of transistors. Nowadays, the ability of mastering materials at the molecular level and their interaction with living matter opens up unforeseeable horizons. Networking biological sensors through body-area, ad hoc and standard communication networks boosts the intrinsic power of local measurements, and allows us to reach new standards in health and environment management, with positive fallout on security of individuals and communities. This article reviews the Nano-Tera.ch research program, addressing the enabling and disruptive technologies that stem from the combination of nanotechnology with large (tera) -scale information and communication systems.


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have good toughness and hydrophobicity. The embedding of CNTs into a graphene aerogel (GA) network could modify various properties of the GA. In this work, we report a facile and green approach to synthesize graphene–CNT aerogels (GCAs) by a one-step hydrothermal redox reaction. The prepared aerogels possess ultra-light densities ranging from 6.2–12.8 mg cm−3. The incorporation of CNTs into the GA could not only improve the morphologies, specific surface areas and hydrophobic properties but also enhance the adsorption capacity and mechanical properties of the GA. Under optimized GO/CNT mass ratio (7 : 1 and 3 : 1) conditions, adsorption capacities 100–270 times of their own weight could be achieved depending on the density of the adsorbed organics. The same trend also appeared in the adsorption of dyes including methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). Especially, the obtained GCAs exhibited excellent reusability and mechanical strength on the basis of absorption–combustion and adsorption–squeezing experiments. Even after 10 cycles, the macroscopic shape of the aerogels is well kept and almost no decrease in adsorption capacity was observed. Based on the facile preparation process, high adsorption capacity and stable cyclic performance, the GCAs could have promising widespread applications in practical water purification and oil remediation.


The talk discusses feedback mechanisms in the price discovery process: from high-frequency marketmaking and algorithmic trading to long-term behavioral mechanisms. In order to quantify short-term endogeneity we propose an index derived by calibrating the self-excited Hawkes model on empirical time series of trades. The Hawkes model accounts simultaneously for the co-existence and interplay between the exogenous impact and the the feedback look by which past trading activity may influence future trading activity. Technically known in the mathematical literature on branching processes as the branching ratio, the reflexivity index is defined as an average ratio of the number of price moves that are due to endogenous interactions to the total number of all price changes, which also include exogenous events. This index quantifies at the same time both "criticality" of the system (stability and susceptibility to large shocks) and its "efficiency" (in sense of the Efficient Market Hypothesis). We calibrate our measure on several financial and commodity futures markets and documented presence of "micro" regime shifts that coincided with "macro" changes in trading methods or sentiments of investors. Finally we relate our analysis to recent evidences of an intrinsic "criticality" of price discovery and make a bridge between short- and long-memory models.


Originally we were accustomed to think of deficiency diseases as caused by the lack of specific vitamins. Thus, pellagra was caused by the deficiency of nicotinic acid; scurvy by the deficiency of ascorbic acid; and beriberi by the deficiency of thiamine. This conception was at least partly owing to experimental work on animals fed synthetic diets supposed to be deficient in single vitamins. But so far as humans are concerned, deficiency diseases arise from the use of more or less definite diets which are monotonous and usually can be easily shown to be lacking in several vitamins.
The complete clinical picture of pellagra, as we have learned largely from the work of Spies and his collaborators, although chiefly due to the deficiency of nicotinic acid, is modified by the additional deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, and almost certainly other vitamins of the B2 complex.


To some extent, one can say that in Russia now there is no control over military expenditures, neither by civilians nor the military. For five years the government has followed its own budget targets without regard to military requirements. The military command has made unauthorized expenditures without regard to the financial capabilities of a state experiencing a deep economic decline. The president and the parliament play the role of referees whose interference as yet has not improved the picture of financial clashes between civil and military interests. At the same time national security is becoming a main source of public concern and the necessity of the military reform is clear to the country's leadership. Only 5-10 years ago the public demanded both disclosure of military expenditures and spending reductions several times. Today according to some polls, about 51% of Russians would object to increases in military expenditures, which the government constantly tries to keep at the level of 3.5% of GDP (but which in reality are 79% of GDP taking into account the debts of the Russian DOD and total defense-related expenditures).


Since the global financial crash, one of the main trends in the financial engineering discipline has been to enhance the efficiency and flexibility of financial probabilistic risk assessments. Creditors could immensely benefit from such improvements in analysis hoping to minimise potential monetary losses. Analysis of real world financial scenarios require modeling of multiple uncertain quantities with a view to present more accurate, near future probabilistic predictions. Such predictions are essential for an informed decision making. In this paper, we extend Bayesian Networks Pair-Copula Construction (BN-PCC) further using the minimum information vine model which results in a more flexible and efficient approach in modeling multivariate dependencies of heavy-tailed distribution and tail dependence as observed in the financial data. We demonstrate that the extended model based on minimum information Pair-Copula Construction (PCC) can approximate any non-Gaussian BN to any degree of approximation. Our proposed method has been applied to the portfolio data derived from a Brazilian case study. The results show that the fitting of the multivariate distribution approximated using the proposed model has been improved compared to other previously published approaches.


Despite the cogent criticism that "bailing out" insolvent firms creates moral hazard, bailouts often occur in the aftermath of bank runs and other financial crises. In an environment where it is economically efficient to make illiquid investments, and where investors have private information regarding their respective liquidity risks, the investment contract must satisfy an incentive constraint. Limited liability tightens this constraint under laissez faire. In principle, government bailouts of insolvent firms might undo this adverse effect of limited liability. A theoretical example is constructed in which bailing out an insolvent corporate sector in some states of the world is essential to implementing efficient investment in a limited-liability regime. This example illustrates the beneficial constraint-relaxation effect of a bailout but abstracts from the moral hazard problem against which it must be weighed.


This quiz-experimental study examined the effectiveness of a 10-hour workshop-based intervention program that incorporated positive psychology strategies. Participants in the study included 72 Thai adolescents age 14 to 17 years with low socioeconomic status from four Fai-Fah centers, two of which were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: (1) the Positive Empowerment for Adolescents (PEA) group or (2) the expressive writing and reading control group. PEA is a series of positive psychology interventions including character strength enhancement, goal setting, problem solving skills, and gratitude journaling and letter writing. Data were collected on participants at pre-and-post intervention including self-report measures of life satisfaction, positive affect ratio, self-efficacy, and perceived social support, by using Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (BMLSS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C), Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C), and Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS) respectively. The results suggested that the PEA intervention program had a significant effect on the level of self-efficacy and perceived social support, although there were no significant effects on positive affect ratio. Surprisingly, the control group subjects showed a significantly higher level of life satisfaction than the experimental group. Integration of the expressive writing and reading found to be effective at raising life satisfaction from the control group, as well as elements of traditional Thai cultural practices such as meditation are recommended to help strengthen the PEA intervention program.


The evaluation of information systems development methodologies is becoming increasingly important. Some researchers propose their own criteria for conceptual evaluations. But such criteria are often constrained by the limitation of the researcher's view toward and experience with development methodologies. Furthermore, existing evaluation criteria are either not practical for direct measurement or not tested for validity and reliability. The lack of a generally acceptable, practically valid, and reliable set of criteria for evaluation hinders the development of knowledge in this area. Our study is a step toward developing a systematic process to evaluate information systems development methodologies. We captured the opinions of a group of twenty-eight researchers and practitioners who are experienced in information systems development methodologies. Through a systematic content analysis, the authors classified these criteria into three categories: (1) methodology design, (2) methodology use, and (3) methodology deliverables. The three categories of criteria are not totally separate in that they represent the means and goals of information systems development methodologies. Appropriate criteria should be applied depending on the stages when evaluation is performed.


Background: Over the past 20 years, the minimally invasive endoscopic approach has gained widespread acceptance. The study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic method and the success rate of endoscopically diagnosed and treated CSF rhinorrhea, and also investigations such as leakage site and etiologic factor. Methods: This retrospective CSF leakage management review of patients experiencing CSF rhinorrhea made from 1999-2006 included data regarding leakage etiology, preoperative assessment, intraoperative techniques and postoperative followup. Result: Sixty-five patients were managed endoscopically. CSF rhinorrhea etiology was traumatic in 30 cases, iatrogenic in 23 and spontaneous in 12. We used nasal endoscopy and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in all 65 cases while CT metrizamide cisternography was used in 5 specifically and magnetic resonance imaging for 5 others. Intrathecal fluorescein was used for intraoperative assessment without complications, and only one case of meningismus was noted. Conclusion: Several imaging methods were effective in diagnosing CSF leakage sites. Endoscopic management and autografts were successful in repairing anterior skull defects in 90.76% of the cases.


PURPOSE
To document differences in the cerebral proton MR spectra of patients with early and late stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

METHOD
We studied the relative N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels by localized proton spectroscopy of the parietooccipital region of the brain in 43 HIV-seropositive patients, including 26 with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining diagnosis, and in eight control subjects.

RESULTS
Reduced relative NAA levels were shown in those HIV-1-seropositive patients: 1) with AIDS against HIV-1-seropositive patients without AIDS (P < .04); 2) with HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex against neurologically healthy patients (P < .007); 3) with encephalopathic changes on MR against those with normal imaging (P < .001); and 4) on follow-up against their results on initial study (P < .03).

CONCLUSIONS
By clinical (Centers for Disease Control classification) and radiologic (MR evidence of white-matter disease) criteria indicating late-stage HIV infection, reduced relative levels of NAA have been demonstrated. Spectroscopic abnormalities can be quantitatively tracked with time. This paper demonstrates the clinical use of detecting NAA as a putative in vivo measure of the neuronal loss that has been demonstrated in postmortem studies of patients with AIDS. This neuronal loss, which is believed to underlie the HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex, is thought to be attributable directly or indirectly to the presence of HIV in the brain. Proton spectroscopy may serve as a quantitative noninvasive indicator of this aspect of cerebral involvement in HIV disease.


An important aspect in the development of dependable software is to decide where to locate mechanisms for efficient error detection and recovery. We present a comparison between two methods for selecting locations for error detection mechanisms, in this case executable assertions (EAs), in black-box, modular software. Our results show that by placing EAs based on error propagation analysis one may reduce the memory and execution time requirements as compared to experience- and heuristic-based placement while maintaining the obtained detection coverage. Further, we show the sensitivity of the EA-provided coverage estimation on the choice of the underlying error model. Subsequently, we extend the analysis framework such that error-model effects are also addressed and introduce measures for classifying signals according to their effect on system output when errors are present. The extended framework facilitates profiling of software systems from varied dependability perspectives and is also less susceptible to the effects of having different error models for estimating detection coverage.


It is rather common to have several competing forecasts for the same variable, and many methods have been suggested to pick up the best, on the basis of their past forecasting performance. As an alternative, the forecasts can be combined to obtain a pooled forecast, and several options are available to select what forecasts should be pooled, and how to determine their relative weights. In this Paper we compare the relative performance of alternative pooling methods, using a very large dataset of about 500 macroeconomic variables for the countries in the European Monetary Union. In this case the forecasting exercise is further complicated by the short time span available, due to the need of collecting a homogeneous dataset. For each variable in the dataset, we consider 58 forecasts produced by a range of linear, time-varying and non-linear models, plus 16 pooled forecasts. Our results indicate that on average combination methods work well. Yet, a more disaggregate analysis reveals that single non-linear models can outperform combination forecasts for several series, even though they perform rather badly for other series so that on average their performance is not as good as that of pooled forecasts. Similar results are obtained for a subset of unstable series, the pooled forecasts behave only slightly better, and for three key macroeconomic variables, namely, industrial production, unemployment and inflation.


A model-intercomparison study was conducted, the first of its kind for the Baltic Sea, whose aim was to systematically simulate the basic three-dimensional hydrographic properties of a realistic, complex basin. Simulations of the hydrographic features of the Gulf of Finland for the summer autumn of 1996 by six three-dimensional hydrodynamic models were compared. Validation was undertaken using more than 300 vertical hydrographic profiles of salinity and temperature. The analysis of model performance, including averaging of the ensemble results, was undertaken with a view to assessing the potential suitability of the models in reproducing the physics of the Baltic Sea accurately enough to serve as a basis for accurate simulations of biogeochemistry once ecosystem models are incorporated. The performance of the models was generally satisfactory. Nevertheless, all the models had some difficulties in correctly simulating vertical profiles of temperature and salinity, and hence mixed layer dynamics, particularly in the eastern Gulf of Finland. Results emphasized the need for high resolution in both vertical and horizontal directions in order to resolve the complex dynamics and bathymetry of the Baltic Sea. Future work needs to consider the choice of mixing and advection schemes, moving to higher resolution, high-frequency forcing, and the accurate representation of river discharges and boundary conditions.


Nutrition education and physical education in schools is increasingly being explored as a way to prevent childhood overweight and to promote healthy eating and physical activity habits behaviors. Classroom teachers are often responsible for providing this education. The current study examined the roles and perspectives of elementary school teachers regarding student nutrition, nutrition education, and physical education. Data is from a 2001-2002 study of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) Nutrition Network. Analyses were based on 78 structured interviews with elementary school teachers. Results showed that teachers perceive their role in nutrition education as teachers, role models, advocates, and motivators. Teachers integrate nutrition education into existing subject areas, and believe that nutrition education results in greater knowledge and healthier food choices. However, teachers report that too little time is spent on nutrition education. Results of this study also indicate that classroom teachers are often responsible for physical education (PE). Teachers believe PE has a positive effect on the school community and on student fitness, but the effect is limited due to lack of structure and lack of time in PE class. Teachers report barriers to both nutrition education and physical education, including other classes taking up too much time, limited teacher training, and a lack of adequate equipment and facilities. Findings suggest that more resources including teacher training, time, curricula and textbooks, and equipment need to be allocated for nutrition education and physical education at the elementary school level.


Introduction: To examine the relationship between elevated basal serum tryptase levels (BST), a marker of total mast cell mass, and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with anaphylactic reactions and signs of mastocytosis. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of patient charts at an allergy unit. Patients with BST levels above 20 ng/ml were eligible if clinical and follow-up data and results of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were available. Patients with previous use of anti-osteoporotic medications and with osteoporosis not caused by mastocytosis were excluded. Spearman's rank correlation, Mann-Whitney test and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used for analysis. Results: 24 patients were included. The main presenting symptom (17 of 24 patients) was anaphylactic reactions to insect stings. BST levels ranged between 21 and 158 ng/ml (median 48 ng/ml). Study participants with Z-score values below 1.0 had a median BST level of 46 ng/ml, the patients with Z-score values above or equal to -1.0 had a median BST level of 27 ng/ml. ROC analysis of the patient group with BST values between 30 and 100 ng/ml revealed a best cut-off value of BST to detect a low BMD when BST level would be at least 27 ng/ml resulting in a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 70%. Conclusion: Patients with moderately elevated BST levels seem to be at increased risk for low BMD.


This dissertation discusses the relations between regional interest groups and the State as well as their different roles within political decision-making processes. It is argued that it is necessary to include State agencies when analysing the function of interest groups and different outcomes of various State policies. This is illustrated by two case studies of modern railway construction in Malardalen, Sweden. The results of this study show that in the two railway projects it all came down to the rather blunt expression of 'being in the right place at the right time'. The collaboration between the regional and State representatives during the important phase of preparing the ground for later decisions, as e.g. the undertaking of a preliminary study, was vital in this respect. Apart from that, several other national factors could be pointed to as advantages for the two projects during this time. According to the State representatives one of these, the national employment policy, would gain from a more flexible labour market within the densely populated region. The two projects in Malardalen also had more specific advantages in comparison to other railway projects during this period. The two railways would not have been realised without the work of the interest groups, but one must also acknowledge the fact that it was up to the State to use their results in national politics. The final result of these decision-making processes concerning the railway in Malardalen clearly shows the importance of economic and political conditions on a national level. Conclusive was however also the local and regional political entrepreneurs' skills in taking advantage of the situation, and in presenting their arguments as a matter of public interest.


The risk evaluation process is integrated with procedures for handling vague and numerically imprecise probabilities and utilities. A body of empirical evidence has shown that many managers would welcome new ways of highlighting catastrophic consequences, as well as means to evaluate decision situations involving high risks. When events occur frequently and their consequences are not severe, it is relatively simple to calculate the risk exposure of an organization, as well as a reasonable premium when an insurance transaction is made, relying on variations of the principle of maximizing the expected utility. When, on the other hand, the frequency of damages is low, the situation is considerably more difficult, especially if catastrophic events may occur. When the quality of estimates is poor, e.g. when evaluating low-probability/highconsequence risks, the customary use of quantitative rules together with unrealistically precise data could be harmful as well as misleading. We point out some problematic features of evaluations performed using utility theory and criticize the demand for precise data in situations where none is available. As an alternative to traditional models, we suggest a method that allows for interval statements and comparisons, which does not require the use of numerically precise statements of probability, cost, or utility in a general sense. In order to attain a reasonable level of security, and because it has been shown that managers tend to focus on large negative losses, it is argued that a risk constraint should be imposed on the analysis. The strategies are evaluated relative to a set of such constraints considering how risky the strategies are. The shortcomings of utility theory can in part be compensated for by the introduction of risk constraints.


Tobit is the story of a righteous, devout, and charitable man who - blind and miserable - sends his son, Tobiah, to collect on an old loan. To test his faith, an angel joins Tobiah on his journey, and in the end Tobiah returns with the money, a beautiful bride, and a miraculous cure for his father's affliction. Tobit's story touches us precisely because it tells the tale of simple, hardworking everyday folk, who try, despite seemingly insurmountable dangers and difficulties, to be faithful and do good.Scripture scholar Carey A. Moore's crisp and insightful translation and commentary bring Tobit's tale of justice and righteousness to life. Everybody can relate to these characters. As the commentator himself confesses, 'I can honestly say that I really like and admire them. I 'feel at home' with them.'In the prestigious tradition of the "Anchor Bible", Moore relates the latest in biblical scholarship through down-to-earth comments that touch the lives of general readers. This is a groundbreaking commentary, the first ever to utilize the Tobit texts from Qumran. Drawing upon a thorough analysis of the book's grammar and philology, literary forms and context, religious and social situation, and historical context, Moore offers the most informed and up-to-date commentary available on Tobit. This is truly an indispensable companion to anyone interested in Tobit and the Bible.


There is a dearth of Black male education success stories and a lack of documenting by some pastoral practitioners of their model of pastoral care. The absence of both my story and model was due to traumatic memories. As a Black male pastor and educator, seen as a role model, working to inspire Black young males disaffected in their education, the absence blocked my practice advancement. Therefore, I used this problem for a self-reflective study on my practice to put my record straight.
First I revisited a snapshot of my educational past and contemporary practice using a Black metaphorical redemptive lens to see my study as a Black hero's journey. Second, I imagined myself through a Johari Awareness Model in reflective conversation with myself, Jesus Christ, and others. Third, I located my work within a practical theological paradigm and used autoethnographic methodological approach and methods to gather and analyse my data. Finally, I subjected my findings to a discussion interpreted through my conceptual lens to see what would emerge.
Hidden insights underpinning my practice were surfaced providing me with a new view of my life and way of being in my practice. Captured in the form of my autoethnography, this serves as a new Black cultural symbolic resource. This gives documented access to my education success story. It also models my pastoral practice which now enables me to share with others, through symbolic modelling, the current best knowledge and practices underpinning my work.
My study is an innovative use of inner experiences for Black professional advancement from blocked traumatic memories. It provides a new model within the field of practical theology, by which others might see a theology by heart beyond the usage of text for professional development. My inquiry makes me more transparent and a better role model for student and colleagues.


Genital powder use has been associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in some, but not all, epidemiologic investigations, possibly reflecting the carcinogenic effects of talc particles found in most of these products. Whether risk increases with number of genital powder applications and for all histologic types of ovarian cancer also remains uncertain. Therefore, we estimated the association between self-reported genital powder use and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in eight population-based case–control studies. Individual data from each study were collected and harmonized. Lifetime number of genital powder applications was estimated from duration and frequency of use. Pooled ORs were calculated using conditional logistic regression matched on study and age and adjusted for potential confounders. Subtype-specific risks were estimated according to tumor behavior and histology. 8,525 cases and 9,859 controls were included in the analyses. Genital powder use was associated with a modest increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer [OR, 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–1.33] relative to women who never used powder. Risk was elevated for invasive serous (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.09–1.32), endometrioid (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04–1.43), and clear cell (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01–1.52) tumors, and for borderline serous tumors (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24–1.72). Among genital powder users, we observed no significant trend (P = 0.17) in risk with increasing number of lifetime applications (assessed in quartiles). We noted no increase in risk among women who only reported nongenital powder use. In summary, genital powder use is a modifiable exposure associated with small-to-moderate increases in risk of most histologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 6(8); 811–21. ©2013 AACR.


To synthesize silicate modified hydrotalcite written as Mg-Al-SiO3, series synthesis methods such as co-precipitation, roasting recovery and ion exchange were tested using Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O and Na2SiO3·9H2O as raw materials.With crystallinity and purity of product as judgment standard, co-precipitation hydrothermal method at 120°C and crystallization 24.0 h was confirmed and employed to prepare Mg-Al-SiO3 flame retardant. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterized itsmorphology, structure and functional groups. The gravimetric analysis (TG), differential thermal gravimetric (DTG) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) experiments testify that the addition of the prepared Mg-Al-SiO3 hydrotalcite can decrease the thermal stability of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) in low temperature range, but it can obviously reduce the maximummass loss rate and improve residual char and LOI value. It can be found by comparison experiment that Mg-Al-CO3 hydrotalcite shows better flame retardancy than Mg-Al- SiO3.


The Barents Sea contains some of the most valuable fish resources in the world, including the world's largest cod stock. Since the mid-1970s, Norway and the Soviet Union/Russia have managed the most important stocks in the area together, through the Joint Norwegian–Russian Fisheries Commission. During the 1990s, the precautionary approach was adopted as the leading device for global fisheries management, introducing a requirement for additional precaution when scientific evidence is uncertain, as well as a number of practical regulatory measures related to scientific research, regulation and enforcement. Since the late 1990s, the Joint Commission has gradually adopted a number of measures required by the precautionary approach. Russia has never formally introduced the principle in its own fisheries legislation, but by and large employed regulatory measures in line with it. The article presents the major precautionary regulatory measures adopted by the Commission, including precautionary reference points for spawning stocks and fish mortality, a harvest control rule for quota settlement and various enforcement initiatives. A particular focus is on Norwegian–Russian collaboration and how Norway has bargained with Russia for precautionary management measures.Keywords: Barents Sea, fisheries management, precautionary principleCitation: Arctic Review on Law and Politics, vol. 5, 1/2014 pp. 75–99. ISSN 1891-6252