. Model seeding is a strategy for injecting additional information in a search-based test generation process in the form of models, representing usages of the classes of the software under test. These models are used during the search-process to generate logical sequences of calls whenever an instance of a specific class is required. Model seeding was originally proposed for search-based crash reproduction. We adapted it to unit test generation using EvoSuite and applied it to Gson , a Java library to convert Java objects from and to JSON. Although our study shows mixed results, it identifies potential future research directions.


Species of Nicotiana grow naturally in different parts of the world and have long been used both medicinally and recreationally by human societies. More recently in our history, Nicotiana tabacum has attracted interest as one of the most economically important industrial crops. Nicotiana species are frequently investigated for their bioactive natural products, and the ecological role of their specialized metabolites in responses to abiotic stress or biotic stress factors like pathogens and herbivores. The interest of tobacco companies in genetic information as well as the success of a few wild tobacco species as experimental model organisms have resulted in growing knowledge about the molecular biology and ecology of these plants and functional studies of the plant's natural products. Although a large number of reviews and books on biologically active natural products already exists, mostly from N. tabacum, we focus our attention on the ecological roles and biological activity of natural products, versus products from cured and processed material, in this Review. The studied compounds include alkaloids, aromatic compounds, flavonoids, volatiles, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes alcohols, and sugar esters from trichomes of the plants, and recently characterized acyclic hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs). In this Review (1800s-2017), we describe the above-mentioned classes of natural products, emphasizing their biological activities and functions as they have been determined either in bioassay-guided purification approaches or in bioassays with plants in which the expression of specific biosynthetic genes has been genetically manipulated. Additionally, a review on the history, taxonomy, ecology, and medicinal application of different Nicotiana species growing around the globe presented in this Review may be of interest for pharmacognosists, natural products, and ecological chemists.


"Joan of Arc: Her Image in France and America" celebrates the cultural legacy of a medieval French heroine who led the armies of her nation to victory against the English, who was tried on charges of heresy, and who was burned at the stake in Rouen in 1431. Two decades after her death, her trial was reopened and the court reversed the verdict. But it was not until the pinnacle of her popularity, nearly 500 years later, that the Catholic Church canonized her. Born in Domremy, France, around 1412, Saint Joan endures as one of the most famous people of the Middle Ages, and her extraordinary life has engaged generations of historians, writers, artists andmost recentlyHollywood film producers, many of whom have used her image to stir an astonishing array of passions. This highly illustrated book, published on the occasion of a major exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, is the first to explore the history of Joan s image both in France and the United States. For several centuries representations of Joan have reflected the historical contexts in which they were created, and have been used to promote a huge variety of political, cultural and religious views. These range from icons of martial ascendancy and nationalist unity to paragons of humble piety and maidenly purity, supporting both the power of the people, and the divine right of kings."


This paper discusses the realization of terabit per second high speed and high spectral-efficiency optical transmissions using much lower speed electronics and optoelectronics through parallel processing of coherent optical frequency combs at both the transmitter and receiver. The coherent and parallel processing enables electrical-to-optical and optical-to-electrical (E/O and O/E) conversion of wide-bandwidth optical signals which would otherwise exceeds the capability of conventional optoelectronics. In the first experiment, an optical frequency comb (OFC) generator provides 32 comb lines with less than 5-dB power variation. Subsequently, 1.008-Tb/s modulation capability is realized on 32 × 106 OFDM subcarriers with 16-QAM modulation in a 318-GHz seamless optical bandwidth. It demonstrates an effective way to generate an optical OFDM signal with tens of times wider optical bandwidth than that of analog-to-digital converters and digital-to-analog converters (ADC/DAC). The second experiment demonstrates simultaneous detection of multiple OFDM bands from a 32-band coherent optical OFDM signal using another optical frequency comb, a silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) that implemented the major optical devices, and two pairs of balanced photodiodes. The experimental results indicate prospects for an optically integrated coherent optical OFDM system on a chip-scale platform.


On December 16--17 2015, we hosted the 5th interdisciplinary Workshop on Internet Economics (WIE) at the UC San Diego's Supercomputer Center. This workshop series provides a forum for researchers, Internet facilities and service providers, technologists, economists, theorists, policy makers, and other stakeholders to inform current and emerging regulatory and policy debates.
 The FCC's latest open Internet order ostensibly changes the landscape of regulation by using Title II as its basis. This year we discussed the implications of Title II (common-carrier-based) regulation for issues we have looked at in the past, or those shaping current policy conversations. Discussion topics included differentiated services on the public Internet, evolving approaches to interconnection across different segments of the ecosystem (e.g., content to access), QoE and QoS measurement techniques and their limitations, interconnection measurement and modeling challenges and opportunities, and transparency. The format was a series of focused sessions, where presenters prepared 10-minute talks on relevant issues, followed by in-depth discussions. This report highlights the discussions and presents relevant open research questions identified by participants.1


While early intervention and treatment are often advocated for young children who has been sexually abused, little attention has been directed to developing an evidence base for such interventions. Hence, this research series took place over two principal areas of study: (i) the development of targeted interventions for young children who had experienced sexual abuse; and (ii) the co-evolution of a Child-Centric Intervention Research Framework to evaluate their effectiveness.
The research series began with a Participatory Action Research (PAR) and mixed method evaluation of a locally available Protective Behaviours program delivered across three groups of children aged four to seven years. Children in the participant sample were considered 'at risk' of, or with substantiated experiences of, interpersonal violence, including sexual abuse. Through iterative monitoring of their progress, contextual, summative and formative outcomes, which were both quantitative and qualitative in nature, were analyzed idiographically (within case) and nomothetically (across cases) to provide an idiothetic analysis of the program's outcomes. This evaluation pointed to limited success of the program and provided impetus to develop a new approach to intervention for young and vulnerable sexually abused children. It also highlighted some of the challenges of evaluating programs for children, exposing the need for an iterative microanalytic approach focused on the child as an entity greater than his or her experience or symptoms, as well as an entity firmly embedded in a wider outcome-influencing system.
A Developmental Intervention Research approach (DIR) was introduced to the research framework at this juncture and resulted in a 12-week abuse-specific cognitive behavioural program, entitled 'Little Steps'. The application of this program with a young sub-clinical group of children was evaluated in two group program iterations and three individual/family therapy modalities. After refinements of the program's components and delivery strategies, the evaluation revealed substantive improvements in outcomes relative to those found in the Protective Behaviours program evaluation. Specifically, children demonstrated adequate learning of program concepts and clinically significant markers of positive adjustment.
The use of DIR and PAR used in conjunction highlighted a process driven approach to intervention development. However, even in combination these approaches provided only a bare framework for guiding the research endeavour. The framework was given life, meaning and strength in its application to working with this vulnerable group of children by infusing it with the sensibilities of the professional code of being a practitioner. That is, understanding the child and his/her relational context for engaging in the world informed the selection and development of measures, directed the process of observation (plan, observe, act and reflect), and program development at the immediate level of the 'participant person'.
A Child-Centric Intervention Research Framework evolved through the intervention studies. It centres on considered understanding child development across cognitive, social and emotional domains. It recognizes the systemic constraints in a child's life, including their engagement in intervention. Most importantly, it recognizes play as the language of childhood through which learning occurs and through which stories can be told, even by the youngest children. This evaluation framework carefully centres on the understanding of particular vulnerabilities of presenting children, and their progress through interventions, against a normative perspective of child development. This normative perspective was integrated into this research through a study of children's typical pre-sexual knowledge and body awareness. Developing normative measures of children's appraisals of their relationships and sense of resilience was also undertaken. Measuring aspects of positive adjustment was an important feature of this research framework, as a point of comparison to better understanding adjustment difficulties indicated in a child's symptomatology. Importantly, the framework was engendered through adherence to the practice values of clinicians and the collateral confluences of existing methodological approaches to outcome research. Underpinning this framework, the researcher-practitioners were the principal medium through which contextually rich data were collected and interpreted.


The study examines local responses to globalization, with Cebu as a case in point. It describes the initiatives of the business, export, and ICT sectors in adjusting to global demands. Manifestations of glocalization are indicated in the increased role of local players, intensified global-local linkaging, and the translocal and decentralized nature of responses by government. Attendant issues and challenges concerning Cebus glocal experience such as, persistent poverty and increasing inequalities are also discussed.


The Internet of Things is one of the hottest topics in communications today, with current revenues of $151B, around 7 billion connected devices, and an unprecedented growth expected for next years. A massive number of sensors and actuators are expected to emerge, requiring new wireless technologies that can extend their battery life and can cover large areas. LoRaWAN is one of the most outstanding technologies which fulfill these demands, attracting the attention of both academia and industry. In this paper, the design of a LoRaWAN testbed to support critical situations, such as emergency scenarios or natural disasters, is proposed. This self-healing LoRaWAN network architecture will provide resilience when part of the equipment in the core network may become faulty. This resilience is achieved by virtualizing and properly orchestrating the different network entities. Different options have been designed and implemented as real prototypes. Based on our performance evaluation, we claim that the usage of microservice orchestration with several replicas of the LoRaWAN network entities and a load balancer produces an almost seamless recovery which makes it a proper solution to recover after a system crash caused by any catastrophic event.


In order to construct reliable deposited-aerosol database on the Anthropocene (from 1850 to 2020), we obtained a 250-meter-long ice core from the Southeastern Greenland Dome on May and June 2021, where is one of the highest accumulation domes in Greenland. The age of the ice core at a depth of 250 m was roughly estimated to be AD 1827 based on the timescale from a previously analyzed shallower ice core. The age of the sampled ice core satisfied the prerequisite conditions for constructing aerosol deposition database for Anthropocene. In addition, surface elevation, borehole temperatures, and internal stratigraphy of the ice sheet were performed, and meteorological and snow-pit observations were also conducted. Furthermore, we sampled aerosol and snow from the ice sheet for chemical and physical analyses.


Possible effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplement on the serum level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear. Objective: Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to investigate its effects on the serum hs-CRP level in patients with CVDs. A comprehensive search was conducted on the EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed Central databases for pertinent papers in English up to November 2016. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that studied the effects of supplementation with CoQ10 on the serum of hs-CRP level in cardiovascular patients were included. We used random-effects models (the DerSimonian–Laird method) to estimate the pooled effect of selected studies and the I2 test to assess the between-study heterogeneity. The subgroup analyses were carried out according to the baseline serum hs-CRP, quality assessment score, supplementation dosage, and duration of intervention. Of 205 studies, five trials were eligible for inclusion in this study with 159 participants in the ntervention and 143 participants in the placebo group. Results of the pooled analysis revealed that the CoQ10 supplementation had no significant effect on the serum level of hs-CRP compared with the placebo group (MD: 0.120; 95% = −0.944, 1.185; P = 0.825). Moreover, the subgroup analyses showed the baseline serum hs-CRP, quality assessment score, and duration of intervention can be sources of heterogeneity. The results of this study demonstrated that the beneficial effect of CoQ10 supplementation for patients with CVDs is observed in those who received this supplement for more than 12 weeks and with the baseline serum hs-CRP >3 mg/L.


In this paper, we apply information theoretic measures to voting in the U.S. Senate in 2003. We assess the associations between pairs of senators and groups of senators based on the votes they cast. For pairs, we use similarity-based methods, including hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling. To identify groups of senators, we use principal component analysis. We also apply a discrete multinomial latent variable model that we have developed. In doing so, we identify blocs of cohesive voters within the Senate and contrast it with continuous ideal point methods. We find more nuanced blocs than simply the two-party division. Under the bloc-voting model, the Senate can be interpreted as a weighted vote system, and we are able to estimate the empirical voting power of individual blocs through what-if analysis.


As the share of all income going to the top 1 percent has risen over the past four decades, so has the share of top incomes coming from labor income relative to capital income. The rise in labor income is mainly due to the explosion in executive compensation over the same period?mostly because of the increase in executives being paid with stocks, options, and bonuses. The principal-agent model explains the reason for such compensation instead of a flat salary. Yet hundreds of papers in economics, finance, accounting, and management have reached no consensus on whether executive compensation is efficient or whether empirically it conforms to the prediction of the principal-agent theory. In this article, we argue that this lack of consensus is due to two issues: The first is a measurement issue, and the second is that the exact prediction of the principal-agent model depends on many objects unobservable to the econometrician. We illustrate how using theory-based estimation together with a model-motivated measure of total compensation can help overcome these issues. Finally, using a model-consistent measure of compensation and theory-based estimation, we conclude that executive compensation broadly conforms to the principal-agent theory; however, each situation and the variables used have to be carefully modeled, identified, and estimated.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of different wood types and treatments, and extraction media to induce rapid ageing of brandy. Extracts were prepared from American and French oak, specially prepared and supplied by a cooper, and from commercially obtained oak; both representative of different toasting levels, including untoasted, light, medium and heavy toasted. To extract the wood components, wood chips in either 55% (v/v) neutral wine spirits or water media were boiled under reflux. Distillation was followed by either open (higher boiling temperature) or closed (vacuum or reduced pressure – lower boiling temperature) concentration of the decanted solvent by 45, 65 and 85% (v/v). The concentrated extracts were fortified. Screened extracts were added to unmatured pot-still brandy and aged for eight months at room temperature in glass containers. Controls were stored below 0°C. Matured and unmatured (control) pot-still brandy samples were analyzed for wood-derived congeners by means of HPLC and GC. This article focuses on the effects of the extraction media, and on level and method of concentration (open and reduced pressure) on sensory quality and chemical composition. The treatments that gave acceptable extracts, and the best overall quality pot-still brandy were those that entailed (1) using ethanol instead of water as extraction medium, and (2) levels of concentration above 45% (v/v). Open and reduced-pressure concentrations showed little difference in the quality of the products yielded. Treatments yielding the most acceptable extracts and best overall quality pot-still brandy generally also contained higher concentrations of volatile and less volatile wood-derived congeners. Multivariate data analysis was conducted on the pot-still brandy samples representing the different treatments. Discriminate analysis provided better separation of samples than principal component analysis.


After reaching water rights settlements, a number of Native American tribes find themselves with rights to more water than their reservations or pueblo communities presently need. As climate change exacerbates drought conditions in the western United States and demand for water increases, some tribes have leased these surplus water rights to public and private, non-Indian, users. Theoretically, this could be a boon for tribes, although the extent of the economic impact of water leasing is difficult to assess without an examination of each individual water lease. This paper attempts to illustrate the economic impact of Indian water rights leasing anecdotally, by examining the leasing efforts of one particularly successful tribe, the Jicarilla Apache Nation in northern New Mexico.


Mouse thymus, thymus-derived lymphocytes, and brain share an antigen determined by gene at the Thy-1 locus in chromosome 9 (1). Two alleles have been identified at this locus: Thy-1(a), coding for antigen Thy-1.1 (or θ-AKR) present in AKR and seven other strains; and Thy-1(b), coding for antigen Thy-1.2 (or{teta}-C3H) and present in C3H and all the remaining inbred strains. Injection of AKR thymocytes into inbred mice carrying the Thy-1(b) allele results in an immune response that can be measured either serologically by determining the level of antibodies in the recipients' serum (1) or by counting plaque- forming cells (PFC) detectable in spleens of the recipients by means of an assay, with AKR thymocytes as target cells(2). The magnitude of PFC and serum antibody responses after a single thymocyte injection depends on the genetic make-up of the recipient. Three genes controlling the PFC response to the Thy- 1.1 antigen have been identified: Ir-Thy-1A and Ir-Thy-1B, which are closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) of the mouse (3-6), and Ir-5, which is located at a distance of 17 cm to the right of the H-2 complex on chromosome 17 (6). Previous genetic mapping with H-2 recombinant strains has indicated that the two Ir-Thy-1 loci are located to the left of the IC subregion (7). Further experiments strongly suggested that either one or both Ir-Thy-1 loci map to the K rather than the I region of the H-2 complex (8). In this report, the study of an H- 2 mutant, CBA-H-2(ka) (M523) (9), and its parental strain, CBA/LacStoY (CBA) provided further evidence that one of these loci apparently resides in the K region and might even be identical with the H-2K locus in that region.


This commentary analyses the decision of the Court of Appeal in R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment, currently under appeal to the House of Lords. The Court of Appeal unanimously confirmed that Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 (European Convention) is not violated by a statutory provision banning corporal punishment in schools, even where those schools are organized around a Christian ethos based on a belief in the necessity of physical correction of children. While the Court of Appeal did not depart from the interpretation of Article 9(1) advanced by the European Court of Human Rights (European Court), it did take the strictest possible view of the case-law, and thereby gave a restrictive interpretation of the scope of freedom of conscience and religion. The court did not hear argument on Article 9(2) of the European Convention, concerning reasonable limitations to freedom of conscience and religion. In failing to address this issue, however, the court failed to consider issues of children's rights which are essential to any discussion of corporal punishment policies. This note compares the approach of the Court of Appeal with that of the South African Constitutional Court in a similar case, and finds that the South African Court's approach is to be preferred as taking greater account of children's rights.


Energy harvesting exploits ambient sources of energy such as mechanical loads, vibrations, human motion, waste heat, light or chemical sources and converts them into useful electrical energy. The applications for energy harvesting include low power electronics or wireless sensing at relatively lower power levels (nW to mW) with an aim to reduce a reliance on batteries or electrical power via cables and realise fully autonomous and self-powered systems. This review focuses on flexible energy harvesting system based on polyvinylidene fluoride based polymers, with an emphasis on manipulating and optimising the properties and performance of the polymeric materials and related nanocomposites through structuring the material at multiple scales. Ferroelectric properties are described and the potential of using the polarisation of the materials for vibration and thermal harvesting using piezoand pyro-electric effects are explained. Approaches to tailor the ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of polymer materials are explored in detail; these include the influence of polymer processing conditions, heat treatment, nanoconfinement, blending, forming nanocomposites and electrospinning. Finally, examples of flexible harvesting devices that utilise the optimised ferroelectric polymer or nanocomposite systems are described and potential applications and future directions of research explored.


The quarantine policy decision-making process in Australia is subject to the principles of the World Trade Organisation's SPS Agreement. It is primarily based on the risks and associated economic costs accruing to producers in the event of disease entry. The costs of a quarantine measure in terms of forgone trade benefits are not considered. The impact associated with this asymmetric approach is identified by demonstrating the gains to consumers which may arise through liberalised markets using a case study of the Australian apple industry. A partial equilibrium analysis is used to show the impacts of apple market liberalisation, which can be expected to yield gains to consumers which are greater than the economic costs to on producers.


As we age, the structure of the brain deteriorates and cognitive functioning declines. The region of the brain that begins to age the fastest is the frontal lobe, in which the dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex is involved in executive control functions such as planning, organizing, initiating behaviors, and working memory. For some individuals, the brain declines more rapidly with age because of genetic factors. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a gene that assists in the transport of cholesterol and repair of the brain when it is damaged. Presence of the ;4 allele impairs cholesterol transport and puts its carriers at risk for increased cognitive decline and possibly dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). Physical activity can slow the aging process of the brain and delay the onset and severity of cognitive decline and DAT as it increases oxygenation and blood flow, neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, and it increases the expression of genes helpful to the functioning of the brain such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Therefore, individuals at greater genetic risk for age-related cognitive decline (i.e., ;4 carriers) should receive increased benefit from physical activity. Accordingly, this study examined the relationship between physical activity and executive control functioning, assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) in middle-aged APOE ;4 carriers and non-carriers. High-active participants were predicted to perform better than their low-active counterparts, and this difference should be even greater among APOE ;4 carriers. While most research studies on this topic have focused on general cognitive performance, the present study is specific in its focus on executive control functioning. Sixty-seven cognitively normal middle-aged adults between the ages of 50 – 70 years were assessed on medical history, overall cognitive functioning, APOE genotype, level of physical activity, and executive control functioning (WCST). Using hierarchical regression, seven WCST variables were regressed on age, genotype, physical activity, and the interaction between genotype and physical activity. Analysis revealed that as level of physical activity increased, performance significantly improved on all seven WCST variables for APOE ;4 carriers, but not for non-carriers. These results reveal that the benefits of physical activity to cognitive performance in this age group are specific to those who are genetically at-risk for cognitive decline.


For a decade from the late 1990s, the A-Z London street atlas became a recurrent motif within art works and popular media texts. This essay collates and explores these cultural responses to the atlas, to consider what this might reveal about the affective dimensions of ordinary urban way-finding. There were three persistent motifs that ran through these diverse works: a basic fascination with the destruction of the atlas, the foregrounding of a stoic or heroic pedestrian figure, and the attachment of the atlas to a projected network of mobile individuals that connected on the streets at random times and places. An interrogation of these tropes reveals how the A-Z became a means to explore the terms of an expanded pedestrian experience, as well as a possible configuration of metropolitan movement and contact. Furthermore, the popularity of these texts points to an excess of affect that might have become embedded within acts of A-Z way-finding. Using, owning or being seen with the atlas briefly became a potential mechanism for imagining one's contribution to a mobile metropolitan community. Hence, this essay is both a focussed exploration of street-atlas poetics and an attempt to think more deeply about the cultural dynamics of everyday urban navigation.


Regulatory changes are transforming the multitrillion dollar swaps market from a network of bilateral contracts to one in which swaps are cleared through central counterparties (CCPs). The stability of the new framework depends on the CCPs' resilience. Margin requirements are a CCP's first line of defense against the default of a counterparty. To capture liquidity costs at default, margin requirements need to increase superlinearly in position size. However, convex margin requirements create an incentive for a swaps dealer to split its positions across multiple CCPs, effectively "hiding" potential liquidation costs from each CCP. To compensate, each CCP needs to set higher margin requirements than it would in isolation. In a model with two CCPs, we define an equilibrium as a pair of margin schedules through which both CCPs collect sufficient margin under a dealer's optimal allocation of trades. In the case of linear price impact, we show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an equilibrium is that the two CCPs agree on liquidity costs, and we characterize all equilibria when this holds. A difference in views can lead to a race to the bottom. We provide extensions of this result and discuss its implications for CCP oversight and risk management.


In this report, we describe the development of a multifaceted record linkage approach to identify federally subsidized rental housing units in the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS). Administrative data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD's) rental housing assistance programs are linked to ACS housing units using a combination of three linkage algorithms. The first linkage algorithm is traditional address matching and is used for HUD rental assistance administrative records with "clean" addresses. The second linkage algorithm, which we call "imputed address" matching, is used when HUD's rental assistance administrative records have incomplete addresses. This algorithm relies on the Census Bureau's Master Address File (MAF) as a source for imputing missing apartment numbers in HUD records. The third linkage algorithm is a person-based linkage that relies on the Census Bureau's Numerical Identification (Numident) file and the Census Bureau's Person Identification Validation System (PVS), which uses a compilation of administrative records from various federal sources. When we used our multifaceted record linkage approach, our annual linked data sets resulted in an estimated total number of HUD-assisted rental units between 98 and 100 percent of the known number receiving HUD rental assistance.


This article argues that play and creativity are cornerstones of a person-centred approach to adult second language education. However, when learners are refugees, asylum seekers or migrants already living in the country where the language is spoken, it is important that language learning also addresses their functional needs. Creative English is an applied theatre programme for adults in the UK that balances these functional and creative needs while developing confidence in English language communication skills. Drawing on participant-led, practice-based research which resulted in the development of Creative English , this article purports the benefits of an approach that combines playful emotional engagement with pragmatic subject matter. Creative English is based on improvisation. It reduces inhibitions and creates a state highly conducive to learning and taking the risk to communicate in a second language. It also offers the opportunity to rehearse language in everyday life situations. When learners' perceived needs are met, Maslow's hierarchy of needs can then be inverted, as creativity allows opportunity to address needs in terms of self-esteem and belonging.


At the end of the 20th century, and as we approach the beginning of the third millennium, a moment of reflection and contemplation is really needed. In the past decade there have been radical changes in architectural practices in Egypt. It has become common to observe that major shifts are occurring in the realms of architecture and urbanization. These shifts are dramatically changing the public face of Egyptian architecture. On the one hand, there have been changes that will definitely alter the role architects and planners can play. These are due to the emanation of new architectural services, complex building types and activities, and bilateral and multinational projects. It is evident that the profession in Egypt is being diffused into several new activities and roles. There emerge specialists in architectural programming, cost analysis/control, office and construction management, landscape architecture, client relations, research, real estate development and architectural marketing. On the other hand, we have witnessed more involvement of local architects and urban planners, together with international agencies, government, NGOs, and the private sector in urban development, historic preservation, and sustainable urban conservation projects. A wide range of innovative designs representing disparate trends can also be observed. Among these trends, movements toward green design and a more culturally and environmentally responsive architecture are implicitly and slowly dawning. Despite these honest attempts to tame architectural and urban development processes and the capacity of Egyptian architects to manage individual buildings, the overall built environment is increasingly mismanaged, and the process of architectural education has been slow to respond to these shifts. This chapter investigates the current status of architecture and urbanism in Egypt. It bases its argument on a survey of the recent developments in the field, linking these developments to socioeconomic contexts and the architectural trends in the nineties, and examining the role of different actors in these processes. The chapter relies heavily on presenting examples of projects that exemplify various architectural and design positions. Results of interviews with renowned Egyptian architects, and conclusions drawn from questioning architectural advertising in major newspapers are discussed and associated with the overall argument. The chapter ends with a conceptual vision for the future of architectural profession and the blinkered new paradigm. (This book is based on Regional seminar organized by the Aga Khan Award for Architecture held in the Department of Architecture and Design at the American University of Beirut in November 1999).


West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum), a marine perciform, possess a swim bladder which has associated muscles that are used in sound production. Individuals have been recorded producing sounds during capture that may be associated with disturbance from their normal behaviour. To determine whether individuals produce sound during natural behaviour, a passive sea-noise logger was deployed on the seafloor for one month in close proximity to low-relief artificial substrates occupied by G. hebraicum. During this time, both juvenile and sub-adult G. hebraicum were observed within metres of the logger on numerous occasions. At approximately the same time, sounds with characteristics similar to the disturbance calls of G. hebraicum were detected by the logger. Two types of swimbladder generated calls were recorded, one of widely-spaced pulses and the other of pulses in quick succession The maximum received levels and sound exposure levels of the recorded calls were 132 dB re 1 μPa and 121 dB re 1 μPa2.s, respectively. Based on previously determined G. hebraicum source levels and time of arrival techniques (direct and surface-reflected ray paths), the vocalising fish were estimated at between 1 and 19.5 m from the hydrophone and thus within the area where they had been observed. This study has provided evidence that juvenile G. hebraicum produce sounds at similar source levels to those generated during humaninduced disturbance. This indicates that sound is produced by individuals of this species during normal behaviour, but may or may not be associated with natural sources of disturbance.


From 1946 to 1958 the Marshall Islands was home to extensive US nuclear testing, testing that left behind an extensive health legacy. This paper examines the initial responses to the testing to see how they influenced a legacy that has spanned decades and identifies the indirect and long lasting health consequences and why they appeared. Just as crucial as to why and how these health consequences have affected the Marshallese people, is who has taken responsibility since. Focusing on the 1980s to the 2000s, this paper examines the significance of the responses, or lack thereof, from the United States and how it has contributed to the health legacies of the Marshall Islands.


A quantum theory of high-order harmonic generation by a strong laser field in the presence of more bound states is formulated. The obtained numerical and analytical results for a two-state hydrogenlike atom model show that the harmonic spectrum consists of two parts: a usual single-state harmonic spectrum of odd harmonics having the energies (2k+1)Omega and a resonant part with the peaks around the excitation energy DeltaOmega. The energy of the harmonics in the resonant part of the spectrum is equal to DeltaOmega +/- Omega, DeltaOmega +/- 3Omega, .... For energies higher than the excitation energy, the resonant part forms a plateau, followed by a cutoff. The emission rate of the harmonics in this resonant plateau is many orders of magnitude higher than that of the harmonics generated in the presence of the ground state alone. The influence of the depletion of the initial states, as well as of the pulse shape and intensity, is analyzed.


This study aims at developing an enzyme based single bath scouring and bleaching process for the preparation of absorbent cotton using short staple cotton fibre with high micronaire . Neutral pectinase and cellulase enzymes individually and also in combination for scouring and hydrogen peroxide for bleaching have been used. The enzymatic process has been optimized to get the desired absorbency of less than 10 s as prescribed by pharmacopeia. An attempt has also been made to explore the possibility of combining the enzyme treatment with peroxide bleaching in a single bath. The result indicates that like conventional scouring and bleaching processes the enzymatic process with a mixture of pectinase and cellulase followed by bleaching produces required qualities for the cotton to be used as absorbent cotton. The absorbent cotton thus produced by the above process shows sinking time of 1.8 s, water holding capacity of 24 grams per gram fibre and less than 0.5% sulphated ash. The weight loss for the single bath scouring and bleaching process is found 18% less as compared to conventional process without any significant difference in the whiteness index and absorbency. The carboxyl content of the treated fibres shows that the formation of oxycellulose is lesser in enzymatic process as compared to conventional treatment. The relative crystallinity index obtained from FTIR spectra shows that the change in proportion of crystalline and amorphous regions is lesser in enzyme treated fibres . The developed process is ecofriendly with savings in energy, time and water along with minimum physical and chemical changes in the fibre .


In this thesis, a simulation framework is built that is able to accurately predict forced wetting on complex geometry in turbulent shear flow. To optimize functionalities and to increase the safety of industrial applications such as in printing, coating or the exterior water management of vehicles it is necessary to properly understand the motion of drops and rivulets in shear flow. For this purpose, the specific interplay of multi-phase flows, three-phase contact line dynamics, and turbulent flow fields on a multitude of length and time scales are to be modeled and discretized in such a way that complex geometries are representable. The sensitivity of the drop and rivulet motion on small length scales is the main motivation of this study since a detailed description of wetting phenomena on large-scale applications is necessary but not affordable. To develop the required simplifying models, all necessary models for a detailed description of the complex physical interplay are implemented and validated in the present study.

 The numerical framework is based on the Volume of Fluid method within OpenFOAM to describe the multi-phase flow. To simulate wetting, a variety of models regarding the surface tension and the contact line dynamics, including the contact angle hysteresis, have been implemented and validated successfully. One of two elaborate turbulence models has been chosen because of its compatibility with the multi-phase flow description. This hybrid turbulence model is based on a Reynolds Average Navier Stokes method and a Large Eddy Simulation method, which provides a flexible compromise between accuracy and computational resources. Furthermore, to cope with the multitude of length scales, the high-performance techniques Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Dynamic Load Balancing have been significantly enhanced within this work to ensure a stable and efficient as well as highly parallelizable computation. All incorporated models have been implemented based on an unstructured mesh, which allows for the representation of complex geometries.

 In particular, the key scenarios of wetting found in the exterior water management of vehicles have been simulated and compared with well-defined experiments. Simulations of drop impact, as well as drop and rivulet motion on inclined plates, match with a variety of experimental setups in literature. Critical characteristics, such as the incipient motion of drops, the cornering of the drop tails and the meandering of rivulets also match experimental findings very well. Moreover, in shear flow, the simulation of the incipient motion of drops is in accordance with experiments and a developed theoretical model. Finally, the interaction of a moving drop in turbulent shear flow with a microchannel further confirms the predictive capabilities of the numerical framework even for complex geometries.


The paper describes deployment experience of a decision support system for planning fuel supplies within a network of gas stations, which is based on simulation, multi -agent and expert modeling. Authors focus on various methods used in decision support system BPsim.DSS. Mainly the system is used by logistical management and planning departments. The system implement such features as forecasting next day fuel sales, searching for effective fuel supply plan, planning trips for each fuel tanker. Simulation model estimates fuel sales. Planning is implemented in BPsim.MSN on the basis of logical output visual machine, based on UML diagrams and T-SQL language scripts. Testing results prove effectiveness of decisions: sales volume can be increased by optimizing usage of fuel tankers. Keywords-agents; decision support systems; logistics


Despite the commendable qualities of the new staff selection and appointment process such as stakeholder participation it seemed to have generated a host of problems such as nepotism, subjectivity and personal preferences. Although selectors were involved in the selection process for the very first time they were quite confident in thenchoices of candidates. Selectors believed that the short training programme did not prepare them adequately for the selection of school leaders. Inspite of severe difficulties, such as little knowledge acquired, members dropping off during the process and time constraints, 80% of the parents were quite confident in their choice of candidates for their schools. It was found that 52% of the selectors indicated that the selection was not vulnerable to nepotism, subjectivity and personal preferences. However, a relatively high percentage (42%) indicated that the process was not carried out fairly. Selectors believed that the selection process required their time as well as money. Making personal sacrifices affected their commitment to the process. Selectors were not remunerated for the execution of this mammoth task. Although there was severe time constraints 73% of the parents indicated that all CV's were allocated equal time for evaluation. It was noticed that 60% of the parent selectors and 64% of the senior managers as selectors found it extremely difficult to differentiate whether the CV's were original or professionally written. However, it was interesting to note that 70% of the selectors believed that applicants were not given preferences such Heads of Department and those from their own schools. An extremely important point is that there was consensus among the various stakeholders in reaching their final choices. This is confirmed by the fact that 87% parents, 82% principals and 82% deputy principals, indicated that decisions were reached through consensus rather than a vote. This is a positive sign because all selectors took ownership of these appointments. Clearly, there were several shortcomings of the new staff selection and appointment process. However, parents felt really empowered since they were afforded the opportunity of choosing a senior manager who would lead their children to greater heights.


Glucose phosphorylation capacity is known to be in excess of glucose flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type but not in a mutant strain lacking the two hexokinases but still having glucokinase. Nonetheless, we show here that in the latter strain, as in the wild type, the internal concentration of glucose is apparently low during growth on glucose and that additional glucokinase activity does not increase glucose flux. The glucokinase-dependent strain accumulates substantial amounts of glucose internally in batch culture after exhaustion of glucose, as well as from maltose. In both of these situations, low concentrations of radioactive glucose provided to the medium are used with incomplete, if any, mixing with the internal pool. Furthermore, in contrast to activity of hexokinase and other enzymes, little glucokinase activity is revealed by toluene treatment of cells. These results may point to a connection between glucose entry and its phosphorylation by glucokinase, but separate explanations for the various findings are also possible.


The modal view in the cognitive sciences holds that consciousness is necessary for abstract, symbolic and rule-following computations. Hence, mathematical thinking in general, and doing arithmetic more specifically, are widely believed to require consciousness. In the current paper we use continuous flash suppression to expose participants to extremely long-duration (up to 2000 milliseconds) subliminal arithmetic equations. The results of three experiments show that the equations were solved without ever reaching consciousness. In other words, they show that arithmetic can be done unconsciously. These findings imply that the modal view of the unconscious needs to be significantly updated, to include symbolic processes that were heretofore considered to be uniquely conscious.


The research objective of this article is to identify didactic practice and its competence levels and discuss possible differences and common traits within these competence levels. Furthermore, the paper seeks to develop an understanding of didactic practice which is led by an educational interest related to the learning of an unknown future or that which is unforeseen. In search for a framework of such a didactic practice one of the findings of the paper is that hermeneutics falls short as this theory mainly revolves around understanding. If we are to take questions of the unknown and unforeseen seriously, so we argue, there is a need for another didactic approach. We suggest that ironic questioning may be complicit. Irony is about concealing and withdrawal of knowledge, so as to creating space for silence, doubt and reflection. Thus we argue that the ironic questioning may emerge as a complement to different competence levels of didactic practice, including planning, conducting and evaluation of teaching, and discussion of teaching and curricula or research, towards renewed didactic theory.


The Romans occupied Britain for almost four hundred years, and their influence is still all around us - in the shape of individual monuments such as Hadrians Wall, the palace at Fishbourne and the spa complex at Bath, as well as in subtler things such as the layout and locations of ancient towns such as London, Canterbury and Colchester, and the routes of many major roads. Yet this evidence can only suggest a small proportion of the effect that the Romans had on the landscape of Britain. A Portrait of Roman Britain breaks new ground in enabling us to visualise the changes in town and countryside brought by Roman military and civilian needs. Using clear, well-documented descriptions, John Wacher answers questions such as: * were Roman towns as neat and tidy as they are often represented? * how much woodland was needed to fuel the bath houses of Roman Britain? * how much land did a Roman cavalry regiment require for its horses?^


Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) farming has received considerable attention in recent years, and is now becoming a rapid growing industry in Norway. This industry has shown approximately 2,000 tons harvested in 2003 compared with approximately 13,500 tons in 2008. The harvest quantity is expected to increase by another 50% in 2009. The major bottleneck for economical cod farming is with early maturation. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), light manipulation has been a successful method for avoiding early maturation, but this has not been as effective in cod farming to date. Two different light manipulation regimes were tried in commercial-scale cod production in the north of Norway. The first regime (delayed group) had additional lights installed in the netpens from August 17, 2007 until June 1, 2008. This treatment postpones the maturation by 2-3 months, with a peak spawning in June. In the second regime (accelerated group), additional light was installed in the netpens from November 23, 2007 until June 1, 2008. This treatment resulted in an accelerated spawning with a peak in February approximately 2 months before the untreated group. The maturation peak occurs approximately 4-6 weeks earlier in males than in females. The impact on growth and quality is also substantially larger among female cod. The accelerated maturation resulted in a decreased gutted weight in February and an enhanced increase in gutted weight from April. The lowest protein content (17.7%) in the muscle tissue was also found in female cod in February. The mean HSI in females increased from ~17% in December/February to ~20% in June. In female cod, the delayed maturation showed an increase in gutted weight during the winter, with no further growth from the start of maturation in April. The delayed group did not experience a decrease in muscle protein content during maturation (19.7% in June), but instead a significant decrease in the HSI content from ~17% in December/February to ~15% in June.


Objective: In this paper, we investigate the question to know whether information spread over Twitter can be useful to design investment strategies on financial markets.
Methods: We compare the influence of two kinds of messages sent on Twitter over two types of returns concerning firms listed on the S&P500. We use logistic-based models to assess the probability of having certain types of returns based on messages published on Twitter.
Results: Financial tweets are positively correlated with higher intraday and overnight returns (1 to 5% returns) while being negatively correlated with lower returns (0 to 1% returns). Non-financial tweets are not significantly related to such returns.
Conclusion: From a practical standpoint, investment strategies could be designed following these findings to optimize some gain opportunities depending on the investment day, the targeted industry and live activity on Twitter.


The data mining is the technique to analyze the complex data. The prediction analysis is the technique which is applied to predict the data according to the input dataset. In the recent times, various techniques have been applied for the prediction analysis. In the base paper, SVM technique is applied for the prediction analysis. In the technique whole data is divided into testing and training part. The test data is classified into two classes' means first class is of data which have less chances of heart disease and second which have high chances of heart disease. In this research work, further improved will be proposed in this existing method using decision tree classifier. The proposed improvement increase accuracy of classification and reduce execution time.


Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat from a single fuel source in a process. It allows for a more efficient and effective use of valuable primary energy resources when compared with the independent production of electricity and heat. Cogeneration is therefore attractive to both the private sector and policy-makers because it delivers a range of economic benefits and can be an important strategy in meeting greenhouse gas mitigation targets. This article examines the current legal and regulatory treatment of cogeneration in Alberta in the industrial sector. The authors argue that, given the scale and importance of cogeneration to the province's industrial sector, and to the province generally, it is perhaps time that Alberta developed a clear and coherent policy on cogeneration.


Amsterdam strives to combat a shortage of homes by launching an ambitious housing development scheme for 32 designated most deprived neighborhoods. After decades of urban renewal projects, the local communities still suffer from difficult to resolve socioeconomic problems. Aside from a minimum of 40% social dwelling units, 40% of homes are reserved for the middle class and only 20% for high-end. Mixing income segments on its own will not lead to an improved socio-economic status of the inhabitants thus, a new urban renewal program has been developed. On top of that, the new progressive municipal council, intends to democratise the urban renewal processes towards more community-led developments with local support and structural solutions. Some experts may argue that we require a radical new way of planning whilst others counter, that current standardised planning procedures cannot be easily changed.In partnership with the municipality, we reflect on Amsterdam's urban regeneration program and enhance collective crossborder learning by organising monthly learning sessions with the managers involved. Now that the first phases of the planning process have been completed, we follow a Grounded Theory (GT) method to structure the collected data and analyse the perceived barriers hindering the modernisation of planning practice. Observations and promising actions to make the participation process more inclusive, interactive and influential will be discussed. One example is that some managers on the ground who have to work with the system, are taking short cuts in planning procedures to ensure that citizens' needs are incorporated in the developed plan. These disruptive interventions may be used to formalise and implement new policy and more effective pathways of community-based development.


A score certificate for a tournament, $T$, is a collection of arcs of $T$ which can be uniquely completed to a tournament with the same score-list as $T$'s, and the score certificate number of $T$ is the least number of arcs in a score certificate of $T$. Upper bounds on the score certificate number of upset tournaments are derived. The upset tournaments on $n$ vertices are in one–to–one correspondence with the ordered partitions of $n-3$, and are "almost" transitive tournaments. For each upset tournament on $n$ vertices a general construction of a score certificate with at most $2n-3$ arcs is given. Also, for the upset tournament, $T_{\lambda}$, corresponding to the ordered partition $\lambda$, a score certificate with at most $n+2k+3$ arcs is constructed, where $k$ is the number of parts of $\lambda$ of size at least 2. Lower bounds on the score certificate number of $T_{\lambda}$ in the case that each part is sufficiently large are derived. In particular, the score certificate number of the so-called nearly transitive tournament on $n$ vertices is shown to be $n+3$, for $n\geq 10$.


Plants regenerate much better than do animals--an entire plant can regenerate from a small snip of tissue, whereas the best that animals can do is the occasional amphibian regeneration of a limb or tail. Xu et al. now analyze subcellular dynamics in the root tip of Arabidopsis to understand how regeneration is directed in response to localized cell ablation. Surprisingly, as new tissues are built, establishment of unidirectional flow of the hormone auxin follows, rather than precedes, cell fate specification. A suite of transcription factors that respond early to changes in auxin distribution directs cell fate respecification. J. Xu, H. Hofhuis, R. Heidstra, M. Sauer, J. Friml, B. Scheres, A molecular framework for plant regeneration. Science 311, 385-388 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This article reports the findings of an empirical study documenting the extent of recognition, nature, content and perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by firms quoted on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). The study derives its justification from the explosion in attention to CSR world wide in recent times. Although several studies have examined firm CSR actions in African contexts, none have studied CSR amongst quoted companies. The study's key findings were that a majority of the companies on the GSE subscribe more to the contemporary notion of CSR; their perceptions are strategic, moral, and ethical, as well as economic.


Over the past twenty years Paul Muldoon has taken his place as one of the more important current poets. Although his work is still most often considered in the context of Irish literature in general and Ulster poetry in particular, he has long since received much broader recognition. By conjoining lyric and narrative voices, by making the most of the polyglot nature of English as spoken and written in Ireland and by interweaving disparate literary traditions, Paul Muldoon has to some extent achieved what Mikhail Bakhtin claimed was impossible: he has constructed a "hybrid," multiple-voiced poetic language, a dialogized language that is both difficult and extremely effective (Bakhtin 327-29). Like other post-modern writers before him, Muldoon revels in this polyglossia, this carnival of language that eschews closure and that favors disjunction over consonance. Perhaps the most revealing examples of this language play can be found in what Frazier calls Muldoon's "reinvention of the long poem" (131). Certainly many full-length studies will be necessary to discuss language and politics in these long poems which conjoin lyric and narrative forms: "Immram," which concludes Paul Muldoon's 1980 volume of poems, Why Brownlee Left, "The More a Man Has the More a Man Wants," which concludes the 1983 volume, Quoof, "7, Middagh Street," which concludes the 1987 volume, Meeting the British, the 1991 volume Medoc, which is both a collection of short poems and a sustained mock-epic poetic novel, and the long fantasy "Yarrow" which dominates the 1994 volume, The Annals of Chile. Rather than attempt a sketchy overview of all of these poems, I will concentrate here on the work of the early 'eighties. Both "Immram" and "The More a Man Has" are marvelously self-conscious explorations of language in general and of the vagaries of the English language as spoken and written in Ireland in particular. In fact, the author himself has claimed that "in so far as ["The More a Man Has"] is about anything, the poem is about the use or abuse of the English language in Ireland" ("New Books" 118). This claim suggests that Muldoon's interest is solely structural or semiological and that "The More a Man Has the More a Man Wants" in particular and all of his poems in general present the codes that form the basis of Hiberno-English. Muldoon is, in fact, doing a great deal more than his claim suggests. From the introduction early in the volume of a personal language represented by the word "Quoof," Muldoon's childhood term designating a hot water bottle, to the Armagh slang, the borrowing from Scottish English, the American cliches, the numerous puns, and the comical and seemingly incongruous literary allusions, Muldoon pushes the limits of traditional usage, traditional juxtapositions and traditional "meaning." The result is a masterpiece of multi-leveled parody. It is not the language paradigm that interests Muldoon, but the undermining of the paradigm. This was equally true of the earlier narrative "Immram," in which Muldoon intertwines his own life with Raymond Chandler novels and ancient Irish voyage sagas. Although discussions of canon formation and what Bakhtin calls writers' "ideological horizons" are currently fashionable, a common by-product of canon expansion is the ghettoization of writers. In Muldoon's case, he is a member of the Ulster Movement, one of "the younger Irish Poets," and one of the major Irish poets who have been influenced primarily by Joyce rather than by Yeats. Accurate as this classification is, and important as Irish history, politics and literary tradition are to Muldoon's work, he has shown himself to be much more than a regional poet. What we might call the First Wave of Muldoon criticism has concentrated on defining the poet's place among other Irish poets. Hence we have Adrian Frazier's study of poems by Paulin and Muldoon, Mary DeShazer's review of texts by Muldoon and Michael Longley, Edna Longley's erudite studies comparing Muldoon to MacNeice, Kennelly, Durcan, Heaney, Mahon and others, John Drexel's comparison of Muldoon, Carson and McGuckian, Richard Brown's study of Heaney and Muldoon's use of puns, as well as Dillon Johnston's important early overview. …


The development of late-season deficiency symptoms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields has become more frequent in the Mid-South and Far West U.S. production regions. In this study, the objectives were to determine how yield and quality of lint produced by cotton genotypes of varying maturities are affected by different rates of soil applied K and N fertilization. Eight cotton genotypes representing a range of maturities and regional adaptations were studied in Mississippi in 1991 and 1992. All plots received a preplant application of 112 kg ha -1 N and half the plots also received a 38 kg ha -1 sidedress application of N. Within each N treatment, half the plots received 112 kg ha -1 K surface applied and preplant incorporated, with the remaining plots receiving 0 kg ha -1 K. Averaged across years and N treatments, the K deficiency associated with the 0 K treatment reduced lint yield (9%), boll mass (7%), lint percentage (1%), and seed mass (4%). Varying the N fertilization did not benefit these parameters. The high N treatment reduced lint yield 3% (P = 0.07) and lint percentage 1% (P = 0.06) when coupled with the 0 K treatment. All genotypes suffered yield reductions caused by the K deficiency, except for 'HS 26', which was not adapted for production in the Mississippi Delta. Potassium deficiency produced reductions in fiber elongation (3%), 50% span length (1%), uniformity ratio (1%), micronaire (10%), fiber maturity (5%), and perimeter (1%) in all genotypes. Nitrogen application above the 112 kg ha -1 rate did not increase the lint yield under the growing conditions of our study. The data indicate that genotype was not of importance when dealing with K fertility. The deficiency itself, however, must be dealt with to avoid significant reductions in the yield and quality of fiber produced.


NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH DECISIONS UNDER COMPETITION AND UNCERTAIANTY: A REAL OPTIONS AND GAME-THEORETIC APPROACH TO NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT James Owen Ostler School of Technology Master of Science New product development is central to many firms' future success. Not only as a means to continue to maintain their piece of the market, but product development can also be a strategic means for a company to diversify, and/or alter focus to adapt to changing market conditions. Most of the research in new product development has been on how to do it cheaper and faster than the next guy. However, early commercialization does not guarantee a position of strength in the market. Failures of EMI in CT scanners and Xerox in personal computers illustrate that being first to market does not ensure success or even survival. There are two main factors that inhibit managers from making educated decisions on when to introduce a new product. First, firms do not exist in a vacuum and any action they take will be countered by their competition. Second, with new products the only certainty is uncertainty. To allow such decisions to become "gut feeling" decisions puts a company's future at unnecessary risk. This is evidenced by the many firms that have had devastating results because of poor decisions with regard to launching a new product. While high level quantitative tools have recently begun to be used to evaluate corporate strategy, these tools are still mainly confined to research groups within large corporations. Both real options (to handle uncertainty) and game theory (to capture the effects of the competitions actions) have been evaluated and used by these groups. However, they have not been adequately integrated together in the academic world, let alone in industry. This thesis help bridge the gap between strategic decision making, and the theoretical world of economic decision analysis creating a prescriptive model companies can use to evaluate strategically important new product launches. To bridge this gap a method that is able to handle the integration of gametheoretic and options-theoretic reasoning to the strategic analysis of new product introduction is developed. Not only was a method developed that could incorporate the two methods it was done in a way that is accessible and useful outside of the academic world.


Changes in the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and finally cellular acid-base equilibrium are reported to play an important role in the early step of apoptosis. All of which would precede the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and releasing of those apoptotic inducing factors such as cytochrome c as well as caspases activation. Any potential chemotherapeutic agent that could drive such changes in ROS would be particularly attractive. Recently we have reported the potential use of Gleditsia sinensis extract (GSE) in cancer therapy including solid tumour and leukaemia cell lines as well as primary cultured leukaemia cells in vitro. We demonstrated that apoptotic activity is involved. Here we further showed that the mechanism of GSE induced apoptosis, including an early decreasing of intracellular superoxide anion as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay. This phenomenon readily occurred before any shrinkage of cancer cells including MDA-MB231 breast cancer, CNE-2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, K-562 chronic myelogenous leukaemia and KG1-a, acute myelogenous leukaemia. Cell viability was determined by morphological investigation and the [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] (MTS) assay. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase activity from those cellular extracts after GSE treatment seemed to be increased. Taken together, we speculate that the GSE-induced apoptosis, via ROS pathway, involves an early decrease of intracellular superoxide anion.


This paper reflects on the relation between Humanities and Digital Humanities from scholarly perspectives intertwined as they are with political stances. Often characterized as enabling a unifying as well as transformative sentiment for the Humanities as a whole, Digital Humanities can be described as a challenging hybridization of scholarly practices contingent to social and cultural contexts. The core of the paper relates to one of the topics of the 2015 conference on Rethinking Humanities , namely digital memory, by recalling on the concept of Humanities as scholarship engaged with meaning-making practices connecting past and present. Building on the literature and some co-authored research 1 , I present a humanities-informed theorization of modelling in Digital Humanities as a meaning-making practice enacted in the present and aiming at repurposing the past. As privileged objects of digital modelling activities, texts are repurposed via the creation and manipulation of (digital) external representations. An informed theory of textuality reminds us how cultural products embed the processes of their creati- ons and uses. Can digital models enact such practical memory and become in themselves strategies to exercise memory and encode knowledge?


There is increasing evidence of water temperature being a key controlling factor of stream ecosystem metabolism. Although the focus of research currently lies on carbon emissions from fluvial networks and their potential role as positive climate feedback, it is also important to estimate the risk of eutrophication streams will be exposed to in the future. In this work, a methodological approach is developed to create a scientific basis for such assessment and is applied to two Austrian lowland rivers with significantly different characteristics. Gross primary productivity (GPP) is determined through the open diel oxygen method and its temperature dependence is quantified based on the metabolic theory of ecology. This relationship is combined with the outcomes of a climate change scenario obtained through a novel integrated modelling framework. Results indicate that in both rivers, a 1.5°C warming would provoke an increase of GPP of 7-9% and that such an increase would not be limited by nutrient availability. The results further suggest that the situation for the relatively shallow river might be more critical, given that its GPP values in summer are five times higher than in the deeper murky river.


In this research we conducted a systematic reviewon Global Software Development (GSD) literature andperformed a survey to gather challenges associated with GSDprojects as well as their mitigation strategies. We reviewedstudies with empirical evidence in GSD. In total there are 86papers included as the primary studies. From the systematicreview we collected 48 challenges and 42 mitigation strategies.These challenges and strategies were also identified by our survey respondents. In addition, 4 additional mitigation strategies were uncovered from the survey. The collected challenges and mitigation strategies are later compiled into checklists which can be employed as risk identification and risk mitigation instruments.


ABSTRACT For the first time, a combined genotype-phenotype diversity analysis of endolithic microorganisms by pyrosequencing and microscopy was carried out across the intertidal and supratidal ranges of the Adriatic limestone coast. The coastal profiles represent ecotones between the sea and land, which express gradients of water supply, solar illumination, and salinity. The use of scanning electron microscopy imagery of resin casts showed that euendolith penetration remained shallow in the uppermost zones and was progressively deeper in the lower ranges where the water supply was more frequent. Microbial genotypes and phenotypes along the coastal profile showed large differences in dominance of taxa, but less in their diversity. The linkage between morphotypes observed along the profile and sequences was achieved by sequencing single cells/filaments, which were morphologically identified prior to their amplification. Molecular signatures of Hormathonema spp., Hyella caespitosa, Scytonema endolithicum, Solentia paulocellulare and Kyrtuthrix dalmatica were found on the profile and their specific placement was confirmed by morphological observations. Most sequences obtained were affiliated with Cyanobacteria (43%), Alphaproteobacteria (18%), and Gammaproteobacteria (7%). A total of 13 cyanobacterial morphospecies and 17 genotypes were found. Most cyanobacterial sequences belonged to the Pleurocapsales (33%), only 2% of the sequences belonged to the Nostocales and Oscillatoriales. The sequences corresponding to the cyanobacterial genus Hormathonema exhibited the highest abundances among all detected sequences, which is consistent with the microscopic observations in other parts of the world. The results of our investigation underline the importance of a combined approach in comparing the molecular data with microscopic observations in all phases of the study. Further RNA studies are needed to identify the actively growing parts of the endolithic community.


We describe the process used in the fisheries management system of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to minimise seabird bycatch, and the risk-assessment methodology developed to assist this. We examine the progress of several Regional Fishery Management Organisations in taking steps to address seabird bycatch. CCAMLR has the most advanced system of management among the RFMOS covered in this review, and has made the most demonstrable progress in reducing seabird bycatch levels in its longline fisheries. A combination of proven mitigation measures, extensive monitoring by independent observers, annual expert review of seabird bycatch rates and evolving fishery and mitigation practices have been instrumental in reducing seabird bycatch in CCAMLR fisheries.


Significance Principles guiding decisions that affect both ourselves and others are of prominent importance for human societies. Previous accounts in economics and psychological science have often described decision making as either categorically egoistic or altruistic. Instead, the present work shows that genuine altruism is embedded in context-specific egoistic bias. Participants were willing to both forgo monetary reward to spare the other from painful electric shocks and also to suffer painful electric shocks to secure monetary reward for the other. However, across all trials and conditions, participants accrued more reward and less harm for the self than for the other person. These results characterize human decision makers as egoistically biased altruists, with important implications for psychology, economics, and public policy. How we make decisions that have direct consequences for ourselves and others forms the moral foundation of our society. Whereas economic theory contends that humans aim at maximizing their own gains, recent seminal psychological work suggests that our behavior is instead hyperaltruistic: We are more willing to sacrifice gains to spare others from harm than to spare ourselves from harm. To investigate how such egoistic and hyperaltruistic tendencies influence moral decision making, we investigated trade-off decisions combining monetary rewards and painful electric shocks, administered to the participants themselves or an anonymous other. Whereas we replicated the notion of hyperaltruism (i.e., the willingness to forego reward to spare others from harm), we observed strongly egoistic tendencies in participants' unwillingness to harm themselves for others' benefit. The moral principle guiding intersubject trade-off decision making observed in our study is best described as egoistically biased altruism, with important implications for our understanding of economic and social interactions in our society.


Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder leading to hyperglycemia and exhibiting altered fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes altered cellular microenvironment caused myriad untoward effects. Periodontitis is chronic inflammatory disease. Diabetes and periodontitis had higher prevalence in populations. The objective studied the relationship between diabetes and periodontitis associated with cell apoptosis and the influence of diabetes enhanced inflammation on apoptosis and periodontitis. Methods: This paper studied and analyzed the papers which published in the worldwide associated with the influence of diabetes enhanced inflammation on cell apoptosis and periodontitis, and reviewed the probably mechanism associated with apoptosis. Results: Diabetes induced hyperglycemia enhanced inflammation related to cell apoptosis. Periodontitis had a higher morbidity on diabetes patients. Periodontal intervention may be benefit to controlling the diabetes. The bidirectional efficiency happened between diabetes and periodontitis. Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammation option can improve the therapeutic effects on diabetes and periodontitis. The finding included following several aspects. 1) Advanced glycation end products enhanced inflammatory response; 2) Hyperglycemia induced cell apoptosis; 3) inflammatory cytokines caused cell apoptosis; 4) Mutuality between cell apoptosis and periodontitis; 5) Diabetes induce periodontitis and bone loss; 6) Periodontitis induced insulin resistance. 7) TNFα induce prostaglandins elicited cell apoptosis; 8) periodontal therapies had effects on diabetes. Conclusion: Diabetes can enhance inflamemation leading to apoptosis and periodontitis. Effective periodontal therapy and control glucose may produce better effects on diabetes or periodontitis. Further research required to investigate the bidirectional mechanism between diabetes and periodontitis.


We investigate a new approach for SMT system training within the streaming model of computation. We develop and test incrementally retrainable models which, given an incoming stream of new data, can efficiently incorporate the stream data online. A naive approach using a stream would use an unbounded amount of space. Instead, our online SMT system can incorporate information from unbounded incoming streams and maintain constant space and time. Crucially, we are able to match (or even exceed) translation performance of comparable systems which are batch retrained and use unbounded space. Our approach is particularly suited for situations when there is arbitrarily large amounts of new training material and we wish to incorporate it efficiently and in small space. The novel contributions of this thesis are: 1. An online, randomised language model that can model unbounded input streams in constant space and time. 2. An incrementally retrainable translation model for both phrase-based and grammarbased systems. The model presented is efficient enough to incorporate novel parallel text at the single sentence level. 3. Strategies for updating our stream-based language model and translation model which demonstrate how such components can be successfully used in a streaming translation setting. This operates both within a single streaming environment and also in the novel situation of having to translate multiple streams. 4. Demonstration that recent data from the stream is beneficial to translation performance. Our stream-based SMT system is efficient for tackling massive volumes of new training data and offers-up new ways of thinking about translating web data and dealing with other natural language streams.


Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide with the greatest absolute contribution of deaths coming from low-income and middle-income populations.1 At the outset of the global epidemic, early in the 20th century and continuing for a few decades, CHD rates steeply increased stemming from the prosperity and societal-level changes that industrialisation and urbanisation brought to populations.2 These same populations experienced a near universal regression of rates in the latter portion of the century due to a combination of population approaches for prevention as well as advances in medical care. Notably, these countries and populations are typically categorised as high income in the present day. The current concern in high-income countries is whether the decreased rates of CHD have plateaued, especially in the light of major risk factors including obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes being on the rise in younger populations.3 With these data in hand, it will be prudent to closely monitor these younger, high-income populations for any reversal of these historical positive trends.

In low-income and middle-income countries, there has been a precipitous increase in CHD due to the natural progression of ongoing nutrition and epidemiological transitions. The question as these countries develop is whether modernity itself exacerbates CHD rates or does the adoption of western dietary and lifestyle habits in today's globalised world individually impact the rates? Recent evidence suggests a multitude of avenues linked to westernisation or globalisation and a poorer CHD risk profile are increasingly prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries. Specifically, there is greater consumption of poor quality dietary commodity foods, increased smoking rates, increased heavy alcohol consumption, increased sedentary pastimes and decreased physical activity levels, as well as the rising tide of obesity.4–7 Indeed, the causes of this global epidemic have largely been established to …


Human genetic background strongly influences susceptibility to malaria infection and progression to severe disease and death. Classical genetic studies identified haemoglobinopathies and erythrocyte-associated polymorphisms, as protective against severe disease. High throughput genotyping by mass spectrometry allows multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be examined simultaneously. We compared the prevalence of 65 human SNP's, previously associated with altered risk of malaria, between Tanzanian children with and without severe malaria. Five hundred children, aged 1–10 years, with severe malaria were recruited from those admitted to hospital in Muheza, Tanzania and compared with matched controls. Genotyping was performed by Sequenom MassArray, and conventional PCR was used to detect deletions in the alpha-thalassaemia gene. SNPs in two X-linked genes were associated with altered risk of severe malaria in females but not in males: heterozygosity for one or other of two SNPs in the G6PD gene was associated with protection from all forms of severe disease whilst two SNPs in the gene encoding CD40L were associated with respiratory distress. A SNP in the adenyl cyclase 9 (ADCY9) gene was associated with protection from acidosis whilst a polymorphism in the IL-1α gene (IL1A) was associated with an increased risk of acidosis. SNPs in the genes encoding IL-13 and reticulon-3 (RTN3) were associated with increased risk of cerebral malaria. This study confirms previously known genetic associations with protection from severe malaria (HbS, G6PD). It identifies two X-linked genes associated with altered risk of severe malaria in females, identifies mutations in ADCY9, IL1A and CD40L as being associated with altered risk of severe respiratory distress and acidosis, both of which are characterised by high serum lactate levels, and also identifies novel genetic associations with severe malaria (TRIM5) and cerebral malaria(IL-13 and RTN3). Further studies are required to test the generality of these associations and to understand their functional consequences.


In this paper, we propose a local cost aggregation approach for real time stereo vision on a graphics processing unit (GPU). Recent research shows that local approaches based on carefully designed cost aggregation strategies can outperform many global approaches. Among those local aggregation approaches, adaptive-weight window produces the best quality disparity map under real-time constraint, but it is slower than other local approaches. We propose a very fast adaptive-weight aggregation method based on exponential step information propagation. The basic idea is to propagate information from long distance pixels within a few iterations. We also discuss important techniques of efficient implementation on GPU platform, which result in 10.5x speed up than a straightforward implementation. Compared to existing real time adaptive-weight approach, our technique reduces the computation time by more than half at improved accuracy. Detailed experimental results show that our technique is Pareto-optimal among existing real time or near real time stereo algorithms in the accuracy-speed trade-off space.


The crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) is an important neuropeptide involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes in arthropods. Although this family of peptides has an ancestral origin, its function remains poorly understood among protostome species - apart from arthropods. We functionally characterized three G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the oyster Crassostrea gigas, phylogenetically related to ecdysozoan CCAP receptors (CCAPRs) and to chordate neuropeptide S receptors (NPSRs). Cragi-CCAPR1 and Cragi-CCAPR2 were specifically activated by the Cragi-CCAP1 and Cragi-CCAP2 peptides, respectively, both derived from the same CCAP precursor. In contrast, Cragi-CCAPR3 was only partially activated by CCAP1 and CCAP2 at high concentrations. The Cragi-CCAPR1 and Cragi-CCAPR2 genes were expressed in various adult tissues. They are both most expressed in the gills, while Cragi-CCAPR3 is mainly expressed in the visceral ganglia (VG). Cragi-CCAP precursor transcripts are higher in the VG, the labial palps and the gills. Receptor and ligand-encoding transcripts are more abundantly expressed in the gonads in the first stages of gametogenesis, while the Cragi-CCAP precursor is upregulated in the VG in the last stages of gametogenesis. This suggests a role of the CCAP signaling system in the regulation of reproductive processes. A role in water and ionic regulation is also supported considering the differential expression of the CCAP signaling components in oysters exposed to brackish water.


Over the last decade, self-organized refugee protests in Europe have increased. One strand of activism in Europe, noborder, involves a transnational network of people who are heterogeneous with regards to legal status, race, or individual history of migration, but who share decolonial, anti-capitalist ideals that criticize the nation-state. Noborder activists embrace prefigurative strategies, which means enacting political ideals in their everyday life. This is why this article asks: How do noborder activists try to meet their political ideals in their everyday practices, and what effects do these intentions entail? Noborder practices take place at the intersection of self-organization as a reference to migrants' legal status or identity, on the one hand, and self-organization as anti-hierarchical forms of anarchist-autonomous organization, on the other. On the basis of empirical findings of a multi-sited ethnography in Germany and Greece, this article conceptualizes that noborder creates a unique space for activists to meet in which people try to work productively through conflicts they see as being produced by a global system of inequalities. This demanding endeavor involves social pressure to self-reflect and to transform interpersonal relationships. Broader society could learn from such experiences to build more inclusive, heterogeneous communities.


Summary Background Currently about 70% of women who suffer from breast cancer undergo breast-conserving therapy (BCT) without removing the entire breast. Thus, this surgical approach is the standard therapy for primary breast cancer. If corrections are necessary, the breast surgeon is faced with irritated skin and higher risks of complications in wound healing. After radiation, an implant-based reconstruction is only recommended in selected cases. Correction of a poor BCT outcome is often only solved with an additional extended operation using autologous reconstruction. Material/Methods In our plastic surgery unit, which focuses on breast reconstruction, we offer a skin-sparing or subcutaneous mastectomy, followed by primary breast reconstruction based on free autologous tissue transfer to correct poor BCT outcomes. Between July 2004 and May 2011 we performed 1068 deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps for breast reconstruction, including 64 skin-sparing or subcutaneous mastectomies, followed by primary DIEP breast reconstruction procedures after BCT procedures. Results In all free flap-based breast reconstruction procedures, we had a total flap loss in 0.8% (9 cases). Within the group of patients after BCT, we performed 41 DIEP flaps and 23 ms-2 TRAM flaps after skin-sparing or subcutaneous mastectomies to reconstruct the breast. Among this group we had of a total flap loss in 1.6% (1 case). Conclusions In cases of large tumour sizes and/or difficult tumour locations, the initial oncologic breast surgeon should inform the patients of a possibly poor cosmetic result after BCT and radiation. In our opinion a skin-sparing mastectomy with primary breast reconstruction should be discussed as a valid alternative.


A central aspect of the pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila is its ability to differentiate in response to nutrient availability. The phagosomal transporter (Pht) proteins are members of the major facilitator superfamily of proteins which are ATP-independent transporters that perform diverse functions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. One of these transporters, PhtA, is required by intracellular L. pneumophila for threonine acquisition, differentiation, and growth. Accordingly, the authors have developed a model in which Pht proteins are responsible for acquisition of nutrients in the nascent phagosome; have postulated that this process is absolutely required both for L. pneumophila differentiation and growth within host macrophages. Knowing that nutrient starvation in broth triggers differentiation of replicative cells to the transmissive form, the authors tested if threonine limitation, caused by mutation of the phtA locus, impaired differentiation of intracellular bacteria. Analysis of mutants that lack one of each of the other members of the Pht family indicated that some of the putative transporters are required for growth within mouse macrophages, but others are not. In particular, the phtB, phtG, phtH, phtIK genes are not essential for growth within macrophages, while phtC, phtD, phtE, phtF, and phtJ are required for replication.


BACKGROUND
There are a number of effective interventions for the treatment of depression. It is possible that the efficacy of these treatments will be improved further by the use of adjunctive therapies such as inositol.

OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the effectiveness of inositol in the treatment of depression.2. To determine the adverse effects and acceptability of treatment with inositol.

SEARCH STRATEGY
The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), The Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Controlled Trials Register (CCDANCTR) incorporating results of group searches of EMBASE, MEDLINE, LILACS, CINAHL, PSYNDEX and PsycLIT were searched. Reference lists of relevant papers and major textbooks of affective disorder were checked. Experts in the field and pharmaceutical companies were contacted regarding unpublished material.

SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomised controlled trials that compare treatment with inositol, whether as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, to an alternative treatment, whether another antidepressant medication or placebo, for patients with a diagnosis of depressive disorder (diagnosed according to explicit criteria).

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data were independently extracted from the original reports by two reviewers. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager version 4.2.1.

MAIN RESULTS
Four trials were identified, with a total of 141 participants. These were short term trials of double-blind design. The trials did not show clear evidence of a therapeutic benefit, nor any evidence of poor acceptability.

REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS
It is currently unclear whether or not inositol is of benefit in the treatment of depression. Ongoing studies should reduce this uncertainty.


Equine strangles is a purulent lymphadenitis of the head and neck and is caused by Streptococcus equi ssp equi remaining a worldwide, endemic infection that represents around 30% of all annually recorded incidents of equine disease. Despite much effort, current vaccination strategies have proved largely ineffective towards S. equi, ssp equi, with the current focus based on 'reverse vaccinology', using genome sequence data of S. equi ssp equi to identify surface exposed and secreted proteins.

Streptococcus equi shares much of its genome with the genetically closely related, S. equi ssp zooepidemicus. Despite this close genetic association, S. equi ssp zooepidemicus exhibits very distinct pathogenicity variations. S. equi ssp zooepidemicus can infect a wide
variety of vertebrate hosts showing a high degree of antigenic variability and a large amount of strain variability whereas S. equi is largely equine specific and processes a limited number of strain types. Understanding the molecular basis of virulence of these contrasting organisms therefore remains a key requirement if a suitable vaccination.

Identification of potential virulence factors has been greatly aided by the availability
of the full genome sequence of S. equi ssp equi (4047) and S. equi ssp zooepidemicus (H70).

In this study, we identified and investigated a range of putative virulence factors including the covalently attached surface protein SEQ2190, the secreted phospholipase
enzymes SlaA (SEQ0849) and SlaB (SEQ2155) and finally the lipoprotein, acid phosphatase SeLppC (SEQ0346) and its orthologue SzLppC (SZO16870). In all cases, using molecular
biology techniques the coding region representative for each of these proteins was cloning into expression constructs, expressed and purified and further investigations carried out.

Although efforts to obtain a 3-dimensional structure of SEQ2190 were unsuccessful, bioinformatic investigations have identified SEQ2190 as a unique protein in S. equi ssp equi
with a putative structure suggesting a role in bacteria-host interaction.

SlaA was demonstrated to be an active sPLA2 enzyme, active against a 1, 2-dithio analog of diheptanoyl phosphatidylcholine but not 2-deoxy-2-thio- Arachidonoyl
phosphatidylcholine. It was also demonstrated to have a specific requirement for the divalent ion, Ca2+ for activity, an optimum temperature higher than expected (40°C), a Km of 14.40 ± 7.866 mM and a specific activity of 5.06x10-2 ± 3.01x10-3 μmol/min/mg. SlaA was also shown to react to equine post-infection convalescent serum.

Although some characterisation had been previously undertaken regarding whole cell SeLppC extracts, in this study we produced expression constructs of SeLppC and its
orthologous pseudogene (SzLppC) found in the genome strain of S. equi ssp zooepidemicus. We used purified SeLppC and SzLppC to demonstrate activity against pNPP and two
biologically significant substrates (5'AMP and 5'UMP) and recorded the Km values for each. We also identified SeLppC to not possess a specific activity for the divalent ion Cu2+, a lower than expected pH optimum and a higher than expected temperature range. Furthermore we also demonstrated that SzLppC is not a pseudogene, indicating an error within the S. equi spp zooepidemicus genome strain.


Although the study of national identity in social psychology has examined the various ways in which the national group is 'imagined', little attention has been paid to the many collective national commemorations, celebrations and rituals of state assumed to unite the nation. This is surprising given the number of celebrations and commemorations which fill the calendars of modern nations throughout the world and which are assumed by social scientists to play some part in the reproduction of the national community. Taking the British Royal Golden Jubilee celebrations of 2002, the present study examines how understandings of Anglo-British national identity are manifest in conversational interviews during and after these events. In line with previous examinations of Anglo-Britishness, our respondents typically resisted imagining the national community as a homogenous whole and distanced themselves from depictions of the Jubilee as a nationalistic event. Support for the Jubilee was contingent upon the event being apolitical and inclusive.We suggest that such collective national events could potentially facilitate ways of imagining the national community in terms of diversity and inclusivity rather than homogeneity and exclusivity.