Abstract. A new fluid-dynamic model is developed to numerically simulate the non-equilibrium dynamics of polydisperse gas–particle mixtures forming volcanic plumes. Starting from the three-dimensional N-phase Eulerian transport equations for a mixture of gases and solid dispersed particles, we adopt an asymptotic expansion strategy to derive a compressible version of the first-order non-equilibrium model, valid for low-concentration regimes (particle volume fraction less than 10−3) and particle Stokes number (St – i.e., the ratio between relaxation time and flow characteristic time) not exceeding about 0.2. The new model, which is called ASHEE (ASH Equilibrium Eulerian), is significantly faster than the N-phase Eulerian model while retaining the capability to describe gas–particle non-equilibrium effects. Direct Numerical Simulation accurately reproduces the dynamics of isotropic, compressible turbulence in subsonic regimes. For gas–particle mixtures, it describes the main features of density fluctuations and the preferential concentration and clustering of particles by turbulence, thus verifying the model reliability and suitability for the numerical simulation of high-Reynolds number and high-temperature regimes in the presence of a dispersed phase. On the other hand, Large-Eddy Numerical Simulations of forced plumes are able to reproduce the averaged and instantaneous flow properties. In particular, the self-similar Gaussian radial profile and the development of large-scale coherent structures are reproduced, including the rate of turbulent mixing and entrainment of atmospheric air. Application to the Large-Eddy Simulation of the injection of the eruptive mixture in a stratified atmosphere describes some of the important features of turbulent volcanic plumes, including air entrainment, buoyancy reversal and maximum plume height. For very fine particles (St → 0, when non-equilibrium effects are negligible) the model reduces to the so-called dusty-gas model. However, coarse particles partially decouple from the gas phase within eddies (thus modifying the turbulent structure) and preferentially concentrate at the eddy periphery, eventually being lost from the plume margins due to the concurrent effect of gravity. By these mechanisms, gas–particle non-equilibrium processes are able to influence the large-scale behavior of volcanic plumes.


The claim to emphasize the ethic and humanistic axes of the medical education in the XXI st century leans not only on the repeated observation of doctors' professional misconducts, but also on the System of Health Care's inequities which often violate the patients' rights and arise society's complaints. A serious effort must be done to improve the ethic and humanistic medical training which must be inserted in an adequate theory of man's moral development, and start from a critical reflection about the requests that underlie that training, the professors and the procedures and sceneries that are employed to reach that aim.


p73 can activate transcription of p53-responsive genes, thereby inhibiting cell growth. An alternative promoter in the TP73 gene gives rise to an N-terminally truncated isoform of p73, ΔNp73, which lacks the transactivation domain of the full length TAp73 protein. TAp73 is considered pro-apoptotic, and ΔNp73 anti-apoptotic. In this study, we overexpressed ΔNp73β in p53 wild type and p53 mutant colon cancer cell lines and further exposed the cells to cancer therapeutic drug cisplatin. The results showed that cisplatin decreased the protein expression levels of ΔNp73β in a dose-dependent manner, and both TAp73 and p53 were upregulated after cisplatin treatment. Further, clonogenic potential and cell viability were decreased, and apoptotic cells increased, in p53 mutant and in p53 wild type cells. Cellular viability was significantly higher in ΔNp73β-cells than mock-transfected cells. However, ΔNp73β overexpression did not affect the cellular susceptibility to cisplatin. In conclusion, the overexpression of ΔNp73β increases viability in p53 wild type and p53 mutant colon cancer cells, and cisplatin induces the degradation of ΔNp73β in a dose-dependent manner.


Abstract Drilling fluid (DF) is one of the main sources of chemical and biological contamination of deep ice cores and lake water samples in the exploration of Subgalcial Antarctic Lake Environments (SALE). In this study, we investigated the contamination of an ice core that represented the first samples of refrozen lake water obtained 1 year after the unsealing of Lake Vostok in 2012. We show that these samples contain inclusions of the DF with a concentration of at least 16.7 mg l−1 (0.0019% or 19 ppmv). This makes it extremely difficult to obtain reliable data on the real chemical composition of the lake water. The focus of our study is the organic components of the DF, which built up in the secondary ice while the water was freezing in the borehole. Of all the possible organic compounds of the DF, only phenol congeners (up to 32.4 mg l−1) and dichlorofluoroethane HCFC-141b (14.4 mg l−1), a DF densifier, were found in the central channel, which is the last part of the core to freeze in the borehole. We conclude that the phenol compounds emerge due to physical processes, namely fractionation, during freezing, rather than any chemical reaction between the DF and the lake water.


Objective: The role of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in the incidence and progression of glaucoma is well known. However, the exact mechanisms of IOP regulation are still unclear. Central IOP control has been suggested, but the autonomic pathway through which it acts is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate if isolated cranial nerve (CN) palsies of the third, fourth and sixth nerves are associated with an IOP difference between the affected and the unaffected eyes.
Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study including patients diagnosed with a third, fourth and sixth nerve palsy at a single tertiary centre. We included only patients with an isolated unilateral palsy. Patients with a history of strabismus, orbital disease or neurosurgical cases were excluded.
Results: The charts of 1712 patients were reviewed. Third, fourth and sixth nerve palsies were found in 469 patients, 314 patients and 929 patients, respectively. Of all patients, 190 (10.6%) were eligible for inclusion in the study. A third nerve, fourth nerve or sixth nerve palsy was present in 85 (44.7%), 65 (34.2%) and 40 (21.1%) patients, respectively. The mean IOP of the affected eyes and the unaffected eyes was not statistically significant different: 14.1 ± 3.1 mmHg vs. 14.6 ± 2.7 mmHg in the CN3 group (p=0.087); 13.6 ± 2.6 mmHg vs. 13.7 ± 2.3 mmHg in the CN4 group (p=0.69); and 14.3 ± 2.7 mmHg vs. 14.9 ± 3.3 mmHg in the CN6 group (p=0.089). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean IOP differences of the affected and unaffected eyes among the three groups (p=0.47).
Conclusion: Our study demonstrated no difference in IOP between affected and unaffected eyes in patients with an isolated cranial nerve palsy. These findings are the first and important for ophthalmology practice.


Contemporary media production in East Asia has been booming in recent decades, reaching consumers of various nationalities to an extent unseen before. Concurrently, various collaborations in the production and promotion of movies, TV programs, animation, videogames, music, and the like have intensified and become more effective in delivering cultural content across national borders. The state in East Asia, once considered a custodian of local culture and a censor of foreign influences, has gradually changed its position and now views media production and its export as an integral part of market activity beneficial for both economy and diplomacy. Drawing upon governmental reports and interviews with government officials and media industry personnel in Korea and Japan, this paper examines the way the state reacts to the massive production and export of media culture, its attempt to integrate it within its developmental economic model, and the bureaucratic restructuring this process entails. The central argument presented is that state policy toward the media sector, and the abundance of institutions dealing with this sector in Korea and Japan, are the result of the growth of market‐led media production and globalization. In other words, media industry development is not the result of policy, policy is the result of media industry development. In a wider context, this paper aims to better conceptualize the relations between state policy and media production in East Asia and the dynamics of industrial globalization under state guidance.


Factor markets are a central issue in analyses of farm development and of agricultural sector vitality. Among the different production factors, land is one of the most studied. Several studies seek to estimate the effect of government policy payments on land value or land rental prices. The studies mostly agree that government payments and other types of policy support are significant in explaining land prices and account for a large share of them. In October 2011, the European Commission published a new policy proposal for the common agricultural policy (CAP) up to 2020. The proposed regulation includes a shift from historical to regional payments. The objective of this paper is to provide an ex ante analysis of the impact of the new CAP policy instruments on the land market. In particular, the effect of the regionalisation of payments in Italy is examined. The analysis is based on the use of a mathematical programming model to simulate the changes in land demand for a farm in Emilia Romagna. The results highlight the relevance of the new policy mechanism in determining a change in land demand. Yet the effect is highly dependent on initial ownership of entitlements under the historical payment scheme.


Acoustic emission (AE) sources in a plate generate dispersive Lamb waves. In this research, pencil lead breaks (PLBs) were made on an edge of a 3.1 mm thick aluminum alloy plate to generate such AE waves. The PLBs were made near the plate mid-plane and near the bottom of the edge. The waves were sensed by pairs of AE sensors (both resonant or both non-resonant wideband). Each sensor of each pair was located at a different distance from the plate edge PLB position. The signals from the different sensors and source positions were analyzed and contrasted. The recorded signals were processed by a wavelet transform (WT), and the group velocity curves for the appropriate Lamb modes were superimposed to clearly identify the modes in the signal. The threshold-independent mode arrival times at specific intense signal frequencies were determined by the time of the peak WT magnitude at the intense frequency. Since the two sensors were located at different known distances from the PLB position, an experimental group velocity was calculated based on the difference in arrival times and the difference in distance. This velocity was then compared to the theoretical group velocity for the relevant mode and frequency. In addition, an alternate frequency/time analysis method was used. This was the Choi-Williams distribution (CWD). The same procedures used for the WT results were followed for the CWD distribution. In addition the experimental results were compared to finite element calculated results for plate-edge monopoles both near the mid-plane and near the top plate edge. Group velocities within 6.5 % of the theoretical values were obtained with all the sensor types when certain intense resonant frequencies were ignored for two of the three resonant sensor types.


This article examines the role of regulation in advancing a robust or "covenantal" pluralism in Singapore. I argue that a commitment to pluralism requires a regulated space where law provides a critical expressive role in setting out the boundaries of appropriate conduct as well as in modifying social norms. This is crucial to ensure that the dominant values of the religious majority do not hegemonize the common spaces to the exclusion of religious minorities. I examine the use of religious harmony laws in Singapore and its potential for framing the top-down aspect of the concept of covenantal pluralism.


This paper attempts to identify the main factors influencing the decisions regarding educational choices of rural youth from Cluj county, Romania. In order to achieve this, data collected in three waves of survey, in 2007, 2011 and 2015, were combined. The three surveys used the same methodology, thus allowing us to test the stability of the outcomes over a period of eight years, to highlight the main changes occurring in this period and to test statistically the factors of influence on a larger sample. The results show that the share of those who intend to study further slightly increased in the period 2007-2015. Regression analysis lead us to five factors that have a statistically significant influence on continuing education: the parents' attitude towards continuing education, the age, the number of siblings, the school performance and the computer skills of the respondents. Some other individual, family and locality-related variables also correlated significantly with the intention to study further. Based on the conclusions, some policy implications are discussed.


Objectives: Based on a pooled analysis of data from an international study, evaluate total and cause-specific mortality among hardmetal production workers with emphasis on lung cancer. Methods: Study members were 32,354 workers from three companies and 17 manufacturing sites in five countries. We computed standardized mortality ratios and evaluated exposure-response via relative risk regression analysis. Results: Among long-term workers, we observed overall deficits or slight excesses in deaths for total mortality, all cancers, and lung cancer and found no evidence of any exposure-response relationships for lung cancer. Conclusions: We found no evidence that duration, average intensity, or cumulative exposure to tungsten, cobalt, or nickel, at levels experienced by the workers examined, increases lung cancer mortality risks. We also found no evidence that work in these facilities increased mortality risks from any other causes of death.


This paper deals with finding the geographical location of Internet nodes remotely with no need to communicate with the nodes located (client-independently). IP geolocation is used in a number of areas, such as content personalisation, on-line fraud prevention and detection, and digital media law enforcement. One of the main concerns when studying the accuracy of client-independent geolocation is the groundtruth dataset. As we show in the related work, the used groundtruth influences the results a lot. We construct an error-free groundtruth dataset consisting of nodes with GPS-precise locations. We also record the country, region, city, and ISP for each groundtruth node. Using the created groundtruth, we study the accuracy of eight IP location databases in a number of scenarios, such as effect of city area and population, effect of ISP assignment, and number of not-returned locations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.46.3.14451


A clear distinction is generally made between community and private management of water and sanitation services. This distinction reflects the different motivations, values, attitudes and approaches generally associated with each type of provider. In WSUP programmes, the local context is often suited to community or to private management models. But in practice, WSUP often seeks to go beyond this "community" versus "private" dichotomy, to try to get "the best of both worlds". For instance, CBO operators are often encouraged to adopt commercial practices and achieve business efficiency. Similarly, entrepreneurs are encouraged to be more supportive of the needs of the community, and more responsive to poverty and gender issues. In this Topic Brief, the approaches used by WSUP in Nairobi, Kumasi and Antananarivo under the African Cities for the Future (ACF) programme are examined from this perspective of blending community and private management models. The Topic Brief concludes with practical guidance on this issue for programme managers. Hybrid management models: blending community and private management


Temporal and spectral characteristics of pulses resulting from second-harmonic generation of 120-fs amplified Ti:sapphire laser pulses up to 0.1 mJ at a wavelength of 815 nm in type I KDP crystal were experimentally and theoretically analyzed. Widely different behaviors were observed, according to the sign of the phase mismatch. Comparison between the theoretical simulation and experimental data demonstrates that the competition between third- and second-order nonlinear phenomena strongly modifies the structure of the pulses generated.


In a previous study we have shown that a single infectious particle of Moloney murine leukaemia virus per cell is sufficient to facilitate chemical carcinogenesis in normal rat kidney cells. When these cells are exposed to the carcinogen after a low number of passages post-infection (p.i.), cell transformation becomes apparent only after many subsequent passages. On the other hand, when exposure is done after a high number of passages p.i., cell transformation can be detected in the treated culture or at the next passage. It is thus evident that whereas the carcinogenic effect is rapid, the viral effect becomes apparent only after a long period of latency. Here we provide evidence that this viral effect requires multiple proviruses and that the long latent period reflects the time needed for a sufficient accumulation of proviruses in some of the cells. This accumulation may result from multiple rounds of superinfection by virions released into the culture medium, although we cannot exclude other mechanisms of provirus amplification. Our data also suggest that this amplification enhances virus production.


Griggs and colleagues (1994, 1999) found that non-traditional applied areas of psychology have not been adequately represented in introductory psychology textbooks. The purpose of this research was to update and expand the work done by Griggs and colleagues by using current introductory psychology textbooks (N = 57) to examine the amount of content that focused on non-traditional applied psychological areas and including additional non-traditional applied areas that Griggs and colleagues did not use. The second purpose was to compare the representation of the nine non-traditional applied areas to more traditional applied areas. We found that the combined amount of non-traditional applied psychology content makes up only 1.82% of introductory psychology textbooks and each individual subfield makes up only .05% to .75% of the introductory psychology textbooks' content. We also found that the traditional applied areas are receiving much more attention in textbooks in comparison to the non-traditional areas. These findings confirm previous research and this research gives new specific information about nine non-traditional applied areas of psychology. Introductory psychology courses are important because they introduce the scope and relevance of the field of psychology and the various subfields (Buskist, Miller, Ecott, & Critchfield, 1999). Many of those subfields are applied psychology, which can be defined as using psychological knowledge and methods to solve real-world problems (Rathus, 2000). The largest subfields of applied psychology are clinical, counseling, and health psychology, which receive more attention, but there are other non-traditional applied areas that receive little attention. These include advertising, community, educational, engineering, forensic, human factors, industrial-organizational, school, and sport psychology. Unfortunately, too many introductory psychology students are not exposed to these non-traditional applied areas because introductory textbooks are not including much, if any, information about these subfields. Griggs and Marek (2001) found a standard sequence of theoretical topics in introductory psychology textbooks. The textbooks tend to begin with introductory material and research methods, biological processes (e.g., biopsychology, sensation-perception, and consciousness), development, learning and cognitive processes (e.g., learning, memory, thought-language, and intelligence), emotion-motivation, clinical and health psychology (e.g., personality, disorders, therapies, and health), and social psychology. Introductory psychology courses tend to be very similar, with most being based on the chosen textbook, which often leads to the non-traditional applied areas not being covered or being briefly covered (Miller & Gentile, 1998). Griggs, Jackson, and Napolitano (1994) and Griggs, Jackson, Christopher, and Marek (1999) found that non-traditional applied psychology, as a whole, represents about 2% (with rounding) of the content of introductory psychology textbooks. However, it should be noted that they defined non-traditional applied psychology using only two areas: Industrial-organizational and consumer psychology. For their 1994 study they examined 11 brief introductory psychology textbooks available in 1991 and in their 1999 study they examined 31 full-length introductory psychology textbooks published from 1995 to 1997. Brief introductory psychology textbooks are shorter versions of the full-length textbooks. Maynard, Geberth, and Joseph (2002) pointed out that non-traditional applied psychology areas, if covered, are often marginalized by being placed in the end of the textbooks or in appendices. The purpose of the current research was to update and extend the work done by Griggs et al. (1994, 1999). They looked at non-traditional applied psychology as a whole and only used two non-traditional applied areas. The present research will look at nine non-traditional applied areas of psychology both individually and as a whole. …


Many doctors dislike patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms. This may lead to less careful examination and less precise laboratory testing. When routine examinations and tests are declared normal, the patients are medically cleared, and many diseases are missed. The patient is rapidly referred to a psychiatrist who may inappropriately treat for a non-existent psychiatric disorder. To avoid diagnostic disasters, it is essential to remember that psychiatric and behavioural symptoms are nonspecific. Other causes must be excluded before any psychiatric treatment begins.


The dissolution of nickel oxide cathodes in the electrolyte is one of the major technical obstacles to the commercialization of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC). A novel alternative cathode material for MCFC was synthesized, which was made of nano-size Co3O4 coated on the surface of Ni powder using a polymeric precursor based on the Pechini method. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), and Raman spectrometry were employed in characterization of the novel alternative cathode materials. The Co-coated Ni cathode prepared by the tape-casting technique has a lower solubility in the molten carbonate than in the NiO cathode under CO2
∶ O2
(67 ∶ 33) atmosphere at 650 °C. The reason is that the nano-size Co3O4-coated Ni powder can significantly retard the dissolution of NiO in molten carbonate due to the formation of the stable LiCo1−yNiyO2 phase on the surface of NiO in molten carbonate. During 300 h cell operation, the closed-circuit voltage (CCV) of unit cells using NiO and Co-coated Ni cathodes were found to be 0.80 V and 0.82 V, respectively, at a current density of 150 mA cm−2. The results show that the Co-coated Ni cathode used as an alternative cathode could resolve the problems in scale-up of the electrode and lengthen the lifetime of MCFC.


An integrated rock-physics modeling workflow is discussed that aims at predicting the effective elastic moduli and density of a producing reservoir in response to pressure, porosity, and fluid-saturation changes, and that is suitable for application to compacting chalk reservoirs. A simple extended form of Nur's modified Voigt model is used to build the dry-rock elastic modulus and porosity relationship. Granular medium contact theory is used to model pressure change, and Gassmann's equation is used to model the fluid effect. A dynamic-compaction model from reservoir simulation is used to model porosity change due to compaction. The rock-physics model is calibrated at well locations from the Ekofisk Field in the North Sea; however, the absence of time-lapse logging makes the 4D calibration challenging. Effective fluid properties are calculated dynamically with the Fluid Acoustics for Geophysics (FLAG) software program, using inputs from the reservoir simulator and PVT measurements. For low water saturatio...


This article presents a competitive assessment of the global market for the provision of universal Internet connectivity (backbone market). We discuss the approach followed by the European Commission in two important merger cases. The main argument is for a restless evolution of the structure of the market, whereby a highly concentrated US-centric industry, with a strict vertical hierarchy between Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and a neat separation between first-level ISPs and the rest of the market, is going to be superseded by a more horizontal-shaped configuration. It is argued that as the landscape of the industry is subject to continuous change, the approach followed by the European Commission in assessing the competitive forces that drive the industry is likely to be no longer appropriate. New behavioural strategies, such as differentiation through the introduction of new enhanced Internet services based on the concept of Quality of Service and, related to that, new competitive threats seem to characterise the foreseeable future of the Internet. We then investigate the competitive concerns that might emerge in the new environment.


We present a novel control-theoretic explicit rate (ER) allocation algorithm for the max-min flow control of elastic traffic services with minimum rate guarantee in the context of the ATM ABR service. The proposed ER algorithm is simple in that the number of operations required to compute it at a switch is minimized, scalable in that per-VC (virtual circuit) operations including per-VC queueing, per-VC accounting and per-VC state management are virtually removed, and stable in that by employing it the user transmission rates and the network queues are asymptotically stabilized at a unique equilibrium point at which max-min fairness with minimum rate guarantee and target queue lengths are achieved respectively. To improve the speed of convergence we normalize the controller gains of the algorithm by the estimate of the number of locally-bottlenecked VCs. The estimation scheme is also computationally simple and scalable since it does not require per-VC accounting either. We analyze the theoretical performance of the proposed algorithm and verify its agreement with the practical performance through simulations in the case of multiple bottleneck nodes. We believe that the proposed algorithm will serve as an encouraging solution to the max-min flow control not only in the context of ATM ABR service but also in general elastic traffic services.


Pesticides are widely used all over the world. It is known that they exhibit adverse health effects and environmental risks due to their physico-chemical properties and their extensive use, which is growing every year. They are distributed in the atmosphere, an important vector of dissemination, over long distances away from the target area. The partitioning of pesticides between the gas and particulate phases influences their atmospheric fate. Most of the pesticides are semi-volatile compounds, emphasizing the importance of assessing their heterogeneous reactivity towards atmospheric oxidants. The photolysis processing and heterogeneous reactivity towards O3 and OH, was evaluated of eight commonly used pesticides adsorbed in silica particles. Silica particles are present in airborne mineral dust in atmospheric aerosols, and heterogeneous reactions can be different in the presence of these mineral particles. Depending on their origin and conditioning, aerosol particles containing pesticides can have complex and highly porous microstructures, which are influenced by electric charge effects and interaction with water vapour. Therefore, the kinetic experiments and consecutive product studies were performed at atmospherically relevant relative humidity (RH) of 55%. The identification of surface-bound products was performed using GC-(QqQ)-MS/MS and the gas-phase products were monitored on-line by PTRToF-MS. The obtained results will allow a better understanding of the impact of pesticides and their degradation products on human health, and to make recommendations in order to reduce population exposure to the pesticide plume and the pollution by phyto-sanitary products on the regional scale, which constitutes a necessary step in the development of environmental strategies.


Geochemical element concentrations of a 41-cm-long sediment core from Bosten Lake were analyzed with grain size, total organic carbon and total inorganic carbon, and environmental evolution over the past ~150 years was reconstructed. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis of the elements, three controlling factors for vertical distribution characteristics of elements were identified, the first factor was the combined effects of terrigenous detritus and endogenous carbonate, the second controlling factor was the granularity effects of the lake sediment, the third controlling factor was the input from human activities. A first stage was from the 1870s to the 1950s, Bosten Lake was in a natural state, the deposition rates were relatively low, and the concentrations of Ca, Sr, and Ba were high. The second stage was from the 1960s to the 1990s, triggered by the inflow of agricultural return water, the sedimentation rates were clearly higher than the former stage, the concentrations of Al, Fe, and K increased notably, and Ca, Sr, and Ba decreased. The third stage comprised the period since the 2000s, the scope of human activities has been extended. Enrichment factors of Cd, Pb and P of the sediment have increased. The economic development in the basin led to an increase in pollution of the lake. Human impacts on the environmental change were embodied in the enrichment of Cd, Pb, and P, and the clear decline of biogenic Ca. Sediment geochemistry has faithfully recorded the impacts of human activities on the environmental changes of Bosten Lakes.


The main exogenous factors limiting the retrieval of information from human remains are fire and accidents involving high temperatures. Teeth, due to their relatively high degree of chemical and physical resistance, offer the possibility for the recovery of genetic material, becoming important in forensic cases. With the aim to contribute to a standardization of the protocols employed in DNA extraction and analysis, it was evaluated the integrity of DNA recovered from dental roots submitted to high temperatures, simulating what happens to burnt people. Material and methods: Extractions of genomic DNA were made from the dental root after exposure to high temperatures (600ºC, 800ºC and 1000ºC), during 10, 30 and 60 minutes. Results and conclusion: After molecular analysis through PCR technique, it was verified that DNA amplification of the samples was not possible at any of the periods and temperatures analyzed.


In this paper, we propose a theoretical model to study the effect of income insecurity of parents and offspring on the child's residential choice. Parents are partially altruistic toward their children and will provide financial help to an independent child when her income is low relative to the parents'. We show that first-order stochastic dominance (FOSD) shifts in the distribution of the child's future income (or her parents') will have ambiguous effects on the child's residential choice. The analysis identifies altruism as the source of ambiguity in the results. If parents are selfish or the joint income distribution of parents and child places no mass on the region where transfers are provided, a FOSD shift in the distribution of the child's (parents') future income will reduce (raise) the child's current income threshold for independence


Title of Dissertation: NEGOTIATING PUBLIC LANDSCAPES: HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF COLONIAL CHESAPEAKE TOWNS, 1680 TO 1720 Michael Thomas Lucas Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Mary Corbin Sies Department of American Studies Many studies over the past several decades have contributed to our understanding of colonial Chesapeake town development, but several key elements including material culture, multiple agencies, and the role of towns in the construction of race relations and chattel slavery are underrepresented or entirely missing. An understanding of how these elements relate to the construction and use of the many small towns that lined the shores of the Chesapeake Bay is especially lacking. This problem is addressed by focusing on the social, political, and economic histories of a small courthouse hamlet called Charles Town in Prince George's County, Maryland from 1684 to 1721. The dissertation argues that the meaning of early towns like Charles Town were generated through material culture and human agency enacted on the local level. The actions of those who used and sustained the town are examined to create a model for understanding the precise ways that small hamlets served local communities. Court cases, land deeds, archaeological data and other records are used to show the central role material culture played in the interaction between people at Charles Town during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. The primary forms of material culture used in this exchange were alcohol, food, and lodging purchased at the ordinaries, land patented, purchased, and sold in and around the town, and a variety of manufactured goods purchased from merchant stores. This investigation makes four contributions to the study of colonial Chesapeake towns. First, the interplay between human agency and material culture is examined as a mechanism for understanding how towns served local populations and why some succeeded while others failed. The second contribution is a detailed study of the myriad relationships between people of all social strata from landless ordinary keepers and enslaved persons to merchant politicians and planters. Third, the study demonstrates the central role of material culture in the physical and social construction and use of colonial Chesapeake towns. Finally, this study contributes to our understanding of colonial Chesapeake towns by stressing the importance of triangulating between a variety of primary historical and archaeological data. NEGOTIATING PUBLIC LANDSCAPES: HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF COLONIAL CHESAPEAKE TOWNS, 1680 TO 1720


ABSTRACT This paper examines the contribution of networks of cross-border grassroots non-State actors to regional integration. It uses three assumptions to determine whether sub-regional schemes augment regional integration: (a) networks of grassroots non-State actors connect communities that share common backgrounds, histories and cultures; (b) interactions in the networks generate a trust that stabilizes them and contributes to network efficiency; and (c) where these networks straddle State boundaries, they integrate the economies that host the communities of actors in the networks and thus enhance integration. The paper achieves its objective by illustrating these assumptions in the context of sub-regional integration in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. A thorough review of the literature on regional and sub-regional integration, borderland studies, etc. is conducted along with the use of social capital and historical, socioeconomic and political accounts to illustrate the role of informal networks in integration. Because networks, norms and trust dominate conceptual discussion of social capital (Schuller, T., S. Baron, and J. Field. 2000. Social capital: A review and critique. In Social capital: Critical perspectives, eds. S. Baron, J. Field, and T. Schuller, 1–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.), the paper conceptualizes the terms in the context of social capital. Participant observations, face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions conducted during extensive fieldwork between September 2013 and November 2014 at selected border posts, in the major border towns of the adjacent provinces of the ZMM-GT, in markets and villages in the contiguous border areas of the growth triangle also provide the primary data employed in the analysis. Sub-regional initiatives contribute to development, as does macro-regionalism. Unlike Southeast Asians, people in southern Africa are primarily driven by the need for survival and operate less on ethnic lines. However, a clear demonstration of social capital and cohesion is evident here. Leaders in Africa should encourage cross-border ethnic and kinship ties rather than abuse ethnicity for political gain.


Scientific knowledge today is being generated more rapidly than we can assimilate thus requiring continuous review of gold-standards for diagnosis and treatment of specific pathologies. The aim of this paper is to provide an update on the best early management of spinal cord injury (SCI), in order to produce acceptable worldwide recommendations to standardize clinical practice as much as possible.The WFNS Spine Committee voted recommendations regarding management of SCI based on literature review of the last 10 years. The committee stated 9 recommendations on 3 main topics: (1) clinical assessment and classification of SCI; (2) emergency care and early management; (3) cardiopulmonary management. American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale, Spinal Cord Independence Measure, and International Spinal Cord Injury Basic Pain Data Set are considered the most useful and feasible in emergency evaluation and follow-up in case of SCI. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most indicated examination to evaluate patients with symptomatic SCI. In early phase, correction of hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg), and bradycardia are strongly recommended. Surgical decompression should be performed as soon as possible with the ideal surgical time being within 8 hours for both complete and incomplete lesions.


The area under the ROC curve (AUC), a well-known measure of ranking performance, is also often used as a measure of classification performance, aggregating over decision thresholds as well as class and cost skews. However, David Hand has recently argued that AUC is fundamentally incoherent as a measure of aggregated classifier performance and proposed an alternative measure (Hand, 2009). Specifically, Hand derives a linear relationship between AUC and expected minimum loss, where the expectation is taken over a distribution of the misclassification cost parameter that depends on the model under consideration. Replacing this distribution with a Beta(2,2) distribution, Hand derives his alternative measure H. In this paper we offer an alternative, coherent interpretation of AUC as linearly related to expected loss. We use a distribution over cost parameter and a distribution over data points, both uniform and hence model-independent. Should one wish to consider only optimal thresholds, we demonstrate that a simple and more intuitive alternative to Hand's H measure is already available in the form of the area under the cost curve.


As threats of infectious disease grow and the nation confronts chronic health problems such as diabetes and obesity, health professionals, citizens, and community stakeholders must address increasingly complex ethical conflicts about public health policies and practices. Essentials of Public Health Ethics introduces students to the field of public health ethics, by focusing on cases. Topics span the discipline of public health and integrate materials, concepts, and frameworks from numerous fields in public health, such as health promotion, environmental health and health policy. By delving into both historical and contemporary cases, including international cases, the authors investigate the evolution and impact of various understandings of the concept of "the public" over time, i.e., the public not only as a numerical population that can be defined and measured, but also as a political group with legally defined obligations and relationships, as well as diverse cultural and moral understandings. While the text examines a range of philosophical theories and contemporary perspectives, it is written in a way that presupposes no previous exposure to the philosophical concepts but at the same time provides challenging cases for students who do have more advanced knowledge. Thus the book should be useful in Schools and Programs in Public Health as well as for undergraduate public health courses in liberal arts institutions and for health sciences students at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels.


The equine sarcoid is the most commonly detected skin tumour in equidae worldwide and has been reported in horses, donkeys, mules and zebra. Sarcoids can be defined as locally aggressive, fibroblastic, benign tumours of the equine skin and although they do not metastasise, they exhibit variable clinical presentations ranging from small alopecic areas to rapidly growing, ulcerated fleshy masses. Clinical behaviour may also vary, from aggressive infiltrative growth to spontaneous regression. Diverse treatment modalities have been reported, and these have been used separately, or have been combined, with variable efficacy. No single therapeutic approach has been found to be universally successful. Although rarely life-threatening, equine sarcoids can have important welfare and economic implications. There is a large body of evidence now supporting the hypothesis that bovine papilloma virus (BPV) is the aetiological agent of equine sarcoids and our understanding of the general pathophysiology of the disease continues to progress; however, several fundamental aspects of the disease remain unclear.
In the first chapter, the clinical aspects of the disease are discussed and evidence to support a viral aetiology is presented, along with background information regarding papilloma virus infections in the natural host. An epidemiological overview of the disease that considers the most current theories and understanding of equine sarcoids is also given.
Chapter II describes the materials and methods used in the course of carrying out the investigations detailed in Chapters III, IV and V.
The aim of Chapter III was to investigate the potential role of flies as vectors in transmission of equine sarcoids between infected and susceptible animals. We found that BPV-1 DNA can be detected in flies trapped from areas where animals with BPV-1 infected sarcoids are housed. This study provides evidence to support the hypothesis that flies may therefore be significant in disease transmission. Such evidence will be of benefit in formulating management control strategies for fly control measures that will reduce the incidence and spread of equine sarcoids.
The work described in Chapter IV was carried out to investigate the hypothesis that the development of the sarcoid tumour arises primarily through inhibition of apoptotic pathways by viral gene products. Assessment of DNA-damage-induced apoptosis in BPV transformed equine fibroblasts revealed that sarcoid derived cells and BPV-1 transfected fibroblasts are less resistant to apoptosis than normal, BPV-negative control equine fibroblasts, but are more likely to recover from DNA damage and continue to grow and divide. Further research was directed towards identifying the viral genes responsible for conferring resistance to apoptosis through siRNA knock-down and monitoring expression of endogenous cellular proteins known to be involved in apoptotic pathways. Using an siRNA targeted to a particular viral protein, we were able to reduce the ability of the BPV transformed cells to survive after DNA damage. Potentially, this information can now be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
The final chapter describes the results of a study in to the expression of the p53 protein in sarcoids in vivo and in BPV transformed cells in vitro in tissue culture. In vivo, analysis of 51 equine sarcoid lesions showed that 48% of tumours are associated with nuclear p53 protein expression and that high levels of p53 were associated with clinically aggressive tumour types (fibroblastic). Interestingly, we observed high levels of cytoplasmic p53 staining with no nuclear staining in one tumour in vivo. In vitro, p53 mRNA levels were assessed in BPV transformed and BPV negative fibroblasts. The half-life of the p53 protein, the cellular location and functionality were also investigated in vitro. The results showed that BPV transformed equine fibroblast cells also exhibit increased nuclear p53 protein expression and one cell line (EqS04b) showed a cytoplasmic staining pattern similar to that observed in vitro. However, the abnormal level and location of the p53 does not appear to affect the transactivational functionality of p53 since p21 expression was induced by exposing the cells to UVB irradiation.


Surveys do! We examine the forecasting power of four alternative methods of forecasting U.S. inflation out-of-sample: time series ARIMA models; regressions using real activity measures motivated from the Phillips curve; term structure models that include linear, non-linear, and arbitrage-free specifications; and survey-based measures. We also investigate several optimal methods of combining forecasts. Our results show that surveys outperform the other forecasting methods and that the term structure specifications perform relatively poorly. We find little evidence that combining forecasts using means or medians, or using optimal weights with prior information produces superior forecasts to survey information alone. When combining forecasts, the data consistently places the highest weights on survey information.


In emerging-market countries, commercial institutions do not always develop quickly or effectively to support ambitious entrepreneurs. How do intermediaries remedy these problems? We address this question by drawing on institutional literatures to develop the concept of open system intermediaries (OSIs). Our research design involves examining business incubators in emerging markets as a form of OSI. Empirically, we examine the relative emphasis that business incubators in emerging-market countries place on developing markets versus developing specific businesses. The study further examines how private, government, academic, and NGO sponsorship of incubators influences the mix of services that incubators provide. In sum, this work contributes to our understanding of how, why, and when intermediaries emerge to address institutional failures.


This article explores wage inequality resulting from the segregation of minorities and whites into different jobs. Specifically, my analyses investigate the relationship between workplace minority concentration and the hourly wages of blacks and Latinos relative to whites. Using individual-level data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality linked to establishment-level data from the Multi-City Telephone Employer Survey, I find wages are lower for workers in mostly black and Latino jobs compared to mostly white jobs, net of individual, human capital, job, occupation, establishment, and city controls. The study supports two main conclusions. First, racial minorities suffer disproportionately from lower wages because they are more likely than whites to have minority co-workers. Second, jobs, as opposed to local occupations or establishments, are the sites of mechanisms responsible for producing racial wage inequality. Drawing on devaluation and queuing theories to interpret these results, I elaborate on how this analysis advances our understanding of job-level wage processes and racial wage inequality in general.


The music of the medieval, Renaissance, and baroque periods have been repeatedly discarded and rediscovered ever since they were new. An interest in music of the past has been characteristic of a part of the musical world since the early 19th century. The revival of Gregorian chant in the early 19th century; the "Cecilian movement" in later 19th-century Germany seeking to immortalize Palestrina's music as a sound-ideal; Mendelssohn's revival of Bach: these are some of the efforts made in the past to restore still earlier music. In recent years this interest has taken on particular meaning, representing two specific trends: first, a rediscovery of little-known underappreciated repertories, and second, an effort to recover lost performing styles, with the conviction that such music will come to life anew with the right performance. Much has been gained in the 20th century from the study and revival of instruments, playing techniques, and repertories. In this VSI, Thomas Forrest Kelly frames chapters on the forms, techniques, and repertories practices of the medieval, Renaissance, and baroque periods with discussion of why old music has been and should be revived, as well as a short history of early music revivals. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.


Bioinformatics skills have become essential for many research areas; however, the availability of qualified researchers is usually lower than the demand and training to increase the number of able bioinformaticians is an important task for the bioinformatics community. When conducting training or hands-on tutorials, the lack of control over the analysis tools and repositories often results in undesirable situations during training, as unavailable online tools or version conflicts may delay, complicate, or even prevent the successful completion of a training event. The eBioKit is a stand-alone educational platform that hosts numerous tools and databases for bioinformatics research and allows training to take place in a controlled environment. A key advantage of the eBioKit over other existing teaching solutions is that all the required software and databases are locally installed on the system, significantly reducing the dependence on the internet. Furthermore, the architecture of the eBioKit has demonstrated itself to be an excellent balance between portability and performance, not only making the eBioKit an exceptional educational tool but also providing small research groups with a platform to incorporate bioinformatics analysis in their research. As a result, the eBioKit has formed an integral part of training and research performed by a wide variety of universities and organizations such as the Pan African Bioinformatics Network (H3ABioNet) as part of the initiative Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa), the Southern Africa Network for Biosciences (SAnBio) initiative, the Biosciences eastern and central Africa (BecA) hub, and the International Glossina Genome Initiative.


This paper investigates local government budgeting and local debt with three preoccupations (i) the existence of any legal requirement for a local balanced budget, (ii) a possible control from higher government levels on local budgeting and borrowing and (iii) the implementation of the Maastricht convergence criteria for local public finance. The framework of discussion is given in six sections. The introductory section recalls two issues, Maastricht and recurring public deficits, which give the general background to the paper. Ten key issues are formulated in section 2. Owing to the heterogeneity of the accounting systems of local finance in Europe, some common definitions are necessary and are given in section 3. Section 4 presents a sequence of six questions with the intent of assessing the degree of budget discipline in the particular country. Questions about how the budgetary rules influence the budgetary position and the fiscal outcome of the communes in one country are presented in section 5. Tentative results are discussed in section 6.


Aim/Purpose: To explore the effectiveness of utilizing the design thinking approach in developing digital self-directed learning environment to enhance digital literacy skills in Thai higher education.

Background: To foster digital literacy skills in higher education, Thai students require more than access to technology. Emphasizing digital self-directed learning and incorporating Design Thinking approach, can empower students to learn and develop their digital skills effectively. This study explores the impact of digital self-directed learning environment, developed using a design thinking approach, on enhancing digital literacy skills among higher education students in Thailand.

Methodology: The research methodology involves developing a digital self-directed learning environment, collecting and analyzing data, and using statistical analysis to compare the outcomes between different groups. The sample includes 60 undergraduate students from the School of Industrial Education and Technology at King Mongkut Institute of Technology, divided into a control group (n=30) and an experimental group (n=30). Data analysis involves mean, standard deviation, and one-way MANOVA.

Contribution: This research contributes to the evidence supporting the use of Design Thinking in developing digital self-directed learning environment, demonstrating its effectiveness in meeting learners' needs and improving learning outcomes in higher education.

Findings: Key findings include: 1) the digital media and self-directed learning activities plan developed through the design thinking approach received high-quality ratings from experts, with mean scores of 4.87 and 4.93, respectively; and 2) post-lesson comparisons of learning outcome and digital literacy assessment scores revealed that the group utilizing digital media with self-directed learning activities had significantly higher mean scores than the traditional learning group, with a significance level of 0.001.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners in higher education should use design thinking to develop digital self-directed learning environments that enhance digital literacy skills. This approach involves creating high-quality digital media and activities, promoting engagement and improved outcomes. Collaboration and stakeholder involvement are essential for effective implementation.

Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers should continue to explore the effectiveness of design thinking approaches in the development of learning environments, as well as their influence on different educational aspects such as student engagement, satisfaction, and overall learning outcomes.

Impact on Society: By enhancing digital literacy skills among higher education students, this study contributes to the development of a digitally skilled workforce, encourages lifelong learning, and aids individuals in effectively navigating the challenges of the digital era.

Future Research: Future research could explore a broader range of student demographics and educational settings to validate the effectiveness of the Design Thinking approach in enhancing digital literacy. This could include integrating design thinking with alternative digital learning and teaching methods to further improve digital literacy.


Calabash: A Journal of Caribbean Arts and Letters is an international literary journal dedicated to publishing works encompassing, but not limited to, the Anglophone, Francophone, Hispanophone and Dutch-speaking Caribbean. The Journal is especially dedicated to presenting the arts and letters of those communities that have long been under-represented within the creative discourse of the region, among them: Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, Maroon societies, and the Asian and Amerindian societies of the region. Calabash has a strong visual arts component.


An earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena for the safety of a nuclear reactor in Japan. Therefore, structural safety of nuclear reactors has been studied and nuclear reactors ware contracted with structural safety for a big earthquake. However, it is not enough for safety operation of nuclear reactors because thermal-fluid safety is not confirmed under the earthquake. For instance, behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is unknown under the earthquake conditions. Especially, fluctuation of void fraction is an important factor for the safety operation of the nuclear reactor. In the previous work, fluctuation of void faction in bubbly flow was studied experimentally and theoretically, to investigate the stability of the bubbly flow. In such studies, flow rate or void fraction fluctuations were given to the steady bubbly flow. In the case of the earthquake, the fluctuation is not only the flow rate, but also a body force on the two-phase flow and a shear force through a pipe wall. Interactions of gas and liquid through their interface also act on the behavior of the two-phase flow. The fluctuation of the void fraction is not clear for such complicated situation under the earthquake.Therefore, in this research project, the behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is investigated experimentally and numerically in the series of study. In this study, to investigate the effects of vibration on bubbly flow in the components and construct an experimental database for validation, we performed visualization experiments of vertical bubbly flow in a rectangular water tank on which a sine wave vibration was applied. In this paper, results of visualized experiment evaluated by the visualization techniques, including positions of bubbles, shapes of bubbles and liquid velocity distributions around bubbles, were shown. And liquid velocity distribution around bubbles by the PIV measurement was also shown. In the results, bubble behaviors were affected by oscillation. And the cycle of the bubble tilt angle was almost same as the cycle of oscillation table velocity.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Both the executive branch and Congress claim the final word in oversight disputes. Congress asserts its subpoenas are legally binding. The executive branch claims the final authority to assert executive privilege and, accordingly, to refuse to comply with a subpoena without consequence. These divergent views stem in large part from the relative absence of any judicial precedent, including not a single Supreme Court decision on the privilege in the context of congressional oversight. In that vacuum—unconstrained by precedent—the executive branch has developed a comprehensive theory of executive privilege to support and implement prophylactic doctrines that render Congress largely powerless in oversight disputes.

For the first time, this Article sets out the full extent of the executive branch's doctrine, the various pieces of which have been expressed in OLC opinions, letters to Congress, and court filings. Existing scholarship largely ignores this doctrine and addresses executive privilege on the basis of two unexamined premises: first, that the privilege is an affirmative constitutional authority belonging to the president, and, second, that the privilege is akin to an evidentiary privilege that protects specified categories of information. Moreover, existing scholarship rarely distinguishes between executive privilege in the context of judicial proceedings and congressional oversight.

Rejecting those premises, this Article proposes an understanding of executive privilege specific to congressional oversight that better reflects history and first principles of constitutional interpretation. Executive privilege in the context of congressional oversight is not an affirmative constitutional authority based on specific types of information but a limited presidential immunity from compelled congressional process—the Executive's privilege. Both Congress's oversight authority and executive privilege are recognized as implied constitutional authorities. But rather than infer two competing affirmative authorities, this Article proposes to infer a limit—presidential immunity—on the first. Doing so is more consonant with first principles of constitutional interpretation, more consistent with history, and more conducive to the proper balance of power between the branches. The Executive's privilege, as set out in this Article, is an immunity contingent upon a president's finding that concrete, identifiable harm would result from the disclosure of specific information to Congress. Understanding executive privilege as a limited immunity—and severing the privilege from the undifferentiated confidentiality interests and broad categories of information with which the executive branch has conflated it—eliminates the prophylactic doctrines on which the executive branch relies to thwart legitimate congressional oversight. Further, this understanding of the privilege provides a theoretical foundation to explain why it does not apply in impeachment, a position consistent with the historical understanding of Congress's broad powers of inquiry during impeachments and subsequent trials.


Introduction: A mastectomy is the standard treatment for all types of breast cancer (CA). This disease, with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancers, ranks first cancers that affect women. Many are the possibilities for full mastectomy recon struction, involving autologous flaps and implant placement. Advances in the use of these techniques have been refined over the years in order to provide excellent re sults.The aim of this study is to describe the technique of breast reconstruction with the fat dermal inferior pedicle flap associated with pectoral and analysis of postop erative results. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of patients operated for treatment of breast cancer in the period 2008-2013, in the private practice of the author and all patients had tumors located in the upper quadrants were selected was performed. Results: Over this period, 210 patients underwent breast reconstruction. Of these, 17 (8.09%) underwent breast reconstruction by the proposed technique. Over this period, 210 patients underwent breast reconstruction. Of these, 17 (8.09%) underwent breast reconstruction by the proposed technique. Regarding postoperative complications, there was 1 case of skin necrosis and 1 case of asymmetry. Conclusions: Apart from technically simple and acceptable cosmetic results, the proposed flap does not result in donor site morbidity, prolonged recov ery, muscle weakness with the advantage that, in most cases, be accomplished in a single operation.


Technological advances in genotyping have given rise to hypothesis-based association studies of increasing scope. As a result, the scientific hypotheses addressed by these studies have become more complex and more difficult to address using existing analytic methodologies. Obstacles to analysis include inference in the face of multiple comparisons, complications arising from correlations among the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), choice of their genetic parametrization and missing data. In this paper we present an efficient Bayesian model search strategy that searches over the space of genetic markers and their genetic parametrization. The resulting method for Multilevel Inference of SNP Associations, MISA, allows computation of multilevel posterior probabilities and Bayes factors at the global, gene and SNP level, with the prior distribution on SNP inclusion in the model providing an intrinsic multiplicity correction. We use simulated data sets to characterize MISA's statistical power, and show that MISA has higher power to detect association than standard procedures. Using data from the North Carolina Ovarian Cancer Study (NCOCS), MISA identifies variants that were not identified by standard methods and have been externally "validated" in independent studies. We examine sensitivity of the NCOCS results to prior choice and method for imputing missing data. MISA is available in an R package on CRAN.


Abstract Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection can result in chikungunya fever (CHIKF), a self-limited acute febrile illness that can progress to chronic arthralgic sequelae in a large percentage of patients. A new measles virus-vectored vaccine was developed to prevent CHIKF, and we tested it for immunogenicity and efficacy in a nonhuman primate model. Methods Nine cynomolgus macaques were immunized and boosted with the measles virus-vectored chikungunya vaccine or sham-vaccinated. Sera were taken at multiple times during the vaccination phase to assess antibody responses against CHIKV. Macaques were challenged with a dose of CHIKV previously shown to cause fever and viremia, and core body temperature, viremia, and blood cell and chemistry panels were monitored. Results The vaccine was well tolerated in all macaques, and all seroconverted (high neutralizing antibody [PRNT80 titers, 40–640] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers) after the boost. Furthermore, the vaccinated primates were protected against viremia, fever, elevated white blood cell counts, and CHIKF-associated cytokine changes after challenge with the virulent La Reunión CHIKV strain. Conclusions These results further document the immunogenicity and efficacy of a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine that shows promise in Phase I–II clinical trials. These findings are critical to human health because no vaccine to combat CHIKF is yet licensed.


Abstract Until recently very little in situ stress data have been available from the UK crust. Literature reviews list only a limited number of measurements which include information on the direction of maximum horizontal compression. Unequal horizontal crustal stresses imposed on vertical boreholes will often cause localized rock spalling along the direction of least compressive stress. The resultant elongations of the borehole cross section, called breakouts, can be identified from four arm caliper records collected routinely with conventional geophysical dipmetre logs. Eighty-one boreholes in the United Kingdom have been analysed for breakouts using criteria for identification of breakouts unique to this paper. The majority of borehole breakouts in southern Britain are aligned NE-SW, indicating a maximum horizontal stress in a NW-SE direction. There are insufficient data to confidently assess a dominant borehole breakout direction in Northern Britain, although the four boreholes analysed indicate possible variations in the crustal stress field.


The Internet contains a very large number of information sources providing many types of data from weather forecasts to travel deals and financial information. These sources can be accessed via Web-forms, Web Services, RSS feeds and so on. In order to make automated use of these sources, we need to model them semantically, but writing semantic descriptions for Web Services is both tedious and error prone. In this paper we investigate the problem of automatically generating such models. We introduce a framework for learning Datalog definitions of Web sources. In order to learn these definitions, our system actively invokes the sources and compares the data they produce with that of known sources of information. It then performs an inductive logic search through the space of plausible source definitions in order to learn the best possible semantic model for each new source. In this paper we perform an empirical evaluation of the system using real-world Web sources. The evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach, showing that we can automatically learn complex models for real sources in reasonable time. We also compare our system with a complex schema matching system, showing that our approach can handle the kinds of problems tackled by the latter.


A tracer experiment using the nitrogen isotope 15N investigated the uptake and incorporation of nitrogen from sedimented cyanobacterial detritus by two species of submerged macrophytes, the native Vallisneria spiralis and the exotic Elodea nuttallii, in Lake Taihu (China). The cyanobacterium Microcystis was labeled with 15Nammonium and dried to produce detritus, which was injected into vegetated sediments and traced to establish the fate of particulate nitrogenous material. Samples of the inoculated sediment and all parts of the plants growing therein were examined for excess 15N after 3, 5, 9, and 22 d. Microcystis‐derived nitrogen was assimilated rapidly by the plants, then translocated from the roots to the shoots and stored in different parts of the plants, where it supports growth. The ability to utilize and retain nutrients originating from sedimented cyanobacterial detritus was significantly higher in V. spiralis than in E. nuttallii. Cyanobacterial scums such as the Microcystis blooms of Lake Taihu, which drift and deposit in the sediments of the littoral zones, are an important nutrient source for macrophytes, particularly in downwind areas.


In March 2009 the Outline Edition of the 'academic' draft Common Frame of Reference (CFR) was published. The draft CFR is meant to play a key role in the further development of European private law, both as a 'tool box' for the European legislator and judiciary and as a basis for a possible optional code. The Outline Edition is very similar to the Interim Outline Edition that was published a year earlier. There is one important difference, however. In addition to the part on Model Rules, which form the bulk of the DCFR, and the part dedicated to Definitions, the latest edition contains a new part called 'Principles'. The content of this new part is quite different from what the Introduction in the Interim Outline Edition had to say about 'principles, aims and values'. Whereas the Interim Outline Edition contained an open-ended list of fifteen core aims and values of equal standing, the new Principles section in the Outline Edition contains only four 'underlying principles' of freedom, security, justice and efficiency which, however, are assigned an important task in the interpretation and development of de model rules. The remaining principles that still were mentioned in the 2008 edition as core aims and values of European private law, such as 'solidarity and social responsibility', are now said to be 'generally of a rather high political nature' and, therefore, primarily relevant to an assessment from the outside of the draft CFR as a whole. In other words, a reduction from fifteen to four and a transformation from values into underlying principles in a year's time. The new 'Principles' section in the draft CFR raises several questions. This paper addresses three of them. First, are these 'principles' really principles in the usual sense or are they better understood as being values? Secondly, does Europe need a limited set of private law principles or values? And, thirdly, how can the 2009 version of the draft CFR be so different from the 2008 version on such a fundamental subject? In doing so, this paper also relates the 'Principles' section in the DCFR to the 'general principles of civil law' that the European Court of Justice has referred to in a number of recent cases, and to the values on which the Union is founded, according to the Lisbon Treaty.


Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effectiveness of different final irrigant agitation techniques in the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms from root canals. Material and Methods: In total, the root canals of 85 extracted single-rooted human maxillary incisors teeth were prepared using the Revo-S system to a 40/06 size. The apical foramen of each tooth was sealed by light-cured resin composite material to obstruct bacterial leakage. The specimens were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 min and stored until further use. All teeth except five (negative control group) were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated in a CO2 chamber at 37°C for 7 days; the trypticase soy broth was changed every 2 days. For the determination of possible biofilm formation, five of the 80 teeth were randomly selected as a positive control group; one tooth of positive control group was analysed for biofilm development by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and these teeth received no final irrigant agitation procedure. Then, the remaining 75 teeth were randomly divided into five test groups (n=15 each) and were sequentially irrigated with 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 5% NaOCl. Following each irrigant application, different final irrigant agitation techniques were introduced for 60 s (3×20-s sessions). Group 1 received manual–dynamic agitation, group 2 received passive ultrasonic agitation (PUI), group 3 received EndoActivator agitation, group 4 received photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) with the Er:YAG laser and group 5 received conventional syringe irrigation. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted in samples from the positive control and test groups. Data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and post-hoc Mann–Whitney U multiple comparison tests. Results: E. faecalis elimination was significantly better in the experimental groups than in the positive control groups (p < 0.001). Manual–dynamic agitation and conventional syringe irrigation, with no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: Essentially, CFU reduction was significantly greater in the PUI, EndoActivator and PIPS groups than in the manual–dynamic agitation and conventional syringe irrigation groups (p <0.001), with no significant differences among the former three groups.KeywordsEnterococcus faecalis; Irrigant agitation; Irrigant solutions; Photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming; Passive ultrasonic irrigation.


If the numerous positive comments from the evaluations are an accurate indicator, the Psychopharmacology Conference in Philadelphia was wildly successful. More than 300 nurses attended the two-and-a-half-day conference and communicated their excitement and satisfaction both in writing and verbally. Attendees were pleased with the excellent speakers, delivery format, comprehensive coverage of the neurobiology and psychopharmacology of psychotropic drugs, and practical information for nursing management. It seems there was the right mixture of sophisticated and needed information made understandable at a level for both beginning and experienced nurse prescribers. "This is exactly what I came for" was heard over and over again. Apparently there is a huge need for advanced practice psychiatric nurses to learn the "art of prescribing" from their qualified peers in a language commensurate with nursing practice. The keynote speaker, Ann Hales, PhD, RN, set the tone for the conference by sharing findings from her research--"pearls of wisdom" and personal stories of psychiatric APNs who were pioneers in the field of prescribing. Many in the audience were comforted by her words that even experienced nurses are nervous and anxious about the responsibility of prescribing. Next was a very lively debate between Wanda Mohr, PhD, RN, FAAN, and Bonnie Raingruber, PhD, RN, CS, on the topic: "Resolved that biochemical imbalance and neurobiological changes in the brain are the root of mental illness." The debate was a clever way to highlight the importance of honoring nurses' identity as nurturers while incorporating the reality of the biology of mental illness. Susan McCabe, EdD, RN, CS, and Kathleen Walker, PhD, RN, CS, stole the hearts of the audience with their brilliant and understandable presentation on the neurobiology, psychopharmacology, and nursing management of depression. "I could listen to these two women all day," was one of the comments on the evaluations. The first day ended with a dinner symposium featuring two speakers: Norman Keltner, EdD, RN, demonstrating a keen sense of humor along with an in-depth understanding of schizophrenia and the new therapies available; and Mary Moiler, MSN, APRN, CS, CPRP, who kept the audience alert with her dynamic style and amazing array of knowledge of schizophrenia from practical experience. Saturday was another full day with concurrent sessions on Alzheimer's, bipolar, ADHD, and anxiety. Evelyn Parrish, MSM, RN, CS, did a great job integrating "Aging with Grace" with the neurobiology of Alzheimer's and sharing stories to make the content more understandable. …


Objective To discuss psychological intervention in the course of 13iI therapy for hyperthyroidism value. Methods Select the required 131I treatment of 75 patients with hyperthyroidism were divided into two groups:Psychological intervention group of 45 patients, application of 131I treatment with psychological intervention and nursing; Control group of 30 patients, simple application of 131I treatment. Results Intervention group significantly reduced the recurrence rate of hyperthyroidism, patient treatment satisfaction, symptom improvement and quality of life than the control group was statistically significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion Throughout the course of 131I treatment on hyperthyroid patients and their families on psychological interventions is more in line with the development of modern medicine. Have important clinical significance.

Key words:
Hyperthyroidism; Isotope131I; Treatment; Psychological interventions


In 2001, a disabled professional golfer prevailed in his claim to use a golf cart on the PGA Tour in the Supreme Court case of PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin. While the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") mandates that essential and reasonable accommodations be made for plaintiffs like Martin, it does not require any actions that would fundamentally alter the nature of a defendant's "goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations." This article surveys federal opinions that undertook the fundamental alteration query posed by Titles II and III of the ADA in the five years since Martin was decided, and it identifies problems engendered by Martin's approach and lack of clear guidance on the issue. Then, it sets forth a proposed framework for the analysis and provides suggested considerations for courts undertaking the fundamental alteration query. The article proposes that the critical question of where access ends and substance begins is akin to the query posed in antitrust law as to when an action crosses over from pro-competitive to anti-competitive – a query in which courts' deference to parties' characterizations and arguments underlies and contours the scope of the relevant "industry analysis." Using antitrust analysis as a model, this article posits a framework for the fundamental alteration query in which the level of deference a court will give a defendant and the scope of the remedy at issue will determine the scope of the analysis. It then sets forth some unifying considerations for courts to examine in the course of this analysis. Whether or not they are articulated, seeming "intangibles" like the presumptive deference accorded a defendant or the initial skepticism that a court harbors upon hearing the formulation of a fundamental alteration argument, predicate the breadth and depth of the ensuing analysis, and, often, the outcome of the fundamental alteration query. To the extent that the process by which the fundamental alteration query is formulated and executed is not transparent, decisions will be inconsistent and ad hoc. Only with a consciousness that there are varying gradations of deference, and concomitantly, varying gradations of depth and breadth that a court can reach in its analysis of an entity or industry, can courts deliberately and somewhat predictably resolve a query so complex and nuanced.


Agreements are a key mechanism of partnerships because their role is to govern interactions. They help partnerships become more effective by allowing partners to cope with relational, performance and situational risks that characterise inter-organisational relationships.
The Partnerships Resource Centre and The Partnering Initiative have developed a Partnering Agreement Scorecard based on insights from practice and grounded on theory. The tool will be of value to any organisation that contemplates setting up a new or reviewing an existing partnership. It offers a structure for generating and assessing an agreement which should fit the initial needs of most partnerships. It is our experience that addressing a number of questions in a more systematic manner seriously increases the chances of success – by ensuring all partners are on the same page, that the partnership has been set up correctly, by helping to keep a partnership on track and by providing guidance also in difficult times.

As accompaniment the publication Designing Comprehensive Partnering Agreements: An Introduction to the Partnering Agreements Scorecard, provides shorthand of the most critical questions that should be addressed when developing a partnership agreement. This guide includes both an overview of the nature and value of agreements and a new tool for their construction and review.


One of the last major undertakings of Justice Willard Z. Estey was a comprehensive review of the grain handling and transportation system in Western Canada, undertaken for the federal government. Commissioned in December 1997, it was completed in two phases – May and December 1998. Conducted with Justice Estey's usual energy, the review undertook an extensive consultation process, first to identify problems in the grain handling system and then to suggest solutions. Reform of the grain handling and transportation system has been an extremely contentious issue in the Canadian Prairies, and it took considerable courage to propose the radical changes contained in Judge Estey's review. While the federal government has implemented a number of Judge Estey's recommendations, it did not implement his entire package. The impact of the reforms is still being debated. This article discusses Judge Estey's approach to the review process, outlines the major issues the review addressed and provides a preliminary assessment of the implementation of the review's recommendations.


The present paper draws attention to the intercultural nature of English used as a lingua franca in flexible, dynamic and evolving communicative settings and consequently, to the need for language teachers to become aware of the multifaceted English world, where goals and purposes for using English are constantly challenged and re-created. Drawing on the connection between Intercultural communication research and ELF findings, the paper aims to provide empirically-grounded suggestions for language teachers in the hope to stimulate reflections on the role of intercultural aspects in classroom approaches and therefore, encourage to incorporate ELF-oriented pedagogies in well-established teaching practices. In light of a theoretical background, an exploration of language teachers' attitudes towards ELF and intercultural issues will be conducted and the initial results of a preliminary study presented. Finally, implications for language teaching will be offered.


In this contribution, the authors report an approach for constructing a scalable small-signal distributed model. This model, whose elements are defined per unit gate width, has been used to simulate the small-signal behaviour of three monolithic MESFET devices which only differ in the gate width (25, 50 and 75 \im). S-parameters measured in the 1-40 GHz frequency range at a wide variety of bias conditions were used to perform the simulations. The difficulty to produce good scalable models is shown as well as the need to make use of measurements of identical devices with different gate widths, not only to develop a scalable model, but also to provide physical meaning to the equivalent circuit.


Slides from a presentation to CLaSIC 2018: The Eighth CLS International Conference on 8th December 2018.AbstractStudy abroad presents some of the most fascinating contexts for investigating language learning, since it provides vast and ongoing opportunities to engage with and 'live in' the target language. Moreover, participants are often required to seek out ways to develop their language ability independently and autonomously while negotiating unfamiliar social contexts and new ways of being. Drawing on an investigation of 100 Japanese high school students, this presentation will show how technology is now an essential element of language learning contexts abroad, connecting with participants' imagined identities and enhancing their L2 social interaction, networking and autonomous learning. The investigation analysed surveys, interviews and social media data of a year-long program, covering 20 destination countries and 13 second languages in total. Critically, I will argue that the current ubiquity of mobile technology is providing individuals with increased autonomy and new possibilities in managing and pursuing their own learning.


The kinematics of deformation in the overriding plate of convergent margins may vary across timescales ranging from a single seismic cycle to many millions of years. In Northeast Japan, a network of active faults has accommodated contraction across the arc since the Pliocene, but several faults located along the inner fore arc experienced extensional aftershocks following the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake, opposite that predicted from the geologic record. This observation suggests that fore‐arc faults may be favorable for stress triggering and slip inversion, but the geometry and deformation history of these fault systems are poorly constrained. Here we document the Neogene kinematics and subsurface geometry of three prominent fore‐arc faults in Tohoku, Japan. Geologic mapping and dating of growth strata provide evidence for a 5.6–2.2 Ma initiation of Plio‐Quaternary contraction along the Oritsume, Noheji, and Futaba Faults and an earlier phase of Miocene extension from 25 to 15 Ma along the Oritsume and Futaba Faults associated with the opening of the Sea of Japan. Kinematic modeling indicates that these faults have listric geometries, with ramps that dip ~40–65°W and sole into subhorizontal detachments at 6–10 km depth. These fault systems can experience both normal and thrust sense slip if they are mechanically weak relative to the surrounding crust. We suggest that the inversion history of Northeast Japan primed the fore arc with a network of weak faults mechanically and geometrically favorable for slip inversion over geologic timescales and in response to secular variations in stress state associated with the megathrust seismic cycle.


Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop an ideal model for managers/directors on how to effectively manage nonprofit organizations. In particular, research will be done on organizations that deliver social services to the public. This research is based on the conceptual framework of five components: developing exemplary leadership, integrating nonprofit management techniques, building a structured system, forming an organization that connects to the community, and implementing strategic planning. Methods. After electronic survey data is collected, the components of the ideal model are refined. The survey was sent to 100 nonprofit directors and/ or managers in Texas, including in major cities. Responses were received from 28 participants. Findings. A descriptive analysis of the returned data shows the opinions and insights of nonprofit leaders on what they "should" be doing to run their organizations effectively. The survey research provides a basis for creating an ideal model. Conclusion. The research has established a basis for creating a practical ideal model for nonprofit directors to run organizations that deliver social services.


Student moral decline, it takes a serious effort from the school to anticipate various forms of student delinquency in school. One way that can be taken is to build students' morals so that they are noble, responsible, strong, and honest personalities, and form strong characters in their lives, especially morals in the form of morality. Efforts to form good morals in students, systematic arrangements are needed, such as teaching management or the learning process. Through the learning process, schools need to pay attention to the development and improvement of mentality in students. Thus, a special management is needed that is developed by the school to improve students' moral quality. For this reason, integrated steps are needed from various parties, both schools, teachers, students, student organizations, and the participation of parents. Based on the description above, this study intends to find out how the implementation program of moral education in students in the context of moral education management applied by East Lombok State Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 1 is a preventive / repressive effort in dealing with the usual forms of student / teenage delinquency in school and also included outside of school because the most important is also in overcoming the delinquency process. This study uses a qualitative approach. The research subjects were principals, teachers, employees, students, parents of students. While the research informants were principals, teachers, school committees, parents, community leaders, students. Data collection techniques using the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data validity technique uses an extension of participation, persistence of observation, triangulation (methods and sources). Data analysis techniques using interactive models consist of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and verification. The results showed that 1) Implementation of management of moral education in students of MAN 1 East Lombok: a) carried out through intraculicular, extracurricular and habituation activities. The implementation of management runs in a structured, integrated and normative manner based on Islamic values, as well as by example. b) The principal in MAN 1 East Lombok has carried out management functions namely planning, organizing, coordinating, directing, monitoring and evaluating.


The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of reading medium and a paratext manipulation on aspects of narrative engagement. In a 2 (medium: booklet vs. iPad) by 2 (paratext: fiction vs. nonfiction) between-subjects factorial design, the study combined state oriented measures of narrative engagement and a newly developed measure of interface interference. Results indicated that, independently of prior experience with reading on electronic media, readers in the iPad condition reported dislocation within the text and awkwardness in handling their medium. Also, iPad readers who believed they were reading nonfiction were less likely to report narrative coherence and transportation, while booklet readers who believed they were reading nonfiction were, if anything, more likely to report narrative coherence. Finally, booklet (but not iPad) readers were more likely to report a close association between transportation and empathy. Implications of these findings for cognitive and emotional engagement with textual narratives on paper and tablet are discussed.


Lead is a microelement naturally occurs in trace amounts in all biological materials, i.e. in soil, water, plants and animals. It has no physiological function in the organism According to Cibulka, the main source of lead contamination are smelting works, application of wastewater treatment sludge to soil, transportation, rain, snow, hail and other. Approximately 98% of lead in the atmosphere is from human activities. Neumann et al. have extended the sources of lead pollution by paints, lead wastes, cell batteries, lead solders and forms. Lead is absorbed through plants through roots where most of the lead is also accumulated. In the case of other than root uptake (along roads in urban regions) the content of lead decreases as follows: above ground part > roots > products Intoxication of animals by lead occurs particularly after grazing on pasture contaminated with lead .Lead enters the organism with food and air. In children it affects most the central nervous system. The toxic effects of lead in the prenatal stage cause a shortening of gravidity.


This thesis is a study of policy networks in the development of prison drugs policy in England during the late twentieth century. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with key actors in the policy process, including civil servants and representatives from drug agencies, penal reform groups and professional associations, and an analysis of documentary materials, it examines the role and influence of policy networks in policy development. The thesis is multi-disciplinary in its approach, drawing on concepts, theories and research from a variety of disciplines including criminology, social policy, sociology, political science and public administration.
The analysis is based upon the construction of a series of four case studies which correspond to the key phases in prison drugs policy development since 1980: 1980-1986; 1986-1993; 1993-1997; and 1997-. It explores policy development around drug treatment and throughcare, HIV / AIDS and drug misuse, supply reduction activities and security and control measures. The development of policy has hinged upon complex patterns of conflict, contradiction and convergence between treatment and punishment. Throughout the phases, particular policy networks have evolved around drug-related issues within the penal system, expanding and becoming more complex in their structure and operation over time. They have attempted to contain, balance and negotiate the contradictions within policies. This 'balancing act' or 'containment' has taken many
different forms and has been shaped by several processes or forces: the way in which the drug problem has been framed and defined; the role of research, evidence and knowledge; and the impact of wider social political policy and institutional contexts.
The conclusions of the thesis are: first, as prison drugs policy became more explicit and defined, the contradiction between treatment and punishment became more acute; second, the shift towards a more explicit policy was shaped by the activities of the policy networks, which in turn were influenced by changes in the drug problem, the role of research, and changes within the wider social political policy and institutional contexts; third, the role and power of the policy networks has varied over the different phases of policy development; fourth, in the process of engaging in policy development and attempting to contain the contradictions between treatment and punishment, the policy network around drug issues in prisons has changed shape with key players becoming incorporated by the state.


By the millennium Americans were spending more than 12 billion dollars yearly on antidepressant medications. Currently, millions of people in the U.S. routinely use these pills. Are these miracle drugs, quickly curing depression? Or is their popularity a sign that we now inappropriately redefine normal life problems as diseases? Are they prescribed too often or too seldom? How do they affect self-images? David Karp approaches these questions from the inside, having suffered from clinical depression for most of his adult life. In this book he explores the relationship between pills and personhood by listening to a group of experts who rarely get the chance to speak on the matter - those who are taking the medications. Their voices, extracted from interviews Karp conducted, colour the pages with their experiences and reactions - humour, gratitude, frustration, hope, and puzzlement. Here, the patients themselves articulate their impressions of what drugs do to them and for them. They reflect on difficult issues, such as the process of becoming committed to medication, quandaries about personal authenticity, and relations with family and friends. The stories are honest and vivid, from a distraught teenager who shuns antidepressants while regularly using street drugs, to a woman who still yearns for a spiritual solution to depression even after telling intimates 'I'm on Prozac and it's saving me'. The book provides unflinching portraits of people attempting to make sense of a process far more complex and mysterious than doctors or pharmaceutical companies generally admit.


Representing examples in a way that is compatible with the underlying classifier can greatly enhance the performance of a learning system. In this paper we investigate scalable techniques for inducing discriminative features by taking advantage of simple second order structure in the data. We focus on multiclass classification and show that features extracted from the generalized eigenvectors of the class conditional second moments lead to classifiers with excellent empirical performance. Moreover, these features have attractive theoretical properties, such as inducing representations that are invariant to linear transformations of the input. We evaluate classifiers built from these features on three different tasks, obtaining state of the art results.


We study within-family spillovers in college enrollment to show college-going behavior is transmissible between peers. Because siblings' test scores are weakly correlated, we exploit college-specific admissions thresholds that directly affect older but not younger siblings' college options. Older siblings' admissibility substantially increases their own four-year college enrollment rate and quality of college attended. Their improved college choices in turn raise younger siblings' college enrollment rate and quality of college chosen, particularly for families with low predicted probabilities of college enrollment. Some younger siblings follow their older sibling to the same campus but many upgrade by choosing other colleges. The observed spillovers are not well-explained by price, income, proximity or legacy effects, but are most consistent with older siblings transmitting otherwise unavailable information about the college experience and its potential returns. The importance of such personally salient information may partly explain persistent differences in college-going rates by income, geography and other characteristics that define a community.