Anxiety disorders are costly, common, and debilitating. They often present challenging problems in the caseloads of practicing clinicians today. This volume compares and contrasts various models of and treatment approaches to anxiety disorders. Each contributor, a master clinician, analyzes the same case and presents a thorough description of the model. Detailed descriptions of therapists' skills and attributes, assessment plans, treatment goals, intervention strategies, common pitfalls and mechanisms of change are included. Among the 11 therapies presented are Cognitive-Behavioral, Problem-Solving, Acceptance and Commitment, Contextual Family Therapy, Supportive-Expressive, Psychodynamic, and Psychopharmacological. The volume concludes with a useful table that succinctly summarizes the tenets of all these major approaches. For practitioners, graduate students, and professionals preparing for licensure.


We propose a framework for extracting structure from stereo which represents the scene as a collection of approximately planar layers. Each layer consists of an explicit 3D plane equation, a colored image with per-pixel opacity (a sprite), and a per-pixel depth offset relative to the plane. Initial estimates of the layers are recovered using techniques taken from parametric motion estimation. These initial estimates are then refined using a re-synthesis algorithm which takes into account both occlusions and mixed pixels. Reasoning about such effects allows the recovery of depth and color information with high accuracy even in partially occluded regions. Another important benefit of our framework is that the output consists of a collection of approximately planar regions, a representation which is far more appropriate than a dense depth map for many applications such as rendering and video parsing.


Knowledge graph embedding (KGE) is a technique for learning continuous embeddings for entities and relations in the knowledge graph.Due to its benefit to a variety of downstream tasks such as knowledge graph completion, question answering and recommendation, KGE has gained significant attention recently. Despite its effectiveness in a benign environment, KGE' robustness to adversarial attacks is not well-studied. Existing attack methods on graph data cannot be directly applied to attack the embeddings of knowledge graph due to its heterogeneity. To fill this gap, we propose a collection of data poisoning attack strategies, which can effectively manipulate the plausibility of arbitrary targeted facts in a knowledge graph by adding or deleting facts on the graph. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed attack strategies are verified by extensive evaluations on two widely-used benchmarks.


An orally available, hydrochloride salt form of radotinib, a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor of Bcr-Abl fusion protein and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, radotinib specifically inhibits the Bcr-Abl fusion protein, an abnormal enzyme expressed in Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. In addition, this agent also inhibits PDGFR thereby blocking PDGFR-mediated signal transduction pathways. The inhibitory effect of radotinib on these specific tyrosine kinases may decrease cellular proliferation and inhibit angiogenesis. This agent has shown potent efficacy in CML cells that are resistant to the first-generation standard tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib. PDGFR, upregulated in many tumor cell types, is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential to cell migration and the development of the microvasculature.


Cloud climate feedback constitutes the most important uncertainty in climate modelling, and currently even its sign is still unknown. In the recently published report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), 6 out of 20 climate models showed a positive and 14 a negative cloud radiative feedback in a doubled CO 2 scenario. The radiative budget of clouds has also been investigated by experimental methods, especially by studying the relation of satellite observed broad band shortwave and longwave radiation to sea surface temperature. Here we present a new method for the investigation of the dependence of cloud properties on temperature changes, derived from spectrally resolved satellite observations in the visible spectral range. Our study differs from previous investigations in three important ways: first, we directly extract cloud properties (effective cloud fraction and effective cloud top height) and relate them to surface temperature. Second, we retrieve the cloud altitude from the atmospheric O 2 absorption instead from thermal IR radiation. Third, our correlation analysis is performed using 7.5 years of global monthly anomalies (with respect to the average of the same month for all years). For most parts of the globe (except the tropics) we find a negative correlation of effective cloud fraction versus surface-near temperature. In contrast, for the effective cloud top height a positive correlation is found for almost the whole globe. Both findings might serve as an indicator for an overall positive cloud radiative feedback. Another peculiarity of our study is that the cloud-temperature relationships are determined for fixed locations (instead to spatial variations over selected areas) and are based on the "natural" variability over several years (instead the anomaly for a strong El-Nino event). From a detailed comparison to cloud properties from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), in general good agreement is found. However, also systematic differences occurred indicating that our results provide independent and complementary information on cloud properties. Climate models should thus aim to reproduce our findings. Recommendations for the development of a "processor" to convert model results into the cloud sensitive quantities observed by the satellite are given.


Tables are an integral part of documents, reports and Web pages, compactly encoding important information that can be difficult to express in text. Table like structures outside documents, such as spreadsheets, CSV files, log files and databases, are widely used to represent and share information. Many scientific and technical domains use tables to compactly depict information which is difficult to express in text. However, tables remain beyond the scope of regular text processing systems which rely on sentence and grammatical structure as well as the context from surrounding words to understand the meaning of text. They also ignore the structure of table, which humans use to both encode and understand the meaning of information inside a table. This dissertation presents TABEL - a domain independent & extensible framework to infer the semantics of tables and represent them as RDF Linked Data. TABEL captures the intended meaning by mapping header cells to classes, data cell values to existing entities and pair of columns to relations from an given ontology and knowledge base. The core of the framework consists of a module that represents a table as a graphical model to jointly infer the semantics of headers, data cells and relation between headers. We also introduce a novel Semantic Message Passing scheme, which incorporates semantics into message passing, to perform joint inference over the probabilistic graphical model. We present techniques that are both extensible and domain agnostic. Our framework allows the addition of 'preprocessing' modules without affecting existing ones, making TABEL extensible. It allows the inferred semantics to be represented as RDF triples using the framework's ontology or a user's custom ontology. TABEL also allows the background knowledge bases to be adapted and changed based on the domains of the table, thus making it domain independent. We also introduce & explore a 'human-in-the-loop' paradigm, presenting different models of user interaction with TABEL and its impact on the quality of inferred semantics. We demonstrate the extensibility and domain independence of our techniques by developing an application of TABEL in the healthcare domain. Evidence-based Medicine analyzes questions such as efficacy of drug dosages, correlates various medical factors or tries to find a correlation between drugs by performing meta-analyses (i.e., systematic reviews) over evidence and data previously published in scientific literature and clinical trial studies. We develop a proof of concept system that can automatically produce meta-analyses reports to replace the existing manual and tedious process. Tables from medical research reports (medical tables) not only pose domain challenges, but also structural ones as they are multi-dimensional in nature. TABEL is both extended and adapted by adding a new domain specific preprocessing module and domain specific knowledge bases. We use TABEL to infer the semantics of medical tables and build a proof of concept user interactive system which utilizes the inferred semantics to help researchers discover, extract and integrate data from relevant studies to produce meta-analysis reports. A thorough evaluation with experiments over dataset of tables from the web and medical research reports present promising results. Our experiments also show that limited user feedback can have significant impact on the quality of the semantics inferred by our framework.


In recent years, a series of studies have been undertaken in Australia that use static general equilibrium models with a representative household to compare the relative efficiency of different Australian taxes. This paper aims to complement these earlier studies and contribute to a broader discussion about the structure of Australia's tax system by estimating the welfare cost and identifying the economic incidence of marginal changes to the tax system. Our estimates of the additional welfare cost of a marginal tax change (that is, the marginal excess burden) of major Australian taxes largely align with estimates reported in earlier Australian studies. Consistent with earlier studies, stamp duty on conveyances and the company income tax are the least efficient taxes (that is, they have relatively high marginal excess burdens), while the most efficient tax is a hypothetical broad-based land tax. We test the sensitivity of the ranking of the efficiency of major Australian taxes to a range of assumptions about economic agents and the structure of the Australian economy and find that the relative marginal excess burden of major Australian taxes is robust to a wide range of model parameters. Finally, we show that the incidence of major taxes is largely borne by workers through lower real wages caused by lower labour productivity.


HIV/AIDS is a topic that is discussed very often and finds a very important place in the field of research. This disease has left a black mark and havoc on human mind. People have been making several attempts to educate common man about the Virus and its disease. Many campaigns have been organized place into place, and people are created responsive to the various effects of the virus. We should bear in mind that this virus has not solely physiological effects, but also major psychological effects. The Australian Federation of AIDS Organizations (AFAO) is an alliance that provides all queries related with HIV/AIDS nationally as well as internationally. Apart from the disease, a person suffering from HIV has to fight many problems such as society and its beliefs, accepting the disease fact, pressure etc. These problems together can make the patient weak mentally. At the time when he needs to stand his own situations, the conditions can break him down, lose his confidence and hope.


Stochastic calculus provides a powerful description of a specific class of stochastic processes in physics and finance. However, many econophysicists struggle to understand it. This book presents the subject simply and systematically, giving graduate students and practitioners a better understanding and enabling them to apply the methods in practice. The book develops Ito calculus and Fokker–Planck equations as parallel approaches to stochastic processes, using those methods in a unified way. The focus is on nonstationary processes, and statistical ensembles are emphasized in time series analysis. Stochastic calculus is developed using general martingales. Scaling and fat tails are presented via diffusive models. Fractional Brownian motion is thoroughly analyzed and contrasted with Ito processes. The Chapman–Kolmogorov and Fokker–Planck equations are shown in theory and by example to be more general than a Markov process. The book also presents new ideas in financial economics and a critical survey of econometrics.


Nowadays, the electric power distribution system is undergoing a transformation. The new face of the electrical grid of the future is composed of digital technologies, renewable sources and intelligent grids of distributed generation. As we move towards the electrical grid of the future, microgrids and distributed generation systems become more important, since they are able to unify small-scale and flexible generation to clean energy and intelligent controls. The microgrids play an important role in marking electrical grids more robust in the face of disturbances, increasing their resilience. Although the microgrid concept continues in discussion in technical circles, it can be defined as an aggregation of electrical elements in low generation voltage, storage and loads (users) which are grouped in a certain bounded geographical area. The issues of a microgrid integrated with energy storage technologies has gained increasing interest and popularity worldwide as these technologies provide the reliability and availability that are required for proper operation in the system. Actual studies show that the implementation of energy storage technologies in a microgrid improves transients, capacity, increases instantaneous power and allows the introduction of renewable energy systems. However, there are still certain unsolved problems in power quality terms. This article clearly describes those problems generated by each storage technology foe microgrids applications. All the ideas in this review contribute significantly to the growing effort towards developing a cost-effective and efficient energy storage technology model with a long-life cycle for sustainable implementation in microgrids.


Aim/Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze various performance metrics and approaches to their classification. The main goal of the study was to develop a new typology that will help to advance knowledge of metrics and facilitate their use in machine learning regression algorithms

Background: Performance metrics (error measures) are vital components of the evaluation frameworks in various fields. A performance metric can be defined as a logical and mathematical construct designed to measure how close are the actual results from what has been expected or predicted. A vast variety of performance metrics have been described in academic literature. The most commonly mentioned metrics in research studies are Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), etc. Knowledge about metrics properties needs to be systematized to simplify the design and use of the metrics.

Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted to achieve the objectives of identifying related peer-reviewed research studies, literature reviews, critical thinking and inductive reasoning.

Contribution: The main contribution of this paper is in ordering knowledge of performance metrics and enhancing understanding of their structure and properties by proposing a new typology, generic primary metrics mathematical formula and a visualization chart

Findings: Based on the analysis of the structure of numerous performance metrics, we proposed a framework of metrics which includes four (4) categories: primary metrics, extended metrics, composite metrics, and hybrid sets of metrics. The paper identified three (3) key components (dimensions) that determine the structure and properties of primary metrics: method of determining point distance, method of normalization, method of aggregation of point distances over a data set. For each component, implementation options have been identified. The suggested new typology has been shown to cover a total of over 40 commonly used primary metrics

Recommendations for Practitioners: Presented findings can be used to facilitate teaching performance metrics to university students and expedite metrics selection and implementation processes for practitioners

Recommendation for Researchers: By using the proposed typology, researchers can streamline development of new metrics with predetermined properties

Impact on Society: The outcomes of this study could be used for improving evaluation results in machine learning regression, forecasting and prognostics with direct or indirect positive impacts on innovation and productivity in a societal sense

Future Research: Future research is needed to examine the properties of the extended metrics, composite metrics, and hybrid sets of metrics. Empirical study of the metrics is needed using R Studio or Azure Machine Learning Studio, to find associations between the properties of primary metrics and their "numerical" behavior in a wide spectrum of data characteristics and business or research requirements


In this article I use Clifford Geertz's backhanded defense of Malinowski's seeming emotional hypocrisy—his dislike of the natives whose point of view he wished to understand—to argue that while empathy or at least sympathy are integral components of the intimacies of fieldwork, they are also the catalyst for the darker and usually far less openly discussed emotions that are associated with these feelings—guilt, anger, and disgust—that are also at play in the fieldwork encounter. Indeed these sentiments, inevitably intersubjective in origin and expression, are intrinsic to the kind of knowledge we produce as ethnographers. I explore how these emotions emerge from or shape conversation in the field and then inflect subsequent analyses. I review encounters I have had with Lauje of Sulawesi, Indonesia, and Manjaco of Guinea-Bissau, and museum professionals at Monticello where my interlocutors attempted to guide my research by enlisting my sympathy for their condition, and how such attempts to create fields of moral mutuality inflect in often unpredictable ways my understandings of social life in those places. My focus will be on how the fraught emotion of guilt emerges from and shapes the experience of moral mutuality in ethnographic encounters.


This paper reports on initial insights gained from a project aimed at the development of methods for context-aware movement analysis. We report on two case studies (animals and pedestrians) where we aimed to relate basic derived movement properties (such as speed, turning angle, sinuosity) to the geographic context embedding this movement. We present our lessons learned with respect to data requirements (granularity, accuracy) and pre-processing (segmenting, map matching).


In recent years, the concern for cleaner air, along with strict air pollution regulation and the desire to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels have rekindled the interest in hydrogen as a vehicular fuel. Internal combustion engines continue to dominate in many fields like transportation, agriculture and power generation. Diesel engines are the most trusted power sources in the transportation industry. Continuous efforts and tests have tried to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines. Among the various alternative fuels, hydrogen is a long term renewable and less polluting fuel (can also be produced from renewable energy sources). In this experimental investigation, the performance and emission characteristics in dual fuel mode with hydrogen inducted along with air adopting carburetion technique are studied on a direct injection, single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, stationary diesel engine coupled to an electric dynamometer. Results showed that the specific energy consumption was reduced. The brake thermal efficiency was increased by 1.83% and NOx was also increased compared to baseline diesel. Other emissions, such as hydrocarbon, carbon-dioxide and carbon monoxide were reduced by 5.13%, 10% and 21.7% respectively as compared to baseline diesel.


From the first moment Vincentio di Vivaldi, a young nobleman, sets eyes on the veiled figure of Ellena, he is captivated by her enigmatic beauty and grace. But his haughty and manipulative mother is against the match and enlists the help of her confessor to come between them. Schedoni, previously a leading figure of the Inquisition, is a demonic, scheming monk with no qualms about the task, whether it entails abduction, torture - or even murder. The Italian secured Ann Radcliffe's position as the leading writer of Gothic romance of the age, for its atmosphere of supernatural and nightmarish horrors, combined with her evocation of sublime landscapes and chilling narrative.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost-effectiveness of the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Newborn Care (ENC) training of health care providers in first-level facilities in the 2 largest cities in Zambia. METHODS: Data were extracted from a study in which the effectiveness of the ENC training was evaluated (including universal precautions and cleanliness, routine neonatal care, resuscitation, thermoregulation, breastfeeding, skin-to-skin care, care of the small infant, danger signs, and common illnesses). The costs to train an ENC instructor for each first-level delivery facility and the costs of salary/benefits for 2 coordinators responsible for maintenance of the program were recorded in 2005 US dollars. The incremental costs per life gained and per disability-adjusted life-year averted were calculated. SETTING: A 5-day ENC training-of-trainers was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, to certify 18 college-trained midwives as ENC instructors. The instructors trained all clinic midwives working in their first-level facilities as part of a before-and-after study of the effect of ENC training on early neonatal mortality conducted from Oct 2004 to Nov 2006. RESULTS: All-cause 7-day (early) neonatal mortality decreased from 11.5 per 1000 to 6.8 per 1000 live births after ENC training of the clinic midwives (relative risk: 0.59; 95% confidence interval: 0.48–0.77; P < .001; 40 615 births). The intervention costs were $208 per life saved and $5.24 per disability-adjusted life-year averted. CONCLUSIONS: ENC training of clinic midwives who provide care in low-risk facilities is a low-cost intervention that can reduce early neonatal mortality in these settings.


It was 11 January 2003. Justice Amir Raza,1 the President of the Hospital Executive Committee, Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust (LRBT) Free Eye Care and Cancer Hospital at Township, Lahore, was on his way back from Karachi after attending the annual budget meeting with the administration of LRBT Base Hospital (also the head office). As usual the meeting had gone smoothly for the most part, except during the discussion on capital expenses. The head office administration felt that the Lahore Hospital should be able to make do with lower-cost equipment since the hospital was after all a charity-funded institution.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small ~22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs that play a role in posttranscriptionally regulating target gene expression. Many miRNA genes have been found in both plant and animal genomes, and recent work has suggested that miRNAs may be involved in cell differentiation and morphogenesis, rather than in fate specification. Wienholds et al. examined the in situ expression patterns of 115 miRNAs in zebrafish embryos, miRNAs that are also conserved in mice and humans. In many cases, the patterns were highly tissue- and cell-specific, consistent with a general role for miRNAs in cell differentiation. Expression was not seen before segment formation, as expected if miRNAs do not promote tissue establishment. E. Wienholds, W. P. Kloosterman, E. Miska, E. Alvarez-Saavedra, E. Berezikov, E. de Bruijn, H. R. Horvitz, S. Kauppinen, R. H. A. Plasterk, MicroRNA expression in zebrafish embryonic development. Science 309, 310-311 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Animals contribute significantly to nutrient cycling through excretion, but most studies consider their effects under relatively benign abiotic conditions. Disturbances such as drought may alter animals' nutrient contributions through shifts in species composition and biomass. Headwater streams are particularly vulnerable to extreme climate events and thus might show rapid changes in stream biota and their ecosystem effects. We tested how biomass and subsequent ecosystem effects (nutrient cycling) of an intermittent prairie stream community changed during a drought. We quantified the biomass and contributions to nutrient cycling for assemblages comprising fishes, crayfish, and tadpoles in 12 isolated pools over 3 months encompassing the harshest drought on record for Kings Creek, KS, U.S.A. We predicted that macroconsumer biomass would decline with pool surface area and that differences in macroconsumer biomass and taxonomic composition would lead to different contributions of pool assemblages to nutrient cycling. The biomass of pool assemblages declined with decreasing pool size, a pattern apparently driven by mortality, emigration, or metamorphosis. We also observed a change in assemblage structure of drying pools during drought relative to pool size, shifting dominance toward species with more drought‐resistant traits. Accordingly, assemblage nitrogen (N) excretion rates declined as pool biomass was reduced, leading to a 58% reduction in N available to epilithic biofilms. Phosphorus (P) excretion rates declined from June to July, but increased in August, as species with high P excretion rates maintained similar proportional biomass and biomass of a non‐native fish increased. Molar N:P of pool assemblage excretion declined significantly throughout the drought and coincided with loss of southern redbelly dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster: Cyprinidae). Animal‐mediated nutrient cycling was altered by the loss of biomass and stoichiometric traits of taxa that differed in their occurrences and ability to tolerate abiotic conditions during drought. Elevated availability of dissolved N in isolated pools may increase N uptake rates by biofilms during drought conditions, indicating the importance of N excreted by aggregated macroconsumers, especially those with unique stoichiometric traits. While the significance of shifts in the composition of freshwater communities to ecosystems is not entirely known, additional losses in ecosystem function and changes in community structure may follow episodes of severe drought.


The problem of short wind waves propagating on surface wind drift is considered here. Under the assumption of small monochromatic surface waves on a steady and horizontally uniform surface shear of an inviscid fluid, the governing equation becomes the well-known Rayleigh instability equation. Perturbation solutions exist for the surface-wave problem; however, the conditions for these approximations are violated in the case of short wind waves on wind drift shear. As an alternative approach, the piecewise-linear approximation (PLA) is explored. A proof is given for the rate of convergence of the piecewise-linear approximation for solving the Rayleigh equation without limitations on boundary conditions. The artificial modes of the piecewise-linear flow system are also discussed. The method is numerically efficient and highly accurate. Applying this method, the linear instability of various boundary-layer flows is examined. Short waves propagating with surface shear-flows are stable, while it is possible for waves that are travelling against a shear current to become unstable when the surface speed of the shear is greater than the wavespeed in stagnant fluid. PLA is also applied to examine the applicability of other perturbation approaches to the problem of propagation of short waves on wind drift shear. It is found that the existing approximations cannot fit the whole range of short wind waves. To bridge the gap, new approximations are derived from an implicit form of the exact dispersion relation based upon the variational principle.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the experience and possibilities for misdiagnosis of women with ASD in secure and forensic hospitals, via the medium of a lived experience case study. To consider the clinical value of the patient perspective of and insight into their disorder. The case study is supplemented by relevant associations to the MHA Code of Practice, the CQC report, Monitoring the Mental Health Act (MHA) 2016–2017, published on 27 February 2018 and current research findings in the fields of service provision, quality of care and treatment of female patients with a diagnosis of ASD.

Design/methodology/approach
A review and commentary of the author's lived experience of a formal diagnostic assessment for ASD as a female patient in a secure and forensic hospital. In reviewing aspects of the author's clinical assessment, the author has made contextual reference to the MHA Code of Practice, the CQC report, Monitoring the MHA 2016–2017, published on 27 February 2018, and current research findings. The account focuses on aspects of the author's recent experience assessment and treatment for ASD which the author believes may be of use in informing clinical practice.

Findings
Open-ended exploration of a lived experience account/case study of a diagnostic assessment of an adult female patient for ASD, demonstrating the possible ambiguity of responses to questionnaire-based assessment tools and other deficiencies inherent to the assessment process and care and treatment of adult female ASD sufferers in secure and forensic hospitals.

Research limitations/implications
The author uses the lived experience as a patient to review and provide commentary on the clinical assessment for ASD. This review is, therefore, informed by an authentic patient perspective and not clinical perspectives. This paper highlights the need for further research into the diagnostic assessment of females for ASD in a secure and forensic hospitals.

Practical implications
First, to encourage practitioners to extend their range of thinking to be more inclusive of the patient perspective when performing a diagnostic assessment. Second, to increase practitioner awareness of the deficiencies in the current service provision for adult female patients diagnosed with ASD in secure and forensic hospitals.

Social implications
To improve patient experience of diagnostic assessment for ASD and the quality of the assessment and patient outcomes in secure and forensic hospitals.

Originality/value
The paper is original in concept in that it considers the inclusion of patient experience/views in assessment and formulation and links them to wider social policy and practice guidance. The case study is an authentic patient account informed by the author's experience of secure and forensic psychiatric hospitals. The value of the paper may be determined by the extent to which the paper encourages practitioners to consider the patient perspective and experience of the diagnostic assessment and how this and subsequent care and treatment may affect the adult female patient in secure and forensic hospitals.


The diversity of the refugee population in the United States requires practicing psychologists to respond by adapting clinical services to meet their mental health needs. However, the available literature on culturally adapted treatments is only a first step in guiding the process for adapting clinical services. This paper describes our experiences with designing and adapting a variety of clinical services for youth and families with refugee status. Guided by Sue's (2006) tenets for culturally competent service delivery, we discuss a therapeutic model of tiered service delivery used to deliver preventative services and treatment to refugee youth and adults. We discuss how we adapted treatments to help overcome access barriers to mental health treatment, and we provide specific examples of how existing treatments were used with refugee populations. In addition, we discuss information and approaches for how practicing psychologists can develop additional skills for working with refugee populations. We conclude by focusing on the need for our field to work toward improving access to mental health treatment for refugee youth and families and developing evidence-based treatments for this population.


Catalyst design for selective hydrogenations is of major importance for the manufacturing of fine chemicals. Catalytic procedure which uses scarce and expensive noble metals is very challenging in terms of exclusive attack of a single functionality or substituent. The approach taken in this thesis is based on rational catalyst design that calls on a combination of catalyst synthesis and characterization. This has been applied for the design of catalysts suitable for industrially relevant reactions, i.e. the partial catalytic reduction of substituted nitroaromatic compounds and alkynes. Molybdenum nitrides were selected as they represent a more sustainable alternative to noble metals, less expensive and easy to prepare. First, beta-Mo2N was used to catalyze the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of a series of para-substituted nitroarenes to give the corresponding aromatic amine. Incorporation of low amounts (0.25% wt.) of Au nanoparticles on beta-Mo2N enhanced hydrogen uptake and catalytic activity while delivering an ultraselective response. In a second step, the influence on the catalytic response of nitride crystallographic phase (beta- vs. gamma-Mo2N) and surface area (7-66 m2 g-1) was examined. Both phases promoted the exclusive hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene to p-chloroaniline where the beta-form delivered a higher specific (per m2) rate; the one for gamma-Mo2N was independent of surface area. The inclusion of Au on both nitrides served to enhance p-chloroaniline production. Finally, it was shown that incorporation of N in Mo structure can increase nitrobenzene hydrogenation rates on Mo2N samples with higher nitrogen content. In contrast, -C=O hydrogenolysis was favored with benzaldehyde as a result of lower N content. As a powerful tool for tailoring metal nanoparticle morphology, colloidal methods were used to design structured catalysts effective for the selective alkyne and –NO2 group reduction. The development of a catalyst based on polyvinylpyridine modified structured carbon nanofibers on sintered metal fibers supported (4 nm) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized Pd was shown to be an optimum formulation for acetylene semi-hydrogenation where the catalyst shows high selectivity (93%) and stability with time-on-stream. We have established that reducing agent does not play a critical role in catalytic response while steric (vs. electronic) stabilizers and larger colloidal metal crystallites are more efficient. PVP-stabilized Ni nanocrystals were also prepared via colloidal method and tested in the m-dinitrobenzene hydrogenation were an antipathetic structure sensitivity was recorded. TOF and selectivity to m-nitroaniline exhibited a marked dependency on the presence of the stabilizer. It was attributed to preferential adsorption of PVP on selective edge and vertex atoms, leaving the plane atoms free. Supporting the Ni nanoparticles on activated carbon fibers and removing traces of PVP by a UV-ozone treatment resulted in a dramatic increase in selectivity to target m-NAN even at high conversions. Two-sites Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model has been applied to rationalize the results. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that the product distribution can be controlled on a nano-level by tuning the properties of the active phase through modifications of the structural parameters (allotropic form, composition), modifications on the nanoparticle microenvironment (organic ligand shell) and optimization of particle size.


Changes of histone methylation code, DNA hydroxymethylation and formation of chromatin
loops are associated with transcription induction by nuclear hormones, but it is not known if
these events are the consequence or the cause of transcription initiation. We studied the effect
of activation of the retinoic acid receptor, at the RARE–promoter chromatin of CASP9 and
CYP26A1 genes, and estrogen receptor !, at ERE and Poly_A of PS2, CAV1 and BCL2
genes. We found that histone H3 lysines 4 and 9 are demethylated by the lysine-speci"c
demethylase, LSD1 and by the JMJ-domain containing demethylase, D2A. The action of the
oxidase (LSD1) and a dioxygenase (JMJD2A) in the presence of Fe++ elicits an oxidation
wave that locally oxidate the DNA, recruits the enzymes involved in base and nucleotide
excision repair (BER and NER) and bring to formation of chromatin loops that juxtapose the
5' and 3' ends of induced genes. In addition we evaluated the crucial role of DNA
methyltransferase 3a that work closely to OGG1 and APE1, favoring strand specific repair of
oxo-dG and methylation of the complementary C preventing the accumulation of G to T
mutations at regulative regions of studied genes. We suggest that coupling transcription with
methylation and repair enzymes is an evolutionary strategy to reduce the mutational burden
induced by DNA oxidation necessary for chromatin looping. We characterized the changes in
chromatin structure, DNA methylation, the recruitment of Base Excision Repair during and
after homologous DNA repair (HR) in HeLa DR-GFP cells. Repaired genes display stable but
different methylation profiles. These profiles manage the levels of expression in generated
recombinant populations. Our data argue that DNA methylation and chromatin remodelling
induced by HR may be a source of permanent variation of gene expression in somatic cells.
Finally we studied the relationship between chromatin remodeling of FOXP3 gene and
immunophenotypic differentiation of human primary CD4+ T lymphocytes moreover the
alterated immunosuppressive activity in autoimmune desease. We found that the induction
and suppressive function of iTreg cells (induced Treg cells) tightly depended on glycolysis,
which controlled FOXP3 splicing variants containing exon 2 ( FOXP3-E2) through the
glycolytic enzyme enolase-1. The FOXP3-E2–related suppressive activity of iTreg cells was
altered in human autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, and
was associated with impaired glycolysis and signaling via interleukin 2. This link between
glycolysis and FOXP3-E2 variants via enolase-1 shows a previously unknown mechanism
for controlling the induction and function of Treg cells in health and in autoimmunity.


textabstractThis paper classifies a family of grammar formalisms that extend context-free grammar by talking about tuples of terminal strings, rather than independently combining single terminal words into larger single phrases. These include a number of well-known formalisms, such as head grammar and linear context-free rewriting systems, but also a new formalism, (simple) literal movement grammar, which strictly extends the previously known formalisms, while preserving polynomial time recognizability. The descriptive capacity of simple literal movement grammars is illustrated both formally through a weak generative capacity argument and in a more practical sense by the description of conjunctive cross-serial relative clauses in Dutch. After sketching a complexity result and drawing a number of conclusions from the illustrations, it is then suggested that the notion of mild context-sensitivity currently in use, that depends on the rather loosely defined concept of constant growth, needs a modification to apply sensibly to the illustrated facts; an attempt at such a revision is proposed.


How can Rwanda, which currently has one of the lowest levels of income and exports per capita in the world, grow and diversify its economy in presence of significant constraints? We analyze Rwanda's historical growth and trade performance and find that Rwanda's high transportation costs and limited productive knowledge have held back greater export development and have resulted in excessive rural density. Three basic commodities--coffee, tea, and tin--made up more than 80 percent of the country's exports through its history and still drive the bulk of export growth today. Given Rwanda's high population density and associated land scarcity, these traditional exports cannot create enough jobs for its growing population, or sustainably drive future growth. Rwanda needs new, scalable activities in urban areas. In this report, we identify a strategy for greater diversification of exports in Rwanda that circumvents the key constraints and is separately tailored for regional and global export destinations. Our results identify more than 100 tradable products that lie at Rwanda's knowledge frontier, are not intensive in Rwanda's scarce resources, and economize on transportation costs. Our analysis produces a vision of a more diversified Rwanda, which can be used as a guide for investment promotion decisions. We illustrate an approach that can be applied to other settings in order to identify opportunities for export diversification that take seriously local constraints and external market opportunities.


Despite everyone's best efforts, the design intent as portrayed in the contract documents is rarely crystal clear. As a result, the owner and the project team often find themselves in a debate with the contractor over interpretations of contract terms. The number one cause of construction disputes is defective specifications, according to a recent study by Charles Jahren and Bruce Dammeier. Ambiguous instructions, design discrepancies, or outright omissions in the contract documents can derail a project by increasing construction time and budgets. Defective specifications can also force everyone into court to determine who should pay for the unanticipated costs. Ambiguous specifications, where more than one reasonable interpretation can be drawn from a document's language, cause the most trouble. A specification isn't considered ambiguous merely because the parties can't agree on one meaning. According to the courts, if each party's interpretation of a specification is found to be consistent with the contract language and can be reasonably supported, then the contract specification is ambiguous.


TCP is a reliable
transport protocol designed to perform well in wired networks where packet
losses are due congestion. However in wireless ad hoc networks, where packet
losses are due to channel errors or link failures between mobile nodes, TCP
degrades its performance. Further, it lacks certain protection mechanisms from
internal and external malicious nodes. In this paper, a security enhanced and
adaptive TCP, namely SA-TCP, has been proposed for wireless ad hoc networks.
SA-TCP uses network layer information to detect various types of packet losses
and adjusts the value of congestion window dynamically according to the
conditions of the dynamic network. It works normally to collect the samples of
congestion window and calculates the mean from these samples to set the value
of future congestion window. SA-TCP also adjusts the value of congestion window
limit according to network conditions. In order to make SA-TCP suitable in
highly vulnerable wireless ad hoc networks, a less complex identity-based
public key cryptography has been integrated with the proposed protocol. The
three-way handshaking process of SA-TCP is made secure by generating a secret
session key on-fly between source-destination. Simulation results show that
SA-TCP gives higher throughput compared to the popular New Reno and ATCP in different wireless ad hoc
network scenarios.


In Ireland, truck transport by road dominates and will remain the main transportation mode of biomass. Cost efficiency and flexibility of forest transport can be typically improved by optimising routes. It is important to know every process and attributes within the workflow of roundwood transport. This study aimed to analyse characteristics of timber trucking in Ireland, and to estimate the least-cost route for the distribution of biomass with the use of geographic information systems (GIS). Firstly, a tracking system that recorded the truck's movements and fuel consumption was installed. A total of 152 trips were recorded, routes were chosen by the truck driver. The recorded information was used to analyse the distances and times travelled loaded and unloaded per road class, breaks, loading and unloading times as well as fuel consumption. Secondly, the routes taken by the truck where compared with routes created using Network Analyst (NA), an extension of ArcGIS. Four scenarios based on route selection criteria were selected: shortest distance (S1), shorted time (S2), and prioritising high-class roads with shortest distance (S3) and time (S4). Results from the analysis of the tracking system data showed that driving both loaded and unloaded occupied on average 69% of the driver's working shift; with an average time driving loaded of 49%. The travel distance per trip varied from 112 km and 197 km, with the truck driver using mostly national and regional roads. An average 2% of the total distance and 11% of the total time was spent driving on forest roads. In general, the truck's speed recorded on the different road classes was on average 30% lower than the legal maximum speed. The average fuel consumption was 0.64 L/km. In terms of the route comparison, the driving directions from the truck routes coincided with 77% of the directions of the routes based on shortest driving time (S2 and S4). All the routes chosen by the driver had 22% longer distance than the routes in S1 (shortest distance). The routes selected based on shortest distance (S1 and S3) had the longest travelling time, approximately 19% more than the ones taken by the truck and 30% more than S2 and S4. The average running cost for the truck was 0.83 €/km. Choosing the shortest distance routes (S1 and S3) not only implies reducing travelling costs but also a reduction of CO 2 emissions by 12% in comparison to routes in S2 and S4. However, when selecting the routes, travel time can be a much more crucial parameter to analyse rather than distance in terms of transportation costs. Choosing the routes generated in scenario S2 over S1 implied an increase in distance by 12% but a decrease in time of 30%. Less driving time translates into better driving conditions across higher classes or roads; less wear and tear of trucks; and lesser fuel used. It also complies with local authorities preferences of having timber trucks move on higher road types in order to minimise the expenses associated with road maintenance.


An apatite fission-track age profile from the Scott Glacier region provides evidence of uplift and denudation of the Transantarctic Mountains in the Early and Late Cretaceous. Samples for fission-track analysis were collected over a vertical range of ∼2 km from the Mt. Griffith massif. Apatite ages from the upper 700 m of Mt. Griffith vary little with elevation, indicative of rapid cooling accompanying Early Cretaceous uplift and denudation. Ages from the northeast buttress of Mt. Griffith (the Fission Wall) define a steep gradient and are indicative of rapid cooling accompanying Late Cretaceous uplift and denudation. The two parts of the profile are separated by a fault. Subsequent uplift and denudation of the Mt. Griffith massif in the Cenozoic were required to elevate the massif (and the apatite age profile) to its present position. This younger uplift was most likely initiated in the early Cenozoic, penecontemporaneously with welldocumented early Cenozoic uplift in the Victoria Land region of the Transantarctic Mountains. These three periods of uplift coincide with periods of major plate reorganization in the southwest Pacific region: (1) initial rifting of Australia from Antarctica and impingement of the Pacific-Phoenix ridge with the subduction zone marginal to New Zealand in the Early Cretaceous, (2) separation of Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica in the Late Cretaceous, and (3) cessation of spreading in the Tasman Sea ∼10 m.y. prior to accelerated spreading between Australia and Antarctica in the early Cenozoic.


This article maps out the main areas of game research through an analysis of co-citation and keyword co-occurrence patterns in 24,128 game research documents between 1966 and 2016. The keyword analysis identifies 4 communities: Education/Culture, Technology, Effects and Medical. Co-citation analysis identifies 5 communities: Education, Humanities/Social Science, Computer Science, Communications, and Health. Burst analysis of keywords reveals when key research themes emerged across the period. Key findings are: the main division in game research is between Communications and Health on the one hand and Education, Humanities/Social Science and Computer Science on the other; design is an important bridge between different communities; and there exists a gap in research on the game industry. The research is a broad overview and future research that targets specific communities to tease out more specific patterns is recommended, as is research targeting non-English language sources.


This research project is about product development strategy and practice in the
automobile industry. Specifically, it concerns the transformation of Rover Group
body and tool development capability over four years from 1993 to 1997.
A single Rover Body and Pressings organisation was created in 1991. It
encompassed the functions of Body Engineering, Press Tool Engineering, and
Press Tool Manufacturing. As Engineering Director the Author had the
opportunity to directly influence a significant portion of the body product
creation process.
At the start of the research period the product development performance of
Rover Body and Pressings was weak. Major investments in new press equipment
could not depend on in-house die technology. Quality and cost delivery
incurred customer dissatisfaction.
Resulting from the research are three innovations:
The Engineering Quality Assurance Procedure was implemented as a
disciplined stage/gate quality management system.
A focused manufacturing strategy was implemented for die manufacturing
based on die size.
A new engineering design methodology was established utilising the
scientific principles of metal forming technology as an integrated element in
the design process.
These innovations were applied within the strategic framework of a new model
describing a system view of the product creation process for body, at enterprise
level.
The new product development process strategy was partially applied to two new
vehicle programmes. One vehicle has since been initiated and delivered from
within the new framework.
Strategic targets were defined for product development at Rover Body and
Pressings covering product quality, development lead time, press tool cost and
programme financial budget. The targets for quality and lead time were met
during the research period. Although substantial progress is evident in physical
performance the targets for press tool cost and programme budget were not met.
The major elements of the product development strategy applied in this research
remain in place. The transfer of the strategic model of concurrent engineering to
a wider context was demonstrated by applying it as part of the Rover Group
product development reengineering project.


The increased approval of anticancer agents has led to unprecedented results, with improved quality of life and longer survival times, resulting in millions of individuals living with a diagnosis of cancer. Whereas these novel medical, surgical, and radiation regimens, or combinations thereof, are largely responsible for these remarkable achievements, a new, unexpected constellation of side effects has emerged. Most notably, cutaneous toxicities have gained considerable attention, due to their high frequency and visibility, the relative effectiveness of anti-skin toxicity interventions, and the otherwise decreasing incidence of systemic or hematopoietic adverse events. Optimal care dictates that dermatologic toxicities must be addressed in a timely and effective fashion, in order to minimize associated physical and psychosocial discomfort, and to ensure consistent antineoplastic therapy. Notwithstanding the critical importance of treatment-related toxicities, dermatologic conditions may also precede, coincide, or follow the diagnosis of cancer. This review provides a basis for the understanding of dermatologic events in the oncology setting, in order to promote attentive care to cutaneous health in cancer patients and survivors.


We describe a search for anomalous production of events with two leptons (e or mu) of the same electric charge in pp[over ] collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV. Many extensions to the standard model predict the production of two leptons of the same electric charge. This search has a significant increase in sensitivity compared to earlier searches. Using a data sample corresponding to 1 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity recorded by the CDF II detector, we observe no significant excess in an inclusive selection (expect 33.2+/-4.7 events, observe 44) or in a supersymmetry-optimized selection (expect 7.8+/-1.1 events, observe 13.).


With the increased number of students enrolling in and graduating from Kenyan public and private universities in the last three decades, it is important to find out if students' personality types are congruent with choice of degree program and demands of the job market. In Kenya, the extent to which the personality types match the choice of degree program has not been examined. This study examined the relationship between students' personality types using the Holland typology, the degree of congruence and the levels of satisfaction with the choice of degree program. The theoretical framework was based on the Holland theory, which postulates that people will spend a considerable amount of time seeking work places/academic environments that match their personality types. The assumptions by Holland's theory that were tested in this study were: the outcome of a match between the personality types and the academic environment is congruent and satisfying and the outcome of mismatch between the personality types and the academic environment is incongruent and dissatisfying. The study design was ex-post facto design because the choice of the degree program had already taken place and the students were in their third year of study implying that they were stable in their choice. The independent variables were the personality types and the choice of the degree programs. The dependent variables were the degree of congruence and levels of satisfaction. The Self Directed Search 4 Edition questionnaire by (Rosen, Holmberg, & Holland, 1994) was the main tool for data collection. A satisfaction scale and an interview schedule were also used to gather information on what the students' felt about the choice of the academic program. This study used measures of relationship and association techniques employing Pearson's coefficient correlation and Chi-square to analyze data. The results indicated that the choice of degree program by majority of the students at Kenyatta University was significantly correlated to personality types, gender and levels of satisfaction. The relationship between personality types and choice of degree show Chi score (X = 457.816, df = 30, p= .000) indicating the significant relationship. There was significant relationship between personality types and the choice of degree program (r=.34, n 389, p=.000). Congruence had a weak correlation with choice of degree program (r=.04, n = 389, .433), but significantly negative correlated with satisfaction with the degree program (r=-.14, n=389, p=.008). The following conclusions were drawn; Holland typology can be used to classify students' personality types and degree programs, that gender has significant influence in the choice of degree program, that congruence is a predictor of choice of the degree program but not a strong predictor of satisfaction. It is therefore recommended that a detailed study be carried out to investigate reasons why congruence found to be a predictor of choice of degree program is a weak predictor of satisfaction. Secondly, there is need to carry out a detailed study to investigate the cultural validity of Holland's tenets in Kenya and to determine the person-environment fit in the different academic programs.


The 16th Annual Natural Health Products Research Conference and Tradeshow hosted by the NHP Research Society of Canada (NHPRS) will be held from May 26-29, 2019 in Edmonton, Alberta. Founded in 2003 by a collaboration of academic, industry, and government researchers from across Canada, the NHPRS is a Canadian federally incorporated non-profit organization. The goals of the NHPRS are; (a) to promote scientifically rigorous research and education on natural health products (NHPs), (b) to develop a national research community that encompasses academic, health professional, government and a broadbase of industry stakeholders, (c) to support national research priorities that best enable the informed and appropriate use of NHPs that are safe and efficacious, (d) to increase the capacity for NHP research and education, (e) to facilitate effective NHP knowledge transfer and translation, (f) to support the use of science-based product quality standards and the use of well-characterized materials and protocols in research and (g) to foster value-chain development through interdisciplinary NHP research collaborations and networking. To forward these objectives, the NHPRS has held annual research conferences since inception with themes that highlight the important trends in the ever growing and changing field of NHP Research. The theme of the 16th Annual Conference is "Growing NHPs for the Future". The abstracts are ordered alphabetically by presenting author last name, oral presentations followed by poster presentations. For more information, please visit: http://www.nhprs.ca/. CONFERENCE ABSTRACT BOOK OPEN ACCESS


Abstract Extinction data sets for four centimeter-sized anisotropic crystals were collected in air with standard spindle-stage methods and submitted to a new Windows-based version of EXCALIBR, termed EXCALIBRW. EXCALIBRW solved these data sets with varying degrees of accuracy related to the external shape of the crystal: the more rounded the crystal, the more precise the results. For an olivine crystal ground into a sphere, the results were similar to those obtained for a crystal immersed in an index-matching fluid. However, even for samples bounded with growth or cleavage faces, the program determined the orientation of the optical indicatrix and 2V with an error of only 1−2°. Thus, this logical extension of spindle-stage methods is helpful: (1) to orient centimeter-size single crystals for various types of mineralogical measurements (e.g., spectroscopy or diffusion studies in which it might be undesirable to place the sample in a liquid); (2) as a non-destructive means of identifying gemstones based upon a determination of their optical class (i.e., isotropic vs. uniaxial vs. biaxial); and (3) for optical characterization by determination of 2V. In addition, the newest version of EXCALIBR is easier to use, mathematically more robust in its solution algorithms, and provides solutions for crystals in less favorable orientations than the earlier versions of EXCALIBR.


The family remains a core value for European citizens even though the reality of families has become much more complex and diversified. Single-parent families are a particularly visible example of this trend, as we are witnessing today a growing number of this type of families. They are particularly vulnerable to social exclusion and poverty - it is estimated that one out of four lone parent families is poor according to EU criteria. Support for lone parents cannot exclusively rely on economic benefits but also depended on broader measures which would deal with the fact that lone parents' poverty is not only economic but also social, cultural and educational. Based on these issues, the article is structured in two parts. The first part shows the evolution of single-parent families in Europe and how the issue is reflected within the Romanian governmental programs for social assistance. The analysis was based on legal regulations on services and benefits relating to single-parent families, combined with statistical data provided by Eurostat and the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Protection and The National Institute for Statistics. For the related to the issue presented. The second part presents the results of a research measuring the effectiveness of services and family benefits among single-parents families. The investigation was conducted within Giurgiu County, using the questionnaire as a method for gathering information. Data interpretation was made using techniques of descriptive statistical analysis.


For organisms to adapt to environmental changes, external signals must affect protein function. Proteins in the PAS (Per-Arnt-Sim) superfamily are involved in transducing diverse external signals, but it has been a challenge to define the signaling pathways. Zoltowski et al. have determined crystal structures for the dark- and light-activated states of a fungal photoreceptor. Light-induced chemical changes at the active center propagate to large-scale conformational changes at the protein N terminus that are essential for cellular function. B. D. Zoltowski, C. Schwerdtfeger, J. Widom, J. J. Loros, A. M. Bilwes, J. C. Dunlap, B. R. Crane, Conformational switching in the fungal light sensor Vivid. Science 316, 1054-1057 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


A substrate with ease for fabrication is proposed for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A two-dimensional dielectric grating covered by a thin silver film enables the excitation of both localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The finite-difference time-domain simulation results show that the coupling between LSPs and SPPs is able to highly improve the Raman enhancement (2 x 10(9) as obtained by simulation). In addition, the near-field distribution at the top of cubic bumps along the transverse plane presents a highly regular hotspots pattern, which is required for an ideal SERS substrate.


Given the significant increased incidence of various chronic diseases and conditions such as diabetes, there are enormous challenges to provide high-quality healthcare within the constraints of finite budgets and available resources. This paper describes the issues involved in the design of a voicebased system to support the home monitoring by patients with Type 2 diabetes of their condition. Patients use the telephone to input key readings in either voice or DTMF mode and they receive immediate verbal feedback on their condition. Two versions of the system were developed and compared – a conversational interface, which allowed morenatural input and a more intuitive dialogue flow, and a system-directed interface with carefully designed prompts and confirmations and in which the user input was more constrained. Evaluations showed that the system-directed version performed better in terms of recognition accuracy, transaction success, and call completion time. Some conclusions are drawn from these findings regarding the importance of user-centered design along with implicationsfor solutions involving speech technology,


We explore the possibility that interstellar O and Ne may be contributing to the particle signal from the GAS instrument on Ulysses, which is generally assumed to be entirely He. Motivating this study is the recognition that an interstellar temperature higher than any previously estimated from Ulysses data could potentially resolve a discrepancy between Ulysses He measurements and those from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). Contamination by O and Ne could lead to Ulysses temperature measurements that are too low. We estimate the degree of O and Ne contamination necessary to increase the inferred Ulysses temperature to 8500 K, which would be consistent with both the Ulysses and IBEX data given the same interstellar flow speed. We find that producing the desired effect requires a heavy element contamination level of ∼9% of the total Ulysses/GAS signal. However, this degree of heavy element contribution is about an order of magnitude higher than expected based on our best estimates of detection efficiencies, ISM abundances, and heliospheric survival probabilities, making it unlikely that heavy element contamination is significantly affecting temperatures derived from Ulysses data.


Photograph of a young man wearing a striped three-piece suit. He has on a white shirt with a short tie of dark and white design. He has curly hair, parted on his left side. He has a short, thin mustache and short, trimmed beard. Photograph is mounted on tan cardboard substrata with red trim around edge. Bottom of photo reads in red: Blessing & Co. Galveston. Back of photo: B&C interwoven, Blessing & Co. 174 Tremont Street (written on drawn banner), Galveston. Vine in background. Top, right corner of photo is worn away.


Transport infrastructure produces many externalities. Increased accessibility and the resultant economic development are among the most notable positive ones. Accidents, air and noise pollution and other environmental issues, such as impacts on biodiversity, landscape and townscape, are the most important negative ones. In the case of railway infrastructure, noise impacts have a key effect on net social benefit. Noise reduction is crucial to achieve greater social benefits. Against this background, the University of Southampton has been undertaking the Track to the Future (T2F) project, which is assessing, among other issues, how to produce a quiet ballasted track system that at the same time is cheaper to maintain and renew. This paper considers combinations of engineering interventions that could reduce rail-related noise, including under sleeper pads, rail dampers and noise barriers which all reduce noise emissions. It extends previous analysis of under sleeper pads to compare their costs and benefits with those of rail dampers and noise barriers in the context of a UK-based installation case study.


Anthology of Modern American Poetry contains more than 750 poems by 161 American poets, including many who have not been anthologized before. Spanning a period from Walt Whitman to Sherman Alexie, this collection is the first to review the twentieth century comprehensively. It presents not only the canonical poetry of the last hundred years but also numerous poems by women, minority, and progressive writers only rediscovered in the past two decades. Uniquely comprehensive, Anthology of Modern American Poetry represents Robert Frost with 23 poems, Wallace Stevens with 22, and Marianne Moore with 14, including her most ambitious long poems. William Carlos Williams is represented not only by his exquisite short lyrics, but also with an experimental combination of poetry and prose. With 29 poems, Langston Hughes is given full treatment for the first time in any comprehensive anthology. Substantial selections by contemporary poets like John Ashbery, Sylvia Plath, Frank O'Hara, Philip Levine, Lucille Clifton, Judy Grahn, Adrian Louis, Yusef Komunyakaa, Martin Espada, and Sherman Alexie are also included. Anthology of Modern American Poetry is the first anthology to give full treatment to American long poems and poem sequences. T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, Gertrude Stein's "Patriarchal Poetry," William Carlos Williams's The Descent of Winter, Edna St. Vincent Millay's "Sonnets from an Ungrafted Tree," Muriel Rukeyser's "The Book of the Dead," Melvin Tolson's Libretto for the Republic of Liberia, Theodore Roethke's "North American Sequence," Gwendolyn Brooks's "Gay Chaps at the Bar," Kenneth Rexroth's "The Love Poems of Marichiko," both Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" and his "Wichita Vortex Sutra," and both Adrienne Rich's "Shooting Script" and her "Twenty-One Love Poems" are all included in their entirety. Anthology of Modern American Poetry offers the most detailed annotations available in an anthology of this type. Many works benefit from specially commissioned research that provides students with such help as the identification of the inventive references in Melvin Tolson's poetry, translation of all foreign language passages, and illumination of obscure references. This is also the only American poetry anthology to present selected poems in the beautifully illustrated form in which they first appeared. In addition, an accompanying website featuring readings of poems and historical background is available at http: //www.english.uiuc.edu/maps. Ideal for courses in modern American poetry, modern American literature, modern or contemporary poetry, creative writing-poetry, and American studies, Anthology of Modern American Poetry introduces students to the last 100 years of our poetic heritage in a uniquely rich and provocative format."


This paper investigates the sensitivity in amplitude variation with offset (AVO) behaviour with varying rock properties in an attempt to predict oil gravity (density) contrasts. Rock physics scenarios associated with Ben Nevis reservoir zone are performed using Biot-Gassmann fluid replacement modelling to vary porosity, water saturation, and oil density (API). Since, there are numerous variations of these rock properties, AVO modelling volumes are utilized to analyze and interpret the results. Prior to modelling, rock property relationships are observed and used in the AVO modelling analysis. Intercept and gradient volumes were extracted from the data and show variations associated with the rock property models. Crossplots of the intercept and gradient are used to further discriminate the input models. Relationships were observed between the variations in water saturation, porosity, and oil density. Three-parameter AVO techniques are also applied to the volumes in an attempt to predict density variations in the pore fluids.


Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer that includes increased glucose uptake and accelerated aerobic glycolysis. This phenotype is required to fulfill anabolic demands associated with aberrant cell proliferation and is often mediated by oncogenic drivers such as activated BRAF. In this study, we show that the MAPK-activated p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is necessary to maintain glycolytic metabolism in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells. RSK directly phosphorylated the regulatory domain of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis. Inhibition of RSK reduced PFKFB2 activity and glycolytic flux in melanoma cells, suggesting an important role for RSK in BRAF-mediated metabolic rewiring. Consistent with this, expression of a phosphorylation-deficient mutant of PFKFB2 decreased aerobic glycolysis and reduced the growth of melanoma in mice. Together, these results indicate that RSK-mediated phosphorylation of PFKFB2 plays a key role in the metabolism and growth of BRAF-mutated melanomas.Significance: RSK promotes glycolytic metabolism and the growth of BRAF-mutated melanoma by driving phosphorylation of an important glycolytic enzyme. Cancer Res; 78(9); 2191-204. ©2018 AACR.


The partial nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox; PN-A) process has been considered a sustainable method for wastewater ammonium removal, with recent attempts to treat low-strength wastewater. However, how microbes adapt to the alternate microaerobic-anoxic operation of the process when treating low ammonium concentrations remains poorly understood. In this study, we applied a metagenomic approach to determine the genomic contents of core members in a PN-A reactor treating inorganic ammonium wastewater at loading as low as 0.0192 kg-N/m3/day. The metabolic traits of metagenome-assembled genomes from 18 core species were analyzed. Taxonomically diverse ammonia oxidizers, including two Nitrosomonas species, a comammox Nitrospira species, a novel Chloroflexota-related species, and two anammox bacteria, Ca. Brocadia and Ca. Jettenia, accounted for the PN-A reactions. The characteristics of a series of genes encoding class II ribonucleotide reductase, high-affinity bd-type terminal oxidase, and diverse antioxidant enzymes revealed that comammox Nitrospira has a superior adaptation ability over the competitors, which may confer the privileged partnership with anammox bacteria in the PN-A reactor. This finding is supported by the long-term monitoring experiment, showing the predominance of the comammox Nitrospira in the ammonia-oxidizing community. Metagenomic analysis of seven heterotrophs suggested that nitrate reduction is a common capability in potentially using endogenous carbohydrates and peptides to enhance nitrogen removals. The prevalence of class II ribonucleotide reductase and antioxidant enzymes genes may grant the adaptation to cyclically microaerobic/anoxic environments. The predominant heterotroph is affiliated with Chloroflexota; its genome encodes complete pathways for synthesizing vitamin B6 and methionine. By contrast, other than the two growth factors, Nitrospira and anammox bacteria are complementary to produce various vitamins and amino acids. Besides, the novel Chloroflexota-related ammonia oxidizer lacks corresponding genes for detoxifying the reactive oxygen species and thus requires the aid of co-existing members to alleviate oxidative stress. The analysis results forecast the exchanges of substrates and nutrients as well as the collective alleviation of oxidative stress among the core populations. The new findings of the genomic features and predicted microbial interplay shed light on microbial adaptation to intermittent microaeration specific to the PN-A reactor, which may aid in improving its application to low-strength ammonium wastewater.


Parts of Speech are a central aspect of linguistic theory and analysis. Though a long-established tradition in Western linguistics and philosophy has assumed the validity of Parts of Speech in the study of language, there are still many questions left unanswered. For example, should Parts of Speech be treated as descriptive tools or are they to be considered universal constructs? Is it possible to come up with cross-linguistically valid formal categories, or are categories of language structure ultimately language-specific? Should they be defined semantically, syntactically, or otherwise? Do non-Indo-European languages reveal novel aspects of categorical assignment? This volume attempts to answer these and other fundamental questions for linguistic theory and its methodology by offering a range of contributions that spans diverse theoretical persuasions and contributes to our understanding of Parts of Speech with analysis of new data sets.


Context. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) show a wealth of interesting physical processes, some of which are poorly understood. In a broader context, they play an important role in processes that are far beyond their immediate surroundings, owing to the high emitted power.Aims. We want to address a number of open questions, including the location and physics of the outflow from AGN, the nature of the continuum emission, the geometry and physical state of the X-ray broad emission line region, the Fe-K line complex, the metal abundances of the nucleus, and finally the interstellar medium of our own Galaxy as seen through the signatures it imprints on the X-ray and UV spectra of AGN.Methods. We study one of the best targets for these aims, the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 509 with a multiwavelength campaign using five satellites (XMM-Newton, INTEGRAL, Chandra, HST, and Swift) and two ground-based facilities (WHT and PAIRITEL). Our observations cover more than five decades in frequency, from 2 mu m to 200 keV. The combination of high-resolution spectroscopy and time variability allows us to disentangle and study the different components. Our campaign covers 100 days from September to December 2009, and is centred on a simultaneous set of deep XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL observations with regular time intervals, spanning seven weeks.Results. We obtain a continuous light curve in the X-ray and UV band, showing a strong, up to 60% flux increase in the soft X-ray band during the three weeks in the middle of our deepest monitoring campaign, and which is correlated with an enhancement of the UV flux. This allows us to study the time evolution of the continuum and the outflow. By stacking the observations, we have also obtained one of the best X-ray and UV spectra of a Seyfert galaxy ever obtained. In this paper we also study the effects of the spectral energy distribution (SED) that we obtained on the photo-ionisation equilibrium. Thanks to our broad-band coverage, uncertainties on the SED do not strongly affect the determination of this equilibrium.Conclusions. Here we present our very successful campaign and in a series of subsequent papers we will elaborate on different aspects of our study.


Past research suggests that spatial configurations play an important role in graph comprehension. The present study investigates consequences of this fact for the relative utility of graphs and tables for interpreting data. Participants judged presence or absence of various statistical effects in simulated datasets presented in various formats. For the statistical effects introduced earlier in the study, performance was better with graphs than with tables, while for the effect introduced last in the study, this trend reversed. Additionally, in the later sections of the study, responses with graphs, but not tables, reflected increasing influence from the presence of stimulus features which had been relevant earlier in the study, but were no longer relevant. The findings suggest that graphs, relative to tables, may better facilitate perception of complex relationships among data points, but may also bias readers more strongly to favor some perspectives over others when interpreting data.


The BRAF mutant colorectal cancer subgroup is a small population with unique clinicopathological and molecular features. This subgroup has been associated with particularly poor prognosis and advanced disease. The poor response of these patients to available treatments has driven much of the effort in trialling combination targeted treatments involving BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Most recently, an observed survival benefit with intensive triplet chemotherapy agents would encourage its use as first-line treatment in suitable candidates given that few of these patients proceed to secondor third-line treatments.


In this paper we shall utilize the concepts of vector quantization (VQ) for the computation of arbitrary distance functions-a problem which has been receiving much attention in the operations research and location analysis community. The input to our problem is the set of coordinates of a large number of nodes whose inter-node arbitrary "distances" have to be estimated. Unlike traditional operations research methods, which use parametric functional estimators, we have utilized VQ principles to first adaptively polarize the nodes into sub-regions according to Kohonen's self-organizing map. Subsequently, the parameters characterizing the sub-regions are learnt by using a variety of methods.


ABSTRACT Drawing on a survey of asylum seekers, the article provides a security assessment of the 'refugee experience' in Greece. This exploration of the 'refugee situation' on Europe's eastern shore touches upon refugees' prior and present grievances, the local and imported 'radical milieu' and (Greek) host state's will and capacity to implement sustainable and effective policies. The paper demonstrates that, although Greece lacks a developed radical milieu that could facilitate radicalization, Greece's policy of 'uninvolved tolerance' creates a vacuum that might be filled by radical groups in the future. Also, with the exception of minors' education, Greece scores low in most socio-economic indicators that delineate the 'refugee experience'. In this environment, scarce employment opportunities and dependence on external sources for life-sustainment interweave with institutionalization and negative coping mechanisms. These silent and largely hidden from the public eye processes might become the ingredients of future radicalization.


Managing safety of diverse systems requires decision-making under uncertainties and risks. Such systems are typically characterized by spatio-temporal heterogeneities, inter-dependencies, externalities, endogenous risks, discontinuities, irreversibility, practically irreducible uncertainties, and rare events with catastrophic consequences. Traditional scientific approaches rely on data from real observations and experiments; yet no sufficient observations exist for new problems, and experiments are usually impossible. Therefore, science-based support for addressing such new class of problems needs to replace the traditional "deterministic predictions" analysis by new methods and tools for designing decisions that are robust against the involved uncertainties and risks. The new methods treat uncertainties explicitly by using "synthetic" information derived by integration of "hard" elements, including available data, results of possible experiments, and formal representations of scientific facts, with "soft" elements based on diverse representations of scenarios and opinions of public, stakeholders, and experts. The volume presents such effective new methods, and illustrates their applications in different problem areas, including engineering, economy, finance, agriculture, environment, and policy making.


Static, dynamic, and topological properties of hollow systems differ from those that are fully filled as a result of the presence of a boundary associated with an inner surface. Hollow Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) naturally occur in various ultracold atomic systems and possibly within neutron stars but have hitherto not been experimentally realized in isolation on Earth because of gravitational sag. Motivated by the expected first realization of fully closed BEC shells in the microgravity conditions of the Cold Atomic Laboratory aboard the International Space Station, we present a comprehensive study of spherically symmetric hollow BECs as well as the hollowing transition from a filled sphere BEC into a thin shell through central density depletion. We employ complementary analytic and numerical techniques in order to study equilibrium density profiles and the collective mode structures of condensate shells hosted by a range of trapping potentials. We identify concrete and robust signatures of the evolution from filled to hollow structures and the effects of the emergence of an inner boundary, inclusive of a dip in breathing-mode-type collective mode frequencies and a restructuring of surface mode structure across the transition. By extending our analysis to a two-dimensional transition of a disk to a ring, we show that the collective mode signatures are an essential feature of hollowing, independent of the specific geometry. Finally, we relate our work to past and ongoing experimental efforts and consider the influence of gravity on thin condensate shells. We identify the conditions under which gravitational sag is highly destructive and study the mode-mixing effects of microgravity on the collective modes of these shells.


This thesis provides new insight into innovation in Ireland's dairy industry. The thesis measures the innovation performance of dairy products on global markets and uses the framework of innovation systems to explore why and how innovation brokers are established as an essential part of the innovation system, and also how systemic instruments are designed and implemented to effect the achievement of policy goals. A variety of methods are used to provide new empirical, theoretical and policy relevant knowledge concerning innovation activity at various points in the Irish agri-food sector. The research is organised into three separate studies.
Study 1 profiles the innovation performance of selected dairy products, viz. butter, cheese and infant milk formula over the time period 2000-2010, using international trade data. The analysis uses a framework, which was developed in Kaplinsky and Readman (2005), to assess product and process upgrading and downgrading as a measure of relative innovation performance, by combining two innovation indicators: unit price and market share. The results show that the innovation performance of the three product categories has declined within the period studied. Although price reduction strategies undertaken by cheese manufacturers have improved its market share, the same approach did not help butter and infant milk formula manufacturers sustain their market position.
Study 2 adopts a problem focused innovation system perspective to explore the phenomenon of part time innovation brokering. Drawing on the innovation brokering literature, the activities of seven part time innovation brokers are examined to identify how they fulfil their role. The empirical setting is the national mastitis control programme, CellCheck, and the seven dairy processor regional coordinators appointed as part time brokers. The study contributes new insights on the activities of part time
innovation brokers and provides recommendations on measures to support these types of brokers in the fulfilment of their role.
Study 3 explores the design of systemic instruments to support functional change in the Irish agri-food sector. Using a case study approach, the Wieczorek and Hekkert framework (2012) is used to examine the design and implementation of two systemic instruments in the Irish agri-food industry: Origin Green and Food for Health Ireland (FHI). The findings show that the framework provides a guide for policy makers in the design and implementation of systemic instruments. Furthermore, the study contributes empirical knowledge on the role, nature and selection of policy tools in the achievement of systemic instrument goals. However, more applications of the framework are needed to draw conclusions on the theoretical role of policy tools in the implementation of systemic instruments.


The unique properties which make cerium dioxide (ceria) nanoparticles (NPs) so useful in e.g. catalytic applications, pose a real risk to environmental systems and species alike. Increasing our knowledge of ceria NP characteristics in a range of aquatic systems was a contributing theme of this thesis. Nano-ceria particle sizes (dH) were found to significantly change due to adjustments in media composition. The addition of Suwannee River fulvic acid to an aquatic media decreased dH up to 88%, significantly increased the negative charge measured from zeta potential (ζ) and increased Ce dissolution by 2%. The presence of test biota significantly increased dH up to 80%, further increased the ζ negative charge and increased Ce dissolution up to 63%, predicted as being due to the
presence of exudates. Nanotoxicological investigations using P. subcapitata showed a convincing size-dependent toxicity to well-defined synthesized nanoceria particles. EC50 values of 5 nm to 35 nm ceria particles (0.013 mgL to
0.8 mgL respectively) showed between 600 and 10 fold increases in toxic response compared to commercial nano-ceria particles (EC50 8 mgL). EC50 of 5 nm and 35 nm ceria particles showed significant metabolic differences compared to controls indicating a cellular response of P. subcapitata as a function of nano-ceria size and dose. Although metabolomic extraction methods are sensitive to cell density and temperature changes, metabolomic analysis has huge potential in future environmental nanoecotoxicological applications using P. subcapitata. It was evident from this study that further work is still required to help develop methods of NP characterisations under environmental conditions with a necessity for a future NP modelling protocol.


Many peer-to-peer communities, including private BitTorrent Communities that serve hundreds of thousands of users, utilize credit-based or sharing ratio enforcement schemes to incentivize their members to contribute. In this paper, we analyze the performance of such communities from both the system-level and the user-level perspectives. We show that both credit-based and sharing ratio enforcement policies can lead to system-wide "crunches" or "crashes" where the system seizes completely due to too little or to too much credit, respectively. We explore the conditions that lead to these system pathologies and present a theoretical model that predicts if a community will eventually crunch or crash. We apply this analysis to design an adaptive credit system that automatically adjusts credit policies to maintain sustainability. Given private communities that are sustainable, it has been demonstrated that they are greatly oversupplied in terms of excessively high seeder-to-leecher ratios. We further analyze the user-level performance by studying the effects of oversupply. We show that although achieving an increase in the average downloading speed, the phenomenon of oversupply has three undesired effects: long seeding times, low upload capacity utilizations, and an unfair playing field for late entrants into swarms. To alleviate these problems, we propose four different strategies, which have been inspired by ideas in social sciences and economics. We evaluate these strategies through simulations and demonstrate their positive effects.


Halsans Tradgard is a project which is going to start in Gamla Linkoping, Sweden. The authors were commissioned by Arbetslivsresurs, a company working with work rehabilitation, to select, define and make job analyses on five work tasks at Halsans Tradgard in Gamla Linkoping. A job analysis means an analysis of the demands the job make of the individual. The job analysis used in this study is called The Revised Handbook for Analyzing Jobs (RHAJ) and is from the US Department of Labor (DOL). As RHAJ is an American instrument, the authors produced a form where the concepts are translated into Swedish to make the analysis easier. The areas that were analyzed according to the RHAJ were: worker functions, general educational development, specific vocational preparation, aptitudes, temperaments, and physical demands and environmental conditions. The five work tasks that were analyzed at Halsans Tradgard were: "Raking", "Planting flowers", "Weeding", "Shoveling snow" and "Portraying Lisa". The result shows that the five work tasks make low demands on the individual and that none of the tasks demand mathematical development. The task "Portraying Lisa" was the task which, in most cases, made the most demands on the individual. The discussion proposes how the work tasks can be more complex. The authors suggest investigations that test the RHAJ for validity and reliability and that the RHAJ in full be translated into Swedish and tested under Swedish circumstances in future research.


DOG1 controls temperature-dependent seed dormancy through effects on gibberellic acid metabolism. Variation in seed dormancy enables plants to adapt to different climates. Mature seeds of most angiosperms have a dry outer coating called the testa and an endosperm, including the embryonic growth zone known as the radicle-lower hypocotyl axis and an overlying cap. During germination, the testa and endosperm cap rupture, enabling the first root (radicle) to emerge. DOG1 (DELAY OF GERMINATION 1) is a protein that accumulates in a temperature-dependent manner during seed maturation. Seeds from Arabidopsis thaliana with deletion of DOG1 do not have a dormant phase but take longer to germinate. Graeber et al. found that Lepidium sativum, which is in the same family (Brassicaceae) as A. thaliana but naturally does not have seed dormancy, contained homologs of DOG1 that were expressed in seeds. Transgenic expression of A. thaliana DOG1 (AtDOG1) in L. sativum markedly delayed testa and endosperm rupture and seed germination and increased the endosperm cap's resistance to mechanical puncture. Manipulations that weaken the endosperm cap, including exposure to the plant hormone gibberillic acid (GA), accelerated germination of seeds from L. sativum expressing AtDOG1. Likewise, reducing the temperature from 24º to 18ºC during imbibition (wetting) reduced the endosperm cap's resistance to puncture and accelerated germination of seeds from these plants. Expression of AtDOG1 in L. sativum altered temperature-dependent changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins associated with cap weakening and GA metabolism and the relative abundances of several GA metabolites. In A. thaliana, wild-type seeds and those lacking DOG1 had differences in the temperature-dependent regulation of germination. Expression of LesaDOG1A in the AtDOG1-deficient seeds did not restore wild-type germination properties but rather enabled increased germination of seeds imbibed at the lower temperature. Thus, AtDOG1 may influence seed dormancy, at least in part, by repressing GA-mediated weakening of the endosperm cap. K. Graeber, A. Linkies, T. Steinbrecher, K. Mummenhoff, D. Tarkowská, V. Turečková, M. Ignatz, K. Sperber, A. Voegele, H. de Jong, T. Urbanová, M. Strnad, G. Leubner-Metzger, DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 mediates a conserved coat-dormancy mechanism for the temperature- and gibberellin-dependent control of seed germination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, E3571–E3580 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Water removal is a key technology for enhancing efficient utilization of lignite in power generation. An inherent characteristic of lignite, attributed to the large amount of water kept within the fuel, is the factor decreasing the thermal efficiency of lignite-fired power plants. This paper presents the research results on investigating the drying kinetics of Belchatow lignite excavated in the Central Poland in prior to developing a water removal system. Lignite drying test was conducted in superheated steam atmosphere at the temperature range of 110-170 °C. Spherically shaped samples, of which the diameter is 2.5 mm, was used. The experimental results were then analysed with previously conducted measurements of 5, 10, 30 mm samples to investigate the influence of particle size. The presented analysis shows the agreement of the evaluated drying rate at the CDRP to the experimental data. The obtained experimental results were used to predict the drying behaviour of the group of particles. The proposed investigation clarifies the size dependence of the drying characteristics of the multisize group of lignite particles.


The causal relationship between tourist demand and supply is investigated employing four time series models - the first model includes nights of stay and number of supplied accommodation; the second model uses nights of stay and supplied beds (i.e. capacity); the third model employs nights of stay and the quality of supplied accommodation; finally, the fourth model includes nights of stay and the quality of supplied capacity. To test for Granger causality in the presence of a cointegration relationship between the economic variables of interest, a bivariate VAR model is used. Empirical results are from four distinctive models for Sardinia (Italy) over the time span 1955 to 2004. The first model suggests a unidirectional causal relationship running from demand to accommodation firms; the second model suggests a bi-directional causal relationship between demand and capacity. The third and fourth models indicate the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship running from quality to demand. This empirical finding implies that the environmental conservation policy (Piano Paesaggistico Regionale), adopted by the Region of Sardinia, may be feasible without compromising the number of tourists visiting Sardinia and hence, its economic growth.


Despite the fact that Aristotle and Frege/Russell differ in how to understand the ambiguity in the meaning of the word "is", their theories share a common feature: "is" does not have a normative meaning, but a constative meaning. This paper, however, shows (1) that there is a normative meaning of "is" (and correspondingly a constative meaning of the word "ought") and (2) that the ambiguity of "is" is itself ambiguous. Furthermore, the paper proposes (3) a performative criterion for making a distinction between constative and normative "is". It is thereby possible to attack Searle's famous argument against Hume's law.

Cf. for the fallacy in Searle's argument against "Hume's law" also Ferber, Rafael (1994). Moral Judgments as Descriptions of Institutional Facts. In: Meggle, Georg; Wessels, Ulla: Analyomen 1, Proceedings of the 1st Conference "Perspectives in Analytical Philosophy". Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 719-729, esp. 722-724:
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/98246/