The Supreme Court has said that there is a constitutional "right to marry"; but what can this possibly mean? People do not have a right to marry their dog, their aunt, June 29, a rose petal, their neighbors, or a sunny day. This essay attempts to make some progress in understanding both the content and the scope of the right to marry. With respect to content, it concludes that people have no more and no less than this: a right of access to whatever expressive and material benefits the state now provides for the institution of marriage. It follows that the right to marry falls within the "fundamental" rights branch of equal protection doctrine, and is not properly understood in terms of substantive due process; it also follows that the state could abolish the official institution of marriage tomorrow. With respect to scope, the essay identifies a minimal understanding, to the effect that the right to marry is enjoyed by any couple consisting of one adult man and one adult woman. The minimal understanding can claim a plausible defense in a tradition-based understanding of fundamental rights; and on institutional grounds, a tradition-based understanding has a great deal of appeal. Its problem is that it has a degree of arbitrariness. This is a formidable problem, but for reasons of prudence, federal courts should not adopt a broader understanding that would, for example, require same-sex marriages to be recognized. The essay concludes with some remarks on the possible abolition of the official institution of marriage. It explains that there are plausible grounds for objecting to that institution and that there is a real question whether the current system would be chosen if a society were starting from scratch. It emphasizes that marriage is emphatically an government-run licensing system, embodying a set of governmental mandates and conditions. An understanding of this point should inform constitutional discussion, which ought not to proceed by identifying religious and official marriage, or by pretending that the official institution is in some sense natural and foreordained.


1-Bromopropane (1BP) is widely used as an alternative to ozone-depleting solvents. The present study investigated the role of P450s in 1BP-induced male reproductive toxicity. Mice co-treated with 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a non-selective P450 inhibitor, were exposed to 1BP at 0, 50, 250, or 1200 ppm, while saline-treated control mice were exposed to 1BP at 0, 50, or 250 ppm, for 4 weeks. In the saline-treated mice, exposure to 1BP at 250 ppm decreased the sperm count and sperm motility. Histopathological examination showed that exposure to 1BP at 50 and 250 ppm increased the number of elongated spermatids retained at the basal region of stage IX, X and XI seminiferous tubules, while exposure to 1BP at 250 ppm increased the number of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive round structures in stage IX, X, and XI seminiferous tubules. Co-treatment with ABT prevented the above changes induced by exposure to 1BP at 50 or 250 ppm. However, ABT-treated mice exposed to 1BP in the 1200 ppm group showed decreases in the weights of reproductive organs, epididymal sperm count and motility, increases in epididymal sperm with abnormal heads, retained spermatids and PAS-positive round structures in stages IX-XI, depletion of spermatogenic cells in part of the seminiferous tubules, and a small number of round spermatids in stage VII seminiferous tubules. The results at 50 and 250 ppm of 1-BP exposure indicate that P450s play important roles in 1BP-induced testicular toxicity. The control of P450 activity reduced 1BP-induced male reproductive toxicities including spermiation failure, reduction of epididymal sperm count and motility, and formation of PAS-positive round structures at postspermiation stages.


This essay examines two contributions related to "Chinese poetry" from Eunice Tietjens, an early editor of and contributor to the Chicago-based magazine Poetry. In the first, Tietjens uses western musical notation to transcribe the "tunes" of two Chinese scholars chanting a short poem. The second is a group of Tietjens's own poetic sketches of the China she witnessed on her 1916 visit. Taken together, these projects provide a useful commentary on the translation of Chinese poetry in the early 20th century.


It is hypothesized that nonverbal behaviors of team sport athletes have an important impact on the course of the game. However, quantitative research on this topic is rare, partly due to a lack of scientifically sound coding schemes developed to assess nonverbal behavior in team sports. The aim of the present study is to develop a coding scheme that measures nonverbal behaviors displayed by female handball players in the post-shot period. A preliminary coding scheme was based on existing literature and an expert panel. This coding scheme was tested during eighteen matches in Sweden's highest handball league. Based on the results of inter- and intra-agreement analyses, further adaptations were made. The final version, the Handball Post-Shot Behavior Coding Scheme (H-PSB-CS), included the categories post-shot behavior gesture (PSB-G) with six behaviors and post-shot behavior touch (PSB-T) with five behaviors. The development of the H-PSB-CS is discussed in light of the results and provides a resource to advance behavior-focused research. In addition, it may apply to sport psychology practitioners working with nonverbal behavior in their teams.


What does it mean when a corporation claims to have a 'license to operate' in a local community? How does a member of an indigenous tribe make it to London to protest against a multinational mining company? How do managers perceive and speak about protest against their company and how does this discourse matter for social movement repression? First, I argue, based on a literature review, that responsiveness to local community needs has become an important factor influencing the ability of multinational enterprises to successfully internationalize their operations. Then, I explore the practitioner concept of the license to operate and develop this into a theoretical framework. Based on a case study of an anti-mining movement, that grew from the initial local community resistance in a remote Indian mountain range into a translocal movement, I try to answer the remaining questions empirically. To shed light on the organizing processes in anti-corporate movements, my co-authors and I trace the journey of a young man who for a short time became one of the leading figures in the anti-mining movement but later changed sides to support the company. We also highlight the importance of national advocacy networks for successful movement building across borders. Finally, I analyze the managerial discourse about the anti-mining resistance and link it to the repression of social movement actors by the police and other stakeholders. Overall, this dissertation builds on and advances the growing literature on anti-corporate social movements.


In the extensive literature on the employment impact of public sponsored training programmes for the unemployed, insufficient attention has been paid to the differential impact of different types of training programmes and of their varying duration. This paper uses a unique dataset, which tracks the labour market position of a cohort of unemployment benefit claimants for almost two years, to evaluate the impact of a range of government sponsored training courses in Ireland. Overall, we found that those who participated in training were less likely to be unemployed at the end of the two year study period. However, the average effect of training varied by the type and duration of training received. We found strong positive effects for job search skills training and medium to high level skills courses, a more modest positive effect for general vocational skills programmes (which are not strongly linked to demand in the labour market) and less consistent effects with respect to low level skills training. We also found that training episodes with lower duration had a more positive impact, with the exception of high level skills training programmes where longer training durations appear more effective. We ensure the robustness of our results by employing propensity score matching to reduce the impact of nonrandom assignment of programme participants, and estimate generalised propensity scores to estimate dose response functions.


Studies of the sedimentary architecture and characteristics of Antarctic shelves provide clues of past ice sheet advance-retreat cycles and help improve constraints for paleo-ice dynamic models since early glacial periods. A first seismostratigraphic analysis of the Amundsen Sea Embayment shelf and slope of West Antarctica reveals insights into the structural architecture of the continental shelf and slope and shows stages of sediment deposition, erosion and transport history from pre-glacial times to early glaciation and to the last glacial periods. The shelf geometry consists of a large pre- and syn-rift basin in the middle shelf region between outcropping basement of the inner shelf and basement ridge and highs of the outer shelf. A middle shelf sub-basin exists which can be associated with motion along an early West Antarctic Rift System branch. At least 4 km of pre-glacial strata has been eroded from the present inner shelf and coastal hinterland since the onset of glaciation by ice sheet advances. Parts of the eroded sediments deposited as a progradational wedge extending the outer shelf by 25 to 65 km oceanward of the pre-glacial shelf-break. Comparing the observed seismic characteristics with that of other Antarctic shelf sequences, we assign an Early Cretaceous age for bottom sedimentary unit ASS-1, a Late Cretaceous to Oligocene age for unit ASS-2, an Early to Mid-Miocene age for unit ASS-3, a Mid-Miocene age for unit ASS-4, a Late Miocene to Early Pliocene age for unit ASS-5, and a Pliocene to Pleistocene age for the top unit ASS-6. The survival of buried grounding zone wedges in the upper part of unit ASS-5 of the outer shelf is consistent with the onset of a long warming phase and a retreated ice sheet in the early Pliocene as observed for the Ross Sea shelf and predicted by paleo-ice sheet models. Our data also reveal that the paleo-paths of central Pine Island Trough system have remained in stationary positions across the middle and outer shelf since early glacial advances. This study and its stratigraphic constraints will serve as a basis for future drilling operations required for an improved understanding of processes and mechanisms leading to West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreats as presently observed in high rate for the Amundsen Sea Embayment.


MECHANICS OF BIOCELL LANDFILL SETTLEMENTS by Chamil Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Prediction of landfill gas generation and settlements are of concerns in design and maintenance of biocell landfills. Accurate settlement prediction is essential for design of piping systems used for the delivery of re-circulated leachate and recovery of landfill gas. Landfill settlement is the result of change in overburden stresses and biodegradation of waste. Biodegradation-induced settlement results from the re-arrangement of waste skeleton in response to the decomposition of waste mass. Current practice of landfill settlement modeling is predominantly empirical, thus most of the available techniques make no attempt to simulate the real mechanisms of waste settlement. Traditionally compressibility index is defined similar to that of clays, to explain the general settlement behavior of waste. Although a landfill is an interacting multiphase medium there is limited research to explain landfill gas generation and dissipation and moisture distribution as integral parts of the process of landfill settlements. This dissertation describes a model which couples settlements of a biocell landfill with the generation and dissipation of landfill gases and distribution of moisture. The major mechanisms of waste settlement were identified as mechanical compression and biodegradation-induced strain. Mechanical compression was modeled with the help of laboratory simulations. To model the biodegradation-induced settlement, it was assumed that waste degradation obeys the first order reaction kinetics. The mass balance of the landfill gas was used to link settlement with gas pressure. The Richards equation was used to simulate the distribution of moisture. A computer program was written to numerically predict the settlements, gas pressure and volumetric moisture content in a biocell landfill using landfill geometry and waste properties. In the absence of a complete set of data, settlement and gas pressure components of the model were validated using data from two different landfills. The model was then used to predict the settlement behavior of The City of Calgary Biocell Landfill. The model predicted higher strain values, when moisture as well as gas pressure were incorporated in to the simulation. Therefore, it was concluded that modeling settlement without taking gas pressure and moisture in to account, could underestimate the total settlement. The model was capable of predicting landfill density, and the density values predicted for twenty five years matched with those reported in literature. MECHANICS OF BIOCELL LANDFILL SETTLEMENTS by Chamil Hiroshan Hettiarachchi A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering


In this article, I explore contestations over the legislation and enactment of reproductive rights in South Africa. I argue that the public disapprobation surrounding teenage pregnancy relates, in complex ways, to broader suspicions about moral atavism among the polity. This is the sense that the democratic transition has dismantled established modes of social regulation, resulting in a rupture in the social fabric.i This article explores two elements of this idea: Firstly, that the legislation of democratic freedoms has licensed sexual promiscuity among youth. Secondly, that this sexual promiscuity is related to other forms of profligate consumption among 'Born Frees'. I contrast claims about the social damage wrought by the empowerment of women in the postapartheid era, with the experiential accounts of young women themselves. I compare statements made by President Jacob Zuma about teenage pregnancy, with the ideas and experiences of young South Africans, and their older relatives. I explore how disputes over reproductive agency and sexual freedom have been refracted through different experiential prisms, coloured by gender and generation. I describe the political utility of calls for the greater regulation of young women's sexual and reproductive behaviours. Key claims arose from three years of primary research within the Mzantsi Wakho study, a longitudinal study which focuses on the health experiences of young people, caregivers, health workers and social service providers, in South Africa's Eastern Cape.


Radioisotope-guided sentinel lymph node dissection (sLND) has shown high diagnostic reliability in prostate (PCa) and other cancers. To overcome the limitations of the radioactive tracers, magnetometer-guided sLND using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) has been successfully used in PCa. This prospective study (SentiMag Pro II, DRKS00007671) determined the diagnostic accuracy of magnetometer-guided sLND in intermediate- and high-risk PCa. Fifty intermediate- or high-risk PCa patients (prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 10 ng/mL and/or Gleason score ≥ 7; median PSA 10.8 ng/mL, IQR 7.4–19.2 ng/mL) were enrolled. After the intraprostatic SPIONs injection a day earlier, patients underwent magnetometer-guided sLND and extended lymph node dissection (eLND, followed by radical prostatectomy. SLNs were detected in in vivo and in ex vivo samples. Diagnostic accuracy of sLND was assessed using eLND as the reference. SLNs were detected in all patients (detection rate 100%), with 447 sentinel lymph nodes SLNs (median 9, IQR 6–12) being identified and 966 LNs (median 18, IQR 15–23) being removed. Thirty-six percent (18/50) of patients had LN metastases (median 2, IQR 1–3). Magnetometer-guided sLND had 100% sensitivity, 97.0% specificity, 94.4% positive predictive value, 100% negative predictive value, 0.0% false negative rate, and 3.0% additional diagnostic value (LN metastases only in SLNs outside the eLND template). In vivo, one positive SLN/LN-positive patient was missed, resulting in a sensitivity of 94.4%. In conclusion, this new magnetic sentinel procedure has high accuracy for nodal staging in intermediate- and high-risk PCa. The reliability of intraoperative SLN detection using this magnetometer system requires verification in further multicentric studies.


In the current study, the effect of exposure to the environmental pollutant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-di-benzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), on mice having chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii was investigated. For this purpose, four groups of mice were used—mice treated with vehicle, mice treated with TCDD alone, mice infected with T. gondii alone, and mice receiving a combination of TCDD treatment and T. gondii infection. Histological examination and tissue cyst enumeration were performed to indicate the level of infection of the brain. The immune status was studied by enumerating the cellularity as well as the percentages and absolute numbers of the lymphocyte subsets based on the expression of CD4 and CD8 markers in the thymus and spleen. Our studies demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in the total number of thymocytes in TCDD-treated mice that were either uninfected or infected with T. gondii when compared to vehicle controls. However, there was no significant difference observed in thymic cellularity in mice that were infected with T. gondii alone when compared to the uninfected vehicle controls. In addition, the ratio and the total numbers of CD4+, CD8+, CD4–CD8–(double negative, DN) and CD4+CD8+ (double positive, DP) T cell subsets in the thymus from various groups were determined. There was no change in the percentages of T cell subsets in TCDD-treated mice or T. gondii-infected mice when compared to the vehicle controls. However, there was a decrease in the percentage of DPT cells and an increase in the DN and CD8+ T cells in mice that received a combination of TCDD-treatment and T. gondii infection when compared to mice receiving the vehicle or TCDD-treatment alone or infection with T. gondii alone. There was also a decrease in the absolute numbers of the DP and CD4+ T cells and an increase in the CD8+ T cells in the thymus of mice receiving the combination of TCDD-treatment and T. gondii infection when compared to vehicle controls. The splenic cellularity as well as the percentage and absolute numbers of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets and the non-T cells were not altered in all the groups tested. The natural history of T. gondii infection was not altered following TCDD treatment as demonstrated by no significant differences in brain lesion scores and the number of tissue cysts in the brains of these mice.


The Warren Court left for us an irresistible case study in legal change, particularly for the criminal justice field. In this essay, I begin with this unsurprising proposition: the Warren Court introduced more changes into the criminal justice system than its predecessors. Then the essay takes an institutional turn, looking more at the makers of criminal justice than at the end product. Who carried out the changes that the Warren Court began? How have other legal institutions, particularly state appellate courts and legislatures, responded to the environment of massive change that the Supreme Court created? The question looks past the merits of any particular case that created flux. Instead, I ask more generally about an atmosphere where major change became the norm. In the generations that followed the Warren Court era, state institutions embraced change. The Supreme Court's habit of constant tinkering with the machinery of criminal justice spread to the state level. This is one of the major institutional legacies of the Warren Court in criminal justice. The Warren Court was fire: turning a solid situation into a fluid one, creating movement, causing chemical reactions. Since 1969, other institutions have changed their habits to deal with this more fluid world of criminal justice. The presence of these lively institutions at the state level is an ironic legacy for the Warren Court. The Warren Court is known as an enemy of federalism. But the long-term effects of Warren Court decisions in criminal justice left us with an unexpectedly vibrant federal system. State actors turned into reality many parts of the Warren Court's vision that the Court itself only defined in the abstract. The Rehnquist Court, on the other hand, has become ice. State courts and legislatures have discovered their authority to interpret state constitutions to place their own brand of restrictions on government actors. In response to these innovations in state courts and legislatures, the Rehnquist Court's most famous and emblematic decisions today have the effect of ice. They slow down and freeze into place once ran more freely. Thus, the Rehnquist Court also finds itself in an ironic position when it comes to federalism in criminal justice. Although the Justices often speak warmly of the benefits of variety in state criminal justice systems, sometimes their decisions snuff out variety in the states. This icy effect does not flow from every Rehnquist Court opinion on criminal justice. Sometimes state courts continue to pursue a variety of approaches to a question, even after the Supreme Court speaks and throws its support behind one approach. I close this essay with a few observations about this puzzle: what features of the cases explain why some Rehnquist Court opinions, and not others, function like ice among the state courts?


A simple, accurate, fast and precise simultaneous analytical method has been developed for simultaneous determination of Telmisartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. The wavelengths selected for these drugs were 296 nm and 270 nm respectively. The linearity at selected wavelength lies between 2 – 10 μg/ml for Telmisartan and 4 – 20 μg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide. The concentrations of these drugs were evaluated in laboratory mixture of reference standard and different marketed formulation. Recovery studies confirmed the accuracy of proposed method. Precision of method was found out as the values within acceptable limit. Thus the proposed method and results were validated as per ICH guidelines. Statistical analysis proves that the method is reproducible and selective for the simultaneous estimation of


Driven by environmental concerns resulting from global warming, interest in renewable energy has grown in recent times. Similarly, improved efficiency and reliability in energy technologies have played a significant role in facilitating their adaptation at various scales. Of these technologies, energy storage has been suggested to have potentially far-reaching benefits including: more effective utilisation of renewable sources, better integration into smart energy systems and the improvement of grid reliability. In a community energy setting, energy storage can be used to stow away energy generated during low demand periods. This energy can then be accessed by community members at a lower cost during periods when there is higher demand and when energy is more likely to be expensive to buy. In this paper, the authors review the potential benefits of integrating energy storage into community energy initiatives based on the experiences of a community energy company set up in the Meadows in Nottingham, UK. In addition, the barriers they experienced when trying to maximise on these benefits including inefficient government policy and regulations, high capital cost and a lack of replicable business models, are highlighted. The results from t this case study review indicate that the introduction of energy storage can facilitate the future-proofing of community energy infrastructure with increased community and grid efficiencies as well as improve community resilience to changes in energy provision, particularly with regard to finances and infrastructure.


Classical parking functions are defined as the parking preferences for $n$ cars driving (from west to east) down a one-way street containing parking spaces labeled from $1$ to $n$ (from west to east). Cars drive down the street toward their preferred spot and park there if the spot is available. Otherwise, the car continues driving down the street and takes the first available parking space, if such a space exists. If all cars can park using this parking rule, we call the $n$-tuple containing the cars' parking preferences a parking function.
In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the parking rule allowing cars whose preferred space is taken to first proceed up to $k$ spaces west of their preferred spot to park before proceeding east if all of those $k$ spaces are occupied. We call parking preferences which allow all cars to park under this new parking rule $k$-Naples parking functions of length $n$. This generalization gives a natural interpolation between classical parking functions, the case when $k=0$, and all $n$-tuples of positive integers $1$ to $n$, the case when $k\geq n-1$. Our main result provides a recursive formula for counting $k$-Naples parking functions of length $n$. We also give a characterization for the $k=1$ case by introducing a new function that maps $1$-Naples parking functions to classical parking functions, i.e. $0$-Naples parking functions. Lastly, we present a bijection between $k$-Naples parking functions of length $n$ whose entries are in weakly decreasing order and a family of signature Dyck paths.


Sequential magnetic resonance imaging studies over a period of 18 months were performed in a two-year-old pug dog after suspected global brain ischaemia following an anaesthetic accident. The dog was presented with seizures and neurological deficits consistent with a left brainstem and multifocal/diffuse forebrain lesion after an asymptomatic interval of 72 hours following the ischaemic event. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed three hours, six weeks, seven and 18 months after the incident. In the acute stage, signal hyperintensity was evident in the occipital and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex and in both rostral caudate nuclei. Slight involvement of the white matter was also noticed. In the chronic phase, the signal hyperintensity in the affected areas of the cortex was diminished and smaller in size, whereas the white matter did not appear to be compromised anymore.


We present a general approach for the hierarchical segmentation and labeling of document layout structures. This approach models document layout as a grammar and performs a global search for the optimal parse based on a grammatical cost function. Our contribution is to utilize machine learning to discriminatively select features and set all parameters in the parsing process. Therefore, and unlike many other approaches for layout analysis, ours can easily adapt itself to a variety of document analysis problems. One need only specify the page grammar and provide a set of correctly labeled pages. We apply this technique to two document image analysis tasks: page layout structure extraction and mathematical expression interpretation. Experiments demonstrate that the learned grammars can be used to extract the document structure in 57 files from the UWIII document image database. We also show that the same framework can be used to automatically interpret printed mathematical expressions so as to recreate the original LaTeX


PURPOSE
A new 4D computed tomography (4DCT) acquisition method based on displacement gating was simulated using a deformable digital cardiac-torso phantom. Imaging artifacts, delivered dose and acquisition time were compared with conventional image acquisition for lung radiation oncology.

METHODS
Gated image acquisition was simulated with a computerized time resolved cardiac-torso (modified XCAT) phantom synchronized to patient tumor motion data. The gating threshold is based on the mean peak-to-peak displacement in the superior-inferior (SI) direction during free breathing. The conventional 4DCT was simulated to mimic typical clinical acquisition parameters, where the imager frequency and couch idle time are determined from the patient breathing trace and Result in slight data oversampling. The quality of gated and conventional images was compared based on anatomical similarity with the known phantom geometry. Scan time and imaging dose were also compared, the latter of which is corresponds to the number of acquired images.

RESULTS
The gated approach reduced the amount of imaging artifacts by up to 20% (including duplication, overlapping and incomplete structure) and allowed for better anatomical shape preservation. However, the total acquisition session time using gating increased by 17% compared to the conventional scan. With gating, shorter beam-on time reduced the dose delivered to the patient by 25% (200 fewer images were acquired with gating).

CONCLUSION
Gated 4DCT acquisition can improve image quality, which is beneficial for the highly conformal image guided radiation therapy planning. Furthermore, gated method lowers imaging dose on a cost of a longer imaging session. Further work will investigate different modes to compute gating tolerances to be tested on more challenging patient cases (e.g. including baseline shift).


Bone remodeling involves bone resorption by osteoclasts and synthesis byosteoblasts and is tightly regulated by the receptor activator of the NF- k B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of the NF- k B (RANK)/osteoprotegerin molecular triad. RANKL, a member of the TNF superfamily, induces osteoclast differentiation, activation and survival upon interaction with its receptor RANK. The decoy receptor osteoprotegerin inhibits osteoclast formation by binding to RANKL. Imbalance in this molecular triad can result in diseases, including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we report the crystal structures of unliganded RANK and its complex with RANKL and elucidation of critical residues for the function of the receptor pair. RANK represents the longest TNFR with four full cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) in which the CRD4 is stabilized by a sodium ion and a rigid linkage with CRD3. On association, RANK moves via a hinge region between the CRD2 and CRD3 to make close contact with RANKL; a significant structural change previously unseen in the engagement of TNFR superfamily 1A with its ligand. The high-affinity interaction between RANK and RANKL, maintained by continuous contact between the pair rather than the patched interaction commonly observed, is necessary for the function because a slightly reduced affinity induced by mutation produces significant disruption of osteoclast formation. The structures of RANK and RANKL–RANK complex and the biological data presented in the paper are essential for not only our understanding of the specific nature of the signaling mechanism and of disease-related mutations found in patients but also structure based drug design. The Journal of Immunology ,


Firm clustering is positively correlated with productivity, and it exhibits significant cross-sectional variation across industries. Thus, it is important to understand the industry characteristics that drive firms' decisions to co-locate. We develop a model of knowledge sharing and derive the prediction that riskier and more complex industries experience the greatest gains from knowledge spillovers. Using tests that account for the non-randomness of location decisions, we find a strong positive relationship between industry risk or complexity and the clustering of: 1) firms' headquarters, 2) patent inventors, and 3) R&D expenses. Customer-supplier proximity is also significantly and positively related to industry risk and complexity.


Abstract. Aerosols influence the Earth's radiative budget by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation. The optical properties of aerosols vary as a function of wavelength, but few measurements have reported the wavelength dependence of aerosol extinction cross sections and complex refractive indices. We describe a new laboratory instrument to measure aerosol optical extinction as a function of wavelength, using cavity enhanced spectroscopy with a broadband light source. The instrument consists of two broadband channels which span the 360–390 and 385–420 nm spectral regions using two light emitting diodes (LED) and a grating spectrometer with charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. We determined aerosol extinction cross sections and directly observed Mie scattering resonances for aerosols that are purely scattering (polystyrene latex spheres and ammonium sulfate), slightly absorbing (Suwannee River fulvic acid), and strongly absorbing (nigrosin dye). We describe an approach for retrieving refractive indices as a function of wavelength from the measured extinction cross sections over the 360–420 nm wavelength region. The retrieved refractive indices for PSL and ammonium sulfate agree within uncertainty with the literature values for this spectral region. The refractive index determined for nigrosin is 1.78 (± 0.03) + 0.19 (± 0.08)i at 360 nm and 1.63 (± 0.03) + 0.21 (± 0.05)i at 420 nm. The refractive index determined for Suwannee River fulvic acid is 1.71 (± 0.02) + 0.07 (± 0.06)i at 360 nm and 1.66 (± 0.02) + 0.06 (± 0.04)i at 420 nm. These laboratory results support the potential for a field instrument capable of determining ambient aerosol optical extinction, average aerosol extinction cross section, and complex refractive index as a function of wavelength.


Dry pet foods are composed of cereal, proteins, fats, fibres and other minor components. The manufacturing process comprises a first step where the dry ingredients are ground to a suitable particle size and blended, a second step where the dry powder is mixed with water and steam in a preconditioner and then extruded and a final step where the product is dried and coated.
The aim of this work was to study the effects of the unit operations prior to thermos mechanical extrusion in the dry pet food process. The study focuses especially on the structure of the final product therefore, after studying a typical pet food recipe, a model system using cereal only or cereals and fats was considered.
The grinding process was shown to impact on the physicochemical characteristics of a pet food premix by affecting the degree of starch damage, the water absorption and water solubility properties or the total charge of the mix. The grinding method was also found to be critical as grinding ingredients together and multiple pass grinding produced more starch damage. The resulting premixes from different grinding methods were affecting the extrusion process and the extrudates characteristics. Extruded mixes with the lowest starch damage, obtained by single pass grinding presented higher expansion than mixes produced by two pass grinding.
Few studies have reported the effect of preconditioning on extrusion, therefore, a model preconditioning apparatus was first built to analyse the effect of residence time and initial moisture on maize grits physicochemical characteristics. The results of this study showed that limited precooking occurs at the preconditioner stage (0 to 80% loss in crystallinity). This precooking reduces water self diffusion coefficient in the particle, as measured by pulse field gradient NMR, decreases powder bulk density and increases powder compressibility. At the highest moisture contents (33% wb) and the highest residence time (240s), maize grits can lose its hydrated powder state and form a viscous paste. The different particle sizes used (from 240 to 476 µm modal diameter) did not show different behaviours. The effect of preconditioning on extrusion was also studied using the model preconditioner. Results showed that prehydration and pre-heating increased homogeneity of the material entering the extruder and reduced the specific mechanical energy (SME). This increased in homogeneity allows a more homogeneous starch conversion in the extruder as no remnant native starch granule was found in the preconditioned sample for 240s.
The results from the model system were then partially confirmed using a pilot plant double-shafted Buhler preconditioner on maize grits of various particle size (330 to 1365 µm modal diameter). The results showed that preconditioning decreases SME but also allows a higher expansion. The SME was negatively correlated with the temperature of the mix immediately after preconditioning (at the extruder inlet) and the compressibility of the preconditioned material. The crystallinity of starch in the end product (Vh or Eh and Vh) was also dependant on the preconditioning treatment. Pre-heating reduced the Eh pattern of the extrudates.
Finally, the interactions between fats and starch during extrusion have also been studied. It has been shown that the levels of free fatty acids in fats commonly used in the dry pet food industry (sunflower oil, beef tallow and poultry fat) can affect markedly the expansion, foam structure and pasting characteristics of extrudates. This was especially correlated to the formation of crystalline complexes between amylose and free fatty acids.


Although it is no longer a symbol of socially degenerate behavior in many societies, single motherhood remains associated with numerous risks and disadvantages. In addition to their disadvantages in the labor market and their greater risk of poverty, single mothers also tend to be less politically active. This article explores the patterns of single mothers' electoral participation across 25 European countries. In addition to the individual-level characteristics that shape the likelihood of taking part in an election, public policies can also do a great deal to encourage political involvement. Drawing on data from the European Social Survey combined with national family and labor market policies, I examine the ways in which policies aiming to reconcile the responsibilities at work and home can draw single mothers into political engagement. I find that early childhood expenditures and cash benefits to families are positively related to single mothers' political participation.


This article briefly examines the current return to apostolic Christianity in various parts of the world and references three earlier Christian movements that came into existence at approximately 100-year intervals, beginning with the Methodist movement in the 1700s, culminating with observations of a current apostolic movement that began in the early 1980s, known as New Covenant Ministries International, in an attempt to ascertain how they embraced early apostolic principles. The article highlights the strengths of several movements but also makes observations about how these movements lost their initial effectiveness by becoming institutional and, in many cases, forfeited their initial vision of impacting the world with the gospel of Jesus Christ. We examine possible reasons why these movements lost their fervour and discuss possible ways of how current movements could learn from their mistakes not only maintain their spiritual fervency but sustain their vision and momentum of reaching the nations with the gospel to succeeding generations.


The National Biodiversity Assessment of 2011 found freshwater ecosystems to be highly threatened and poorly protected. However, a number of studies have shown that the National Wetland Map (NWM) Version 4 represents less than 54% of wetlands mapped at a fine scale. A more comprehensive South African Inventory of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems (SAIIAE) would greatly improve the assessment of wetland ecosystem types and their condition and conservation status, and is crucial for monitoring trends to inform decision making and planning. In preparation for the third National Biodiversity Assessment of 2018, a review was undertaken to identify possible data sources that could contribute to the SAIIAE. The objectives of the study were to (i) assess which type of information is available for developing a SAIIAE; and (ii) list and understand the availability of fine-scale wetland data for updating the NWM. A variety of data related to species occurrence and distribution, extent and type of inland wetlands and rivers, as well as datasets which describe regional settings of inland aquatic ecosystems, were found across a number of institutions. Fine-scale spatial data amounted to more than double the extent of inland wetlands mapped by remote sensing at a country-wide scale. Nearly 5 million ha of fine-scale data were collected from a diverse number of institutions, with the majority (73%) of these data mapped by Government (3 681 503 ha or 3% of South Africa). It is estimated that < 8% of the sub-quaternary catchments of South Africa had complete wetland data sets, primarily in the Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Western Cape Provinces. Accuracy assessment reports and confidence ratings were however not consistently available for the wetland datasets. Inland wetlands in the majority of South Africa (84%) therefore remain poorly represented. We recommend future steps to improve the SAIIAE, including improving the representation of inland wetland ecosystem types and focusing on accuracy assessment. Keywords : wetland inventory, National Wetland Map, river/wetland ecosystem types, inland aquatic ecosystems, National Biodiversity Assessment


An understanding of the principles of operation of capture and culture fisheries helps to throw light on the definition of aquaculture. The expressions capture and culture fisheries are self-explanatory. In the former, one reaps the aquatic harvest without having to sow, whereas, in the latter, one has to sow the seed, nurse it, tend it, rear it and harvest it when it grows to marketable size. Culture fisheries are usually carried out in small water bodies which can be manipulated, pre-prepared for stocking; which are often manured and/or fertilized before, during and after stacking; and/or where fish are fed from extraneous sources. The principles of management of capture and culture fisheries are very different from each other. In the case of capture fisheries one has to attempt to harvest maximum sustainable yield by regulating fishing effort and mesh after taking into account parameters of population dynamics such as rates of recruitment, natural and fishing mortalities, fish growth and size at which recruitment occurs. Management of capture fisheries requires knowledge of the dynamics of the fish populations under exploitation. For effective aquaculture, one has to gain familiarity and control water quality to enhance its biological productivity; one has to understand fish nutrition so as to be able to formulate nutritionally balanced fish diet; one has to delve deep into fish genetics so as to be able to evolve new varieties and strains which bestow commercial advantages to the product in terms of superior growth rate, nutritive value, bonelesness, taste, odour etc.; one has to prevent incidence of fish infections and diseases through prophylatics and therapeutics.


We formulate and estimate a small New Keynesian model for the Israeli economy. Our goal is to construct a small but still realistic model that can be used to support the inflation targeting process. The model contains three structural equations: An open economy Phillips curve for CPI inflation (excluding the housing component), an aggregate demand curve for the output gap and an interest parity condition for the nominal exchange rate. The model is closed with an interest rate reaction function (Taylor-type rule) and an ad hoc equation for the housing component of the CPI, which is dominated by exchange rate changes. In the specification of the model we had to pay special attention to the crucial role of the exchange rate in the transmission of monetary policy in Israel, which has a direct effect on almost 60 percent of the CPI. The model is estimated by the GMM method, using quarterly data for the period 1992:I to 2005:IV. In the estimation of the structural equations we tried to remain as close as possible to the theoretical formulation by restricting the dynamics to one lag at most. We use the model to characterize an "optimal" simple interest rate rule. We find that the monetary authority should respond to an hybrid backward-forward looking rate of inflation and does not benefit from direct reaction to exchange rate measures.


While both insight and divergent thinking tasks are used to study creativity, there are reasons to believe that the two may call upon very different mechanisms. To explore this hypothesis, we administered a verbal insight task (riddles) and a divergent thinking task (verbal fluency) to 16 native English speakers and 16 non-native English speakers after they underwent Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of the left middle temporal gyrus and right temporo- parietal junction. We found that, in the case of the insight task the depolarization of right temporo-parietal junction and hyperpolarization of left middle temporal gyrus resulted in increased performance, relative to both the control condition and the reverse stimulation condition in both groups (non-native > native speakers). However, in the case of the divergent thinking task, the same pattern of stimulation resulted in a decrease in performance, compared to the reverse stimulation condition, in the non-native speakers. We explain this dissociation in terms of differing task demands of divergent thinking and insight tasks and speculate that the greater sensitivity of non-native speakers to tDCS stimulation may be a function of less entrenched neural networks for non-native languages.


Machine learning has not yet succeeded in the design of robust learning algorithms that generalize well from very small datasets. In contrast, humans often generalize correctly from only a single training example, even if the number of potentially relevant features is large. To do so, they successfully exploit knowledge acquired in previous learning tasks, to bias subsequent learning. This paper investigates learning in a lifelong context. In contrast to most machine learning approaches, which aim at learning a single function in isolation, lifelong learning addresses situations where a learner faces a stream of learning tasks. Such scenarios provide the opportunity for synergetic effects that arise if knowledge is transferred across multiple learning tasks. To study the utility of transfer, several approaches to lifelong learning are proposed and evaluated in an object recognition domain. It is shown that all these algorithms generalize consistently more accurately from scarce training data than comparable "single-task" approaches.


The importance of the researcher's interpretation of factor analysis is illustrated by means of an example. The results from this example appear to be meaningful and easily interpreted. The example omits any measure of reliability or validity. If a measure of reliability had been included, it would have indicated the worthlessness of the results. A survey of 46 recent papers from 6 journals supported the claim that the example is typical, two-thirds of the papers provide no measure of reliability. In fact, some papers did not even provide sufficient information to allow for replication. To improve the current situation some measure of factor reliability should accompany applied studiesthat utilize factor analysis. Three operational approaches are suggested for obtaining measures of factor reliability: use of split samples, Monte Carlo simulation, and a priori models.


Abstract : The author considers the critical questions of U.S. military presence in the Gulf, the challenges it faces, and the prospects that lay ahead. He relies, in his presentation and analysis, on a variety of regional sources including newspaper reports and personal interviews conducted in the United States and the Gulf region, as well as government and academic sources. The result is a comprehensive study, including policy recommendations for U.S. military and civilian decisionmakers that makes intelligible the complex subject of U.S.-Gulf relations.


In the past several decades, great progress has been made in our understanding of normal hematopoiesis and its malignant transformation. This article provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of pathogenesis of leukemia and lymphoma, with an emphasis on early molecular events. Current concepts of normal hematopoiesis and its key regulatory processes are summarized. Various environmental and infectious factors that play a causative role in hematopoietic malignancies are described. In particular, several causative viruses, i.e. HTLV1, HHV8 and EBV, are discussed in depth. Numerous genetic abnormalities have been identified in leukemia and lymphoma, including chromosomal translocations, gene deletions, amplifications, and point mutations. Synopses are included for the most frequently encountered aberrations, and their relation to normal and malignant hematopoiesis, disease classification and prognosis. Major molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways involved in the leukemogenesis are depicted; these include blockage of differentiation, self-sustainable proliferation, abnormal cell cycle progression and impaired apoptosis. Also included are the recently discovered microRNAs, and their potential role in the pathogenesis of leukemia and lymphoma. Future directions in leukemia and lymphoma research are presented, including several modern molecular technologies and their importance in developing new biomarkers for early detection of leukemia and lymphoma.


Despite attempts to broaden access to higher education in the UK through widening participation policies from the 1990s onwards and more recent national and local prioritising of gender equality in institutional strategic planning via initiatives such as the Athena SWAN charter, radical gender change in numerical and cultural terms is allusive.
This paper proposes that universities, in the context of accelerated change, remain 'conservative' organisations with regards to working norms and career progression. Increasingly research and higher education institutions have multiple demands laid on them – demands for scientific excellence, demands for organisational innovation, the need to respond to student needs – and gender equality is but one amongst many competing demands that require action and reflection. It is important to understand how multiple demands can reinforce or undermine each other in terms of organisational activities and change. Drawing on empirical and action research in a UK higher education institution, this paper explores managerialism and concepts of excellence and meritocracy through a gender-lens.
Excellence can be defined as: high mobility; excellent networks; high citations and; high levels of research funding. The quantitative measurement of performance through instruments like the Research Excellence Framework (REF) recognise and foreground particular kinds of activities at the expense of others. In addition to these aspects, the highly competitive environment in academia may exacerbate inequality as research shows that women are less likely to put themselves forward in competitive contexts and are less likely than men to consider themselves as 'excellent'.
Masculine norms of career and working thrive in the environment of increasing competition and recurring research, teaching and administrative performance indicator measurements: women who adhere to masculine norms can succeed, but real change is sidestepped. The lack of meaningful structural change acts as a barrier to gender equality in the academy. The paper concludes by offering some examples and recommendations on how this issue can be addressed.


Meaning-Based Translation Workbook is designed for training beginning translators and organized chapter by chapter as drill material for the textbookMeaning-Based Translation. The textbook emphasizes the importance of a translation being accurate, clear and natural and the exercises give the student practice in achieving this goal. The exercises follow closely the content of the textbook since this is a drill manual for added practice. The textbook has some exercises as well, but the workbook provides additional practice from one basic source, thus giving students a wider variety of problems to solve during practice time. It also provides material that can be used as homework or as testing material.


Sheraoh island is the most remote among Qatari islands, nearly 73.5 km south-eastern of the mainland of the peninsula. In March 2010, a preliminary general survey of the species was conducted. Observations were made partly by wading and snorkeling in the intertidal zone and partly by surveying the inland habitats. In total the 31 species were recorded, 4 species of halophyte plants: Halopeplis perfoliata, Suaeda vermiculata, Salsola baryosoma and Zygophyllum qatarense, one unexpected terrestrial mammal: the cape hare Lepus capensis, 2 species of visiting birds: Motacilla flava and Anthus campestus and one species of sea bird. Phalacrocorax nigrogularis, one dolphin species: Sousa chinensis. The largest richness was found in the marine habitats, 3 species of sea weeds: Colpomenia sinusa, Padina boergesenii and Sargassum boveanum, 3 species of corals: Anomastraea irregularis, Platygyra lamellina and Porites harrisoni, 2 species of nudibranchs: Chromodoris cazae and Chromodoris sp. (unidentified)., 4 crab species: Hermit crab (unidentified), Etisus laevimanus, Grapsus albolineatus and Lambrus prensor, 4 species of echinoderms: Pentacentral mammillatus, Ophiothela venusta, Diadema setosum and Echinometra mathaei, 5 species of bony fish: Doryrhamphus sp. (larva), Cypserulus oligolepis, Lethrinus nebulosus, Cephalopholis miniatus and Hemiramphus marginatus, one species of sea snakes: Hydrophis sp. The most striking result is to collect an unknown nudibranch species and to report the cape hare which is unexpected inhabitant. All figures of this study are published for the first time in Qatar.


Maywood Chemical Works (MCW) of Maywood, New Jersey, generated process wastes and residues associated with the production and refining of thorium and thorium compounds from monazite ores from 1916 to 1956. MCW supplied rare earth metals and thorium compounds to the Atomic Energy Commission and various other government agencies from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s. residents used the sandlike waste from this thorium extraction process mixed with tea and cocoa leaves as mulch in their yards. Some of these contaminated wastes were also eroded from the site into Lodi Brook. At the request of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a group from Oak Ridge National Laboratory conducts investigative radiological surveys of properties in the vicinity of MCW to determine whether a property is contaminated with radioactive residues, principally 23> Th, derived from the MCW site. The survey typically includes direct measure ment of gamma radiation levels and soil sampling for radionuclide analyses. The survey of this site, 24 Long Valley Road, Lodi, New Jersey (LJ048), was conducted during 1985 and 1986. Results of the survey demonstrated radionuclide concentrations in excess of the DOE Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program criteria. The radionuclide distributions are typical of the type of material originating from the MCW site.


We use interdisciplinary approaches including theory and experiments to understand how computation is embodied in biological matter. Examples include cognition in single cell protists and morphological computing in animals with no neurons and origins of complex behavior in multi-cellular systems. Broadly, we invent new tools for studying non-model organisms with significant focus on life in the ocean - addressing fundamental questions such as how do cells sense pressure or gravity? Finally, we are dedicated towards inventing and distributing "frugal science" tools to democratize access to science (previous inventions used worldwide: Foldscope, Abuzz), diagnostics of deadly diseases like malaria and convening global citizen science communities to tackle planetary scale environmental challenges such as mosquito surveillance or plankton surveillance by citizen sailors mapping the ocean in the age of Anthropocene.


Glaciers erode bedrock at all scales, from striations of millimetres in width through to the landscape-scale of U-shaped valleys and fjords. Glacier erosion processes include fine-scale abrasion and the fracture of larger rock fragments (e.g. Iverson 1990; Harbor 1992). These processes take place especially where high stress concentrations are present below rock particles held at the glacier bed beneath actively flowing ice that is at the pressure melting point. The rate and nature of bedrock erosion by ice is also dependent on the rock type involved, its joint structure at both macro- and micro-scales and the presence of water in any joints and cavities (e.g. Iverson 1991). Multibeam sonar imagery of rocky areas of the high-latitude seafloor often reveals streamlined bedrock landforms although metre-scale and smaller features, such as striations, gouges, chattermarks and p-forms (Dahl 1965; Benn & Evans 2010), are usually below system resolution.

While much of the continental shelf surrounding the Canadian Arctic Archipelago has a thick cover of predominantly glacier-derived deposits (MacLean et al. 1990), the channels between islands also have extensive areas either dominated by bedrock outcrops or where bedrock protrudes through seafloor sediments (Fig. 1a–c). Even where bedrock …


Large multi-product firms dominate international trade flows. Using novel linked production and export data at the firm-product level, we find that the overwhelming majority of manufacturing firms export products that they do not produce. Three quarters of the exported products and 30% of export value from Belgian manufacturers are in goods that are not produced by the firm, so-called Carry-Along Trade (CAT). The number of CAT products is strongly increasing in firm productivity while the number of produced products that are exported is weakly increasing in firm productivity. We propose a general model of production and sourcing at multi-product firms and explore new demand- and supply-side modelling features capable of generating predictions consistent with the empirical findings. Export price data and company interviews offer suggestive evidence for the presence of demand-scope complementarities.


Background. Gene fusions arising from chromosomal translocations have been implicated in cancer. RNA-seq has the potential to discover such rearrangements generating functional proteins (chimera/fusion). Recently, many methods for chimeras detection have been published. However, specificity and sensitivity of those tools were not extensively investigated in a comparative way. Results. We tested eight fusion-detection tools (FusionHunter, FusionMap, FusionFinder, MapSplice, deFuse, Bellerophontes, ChimeraScan, and TopHat-fusion) to detect fusion events using synthetic and real datasets encompassing chimeras. The comparison analysis run only on synthetic data could generate misleading results since we found no counterpart on real dataset. Furthermore, most tools report a very high number of false positive chimeras. In particular, the most sensitive tool, ChimeraScan, reports a large number of false positives that we were able to significantly reduce by devising and applying two filters to remove fusions not supported by fusion junction-spanning reads or encompassing large intronic regions. Conclusions. The discordant results obtained using synthetic and real datasets suggest that synthetic datasets encompassing fusion events may not fully catch the complexity of RNA-seq experiment. Moreover, fusion detection tools are still limited in sensitivity or specificity; thus, there is space for further improvement in the fusion-finder algorithms.


The Facebook Book, by Harvard alums and early Booksters Atwan and Lushing, follows in the fine satirical tradition of The Official Preppy Handbook and The Hipster Handbook, full of anecdotes (true and semi-true), tips (useful and useless), and other insights, including chapters on the Ethics and Etiquette of using the 'Book, what your profile really says about you, and a Facebook dictionary (which defines for the uninitiated terms like "frenemey" and "fauxmance"). The Facebook Book will appeal not only to undergrads, but also high schoolers (to whom the site was recently opened), savvy parents, and anyone who's tapped into Web 2.0 culture and counterculture.


The feasibility of using in situ gaseous reduction to establish a vadose zone permeable reactive barrier was evaluated through a combination of laboratory testing and consideration of fundamental vadose zone transport concepts. For the experimental evaluation, a series of laboratory column tests were conducted in which Hanford formation sediment from the USDOE Hanford Site in Richland, WA, was first treated with a diluted hydrogen sulfide gas mixture to reduce sediment iron oxide to ferrous sulfide. Water containing dissolved oxygen was then pumped through the columns at different flow rates to determine the reoxidation rate and the reductive capacity of the treated sediment. The results indicated that the treated sediment has a significant reductive capacity consistent with the basic reactions associated with the treatment and reoxidation processes. The observed reductive capacity was found to be dependent on the flow rate of water during the reoxidation phase of the tests. The reductive capacity approached the maximum value predicted on the basis of the treatment reaction as the flow rate was decreased. Thus, laboratory treatment tests provide a means for predicting the reductive capacity of the barrier under field conditions. In the theoretical assessment, oxygen diffusion was identified as the dominant mechanism leading to reoxidation of the barrier. Depending on vadose zone characterisitics, the predicted barrier lifetime varies from several years to more than 100 years.


An account is given of a particularly rich collection from a foam sample taken from a site in Yorkshire, England. This collection gives an interesting example of the anthropogenic effects on fungal diversity caused by former industrial activity in a country where "natural" habitats are increasingly scarce. Several of the fungi identified have few British records, and one has apparently never been seen since its original collection in Portugal in March 2001


We employ a parametric rational expectations equilibrium model to study the impact of public information releases on private information acquisition and asset prices in a large economy. We demonstrate that investors treat public information as a substitute for privately acquired information. Their attempts to substitute public for private information can amplify or even reverse the effect of public information releases on price volatility. The direction of the resulting change in price volatility is dependent on the level of public information regarding asset payoffs, the variance of asset payoffs, and the extent of supply shocks, implying that firms may differ in their optimal information release policies.


This paper describes the implementation of Heckman-type sample selection models in R. We discuss the sample selection problem as well as the Heckman solution to it, and argue that although modern econometrics has non- and semiparametric estimation methods in its toolbox, Heckman models are an integral part of the modern applied analysis and econometrics syllabus. We describe the implementation of these models in the package sampleSelection and illustrate the usage of the package on several simulation and real data examples. Our examples demonstrate the effect of exclusion restrictions, identification at infinity and misspecification. We argue that the package can be used both in applied research and teaching.


The dramatic shift from traditional pension plans to participant-directed 401(k) plans has increased the decision-making responsibility of individual investors for their own retirement planning. With this shift comes increasing evidence that investors are making poor decisions in choosing how much to save for retirement and in selecting among their investment options. Studies question the value of efforts to improve these decisions through regulatory reforms or investor education. This article posits that deficiencies in workplace retirement savings cannot be adequately addressed until the reasons for poor investment decisions are better understood. We report the results of a study designed to simulate the retirement investment choices faced by those responsible for their own 401(k) plans. We construct a novel measure of financial literacy in order to test the relationship between financial literacy and investment choices. We also explore the explanatory power of other investor attributes such as gender, education and investment experience. Our research reveals strong relationships between financial literacy, investor behavior, and investment outcomes. Importantly, financial literacy provides substantial explanatory power even when we control for other investor characteristics. We conclude that greater financial literacy is associated with better investment results. This provides support for future work aimed at developing methods to increase financial literacy in order to improve retirement investment behavior and outcomes.


A wide variety of analysis and design problems arising in control, communication and information theory, statistics, computational geometry and many other fields can be expressed as semidefinite programming problems (SDPs) or determinant maximization problems (maxdet-problems). In engineering applications these problems usually have matrix structure, i.e., the optimization variables are matrices. Recent interiorpoint methods can exploit such structure to gain huge efficiency. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a parser/solver for SDPs and maxdet-problems with matrix structure. The parser/solver parses a problem specification close to its natural mathematical description, solves the compiled problem efficiently, and returns the results in a convenient form.


This paper reviews the ongoing debates about justice within the international human rights movement and the strategies that have flowed from these debates. It begins by briefly identifying the changing historical and social bases, and accompanying culture-ideologies, over time of key international players in this drama and examines how they have impacted upon the actions of governments and multilateral bodies such as the UN. In doing so, it charts the emergence of what can be termed the 'power of justice/justice as power' nexus that the author believes is now emerging.


Current approaches for collecting and labeling NonIntrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) datasets still rely heavily on a lengthy and error prone manual inspection of the whole dataset. Consequently, it is still difficult to find fully labeled datasets that could help furthering even more the research in this field. In an attempt to overcome this situation, we propose a hardware and software platform to collect and label NILM sensor data in a semi-automatic labeling fashion. Our platform combines aggregate and plug-level smart-meters to measure consumption data, software algorithms to automatically detect changes in the different monitored loads and a graphical user interface where the end-user can supervise the labeling process. In this paper, we describe the different components that comprise our platform. We also present the results of one live deployment that was performed to test the feasibility of our approach. The results of the deployment show that our system was capable of explaining about 82% of the aggregate load, and automatically detect 94% of the power transitions in the plug-level loads.


In this paper different configurations of artificial neural networks are applied to predict various transformers oil parameters. The prediction is performed through modeling the relationship between the transformer insulation resistance extracted from the Megger test and the breakdown strength, interfacial tension, acidity and the water content of the transformers oil. The process of predicting these oil parameters statuses is carried out using two different configurations of neural networks. First, a multilayer feed forward neural network with a back-propagation learning algorithm is implemented. Subsequently, a cascade of these neural networks is deemed to be more promising. Both configurations are evaluated using real-world training and testing data and the accuracy is calculated across a variety of hidden layer and hidden node combinations. The results indicate that even with a lack of sufficient data to train the network, accuracy levels of 83.9% for breakdown voltage, 94.6% for interfacial tension, 56.4% for water content, and 75.4% for oil acidity predictions were obtained by the cascade of neural networks.


In-fiber polarimeters or polarization mode interferometers (PMIs) are fabricated by cascading two CO2-laser-induced in-fiber polarizers along a piece of hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber. Since the two interfering beams are the orthogonal polarizations of the fundamental mode, which are tightly confined to the core and have much lower loss than higher order modes, the PMIs can have either short (e.g., a few millimeters) or long (tens of meters or longer) device length without significantly changing the fringe contrast and hence provide design flexibility for applications required different device lengths. As examples of potential applications, the PMIs have been experimentally demonstrated for wavelength-dependent group birefringence measurement; and for strain, temperature and torsion sensors. The PMI sensors are quite sensitive to strain but relatively insensitive to temperature as compared with fiber Bragg grating sensors. The PMIs function as good directional torsion sensors that can determine the rate and direction of twist at the same time.


A bacteriophage is a virus that infects a bacteria, it uses the bacteria as a host to further replicate by controlling the replication and protein synthesis machinery of the cell. They are composed of a protein capsule and DNA or RNA genome. Bacteriophages are used in the treatment of bacterial infections, known as the phage therapy. This results from phages invading the bacteria, as they undergo a lytic cycle, where the replication and protein synthesis machinery is used to produce virions, that later cause the cell to lyse, thus killing the bacteria. This technique has higher efficiency compared to the use of antibiotics as bacteria can develop a resistance against antibiotics, while remaining susceptible to the infection of the phage. In addition, phages can evolve and adapt to new mutations that might arise in the bacteria. Lastly, phages might be engineered to contain a survival gene needed by the bacteria to ensure that the bacteria will replicate and synthesize the new virons, leading to lysis and death. This research explores the potential of the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of water, to disinfect the water from microbial bacterial and other bacteria that were used to detoxify the water. Phages were previously extracted from Qatar's sand and were used as the infecting agents. The model host chosen is Arthobacter bacteria, which is a denitrification bacteria, as it is similar to the bacteria used in water treatment. Denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrates to nitrogen-containing gases, allowing for the recycling of nitrogen back to the atmosphere. The goal of my research is to analyze the genome of a phage extracted from Qatar's Sand. A culture of Arthobacter grown in Smeg media was used as a host. Unlike the normal optimal growth temperature of Arthobacter at 32 °C, it was shown that higher phage titer was produced when the culture was grown to saturation in smeg media at 37 °C. In addition, the culture was initially grown in luria Broth which is rich in nutrients including tryptone, yeast extract and NaCl. However, low phage titer was produced compared to switching the media to smeg media, which contains Middlebrook 7H9 broth base with supplements of albumin, dextrose and salts. After manipulating the growth conditions of the host culture to obtain the highest titer, the optimum conditions were found to be a saturated culture of Arthobacter grown in Smeg media at 37 °C. Later, lysis conditions of the phage were optimized by varying several factors. First, the type of the top agar and plates used for pour plating were varied. Several top agars were used this includes LB top agar, LB top agar in 1 mM CaCl2 and PYCA top agar. It was concluded that the top agar that resulted in the highest titer was LB top agar in 1 mM CaCl2. Several plates have been used for pour plating this include LB plates and PYCA plates. Plaques formed using LB plates produced unclear plaques, this unclearness is an indication of persistence of the lysogenic state and not the lytic state. In the lysogenic state the phage genome gets incorportated into the host genome and replicates along with the cell cycle, thus remaining in a dormant state. On the other hand, in the lystic cycle, the phage uses the replication and protein synthesis machinery to produce more phages, that will later lead to lysis. In contrast, PYCA plates containing CaCl2 formed clearer plaques, indicating dominance of the lytic state. Therefore, addition of calcium in the top agar and the plates aided in the phages' shift from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle. This correlates with previous work, where calcium was shown to be essential for the penetration of the phage's genome into the host. Finally, the incubation temperature of the plates containing the infected host Arthobacter by Qatar's sand's phage was varied. Initially the plates were incubated at 32 °C, however no plaques were formed. When the temperature was later increased to 37 °C, lysis was observed and a high phage titer was obtained. After obtaining a high titer lysate, the DNA was isolated and a sample of the phage was sent to obtain an electron micrograph image of the phage. A restriction enzyme digest was preformed on the isolated DNA and the profile created was compared to the profile of lambda phage. Both the phages are lytic and lyse at similar temperatures, which allows for comparisons. Lastly, motifs were identified between the Qatar's sand bacteriophage and T7 bacteriophage using blast tools in a previously extracted and sequenced Qatar's sand phage, primers will then be designed to verify if they exist in the actual phage. Future work will focus on the analyzing the sequence of the phage to identify potential lysis genes, In addition, strengthening the lytic ability of the phage by cloning the gene of lysozyme into a T7-based vector system and test its adaptability to temperature using Arthrobacter as the host system.


Psalms 120-134, the "Songs of Ascents", are a functional unity. In early rabbinical tradition concerning the Great Hallel, they seem to be linked with Psalms 135 and 136; in the texts themselves this connection is quite clear. The Songs, as a collection, and the two psalms of praise apparently stem from the later post-exilic period, when they were used during the festival of Sukkoth. The Songs were recited in processions to the sanctuary; the psalms of praise were part of the liturgy proper.


Plant oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plantation crop which plays an important role for Indonesia as a mainstay commodity. Palm oil seedling is the planting of seedlings in a planting medium, so that the seeds are ready to be planted permanently in plantations. The research aim is to determine the effect of the use some liquid fertilizer animal urine on seedlings of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and get the animal urine liquid fertilizer suitable for oil palm seedlings. Research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, from January to April 2015. The study conducted using completely randomized design (CRD), which is consists of 5 treatments, each treatment was repeated 4 times to obtain 20 units of trial, as for the treatment given is a liquid fertilizer that consists of animal urine: sheep urine, goat urine, urine buffalo and cow urine. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with further test Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) at 5 %. Research that has been carried out, showing that administration of liquid fertilizer urine of different animals on oil palm seedlings showed the real effect of the parameters as height of seedlings, the increase in diameter hump, increase the number of stem of leaves and root volume, while observations ratio crown roots and dry weight of seedlings show the effect is not real. Goat urine treatment showed the best results for all parameters of observation.


This paper discusses different issues of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the relevance of the Elliptic curve y cryptography. Security in WSN is a greater challenge in WSN due to the processing limitations of sensor nodes and nature of wireless links. Extensive use of WSNs is giving rise to different types of threats. To defend against the threats proper security schemes are required. Traditionally security is implemented through hardware or software and is generally achieved through cryptographic methods. Limited area, nature of links, limited processing, power and memory of WSNs leads to strict constraints on the selection of cryptographic techniques. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is the best candidate due to its smaller key size. High security despite of smaller key size results in area and power efficient crypto systems.


Part I of this article takes a brief tour through military history on the consistent use of mercenaries through the ages, which Peter Singer illuminates masterfully in Corporate Warriors. Next, a brief overview on the binding nature (or not) of international custom and treaty is explored in Part II and then the codifications of international law are taken up in Part III, beginning with the Hague and Geneva Conventions. Several United Nations ("U.N.") instruments are analyzed for their efficacy in changing the long-standing customary international law on the use of mercenaries and whether or not each is applicable to PMF contractors. Part IV closes out the article by discussing alternative bodies of domestic law that provide criminal accountability, including the recent case of Alaa Mohammad Ali, a civilian contractor working in Iraq who was convicted on June 23, 2008 by court martial under the recent changes to the Uniform Code of Military Justice ("UCMJ").


A major challenge in the field of neurodegenerative diseases is the poor translation of pre-clinical models to clinical applications. The human brain is an immensely complex structure, which makes it difficult to recapitulate its development, function and disorders. In the recent years, brain organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells have risen as novel tools to study neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a multifactorial disorder, with aging, genetics and environmental factors as key etiological elements. The majority of the PD cases are idiopathic and proposed to result from a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. Consequently, the identification of potentially disease causing environmental factors is of critical importance. Organoids, as complex multi-cellular tissue proxies, are an ideal tool to study cellular response to environmental changes. However, with increasing complexity of the system, usage of quantitative tools becomes challenging. This led us to develop an automated high-content image analysis pipeline for image-based cell profiling in the organoid system. Here, we introduce a midbrain organoid system that recapitulates features of neurotoxin-induced PD, representing a platform for machine-learning-assisted prediction of neurotoxicity in high-content imaging data. This model is a valuable tool for advanced in vitro PD modeling and for the screening of putative neurotoxic compounds.


—Smart TVs have rapidly become the most common smart appliance in typical households. In the U.S., most television sets on the market have advanced sensors not traditionally found on conventional TVs, such as a microphone for voice commands or a camera for photo or video input. These new sensors enable features that are convenient, but they may also introduce new privacy implications. We surveyed 591 U.S. Internet users about their current understanding and expectations about how smart TVs collect and use data. We found a wide range of assumptions and opinions among our respondents, and a good deal of uncertainty about what's collected and how it is used. In addition, these assumptions and opinions varied between data types and sensors. One area where we found broad agreement was that it is unacceptable for the data to be repurposed or shared. But there was little understanding of the protections—or lack thereof—afforded by current laws and regulations to constrain such sharing. We hope that our findings will enhance end-user privacy by providing useful insights for smart TV manufacturers, regulators and lawmakers, and designers of privacy-enhancing technologies.


There is a trade-off between specificity and accuracy in existing models of belief. Descriptions of agents in the tripartite model, which recognizes only three doxastic attitudes—belief, disbelief, and suspension of judgment—are typically accurate, but not sufficiently specific. The orthodox Bayesian model, which requires real-valued credences, is perfectly specific, but often inaccurate: we often lack precise credences. I argue, first, that a popular attempt to fix the Bayesian model by using sets of functions is also inaccurate, since it requires us to have interval-valued credences with perfectly precise endpoints. We can see this problem as analogous to the problem of higher order vagueness. Ultimately, I argue, the only way to avoid these problems is to endorse Insurmountable Unclassifiability. This principle has some surprising and radical consequences. For example, it entails that the trade-off between accuracy and specificity is in-principle unavoidable: sometimes it is simply impossible to characterize an agent's doxastic state in a way that is both fully accurate and maximally specific. What we can do, however, is improve on both the tripartite and existing Bayesian models. I construct a new model of belief—the minimal model—that allows us to characterize agents with much greater specificity than the tripartite model, and yet which remains, unlike existing Bayesian models, perfectly accurate.


The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a relationship between decline and health performance of a region. Furthermore, analyzing effects of regional decline to health of people, this study anticipates outcome of urban regeneration policy in Korea. The result reveals that the regional health performance has a spatial dependance between near regions. this result implies to need not only individual efforts but also regional efforts for maintaining the level of health performance in high. Also, characteristics of health and green environment, and of regional urban context affect regional health performance. A characteristics of physical environment in region especially affects the regional health performance when other characteristics, such as social and demographic characteristics, economic and industrial characteristics, health or green environmental characteristics are controlled at the average level. If urban regeneration policies are to improve overall levels of regional health, the policy effects can be amplified and sustainable only when such various policies as demographic and social policies, economic and industrial policies and urban and regional policies are properly integrated.


A framework for the optimal
sparse-control of the probability density function of a jump-diffusion process
is presented. This framework is based on the partial integro-differential
Fokker-Planck (FP) equation that governs the time evolution of the probability
density function of this process. In the stochastic process and, correspondingly,
in the FP model the control function enters as a time-dependent coefficient.
The objectives of the control are to minimize a discrete-in-time, resp.
continuous-in-time, tracking functionals and its L2- and L1-costs, where the
latter is considered to promote control sparsity. An efficient proximal scheme
for solving these optimal control problems is considered. Results of numerical
experiments are presented to validate the theoretical results and the
computational effectiveness of the proposed control framework.


When faced with negative attitudes and experiences in communication and interaction in general education classrooms, students with disabilities can exhibit high levels of stress and frustration or even depression, low self-esteem and impaired self-acceptance. These undesirable and destructive feelings, in turn, may affect these students' social and cognitive development skills and well-being, as well as their academic performance in such environments. The recent scholarship on empathy supports the effectiveness of comics for identifying and fighting negative and stereotypical attitudes towards those with disabilities. This article discusses strategies for educating students about disability and disability issues with the help of comics literature.


Aims. Using new Chandra X-ray observations and existing XMM-Newton X-ray and Hubble far ultraviolet observations, we aim to detect and identify the faint X-ray sources belonging to the Galactic globular cluster NGC 2808 in order to understand their role in the evolution of globular clusters. Methods. We present a Chandra X-ray observation of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 2808. We classify the X-ray sources associated with the cluster by analysing their colours and variability. Previous observations with XMM-Newton and far ultraviolet observations with the Hubble Space Telescope are re-investigated to help identify the Chandra sources associated with the cluster. We compare our results to population synthesis models and observations of other Galactic globular clusters. Results. We detect 113 sources, of which 16 fall inside the half-mass radius of NGC 2808 and are concentrated towards the cluster core. From statistical analysis, these 16 sources are very likely to be linked to the cluster. We detect short-term (1 day) variability in X-rays for 7 sources, of which 2 fall inside the half-mass radius, and long-term (28 months) variability for 10 further sources, of which 2 fall inside the half-mass radius. Ultraviolet counterparts are found for 8 Chandra sources in the core, of which 2 have good matching probabilities and have ultraviolet properties expected for cataclysmic variables. We find one likely neutron star-quiescent low-mass X-ray binary and 8 cataclysmic variable candidates in the core of NGC 2808. The other sources are cataclysmic variable candidates, but some could possibly be active binaries or millisecond pulsars. We find a possible deficit of X-ray sources compared to 47 Tuc which could be related to the metallicity content and the complexity of the evolution of NGC 2808.


Access log files are an important part of the development of computing, developed to keep a record of what has been happening in a system so that it can be subsequently searched as part of debugging or error-fixing. That's how access logs started, mostly used as some form of record for forensic investigation and not much value beyond that. With the advent of new techniques for data analytics, however, access log files are suddenly becoming quite valuable when they are mined, as opposed to searched, for actionable knowledge. In some applications, new forms of data mining and visualisation are making log files more valuable than the processes that they record. The best example of this is web search, where search engine log files which record users' searches, are mined for services from query auto-complete which automatically completes users' queries based on previous queries, to Google Flu Trends which predicts outbreaks of influenza based on mining users' searches for remedies for flu symptoms. The common feature across these, and many other, uses for log files is prediction based on machine learning, using logs of past activities to predict outcomes likely to happen in the future. Learning Management Systems (LMS) in education applications automatically create log files which record students' interactions with the online environment, recording timestamps, IP address of the accessing device, the content that is accessed and any inputs the students provide. Such access log files have been used extensively for post-hoc analysis of course outcomes, correlating with students' online behaviour mined from the log files and attempting to determine the factors which influence better student outcomes, which content to access, when, from where, in what order, and so on. In our work we are interested in applying predictive analytics to LMS log files in order to improve student outcomes when participating in courses. Our work is based on the Loop LMS system used throughout Dublin City University. We chose 10 modules which are delivered to first year undergraduate students and which have high rates of participation, and a high failure rate (75% to 90% pass). In total, 1,200 students registered to have their progress through the module monitored and predictions as to their likely pass/fail outcome emailed to them on a weekly basis using predictive analytics applied to the log files. In parallel, 400 students self-selected not to have these alerts and these provide the baseline or control group against which we can compare the impact of the alerts. There is no difference between the two groups of students academically, in term of CAO points or performance in Leaving Certificate Mathematics. Our work was done with approval from the University's Research Ethics Committee, data protection officer and those who availed of the alerts were all over 18 years of age and read and confirmed understanding of a plain language statement of what the system was doing with their data. The impact of receiving weekly alerts derived from predictive analytics is that the average student mark in the end-of-semester examination increased by 2.9% across the 10 modules. 8 of the 10 modules demonstrated increased student marks from students who received the predictive alerts, demonstrating that predictive analytics can be usefully applied to statistically significantly improve student performance.


Prion protein (PrP) when misfolded is responsible for various neuronal disorders, including Creutzfeld-Jacob disease and "mad cow" disease. The normal physiological functions of PrP are less clear, although a role in cell recognition has been proposed. Santuccione et al. show that PrP and the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) partially colocalize in membrane microdomains called lipid rafts in cultured hippocampal neurons and that the two proteins can be coimmunoprecipitated and chemically cross-linked. The abundance of NCAM140 and NCAM180, but not NCAM120 or the recognition molecule L1, in lipid rafts was reduced in brain homogenates from PrP—/— mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Triton X-100 extraction of cultured neurons to remove soluble, but not lipid raft-associated, proteins indicated that PrP contributed to the stability of NCAM in lipid rafts. Soluble PrP added to cultures from the PrP—/— mice also stabilized NCAM and stimulated the activation of the kinase Fyn. Thus, PrP appears to have a cis (on the same membrane) and trans contribution to recruit (trans) and stabilize (cis) NCAM in lipid rafts and trigger downstream signaling events. Soluble PrP or NCAM activation with antibodies or antibody fragments also induced the redistribution of NCAM into lipid rafts in wild-type cells based on an increase in lipid raft-associated NCAM. However, redistribution and Fyn activation triggered by NCAM antibodies was not observed in PrP—/— cells. A link between Fyn activation and PrP was also supported in vivo, where despite an increase in the overall abundance of Fyn in PrP—/— mouse brain homogenates, there was less phosphorylated (and activated) Fyn. Soluble PrP also triggered neurite outgrowth, and antibodies against PrP inhibited neurite outgrowth, possibly by interfering with cis PrP-NCAM interactions. PrP appears to have a dual role as a trans mediator of NCAM redistribution into lipid rafts and a cis mediator stabilizing NCAM in the lipid rafts and triggering downstream signaling through Fyn to stimulate neurite outgrowth. A. Santuccione, V. Sytnyk, I. Leshchyns'ka, M. Schachner, Prion protein recruits its neuronal receptor NCAM to lipid rafts to activate p59fyn and to enhance neurite outgrowth. J. Cell. Biol. 169, 341-354 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In autumn 2014 those living in Scotland will face the most important political decision of a lifetime. Whether Scotland becomes an independent state once again, as it was before 1707, or remains within the United Kingdom will have profound consequences for everyone in Britain. There are many issues involved in this important choice, but a key part of the debate centres around the question of whether Scotland would prosper more or less after independence. How well off are we? Would we have a faster or slower growing economy if we were independent? What currency would we use - the pound, the euro or a new currency of our own? What should our energy policy be? There are those who would like to see a more egalitarian society, like Scandinavia, with a reduction in poverty and deprivation; would we be likely to achieve that? Would we continue to be in the European Union but with Scotland becoming a member in its own right? Is that right for Scotland and what problems might that involve? In this impartial, clearly expressed and thought-provoking book, economist Gavin McCrone addresses these, and many other, questions which are of vital importance in the run up to the referendum.


In The Clash of Civilizations, Samuel Huntington argued that the primary axis of global conflict was no longer ideological or economic but cultural and religious, and that this division would characterize the "battle lines of the future." In contrast to the "top down" approach in previous research focused on the relations among nation states, we focused on the flows of interpersonal communication as a bottom-up view of international alignments. To that end, we mapped the locations of the world's countries in global email networks to see if we could detect cultural fault lines. Using IPgeolocation on a worldwide anonymized dataset obtained from a large Internet company, we constructed a global email network. In computing email flows we employ a novel rescaling procedure to account for differences due to uneven adoption of a particular Internet service across the world. Our analysis shows that email flows are consistent with Huntington's thesis. In addition to location in Huntington's "civilizations," our results also attest to the importance of both cultural and economic factors in the patterning of inter-country communication ties.


After a period of proliferation of disease-specific initiatives, over the past decade and especially since 2005 many organizations involved in global health have come to direct attention and resources to the issue of health systems strengthening. We explore how and why such attention emerged. A qualitative methodology, process-tracing, was used to construct a case history and analyse the factors shaping and inhibiting global political attention for health systems strengthening. We find that the critical factors behind the recent burst of attention include fears among global health actors that health systems problems threaten the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals, concern about the adverse effects of global health initiatives on national health systems, and the realization among global health initiatives that weak health systems present bottlenecks to the achievement of their organizational objectives. While a variety of actors now embrace health systems strengthening, they do not constitute a cohesive policy community. Moreover, the concept of health systems strengthening remains vague and there is a weak evidence base for informing policies and programmes for strengthening health systems. There are several reasons to question the sustainability of the agenda. Among these are the global financial crisis, the history of pendulum swings in global health and the instrumental embrace of the issue by some actors.


TCP/IP - The Ultimate Protocol Guide is written to cover all facets of the Internet Protocol suite. This two volume set makes no assumptions as to prior knowledge of the protocols, nor does it assume expertise in LAN access techniques. Volume Two (Applications, Access and Data Security) concentrates on the Application protocols that are in everyday use from Web Operations through to email, and from host configuration and access through to file transfer. In addition, we also examine the way that networks can be managed, the manner in which we can access our networks remotely and possibly one of the most important subjects today - security of our data whilst in transit. Volume One (Data Delivery and Routing) is available separately.