Threats and violence against professional caregivers present a growing health and safety problem in elderly care. We aimed to explore female caregivers' perceptions of reasons for violent behaviour among nursing home residents. Forty-one caregivers at three nursing homes were interviewed and their responses were subjected to qualitative content analysis, which revealed three content areas of perceived reasons for patient violence: patient characteristics, caregiver approach and environmental aspects. The caregivers' perceptions were formulated in three core statements: 'they (the residents) are not who they used to be', 'we (the caregivers) have acted inappropriately' and 'we (residents and caregivers) are all surrounded by disorder'. Our findings indicate that the reasons for violence are complex and multifactorial, so interventions should be individually tailored. Caregivers involved in a violent situation need to see the person behind the behaviour, try to interpret what the behaviour is meant to communicate and adjust the intervention according to individual need.


Improved Methods for Phased Array Feed Beamforming in Single Dish Radio Astronomy Michael J. Elmer Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Doctor of Philosophy Among the research topics needing to be addressed to further the development of phased array feeds (PAFs) for radio astronomical use are challenges associated with calibration, beamforming, and imaging for single dish observations. This dissertation addresses these concerns by providing analysis and solutions that provide a clearer understanding of the effort required to implement PAFs for complex scientific research. It is shown that calibration data are relatively stable over a period of five days and may still be adequate after 70 days. A calibration update system is presented with the potential to refresh old calibrators. Direction-dependent variations have a much greater affect on calibration stability than temporal variations. There is an inherent trade-off in beamformer design between achieving high sensitivity and maintaining beam pattern stability. A hybrid beamformer design is introduced which uses a numerical optimizer to balance the trade-off between these two conflicting goals to provide the greatest sensitivity for a desired amount of pattern control. Relative beam variations that occur when electronically steering beams in the field of view must be reduced in order for a PAF to be useful for source detection and imaging. A dual constraint beamformer is presented that has the ability to simultaneously achieve a uniform main beam gain and specified noise response across all beams. This alone does not reduce the beam variations but it eliminates one aspect of the problem. Incorporating spillover noise control through the use of rim calibrators is shown to reduce the variations between beams. Combining the dual constraint and rim constraint beamformers offers a beamforming option that provides both of these benefits.


Extensive investigation on the three-dimensional flow patterns behind a groyne have been carried out in a small-scale experiment. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical model is verified on the basis of these data. The main point of interest is the correct reproduction of the eddy formation its size, and the reattachment point. The representation of the turbulance and of the wall boundary turns out to be most important to reproduce the essential features of the measured data. Two improvements are carried out. First a mixing length formulation for the vertical domains is used. The second improvement concerns the boundary representation at the wall. A Neumann boundary condition to simulate the turbulent boundary layer is implemented. The results of the numerical studies demonstrate the applicability and the validity of the three-dimensional numerical model for simulation of complex flow patterns behind a groyne.


Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine with midazolam for intranasal premedication in children posted for elective surgery. Trial design: This was a prospective, randomised, double-blinded clinical study. Method: 60 children, 3 to 10 years of age, with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, scheduled for elective surgery, were randomly divided into two groups, group D (dexmedetomidine) and group M (midazolam). Group D patients received intranasal dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg and group M patients intranasal midazolam 0.2 mg/kg, approximately 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia, in the form of a spray. Outcome: Preoperative effects on heart rate, blood pressure, sedation and anxiety including parental separation and mask acceptance were assessed. Results: Intranasal dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg) premedication resulted in statistically significant but clinically unimportant lower heart rate and blood pressure at 10, 20, and 30 minutes following administration compared with intranasal midazolam (0.2 mg/kg). There were no episodes of hypotension or bradycardia. Children in group D achieved better parental separation and mask acceptance scores compared with group M. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine resulted in better parental separation and mask acceptance scores than intranasal midazolam. Thus it would seem to offer some advantage compared with midazolam.


Background: Some physicians report that patients with hallux valgus have hypermobility at the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint of the first ray and 3-dimensional (3-D) deformity. With use of non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing computed tomography (CT), we evaluated the 3-D mobility of each joint of the first ray in feet with hallux valgus compared with normal feet. Methods: Ten feet of 10 patients with hallux valgus and 10 feet of 10 healthy volunteers with no foot disorders were examined. All participants were women. Weight-bearing (a load equivalent to body weight) and non-weight-bearing CT scans were made with use of a device that we developed. Orthogonal coordinate axes were set and a 3-D model was reconstructed. Each joint of the first ray was aligned with the respective proximal bone, and 3-D displacement of the distal bone relative to the proximal bone under loading was quantified. Results: At the talonavicular joint, significantly greater dorsiflexion of the navicular relative to the talus was observed in the hallux valgus group compared with the control group. At the medial cuneonavicular joint, the hallux valgus group showed significantly greater eversion and abduction of the medial cuneiform relative to the navicular. At the first TMT joint, the hallux valgus group showed significantly greater dorsiflexion, inversion, and adduction of the first metatarsal relative to the medial cuneiform. At the first metatarsophalangeal joint, the hallux valgus group showed significantly greater eversion and abduction of the first proximal phalanx relative to the first metatarsal (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that loading of the foot causes significant 3-D displacement not only at the TMT joint but also at the other joints of the first ray. There is increased mobility in the first ray in patients who have hallux valgus.


This paper explores aspects of exclusion from education and how patterns of participation have been changing using national data sets. The first part of the analysis uses administrative data from countries in Sub Saharan Africa to chart enrolments by grade over the last decade and explore how enrolment has been changing in terms of grade, gender, and age. After establishing key issues that are raised by the data across eight countries the paper develops a detailed case study of changes in participation and performance in Kenya using data from the Kenya National Examinations Council. The study shows that the aspirations of Education for All remain far from being met in many countries and many of those who enrol in Grade 1 fail to complete primary or lower secondary school. Progress has been patchy and it remains the case that over enrolment in the lower Grades is common (with more enrolled than there are children in the relevant age group as a result of over-aged entry and progression), and less than half the age group progressing through lower secondary school. Gender equity in enrolments is being approached in the eight countries included in the analysis but patterns differ and are contextually located. In all the countries many of those enrolled remain seriously over-age, and urban rural differences persist in enrolment status. The detailed case study of data from Kenya complements the cross national analysis. It shows how uneven growth in participation has been after the announcement of free primary education, and how strongly patterns vary by county. Strikingly it confirms that older children score on average much lower on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) than younger children, and that this is likely to exclude older candidates from the best secondary schools. This is a source of considerable inequity since over-age status is associated with poverty.


Due to overpopulation and
resource-poor habitat structure, deer threaten the
future of oak and other browse-sensitive species in hardwood forests. Appropriate
tools must be used to ensure desirable, diverse, and ecologically stable
regeneration of future forests and the sustainability of native plant
communities. We performed two experiments and a review to examine the
effectiveness of available methods for managing browse of hardwood seedlings
and to discover how these interact with each other and other silvicultural
methods. First, we examined how fencing interacts with controlled-release
fertilization, seed source (genetically select and non-select), and site type
(afforested and reforested sites) to enhance the regeneration of planted
northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.),
white oak (Quercus alba), black
cherry (Prunus serotina), and black
walnut (Juglans nigra) at five sites in Indiana. Fencing
proved to be the greatest determinant of seedling growth, survival, and
quality. Fertilizer enhanced the early growth of white oak and black cherry, though
for black cherry this occurred only inside fences. Select seed sources grew
better and showed greater quality; however, the survival of select seedlings
was limited by deer browse in absence of fences. Trees at afforested sites had lower survival if left non-fenced. Secondly, we also investigated how fencing and
invasive shrub removal affected natural regeneration, species richness, and
ground-layer plant cover under closed-canopy forests. Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
removal had a variable effect depending on species and site. Positive effects were most common for shade-intolerant species, while negative effects occurred for a few shade-tolerant species at some sites. Deer fencing had a positive effect on
cherry and hackberry seedling density, and a negative effect on elm seedling
density. Honeysuckle and deer fencing interacted antagonistically in some
instances. Fencing without honeysuckle removal resulted in lower elm abundance and herbaceous-layer cover. In the densest invasions, leaving honeysuckle intact
resulted in a complete lack of recruitment into the sapling layer. Our experiment suggests that invasive shrub removal and fencing be done together. Finally,
we synthesized the existing literature on browse management options for
hardwood regeneration to evaluate their relative effectiveness. Fences, tree shelters, repellents, facilitation
by neighboring plants, deer population control, timber harvest, and slash all had positive
effects on height growth of regenerating seedlings under deer browse pressure. Fences
were more effective at reducing browse than repellents, while fertilizers
increased browse and had no effects on growth.


Myriapods are one of the dominant terrestrial arthropod groups including the diverse and familiar centipedes and millipedes. Although molecular evidence has shown that Myriapoda is monophyletic, its internal phylogeny remains contentious and understudied, especially when compared to those of Chelicerata and Hexapoda. Until now, efforts have focused on taxon sampling (e.g., by including a handful of genes in many species) or on maximizing matrix occupancy (e.g., by including hundreds or thousands of genes in just a few species), but a phylogeny maximizing sampling at both levels remains elusive. In this study, we analyzed forty Illumina transcriptomes representing three myriapod classes (Diplopoda, Chilopoda and Symphyla); twenty-five transcriptomes were newly sequenced to maximize representation at the ordinal level in Diplopoda and at the family level in Chilopoda. Eight supermatrices were constructed to explore the effect of several potential phylogenetic biases (e.g., rate of evolution, heterotachy) at three levels of mean gene occupancy per taxon (50%, 75% and 90%). Analyses based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian mixture models retrieved monophyly of each myriapod class, and resulted in two alternative phylogenetic positions for Symphyla, as sister group to Diplopoda + Chilopoda, or closer to Diplopoda, the latter hypothesis having been traditionally supported by morphology. Within centipedes, all orders were well supported, but two nodes remained in conflict in the different analyses despite dense taxon sampling at the family level, situating the order Scolopendromorpha as sister group to a morphologically-anomalous grouping of Lithobiomorpha + Geophilomorpha in a subset of analyses. Interestingly, this anomalous result was obtained for all analyses conducted with the most complete matrix (90% of occupancy), being at odds not only with the sparser but more gene-rich supermatrices (75% and 50% supermatrices) or with the matrices optimizing phylogenegic informativeness and the most conserved genes, but also with previous hypotheses based on morphology, development or other molecular data sets. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of the ever more prevalent quest for completeness in phylogenomic studies. [Chilopoda; Diplopoda; Symphyla: gene tree; species tree; node calibration; missing data.]


Objectives: This work, on low-cost controlled freeze methodology for stabilizing the phenolic content in Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO), is evaluated by studying four Quality Indexes (QIs): free acidity, as % of oleic acid (1st-QI); UV-absorption values; K272, K232 and ΔK (2nd-QI); total phenolic content (TPC), as Gallic acid equivalence (3rd-QI); and lipid peroxidation products, as free malondialdehyde (MDA) (4th-QI). Methods: The study of QIs for EVOO under storage, absence of light, at 25, 4, -20 and -80°C, with or without N2-purge showed that the phenolic charge is stabilized for > 12 months, at refrigeration conditions storage (~ 4°C) in the absence of oxygen, whilst the peroxidation of lipids is being kept at a low level. Results: The results showed that the high concentration of natural hydroxylphenols in the EVOO in combination with its degassing (via N2-purge) and storage at ~ 4°C, constitute the optimum conditions for preservation of olive oil as a long-lasting EVOO (LL [legal limit]-EVOO) with high added value. Conclusion: The main scientific contribution of this study is: (i) development and evaluation of a methodology (freeze controlled treatment) for the long-term preservation of EVOO quality, (ii) understanding the physicochemical mechanism and factors determining EVOO quality and (iii) ready-to-use technology for the local and international market.


Phytophthora comprises a genus of devastating plant pathogenic microorganisms. They have been responsible for some of the most extensive disease epidemics and continue to pose problems with agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Taxonomically Phytophthora are classified with the Stramenophiles and are quite distant from the true fungi. Unlike the fungi they have diploid vegetative cells and cellulose cell walls (Hardham 2005). Their closest relatives are the alveotates, such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium.

Genetic variation arises by mating between A1 and A2 mating types although some species are self fertile and do not require the opposite mating type. Importation of strains of the opposite mating type can stimulate a burst of sexual recombination leading to the emergence of new genotypes. The importation of new genotypes of the potato late blight pathogen P. infestans into the USA from Mexico in the late 1980's led to an almost complete change in the genetic structure of the resident P. infestans population (Goodwin et al. 1998). New species also arise by hybridisation between two species. P. alni a new species that is causing extensive damage to stands of Alder trees throughout Europe is a hybrid of P. cambivora and an unknown taxon similar to P. fragariae (Brasier et al. 1999). New species are continually being described and may represent new hybrid species (Man In't Veld et al. 2007).

Traditionally detection is by baiting of infested soil, or by plating diseased tissue on selective agar (O'Brien et al. 2009). More recently a number of DNA tests have been developed for detection (O'Brien et al. 2009). Progress is being made towards the development of on-site DNA identification tests. On-site antibody tests have been developed and are used extensively in the UK to screen nurseries for Phytophthora pathogens.


The main objective of the paper is to explore possible institutional arrangements among the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) implementing agencies in a post-2008 transition scenario for CARP. There were three reasons cited for the implementation of the agrarian reform program, namely: (i) to increase productivity, (ii) to reduce inequality particularly in the countryside, and (iii) to address one of the main causes of the persistent Communist insurgency in the country. After reviewing previous studies on new institutional arrangements, the paper recommends the following based on two scenarios. For scenario 1: (extension of CARP for another 7 to 10 years), the following are proffered: a) shifting manpower and resources toward units in DAR that are engaged in LAD and AJD; b) identification and publication of privately agricultural lands that will be covered by the LAD component; c) retooling of DAR personnel to assist in establishing agricultural enterprises out of a partnership between ARBs and agribusiness firms; d) providing capacity-building training for LGUs in preparation for the closure of the program; and e) exerting efforts to collect amortization payments from the ARBs. For Scenario 2 (closure of CARP is envisioned in the next 3 to 5 years), the following are recommended: a) an attractive retirement package should be given to DAR personnel; b) creation of a Land Tenure Administration; c) conversion of PARC into a Joint Commission on Rural Development (JCRD); d) renaming of the Department of Agriculture (DA) to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD); e) capacitating LGUs to provide support services to the ARBs; f) passage of a "Progressive Agricultural Land Tax" for private agricultural lands and "Progressive Rents" for public lands; and g) deregulation of land tenure contracts and land markets.


Background A phase I randomised, controlled, single blind, dose escalation trial was conducted to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of JAIVAC-1, a recombinant blood stage vaccine candidate against Plasmodium falciparum malaria, composed of a physical mixture of two recombinant proteins, PfMSP-119, the 19 kD conserved, C-terminal region of PfMSP-1 and PfF2 the receptor-binding F2 domain of EBA175. Method Healthy malaria naïve Indian male subjects aged 18–45 years were recruited from the volunteer database of study site. Fifteen subjects in each cohort, randomised in a ratio of 2:1 and meeting the protocol specific eligibility criteria, were vaccinated either with three doses (10μg, 25μg and 50μg of each antigen) of JAIVAC-1 formulated with adjuvant Montanide ISA 720 or with standard dosage of Hepatitis B vaccine. Each subject received the assigned vaccine in the deltoid muscle of the upper arms on Day 0, Day 28 and Day 180. Results JAIVAC-1 was well tolerated and no serious adverse event was observed. All JAIVAC-1 subjects sero-converted for PfF2 but elicited poor immune response to PfMSP-119. Dose-response relationship was observed between vaccine dose of PfF2 and antibody response. The antibodies against PfF2 were predominantly of IgG1 and IgG3 isotype. Sera from JAIVAC-1 subjects reacted with late schizonts in a punctate pattern in immunofluorescence assays. Purified IgG from JAIVAC-1 sera displayed significant growth inhibitory activity against Plasmodium falciparum CAMP strain. Conclusion Antigen PfF2 should be retained as a component of a recombinant malaria vaccine but PfMSP-119 construct needs to be optimised to improve its immunogenicity. Trial Registration Clinical Trial Registry, India CTRI/2010/091/000301


AIMS & OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the barriers and enablers to adherence to anticoagulation in individuals with chronic heart failure (CHF) with concomitant atrial fibrillation (AF) from the perspective of patients and providers.

BACKGROUND
CHF and AF commonly coexist and are associated with increased stroke risk and mortality. Oral anticoagulation significantly reduces stroke risk and improves outcomes. Yet, in approximately 30% of cases, anticoagulation is not commenced for a variety of reasons.

DESIGN
Qualitative study using narrative inquiry.

METHODS
Data from face-to-face individual interviews with patients and information retrieved from healthcare file note review documented the clinician perspective. This study is a synthesis of the two data sources, obtained during patient clinical assessments as part of the Atrial Fibrillation And Stroke Thromboprophylaxis in hEart failuRe (AFASTER) Study.

RESULTS
Patient choice and preference were important factors in anticoagulation decisions, including treatment burden, unfavourable or intolerable side effects and patient refusal. Financial barriers included cost of travel, medication cost and reimbursement. Psychological factors included psychiatric illness, cognitive impairment and depression. Social barriers included homelessness and the absence of a caregiver or lack of caregiver assistance. Clinician reticence included fear of falls, frailty, age, fear of bleeding and the challenges of multimorbidity. Facilitators to successful prescription and adherence were caregiver support, reminders and routine, self-testing and the use of technology.

CONCLUSIONS
Many barriers remain to high-risk individuals being prescribed anticoagulation for stroke prevention. There are a number of enabling factors that facilitate prescription and optimise treatment adherence. Nurses should challenge these treatment barriers and seek enabling factors to optimise therapy.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nurses can help patients and caregivers to understand complex anticoagulant risk-benefit information, and act as a patient advocate when making complex stroke prevention decisions.


We present a measurement of the transverse momentum with respect to the jet axis (k(t)) of particles in jets produced in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV. Results are obtained for charged particles in a cone of 0.5 radians around the jet axis in events with dijet invariant masses between 66 and 737 GeV/c(2). The experimental data are compared to theoretical predictions obtained for fragmentation partons within the framework of resummed perturbative QCD using the modified leading log and next-to-modified leading log approximations. The comparison shows that trends in data are successfully described by the theoretical predictions, indicating that the perturbative QCD stage of jet fragmentation is dominant in shaping basic jet characteristics.


The performance of reinforcement learning depends upon designing an appropriate action space, where the effect of each action is measurable, yet, granular enough to permit flexible behavior. So far, this process involved non-trivial user choices in terms of the available actions and their execution frequency. We propose a novel framework for reinforcement learning that effectively lifts such constraints. Within our framework, agents learn effective behavior over a routine space: a new, higher-level action space, where each routine represents a set of 'equivalent' sequences of granular actions with arbitrary length. Our routine space is learned end-to-end to facilitate the accomplishment of underlying off-policy reinforcement learning objectives. We apply our framework to two state-of-the-art off-policy algorithms and show that the resulting agents obtain relevant performance improvements while requiring fewer interactions with the environment per episode, improving computational efficiency.


Ownership and rights issues relating to electronic resources can be a source of angst, confusion and litigation. This is due in part to the automatic copyright many individuals receive, including in the United States, upon creation of an original work. However, there are options available for relaxing these rights. One of these options is Creative Commons Zero. Essentially, Creative Commons Zero permits originators of materials of varying sorts to opt to put their creations into the public domain – waiving all copyright and intellectual rights. The ability for originators of works to place these items into the public domain affects not just that individual, but also all others who might make use of the resources or be affected by others who make use of the resources. One area likely to be both directly and indirectly impacted is libraries. After all, a public library is accessible by the public and contains a collection of materials or records kept for reference or borrowing and is generally funded from public sources. In the United States there are approximately 9225 public libraries (administrative entities) in all 50 states and the District of Columbia (US Census Bureau, 2009). Based on the above, this document researches the awareness, complexity and effects of Creative Commons Zero and related licenses on libraries as perceived by library directors and managers across the United States. In order to accomplish this, a quantitative survey was administered in an anonymous web-based format.


China's dizzying economic achievement is not mirrored in its labor rights protection record. Migrant workers in particular do not enjoy rights commensurate with their contribution to the economy. The pervasive infringement of labor rights and the failure of the official protective system have jointly created a niche for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This article investigates the grassroots migrant labor NGOs in the Pearl River Delta region, an area which has seen unprecedented increases in labor disputes both in terms of quantity and intensity. Making extensive use of in-depth interviews and participatory observations, it examines the strategies and tactics NGOs use for survival and growth in a hostile external environment. This article reveals that administrative illegitimacy and resource shortage have been the two key challenges for grassroots NGOs; in order to survive, they have developed a series of strategies to enhance legitimacy and explore resources. In the meantime, however, antagonistic thinking still drives the government's response to grassroots organizations unless the latter can skillfully balance political ideology and actual operation. Yet, overall, most NGOs still managed to survive despite various difficulties. Reciprocity and mutual trust are of critical importance to peaceful coexistence, if not cooperation, between the state and the grassroots. The building of long-term healthy labor relations in China necessitates more liberal thinking and collaborative governance.


Stair Pressurisation Systems (SPS) are a form of smoke control used in many high-rise
buildings. They are designed to keep smoke out of the stairwell so that occupants have a safe
evacuation route during an emergency. Throughout the years, however, many within the Fire
Engineering industry have commented that SPS do not really perform as per their design intent.
In order to assess this belief, an investigation was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of a
SPS, whereby the effectiveness was assessed by considering the following: if the SPS
operates, will the resulting performance be as required by the Australian Standards (i.e.
AS1668.1 1998) and when required, will the SPS or components actually operate. To do this,
two representative SPS within the Melbourne Central Business District were investigated; one
with a Variable Speed Drive (VSD), System 1, typical of systems installed more recently and
one without a VSD, System 2, typical of earlier types of SPS.
The effectiveness evaluation was divided into two parts. The first considered the influence of
variations to wind speed, temperature and leakage (referred to as the E-factors), while the
second considered the 'other factors' or F-factors, affecting the effectiveness of a SPS (i.e.
those factors that can be influenced by commissioning, maintenance, operation of the system,
etc.). For this study, these two parts were assessed in isolation to each other, such that when
the E-factors were assessed, the other influences were considered not to exhibit any faults.
Similarly, when considering the influence of the F-factors, the influence of the E-factors was
ignored.
The influence of the E-factors was assessed in terms of achieving the door opening force and
airflow performance conditions of AS1668.1. This was done using a computer network program
known as CONTAM. Initially a base building model was developed, complying with the
performance conditions of the Australian Standard and then variables such as external
temperatures, wind and leakage associated with the building elements were varied as part of a
sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that in most cases (unless extreme conditions were
used), the effectiveness of the SPS was nearly equal to unity (i.e. '1'). The SPS with a VSD
also had a slightly higher effectiveness than the system without, when 'Average' leakage
conditions were modelled. However, if the stairwell leakage approached the building facade
leakage, the effectiveness in relation to achieving the airflow velocity conditions of AS1668.1, for
both Systems 1 and 2, significantly reduced.
The 'other factors' which may influence the effectiveness of a SPS were those that could be
influenced by the design, installation, commissioning, maintenance and operation of the SPS
and were assessed after interrelationship diagrams, in the form of fault trees were developed.
These diagrams detailed the complex integration of the various components, which make up a
SPS and assisted in identifying which components appear to be the most dominant in terms of
reducing the reliability of the system. Probability of failure data was obtained through a survey
completed by industry personnel intimately associated with SPS. The reliability assessment
indicated that the two major dominant factors, in terms of not achieving the performance
conditions of AS1668.1, were high door opening forces, followed by low airflow velocities. The
importance of high door opening forces is significant, as occupants who cannot enter the
stairwell in an emergency, may not be able to evacuate safely.
The maintenance requirements associated with SPS as per AS1851.6, are illustrated in this
thesis in relation to the fault tree diagrams. The results revealed that some of the dominant
factors (such as the VSD, the pressure sensor, etc.), achieved low levels of effectiveness.
These factors are only considered during the commissioning stage and there is no formal
maintenance for these items. These findings help to reinforce the importance of commissioning
as well as maintenance (especially for items currently not maintained) and the need for
identified faults to be corrected as soon as they are found, or at least prior to the next
maintenance inspection.
Assessing the effectiveness of a SPS, with respect to the performance conditions of AS1668.1,
found that the factors referred to as 'other factors' have a greater influence on SPS
effectiveness than variations due to wind, temperature and leakage changes. Having said this
though, the results generated indicate that SPS are not very effective in terms of achieving the
performance conditions of AS1668.1 for the whole system (i.e. every door). For example, there
is a 1/10 chance that the door opening forces will comply and approximately a 1/2 chance that
the airflow velocities will meet the required performance conditions. These low probabilities are
for buildings that are being "commissioned" and "maintained", indicating that although factors
appear to be identified, they are not being adequately corrected.
In summary, if commissioning is performed correctly, and so too the maintenance, the reliability
associated with the components can be significantly improved and therefore, so can the overall
effectiveness of the SPS.


The creation of new firms is a tremendously important phenomenon. Each year hundreds of millions of people are engaged in business start-up efforts (Reynolds et al., 2005). A careful review of 87 analyses in 57 recent studies confirms earlier claims that new firms play very significant roles in employment creation, productivity growth and innovations (van Praag & Versloot, 2007). Yet, new venture creation is both under theorized and empirically under studied. Due to its emergent, elusive and nebulous nature and the fact that firms not yet in existence do not appear in any sampling frames, researchers have largely been confined to exploring the phenomenon of new venture creation via survivor-biased samples and retrospective case studies. These conditions are obvious impediments to credible, scholarly knowledge development. This is why the occurrence of an approach to the systematic, longitudinal study of representative samples of on-going new venture start-up processes is potentially an important breakthrough.
The Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) (Gartner, Shaver, Carter & Reynolds, 2004b; Reynolds, 2007) was the first full scale realization of such a study. It has established a new empirical approach that – with local variations – has been employed by several large scale parallel or subsequent studies in a range of countries including Australia, Canada, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the US.
The basic design of the research can be summarized as follows (Reynolds, in press): (an approximation of) a probability sample of on-going, early-stage business start-ups is obtained through screening phone interviews with a very large number (typically tens of thousands) of adult members of households, selected through random digit dialing. Answers to a screening questionnaire determine whether respondents are 'nascent entrepreneurs' (NE) or not; i.e., whether they are involved in on-going but not yet operational business start-up efforts in which they are going to be (part) owners. Qualified NEs – typically a single digit percentage – are directed to a comprehensive (20-60 minutes) interview about select aspects of the emerging venture, its owners, and their actions. Eligible cases are re-interviewed at regular intervals; typically every 6-12 months over 2 to 5 years in order to follow the process and assess outcomes.
Due to their comprehensiveness (often comprising several hundred variables and multiple waves of data) it is not really possible within the space given here to provide an adequate description of contents and theoretical underpinnings of the studies. Although tables 2-4 (below) summarize some such information readers are referred to the PSED and PSED II handbooks and website, which provide comprehensive information of this kind for the publicly available US data sets (Gartner et al., 2004b; Reynolds & Curtin, 2009; www.psed.isr.umich.edu).
The purpose of this review is twofold. First, we aim to assess what has been learnt so far on substantive matters from the published research using this type of empirical data. In this, we will focus on micro level issues where this line of research has made unique contributions and largely leave aside the macro issue of relative prevalence of NEs across time and space, which is equally or better dealt with through the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research (Bosma & Harding, 2007; Reynolds et al., 2005). Second, based on the strengths and weaknesses revealed by the research undertaken we aim to develop a set of suggestions regarding how the approach can be further developed and refined to make a greater contribution in the future.


We attempt to articulate a vision of federalism, particularly the Rehnquist version of federalism. We find that there is little consistent thought on the role of the judiciary in protecting federalism. This lack of consensus makes it difficult to predict the decisions federalists might make, but we attempt to outline Chief Justice Rehnquist's contributions to understanding the role courts should play in protecting federalism. We then attempt to assess if Rehnquist adheres to his own vision of federalism. Using his votes since his elevation to Chief Justice in 1986, we test several hypotheses designed to determine if Chief Justice Rehnquist demonstrates the respect for the balance between state and federal governments which he has articulated in so many of his opinions. We generally find support for the proposition that Chief Justice Rehnquist adheres to the tenets of federalism. We conclude that, while there is an ideological component to Chief Justice Rehnquist's jurisprudence, there also appears to be evidence of a sincere commitment to the protection of the line between national and state governments.


The purpose of our study was to determine the most accurate analytic method to define in vitro chemosensitivity, using clinical response as reference standard in prospective clinical trial, and to assess accuracy of adenosine triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA). Forty-eight patients with chemo-naïve, histologically confirmed, locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer were enrolled for the study and were treated with combination chemotherapy of paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 for maximum of six cycles after obtaining specimen for ATP-CRA. We performed the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis using patient responses by WHO criteria and ATP-CRA results to define the method with the highest accuracy. Median progression free survival was 4.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.4-5.0) and median overall survival was 11.8 months (95% CI: 9.7-13.8) for all enrolled patients. Chemosensitivity index method yielded highest accuracy of 77.8% by ROC curve analysis, and the specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values were 95.7%, 46.2%, 85.7%, and 75.9%. In vitro chemosensitive group showed higher response rate (85.7% vs. 24.1%) (P=0.005) compared to chemoresistant group. ATP-CRA could predict clinical response to paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy with high accuracy in advanced gastric cancer patients. Our study supports the use of ATP-CRA in further validation studies.


Java is becoming an increasingly popular language for developing distributed and parallel scientific and engineering applications. Jini is a Java-based infrastructure developed by Sun that can allegedly provide all the services necessary to support distributed applications. It is the aim of this paper to explore and investigate the services and properties that Jini actually provides and match these against the needs of high performance distributed and parallel applications written in Java. The motivation for this work is the need to develop a distributed infrastructure to support an MPI-like interface to Java known as MPJ. In the first part of the paper we discuss the needs of MPJ, the parallel environment that we wish to support. In particular we look at aspects such as reliability and ease of use. We then move on to sketch out the Jini architecture and review the components and services that Jini provides. In the third part of the paper we critically explore a Jini infrastructure that could be used to support MPJ. Here we are particularly concerned with Jini's ability to support reliably a cocoon of MPJ processes executing in a heterogeneous envirnoment. In the final part of the paper we summarise our findings and report on future work being undertaken on Jini and MPJ.


We consider a free lattice field (a harmonic crystal) with a hard wall condition and a weak pinning to the wall. We prove that in a weak sense the pinning always dominates the entropic repulsion of the hard wall condition when the dimension is a least three. This contrasts with the situation in dimension one, where there is a so-called wetting transition, as has been observed by Michael Fisher. The existence of a wetting transition in the delicate two-dimensional case was recently proved by Caputo and Velenik.


A Course in Public Economics, first published in 2004, explores the central questions of whether or not markets work, and if not, what is to be done about it. The first part of the textbook, designed for upper-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students, begins with an extended discussion of the two theorems of welfare economics. These theorems show that competitive markets can give rise to socially desirable outcomes, and describe the conditions under which they do so. The second part of the book discusses the kinds of market failure - externalities, public goods, imperfect competition and asymmetric information - that arise when these conditions are not met. The role of the government in resolving market failures is examined. The limits of government action, especially those arising from asymmetric information, are also investigated. A knowledge of intermediate microeconomics and basic calculus is assumed.


We present a complete set of mode-locked fiber lasers designed for photonic analog-to-digital conversion. Design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of Er-doped fiber lasers are carried out through optimizing their performance to suit the requirements of high-speed and high-resolution photonic-assisted analog-to-digital converters. The required properties are achieved by active mode-locking on the basis of amplitude modulation of the cavity losses through a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and passive mode-locking on the basis of fast semiconductor saturable absorbers and intracavity polarizing fibers. The use of an intracavity polarizing fiber in combination with a fast saturable absorber allows dynamic control of the operation regimes through polarization control. Besides these oscillators designed with ring cavity structure, a short linear cavity with fundamental repetition frequency at the order of 1 GHz is studied, and an effective continuous tunability of the repetition frequency is obtained by an electromechanical transducer. Pulsed repetition rates up to 20 GHz, pulsewidths down to 500 fs, and time jitters below 180 fs are obtained. Fiber lasers based on standard and commercially available telecom devices are demonstrated to be a low-cost, compact, and versatile optical source for photonic-assisted analog-to-digital conversion.


We propose that there has been little or no Pliocene-Pleistocene uplift of the dry valleys sector of the Transantarctic Mountains, on the basis of isotopic dating and mapping of in situ cinder-cone deposits on the walls of Taylor Valley. Twenty-seven 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating analyses on whole-rock samples from subaerially erupted olivine basanite volcanic outcrops of known elevations define 14 eruptions ranging in age from 3.89 to 1.50 Ma. Because Taylor Valley opens directly onto the Ross Sea, these results show that any surface uplift during the past 2.57 m.y. was <300 m. Our conclusion of minimal uplift contradicts previous models of dramatic uplift (up to 3000 m since 3 Ma) and associated hypotheses that uplift caused climatic cooling and growth of a polar East Antarctic ice sheet.


Memory is money! Memory is power! Memory improves relationships! Imagine you are taking a crucial exam and suddenly you forget some major facts! Or you are at a business meeting and the name of the all-important client escapes your mind! Or you are wooing this pretty girl,and call her by a different name! Memory can turn the tide in your favour, or against it. Now with this book tap into your most precious resource and unleash the natural powers within you. You will never again have to be told anything twice...


Novel tricyclic tetrahydroazepinones were synthesized via an in situ Diels-Alder reaction of furan with cyclic allenamides. These reactive intermediates are the first examples of cyclic seven-membered allenamides and were prepared starting from N-(2-chloroallyl)-2-allylglycine derivatives via ring-closing metathesis followed by dehydrochlorination. The trapping of the intermediate cycloallene with furan occurred endo- and regioselectively and provided a convenient entry into new building blocks for medicinal chemistry. The diastereoselectivity of the cycloaddition was confirmed using quantum chemical computations.


Abstract Focusing on British involvement in the 1960s Yemen Civil War, this article examines the centralised mechanisms developed in Whitehall to coordinate covert action interdepartmentally. It therefore sheds new light on London's security and intelligence machine and its input into clandestine operations. Drawing on recently declassified documents and interviews, it uncovers various important but secretive actors, which have been overlooked or misunderstood in the existing literature, and outlines their functions in the most detail yet available. In doing so, it considers how these bodies evolved in relation to competing threat assessments of the local situation and the impact they had on Britain's covert intervention in the theatre. This article assesses the utility of the system and argues that it provided an effective means to ensure that any covert action sanctioned was properly scrutinised so as to reduce risks and best meet national interests.


Broadband access technology has significant influences in the telecommunication industry. Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is a broadband wireless technology which brings broadband experience to a wireless context. There are two different types of broadband wireless services. One is fixed wireless broadband which is similar to the traditional fixed line broadband access technology like DSL or cable modem but using wireless as a medium of transmission. Another type is broadband wireless known as mobile broadband which has additional functionality of portability, mobility and nomadicity. The IEEE 802.16 family WiMAX is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile broadband application. WiMAX promises to solve the last mile problem which refers to the expense and time needed to connect individual homes and offices to trunk route for communications. WiMAX also offer higher peak data rates and greater flexibility than 3G networks and Wi-Fi. This thesis is provides the analysis of the broadband wireless access (BWA) technology with a focus on WiMAX and compare it with the other wireless technology like Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and third-generation (3G).


Towards the end of the twentieth century there was a furore of activity and interest regarding the potential of information communication technologies (ICTs) to contribute towards a process of development. The growing interest in ICT for development (ICT4D) resulted in a World Summit held over two stages in 2003 and 2005 and a plethora of initiatives and interventions. However to date, the mechanisms and ways in which ICTs may best be applied to development, and in particular poverty reduction, remain unclear. The study described herein contributes to this debate. The study is concerned with the analysis of a single ICT based intervention in rural Java in the Republic of Indonesia; the e-Pabelan telecentre project. The objective of e-Pabelan was to overcome information asymmetries and improve the market participation of poor rural farmers. The objective of this study is to analyse the impacts of this intervention and its underlying conceptual basis.

In order to facilitate the research a conceptual framework is presented that draws on Richard Heeks' (1999b) concept of the information chain and Stuart Plattner's (1985) concept of equilibrating markets.
After Heeks, the conceptual framework emphasises that the assimilation and application of information towards a desired development outcome is a staged process. In order to better contextualise and understand such a process the research presents an analysis of actors, goods and
transactions in relation to the market relations of poor farmers after Plattner. The research consists of an extended case study. Two key survey instruments are also employed. One is a survey of 216 poor households and the other is a survey of 70 poor farmers. These survey instruments are employed within a broader research context that utilises participant observation, informal interviews and occasional participatory rural appraisal (PRA) instruments. The research emphasises the importance of contextualisation in seeking to better understand the application of ICT based intervention towards
poverty reduction.

The research highlights issues of access within ICT4D and challenges approaches that see ICT4D as
universally applicable and relevant. Instead, the research demonstrates that the institutional context that ICT4D initiatives are placed into and implemented through can have significant bearings on the perceived utility of the intervention by the intended beneficiaries. The research shows that a failure to engage with local contexts during the establishing of access to ICTs can result in such initiatives being disempowering rather than empowering. The research also questions conceptualisations of
poverty within ICT4D that emphasise the widening of opportunities over and above the increasing of
security. With regard to markets the research demonstrates that the received view not uncommon
within ICT4D literature of the farmer as a passive victim of impersonal markets is flawed. The research shows that the way in which poor farmer in Java manage risk through their selection of differing crops and the manner in which these farmers play the market is central to understanding how ICT4D interventions are assessed in terms of utility and relevance.

The research concludes that there is a need for greater engagement between the emerging field of
ICT4D and the broader field of development studies. There is also a need to better contextualise and target ICT4D interventions in relation to the specific needs and conditions of the intended beneficiaries. Such an approach requires acknowledging that the adoption and application of information will be subject to a process of continual assessment; rather than seeing assessment as a separate stage within the information chain. In this regard a framework for the analysis of market based ICT4D interventions seeking to impact upon poverty is developed via the research from the original conceptual framework outlined above.


s of the Immature Beetles Meeting 2009 October 1–2, Prague, Czech Republic Martin FIKÁČEK, Jiří SKUHROVEC & Petr ŠÍPEK (editors) The third Immature Beetles Meeting was held in Prague during October 1–2, 2009, nearly precisely two years after the previous meeting (for abstracts see FIKÁČEK et al. (2007)). Similarly as in 2007, the meeting took place at the Faculty of Science, Charles University, in cooperation with the National Museum in Prague and the Crop Research Institute in Prague. Altogether 36 participants from Europe, North and South America and Japan attended the meeting. Among those, the most expected was Cleide Costa from Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo in Brazil, who presented the results of her life-long studies of the morphology and biology of larval Coleoptera. It was also nice to see that the number of pregraduate students was higher than in 2007 meeting and one of them (Yusuke Minoshima from Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan) even presented a very interesting lecture! During both days, attendants presented 12 short lectures and six posters, whose abstracts are presented below in alphabetical order. Coffee breaks and a joint lunch in a nearby restaurant provided a handy opportunity for informal discussions of the lectures and individual research projects and interests of the participants. During both evenings, most people continued in a slightly more relaxed setting in a pub over a glass (or perhaps two) of Czech beer. To sum up, the meeting seemed to be again very fruitful. Before the closing of the 2009 meeting, the participiants agreed with the two year interval for organizing the Immature Beetles Meeting and decided for Prague as its place, even through several other places were suggested. The next meeting is therefore planned for the autumn 2011 and will be held at the Charles University in Prague again. Details about the forthcoming meeting will be available on the Immature Beetles Meeting web pages at http://www.cercyon. eu/IBM/IBM_2011.htm, together with the photos and abstracts of the past meetings. Please contact us if you need further information. Martin Fikáček (mfi email@example.com) Jiří Skuhrovec (firstname.lastname@example.com) Petr Šípek (firstname.lastname@example.com) organizers of the Immature Beetles Meeting


Captive Oystercatchers consume daily 25-40 g dry flesh or 550-850 kJ, of which they metabolize 450-700 kJ. Free-living Oystercatchers eat more than captive birds but, contrary to expectation, this is not due to greater activity costs but to a higher body weight. When body weights are equal, free-living and captive Oystercatchers consume the same amount of food. The intake rate of Oystercatchers generally varies between 1 and 3 mg dry flesh feeding, but if non-feeding times are included, the crude intake rate usually varies between 1 and 1.5 mg s(-1). Extremely high intake rates, above 4 mg s(-1), are only observed in birds feeding during a short bout after a long resting period. According to Kersten & Visser (1996a) such high intake rates cannot be sustained fur long, because a maximum of 80 g wet flesh, equivalent to 12 g dry flesh, can be stored in the digestive tract and the processing rate does not exceed 4.4 mg wet flesh s(-1) or 0.66 mg ash-free dry weight (AFDW) s(-1). Due to this digestive bottleneck, the birds are forced to spend much time on the feeding area each day. Since the exposure time of their intertidal feeding ar eas is usually 5-6 hours, Oystercatchers cannot meet their daily energy requirements in a single low water period, which would often suffice if intake rate vias the limiting factor. For a given length of the feeding period, the bottleneck model predicts the maximum crude intake intake, called CIRmax, that can be achieved, i.e. the highest intake rate including the non-feeding time. When the birds are able to feed for less than three hours, the achieved crude intake rate usually remains far below this maximum, suggesting that the rare at which prey are found and eaten deter mines the intake rate. The consumption is also usually less than would be allowed by digestive constraint when the birds feed for twelve hours or longer, because the birds at thermoneutral conditions do not need more than 36 g a day. When the birds spend three to twelve hours on the feeding area, the average consumption is usually close to, or below the predicted maximum. However, in a few cases, the maximum was clearly exceeded. These studies do not invalidate the bottleneck model, because there is ample reason to believe that food consumption was overestimated A detailed investigation of the many sources of error indicates that food consumption is more likely to be overestimated than underestimated in field studies.


People with disabilities constitute a big group of Internet users. Due to great advances in adaptive technology for people with disabilities more and more disabled will have access to Internet. For that reason it is extremely important for a web developer to be aware of different disabilities that complicate or prevent using Internet, different adaptive technologies that facilitate using Internet and different methods, both in design and programming, that make Internet accessible for people with disabilities. In this report we have dealt with three problems: • Which types of disabilities that complicate or prevent using Internet? • Which types of adaptive technologies are available concerning using Internet? • How can a web developer or programmer increase the accessibility to Internet for people with disabilities?To investigate how disabled people use adaptive technologies and which difficulties they experience when using Internet we have interviewed people with various types of disabilities.


Archaeological evidence from survey and cave excavation in the Towuti–Routa region of Sulawesi suggests the following sequence of late Holocene cultural change. Settled communities whose subsistence included an agricultural component had established themselves by the early centuries a.d. and began the use of caves for mortuary purposes. Extended inhumations are the oldest attested mortuary practice, overlapping in time with secondary burials in large earthenware jars dated to around a.d. 1000. The third, ethnohistorically described practice involved the surface disposal of the deceased, including the use of imported martavans for the elite, between approximately a.d. 1500 and 1900. This sequence of mortuary practices has not been documented elsewhere in Island Southeast Asia, although each practice has multiple parallels. The Towuti–Routa dammar trade, which was at its peak at the time of European contact, can perhaps account for the quantity of exotic items imported to the region but not the specifics of the mortuary practices.


The purpose of this research is to explore teachers' perceptions of professional learning. For the purposes of this study the terms professional learning and professional development are synonymous. They go hand in hand in describing the processes that occur which include deliberate learning activities undertaken by individual teachers or groups of teachers to improve policy, curriculum or their own professional knowledge and skills with a view to improving the learning outcomes of students. This study aims to reveal that professional learning of teachers is a process of continuing personal and professional growth.

This study reviews a professional learning module offered by the West Australian Department of Education in 2005 in terms of its relevance to teachers; its effectiveness; its usefulness to teachers' professional practice and its impact on teachers' personal and their professional lives. The study was conducted in a metropolitan West Australian Government Secondary School. The findings of this study seek to add to the existing body of knowledge surrounding professional learning of teachers in particular to the knowledge surrounding the 'traditional' approach to professional development and in particular, professional development offered by the Department of Education.


Historical memory has a way of playing tricks with our understanding of the present. As the Second World War drew to a close, what was uppermost in the thinking about the postwar world was the Great Depression and the likelihood of a return to stagnation and mass unemployment. That memory became dimmer and dimmer the more the postwar wave of economic expansion took hold. In its stead came a vision of prosperity without end: a secular boom that might go on for a hundred years, if not longer. Nevertheless, the boom began to weaken at the end of the 1960s; world capitalism has been losing steam ever since, with the centers of world capitalism turning from fully employed to increasingly seriously underemployed economies. Yet even after almost two decades of stagnation, the aura of the successful early postwar decades persists, reinforced by the buoyant, ballooning sphere of international finance and speculation. Thus, in radical as well as conservative circles the belief prevails that the years of slowdown and extensive unemployment are only an interlude, that somehow or other the secular boom will before long reassert itself. This is implicitly assumed when ruling classes defend their austerity programs, which they argue are needed to clear the way for a resumption of vigorous growth. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Students are the assets of a country. Personality traits and emotional intelligence are two important factors in study setting and also in career. Purpose of the study was to investigate the gender differences on big five personality traits and emotional intelligence of the university students. The data were collected from different institutes of Lahore, Pakistan. Sample size consists of (300) students in which 150 were male participants and 150 were female participants. Two questionnaires were administered, Wong and law Emotional Intelligence scale was used to measure emotional intelligence while NEO-FFI were used to measure personality traits. It has been found that there was no gender difference regarding any of the variables used in study. Limitations and implications with future suggestions are discussed in the Pakistani Context.


This toolkit provides guidance to strengthen the results and effectiveness of multi-stakeholder development planning, including practical tools and processes. The toolkit guides collaborative steps, such as setting goals, diagnosing institutional problems and monitoring outcomes, all to produce a multi-stakeholder, outcome-based results framework to prepare a development strategy or plan and to implement with a strong result focus. It also includes guidance to use the results framework to highlight potentially high-impact areas for strengthening multi-stakeholder activities and to integrate monitoring and budget planning to a common set of outcomes. The toolkit gives special attention to the fragile context for development practitioners working in this area. The toolkit modules provide customizable resources to create a multi-stakeholder, outcome-based results framework. The modules can be used together as a complete resource or separately, focusing on modules that are of immediate interest. Although WBI originally developed the modules to support strategy design at the national level, they can also guide multi-stakeholder planning for results in other settings or key sectors where actors have diverse perspectives, with appropriate adjustments.


The primary task of extractive summarization is to automatically select a set of representative sentences from a text or spoken document that can concisely express the most important theme of the original document. Recently, language modeling (LM) has been proven to be a promising modeling framework for performing this task in an unsupervised manner. However, there still remain three fundamental challenges facing the existing LM-based methods, which we set out to tackle in this article. The first one is how to construct a more accurate sentence model in this framework without resorting to external sources of information. The second is how to take into account sentence-level structural relationships, in addition to word-level information within a document, for important sentence selection. The last one is how to exploit the proximity cues inherent in sentences to obtain a more accurate estimation of respective sentence models. Specifically, for the first and second challenges, we explore a novel, principled approach that generates overlapped clusters to extract sentence relatedness information from the document to be summarized, which can be used not only to enhance the estimation of various sentence models but also to render sentence-level structural relationships within the document, leading to better summarization effectiveness. For the third challenge, we investigate several formulations of proximity cues for use in sentence modeling involved in the LM-based summarization framework, free of the strict bag-of-words assumption. Furthermore, we also present various ensemble methods that seamlessly integrate proximity and sentence relatedness information into sentence modeling. Extensive experiments conducted on a Mandarin broadcast news summarization task show that such integration of proximity and sentence relatedness information is indeed beneficial for speech summarization. Our proposed summarization methods can significantly boost the performance of an LM-based strong baseline (e.g., with a maximum ROUGE-2 improvement of 26.7% relative) and also outperform several state-of-the-art unsupervised methods compared in the article.


This paper presents a practical solution for three-dimensional shape reconstruction from sparsely sampled two-dimensional data, represented as contours on a set of parallel slices. Our method separates the solution for contour correspondence from the surface tiling, and is guaranteed to produce non-self-intersecting surfaces regardless of the contours' geometry, complexity, and the computed correspondence. Though our algorithm is fully automatic, human intervention is also possible for refinement.

First, we apply a method based on object recognition techniques to find contour correspondence. Next, we use Voronoi diagrams and operations on a planar map to create a partition, which guarantees a correct reconstruction. Finally, a surface-interpolation algorithm is applied to the contours translated according to both their correspondence and the created partition to produce the actual surface. Experimental results demonstrate the good performance of our algorithm and improvement in the quality of reconstruction for sparsely-sampled inputs.


We document the presence of multiple and varied constraints to small and medium firm growth. This presents both a practical problem for business training programs and a challenge to academic economists trying to identify mechanisms though which these programs may affect outcomes. External validity needs theory. This pushes researchers to narrowly defined and highly selected sample frames, which limits the potential for clear, generalizable policy prescriptions. Ultimately, larger samples, multi-arm evaluations, process documentation, and narrowly-focused, theory-supported empirical work are all needed, but the complexity of the problem limits what we learn from any single study.


Over the last two decades, many ELT professionals and researchers have called for contextually appropriate forms of ELT pedagogy to be developed, arguing that the dominant discourse on ELT methodology, as promoted by local Ministry of Education (MoE) policy makers around the world, has been largely generated in ideal (North) contexts and so does not reflect the challenging realities of the majority of language teaching and learning contexts in which they are being imposed. Despite these calls, there has been very little research that shows how contextually appropriate ELT pedagogies can be developed. To fill this gap, there is a need for research that develops from the bottom-up by relying on input from teachers and learners who constitute the major stakeholders in the teaching and learning process. This study, therefore, set out to investigate students' and teachers' perspectives regarding what counted as good and appropriate English language teaching in two
English medium primary school contexts in Cameroon. To achieve this, data was collected through classroom observation, friendship group interviews with children and stimulated recall with teachers from six English medium primary schools from Yaounde and Buea. A further two-day workshop group discussion based on videoed
lessons from the six classrooms was organised with 30 teachers in both research sites. The findings of this study revealed that teachers and students possess shared, but also - in some respects - divergent notions of good/appropriate ELT pedagogy which are
largely different from MoE enforced methodological procedure, and it is these notions - rather than what the Ministry says - that have the biggest impact on their experiences and practices. The study also revealed that, in exploring insights into their, as well as students' perspectives on good teaching, teachers in the workshops were able to develop new ideas about appropriate teaching which took on board ideas from children's perspectives as well as successful practices from the videoed lessons of their colleagues. These findings highlight the potential contribution of a bottom-up research approach to teacher development which takes account of context in the process of generating and disseminating good practice.


High energy dissipation of the free falling jet from the flip-bucket has been always of utmost significance in prevention of the downstream rivers. Scouring due to falling jet incidence with the river bed will threaten the stability of the dam and related structures, while accumulation of eroded sediments can change tailwater elevation and influence the performance of dam or power plants outlets. So determination of the plunge pool dimensions is an important design consideration. The purpose of this study is to develop empirical exponential relations using the principles of statistics and dimensionless relations by applying dimensional analysis in order to estimate the scour depth due to falling jets considering the effective parameters such as discharge, the difference between water levels in the reservoir and tailwater (jet fall height), tailwater depth, the mean diameter of bed particles and flip-bucket jet angle. By comparing the results of the suggested relations in this study with other investigator results it can be indicated that the developed relations have the maximum correlation coefficient and minimum computational error in an appropriate standard deviation range. Also, the accuracy and dispersion of the 139 collected data series that were used for the proposed relations was higher than the previous studies.


Postnatal depression (PND) is a depressive disorder that may impact up to a third of all postpartum women worldwide, with rural Australian women being more than one-and-a-half times more likely to develop PND than their urban counterparts. The factors affecting the development of PND are broadly biological, psychological and social. The social determinants of health, in addition to lower levels of access to appropriate health care and support services, are the underlying risk factors for PND among rural women.
The treatments used for those experiencing PND include pharmacological, psychological, psychosocial, complementary and alternative therapies. However, some women prefer non-pharmacological treatments largely because of their desire to continue breastfeeding, and the stigma associated with mental ill health and medication use. In addition, women in rural and remote areas encounter various difficulties accessing specialist health care and PND-specific health services.
Complementary and alternative therapies have come to take a more prominent role in health care. It has been reported that music, yoga, massage, and meditation have been effective in relieving stress, anxiety and reducing pain. Music therapy, in particular, has taken on a more prominent role in health care, including mental health, and has been utilised among those experiencing depression, stress and anxiety. However, very few studies have explored music as therapy for PND. Thus, this research explores the effectiveness of music as a therapy option for women with PND, particularly for those women living in rural and remote areas.
This study aims to examine the perspectives of, and issues concerning rural Tasmanian women with PND where access to services is limited or non-existent and particularly, to explore what role music plays in alleviating PND. In relation to the research aim, the study responds to the following research questions: 1) What are health care providers' perspectives regarding current PND health care services, what improvements are required, and what impact does music have on PND? 2)
What are the current services available to and accessed by women with PND? 3) What are the lived experiences and perceptions of rural women concerning PND? 4) What impact has music had in reducing the effects of PND among rural Tasmanian women? and 5) What are the implications and recommendations for health services and policy makers to address PND using music therapy?Two theoretical frameworks underpin this study: phenomenology and feminism. Phenomenology helps to examine the everyday subjective experiences of an individual's lived world, whereas feminism is used to understand the lived experience of what it means to be a woman experiencing PND and seeking care. This approach provided a perspective of PND that is juxtaposed to gender and the powerful medical model of health and disease.
Utilising an explorative research approach, qualitative methods were used to address the study's aims and questions. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from 23 key health care providers (HCPs), including general practitioners (GPs), child and family health nurses (CHN), psychologists and psychiatrists, perinatal mental health co-ordinators and music therapists. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 women who had been clinically diagnosed with PND, who were identified through media campaigns, advertisements, or purposive snowball sampling. All interviews were analysed using thematic analysis via NVivo v10.0 software.
The study provides insights into the everyday experiences of women with PND, the perspectives of HCPs within rural settings, and how these factors impact service access, acceptance, and utilisation. It was shown that there is an augmentation in current health care services due to reduced funding across the health care sector. In addition, there is poor recognition and diagnosis of PND among HCPs; and, due to the stigma of mental illness, and specifically, PND, women have a tendency to fabricate the truth about coping in order to reduce further intrusion from HCPs. While current treatments for PND emphasise the use of medication; women in the study seek to avoid medication in favour of psychological and complementary therapies, such as music, to cope. However, there are various barriers to accessing these complementary treatments.
The research discusses the complexities of obtaining a diagnosis and receiving subsequent treatment for PND in rural and remote Tasmania. The study delivers insight into various service provision issues, while offering an understanding of the needs, desires and challenges encountered by women with PND as well as the HCPs who strive to care for these women. Improvements to current PND health care processes and treatments are also suggested from both the women as well as the HCPs. Although music was recognised as a complementary treatment, current services require further training and development centred on improved education, screening, and diagnosis of PND to make music therapy a viable option.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of training on educational staff attitudes, sentiments, concerns and efficacy in providing support for children with Autism in mainstream settings.

Design/methodology/approach
The investigation adopted a pre-test/post-test, quasi-experimental, within-subject research design. In total, 35 early years educators, teachers and pupil support assistants from one Scottish Local Authority (LA) undertook training delivered by the LA's Communication and Language Outreach Service. Measures included the Sentiments, Attitudes, and Concerns about Inclusive Education Revised (SACIE-R) scale and the teacher efficacy for inclusive practices (TEIP) scale pre and post-training. Post-training participants completed a questionnaire employing open and closed questions to assess perceived usefulness of training, application of knowledge and effectiveness of the teaching strategies.

Findings
Combining data from the three sectors there was a significant change in staff efficacy for inclusive practices (z=−3.406, p=0.001, p<0.05, with a medium effect size r=0.41) although there were differences between the sectors. There was a significant change in SACIE-R total scores (z=−3.945, p=0.000, p<0.05; with a medium effect size r=0.47), sentiments (z=−2.763, p=0.006, p<0.05; with a medium effect size r=0.33) and concerns (z=−3.685, p=0.000, p<0.05; with a medium effect size of r=0.44) subscale scores for the combined sector data. There was no significant change in the attitudes subscale scores for the combined sector data (z=−1.106, p=2.69, p>0.05; with a small effect size r=0.13) although there were differences between the sectors.

Research limitations/implications
Limitations include: small sample size, minor differences in the training in different sectors, purposeful sampling, use of questionnaire post-training, variability of completion of SCAIE-R and TEIP post-training.

Originality/value
There appears to be limited research into inclusive practices for children with Autism in the UK context, which this study aims to address.


Taxonomies are essential in science. By classifying objects or phenomena, they facilitate understanding and decision making. In this paper, we focus on the development of taxonomies for complex emerging technologies. This development raises specific challenges. More specifically, complex emerging technologies are often at the intersection of several areas, and the conceptual body of knowledge about them is often just emerging, hence the key role of empirical sources of information in taxonomy building. One particular issue is deciding when enough sources have been examined. In this paper, we use Nickerson et al's methodology for taxonomy development. Based on the identified limitations of this method, we extend it for the development of taxonomies for complex emerging technologies. We identify three types of information sources for taxonomies, and present a set of guidelines for selecting the sources, drawing on systematic literature review. The taxonomy development process iteratively examines sources, performing operations on taxonomies (e.g. addition of a dimension, splitting of a dimension…) as required to take new information into account. We characterize operations on taxonomies. We use this characterization, along with the typology of sources, to help decide when the process of source examination may be stopped. We illustrate our extension of Nickerson et al's method to the development of a taxonomy for business intelligence and analytics on the cloud.


ABSTRACT  Countering the "mystique" of finance as abstract and disembedding, in this article I approach the financial market from the site of investment banking corporate culture to concretize large-scale processes and access its effects in the world. By investigating Wall Street investment banks' role in two pivotal socioeconomic phenomena—rampant downsizings throughout "corporate America" and the financial bubble and bust of 2001—I explore whether financial crises and corporate downsizing can be better understood via Wall Street's quotidian practices. I draw theoretical inspiration from the figure of the downsized investment banker, who embodies and connects Wall Street's rationales for downsizing as well as "the effects." Although shareholder value and externalized market justifications are Wall Street's models for understanding downsizing, I move beyond these dominant assumptions, demonstrating that bankers' own work experiences, market temporalities, and organizational culture serve as an incisive model to explain Wall Street's role in downsizing and financial crisis. [Keywords: Wall Street, corporate downsizing, financial markets, shareholder value, organizational culture]


The chemical composition and antioxidant activity (in aqueous and solvent extracts) of Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) were determined. The antioxidant components analysed were polyphenols, vitamin C, β carotene, flavonoids and tannins. Antioxidant assays such as free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and total antioxidant activity were carried out for ethanol, methanol, acetone, 80% methanol and 80% ethanolic extracts. Protein and fat of sample were 5.08 and 3.72/100 g respectively. Ash, minerals namely iron, calcium, phosphorous, zinc, copper, chromium and manganese) and vitamin C were 3.85 (g), 8.0 (mg), 88.4 (mg), 174 (mg), 0.92 (mg), 0.545 (mg), 70 (µg), 9.13 (mg) and 9.33 (mg) per 100 g of sample, respectively. Antioxidant components (polyphenols, flavonoids and total tannin) were higher in hot water (100°C) extract than other solvent extracts and 30°C water extract. Antioxidant activity by 3 different methods showed higher activity in solvent extract than water extract. Order of antioxidant activity by reducing power and free radical scavenging activity by DPPH was as follows, 80% methanolic > 80% ethanolic > methanolic > ethanolic > 30°C water >100°C water > acetonic extract.

 Key words: Flavonoids, medicinal plant, polyphenol, spice, tannin.


Background: Asthma in childhood is a major public health issue. Objective: To estimate prevalence and associated housing environment factors of asthma among school children. Material & Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study among school children aged six to fifteen years. Standard ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children) Core Questionnaire for Asthma was used for determining the prevalence of wheezing and asthma. Demographic, housing and indoor pollution factors were collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 15. Results: Prevalence of 'wheeze ever' and 'current wheezers' was 10% and 9% respectively.  Physician diagnosed asthma was seen in 6.3 %. Severe asthma was noted in 28.6% of current wheezerswith 84.6% and 8.8% having one to two and four to 12 wheezing attacks per year respectively. Wheezing was present post exercise in 5.4%, nocturnal cough in 6.1%, sleep disturbance less than one night/week (40.7%), one or more nights/week (3.3%) and wheezing limiting speech to few words between breaths (20.9%). Prevalence was greater among boys (9.8%) than girls (7.5%) and maximal in age group eight to nine years. On multiple logistic regression presence of overcrowding and absence of smoke outlet were significantly associated with current wheeze. Socio-economic status, beedi rolling practices and absence of separate kitchen was statistically significant with severe asthma. Conclusions: Current wheezer prevalence was9% and more in boys. Adoption of improved housing conditions and avoiding environmental tobacco exposure may aid in reducing childhood asthma attacks in this developing city.


We describe a method for permeabilizing and extracting cells that preserves both structure and function whilst allowing the cell derivatives to be handled freely. Cells are encapsulated in microbeads of agarose; the coat of agarose, which is freely permeable to small molecules, forms a protective layer around fragile cell constituents. Cells are then permeabilized by the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 or antibody and complement in a buffer whose ionic composition mimics that of the cytoplasm. The resulting structures have been characterized morphologically (by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy) and biochemically. Lysis with Triton removes both cell and nuclear membranes, and extracts most of the cytoplasm to leave chromatin surrounded by cytoskeleton; nucleus and cytoplasm then become accessible to triphosphates, enzymes and antibodies. Lysis with complement permeabilizes the cell membrane but leaves the nuclear membrane intact; triphosphates and restriction enzymes, but not antibodies, can then enter both nucleus and cytoplasm. Both types of lysis yield preparations whose chromatin template remains essentially intact, and which is replicated and transcribed at rates close to, or greater than, those found in vivo. Treatment of complement-lysed cells with Triton reduces the very efficient DNA synthesis, implying that the nuclear membrane is involved, directly or indirectly, in replication.


In mouse somatosensory cortex there are discrete cytoarchitectonic units, called "barrels." Each barrel is related to one sensory vibrissa on the muzzle. Individual vibrissae were carefully injured at birth; 12 to 43 days later, the corresponding barrels proved to be absent. Evidently the sensory periphery has an important influence on the structure of the somatosensory cortex.


Progress towards a world where all can enjoy optimal health and health care is crucially dependent on all kinds of research including research involving humans. Involving humans in medical research is necessary to improve the knowledge base on which medicine should be based. At the same time, individuals participating in health-related research have individual human rights and have a right to be protected against the risks that research may bring to them. The tension between these two considerations has led the medical community to endorse ethical guidelines for health-related research. Research Ethics Committees can use these guidelines to evaluate whether a given research protocol is ethically acceptable or not. -- In the late 1970s, CIOMS set out, in cooperation with WHO, to prepare guidelines to indicate how the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association, could be effectively applied, particularly in low-resource settings, given their socio-economic circumstances, laws and regulations, and executive and administrative arrangements. Since then, revised editions of the CIOMS ethical guidelines were published in 1993 and 2002. New developments in research prompted CIOMS to again revise their ethical guidelines. The result is available in this publication. -- In the 2016 version of the ethical Guidelines, CIOMS provides answers to a number of pressing issues in research ethics. The Council does so by stressing the need for research having scientific and social value, by providing special guidelines for health-related research in low-resource settings, by detailing the provisions for involving vulnerable groups in research and for describing under what conditions biological samples and health-related data can be used for research. In providing this revised version, CIOMS hopes to ensure that the ethical Guidelines remain a living document that provides reasoned conditions for research in order to meet the challenges of modern research.


Structures that demonstrate nonclassicality are of foundational interest in quantum mechanics, and can also be seen as resources for numerous applications in quantum information processing - particularly in the Hilbert space of $N$ qubits. The theory of entanglement, quantum contextuality, and quantum nonlocality within the $N$-qubit Pauli group is further developed in this thesis. The Strong Kochen-Specker theorem and the structures that prove it are introduced and explored in detail. The pattern of connections between structures that show entanglement, contextuality, and nonlocality is explained. Computational search algorithms and related tools were developed and used to perform complete searches for minimal nonclassical structures within the $N$-qubit Pauli group up to values of $N$ limited by our computational resources. Our results are surveyed and prescriptions are given for using the elementary nonclassical structures we have found to construct more complex types of such structures. Families of nonclassical structures are presented for all values of $N$, including the most compact family of projector-based parity proofs of the Kochen-Specker theorem yet discovered in all dimensions of the form $2^N$, where $N\geq2$. The applications of our results and their connection with other work is also discussed.


The determinant and rank criteria used for space-time code design apply at high SNR. Code design metrics developed for low SNR assume a channel autocorrelation matrix with equal eigenvalues, which does not hold in many practical scenarios. This paper shows that a space-time code designed to ensure full diversity at high SNR can suffer significant degradation when implemented at low-to-medium SNR because of the channel autocorrelation profile. We examine the effect of the channel autocorrelation matrix on a space-time code's performance and discuss how knowledge of this matrix can be used for code design, particularly from the aspect of space-time trellis code minimum memory requirements. Our discussion applies to both flat-fading and frequency-selective channels that are treated in a unified manner.


This study quantifies the response of the clouds and the radiative budget of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) to the poleward shift in the tropospheric circulation induced by the development of the Antarctic ozone hole. Single forcing climate model integrations, in which only stratospheric ozone depletion is specified, indicate that (1) high‐level and midlevel clouds closely follow the poleward shift in the SH midlatitude jet and that (2) low‐level clouds decrease across most of the Southern Ocean. Similar cloud anomalies are found in satellite observations during periods when the jet is anomalously poleward. The hemispheric annual mean radiation response to the cloud anomalies is calculated to be approximately +0.25 W m−2, arising largely from the reduction of the total cloud fraction at SH midlatitudes during austral summer. While these dynamically induced cloud and radiation anomalies are considerable and are supported by observational evidence, quantitative uncertainties remain from model biases in mean‐state cloud‐radiative processes.


The shipping industry is facing a major challenge. Current and future emission requirements result in considerably increased operating costs. Studies have shown that it is a large potential to reduce the ship operating costs by energy effectivisation. The focus has naturally been on systems with major energy losses, such as combustion engines, propulsion and hull friction.A passenger ship like Stena Danica with a big climate controlled accommodation could be expected to have major heat losses. By calculating transmission losses from walls, ceilings, window sections, and the energy losses by ventilation, a general view of how heat losses are distributed has been established. The primary goal is to gather information that could be useful in further energy improvements.Due to lack of information and deficiently measured data have several assumptions and simplifications been made. Despite this, the calculations can be considered as indicative. The results indicated that about 50 percent of the energy losses occur by ventilation and the remaining consists of transmission losses in windows sections and climate shell, (About 25% each). The focus in the calculations has been to estimate the accommodations heating demand. Energy improvements that reduce the heating demand will reduce the cooling demand as well. This may be a greater incentive for measures as the air conditioning system are powered with higher energy quality; electricity. Besides shore power the electricity is mainly generated by diesel generators. The energy used for heating is mainly produced by waste heat or is supplied by shoreside district heating.Upgrading the ventilation systems are considered to be the most economic method to reduce the heat losses in the accommodation area. The ship's ventilation systems lack any type of demand control, this causes excessive energy losses as the ventilation demand vary greatly regarding to time of the day and numbers of passengers.The ship has a large amount of single pane windows that also contributes to large energy losses. To upgrade or replace these are considered to be more economic than to improve the insulation on the rest of the climate shell as it doesn't affect the interior to the same extent. The latter may be worth considering in case of a major renovation of the vessel.


The contribution made to the propagation of a Gaussian beam by the spherical aberrations introduced by the lens used to focus the beam into the test sample is considered as a possible explanation of the multivestige structure observed in laser-induced damage of transparent materials. The paraxial approximation for the wave equation is used to determine the intensity of the beam on the beam axis when the aberrations are present. The inclusion of spherical aberrations modifies the form expected for a diffraction-limited Gaussian beam, shifting the main peak in intensity away from the focus and suppressing it. More importantly, oscillations are introduced in the intensity prior to (past) the focus when the spherical aberrations focus off-axis rays prior to (past) the geometrical focus. Although the spatial arrangement of the peaks in the intensity appears consistent with some of the experimental results for the vestige structure, the spacing between peaks does not correspond to the observed spacing between damage sites. These findings and other possible explanations of the vestige structure are considered critically.


Analysing the spatio-temporal distribution of protistan microplankton has faced both conceptual and technical difficulties. How- ever, recognition of a need to study planktonic patchiness, application of a major geology-based methodology (geostatistics) to ecology, and advances in computational technologies have widened the interest in this topic and made it more assessable. This review provides method- ological and conceptual guidance on the application of geostatistics to microplankton analysis, using ciliates as example model organisms. Applying geostatistical analysis (and complementary methodologies) to the distribution of ciliate and phytoplankton reveals that attributes of their populations and assemblages (e.g. abundance, biomass, production, diversity) are patchily distributed at multiple spatial-scales in different aquatic environments, and these change over time. Data examined from several environments and scales exhibit distinct patterns of patches regarding their shape, density, and structure; these data can then be used to suggest a behavioural niche-separation of ciliates and the influence of patchiness on the rate processes of food webs. Throughout the review, basic guidance is provided for interpreting where, when, and why planktonic ciliate are so distributed, and directions for work on patchiness is offered, including a guide to the main literature on the topic. This should, therefore, be a useful stepping-stone for researchers interested in the impact of patchiness on protistan ecology, regardless of the environment.


This article presents an innovative approach to EU fundamental rights protection against the Member States. It draws on recent studies which have shown that the fundamental rights situation in a number of Member States is an increasing cause for concern, particularly with respect to media freedom. However, while the Union intensely scrutinizes the fundamental rights situations in candidate countries, there is scant action so far in case of serious problems in the Member States. Although the latter are comprehensively committed to "respect for human rights" according to Art 2 TEU and subject to the enforcement mechanism foreseen by Art 7 TEU this has proven to be of very limited practical impact. Therefore, the article suggests opening up "respect for human rights" for individual legal actions via Union citizenship. Its starting point is the recent jurisprudential development of the "substance" of Union citizenship in Ruiz Zambrano. This substance can and should basically be defined with reference to the essence of fundamental rights enshrined in Article 2 TEU. To put this into practice the article suggests a reverse Solange-doctrine, applied by the ECJ towards the Member States: outside the scope of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights the Member States remain autonomous in fundamental rights protection as long as it can be presumed that they ensure the essence of fundamental rights enshrined in Article 2 TEU. However, should this presumption be rebutted, the "substance" of Union citizenship - within the meaning of Ruiz Zambrano - comes into play. On this basis Union citizens can seek redress before national courts and the ECJ.


This article argues that unchecked multiplication of regional trading blocs seriously fragments world trade, and simultaneously debilitates the multilateral trading system. It endeavors to overcome some of shortcomings of existing literature in this field, such as sector-specific approach and concentration on economic analysis. It attempts to offer holistic, normative diagnosis and prescription anchored by the trade, regulatory, and development objective of the global trading system represented by the WTO. From such a telic standpoint, the article highlights teleological failures caused by regionalist fragmentation and proposes both institutional and judicial means to defragment world trade. The article warns that such regionalist fragmentation is trade diverting, rather than trade creating, and tends to hijack the multilateral trade negotiations under the WTO, thereby depriving the current Doha Round of its deserved attention and confidence - possibly even torpedoing the Round entirely. It concludes that to defragment world trade, regional trading blocs should be re-configured to conform to a federalistic order in the constitutional terrain of the multilateral trading system through two multilateralizing solutions - one institutional and one judicial.