In July 2016, Turkey was shaken by a bloody coup attempt. Although the would-be putschists failed, their insurgency led to an unprecedented reshuffling of Turkey's political economic and socio-cultural landscapes. Notwithstanding the critical reverberations on the army, judiciary, law enforcement and civil society, the abortive coup set in motion a massive purge of civil servants, closure of media outlets, arrests of journalists, and blocking of websites and social media accounts. This report offers an examination of the evolution of internet policy in Turkey from the early 2000s to the post-coup conjuncture. It begins with an overview of internet legislation in Turkey during the 2000s under the AKP government (Justice and Development Party), and proceeds to discuss the deployment of different forms of control between 2013-2016 to contain the fallout from political and security crises and the potentially disruptive affordances of social media platforms. The report then focuses on the emerging policy developments and online restrictions in the aftermath of the coup attempt, which include 1) the closure of the TIB—Turkey's telecommunications authority, 2) direct government control of ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and interception of digital communications by way of decree laws, 3) facilitation of social media censorship by means of Twitter, Facebook and YouTube content removals and 4) coordinated online harassment campaigns by pro-government users against alleged coup planners, Kurdish activists and government critics in general.


Most researchers in the science of the origin of life assume that the process of living is nothing but computation in the chemical domain, i.e. information processing of a genetic code. This has had the effect of restricting research to the problem of stability, as epitomized by the concept of the hypercycle and its potential vulnerability against parasites. Stability is typically assumed to be ensured by a rigid compartment, but spatial self-structuring is a viable alternative. We further develop this alternative by proposing that some instability can actually be beneficial under certain conditions. We show that instability can lead to adaptive behavior even in the case of simple prebiotic reaction-diffusion systems. We demonstrate for the first time that a parasitic sidereaction on the metabolic level can lead to self-motility on the behavioral level of the chemical system as a whole. Moreover, self-motility entails advantages on an evolutionary level, thus constituting a symbiotic, behavior-based hypercycle. We relate this novel finding to several issues in the science of the origin of life, and conclude that more attention should be given to the possibility of a movement-first scenario.


Discusses the role of women in management in the Nigerian Civil Service (NCS). The number of men in management in the NCS far exceeds the number of women. Women also function in a Nigerian society permeated by gender stereotypes. Tries to answer the question: "Why is a woman less likely to become a senior manager in the NCS?" Data were gathered from a selection of male and female managers who have the required experience and knowledge of women issues. The findings show that the debate about women's roles as managers has prompted a reassessment of the traditional negative stereotype of women as managers. Although women are being given some managerial opportunities, they are severely discriminated against. Thus the range of opportunities available to women is limited and the prospect of a woman being a senior manager is less favourable than for a man. Concludes that women are likely to bring a distinct style of management to the service and the NCS would benefit from more integration of women managers.


Changes in cell behavior often involve coordinating multiple intracellular signals. For example, phosphoinositides and the Arf and Rho families of small GTP-binding proteins elicit changes in the cell membrane and cytoskeleton that are associated with cell motility, but it is unclear how these signals are integrated to elicit a specific response. Mirua et al. and Krugmann et al. have identified a family of proteins called ARAPs, named after an unusual domain structure that suggests potential signal integration: an Arf GAP domain, a Rho GAP domain, and five PH domains. ARAP1 was localized to the Golgi complex; ARAP3 was largely cytosolic. Arf GAP activity depended on PtsIns(3,4,5)P3. When overexpressed in cells, ARAP1 induced reorganization of the Golgi complex and stimulated filopodia formation. The RhoGAP domain of ARAP1 induced cell rounding and loss of stress fibers. ARAP3 overexpression caused a reduction in filamentous actin, and it altered the normal lamellipodia and membrane-ruffling response of cells to growth factor treatment. ARAPs may function as nodes in complex signaling networks. S. Krugmann, K. E. Anderson, S. H. Ridley, N. Risso, A. McGregor, J. Coadwell, K. Davidson, A. Eguinoa, C. D. Ellson, P. Lipp, M. Manifava, N. Kristakis, G. Painter, J. W. Thuring, M. A. Cooper, Z.-Y. Lim, A. B. Holmes, S. K. Dove, R. H. Michell, A. Grewel, A. Nazarian, H. Erjument-Bromage, P. Tempst, L. R. Stephens, P. T. Hawkins, Identification of ARAP3, a novel PI3K effector regulating both Arf and Rho GTPases, by selective capture on phosphoinositide affinity matrices. Mol. Cell 9, 95-108 (2002). [Online Journal] K. Miura, K. M. Jacques, S. Stauffer, A. Kubosaki, K. Zhu, D. S. Hirsch, J. Resau, Y. Zheng, P. A. Randazzo, ARAP1: A point of convergence for Arf and Rho signalling. Mol. Cell 9, 109-119 (2002). [Online Journal]


overwhelming need to act far more quickly result in a surge of dictatorship ? As Michael Chisholm stated, in his very sensible Introduction to the symposium, &dquo;social management is in its infancy.&dquo; A further neglected area of possibility is the climatic one in relation to food production. A decade of coincident drought in North America and India could produce famine on a scale unprecedented. This is an admirable volume, and I hope that Professor Meade's contribution may receive a much wider circulation in addition. G. C. L. BERTRAM


How adipocytes contribute to the physiological control of stem cells is a critical question towards understanding the link between obesity and multiple diseases, including cancers. Previous studies have revealed that adult stem cells are influenced by whole-body physiology through multiple diet-dependent factors. For example, nutrient-dependent pathways acting within the Drosophila ovary control the number and proliferation of germline stem cells (GSCs). The potential role of nutrient sensing by adipocytes in modulating stem cells in other organs, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that amino acid sensing by adult adipocytes specifically modulates the maintenance of GSCs through a Target of Rapamycin-independent mechanism. Instead, reduced amino acid levels and the consequent increase in uncoupled tRNAs trigger activation of the GCN2-dependent amino acid response pathway within adipocytes, causing increased rates of GSC loss. These studies reveal a new step in adipocyte-stem cell crosstalk.


The problem of designing robust systems for detecting constant signals in the presence of weakly dependent noise with uncertain statistics is considered. As in Part I of this study, which treated optimum detection in weakly dependent noise, a moving-average representation is used to model the dependence structure of the noise process, with the degree of dependence being parameterized by the averaging weights. Weak dependence is then modeled as the situation in which quantities depending to second or higher order on the averaging weights can be considered to be negligible. Uncertainty in the noise statistics is introduced within this framework by allowing a general type of uncertainty in the univariate statistics of the independent sequence that drives the moving average. To find robust detectors for signals in this type of weakly dependent noise environment, related results concerning robust location estimation in an analogous dependent situation are applied to modify a robust detection system for the corresponding independent-noise case. It is argued here that a robust detector for this dependent noise model is characterized by a least favorable noise distribution which coincides with the distribution that is least favorable for the corresponding independent-noise case. However, the resulting detector design for dependent noise differs from that for independent noise; in particular, the robust detector for dependent noise is based on a linearly corrected version of the influence curve that defines the independent-noise robust detector. The worst-case performance of the proposed robust detector relative to that of the independent-noise robust detector is also analyzed, with the conclusion that the performance of the proposed technique is better, to first order in the averaging weights, in this respect. A modification of this robust detector is also proposed which eliminates some practical disadvantages of this system while retaining equivalent performance to first order. The specific situation of contaminated Gaussian noise is treated in order to illustrate the analysis.


Of all the possible micropropagation techniques, it is widely accepted that vegetative propagation by somatic embryogenesis is by far the most promising for rapid, large-scale dissemination of elite individuals. Yet, to date, examples of somatic embryogenesis processes applied on an industrial scale are very few and far between. There are many complications. They usually involve a major genotypic effect, particularly for obtaining embryogenic tissues, or are related to the quality of regenerated somatic embryos, the incidence of somaclonal variations and, more generally, a lack of reproducibility and efficiency at certain stages of the process, leading to production costs that prove prohibitive. Research on coffee somatic embryogenesis began at the end of the 1970s at various institutes, including CIRAD. Between 1995 and 2001, CIRAD moved the technique forward from a research laboratory scale to a technique enabling industrial dissemination of extremely promising Coffea arabica F1 hybrids. Over that period, two technological innovations made technology transfer economically feasible: mass production of somatic embryos in temporary immersion bioreactors and the possibility of sowing them directly in the nursery. At the same time, reassuring data were obtained on the genetic conformity of regenerated plants (somaclonal variation frequency < 3%). In 2002, in partnership with the ECOM group, CIRAD decided to transfer the somatic embryogenesis method on an industrial scale for the dissemination in Central America of four Arabica hybrid clones, selected for agroforestry-based farming systems. This article describes the different stages and the difficulties overcome up to successful technological transfer in 2010, and one of the very first examples of somatic embryogenesis technology applied on a commercial scale. (Resume d'auteur)


Background:Considering huge burden of RTI across community based study settings- either iatrogenic or endogenous and not necessarily sexually transmitted, menstrual hygiene practices by reproductive age group women have documented evidence of being a key determinant/ predictor of RTI and bear causal association with key Socio-demographic attributes. This is more so in view of vulnerability to health risk, access to treatment and reduced economical choice for a marginal & disadvantaged population like the 'in-migrants/itinerants. Objectives: 1. To study menstrual hygiene practices of ever-married 'in-migrant' women from Dehradun as a key determinant of reproductive health needs. 2. To establish causal association between menstrual hygiene practices and (i) key socio-demographic attributes & (ii) RTI. Methodology: An observational (cross-sectional) study was designed with a probability sample from 5033 ever-married women from 06 'make-shift settlements'/slums along immediate precincts i.e 50 meters into the mainland from the banks of rivers 'Chandrabhaga', 'Ganga', 'Song' and 'Rispana'- all in the district of Dehradun. Result& Conclusion: The present study findings revealed that as key determinant of reproductive health needs, menstrual hygiene practices of the study population bore significant statistical association with their (i) literacy status or education (ii) religion (iii) key reproductive tract infection symptoms and (iv) socio-economic status. The findings reinforced the felt need to address knowledge, attitude and practices of the disadvantaged study population by appropriate behaviour change communication, build community & provider capacity and strategies to deliver services at such resource - poor setting keeping in view the four A's of primary health care.


The problem of security against timing based traffic analysis in multihop networks is considered in this work. In particular, the relationship between the level of anonymity provided and the quality of service, as measured by network latency, is analyzed theoretically. Using an information theoretic measure of anonymity of routes in eavesdropped networks is considered, and packet scheduling strategies are designed to guarantee any desired level of anonymity. In particular, for individual relays, scheduling strategies based on mixing are designed so that the incoming and outgoing transmission epochs do not reveal any information. The proposed strategies utilize a limited fraction of dummy transmissions, and a significant reduction in packet latency at individual relays is demonstrated analytically for Poisson distributed arrivals. To minimize overall network latency, a randomized selection strategy is considered to choose the set of relays that use the designed scheduling strategies. The random selection is optimized for the desired level of anonymity using a well known distortion rate optimization in information theory. The tradeoff between overall network latency and anonymity in the network is characterized for centralized and decentralized scheduling strategies.


Safety related-systems are subject to periodic proof testing, and it is often assumed that the proof test is perfect. In recent years, partial proof testing has been introduced in order to improve the system's reliability, and partial proof testing is often referred as imperfect proof testing. In this master's thesis we show that partial proof testing is different from imperfect proof testing, and, a mathematical model for modelling the effect of both partial and imperfect proof testing is proposed. In addition to imperfect and partial proof tests, the system can also be subject to proof testing with short test intervals (intervals in the order of two or three weeks). In theory, a system that is subject to short test intervals is highly reliable, however, there are some factors like (i)human errors that are introduced during proof testing, and (ii)wear, that impact the system's reliability. We present and discuss the major contributors to the \emph{unreliability} of a system, which is often known as the system's unavailability. In this master's thesis we study four reliability assessment methods for estimating the probability of failure on Demand, $\textrm{PFD}_\textrm{avg}$ of safety-related systems that are subject to partial and imperfect proof testing. In addition, the effects of short test intervals are also studied. Additional factors that contribute to high reliability of a system during the system's life cycle are discussed and highlighted. A Workover Control System functions as a safety barrier during workover and intervention operations for subsea production wells. In addition to partial and imperfect proof testing, this type of system is also subject to proof testing with short test intervals. This system is used as a case study to illustrate the use of the proposed model and to discuss the effects partial and imperfect proof testing.


Routing attacks remain practically effective in the Internet today as existing countermeasures either fail to provide protection guarantees or are not easily deployable. Blockchain systems are particularly vulnerable to such attacks as they rely on Internet-wide communication to reach consensus. In particular, Bitcoin -the most widely-used cryptocurrency- can be split in half by any AS-level adversary using BGP hijacking. In this paper, we present SABRE, a secure and scalable Bitcoin relay network which relays blocks worldwide through a set of connections that are resilient to routing attacks. SABRE runs alongside the existing peer-to-peer network and is easily deployable. As a critical system, SABRE design is highly resilient and can efficiently handle high bandwidth loads, including Denial of Service attacks. We built SABRE around two key technical insights. First, we leverage fundamental properties of inter-domain routing (BGP) policies to host relay nodes: (i) in locations that are inherently protected against routing attacks; and (ii) on paths that are economically preferred by the majority of Bitcoin clients. These properties are generic and can be used to protect other Blockchain-based systems. Second, we leverage the fact that relaying blocks is communication-heavy, not computation-heavy. This enables us to offload most of the relay operations to programmable network hardware (using the P4 programming language). Thanks to this hardware/software co-design, SABRE nodes operate seamlessly under high load while mitigating the effects of malicious clients. We present a complete implementation of SABRE together with an extensive evaluation. Our results demonstrate that SABRE is effective at securing Bitcoin against routing attacks, even with deployments as small as 6 nodes.


Intact cats and humans respond to support surface perturbations with broadly tuned, directionally sensitive muscle activation. These muscle responses are further sensitive to initial stance widths (distance between feet) and perturbation velocity. The sensory origins driving these responses are not known, and conflicting hypotheses are prevalent in the literature. We hypothesize that the direction-, stance-width-, and velocity-sensitive muscle response during support surface perturbations is driven largely by rapid autogenic proprioceptive pathways. The primary objective of this study was to obtain direct evidence for our hypothesis by establishing that muscle spindle receptors in the intact limb can provide appropriate information to drive the muscle response to whole body postural perturbations. Our second objective was to determine if spindle recordings from the intact limb generate the heightened sensitivity to small perturbations that has been reported in isolated muscle experiments. Maintenance of this heightened sensitivity would indicate that muscle spindles are highly proficient at detecting even small disturbances, suggesting they can provide efficient feedback about changing postural conditions. We performed intraaxonal recordings from muscle spindles in anesthetized cats during horizontal, hindlimb perturbations. We indeed found that muscle spindle afferents in the intact limb generate broadly tuned but directionally sensitive activation patterns. These afferents were also sensitive to initial stance widths and perturbation velocities. Finally, we found that afferents in the intact limb have heightened sensitivity to small perturbations. We conclude that muscle spindle afferents provide an array of important information about biomechanics and perturbation characteristics highlighting their potential importance in generating appropriate muscular response during a postural disturbance.


Abstract We simulated snow processes in a forested region with heavy snowfall in Japan, and evaluated both the regional-scale snow distribution and the potential impact of land-use changes on the snow cover and water balances over the entire domain. SnowModel reproduced the snow processes at open and forested sites, which were confirmed by snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements at two intensive observation sites and snow depth measurements at the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System sites. SnowModel also reproduced the observed snow distribution (from the MODIS snow cover data) over the simulation domain during thaw. The observed SWE was less at the forested site than at the open site. The SnowModel simulations showed that this difference was caused mainly by differences in sublimation. The type of land use changed the maximum SWE, onset and duration of snowmelt, and the daily snowmelt rate due to canopy snow interception. Citation Suzuki, K., Kodama, Y., Nakai, T., Liston, G. E., Yamamoto, K., Ohata, T., Ishii, Y., Sumida, A., Hara, T. & Ohta, T. (2011) Impact of land-use changes in a forested region with heavy snowfall in Hokkaido, Japan. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(3), 443–467.


Out of the Air New-particle formation from gaseous precursors in the atmosphere is a complex and poorly understood process with importance in atmospheric chemistry and climate. Laboratory studies have had trouble reproducing the particle formation rates that must occur in the natural world. Riccobono et al. (p. 717) used the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN to recreate a realistic atmospheric environment. Sulfuric acid and oxidized organic vapors in typical natural concentrations caused particle nucleation at similar rates to those observed in the lower atmosphere. Experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN reproduce particle nucleation rates observed in the lower atmosphere. Atmospheric new-particle formation affects climate and is one of the least understood atmospheric aerosol processes. The complexity and variability of the atmosphere has hindered elucidation of the fundamental mechanism of new-particle formation from gaseous precursors. We show, in experiments performed with the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN, that sulfuric acid and oxidized organic vapors at atmospheric concentrations reproduce particle nucleation rates observed in the lower atmosphere. The experiments reveal a nucleation mechanism involving the formation of clusters containing sulfuric acid and oxidized organic molecules from the very first step. Inclusion of this mechanism in a global aerosol model yields a photochemically and biologically driven seasonal cycle of particle concentrations in the continental boundary layer, in good agreement with observations.


Recent advances in various wireless communication technologies and the emergence of computationally rich vehicles are pushing vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) research to the forefront in academia and industry. A lot of research results have been published in various areas (such as routing, broadcasting, security and others) of VANET in the last decade covering both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. One specific area of VANET that still faces significant challenges is the design of reliable and robust media access control (MAC) protocols for V2V communications. The authors present a survey of V2V MAC methods (including various VANET standards) that have been proposed for VANETs over the last few years. The authors also focus on the benefits and limitations of the proposed MAC techniques as well as their ease of implementation in practice and future deployment. In addition some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to enable the implementation of highly efficient and high performance MAC protocols for V2V communications are discussed. Finally, some innovative solutions that can be developed to address these challenges are proposed.


'Sonata' and 'Figaro' are two new Junebearers from the breeding programme of Fresh Forward, The Netherlands. Runner plantlets of both cultivars were transplanted in trays outdoors on 15 July 2006. On 23 November 2006, after receiving 436 chill units in the field, the trayplants were put into cold storage at -1.5°C. After receiving additional chilling up to respectively 1093, 1254, 1414, 1575 and 1735 chill units, the plants were transferred to a heated greenhouse for spring production. Petiole and inflorescences lengths were greatest with the highest chilling amount for both varieties. For cv. 'Sonata' the percentage of misshaped fruit decreased with longer chilling duration. However, a chill requirement of 1575 chill units was considered optimum in relation to yield and vegetative development for 'Sonata'. According to this preliminary trial it appeared that cv. 'Figaro' had a much lower chilling optimum. The length of petioles and inflorescences were saturated with 1575 chill units, which is much more chilling than needed for maximum fruit production. The highest total yield was achieved with 1093 chill units. Fruit quality in the main season was superior with the 1254 and 1414 chill unit treatments. 'Figaro' plants subjected to an excessive amount of chilling were more vigorous and the fruit production was decreased and delayed. With low chill, 'Figaro' was characterized by a reblooming period which resulted in a second harvest period from early June to early July.


Abstract. In this study, the speech of a Wernicke aphasic is analyzed in terms of sound change and not with reference to models of language production. The speech of aphasic patients is characterized by numerous grammatical aberrations. Moreover, the patient TeeBee, whose speech is under consideration, produced a lot of phonemic aberrations. The aberrant phones in the words, and the words as a whole, are considered here not to be "just paraphasic", but are considered as possible functional elements (PFEs). In this view, the point is made that PFEs, though being deviant from the norm, still carry a great deal of semiotic value for the hearer. It will be shown by the data presented that phonic aberrations move within certain borders, even in this case of highly aberrant speech. The German phonemic system is substituted by a floating phonemic parasystem with considerable instability in all elements. The distinctive value of German phonemes is disordered by the production of low-functional elements. With regard to these findings, some differences between sound change in language history and sound change in aphasic speech are discussed.


Disengagement and disenchantment with the Parliamentary process is an important concern in today's Western democracies. Members of Parliament (MPs) in the UK are therefore seeking new ways to engage with citizens, including being on digital platforms such as Twitter. In recent years, nearly all (579 out of 650) MPs have created Twitter accounts, and have amassed huge followings comparable to a sizable fraction of the country's population. This paper seeks to shed light on this phenomenon by examining the volume and nature of the interaction between MPs and citizens. We find that although there is an information overload on MPs, attention on individual MPs is focused during small time windows when something topical may be happening relating to them. MPs manage their interaction strategically, replying selectively to UKbased citizens and thereby serving in their role as elected representatives, and using retweets to spread their party's message. Most promisingly, we find that Twitter opens up new avenues with substantial volumes of cross-party interaction, between MPs of one party and citizens who support (follow) MPs of other parties.


1Urban areas are predicted to grow significantly in the foreseeable future because of increasing human population growth. Predicting the impact of urban development and expansion on mammal populations is of considerable interest due to possible effects on biodiversity and human-wildlife conflict.
2The British government has recently announced a substantial housing programme to meet the demands of its growing population and changing socio-economic profile. This is likely to result in the construction of high-density, low-cost housing with small residential gardens. To assess the potential effects of this programme, we analysed the factors affecting the current pattern of use of residential gardens by a range of mammal species using a questionnaire distributed in wildlife and gardening magazines and via The Mammal Society.
3Twenty-two species/species groups were recorded. However, the pattern of garden use by individual species was limited, with only six species/species groups (bats, red fox Vulpes vulpes, grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus, mice, voles) recorded as frequent visitors to > 20% of gardens in the survey.
4There was a high degree of association between the variables recorded in the study, such that it was difficult to quantify the effects of individual variables. However, all species/species groups appeared to be negatively affected by the increased fragmentation and reduced proximity of natural and semi-natural habitats, decreasing garden size and garden structure, but to differing degrees. Patterns of garden use were most clearly affected by house location (city, town, village, rural), with garden use declining with increasing urbanization for the majority of species/species groups, except red foxes and grey squirrels. Increasing urbanization is likely to be related to a wide range of interrelated factors, any or all of which may affect a range of mammal species.
5Overall, the probable effects of the planned housing development programme in Britain are not likely to be beneficial to mammal populations, although the pattern of use examined in this study may represent patterns of habitat selection by species rather than differences in distribution or abundance. Consequently, additional data are required on the factors affecting the density of species within urban environments.


The objective of this work is to evaluate the shielding requirements of a SPECT insert for installation in the Siemens Biograph mMR in order to perform simultaneous SPECT/MR imaging of the human brain. We intend to use the radionuclides 99mTc, 123I and 111In. The main photopeaks of these radionuclides have the following energies: 140.5, 159.0, 171.3 and 245.4 keV. There is also about ~3% of emission probability of high energy gamma photons for 123I in the range of 248-784 keV. The main constraints to the design of the gamma shielding are the presence of high energy photons, the weight, the MR compatibility and the PET LSO crystals intrinsic activity. We used GATE to simulate a SPECT acquisition, defining an MRI system with LSO crystals, a partial SPECT ring and a NEMA phantom. We also defined a lead (Pb) base plate (BP) to simulate the support system and three Pb shielding volumes with variable thickness: front and end (FE), back (B), and lateral (L) shield. These volumes reduce interference from out-of-field activity, LSO intrinsic activity and edge effects, respectively. We performed 4 sets of simulations, with variable FE, variable B, variable L and variable BP thickness, respectively, with a NEMA phantom filled with 185 MBq of 123I or 111In. For all simulations, we compared the different energy spectra and count-distribution plots. Results show that a Pb shielding configuration with a thickness of 6 mm-F, 2 mm-E, 3 mm-B, and 5 mm-L is appropriate for the insert. For 123I there is still a high contribution from high energy photons, as the amount of shielding is limited by weight, however this contribution is likely to be overestimated in the simulations as compared to practice. The effect of the LSO intrinsic activity is negligible at the energies of interest.


Personal Development In 1987 The American Psychiatric Association introduced the "Global Functioning" concept as a very basic element and condition in relation to the health and welfare of individuals. The concept was discussed in some detail in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition Revised, 1987). It was the product of 26 advisory committees where the focus was on identifying the major childhood and adolescent behavior disorders and how they affected the productivity and success of individuals. Three national field trials were conducted to help in the development of diagnostic criteria for identifying malfunctioning of individuals. From this research the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) was developed and used as a basic diagnostic factor in relation to the present health and welfare of all individuals. The use of that scale from 1987 (DSM-III-R) to the present day remains a basic element in understanding the health and welfare of individuals around the world. It was retained in the revision of the DSM-III-R for the new DSM-IV (1994). From the Global Functioning Concept researched in DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, we have learned that the personal development of individuals is basic and essential for success in all human endeavors. The Personal Development Test (PDT) The Personal Development Test (Cassel & Chow, 2002) seeks to adapt the global assessment of functioning more specifically to the personal development and maturity of individuals. It is based largely on John Dewey's definition of a democracy the interdependence of independent individuals. The PDT has 200 true/false type items distributed equally in 8 part scores. The first four part scores seek to measure Personal Maturity (call it a subscore), the ability to make a living in an economic-based society, which refers to the "independence" portion of the Dewey definition. The second four part scores measure another subscore called Social Integration_the ability to get along with the widest array of different kinds of people, and it refers to the "interdependence" element of Dewey's definition. The "Confluence Score" seeks to determine if the individual taking the test has actually read and/or understood the items involved. Each one of these eight part scores seeks to spell out the requirements for successful life of an individual (Cassel, 1953, 1954, 1973, 1996, and 1999). These eight part scores are derived directly from the work of Maslow (1954, and 1959), and Rogers (1945, and 1979), the fathers of Third Force Psychology. 1. Self-esteem--An individual's perception of self-worth as well as peers' depicted worth or feelings of importance of self. 2. Coping Skills--Individual's ability to develop and use effective skills needed to complete tasks successfully. 3. Positive Assertiveness--Positive actions that are directed to offensive and defensive strategies for goal attainment. 4. Locus of Control--Full acceptance and belief that personal success is not a matter of 'luck,' but rather personal decision making. 5. Team Membership--An individual's continuous acceptance and actions are always in full agreement with values and practices of own group membership. 6. Sympathy--An individual's continued ability and practice to empathize and feel the pains of all people and animals. 7. Self-efficacy--The full exercise of control through personal expectations with the necessary expansion of actions to complete task successfully. 8. Caring--Whatever happens to one person or animal anywhere in the world is important to all people everywhere. Cognitive Dissonance Second Force Psychology is the theory underlying the use of psychoanlysis throughout the health care facilities of the world today (Taylor, 1962). It derives from the early work of Sigmund Freud in the 1880s where individuals with psychiatric problems has hurts deep in the unconscious which serve to demobilize one's full capacity for work or play. …


Background: Street sweepers play an important role in maintaining the health and hygiene within the cities. This job exposes the street sweepers to a variety of risk factors such as dust, toxins and diesel exhaust pollution, which make them vulnerable to develop certain occupational diseases. Therefore, it was thought necessary to study the morbidity profile in this occupational group. Objectives: To study the prevalence of morbidities among street sweepers and comparison group. Study Design: A cross-sectional study with a comparison group. Study Setting: Nagpur Municipal Corporation, Nagpur. Subjects: The study included two groups: (1) A study group comprising 273 street sweepers. (2) A comparison group comprising 142 class IV workers working in the office buildings of Nagpur Municipal Corporation, Nagpur. Materials and Methods: A pretested proforma was used to record the necessary information such as clinical history, sociodemographic factors, findings of clinical examination and investigations performed. Results and Conclusions: The important morbidities detected among street sweepers were the following: anemia (20.5%), hypertension (9.5%), upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) (7.3%) and chronic bronchitis (5.9%). In the comparison group, important morbidities detected were the following: anemia (20.4%), hypertension (11.3%), hyperacidity (9.9%), URTI (7.0%) and refractive error (7.0%). Chronic bronchitis was detected in two subjects (1.4%) of the comparison group. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was significantly high among street sweepers than that of subjects of the comparison group. Therefore, it is recommended that further studies with a larger sample size be undertaken to identify the factors responsible for higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis among the street sweepers.


Multiple generations of rhizome-connected tillers stabilize soils and produce measurable amounts of herbage on sandy rangeland throughout the world. However, little is known about the dynamics of rhizome development in these clonal plant species. Seasonal relationships between foliar characteristics and rhizomes of prairie sandreed [Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribn.] were examined on sands range sites at 30-day intervals from May through September 1989 and 1990 at the University of Nebraska, Panhandle Experimental Range near Scottsbluff. Quadrats were excavated each year from two, 5 x 5 Latin Square macroplots in each of 2 grazing histories, long-term rest or current-year deferment. Under dry conditions in 1989, a 65% reduction in the length of new rhizomes during July preceded a 64% reduction in live tillers in August. After which, rhizome length and live tiller density were unchanged and mean tiller weight increased during September. When average precipitation occurred in 1990, a 25% reduction in live tillers and concurrent increases in new rhizome length and mean tiller weight occurred during July. Rhizome bud densities increased throughout the growing season at different but predictable rates (R2 greater than or equal to 0.95) for grazing histories, regardless of precipitation. Length of new rhizomes was highly correlated (R2 = 0.91) with live herbage throughout the growing season. Measurable increases in total rhizome length did not occur until live herbage of prairie sandreed exceeded a threshold of about 50 g m(-2). Maximum increase in length of new rhizomes per unit of live herbage was about 10 cm g(-1) near 100 g m(-2). Given its dependence on vegetative reproduction and relatively high palatability to beef cattle, periodic or repeated years of full growing season deferment may be the only reliable method of obtaining measurable increases in prairie sandreed populations. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i2_reece


The micro-porous oblate spherical gun propellants prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) foaming technique exhibit high burning rate due to their porous structures. The morphologies of foamed oblate spherical propellants are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the SEM photos show that there exist massive separated micro pores in the foamed propellants. To investigate the combustion process , both the quenched combustion experiments and closed vessel experiments were carried out in this work. The results of closed vessel experiments show that burning time of foamed propellants is less than that of unfoamed samples, which indicates that the burning rate of foamed propellants is higher than that of the unfoamed samples. The results of quenched combustion experiment show that the burning surface area of foamed oblate spherical propellants is very large. Besides, the separated pores get connected during the burning process, and this increases the burning thickness. It is believed that the large burning surface area and increased burning thickness lead to the high burning rate of the foamed propellants.


Abstract It is now accepted that some human-induced climate change is unavoidable. Potential impacts on water supply have received much attention, but relatively little is known about the concomitant changes in water quality. Projected changes in air temperature and rainfall could affect river flows and, hence, the mobility and dilution of contaminants. Increased water temperatures will affect chemical reaction kinetics and, combined with deteriorations in quality, freshwater ecological status. With increased flows there will be changes in stream power and, hence, sediment loads with the potential to alter the morphology of rivers and the transfer of sediments to lakes, thereby impacting freshwater habitats in both lake and stream systems. This paper reviews such impacts through the lens of UK surface water quality. Widely accepted climate change scenarios suggest more frequent droughts in summer, as well as flash-flooding, leading to uncontrolled discharges from urban areas to receiving water courses and estuaries. Invasion by alien species is highly likely, as is migration of species within the UK adapting to changing temperatures and flow regimes. Lower flows, reduced velocities and, hence, higher water residence times in rivers and lakes will enhance the potential for toxic algal blooms and reduce dissolved oxygen levels. Upland streams could experience increased dissolved organic carbon and colour levels, requiring action at water treatment plants to prevent toxic by-products entering public water supplies. Storms that terminate drought periods will flush nutrients from urban and rural areas or generate acid pulses in acidified upland catchments. Policy responses to climate change, such as the growth of bio-fuels or emission controls, will further impact freshwater quality.


Gene therapy has been widely explored as a pharmacological approach, with a great potential to treat various diseases. Generally, many diseases have definite lesion's site, especially for tumors. This feature results in a great demand on the delivery of therapeutic gene to the local lesion's site. Ultrasound combined with microbubbles provides a promising platform to deliver gene in a spatiotemporally controlled way. Ultrasound beam can be positioned and targeted onto the deepseated lesion's site of diseases by an external mobile transducer. Microbubbles can serve as vehicles for carrying genetic cargo and can be destructed by ultrasound, resulting in the local release of genetic payload. Meanwhile, sonoporation effect will occur upon which the bubbles are exposed to the appropriate ultrasonic energy, producing the transient small holes on the adjacent cell membrane and thus increasing the vascular and cellular permeability. In this chapter, we will review the recent advances about local gene delivery by ultrasound.


AbstractThe objective of this research was to improve the eleventh graders' recount text writing skill. To attain the objective a two-cycled classroom action research was conducted in SMA PSKD 7 Depok. The 28 students of the eleventh graders who participated in this research were taught recount text through mind mapping technique. The quantitative data, collected using tests, were analyzed by using statistical analysis technique. The qualitative data, collected using observation sheets and interview guide, were analyzed by using descriptive analysis technique. The results indicated that the mind mapping technique improved the eleventh graders' recount text writing skill, as shown by the increase of the mean scores of the tests conducted, i.e. 52,61 (in the pretest) to 70.61 ( post-test of cycle 1) to 80.29 (post-test of cycle 2). Based on the findings, it could be concluded that through implementation of mind mapping technique, students' recount text writing skill could improve.

Keywords: Mind mapping technique, writing skill, classroom action research


The capital intensive network industries such as electricity and gas delivery infrastructures exhibit natural monopoly characteristics because of their high economy of scale relative to the size of the market. Due to the absence of direct competition in these regulated industries, infrastructure providers hardly undertake the appropriate level of innovation activities to optimise the operation and continuity of their services; a review is provided to show how different countries support innovation in the network industries. As innovation activities are costly and risky undertakings, a relevant query is how to incentivise innovation through economic regulations. This paper models three generic schemes of innovation promotion: individual incentive contracts, competitive innovation fund and cooperative innovation program. We show how each of these schemes affects the firms' incentives for innovation activities. The results confirm the effectiveness of all three schemes. However, implementing an individual incentive contract is information-intensive, while competitive or cooperative schemes do not require an informed regulator. A comparison is provided between the schemes.


Chemotherapeutics for the treatment of tumorigenic conditions that feature novel modes of action are highly sought after to overcome the limitations of current chemotherapies. Herein, we report the conjugation of the alkylating agent chlorambucil to the RAPTA scaffold, a well-established pharmacophore. While chlorambucil is known to alkylate DNA, the RAPTA complexes are known to coordinate to amino acid side chains of proteins. Therefore, such a molecule combines DNA and protein targeting properties in a single molecule. Several chlorambucil-tethered RAPTA derivatives were prepared and tested for their cytotoxicity, stability in water and reactivity to protein and DNA substrates. The anticancer activity of the complexes is widely driven by the cytotoxicity of the chlorambucil moiety. However, especially in the cisplatin-resistant A2780R cells, the chlorambucil-functionalized RAPTA derivatives are in general more cytotoxic than chlorambucil and also a mixture of chlorambucil and the parent organoruthenium RAPTA compound. In a proof-of-principle experiment, the cross-linking of DNA and protein fragments by a chlorambucil-RAPTA derivative was observed.


A framework is presented that connects managerial decision making to resource building and firm performance. The framework takes a behavioral view of decision making and distinguishes two distinct decision-making processes. First there is the creative conceptualization of new resource configurations that are intended to deliver competitive advantage. Then there is the painstaking development of resources required to implement strategy. We argue that heterogeneity in the resources of rival firms arises from the interplay of these two processes: resource conceptualization and resource development. Heterogeneity spawns performance differences that can be explained ex ante from characteristics of managerial decision-making processes. We illustrate the approach in a simulated decision-making environment representing a highly competitive and dynamically complex industry. Results from repeated simulation experiments conducted with executive and MBA students show vast differences in performance among firms, even when they started with identical resource positions. In a departure from traditional resource-based literature, we explain how these differences stem from path dependent accumulation of resources and spontaneous variety in the way rivals conceptualize resources. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This study analyses the causal factors of fall in Russian farm output focusing on financial determinants. Translog production function is estimated on panel of 17653 large-scale farms for 1996-1998 period using fixed-effects and accounting for inter-regional climate differences. Output elasticities are analysed for sub-samples of crop and animal producing farms. The research findings show that budget transfers to the farms are inefficient and result in taxation of farms. Farms are operating under the soft budget constraints that have to be removed to improve farm production performance.


This paper outlines a rationale and scoring system for the stormwater treatment train assessment tool (STTAT) which is a proposed regulatory tool for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). STTAT provides guidance and regulatory consistency for developers about the requirements of planners and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). The tool balances the risks of pollution to the receiving water-body with the treatment provided in a treatment train. It encourages developers to take SUDS into account early, avoiding any misunderstanding of SUDS requirements at the planning stage of a development. A pessimistic view on pollution risks has been adopted since there may be a change of land use on the development in the future. A realistic view has also been taken of maintenance issues and the 'survivability' of a SUDS component. The rationale for STTAT as a response to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive is explored and the individual scores are given in tabular format for receiving water and catchment risks. Treatment scores are proposed for single SUDS components as well as multiple components within treatment trains. STTAT has been tested on a range of sites, predominantly in Scotland where both development and receiving water information was known. The operational tool in use by SEPA is presented.


Young-of-year (YOY) population dynamics of American shad and blueback herring in Virginia's rivers were examined with an emphasis on variability in growth and mortality rates. In addition, an analysis was conducted to relate juvenile abundance indices of American shad to adult indices to establish a stock-recruitment relationship. To accomplish the stock recruitment relationship, an additional study that examined maturation schedules and inter-annual variability in maturation schedules among stocks was perfromed. Results of population dynamics studies found that growth and mortality rates of American shad and blueback herring varied by river and year.Conspecific abundance was an important factor in predicting size at the end of summer indicating density-dependent regulation of growth. For both species, instantaneous growth was highest at 40 d and decreased by 1 00 d as water temperatures decreased each year. American shad mortality rates increased from 2005 to 2007 with highest rates observed in the James River, while mortality rates for blueback herring had no clear pattern. Large year-classes of A/osa spp. that are smaller in size prior to emigration into the coastal ocean may experience higher mortality rates resulting in recruitment stabilization. Despite the close proximity of four river systems studied, there were persistent differences in growth and mortality rates that support observed trends in year-class strength. High mortality rates observed in the James River support the observation of almost complete recruitment failure of wild American shad in this system. Furthermore, low mortality rates observed in the Rappahannock River are consistent with an increasing trend in recruitment of maturing females, while lower mortality rates and similar growth rates observed in the Mattaponi River compared with the Pamunkey River support long term observations of greater juvenile production of American shad in the Mattaponi River. Young-ofyear blueback herring recruitment in Virginia rivers was an episodic process with multiple peaks observed throughout summer indicating that cohorts were not fully vulnerable to sampling and that there may be movement out of adjacent habitats. Maturation of American shad showed consistent patterns with most American shad mature by age 5. However, year-class specific estimates ranged from 50% to 85% mature in the James River, from 59% to 79% in the Rappahannock River, and from 60% to 87% in the York River. Based on current monitoring and age termination methods using scales, the age of full recruitment to the staked gill net fishery is age 5, corresponding to the age when the largest proportion of the population reaches maturity. Harvest of age 5 females in the historical fishery was probably a contributing factor to its collapse during the 1980s. Persistent differences in maturity schedules of American shad between the James and York rivers, and to a lesser extent with those from the Rappahannock River, show that neighboring stocks that experience similar climate regimes can have stock-specific maturity patterns that persist through time. Using juvenile abundance indices (or hatchery release in the case of the James River}, the estimated maturity schedule, and estimated adult mortality rates, resulted in a predicted index that matched observed trends from 1998 to 2006 for three stocks of American shad. This study demonstrates that population dynamics of juvenile A/osa spp. is highly variable in a temporal and spatial context involving density-dependent processes that act to regulate year class production. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. i


The Eternity Man is a film opera about Arthur Stace, reformed petty criminal,World War 1 veteran and recovering alcoholic, who haunted Sydney's seedy bars and brothels until a revelation one night in a soup kitchen chapel. Stace then spent nearly forty years chalking a timeless message on the city's streets: the single word, written in copper-plate, Eternity.
During his journey of self-discovery Stace wrote his word almost 500,000 times; it was his mission to traverse the city to its furthest reaches in order to spread his message. Now more than 30 years after his death, this mission has a powerful resonance, to the point where Sydney's millennium celebrations were crowned with his word lighting up the Harbour Bridge in neon, sending his evocative message out from Sydney and across the world.
The Eternity Man brings together one of Australia's most exciting international composers, Jonathan Mills (now Director of the Edinburgh Festival) with the renowned Australian poet Dorothy Porter (Eldorado, The Monkey's Mask) and with director Julien Temple, whose film work, from The Great Rock and Roll Swindle to his most recent documentary Joe Strummer: The Future is Unwritten, has in large part defined punk on the big screen. Australian baritone Grant Doyle, now UK-based, is an emerging opera talent who is already well known to opera aficionados as a dynamic performer with a superb and powerful voice. The other roles in the film are cast with unexpected and exciting artists, most of who are not from the opera world. Christa Hughes, who plays Arthur's sister Myrtle Stace, is a former member of independent Australian rock band Machine Gun Fellatio and MC for Circus Oz, and truly inhabits both the letter and spirit of the streets.
The Eternity Man is the first time that Julien Temple has engaged with classical music,resulting in a radical piece of contemporary opera: political, extreme, tender, humane and earthy. It is a visually sumptuous production shot in HD. The filmic approach combines a strong narrative momentum with the more experimental freedom of some of the best music videos, where words, music and moving images combine obliquely to create something both startling and new. As the timescale changes and the story moves out of the Thirties across the subsequent decades ghostly images and forgotten home movies are projected on faces and locations, the changing textures of the city serve as memories of a vanishing past.


Service-oriented computing is emerging as a paradigm for developing distributed applications. A critical issue of utilising service-oriented computing is to have a scalable, reliable and robust service discovery mechanism. However, traditional service discovery methods using centralised registries can easily suffer from problems such as performance bottleneck and vulnerability to failures in the large scalable service network, thus functioning abnormally. To address these problems, this paper proposes a peer-to-peer based decentralised service discovery approach named Chord4S. Chord4S utilises the data distribution and lookup capabilities of the popular Chord to distribute and discover services in a decentralised manner. Data availability is further improved by distributing service descriptions of functionally-equivalent services to different successor nodes that are organised into a virtual segment in the Chord circle. In addition, the Chord routing protocol is extended to support efficient discovery of multiple services with single request. This enables late negotiation of service level agreements between a service consumer and multiple service providers. The experimental evaluation shows that Chord4S achieves higher data availability and provides efficient query with reasonable overhead.


A mechanized proof of total correctness enables one to verify a program with utmost confidence. Yet, setting up a methodology for reasoning formally on nontrivial code written in a generalpurpose language has appeared to be a highly challenging task. In this paper, we propose a framework for modular verification of purely functional code. By embedding the syntax and semantics of a call-by-value functional language in a proof assistant, we are able to specify programs through lemmas describing their big-step behaviour, and to verify programs through proofs of such lemmas. Our framework imposes no restriction on the code, apart from its purity, and from a logical perspective is as expressive as the theorem prover being used. The practical result of this work is a technology for proving total correctness of pure Caml programs using the Coq proof assistant. We have applied our approach to fully specify and verify OCaml's list library as well as a bytecode compiler and interpreter for mini-ML.


Employment generation is crucial to spreading the benefits of economic growth broadly and to reducing global poverty. And yet, emerging economies face a contemporary challenge to traditional pathways to employment generation: automation, digitalization, and labor-saving technologies. 1.8 billion jobs—or two-thirds of the current labor force of developing countries—are estimated to be susceptible to automation from today's technological standpoint. Cumulative advances in industrial automation and labor-saving technologies could further exacerbate this trend. Or will they? In this paper we: (i) discuss the literature on automation; and in doing so (ii) discuss definitions and determinants of automation in the context of theories of economic development; (iii) assess the empirical estimates of employment-related impacts of automation; (iv) characterize the potential public policy responses to automation; and (v) highlight areas for further exploration in terms of employment and economic development strategies in developing countries. In an adaption of the Lewis model of economic development, the paper uses a simple framework in which the potential for automation creates "unlimited supplies of artificial labor" particularly in the agricultural and industrial sectors due to technological feasibility. This is likely to create a push force for labor to move into the service sector, leading to a bloating of service-sector employment and wage stagnation but not to mass unemployment, at least in the short-to-medium term.


Sememes are defined as the minimum semantic units of human languages. People have manually annotated lexical sememes for words and form linguistic knowledge bases. However, manual construction is time-consuming and labor-intensive, with significant annotation inconsistency and noise. In this paper, we for the first time explore to automatically predict lexical sememes based on semantic meanings of words encoded by word embeddings. Moreover, we apply matrix factorization to learn semantic relations between sememes and words. In experiments, we take a real-world sememe knowledge base HowNet for training and evaluation, and the results reveal the effectiveness of our method for lexical sememe prediction. Our method will be of great use for annotation verification of existing noisy sememe knowledge bases and annotation suggestion of new words and phrases.


Dynamic Programming (DP) is an important class of algorithms widely used in many areas of speech and language processing. Recently there have been a series of work trying to formalize many instances of DP algorithms under algebraic and graph-theoretic frameworks. This tutorial surveys two such frameworks, namely semirings and directed hypergraphs, and draws connections between them. We formalize two particular types of DP algorithms under each of these frameworks: the Viterbi-style topological algorithms and the Dijkstra-style best-first algorithms. Wherever relevant, we also discuss typical applications of these algorithms in Natural Language Processing.


The formalism of synchronous tree‐adjoining grammars, a variant of standard tree‐adjoining grammars (TAG), was intended to allow the use of TAGs for language transduction in addition to language specification. In previous work, the definition of the transduction relation defined by a synchronous TAG was given by appeal to an iterative rewriting process. The rewriting definition of derivation is problematic in that it greatly extends the expressivity of the formalism and makes the design of parsing algorithms difficult if not impossible. We introduce a simple, natural definition of synchronous tree‐adjoining derivation, based on isomorphisms between standard tree‐adjoining derivations, that avoids the expressivity and implementability problems of the original rewriting definition. The decrease in expressivity, which would otherwise make the method unusable, is offset by the incorporation of an alternative definition of standard tree‐adjoining derivation, previously proposed for completely separate reasons, thereby making it practical to entertain using the natural definition of synchronous derivation. Nonetheless, some remaining problematic cases call for yel more flexibility in the definition; the isomorphism requirement may have to be relaxed. It remains for future research to rune the exact requirements on the allowable mappings.


We report on the generation of narrowband photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths using a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide that utilizes the nonlinear tensor element d(24) for type-II quasi phase matching. The FWHM bandwidth of the spontaneous parametric downconversion was 1 nm. The brightness of the photon pair source was ~6x10(5)/s/GHz when the pump power was 1 mW. The indistinguishability of the signal and idler photons generated by the degenerate spontaneous parametric downconversion process was studied in a Hong-Ou-Mandel type interference experiment.